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Pierre Gilliard

2024-10-13T00:11:46Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Short description|Swiss tutor to the Russian imperial family (1879–1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pierre Gilliard
| image = File:Pierre Gilliard circa 1916.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pierre Gilliard {{circa|1916}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1879|5|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vaud]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1962|5|30|1879|5|16}}
| death_place = [[Lausanne]], [[Vaud]], [[Switzerland]]
| spouse = [[Alexandra Tegleva]]
| occupation = Tutor, academic, writer
}}

'''Pierre Gilliard''' (16 May 1879 – 30 May 1962) was a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] academic and author, best known as the [[French language]] tutor to the five children of [[Emperor of Russia|Emperor]] [[Nicholas II of Russia]] from 1905 to 1918. In 1921, after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], he published a memoir, ''Thirteen Years at the Russian Court'', about his time with the family. In his memoirs, Gilliard described [[Alexandra Fyodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Tsarina Alexandra's]] torment over her [[Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia|son's]] [[hemophilia]] and her faith in the ability of [[starets]] [[Grigori Rasputin]] to heal the boy.<ref>Massie, ''Nicholas and Alexandra'', 1967</ref>

==Biography==
Pierre Gilliard was born on 16 May 1879 in [[Fiez]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F42963.php |title=Gilliard, Pierre |encyclopedia=Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse [Historical Dictionary of Switzerland] |first=Rudolf |last=Mumenthaler |language=fr}}</ref> In his memoirs, Gilliard wrote that he initially came to Russia in 1904 as a French tutor to the family of [[George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg|Duke George of Leuchtenberg]], a cousin of the Romanov family. He was recommended as a French tutor to the Tsar's children and began teaching the elder children, [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchesses Olga]] and [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia]] in 1905.

He grew fond of the family and followed them into internal exile at [[Tobolsk]], [[Siberia]], following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]]. The Bolsheviks prevented Gilliard from joining his pupils when they were moved to the [[Ipatiev House]] in [[Ekaterinburg]] in May 1918.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 33; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 172</ref> He described his final view of the children in his memoirs:

{{quote|The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolaevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commissars ...<ref>Gilliard, Pierre (1970), ''Thirteen Years at the Russian Court'', pp. 74–76</ref>}}

[[File:Nicholas II saws wood during the captivity at Tobolsk.jpg|thumb|right|Pierre Gilliard (left) and [[Nicholas II]] sawing wood while in exile at [[Tobolsk]], winter 1917–18]]

Gilliard remained in Siberia after the murders of the family, for a time assisting [[White Movement]] investigator Nicholas Sokolov. He married [[Alexandra Tegleva|Alexandra "Shura" Tegleva]], who had been a nurse to [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia]], in 1919. In Siberia, he was instrumental in unmasking an impostor who claimed to be the [[Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia|Tsarevich Alexei]].<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 77</ref>

For over a year Gilliard was in the service of [[Maurice Janin|General Maurice Janin]], the commander of the French military mission during the [[Russian Civil War]], until early November 1919 when along with thousands of others, including ministers and government officials of the old regime, he fled [[Omsk]] and headed east on the [[Trans-Siberian railway]]. After a [[Great Siberian Ice March|journey lasting six months]], he arrived in [[Vladivostok]] in early April 1920. He then took an American ship to [[San Francisco]], and from there travelled by ship along the Pacific coast, through the [[Panama Canal]], across the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea to [[Trieste]]. He travelled through Italy to Switzerland, and in August 1920 he reached his parents' home in Fiez, which he had left 16 years before.<ref name=cabouat />

He became a French professor at the [[University of Lausanne]] and was awarded the [[French Legion of Honor]].<ref>Massie, ''Nicholas and Alexandra'', pp. 525–526</ref> In 1921, he published a book titled ''Le Tragique Destin de Nicholas II et de sa famille'', which described the last days of the Tsar and his family, and the subsequent investigation into their deaths.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 76</ref>

==Anna Anderson==
[[File:Pierre Gilliard and Alexei.jpg|thumb|Gilliard and [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia|Tsarevich Alexei]] on board the imperial yacht [[Russian yacht Standart|''Standart'']]]]

In 1925, the Tsar's sister, [[Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia]], asked Gilliard and his wife to investigate the case of [[Anna Anderson]], who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 99; Kurth, p. 105; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 172; Phenix, p. 148</ref> On 27 July 1925, the Gilliards saw Anderson at St. Mary's Hospital in [[Berlin]], where Anderson was being treated for a tubercular infection of her arm. Anderson was severely ill and semi-conscious. Madame Gilliard asked to examine Anderson's feet, and noted that Anderson's feet were shaped similarly to Anastasia's: both had [[bunion]]s.<ref>Kurth, p. 106; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 172; Phenix, p. 149</ref> Gilliard insisted that Anderson be moved to a better hospital, to ensure her survival while her identity was investigated.<ref>Kurth, p. 106; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 172</ref>

After an operation on Anderson's arm, she recuperated at the Mommsen Nursing Home in Berlin. There, in October 1925, the Gilliards saw Anderson again. Anderson did not recognise Gilliard, which she later claimed was because he had shaved off his [[goatee]] beard.<ref>Phenix, pp. 150–151</ref> When he asked her to "tell me everything about your past", she refused.<ref>Kurth, p. 108; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 173</ref> According to Gilliard, Anderson mistook Shura for Grand Duchess Olga on the second day of their visit.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 150</ref> At a subsequent meeting, Anderson mimicked the actions of Anastasia when she asked Shura to moisten her forehead with [[eau de Cologne]], which left Shura shaken.<ref>Kurth, p. 110; Phenix, p. 153</ref>

Anderson's supporters claimed that the Gilliards recognized Anderson as Anastasia, while the Gilliards denied it, and said her supporters mistook their compassion for recognition.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 101</ref> Anderson's friend and lifelong supporter, [[Harriet von Rathlef]], wrote that she spotted Gilliard in the hallway, looking agitated, and muttering in French, "My God, how awful! What has become of Grand Duchess Anastasia? She's a wreck, a complete wreck! I want to do everything I can to help the Grand Duchess!"<ref>Kurth, p. 111</ref> Gilliard denied that he said this and in his book ''The False Anastasia'' he noted that Rathlef wrote to him with purported "memories" of the "Grand Duchess", yet all these either were general knowledge, or if more personal, contained errors the real Anastasia would never have made. Gilliard was appalled to find out that Mrs Rathlef would take his corrections of these "memories" and then publish the corrected version.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilliard|first1= Pierre| last2=Savitch|first2=Constantin|last3=Lucidi| first3=Edgar| author-link= |date= |title= The False Anastasia |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= 1481108832}}</ref> Shura was said to have cried when she left Anderson, wondering why she loved the woman as much as she loved the grand duchess,<ref name=k112>Kurth, p. 112; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 173</ref> yet "Anastasia" had thought Shura to be her Aunt Olga, nor could she answer any of the "little intimate questions" they asked. Subsequent investigation by Gilliard demonstrated that the woman had learned her extensive knowledge about the Imperial Family through living two years in Russian noble society in Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilliard|first1= Pierre| last2=Savitch|first2=Constantin|last3=Lucidi| first3=Edgar| author-link= |date= |title= The False Anastasia |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= 1481108832}}</ref>

On departure from the hospital, Gilliard told the Danish Ambassador in Berlin, [[Herluf Zahle]], "We are going away without being able to say that she is ''not'' Grand Duchess Anastasia."<ref name=k112/> Gilliard later wrote to von Rathlef making further inquiries about Anderson's health, but he referred to her as "the invalid" rather than "Anastasia".<ref>Kurth, pp. 112–113</ref> By the beginning of 1926, however, Gilliard was clearly of the opinion that Anderson was an impostor.<ref>Kurth, p. 117</ref>

[[File:Pierre Gilliard - Thirteen years at the Russian court.pdf|thumb|left|Pierre Gilliard (1923). ''Thirteen Years at the Russian Court'' (open source). Chapter Thirteen "Tsar at the Duma – Galacia – Life at G.Q.H. – Growing Disaffection". Click to open the PDF.]]

While supporters of Anderson insisted that the Gilliards recognized her as Anastasia and then recanted, possibly the couple was hesitant at first because her emaciated condition made her look so different from the plump teenage Anastasia they had last seen.<ref>Klier and Mingay, pp. 101–102</ref> While this was enough to suspend their initial doubts, they eventually decided, once she was better and they could question her more closely, that she was an impostor. Anderson's supporters accused Gilliard of turning his back on her because he was paid off by the Tsarina's brother, [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]].<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 103</ref>

Like Ernest Louis, Gilliard became a vociferous opponent of Anderson and her circle.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 126; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 174</ref> Gilliard wrote articles and a book titled ''The False Anastasia'', which claimed she was a "vulgar adventuress" and a "first-rate actress".<ref>Kurth, p. 115; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 175</ref> He said that he had known at once that she was not Anastasia, there was no facial resemblance, her entire knowledge of Russian imperial life was gleaned from magazines, books, and her friends,<ref>Kurth, p. 116; Massie, ''The Romanovs'', p. 175</ref> and she could not speak Russian, English or French.<ref>Kurth, p. 116</ref> He testified against her in Hamburg in 1958.<ref>Kurth, pp. 298–300</ref> The lawsuits, designed to determine whether she was truly the grand duchess, eventually ended inconclusively in 1970, after Gilliard's death.<ref>Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, p. 377</ref>

DNA tests were carried out in 1995, which proved that Anderson was not Anastasia, but was a Polish woman by the name of Franziska Schanzkowska.<ref>{{citation|author1=Stoneking, Mark |author2=Melton, Terry |author3=Nott, Julian |author4=Barritt, Suzanne |author5=Roby, Rhonda |author6=Holland, Mitchell |author7=Weedn, Victor |author8=Gill, Peter |author9=Kimpton, Colin |author10=Aliston-Greiner, Rosemary |author11=Sullivan, Kevin |date=9 January 1995|title=Establishing the identity of Anna Anderson Manahan|journal=[[Nature Genetics]]|volume=9|pages=9–10|doi=10.1038/ng0195-9|pmid=7704032|issue=1|s2cid=11286402 }}</ref>

== Death ==
In 1958, Gilliard was severely injured in a car accident in [[Lausanne]]. He never fully recovered and died four years later on 30 May 1962.<ref>Kurth, p. 300</ref>

== Legacy ==

Gilliard was a keen photographer and he took hundreds of images while in Russia, including many informal photographs of the Romanov family. These are now held by the [[Musée de l'Élysée]], a photography museum in Lausanne.<ref name=cabouat /> In 2005 Daniel Girardin, an art historian who worked at the Musee de l'Elysee as a curator until 2017, published a pictorial biography of Gilliard's time in Russia based on his works in the museum's collection. It is titled ''Précepteur des Romanov - Le destin russe de Pierre Gilliard'' [Tutor of the Romanovs: The Russian Destiny of Pierre Gilliard].{{sfn|Girardin|Gilliard|2005|page=5}}

== Film ==
* In the 1971 British film ''[[Nicholas and Alexandra]]'', Gilliard was played by Belgian actor [[Jean-Claude Drouot]].<ref>[https://www.offi.fr/artiste/jean-claude-drouot-4022.html Jean-Claude Drouot] on ''[[L'Officiel des Spectacles]]''. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</ref>
* Gilliard was portrayed by the actor Pierre Carbonnier in the 2017 documentary ''Le tragique destin des Romanov - Treize années à la cour de Russie'' [''The Tragic Fate of the Romanovs: Thirteen Years at the Russian Court''], produced by [[Arte France]] and Bel Air Media, which is based on Guilliard's 1921 account of his time with the Romanovs.<ref name=cabouat>Cabouat, Patrick (director) (2017) ''Le tragique destin des Romanov - Treize années à la cour de Russie'', Arte France / Bel Air Media (1 hour, 27 minutes).</ref>
* British actor [[Oliver Dimsdale]] portrayed Gillaird in the 2019 [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Last Czars]]''.<ref>Power, Ed (3 July 2019). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/on-demand/0/last-czars-netflix-review-no-bad-wigs-romanovs-docu-drama/ "The Last Czars, Netflix review: no bad wigs here – this Romanovs docu-drama has a Crown-sized budget"]. ''[[The Telegraph (London)|The Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 19 November 2020</ref>

==See also==
*[[Margaretta Eagar]]
*[[Sydney Gibbes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Sources===
*Gilliard, Pierre, [http://www.alexanderpalace.org/2006pierre/introduction.html ''Thirteen Years at the Russian Court'']
*{{cite book| last1= Girardin|first1= Daniel |last2=Gilliard |first2=Pierre |year=2005|title=Précepteur des Romanov - Le destin russe de Pierre Gilliard|publisher= Actes Sud |location= Arles|isbn= 978-2-742-75401-4}}
*[[John Klier|Klier, John]]; Mingay, Helen (1995). ''The Quest for Anastasia''. London: Smith Gryphon. {{ISBN|1-85685-085-4}}
*Kurth, Peter (1983). ''Anastasia: The Life of Anna Anderson''. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-02951-7}}
*[[Robert K. Massie|Massie, Robert K.]] (1967). ''Nicholas and Alexandra''. {{ISBN|0-575-40006-4}}
*Massie, Robert K. (1995). ''The Romanovs: The Final Chapter''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-09-960121-4}}
*Phenix, Patricia (1999). ''Olga Romanov: Russia's Last Grand Duchess''. Viking/Penguin. {{ISBN|0-14-028086-3}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pierre Gilliard}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilliard, Pierre}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Court of Nicholas II of Russia]]
[[Category:Courtiers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Jura-North Vaudois District]]
[[Category:People from the canton of Vaud]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Swiss male writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lausanne]]

Chris Kattan

2024-10-12T00:43:43Z

174.74.229.81: /* Memoir */

{{short description|American actor and comedian}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chris Kattan
| image = Chris Kattan at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.JPG
| caption = Kattan at the premiere of ''[[Baby Mama (film)|Baby Mama]]'' in [[New York City]] at the 2008 [[Tribeca Film Festival]]
| birth_name = Christopher Lee Kattan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|10|19}}
| birth_place = [[Culver City, California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| television = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Bollywood Hero]]''
* ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 1993–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sunshine Deia Tutt|2008|2009|reason=divorced}}
| parents = [[Kip King]] (father)
| relatives = [[Andrew Joslyn]] (half-brother)
}}
'''Christopher Lee Kattan''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|t|æ|n}} {{respell|kə|TAN}}; born October 19, 1970)<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ChrisKattan |author = Chris Kattan |number=1318310789623795715 |date=October 19, 2020 |title= I'm 50 years old today everybody everybody! }}</ref> is an American actor and comedian. First breaking through as a performer with the Los Angeles comedy troupe [[The Groundlings]], Kattan found wider success during his tenure as a cast member on the [[NBC]] [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' from 1996 to 2003. He also played Doug Butabi in ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]'', Bob on the first five seasons of ''[[The Middle (TV series)|The Middle]]'', and Bunnicula in ''[[Bunnicula (TV series)|Bunnicula]]''. He's also known for playing the main antagonist Mr. Feather in ''[[Undercover Brother]]'' (2002).

==Early life==
Kattan was born in [[Culver City, California]].<ref>{{cite interview|title=Interview with Chris Kattan|first=Chris|last=Kattan|interviewer=[[Howard Stern]]|work=The Howard Stern Show|date=October 8, 2001|time=3:00| quote=I was born in Culver City.}}</ref> His father, [[Kip King]] ({{ne}} Jerome Kattan; 1937–2010), was born to Jewish parents from [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraq]] and [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]] and worked as an actor and [[Voice acting|voice artist]]. His mother, Hajnalka Biro (b. 1944), was once photographed for ''[[Playboy]]'' and worked as a model in London. She is a native of [[Budapest, Hungary]] and is a Buddhist.<ref name="ref092">{{cite news| last=Parsi| first=Novid| title=Kattan can…| magazine=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out Chicago]]| date=August 5, 2009| url=http://www.timeoutchicago.com/arts-culture/movies-on-demand/66353/chris-kattan-interview| access-date=2009-08-05| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052136/http://timeoutchicago.com/arts-culture/movies-on-demand/66353/chris-kattan-interview| archive-date=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/22714/edition_id/455/format/html/displaystory.html| title=Celebrity Jews| date=April 15, 2008| newspaper=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]]| url-status=bot: unknown|first=Nate| last=Bloom| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415192642/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/22714/edition_id/455/format/html/displaystory.html|archive-date=April 15, 2008}}</ref> His stepfather was a Buddhist therapist and [[monk]].<ref name=nyty>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/arts/television/02rhod.html| title=Chris Kattan, Reincarnated in Mumbai for 'Bollywood Hero' on IFC| first=Joe| last=Rhodes| date=July 31, 2009| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> His half-brother, [[Andrew Joslyn]], is a professional musician and composer.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cityartsonline.com/articles/pop-intuition| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127014436/http://www.cityartsonline.com/articles/pop-intuition| url-status=usurped| archive-date=January 27, 2017| title=Pop Intuition| last=Zwickel| first=Jonathan| date=January 25, 2017| journal=[[Manhattan Media|CityArts]]}}</ref>

Kattan was raised on a Zen retreat on [[Mount San Antonio]], outside [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=nyty/> He and his mother moved to [[Bainbridge Island, Washington]], where he attended [[Bainbridge High School (Washington)|Bainbridge High School]], graduating in 1989.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Career==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2022}}
Kattan was a member of several [[improvisational comedy]] (improv) and [[sketch comedy]] troupes, one of them being [[The Groundlings]] in Los Angeles. His father was an original member of the troupe.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/theater/news/2004-10-03-groundlings_x.htm| title=After 30 years, The Groundlings still dig up yuks| newspaper=[[USA Today]]| first=Elysa| last=Gardner| date=October 3, 2004}}</ref> Kattan also did some minor roles on TV, including the second episode of the second season of ''[[NewsRadio]]'', "[[NewsRadio season 2#No, This Is Not Based Entirely on Julie's Life|No, This Is Not Based Entirely on Julie's Life]]", as a photo shop employee.

He moved to New York City to work on ''Saturday Night Live'' from 1996 to 2003. His recurring characters included [[Saturday Night Live animal sketches#Mr. Peepers|Mr. Peepers]], [[Mango (Saturday Night Live)|Mango]], [[Goth Talk|Azrael Abyss]], Kyle DeMarco from [[The DeMarco Brothers]], [[Gay Hitler]], and, most notably, one half of the [[Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1995–1996#The Roxbury Guys|Butabi Brothers]] with fellow ''SNL'' (and Groundlings) cast member [[Will Ferrell]], known for their trademark head-bobbing. Kattan and Ferrell continued the characters in the 1998 film, ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]''.

===''SNL'' celebrity impersonations===
[[Image:Chris Kattan.jpg|thumb|upright|Kattan on August 19, 1999 (after [[Lorne Michaels]] received his star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame|Walk of Fame]])]]
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Clay Aiken]]
* [[Christiane Amanpour]]
* [[Antonio Banderas]]
* [[Andy Dick]]
* [[Larry Fine]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Ben Affleck]]
* [[David Gest]]
* [[Elián González]]
* [[Anne Heche]]
* [[Julio Iglesias Jr.]]
* [[Steve Irwin]]
* [[Chris Kirkpatrick]]
* [[Ricky Martin]]
* [[Al Pacino]]
* [[Kid Rock]]
* [[David Lee Roth]]
* [[Paul Shaffer]]
* [[David Spade]]
* [[Kerri Strug]] (also appeared in [[Weekend Update]] with Strug as her fictional brother, Kippy)
* [[Geraldo Rivera]]
* [[Robert Downey Jr.]]
* [[Anthony Fauci]]
{{div col end}}

===2007–present: Post-''SNL'' work===
Kattan appeared in a Diet Pepsi Max commercial during [[Super Bowl XLII]] in 2008 that featured the song "[[What Is Love]]" and had many actors in the commercial performing the head bob from ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]''.

In August 2009, Kattan starred in the [[Independent Film Channel]] (IFC) miniseries ''[[Bollywood Hero]]'', where he portrays himself and the difficulties he faces after a career as a comic actor, trying to attain leading man status.<ref>*{{IMDb title|1269776|Bollywood Hero}}</ref> Starting in late 2009, Kattan appeared in a supporting role in ''[[The Middle (TV series)|The Middle]]''. Kattan played Bob, a colleague of Frankie Heck's at Mr. Ehlert's car dealership. Kattan appeared in an episode of ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' as a star in "[[The Wedding Bride]]", a fictional movie within the show. He played himself portraying Jed Mosely, the film's villain, which the screenwriter bases on his girlfriend's ex-fiancé, series protagonist, [[Ted Mosby]]. He reappeared as the character in the fictional film's sequel, ''Wedding Bride 2''.<ref>{{cite magazine| first=Kate|last=Stanhope|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/mother-akerman-lewis-1016864/| title=How I Met Your Mother Taps Malin Akerman, Jason Lewis, Chris Kattan| magazine=[[TV Guide]]| date=April 1, 2010|access-date=November 29, 2013}}</ref> On December 17, 2011, Kattan made a guest appearance on the ''Saturday Night Live'' Christmas show, hosted by [[Jimmy Fallon]], and again briefly on the final episode of ''SNL''<nowiki/>'s 37th season.

In June 2014, Kattan reprised his role as former ''SNL'' character [[Mango (Saturday Night Live)|Mango]] in a preview of the music video for [[Sharaya J]]'s "Shut It Down", featured in a fashion campaign by [[Alexander Wang (designer)|Alexander Wang]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Watching The Week: T by Alexander Wang 2014 Campaign| url=http://www.hungertv.com/feature/watching-week-10/| website=Hunger TV| date=8 June 2014| access-date=10 June 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617151119/http://www.hungertv.com/feature/watching-week-10/| archive-date=2014-06-17| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, Kattan was a contestant on [[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)|season 24]] of ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' paired with professional dancer [[Witney Carson]]. He was the first celebrity dancer eliminated.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-2017-season-24-celebrity-cast-partners/story?id=45767534| title='Dancing With the Stars' 2017: Season 24 celebrity cast and partners revealed on 'GMA'| work=ABC News| access-date=March 1, 2016| date=March 1, 2017}}</ref>

Kattan reunited with fellow ''SNL'' alumni Jimmy Fallon, [[Horatio Sanz]], and [[Tracy Morgan]] during the December 18, 2018 cold open of ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]],'' which also featured [[Ariana Grande]], in a reprisal of their performance of "[[I Wish It Was Christmas Today|I Wish it Was Christmas Today]]".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nbc.com/the-tonight-show/video/i-wish-it-was-christmas-today-with-ariana-grande-cold-open/3848566| title="I Wish It Was Christmas Today" with Ariana Grande (Cold Open)|publisher=[[NBC]]|date=December 18, 2018}}</ref> It was the first time since 2011 that Fallon, Sanz, Kattan, and Morgan were all present for a performance of the song.

In 2022, Kattan was announced as a HouseGuest competing on the [[Celebrity Big Brother 3 (American season)|third season]] of ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/tv/celebrity-big-brother-season-3-cast-announced|title=Celebrity Big Brother Season 3 Cast Revealed: Meet the New Famous Houseguests|date=January 26, 2022|accessdate=January 26, 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, Kattan did voice work in the film ''[[Leo (2023 American film)|Leo]]'' as Alligator #1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news-press.com/story/news/2023/11/22/adam-sandler-movie-leo-netflix-fort-myers-elementary-florida/71676214007/|title=Adam Sandler plays emotional support lizard from Florida school in new Netflix movie "Leo"|website=News Press|first=Kim|last=Luciani|date=November 22, 2023|access-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kattan married model Sunshine Deia Tutt on June 28, 2008, in [[Oakhurst, California]], after proposing to her on Christmas Eve 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.celebrific.com/chris-kattan-engaged-to-sunshine-tutt/| title=Chris Kattan Engaged to Sunshine Tutt| website=Celebrific| url-status=dead| date=August 1, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121613/http://www.celebrific.com/chris-kattan-engaged-to-sunshine-tutt/| archive-date=2007-10-24}}</ref> The couple separated forty-four days later on August 10, 2008, and divorced in February 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://people.com/celebrity/chris-kattan-divorced-after-2-month-marriage/|title=Chris Kattan Divorced After 2-Month Marriage| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date=October 15, 2008| access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref>

On March 25, 2023, Kattan proposed to his girlfriend, [[Springfield, Illinois]] native Maria Libri, a writer and former on-air personality, in front of the stage at a [[Wilco]] concert held at the [[Riviera Theatre]], while the Chicago band played "I’m the Man Who Loves You." The band members knew about the proposal. Kattan and Libri had met eighteen months before the proposal when Kattan was performing a stand-up comedy show at Boondocks Pub in Springfield. They have since collaborated on writing projects, including a [[romantic comedy]], and have also appeared together on the YouTube channel, Hey Kattan!<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Kattan proposes to Maria Libri at Wilco concert in Chicago |url=https://www.sj-r.com/story/news/local/2023/03/27/chris-kattan-proposed-to-maria-libri-at-a-recent-wilco-concert-in-chicago/70050252007/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=The State Journal-Register |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Neck injury ===
Kattan competed in ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]'' in 2017 and was criticized for his stiff upper body movement by the judges. Afterward, Kattan revealed that he had broken his neck doing a stunt fourteen years prior and that the injury and subsequent surgeries were the reasons for his lack of mobility. He further admitted the pain medication he began taking following his fourth surgery led to a 2014 DUI arrest.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://people.com/celebrity/chris-kattan-broken-neck-history-exclusive-interview/| title=Chris Kattan Tells All About His Secret 20-Year Health Nightmare After Breaking His Neck| journal=People| date=March 28, 2017| last=Gomez| first=Patrick| access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Kattan revealed more details of the injury in his memoir claiming that it was the result of a ''SNL'' sketch, in which he threw himself backwards on a chair while doing a ''[[Golden Girls]]'' parody, adding that NBC paid for two of five surgeries to repair the spinal injuries.<ref name="Schneider">{{cite news| url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/chris-kattan-saturday-night-live-broke-neck-1203204375/| title=Chris Kattan Claims He Broke His Neck During 'Saturday Night Live' Sketch| access-date=2019-05-12| date=May 3, 2019| last=Schneider| first=Michael| newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

==Memoir==
In 2019, Kattan published a memoir, titled ''Baby Don’t Hurt Me: Stories and Scars from Saturday Night Live'', which included the accident on ''SNL''.<ref name="Schneider"/>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1993
| ''[[The Making of '...And God Spoke']]''
| Moviegoer #1
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]''
| Doug Butabi
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)|House on Haunted Hill]]''
| Watson Pritchett
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Any Given Wednesday''
| [[Al Pacino]]
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
| ''[[Monkeybone]]''
| Organ Donor Stu
|
|-
| ''[[Corky Romano]]''
| Corky Romano
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Undercover Brother]]''
| Mr. Feather
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005
| ''[[Adam & Steve]]''
| Michael
|
|-
| ''[[Santa's Slay]]''
| Jason Mason
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2007
| ''[[Undead or Alive|Undead or Alive: A Zombedy]]''
| Luke Rudd
|
|-
| ''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters]]''
| Walter Melon (voice)
|
|-
| ''[[Nancy Drew (2007 film)|Nancy Drew]]''
| Burglar
|
|-
| ''[[Christmas in Wonderland]]''
| Leonard Cardoza
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Delgo]]''
| Filo (voice)
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
| ''Scouts Honor: Badge to the Bone''
| Brandon
|
|-
| ''[[Tanner Hall (film)|Tanner Hall]]''
| George Middlewood
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Hollywood & Wine]]''
| Jack Sanders
|
|-
| ''Devolved''
| Coach Papillion
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
| ''[[Hard Breakers]]''
| Hertz Waters
|
|-
| ''A Holiday Heist''
| Uncle Harry
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012
| ''[[Foodfight!]]''
| Polar Penguin (voice)
|
|-
| ''Crazy Enough''
| Fred/Teddy
|
|-
| ''[[Guns, Girls and Gambling]]''
| Gay Elvis
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Slightly Single in L.A.]]''
| Drew
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015
| ''Troop Hood''
| Phil Neffler
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Hotel Transylvania 2]]''
| Kakie (voice)
|
|-
| ''[[The Ridiculous 6]]''
| [[John Wilkes Booth]]
|
|-
| ''The Passenger''
| Sebastian
| Short film
|-
| ''ImagiGARY''
| Officer Jones
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[The Last Film Festival]]''
| Harvey Weinstein
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2017
| ''Desiderata''
| Man
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Walk of Fame (film)|Walk of Fame]]''
| Alejandro
|
|-
| ''Breaking Legs''
| Robby
|
|-
| ''How to Get Girls''
| Mr. Fox
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''Mr. Malevolent''
| Mr. Preevy
|
|-
| ''The Bobby Roberts Project''
| Self
| Mockumentary
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Russian Sleep Experiment|The Soviet Sleep Experiment]]''
| Subject 3
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| ''[[Guest House (2020 film)|Guest House]]''
| Delivery Guy Ricky
|
|-
| ''In Other Words''
| Maximillion Woods
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[40-Love]]''
| Bootman
|
|-
| ''Famous''
| Lawrence Nichols
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Leo (2023 American film)|Leo]]''
| Alligator #1 (voice)
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1995
| ''[[NewsRadio]]''
| Employee #3
| Episode: "No, This Is Not Based Entirely on Julie's Life"
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Grace Under Fire]]''
| Carnival Barker
| Episode: "Guess Who's Not Coming to Lunch?"
|-
| 1996–2003; 2006; 2011
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Various roles
| Series regular: 1996–2003; guest: 2006 & 2011 148 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''Enough About Me''
| Chris Adams
| TV film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[Totally Awesome]]''
| Gabriel
| TV film
|-
| ''[[The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006 film)|The Year Without a Santa Claus]]''
| Sparky
| TV film
|-
| 2007
| ''Two Dreadful Children''
| Chet Dunbar (voice)
| TV film
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Gym Teacher: The Movie]]''
| Sploopers Show Host/ESPN Announcer
| TV film
|-
| 2009
| ''AllaKattan!''
| Self
|
|-
| 2009–2014
| ''[[The Middle (TV series)|The Middle]]''
| Bob Weaver
| Series regular, 56 episodes
|-
| 2010–2014
| ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]''
| Jed Mosely
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]]''
| Casey Madisenn/Bill Fisk
| Episode: "28 July 2011"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[The (206)]]''
| Various roles
| Episode: "Season 2, Episode 12"
|-
| ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]''
| Craig Newton
| Episode: "Kevin Spacey/Lewis Black"
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Jake and the Never Land Pirates]]''
| King Zongo (voice)
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Awesomes]]''
| Indiana Johnson (voice)
| Episode: "Indiana Johnson and the Nazi Granddaughters "
|-
| 2016
| ''Jingle Ballin'''
| DJ Booth
|
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Bunnicula (TV series)|Bunnicula]]''
| Bunnicula, Arthur Monroe (voice)
| Series regular, 69 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Real Rob]]''
| Mitch
| Episode: "Acupuncture & Spring Rolls"
|-
| ''[[Sharknado 5: Global Swarming]]''
| Prime Minister
| TV film
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Voltron: Legendary Defender]]''
| Blaytz (voice)
| 3 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''The Time Capsule''
| Rod
| TV film
|-
| ''Lent!''
| Conrad
| TV film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Celebrity Big Brother 3 (American season)|Celebrity Big Brother 3]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| ''[[The Cuphead Show!]]''
| Werner Werman (voice)
| Episode: "Rat's All, Folks"
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 2000
| [[Teen Choice Awards]]
| [[2000 Teen Choice Awards|Choice TV Personality]]
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2001
| [[Teen Choice Awards]]
| [[2001 Teen Choice Awards|Choice Comedian]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2013
| [[Bare Bones International Film Festival|Bonehead Award]]
| Best Actor
| ''Just Crazy Enough''
| {{win}}
|-
| 2016
| [[Hoboken International Film Festival|Hoboken International Film Festival Award]]
| Best Supporting Actor
| ''Breaking Legs''
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|441592|Chris Kattan}}
*{{IBDB name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kattan, Chris}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from California]]
[[Category:Male actors from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:American Zen Buddhists]]
[[Category:American sketch comedians]]
[[Category:People from Bainbridge Island, Washington]]
[[Category:People from Culver City, California]]
[[Category:Comedians from California]]
[[Category:20th-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American Buddhists]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:Comedians from Washington (state)]]

Lisa Marie Presley

2024-10-09T10:23:28Z

174.74.229.81: /* Personal life */

{{Short description|American singer (1968–2023)}}

{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lisa Marie Presley
| image = Lisa Marie Presley at car race (cropped2).jpg
| caption = Presley in 2005
| birth_date = {{birth date|1968|02|01}}
| birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|01|12|1968|02|01}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| resting place = [[Graceland]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Danny Keough|October 3, 1988|May 6, 1994|reason=divorced}}
| {{marriage|[[Michael Jackson]]|May 26, 1994|1996|reason=divorced}}
| {{marriage|[[Nicolas Cage]]|August 10, 2002|2004|reason=divorced}}
| {{marriage|[[Michael Lockwood (guitarist)|Michael Lockwood]]|January 22, 2006|2021|reason=divorced}}
}}
| father = [[Elvis Presley]]
| mother = [[Priscilla Presley]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}
| years_active = 1997–2023
| children = 4, including [[Riley Keough]]
| relatives = [[Navarone Garibaldi]] (half-brother)
| website = {{Official URL}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Soft rock]]
*[[Alternative music|alternative]]
*[[Folk music|folk]]
*[[pop/rock]]
*[[Contemporary music|contemporary]]
*[[Americana (music)|Americana]]
}}
}}
}}

'''Lisa Marie Presley''' (February 1, 1968 – January 12, 2023) was an American singer. She was the only child of singer and actor [[Elvis Presley]] and actress [[Priscilla Presley]], as well as the sole heir to her father's estate after her grandfather and her great-grandmother died. Her musical career consisted of three studio albums: ''[[To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album)|To Whom It May Concern]]'' (2003), ''[[Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album)|Now What]]'' (2005) and ''[[Storm & Grace]]'' (2012), with ''To Whom It May Concern'' being certified gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]]. Presley also released non-album singles, including duets with her father using archival recordings. Her memoir, titled ''[[From Here to the Great Unknown]]'', was released in October 2024.

== Early life ==
[[File:Elvis Presley and Priscilla with Lisa Marie February 1968.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Elvis and Priscilla with newborn Lisa Marie|Elvis and Priscilla with newborn Lisa Marie, 1968|left]]
Lisa Marie Presley was born on February 1, 1968,<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/lisa-marie-presley-9542148 |title=Lisa Marie Presley Biography: Songwriter, Singer (1968–) |publisher=[[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]]) |access-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425081121/http://www.biography.com/people/lisa-marie-presley-9542148 |url-status=live }}</ref> the only daughter of Elvis and Priscilla Presley at [[Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Child Bride: The Untold Story of Priscilla Beaulieu Presley|page=255|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|first=Susanne|last=Finstad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4g1gmBI7ms}}</ref> nine months to the day after her parents' wedding. After her parents divorced, she lived with her mother in Los Angeles, and frequently stayed with her father at [[Graceland]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials|page=165|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|isbn=978-0-8108-9186-9|date=September 26, 2013|access-date=March 16, 2016|archive-date=January 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113021926/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref>

Presley's parents separated when she was four years old. When her father died in August 1977, nine-year-old Presley became joint [[Heir apparent|heiress]] to his estate with her 61-year-old grandfather, Vernon Presley, and Vernon's 87-year-old mother Minnie Mae Presley (née Hood). Through Vernon, Lisa Marie was a descendant of the [[Harrison family of Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guralnick|first1=Peter|last2=Jorgensen|first2=Ernst|year=1999|title=Elvis Day by Day: The Definitive Record of His Life and Music|publisher=Ballantine}}</ref> Upon the deaths of her grandfather in 1979 and her great-grandmother in 1980, she became Elvis' sole heir; on her 25th birthday in 1993, she inherited the estate, which had grown to an estimated $100 million. Presley sold 85 percent of her father's estate in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/id/6725704/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/lisa-marie-presleyselling-elvis-estate/|title=Lisa Marie Presley selling Elvis estate – today > entertainment – Music |work=TODAY.com|access-date=November 12, 2014|archive-date=November 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113015616/http://www.today.com/id/6725704/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/lisa-marie-presleyselling-elvis-estate/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the late 1970s, a year or two after her father's death, she attended her first rock concert when she saw [[Queen (band)|Queen]] at [[The Forum (Inglewood, California)|The Forum]] in [[Inglewood, California]]. She gave [[Freddie Mercury]] a scarf of her father's after the show, and expressed her love of theatrics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lisa Marie Presley: Now what? |url=http://www.popentertainment.com/lisamariepresley.htm |access-date=March 21, 2019 |agency=Pop Entertainment |quote=I saw them in 1978 or 1979 at The Forum. I remember bringing Freddie Mercury a scarf of my Dad's and I gave it to him after the show. I loved it. I loved the theatrics. I loved Freddie. I thought Queen were awesome. |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322013307/http://www.popentertainment.com/lisamariepresley.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly after her father's death, her mother began dating the actor [[Michael Edwards (actor)|Michael Edwards]]. In an interview with ''[[Playboy]]'' in 2003, Presley said Edwards would enter her room intoxicated and was sexually inappropriate with her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elvis.com.au/presley/lisa-marie-playboy-interview.shtml|title=Complete Lisa Marie Presley Playboy Interview {{pipe}} Lisa Marie Presley|access-date=July 14, 2021|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714024050/https://www.elvis.com.au/presley/lisa-marie-playboy-interview.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> She has a half-brother, [[Navarone Garibaldi]], from her mother's 22-year relationship with Marco Garibaldi.

Presley made a video of "[[Don't Cry Daddy#Duet|Don't Cry Daddy]]" as a posthumous duet with her father in 1997. This video was presented on August 16, 1997, at the tribute concert that marked the 20th anniversary of Elvis' death. The video contains Elvis' original vocal to which new instrumentation and Lisa Marie's vocals were added.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.countryliving.com/life/entertainment/a45416/elvis-and-lisa-marie-presley-singing-daddy-dont-cry/ |title=Elvis and Lisa Marie Presley Singing "Don't Cry Daddy" Will Give You Chills |date=October 26, 2017 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213185852/https://www.countryliving.com/life/entertainment/a45416/elvis-and-lisa-marie-presley-singing-daddy-dont-cry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
===2003–2005: ''To Whom It May Concern''===
Presley released her debut album, ''[[To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album)|To Whom It May Concern]]'', on April 8, 2003. It reached No. 5 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] albums chart and was certified gold in June 2003. Presley wrote all the lyrics (except "The Road Between", which was co-written with [[Gus Black]]) and co-wrote every melody. To promote it, she presented a concert in the UK. The album's first single, "[[Lights Out (Lisa Marie Presley song)|Lights Out]]", reached No. 18 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Adult Top 40]] chart and No. 16 on the UK charts.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lisa-marie-presley/chart-history/atf/ |title=Lisa Marie Presley |magazine=Billboard |date=May 10, 2003 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113101128/https://www.billboard.com/artist/lisa-marie-presley/chart-history/atf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Presley collaborated with [[Billy Corgan]] for a co-written track called "Savior", which was included as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://radaronline.com/p/lisa-marie-presley-leaned-on-smashing-pumpkins-billy-corgan-after-sons-death-elvis/ |title=Lisa Marie Presley Leaned On Smashing Pumpkins Rocker Billy Corgan After Son Benjamin's Death |newspaper=Radaronline |publisher=Radaronline.com |date= January 13, 2023|access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113031227/https://radaronline.com/p/lisa-marie-presley-leaned-on-smashing-pumpkins-billy-corgan-after-sons-death-elvis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his review of the album, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' critic Robert Hilburn wrote that it had a "a stark, uncompromising tone" and that "Presley's gutsy blues-edged voice has a distinctive flair".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hilburn|first=Robert|title=Critic|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/04/22/making-a-name-for-herself-2/|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 5, 2011|date=April 22, 2003|archive-date=September 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927093154/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-04-22/features/0304220070_1_presley-legacy-lisa-marie-presley-presley-persona|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Pat Benatar]] and Presley performed at ''[[VH1 Divas|VH1 Divas Duets]]'', a concert to benefit the VH1 [[Save the Music Foundation]] held at the [[MGM Grand Garden Arena]] on May 22, 2003, in [[Las Vegas]]. Together they sang Benatar's hit "[[Heartbreaker (Pat Benatar song)|Heartbreaker]]", which Presley frequently performed at her own concerts on tours afterward.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/2300-500150_162-1327538-14.html?tag=page;next |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118235754/http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-500150_162-1327538-14.html?tag=page;next |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |title=Lisa Marie Presley Pictures |publisher=CBS News |date=May 22, 2003 |access-date=May 7, 2012 }}</ref> Also in 2003, Presley contributed a recording of "[[Silent Night]]" for the NBC Holiday Collection, Sounds of the Season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/697243020/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22silent%20night%22%20%22sounds%20of%20the%20season%22%20%22%20NBC%20Holiday%20Collection%22&match=1 |title=The Modesto Bee 22 Dec 2003, page 44 |via=Newspapers.com |date=December 22, 2003 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113101129/https://www.newspapers.com/image/697243020/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22silent%20night%22%20%22sounds%20of%20the%20season%22%20%22%20NBC%20Holiday%20Collection%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2005–2012: ''Now What'' and further singles===
[[File:Lisa Marie Presley 2006.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Presley in 2006]]
Presley's second album, ''[[Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album)|Now What]]'', was released on April 5, 2005, and reached No. 9 on the ''Billboard'' 200 albums chart. Presley co-wrote 10 songs and recorded covers of [[Don Henley]]'s "[[Dirty Laundry (Don Henley song)|Dirty Laundry]]" (the album's first single, which hit No. 36 on the [[Billboard 100|''Billboard'' 100]] AC singles chart),<ref name="yahoobio">{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1809033283/bio|title=Lisa Marie Presley (II) Biography|publisher=Yahoo!|access-date=January 14, 2017|archive-date=June 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213521/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1809033283/bio|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Ramones]]' "Here Today and Gone Tomorrow". The song "Idiot" is a jab towards different men in her life. Unlike her first album, ''Now What'' included a [[Parental Advisory]] sticker. Presley covered [[Blue Öyster Cult]]'s "[[Burnin' for You]]" as a B-side. [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] made a guest appearance on the track "Shine".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/599875221/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20pink%20shine&match=1 |title=Kenosha News 15 Apr 2005, page 54 |via=Newspapers.com |date=April 15, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113042613/https://www.newspapers.com/image/599875221/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20pink%20shine&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The video for "Dirty Laundry" was directed by [[Patrick Hoelck]] and singer [[George Michael]] made a cameo appearance in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.videostatic.com/content/new-release-lisa-marie-presley-dirty-laundry|title=NEW RELEASE: Lisa Marie Presley "Dirty Laundry"|website=VideoStatic|date=July 14, 2009 |access-date=January 14, 2023|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114172155/https://www.videostatic.com/content/new-release-lisa-marie-presley-dirty-laundry|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Too Tough to Die: A Tribute to Johnny Ramone'', a documentary about [[Johnny Ramone]] of the rock group [[the Ramones]], was released in 2006. Directed by [[Mandy Stein]], the film shows [[Deborah Harry]], [[the Dickies]], [[X (American band)|X]], [[Eddie Vedder]], Presley, and [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] as they stage a benefit concert to celebrate the Ramones' 30th anniversary and raise money for cancer research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Too Tough to Die|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0805631/plotsummary|publisher=IMDb|access-date=June 27, 2011|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709122532/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0805631/plotsummary|url-status=live}}</ref>

Presley appeared in the music video for [[Johnny Cash]]'s "[[God's Gonna Cut You Down]]" in 2006. [[Rick Rubin]] produced the record and [[Tony Kaye (director)|Tony Kaye]] directed the video which featured multiple celebrities and won a 2008 [[Grammy Award]] for Best Short Form Music Video.<ref>{{cite web |title=Johnny Cash: God's Gonna Cut You Down (Video 2006) – Full Cast & Crew – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4530638/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast/ |publisher=IMDb |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214025426/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4530638/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=50th Annual GRAMMY Awards |url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/50th-annual-grammy-awards |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=October 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015183825/https://www.grammy.com/awards/50th-annual-grammy-awards |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 19, 2006 |title=Newsday (Nassau Edition) 19 Nov 2006, page 126 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/713774430/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22God%27s%20Gonna%20Cut%20You%20Down%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113101129/https://www.newspapers.com/image/713774430/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22God%27s%20Gonna%20Cut%20You%20Down%22&match=1 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 20, 2006 |title=The San Francisco Examiner 20 Nov 2006, page 20 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/462455913/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22God%27s%20Gonna%20Cut%20You%20Down%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113101130/https://www.newspapers.com/image/462455913/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22God%27s%20Gonna%20Cut%20You%20Down%22&match=1 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The single "[[In the Ghetto]]" was released in August 2007. Elvis Presley had originally released the single in 1969. In the new version, Lisa "duets" with her father. The video, simultaneously released with the single, reached No. 1 on the [[iTunes]] sales and No. 16 on ''Billboard''{{'}}s Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=344&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Bubbling+Under+Hot+100+Singles&ci=3086580&cdi=9403886&cid=09/29/2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705000209/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=344&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Bubbling+Under+Hot+100+Singles&ci=3086580&cdi=9403886&cid=09%2F29%2F2007|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 5, 2009|title=Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=July 5, 2009|access-date=August 21, 2008}}</ref> The song was recorded to commemorate the 30th anniversary of her father's death. Presley said she decided not only to sing, but to sing with him. "I wanted to use this for something good", she told [[Spinner (website)|Spinner]]; proceeds from the single benefited a new Presley Place Transitional Housing Campus in [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlj2GvHD8LQ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706061643/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlj2GvHD8LQ| archive-date=July 6, 2013|title=Elvis & Lisa Marie Presley In The Ghetto |via=YouTube |date=September 26, 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2012}}</ref> Presley appeared on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' to perform the song with the [[Harlem Gospel Choir]], using vintage footage of her father.<ref>{{cite web|title=Start Spreading the News|date=September 10, 2007|url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Start-Spreading-the-News/10|access-date=May 15, 2011|archive-date=September 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927165308/http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Start-Spreading-the-News/10|url-status=live}}</ref>

Presley joined singer [[Richard Hawley]] on stage in London in October 2009. She sang vocals on a song the pair had been working on called "Weary".<ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Hawley joined onstage by Lisa Marie Presley in London|url=https://www.nme.com/news/richard-hawley/47755|work=NME|access-date=July 11, 2010|date=October 9, 2009|archive-date=December 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205025233/http://www.nme.com/news/richard-hawley/47755|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawley wanted to help Presley relaunch her music career, and the two embarked on a songwriting partnership in which she wrote the lyrics and Hawley the music. In an interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]], Presley said that she was currently recording a new album in London, which was due to be released in 2011.<ref>Oprah Show: Interview with Lisa Marie Presley, October 21, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6333549/Elvis-Presleys-grandson-Benjamin-Presley-Keough-pictured-outside-London-nightclub.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018045834/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6333549/Elvis-Presleys-grandson-Benjamin-Presley-Keough-pictured-outside-London-nightclub.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 18, 2009 | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Elvis Presley's grandson Benjamin Presley Keough pictured outside London nightclub | first=Alastair | last=Jamieson | date=October 15, 2009 | access-date=May 7, 2010}}</ref>

===2012–2018: ''Storm & Grace'' and final releases===
Her third album, ''[[Storm & Grace]]'', was released on May 15, 2012. She said: "It's much more of a rootsy record, organic record, than my previous work."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/Feb/01/ap-lisa-marie-presley-talks-about-new-exhibit/all/ |title=Lisa Marie Presley talks about new exhibit |last=Sainz |first=Adrian |newspaper=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |agency=Associated Press |date=February 1, 2012 |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630133538/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/Feb/01/ap-lisa-marie-presley-talks-about-new-exhibit/all/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced by Oscar and Grammy winner [[T Bone Burnett]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/lisa-marie-presley-dishes-on-dad-new-album-more/article_578fa59f-8011-5a10-93a9-89bf4ce44e54.html? |title=Lisa Marie Presley dishes on dad, new album, more |newspaper=[[The Hamilton Spectator]] |date=February 1, 2012 |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185450/http://www.thespec.com/whatson-story/2167742-lisa-marie-presley-dishes-on-dad-new-album-more |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[AllMusic]] described the album as "a stronger, more mature, and more effective work than one might have expected" and noted "Presley is finally developing a musical personality that truly suits her".<ref name="Allmusic.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/storm-grace-r2452196/review |title=Storm & Grace – Review |last=Deming |first=Mark |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=May 17, 2012 |date=May 15, 2012 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113021927/https://www.allmusic.com/album/storm-grace-mw0002348943 |url-status=live}}</ref> Spinner.com described it as "the strongest album of her career" and ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praised the "smoky, spooky" single "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet".<ref name="MarketWatchLMP">{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lisa-marie-presley-launches-new-album-storm-grace-with-appearances-on-good-morning-america-american-idol-the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno-and-jimmy-kimmel-live-2012-05-03 |title=Lisa Marie Presley Launches New Album, Storm & Grace, with Appearances on "Good Morning America," "American Idol," "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno," and "Jimmy Kimmel Live" |type=press release |website=[[MarketWatch]] |access-date=May 6, 2012 |date=May 3, 2012 |archive-date=July 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705123717/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lisa-marie-presley-launches-new-album-storm-grace-with-appearances-on-good-morning-america-american-idol-the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno-and-jimmy-kimmel-live-2012-05-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Spinner.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.spinner.com/2012/04/23/lisa-marie-presley-storm-grace |title=Lisa Marie Presley slates new CD |website=[[Spinner (website)|Spinner]] |last=Ham |first=Robert |access-date=May 5, 2012 |date=April 23, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516125935/http://www.spinner.com/2012/04/23/lisa-marie-presley-storm-grace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[T-Bone Burnett]] said of collaborating with Presley on ''Storm & Grace'' (2012): "When songs from Lisa Marie Presley showed up at my door, I was curious. I wondered what the daughter of an American revolutionary music artist had to say. What I heard was honest, raw, unaffected and soulful. I thought her father would be proud of her. The more I listened to the songs, the deeper an artist I found her to be. Listening beyond the media static, Lisa Marie Presley is a Southern American folk music artist of great value."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sciarretto |first=Amy |url=http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/lisa-marie-presley-to-release-storm-and-grace-on-may-15/9967179 |title=Lisa Marie Presley to Release "Storm and Grace" on May 15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419070723/http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/lisa-marie-presley-to-release-storm-and-grace-on-may-15/9967179 |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |work=[[Artistdirect]] |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=May 3, 2012}}</ref>

In 2018, Presley was featured on the title track of the compilation "Where No One Stands Alone", a collection of her father's gospel songs. The song was reworked into a duet between Presley and her father. A music video for the song was released in which Presley is incorporated into scenes of her and her father.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/08/10/elvis-and-lisa-marie-presley-gospel-duet-where-no-one-stands-alone/955252002/ |title=Elvis and Lisa Marie Presley sing duet on 'new' Elvis gospel album |last=McDermott |first=Maeve |date=August 10, 2018 |website=[[USA Today]] |publisher=Gannett Co., Inc |access-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040049/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/08/10/elvis-and-lisa-marie-presley-gospel-duet-where-no-one-stands-alone/955252002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Memoir===
{{Main|From Here to the Great Unknown}}
In January 2024, Presley's daughter Riley Keough revealed that prior to her death, Presley recorded audio tapes for a memoir.<ref name=memoir /> Keough also revealed that she completed writing the details on the tapes in book form following her mother's death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/entertainment/2024/01/11/lisa-marie-presley-memoir-riley-keough-elvis-random-house/72189266007/|title='Raw, riveting' Lisa Marie Presley memoir due out in fall; book completed by Riley Keough|first=John|last=Beifuss|publisher=Memphis Commercial Appeal|date=January 11, 2024|accessdate=March 30, 2024}}</ref><ref name=memoir>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/lisa-marie-presley-to-publish-posthumous-memoir-daughter-riley-keough-collaborator-8425135|title=Lisa Marie Presley's Posthumous Memoir to Publish This Year with Daughter Riley Keough as a Collaborator|first=Carly|last=Tagen-Dye|publisher=People|date=January 11, 2024|accessdate=January 13, 2024|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112172313/https://people.com/lisa-marie-presley-to-publish-posthumous-memoir-daughter-riley-keough-collaborator-8425135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=releasedate>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/entertainment/riley-keough-announces-mother-lisa-marie-presleys-memoir/index.html|title=Riley Keough announces mother Lisa Marie Presley's memoir|first=Lisa|last=Respers France|publisher=CNN|date=January 11, 2024|accessdate=January 13, 2024|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112183424/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/entertainment/riley-keough-announces-mother-lisa-marie-presleys-memoir/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> President of Random House Group Sanyu Dillon also confirmed that [[Random House]] would publish Presley's memoir.<ref name=memoir /> The memoir was initially scheduled to be released on October 15, 2024.<ref name=releasedate /><ref name=memoir /> In addition to preparing the memoir, Riley narrated its audiobook version, which includes “never-before-heard recollections” through Presley's voice.<ref name=memoir /> On June 4, 2024, it was revealed that the memoir would be titled ''From Here to the Great Unknown''.<ref name=titlecoverandauthors /> The cover of ''From Here to the Great Unknown'' features a photo of a young Presley with her father on the cover.<ref name=titlecoverandauthors>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/see-the-cover-of-lisa-marie-presley-s-posthumous-memoir-exclusive-8657435|title=Riley Keough Helped Finish Mother Lisa Marie Presley's Posthumous Memoir — See the Cover Here (Exclusive)|first=Carly|last=Tagen-Dye|publisher=People|date=June 4, 2024|accessdate=June 20, 2024}}</ref> Presley and her daughter Riley are both credited as the book's authors.<ref name=titlecoverandauthors /> ''From Here to the Great Unknown'' would be released on October 8, 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/lisa-marie-presley-suffered-opioid-addiction-withdrawal-exclusive-8718309|title=Lisa Marie Presley Says in Posthumous Memoir She Suffered 'Withdrawal in the Big Leagues' from Opioid Addiction (Exclusive)|first=Brianne|last=Tracy|publisher=People|date=September 26, 2024|accessdate=October 4, 2024}}</ref>

== Charity work and humanitarian efforts ==
Presley Charitable Foundation (PCF) was formed by Presley in 2007. It was reincorporated from Presley Charitable Foundation to The Presley Foundation Inc. on November 10, 2022, and registered as a public benefit and grantmaking foundation on February 13, 2023. In 2001, Presley Place opened to its first residents. Presley Place provides homeless families with up to one year of rent-free housing, child day care, career and financial counseling, family management guidance, and other tools to help them break the cycle of poverty and regain self-esteem and independence. It is also funded by the PCF the Elvis Presley Music Room, where the children of Presley Place and others enjoy access to musical instruments and instruction and participate in special related programs. Her father's foundation The EPCF created the Elvis Presley Endowed Scholarship Fund at the College of Communication & Fine Arts at the [[University of Memphis]] to assist students majoring in areas of the arts.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Memphis Daily News Vol. 115, No. 131
|work=Memphis Daily News
|date=July 11, 2001 |url=http://www.memphisdailynews.com/editorial/ArticleEmail.aspx?id=23822
|access-date=June 19, 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310220718/https://www.memphisdailynews.com/editorial/ArticleEmail.aspx?id=23822
|archive-date=March 10, 2016 }}</ref>

Presley joined [[Oprah Winfrey]] and her [[Angel Network]] and was active in the [[Hurricane Katrina disaster relief|relief efforts after Hurricane Katrina]] devastated [[New Orleans]] and surrounding areas. Presley gave a helping hand in Memphis, Tennessee. "I'm here", she said, "because I definitely needed to do something, and it just so happens this is where I'm from. I'm going to do everything I can. People need help—this is a huge catastrophe and everyone needs to stand up." Her first stop was a food bank, where, with the help of [[FedEx]] and [[Kroger]], Presley loaded a truck with groceries. Then it was time for a pit stop at [[Target Corporation|Target]] for toiletries and clothes. "I thought I was going to grab a couple things at the store", Presley said, "and I ended up filling up a truck. I went a little crazy."

Presley's final destination was the [[Harrah's Casino Tunica|Grand Casino Convention Center]] in Mississippi to distribute the supplies to people who had lost everything. One evacuee said, "I really appreciate everything Ms. Presley is doing for us. We have nothing, so we're very grateful for everything she's doing."<ref>{{cite news|last=Oprah|first=Winfrey|title=The Angel Network Team|newspaper=Oprah.com |url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/The-Angel-Network-Team_1/7|access-date=May 15, 2011|archive-date=September 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922082901/http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/The-Angel-Network-Team_1/7|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Presley became a patron of the Dream Factory, a charity based in [[Hainault, London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yourdreamfactory.org/|title=The Dream Factory – Making dreams come true|access-date=December 22, 2019|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831153921/https://www.yourdreamfactory.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Presley was one of the celebrity guests at the Snowball held at the Prince Regent in Chigwell in aid of the Dream Factory. Actors [[Ray Winstone]] and [[Sid Owen]], who are both patrons of the charity, and [[Amanda Redman]] were also among guests at the star-studded event, which raised $59,000 towards granting the wishes of terminally ill children and those with life-threatening illnesses or disabilities. Organizer Avril Mills said: "We have granted 83 dreams in under three years, so the money is going to go towards a lot more dreams. It costs between $500 and $5,000 for a dream. Lisa Marie Presley was very nice and she now wants to become a patron of the charity. We talked about the charity and she brought a big framed picture of Elvis, which she got flown over for the Dream Factory from Graceland, and that raised $5,000."<ref>{{cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley Citing |url=http://cillasworld.com/november-news.html |access-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813151000/http://cillasworld.com/november-news.html |archive-date=August 13, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Grammy Foundation ===
Presley was involved with the Grammy Foundation's Gold Grammy Signature Schools program, which recognizes top US public high schools that are making an outstanding commitment to music education during an academic school year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/bmi-remembers-lisa-marie-presley |title=BMI Remembers Lisa Marie Presley |date=January 13, 2023 |publisher=BMI.com |accessdate=January 14, 2023 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118120748/https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/bmi-remembers-lisa-marie-presley |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 22, 2005, Presley presented a special award to [[Isaac Hayes]] at the Memphis Recording Academy Honors. A host of hometown stars gathered to see Presley, [[Justin Timberlake]], Isaac Hayes, and [[David Porter (musician)|David Porter]] honored by the Memphis chapter of the Recording Academy. Presley and music producer [[Jimmy Jam]] presented the award to Hayes.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 3, 2014 |title=Memphis Pays Tribute To Local Stars At Recording Academy Honors |url=https://www.recordingacademy.com/news/memphis-pays-tribute-to-local-stars-at-recording-academy-honors |access-date=January 14, 2023 |website=Recording Academy |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114074743/https://www.recordingacademy.com/news/memphis-pays-tribute-to-local-stars-at-recording-academy-honors |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 11, 2005, Presley participated in a Grammy SoundCheck at LA's [[House of Blues]], during which she and other industry professionals met with a group of music students to discuss career opportunities available to them within the music industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley Announces Fall Club tour|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/update---lisa-marie-presley-announces-fall-club-tour-67186012.html|access-date=May 15, 2011|archive-date=October 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013223538/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/update---lisa-marie-presley-announces-fall-club-tour-67186012.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
On June 24, 2011, Presley was officially honored by the governor of Tennessee, [[Bill Haslam]], who proclaimed a day of recognition for her charitable efforts.<ref name="Lisa Marie Presley Honors">{{cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley Honors|url=https://lisamariepresleyhonors.wordpress.com/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=April 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045504/http://lisamariepresleyhonors.wordpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, she was issued a Certificate of Proclamation by the mayor of New Orleans, [[Mitch Landrieu|Mitchell J. Landrieu]], in recognition of her dedication and contributions to the city.<ref name="Lisa Marie Presley Honors" /> She also received a proclamation from the city of [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] on June 28, 2011, for her philanthropy there.<ref name="Lisa Marie Presley Honors" />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row"|Groovevolt Music and Fashion Awards
| 2004
| ''[[To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album)|To Whom It May Concern]]''
| Best Rock Album - Female
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.groovevolt.com/gvawards/general.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209091451/http://www.groovevolt.com/gvawards/general.asp |archive-date=December 9, 2004 |title='04 GV Music & Fashion Awards Winners: General Awards |publisher=Groovevolt}}</ref>
{{end}}

== Personal life ==
In 2005, Presley allowed the public a brief look into her personal life, appearing in the TV movie ''Elvis by the Presleys''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0446689/|title=Elvis by the Presleys|publisher=IMDb|access-date=August 31, 2019|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124110830/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0446689/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 2010 and 2016, Presley lived in a 15th-century manor house in [[Rotherfield]], East Sussex, England, 15 miles east of [[Saint Hill Manor]], the British headquarters of the Church of Scientology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lisa-marie-presley_n_1923044|title=Lisa Marie Presley Serves Fish and Chips In English Village|publisher=HuffPost|access-date=July 2, 2020|date=September 28, 2012|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115203217/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lisa-marie-presley_n_1923044|url-status=live}}</ref>

Presley publicly acknowledged her struggle with opioid addiction. She penned a foreword for a book titled ''United States of Opioids: A Prescription for Liberating a Nation in Pain'' (2019); in the foreword, she stated that she was prescribed opioids following the birth of her twin daughters in 2008 and became dependent upon them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/health/lisa-marie-presleys-addiction-battles-its-a-difficult-path-to-overcome/|title=Lisa Marie Presley's Addiction Battles: 'It's a Difficult Path to Overcome'|website=People |last=Etienne|first=Vanessa |date=January 13, 2023}}</ref> She had been using opioids again in the weeks prior to her death on January 12, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/01/30/lisa-marie-presley-lost-40-50-pounds-took-opioids-before-death-report/|title=Lisa Marie Presley lost 40-50 pounds, took opioids before death: report|date=January 30, 2023 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref>

=== Marriages and divorces ===

On October 3, 1988, Presley married Chicago-born musician Danny Keough at the [[Scientology Celebrity Centre]] in Los Angeles.<ref name="biography.com" /> They had two children: a daughter, [[Riley Keough]] (born May 29, 1989, at [[Saint John's Health Center]] in [[Santa Monica, California]]),<ref name="people1989">{{cite news|url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-the-presleys-newest-star-vol-31-no-24/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=June 19, 1989 |volume=31 |issue=24 |title=The Presleys' Newest Star |first1=Michelle |last1=Green |first2=Lois |last2=Armstrong |first3=Eleanor |last3=Hoover |first4=Robin |last4=Micheli |access-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801160915/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0%2C%2C20120574%2C00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> an actress and model,<ref name="rileymarries">{{cite news| url= http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/riley-keough-weds-elvis-presleys-grandkid-marries-ben-smith-petersen-201552| title= Riley Keough Marries Ben Smith-Petersen: Wedding Guest List, Details Revealed| work= [[Us Weekly]]| date= February 5, 2015| access-date= February 5, 2015| first= Stephanie| last= Webber| archive-date= February 5, 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150205222739/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/riley-keough-weds-elvis-presleys-grandkid-marries-ben-smith-petersen-201552| url-status= live}}</ref> and a son, Benjamin Storm Keough (born October 21, 1992, at Humana Women's Hospital in [[Tampa, Florida]]).<ref>{{cite news |author1=Hollie Silverman |author2=Theresa Waldrop |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Benjamin Keough, grandson of Elvis Presley, dies at 27 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/12/us/benjamin-keough-elvis-presley-grandson-death/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713015023/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/12/us/benjamin-keough-elvis-presley-grandson-death/index.html |archive-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Elvis Presley's Daughter Gives Birth to Boy |url=https://apnews.com/3f398561d3718ad4ca3f453c4fd3ecd9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230155432/https://apnews.com/3f398561d3718ad4ca3f453c4fd3ecd9 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |work=Associated Press News}}</ref> Presley obtained a [[Divorce mill|quickie divorce]] in the [[Dominican Republic]] on May 6, 1994.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F1BIAAAAIBAJ&dq=lisa%20marie%20presley%20divorce%20may%206&pg=4863%2C1057010 | title = Lisa Marie: I Married Michael 11 Weeks Ago | newspaper = [[New Straits Times]] | agency = [[Reuters]] | date = August 3, 1994 | access-date = October 21, 2020 | archive-date = December 29, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211229133502/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F1BIAAAAIBAJ&dq=lisa%20marie%20presley%20divorce%20may%206&pg=4863,1057010 | url-status = live }}</ref> Benjamin Keough died on July 12, 2020, at the [[27 Club|age of 27]] in [[Calabasas, California]], from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. The [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] Medical Examiner's Office listed his death as a suicide.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberto|first=Melissa|date=July 14, 2020|title=Benjamin Keough's death ruled a suicide by gunshot wound.|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/benjamin-keough-death-ruled-suicide-by-gunshot-wound|access-date=July 16, 2020|publisher=Fox News|archive-date=July 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715231732/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/benjamin-keough-death-ruled-suicide-by-gunshot-wound|url-status=live}}</ref>

On May 26, 1994, 20 days after her divorce from Keough, Presley married singer [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1924408&date=19940809 | title = One Theory On Michael-Lisa: It's All A Plot | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | date = August 9, 1994 | access-date = June 2, 2008 | first = Richard N. | last = Leiby | archive-date = May 19, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110519110407/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940809&slug=1924408 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Keough's younger brother Thomas Keough was an official witness at Presley's wedding to Michael Jackson.<ref name="leiby">{{cite news | last =Leiby | first =Richard N. | title =What's Scientology Got To Do With It? | newspaper =[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] | page =1H | date =August 12, 1994 }}</ref> They had first met in 1974 when a six-year-old Presley attended his concert at the [[Sahara Tahoe]].<ref name="yahoobio" /> According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A.".<ref name="gliatto">{{cite web |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-neverland-meets-graceland-vol-42-no-7/ |title=Neverland Meets Graceland |first=Tom|last=Gliatto |date=August 15, 1994 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115203215/https://people.com/archive/cover-story-neverland-meets-graceland-vol-42-no-7/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As [[1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson|child molestation accusations against him]] became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support. She was concerned about his faltering health and his drug addiction.<ref name="autogenerated1">Taraborrelli, p. 518–520.</ref> Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong, and that he was wrongly accused and, yes, I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."<ref>Taraborrelli, p. 510</ref> Shortly afterwards, she successfully persuaded Jackson to settle the allegations out of court and go into [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] to recover.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Presley appeared in Jackson's "[[You Are Not Alone]]" video in June 1995, directed by [[Wayne Isham]].<ref name="Videography">{{cite web |title=Videography |url=http://www.lisamarieonline.net/lisa/videography.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006044431/http://www.lisamarieonline.net/lisa/videography.php |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=June 26, 2011 |publisher=Lisa Marie Presley Online}}</ref> In January 1996, citing irreconcilable differences, Presley filed for divorce, according to legal papers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/jacko_presley/ |title=Lisa Marie Presley Jackson files for divorce |website=[[CNN]] |date=January 18, 1996 |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-date=July 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726134554/http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/jacko_presley/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Citing Irreconcilable Differences, Lisa Marie Presley Files For Divorce From Michael Jackson |magazine=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62|access-date=June 26, 2011|date=February 5, 1996|pages=62–|issn=0021-5996 }}</ref> Jackson's make-up artist, Karen Faye, later claimed that Jackson had originally planned to file for divorce first and had relented after Presley begged him not to. The following day, Jackson discovered that Presley had filed for divorce herself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/09/showbiz/jackson-death-trial/ |title=Witness: Michael Jackson was paranoid, talking to himself in last days |access-date=August 29, 2013 |agency=[[CNN]] |date=May 10, 2013 |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213033/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/09/showbiz/jackson-death-trial |url-status=live }}</ref> In an October 2010 interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]], Presley revealed that she and Jackson had attempted to reconcile intermittently for four years following their divorce and that she had traveled to different parts of the world to be with him. After [[Death of Michael Jackson|Jackson's death]] in 2009, Presley was reported to have "felt shattered".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley Opens Up About Michael Jackson|url=https://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/lisa-marie-presley-opens-up-about-michael-jackson|access-date=January 13, 2023|website=[[Oprah.com]]|archive-date=August 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816094509/https://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/lisa-marie-presley-opens-up-about-michael-jackson|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 1999, Presley met musician [[John Oszajca]] and got engaged to him two days before Christmas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presley's Altared State |url=https://people.com/celebrity/presleys-altared-state/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=June 13, 2020 |date=November 3, 1998 |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613193543/https://people.com/celebrity/presleys-altared-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/628161.stm |title=Lisa Marie to Marry Again |agency=[[BBC News]] |date=February 2, 2000 |access-date=December 23, 2012 |archive-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201133819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/628161.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> She broke off the engagement in March 2001, some five months after meeting [[Nicolas Cage]] at a party.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schneider |first1=Karen |title=Love Thee Tender |url=https://people.com/archive/love-thee-tender-vol-56-no-15/ |magazine=People |access-date=November 15, 2021 |date=October 8, 2001 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115203223/https://people.com/archive/love-thee-tender-vol-56-no-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Presley's third marriage was to Cage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview With Lisa Marie Presley |url=http://lisamarie.at.infoseek.co.jp/lisa-LarryKingLive2003.htm |work=Larry King Live |access-date=July 11, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703084121/http://lisamarie.at.infoseek.co.jp/lisa-LarryKingLive2003.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2009 }}</ref> They were married in [[Kamuela, Hawaii]], on August 10, 2002. Cage filed for divorce on November 25, 2002, and the divorce was finalized on May 24, 2004.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Silverman |first1=Stephen M. |title=Divorced: Cage-Presley Union Now a Memory |url=https://people.com/celebrity/divorced-cage-presley-union-now-a-memory/ |magazine=People |access-date=November 15, 2021 |date=May 26, 2004 |archive-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902120142/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,642162,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a 2003 interview with ''[[The Commercial Appeal]]'', Presley commented on reports that she and Keough were planning to remarry: "Danny is my best friend, always has been, always will be. I love him unconditionally, but we are not together. It's not like that."<ref>{{cite news | last =Lollar | first =Michael | title =Lisa Marie Presley's 'Very Proud of Who I Am, Where I Come From' | work =The Commercial Appeal | page =A1 | publisher =The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, TN | date =April 4, 2003 }}</ref> Keough and Presley became closer again after Presley divorced Michael Jackson.<ref>{{cite news | last =Alexander | first =Wiley | title =Guess who Lisa Marie is planning to marry? | newspaper =[[San Antonio Express-News]] | page =2 | date =September 22, 1996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nelso |first=Eric |title=People |newspaper=The Dallas Morning News |page=2A |date=September 21, 1996}}</ref>{{Cbignore|date=January 2023}}<ref>{{cite news | last =Bowden | first =Robert |author2=Knight-Ridder Newspapers | title =Heartbreak Hotel, revisited | newspaper =[[The Tampa Tribune]] | page =2 | date =September 20, 1996 | author2-link =Knight-Ridder Newspapers }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Schoemer | first =Karen, ''[[Newsweek]]'' | title =Jackson-Presley Split Alters the Guessing Game | work =[[Tulsa World]] | page =D3 | date =January 23, 1996 }}</ref>
In 2005, Danny Keough was a bass guitar player in Presley's band, and also served as her musical mentor.<ref>{{cite news | last =Varga | first =George | title =Don't be cruel: Lisa Marie Presley is ready to make a mark of her own | work =[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] | page =F-1 | publisher =Union-Tribune Publishing Co. | date =May 11, 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Ellis | first =Bill | title =Lisa Marie's most at home with herself – Performing her own material sheds light on Elvis and all that | work =The Commercial Appeal | page =A1 | publisher =The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, TN | date =April 24, 2005 }}</ref> Presley still regarded him as a close friend,<ref>{{cite news | last =Hilburn | first = Robert | title =POP MUSIC; A name for herself; Fear and family kept Lisa Marie Presley away from the microphone – until now. | work =[[Los Angeles Times]] | page =E35 | date =April 6, 2003 }}</ref><ref name="bream">{{cite news | last =Bream | first =Jon | title = Daddy's girl – Lisa Marie Presley finally enters the family business: rock 'n' roll | work =[[Star Tribune]] | page =1E | publisher = Star Tribune: Newspaper of the Twin Cities | date =August 8, 2003}}</ref> and he lived in the guest house on Presley's property.<ref name="bream" /> Presley described her relationship with Keough after they separated: "I don't know how, but we've managed to stay close. There's others that I have pain or betrayal associated with that I won't have anything to do with. But he and I had a special thing. Unconditional."<ref name="bream" />
[[File:Lisa Marie Presley.jpg|left|thumb|Presley with her fourth husband [[Michael Lockwood (guitarist)|Michael Lockwood]] in 2014]]
On January 22, 2006, in [[Kyoto, Japan]], Presley married for a fourth time, to [[Michael Lockwood (guitarist)|Michael Lockwood]], her guitarist, music producer, and director.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/29/lkl.01.html |title=CNN.com – Transcripts |publisher=CNN |date=April 29, 2005 |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023054255/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/29/lkl.01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Danny Keough served as best man at the wedding. In March 2008, Presley announced that she was pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/44594/lisa_marie_presley|title=Lisa Marie Presley News – Lisa Marie Presley names twins|access-date=October 14, 2008|date=October 14, 2008|publisher=[[idiomag]]|archive-date=March 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328114905/http://www.idiomag.com/peek/44594/lisa_marie_presley|url-status=live}}</ref> Her husband was a first-time father.<ref>{{cite web|last=Napoli|first=Jessica|date=June 22, 2019|title=Lisa Marie Presley posts rare photo with all four of her kids|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/lisa-marie-presley-photo-kids|access-date=January 13, 2023|publisher=Fox News|language=en-US|archive-date=December 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225233817/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/lisa-marie-presley-photo-kids|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 7, 2008, Presley gave birth to [[fraternal twin]] girls,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harper & Finley Lockwood = Lisa Marie Presley's Twins! {{pipe}} Lisa Marie Presley|url=https://www.elvis.com.au/presley/twin-girls-for-lisa-marie-presley.shtml|access-date=January 13, 2023|website=elvis.com.au|archive-date=October 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031015725/https://www.elvis.com.au/presley/twin-girls-for-lisa-marie-presley.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knoke |first=Charlotte |date=2024-05-28 |title=Meet Lisa Marie Presley's twins: Harper and Finley Lockwood |url=https://www.nowtolove.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/lisa-marie-presley-twins/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Now To Love |language=en-AU |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601094528/https://www.nowtolove.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/lisa-marie-presley-twins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> via [[Caesarean section]], at [[Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center]] in [[Thousand Oaks, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://perezhilton.com/lisa-marie-presley-gave-birth-to-twinsies/|title=Lisa Marie Presley Gave Birth to Twinsies!|date=October 11, 2008|website=Perez Hilton|access-date=January 1, 2020|archive-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026165548/https://perezhilton.com/lisa-marie-presley-gave-birth-to-twinsies/|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple had a home in England at Coes Manor, [[Rotherfield]], East Sussex, where Presley enjoyed life out of the limelight.<ref>{{cite web |title=East Sussex – unusual trivia you maybe didn't know (part one)! |url=https://your.eastsussex.gov.uk/2023/01/19/east-sussex-unusual-trivia-you-maybe-didnt-know-part-one/ |website=Your East Sussex |date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127091707/https://your.eastsussex.gov.uk/2023/01/19/east-sussex-unusual-trivia-you-maybe-didnt-know-part-one/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2016, Presley filed for divorce from Lockwood after ten years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Runtagh|first1=Jordan|title=Lisa Marie Presley Files for Divorce from Michael Lockwood|url=https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-divorce-singer-splits-from-michael-lockwood/|access-date=November 15, 2021|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=June 28, 2016|location=United States|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115203221/https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-divorce-singer-splits-from-michael-lockwood/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2017, the couple's children were placed in the temporary care of [[Priscilla Presley]] after Lisa alleged she found inappropriate images of children on Lockwood's personal computer in a divorce court filing challenging Lockwood's request for spousal support.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Kendall |title=Lisa Marie Presley's Twins Taken Into Protective Custody Amid Claims Michael Lockwood Collected 'Inappropriate' Footage of Children |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/830292/lisa-marie-presley-s-twins-taken-into-protective-custody-amid-claims-michael-lockwood-collected-inappropriate-footage-of-children |website=E-Online |access-date=February 17, 2017 |date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113021929/https://www.eonline.com/news/830292/lisa-marie-presley-s-twins-taken-into-protective-custody-amid-claims-michael-lockwood-collected-inappropriate-footage-of-children |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="divorced">>{{cite news |last1=Crabtree |first1=Erin |title=Lisa Marie Presley Is Divorced From Michael Lockwood 4 Years After Split |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/lisa-marie-presley-divorces-michael-lockwood-after-split/ |access-date=January 13, 2023 |work=Us Weekly |date=May 27, 2021 |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213190223/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/lisa-marie-presley-divorces-michael-lockwood-after-split/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Beverly Hills Police Department]] investigated the allegations, examining over 80 electronic devices, and found no criminal activity and referred the matter to investigators in Tennessee.<ref name="bevhills">{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Joyce |title=Police Investigating Lisa Marie Presley's Husband for Child Abuse |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/lisa-marie-presleys-husband-being-investigated-for-child-abuse-w467807/ |access-date=January 13, 2023 |work=Us Weekly |date=February 18, 2017 |quote=It is believed there is no criminal activity related to these allegations in the City of Beverly Hills," Sergeant Subin's statement continues. "We are currently working with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigations to evaluate the evidence. |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171113/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/lisa-marie-presleys-husband-being-investigated-for-child-abuse-w467807/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in 2017, the [[Tennessee Bureau of Investigation]]s closed its investigation of the allegations made by Presley, citing no evidence of a crime.<ref name="chargesTBI">{{cite news |last1=Runtagh |first1=Jordan |title=Lisa Marie Presley's Ex Investigation Dropped in Tennessee |url=https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-michael-lockwood-tennessee-investigators-end-involvement/ |access-date=January 13, 2023 |work=People |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230113183315/https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-michael-lockwood-tennessee-investigators-end-involvement/ |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |language=en |quote="Barring any new potential evidence or information, we have concluded our involvement in this matter."We have not been able to determine a crime occurred in Tennessee and accordingly do not have an open investigation." Tennessee Bureau of Investigations' Public Information Officer Josh DeVine}}</ref> The divorce was finalized on May 26, 2021. Presley's daughter, Riley, married Ben Smith-Petersen in 2015, and they have a daughter, Tupelo (born 2022), Presley's grandchild.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-and-michael-lockwood-are-officially-divorced-nearly-5/|title=Lisa Marie Presley and Michael Lockwood Are Legally Divorced Nearly 5 Years After Split|date=May 27, 2021|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=December 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210215131/https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-and-michael-lockwood-are-officially-divorced-nearly-5/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Scientology ===
Presley, along with friend and fellow Memphian and Scientologist [[Isaac Hayes]], opened the Literacy, Education and Ability Program (LEAP) in October 1997. LEAP is run by [[Applied Scholastics]], a group run by Scientologists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/19/us/19memphis.html |title=Hollywood Joins Memphis for a Farewell to Isaac Hayes – The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 19, 2008 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126021404/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/19/us/19memphis.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.helplearn.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207202503/http://www.helplearn.org/index-flash.html|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to H.E.L.P. – Hollywood Education & Literacy Project|archive-date=December 7, 2006|website=helplearn.org}}</ref>

For her efforts to help US children learn study skills, Presley received the Humanitarian Award from the Church of Scientology-supported [[World Literacy Crusade]] on January 5, 2002. Presley received her award from Isaac Hayes, [[Chaka Khan]], and [[Yolanda King]], daughter of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref name="Lisa Marie Presley, An original American princess">{{cite web|last=Morgan|first=Kaya|title=Writer|url=http://www.islandconnections.com/edit/presley.htm|publisher=Island Connections|access-date=May 2, 2011|archive-date=May 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529163744/http://www.islandconnections.com/edit/presley.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> World Literacy Crusade is regarded by critics as a front group for the [[Church of Scientology]].<ref name="studytech">{{cite web|url=http://www.studytech.org/asi.php |title=Scientology's Education Fronts – Applied Scholastics International |year=2007 |website=studytech.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514032959/http://www.studytech.org/asi.php |archive-date=May 14, 2008 }}</ref> On September 26 of that same year, Presley addressed a [[US congress]]ional hearing in opposition to the use of medication in treating [[ADHD]], stating: "I have spoken to children who have been forced to take a cocaine-like stimulant to control their behavior. I have shared their sense of sheer desperation. Children have been wrenched from their family's care simply because their parents favored an alternative, drug-free approach to addressing educational and behavioral problems. The psychotropic drugging of millions of children has to stop."<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressional Testimony – CCHR|url=http://lisamariepresley.com/philanthropy-side/cchr/11-philanthropy/60-congressional-testimony-cchr|access-date=November 9, 2013|archive-date=November 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110081747/http://lisamariepresley.com/philanthropy-side/cchr/11-philanthropy/60-congressional-testimony-cchr|url-status=live}}</ref> Addressing the committee as the International Spokesperson for Children's Rights, for the [[Citizens Commission on Human Rights]] (CCHR), a group run by Scientologists, Presley expressed her view that parents should be informed about alternatives to drugs so they may "make an informed choice about their child's educational and medical needs".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley takes a stand for children's rights|url=http://www.fightforkids.org/press/2002/020926.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602120445/http://www.fightforkids.org/press/2002/020926.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 2, 2004|access-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref>

Presley left Scientology in 2014, though she had been experiencing growing discontent with the organization as early as 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Green |first=Nicole Glennon and Alex |date=January 13, 2023 |title=Lisa Marie Presley: Scientology, trips to Tipperary and a fondness for Murphys |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/people/arid-41047499.html |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113135819/https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/people/arid-41047499.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Elvis Presley estate ==
After Elvis Presley's death at Graceland on August 16, 1977, his will appointed his father, Vernon Presley, executor and trustee. The beneficiaries of the trust were Vernon, Elvis' grandmother Minnie Mae Presley, and Lisa Marie, whose inheritance was to be held in trust until her 25th birthday.<ref name="EPE">{{cite web|title=The Estate of Elvis Presley & The Elvis Presley Trust|url=http://elvis.com/elvisology/history/elvis_estate.asp|access-date=May 26, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403085129/http://www.elvis.com/elvisology/history/elvis_estate.asp|archive-date=April 3, 2010}}</ref> After Vernon Presley's death in 1979, Elvis' former wife Priscilla Presley was named as one of three trustees in his will; the others were the [[National Bank of Commerce (Memphis)|National Bank of Commerce]] in Memphis and Joseph Hanks, who had been the Presleys' accountant.<ref name="EPE" /> With Minnie Mae Presley's death in 1980, Lisa Marie became the only surviving beneficiary.<ref name="EPE" />

In 1993, Presley inherited her father's estate on her 25th birthday, which, thanks largely to the stewardship of her mother, had grown to an estimated $100 million.<ref name="People Magazine">{{cite web|title=The Presley Inheritance|url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-the-presley-inheritance-vol-39-no-8/|first=Craig|last=Horowitz|access-date=November 15, 2021|date=March 1, 1993|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115203224/https://people.com/archive/cover-story-the-presley-inheritance-vol-39-no-8/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Lisa marie plane.jpg|thumb|Elvis named his private [[Convair 880]] jetliner after his daughter.]]
In 1998, Presley became more closely involved in the management of the Elvis Presley Trust and its business entity, Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. and until February 2005 she was owner and chairman of the board, when she sold 85 percent of the estate's business holdings to [[CKX, Inc.]], excluding Graceland itself and the property within it.<ref name="EPE" />

Following Presley's death, her three daughters were expected to inherit Graceland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-14 |title=What happens to Graceland after Lisa Marie Presley's death? |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-14/what-happens-to-graceland-after-lisa-marie-presley-death-elvis-/101855770 |access-date=2023-05-05 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505110115/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-14/what-happens-to-graceland-after-lisa-marie-presley-death-elvis-/101855770 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Here's Who Will Inherit Elvis Presley's Graceland After Lisa Marie Presley's Death |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1361745/heres-who-will-inherit-elvis-presleys-graceland-after-lisa-marie-presleys-death |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=E! Online |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505110112/https://www.eonline.com/news/1361745/heres-who-will-inherit-elvis-presleys-graceland-after-lisa-marie-presleys-death |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Will Inherit Graceland After the Death of Lisa Marie Presley? |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/celebrity/who-will-inherit-graceland-after-the-death-of-lisa-marie-presley/ar-AA16jAD6 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=MSN |language=en-US |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505110429/https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/celebrity/who-will-inherit-graceland-after-the-death-of-lisa-marie-presley/ar-AA16jAD6 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, her mother Priscilla challenged a 2016 amendment that Presley had made to her estate, removing Priscilla as trustee and naming her two oldest children. One of these two, Presley's son Benjamin, died by suicide in 2020, leaving Riley as sole trustee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Priscilla Presley and Riley Keough's Fight Over Lisa Marie's Trust: 'They Don't See Eye to Eye' |url=https://people.com/music/inside-priscilla-presley-riley-keough-fight-over-lisa-maries-trust/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Peoplemag |language=en |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505110112/https://people.com/music/inside-priscilla-presley-riley-keough-fight-over-lisa-maries-trust/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 16, 2024, Missouri woman Lisa Jeannie Findley was arrested for a scheme which involved, among other things, using a fradulent claim about Presley owing money in order to illegally force the sale of Graceland.<ref name=arrestmade>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/elvis-presley-graceland-scheme-defraud-millions-steal-ownership-woman-arrested-1236108929/|title= Lisa Jeanine Findley, who has also gone by the names Lisa Holden, Lisa Howell, Gregory Naussany, Kurt Naussany, Lisa Jeanine Sullins and Carolyn Williams|first=Ellise|last=Shafer|publisher=Variety|date=August 16, 2024|accessdate=August 16, 2024}}</ref> According to the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Public Affairs, Findley "allegedly fabricated loan documents" on which she "forged the signatures of Elvis Presley’s daughter and a Florida State notary public. Findley then allegedly filed a false creditor’s claim with the Superior Court of California in Los Angeles, and a fake deed of trust with the Shelby County Register’s Office in Memphis" and was in fact the one who "allegedly published a fraudulent foreclosure notice."<ref name=findleyposes>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/missouri-woman-arrested-and-charged-in-scheme-to-sell-elvis-presley-graceland-8696560|title=Missouri Woman Arrested and Charged in Scheme to Sell Elvis Presley's Graceland|first=Njera|last=Perkins|publisher=People|date=August 16, 2024|accessdate=August 16, 2024}}</ref> However, despite Findley's key role, it is believed that the scheme's mastermind is in fact based in Nigeria.<ref name=findleyposes />

One person involved with the Graceland foreclosure scheme previously acknowledged to the New York Times in May 2024 that the scheme involved a ring of identity thieves based in Nigeria making a claim that Presley owed $2.8 million to Naussany Investments & Private Lending LLC.<ref name=schemertalks>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/28/arts/music/graceland-fraud-identity-thief-emails.html |title=Who Plotted to Sell Graceland? An Identity Thief Raises His Hand. |last=Stevens |first=Matt |date=28 May 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> However, Naussany Investments & Private Lending LLC was not a real company, and the identity thieves in fact made a habit of using forgeries of recently deceased people in order to make money through fraud schemes.<ref name=schemertalks /> As a prominent figure in facilitating the scheme to force the sale of Graceland from Presley's family, Findley "posed as three different individuals" affiliated with the "fictitious private lender" in order to falsely accuse Presley of borrowing $3.8 million from Naussany Investments in 2018.<ref name=findleyposes /> At the time of Findley's arrest, it was acknowledged that Kimberly L. Philbrick, the Florida notary whose name Findley forged, had in fact sided with Riley Keough in her lawsuit against Naussany, even going as far to admit that she neither met Presley or notorized a document allegedly signed by her.<ref name=pillbrickmakespublic /> In an affidavit, Pillbrick stated that “I have never met Lisa Marie Presley, nor have I ever notarized a document signed by Lisa Marie Presley” and that “I do not know why my signature appears on this document.”<ref name=pillbrickmakespublic>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-08-16/missouri-woman-arrested-defraud-elvis-presley-estate-graceland|title=Missouri woman who tried to grab Graceland arrested for allegedly defrauding Presley estate|first=Angie Orellana|last=Hernandez|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 16, 2024|accessdate=August 16, 2024}}</ref>

=== "Elvis Through His Daughter's Eyes" exhibit ===
In February 2012, Presley opened a new exhibit, "Elvis ... Through His Daughter's Eyes". It is included in the Graceland VIP Tour and features 200 items assembled by Presley and the Graceland Archives staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley Launches Elvis...Through His Daughters Eyes Exhibit|url=http://www.elvis.com/news/detail.aspx?id=6102|publisher=Elvis.com|access-date=February 1, 2012|archive-date=February 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204102716/http://www.elvis.com/news/detail.aspx?id=6102|url-status=live}}</ref>

The personal exhibit looks at Presley's experience of growing up with a famous father. Home movies, toys, and rarely seen family mementos are among the items on display.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presley's New Graceland Exhibit|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/lisa-marie-presleys-graceland-exhibit-evil-through-daughters-eyes-15487742|publisher=ABC|location=USA|access-date=February 1, 2012|archive-date=February 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202164653/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/lisa-marie-presleys-graceland-exhibit-evil-through-daughters-eyes-15487742|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Aircraft ''Lisa Marie'' ===
In November 1975, her father named one of his private aircraft, a converted [[Convair 880]] jet, after her.<ref name="Victor6">{{cite book|last=Victor|first=Adam|title=The Elvis Encyclopedia|year=2008|publisher=Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd|isbn=978-0-7156-3816-3|page=6}}</ref> He spent more than $1 million refurbishing it to use as his main transport while on tour.<ref name="Victor6" /> The ''Lisa Marie'' and one of his other planes, ''Hound Dog II'', are on exhibit at Graceland.<ref name="Victor6" />

== Death ==
[[File:Lisa's grave. White roses from Oprah. After the memorial service, fans were able to file past Lisa's grave.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Presley's grave in the Graceland Meditation Garden]]
On January 12, 2023, at around 10:30 a.m., Presley suffered cardiac arrest at her home in [[Calabasas, California]]. Her heart was restarted after [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] was administered en route to West Hills Hospital<ref name="Del Rosario">{{cite news |last1=Del Rosario |first1=Alexandra |title=How to watch Lisa Marie Presley's Graceland memorial service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-01-21/lisa-marie-presley-graceland-memorial-service-how-to-watch |work=Los Angeles Times |date=January 21, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122060036/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-01-21/lisa-marie-presley-graceland-memorial-service-how-to-watch |url-status=live }}</ref> in Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web | last1=Zurilla | first1=Christie | last2=Winton | first2=Richard | title=Lisa Marie Presley rushed to hospital after suffering cardiac episode in Calabasas | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=January 12, 2023 | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-01-12/lisa-marie-presley-cardiac-arrest-hospitalized | access-date=January 12, 2023 | archive-date=January 12, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112214819/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-01-12/lisa-marie-presley-cardiac-arrest-hospitalized | url-status=live }}</ref> but she died later that day at the age of 54.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/us/lisa-marie-presley-dead.html|title = Lisa Marie Presley Dies at 54, Days After Honoring Her Father|page = A17|last1 = Medina|first1 = Eduardo|last2 = Rubin|first2 = April|last3 = Genzlinger|first3 = Neil|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = January 13, 2023|access-date = January 13, 2023|url-access = limited|archive-date = January 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230113023545/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/us/lisa-marie-presley-dead.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Jack | last1=Irvin| first2=Liz | last2=McNeil | title=Lisa Marie Presley, Daughter of Elvis and Priscilla, Dead at 54: 'The Most Strong and Loving Woman' | website=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date=January 12, 2023 | url=https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-dead-at-54/ | access-date=January 13, 2023 | archive-date=January 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113020100/https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-dead-at-54/ | url-status=live }}</ref> According to her autopsy report, Presley died of "[[small bowel obstruction]]" caused by a [[bariatric surgery]] she had undergone. The autopsy stated that the opioids in her system did not contribute to her death.<ref name=ABC7Cause>{{cite web|url=https://abc7.com/lisa-marie-presley-los-angeles-medical-examiner-graceland-presly-cause-of-death/13499564/|title=Lisa Marie Presley died from small bowel obstruction, medical examiner finds|date=July 13, 2023|access-date=July 13, 2023|agency=Associated Press|publisher=ABC 7|first=Andrew|last=Dalton|archive-date=July 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714042332/https://abc7.com/lisa-marie-presley-los-angeles-medical-examiner-graceland-presly-cause-of-death/13499564/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lisa Marie Presley died from complications from weight loss surgery|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187641098/lisa-marie-presley-cause-of-death|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NPR|date=July 14, 2023|access-date=July 14, 2023|archive-date=June 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601094527/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187641098/lisa-marie-presley-cause-of-death|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her last public appearance had been two days earlier at the [[80th Golden Globe Awards]], which she attended with her mother.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url-status=live|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64255117|title=Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis, dies aged 54|date=January 13, 2023|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230113075911/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64255117|archive-date=January 13, 2023|access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernabe |first1=Angeline |last2=Iervolino |first2=Stephen |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Lisa Marie Presley dead at 54: Associated Press |url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/lisa-marie-presley-rushed-hospital-mother-priscilla-presley-96398686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113002334/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/lisa-marie-presley-rushed-hospital-mother-priscilla-presley-96398686 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Hundreds attended Presley's public memorial service that was held at Graceland on January 22,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/celebrity-lisa-marie-presley-memphis-b1b049e9ce7796830f48623fd173b9e2|title=Mourners at Graceland to bid farewell to Lisa Marie Presley|first=Adrian|last=Sainz|publisher=Associated Press|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122154952/https://apnews.com/article/celebrity-lisa-marie-presley-memphis-b1b049e9ce7796830f48623fd173b9e2|url-status=live}}</ref> and more than 1.5 million people watched the service via live stream.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2xsai_RQSc|title=LIVE: Lisa Marie Presley's Memorial Service|author=People|publisher=YouTube|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123002215/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&time_continue=1447&v=m2xsai_RQSc&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2F&source_ve_path=MTM5MTE3&feature=emb_logo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=January 23, 2023|author=Entertainment Tonight|date=January 22, 2023|publisher=YouTube|title=LIVE: Lisa Marie Presley Memorial Service|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThRk6NAqCR0|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123003109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThRk6NAqCR0&pp=QAFIAQ==|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1deDe9Ye_LM|title=LIVE: Memorial for Lisa Marie Presley|agency=Reuters|publisher=YouTube|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123011721/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1deDe9Ye_LM|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOSc8wUEDNI|title=LIVE: Memorial for Lisa Marie Presley at Graceland|author=NTD|publisher=YouTube|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122185626/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOSc8wUEDNI|url-status=live}}</ref> Presley was interred in the Graceland Meditation Garden, next to her son Benjamin and adjacent to her father Elvis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/mourners-gather-graceland-lisa-marie-presley-memorial-2023-01-22/|title=Lisa Marie Presley mourned in memorial service at Graceland|first1=Evan|last1=Garcia|first2=Jonathan|last2=Allen|publisher=Reuters|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122202343/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/mourners-gather-graceland-lisa-marie-presley-memorial-2023-01-22/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Maria|last=Noyen|url=https://www.insider.com/lisa-marie-presley-graceland-burial-next-to-son-and-elvis-2023-1|title=Lisa Marie Presley to be buried at Graceland with her father Elvis and son Benjamin|website=Insider|access-date=January 14, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118120748/https://www.insider.com/lisa-marie-presley-graceland-burial-next-to-son-and-elvis-2023-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Among those in attendance (some of whom paid spoken and/or musical tribute) included her mother; surviving children; family friend [[Jerry Schilling]]; former Memphis mayor [[A. C. Wharton]]; [[Guns N' Roses]] lead singer [[Axl Rose]]; [[The Smashing Pumpkins]] lead singer [[Billy Corgan]]; [[Sarah, Duchess of York]]; gospel quartet [[The Blackwood Brothers]]; singer [[Alanis Morissette]]; and both the director and star of ''[[Elvis (2022 film)|Elvis]]'', respectively, [[Baz Luhrmann]] and [[Austin Butler]].<ref name=funeral>{{cite news|url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/entertainment/2023/01/22/lisa-marie-presley-live-updates-from-graceland-memorial-service-memphis-burial/69820642007/|title=Live updates: Lisa Marie Presley honored during service at Graceland|first1=Corinne S.|last1=Kennedy|first2=John|last2=Belfuss|first3=Samuel|last3=Hardiman|first4=Ray|last4=Padilla|publisher=Memphis Commercial Appeal|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204063153/https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/entertainment/2023/01/22/lisa-marie-presley-live-updates-from-graceland-memorial-service-memphis-burial/69820642007/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-01-22/lisa-marie-presley-funeral-graceland-memorial-priscilla-presley-axl-rose|title=Priscilla Presley and Axl Rose honor Lisa Marie Presley at Graceland memorial service|first=Christi|last=Carras|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122201020/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-01-22/lisa-marie-presley-funeral-graceland-memorial-priscilla-presley-axl-rose|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/22/us/lisa-marie-presley-memorial.html|title=Friends and Family Mourn Lisa Marie Presley at Graceland|first1=Grayson Haver|last1=Currin|first2=Emily|last2=Schmall|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 22, 2023|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204063200/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/22/us/lisa-marie-presley-memorial.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the CBS primetime special ''The Presleys: Elvis, Lisa Marie and Riley'', which aired on October 8, 2024, Presley's daughter Riley Keough provided [[Oprah Winfrey]] with details about Presley's final years, with the loss of her son Benjamin revealed to have resulted in her losing the will to keep living.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/riley-keough-oprah-winfrey-special-book-lisa-marie-presley-1236172282/|title=Riley Keough Tells Oprah About Lisa Marie Presley’s Tough Final Years — and the Lengths Her Mother Went to in Processing Grief: ‘I Can See How This Sounds Insane’|first=Chris|last=Willman|publisher=Variety|date=October 8, 2024|accessdate=October 8, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/entertainment/2024/10/08/oprah-interview-with-riley-keough/75518063007/|title=Oprah talks to Riley Keough about Elvis, Lisa Marie & more during CBS special: What we learned|first=John|last=Belfuss|publisher=Memphis Commercial Appeal|date=October 8, 2024|accessdate=October 8, 2024}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected details, chart positions and certifications
! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Details
! colspan="5"| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em;"| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]] ([[List of best selling music artists|sales threshold]])
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! style="width:35px;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=lisa marie presley|chart=all}}|title=Lisa Marie Presley Chart History – Billboard 200|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 2, 2011}}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>{{cite Ryan|page=224}}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Presley%2CLisa+Marie/longplay|title=Die ganze Musik im Internet: German Charts – Albums|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=April 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012093449/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Presley,Lisa+Marie/longplay|archive-date=October 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/search.asp?search=Lisa+Marie+Presley&cat=a|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=April 2, 2011|archive-date=November 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103013537/http://swisscharts.com/search.asp?search=Lisa+Marie+Presley&cat=a|url-status=live}}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/580/lisa-marie-presley/|title=Lisa Marie Presley {{!}} full Official Chart History|date=July 12, 2003 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=January 13, 2023|archive-date=December 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225152345/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/580/lisa-marie-presley/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album)|To Whom It May Concern]]''
|
* Release date: April 8, 2003
* Label: [[Capitol Records]]
* Formats: CD, [[music download]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/142786122/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20capitol%20%22april%208%22%20%22To%20Whom%20It%20May%20Concern%22&match=1 |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch 01 Apr 2003, page Page 39 |via=Newspapers.com |date=April 1, 2003 |accessdate=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113230151/https://www.newspapers.com/image/142786122/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20capitol%20%22april%208%22%20%22To%20Whom%20It%20May%20Concern%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 5
| 54
| 74
| 86
| 52
| style="text-align:left;"|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: [[RIAA certification#Records|Gold]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Lisa+Marie+Presley#search_section|title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum – May 9, 2003: ''To Whom It May Concern'' certified awards|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=January 13, 2023|archive-date=January 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113021952/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Lisa+Marie+Presley|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album)|Now What]]''
|
* Release date: April 5, 2005
* Label: Capitol Records
* Formats: CD, music download<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/577561549/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22now%20what%22&match=1 |title=Longview Daily News 03 Apr 2005, page 24 |via=Newspapers.com |date=April 3, 2005 |accessdate=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113225357/https://www.newspapers.com/image/577561549/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20%22now%20what%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 9
| —
| —
| 76
| —
| style="text-align:left;"|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Storm & Grace]]''
|
* Release date: May 15, 2012
* Label: [[Republic Records|Universal Republic]]
* Formats: CD, vinyl, music download<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/193376942/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20universal%20%22storm%20and%20grace%22&match=1 |title=The Los Angeles Times 17 May 2012, page Page 36 |via=Newspapers.com |date=May 17, 2012 |accessdate=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118120750/https://www.newspapers.com/image/193376942/?terms=%22lisa%20marie%20presley%22%20universal%20%22storm%20and%20grace%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 45
| —
| —
| —
| —
| style="text-align:left;"|
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Title
! rowspan="2"| Year
! colspan="6"| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2"| Album
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! style="width:35px;"| [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|US AC]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/lisa-marie-presley/chart-history|title=Lisa Marie Presley Chart History – Adult Contemporary |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128175234/http://www.billboard.com/artist/302879/girlicious/chart?f=344 |archive-date=November 28, 2015 }}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[Adult Pop Songs|US Adult]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=lisa marie presley|chart=Adult Pop Songs}} |title=Lisa Marie Presley Chart History – Adult Pop Songs |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128175234/http://www.billboard.com/artist/302879/girlicious/chart?f=344 |archive-date=November 28, 2015 }}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|US Pop]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=lisa marie presley|chart=Pop Songs B}} |title=Lisa Marie Presley Chart History – Pop Songs |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128175234/http://www.billboard.com/artist/302879/girlicious/chart?f=344 |archive-date=November 28, 2015 }}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Lisa+Marie+Presley&cat=s|title=australian-charts.com – Australian charts portal|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=April 2, 2011|archive-date=October 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017154543/http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Lisa+Marie+Presley&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[RIANZ|NZ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=Lisa+Marie+Presley&cat=s|title=charts.nz – New Zealand charts portal|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=April 2, 2011|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011440/https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=Lisa+Marie+Presley&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref>
! style="width:35px;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Lights Out (Lisa Marie Presley song)|Lights Out]]"
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| —
| 18
| 34
| 29
| 28
| 16
| rowspan="2"| ''To Whom It May Concern''
|-
! scope="row"| "Sinking In"<ref>{{cite web |title=Going for Adds – 6/30/03 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/00s/03/RR-2003-06-27-OCR-Page-0026.pdf |website=World Radio History |publisher=R&R |access-date=January 12, 2023 |page=26 |date=June 27, 2003 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113034412/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/00s/03/RR-2003-06-27-OCR-Page-0026.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Dirty Laundry (Don Henley song)|Dirty Laundry]]"
| rowspan="3"| 2005
| 36
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan="3"| ''Now What''
|-
! scope="row"| "Idiot"<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Reviews / Singles |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/2005/2005-07-23-Billboard-Page-0040.pdf |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 12, 2023 |page=40 |date=July 23, 2005 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113034412/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/2005/2005-07-23-Billboard-Page-0040.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row"| "Thanx"<ref>{{cite web |title=Going for Adds – 7/25/05 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/00s/05/RR-2005-07-22-OCR-Page-0023.pdf |website=World Radio History |publisher=R&R |access-date=January 12, 2023 |page=21 |date=July 22, 2005 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113034402/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/00s/05/RR-2005-07-22-OCR-Page-0023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row"| "[[In the Ghetto]]" (with [[Elvis Presley]])
| 2007
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Lisa Marie Presley song)|You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet]]"
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''Storm & Grace''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I Love You Because (song)|I Love You Because]]" (with Elvis Presley)
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Over Me"<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release |url=http://www.lisamariepresley.com/press-release |website=Lisa Marie Presley |access-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024041349/http://www.lisamariepresley.com/press-release |archive-date=October 24, 2013 |date=August 23, 2013}}</ref>
| 2013
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''Storm & Grace''
|-
|colspan="9" style="font-size:90%;"|"—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

== Tours ==
*S.O.B. Tour (2003–2004)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/09/1078594346925.html?from=storyrhs |title=Elvis' daughter down under |last1=Barnes |first1=Renee |date=March 9, 2004 |website=[[The Age]] |access-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218131537/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/09/1078594346925.html?from=storyrhs |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Now What Tour (2005–2006)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1499224/lisa-marie-presley-announces-tour-dates/ |title=Lisa Marie Presley Announces Tour Dates |author= |date=March 29, 2005 |website=[[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT News]] |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks|MTV Networks]] |access-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-date=November 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150144/http://www.cmt.com/news/1499224/lisa-marie-presley-announces-tour-dates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Storm & Grace Tour (2012–2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/02/08/lisa-marie-presley-tour-australia |title=Lisa Marie Presley to tour Australia |author= |date=February 8, 2014 |website=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-date=November 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151018/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/02/08/lisa-marie-presley-tour-australia |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |author-link=J. Randy Taraborrelli |title=The Magic and the Madness |year=2004 |publisher=Headline |location=Terra Alta, WV |isbn=0-330-42005-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Finstad |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Finstad |title=Child Bride: The Untold Story of Priscilla Beaulieu Presley |year=2006 |publisher=Headline |location=Terra Alta, WV |isbn=978-0-307-33695-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220721160107/https://lisamariepresley.com/ last archive])
* {{allMusic}}
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Lisa Marie Presley|state=expanded}}
{{Elvis Presley}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presley, Lisa Marie}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century American songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:American women pop singers]]
[[Category:American women rock singers]]
[[Category:American women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American pop rock singers]]
[[Category:American rock songwriters]]
[[Category:American former Scientologists]]
[[Category:Deaths from bowel obstruction]]
[[Category:Deaths from surgical complications]]
[[Category:People from Hidden Hills, California]]
[[Category:Singers from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Elvis Presley]]
[[Category:Priscilla Presley]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from California]]
[[Category:Presley family]]
[[Category:Jackson family (show business)]]

Grant Imahara

2024-10-06T02:17:40Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Short description|American engineer, roboticist, and television host (1970–2020)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Grant Imahara
| birth_name = Grant Masaru Imahara
| image = Grant Imahara by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Imahara in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1970|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|07|13|1970|10|23|mf=yes}}
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| occupation = {{unbulleted list|Electrical engineer|Roboticist|Television host}}
| known_for = {{unbulleted list|''[[MythBusters]]''|''[[BattleBots]]''}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
}}

'''Grant Masaru Imahara''' (October 23, 1970 – July 13, 2020)<ref>{{cite news|last=Bella|first=Timothy|date=July 14, 2020|title='MythBusters' host Grant Imahara, an influential popular science personality, dies at 49|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/14/grant-imahara-mythbusters-dead/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714120909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/14/grant-imahara-mythbusters-dead/|archive-date=July 14, 2020|access-date=July 14, 2020|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> was an American [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]], [[robotics|roboticist]], and television host. He was best known for his work on the television series ''[[MythBusters]]'', on which he designed, built and operated numerous robots and machines to test myths over the course of the show.

Imahara began his career at [[Lucasfilm]], where he worked in the [[THX]] division as an engineer and in the [[Industrial Light & Magic]] division in [[visual effects]]. His work has been featured in films from franchises such as ''[[Star Wars]]'', ''[[Jurassic Park]]'', ''[[The Matrix (franchise)|The Matrix]]'', and ''[[Terminator (franchise)|Terminator]]''. His first foray into television was on the robot combat series ''[[BattleBots]]'', for which he designed and competed with his robot [[Deadblow]] and later returned as a judge. Imahara was also a chief [[model maker]] with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) on such movie projects as ''[[Galaxy Quest]]''. In 2005, Imahara joined the cast of ''Mythbusters'' as a member of the Build Team, appearing in over 200 episodes of the series until his departure in 2014. In 2010, he designed the [[animatronic]] "robot skeleton" [[Geoff Peterson]] to serve as a [[sidekick]] on ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson]]''. He starred in the 2016 [[Netflix]] series ''[[White Rabbit Project (TV series)|White Rabbit Project]]'' alongside his ''MythBusters'' co-stars [[Kari Byron]] and [[Tory Belleci]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/09/netflix-greenlights-white-rabbit-project-reality-series-mythbusters-producers-1201812999/|title=Netflix Greenlights 'White Rabbit Project' Reality Series From 'Mythbusters' Producers|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=September 4, 2016|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-date=November 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124112345/http://deadline.com/2016/09/netflix-greenlights-white-rabbit-project-reality-series-mythbusters-producers-1201812999/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Imahara died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 49, after suffering a ruptured [[intracranial aneurysm]].<ref name="thr death">{{Cite magazine|last1=Rahman|first1=Abid|last2=Kilkenny|first2=Katie|date=July 13, 2020|others=Additional contribution by Lesley Goldberg|title=Grant Imahara, Host of 'MythBusters' and 'White Rabbit Project,' Dies at 49|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/grant-imahara-dead-mythbusters-host-was-49-1303101/|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Imahara was born on October 23, 1970, to a Japanese-American family in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. His [[Japanese name]] is {{Nihongo||今原真申|Imahara Masaru}}. Imahara graduated from the [[University of Southern California]] (USC) with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in electrical engineering.<ref>{{cite web |title=USC Alumni Association – Grant Imahara Class of '93 |url=http://alumni.usc.edu/profiles/grant_imahara_class_of_93.html |website=University of Southern California |access-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224005603/http://alumni.usc.edu/profiles/grant_imahara_class_of_93.html |archive-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> For a time, he considered switching majors with the intention of becoming a screenwriter, but he decided to stay on the engineering track after assisting [[Tomlinson Holman]], a professor at the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Have Soldering Gun, Will Travel |url=http://joe-mammy.com/pages/features/grant-imahara/grant-imahara.htm |first=Joe |last=Mammy |publisher=Joe-Mammy.com |date=May 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308233610/http://www.joe-mammy.com/pages/features/grant-imahara/grant-imahara.htm |archive-date=March 8, 2016 | access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref>

Imahara was also a [[live action role-playing game|live-action role-playing game]]r, as revealed on ''[[White Rabbit Project (TV series)|White Rabbit Project]]''.<ref>{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.stitcher.com/show/life-action-roleplay-a-larp-podcast/episode/life-action-roleplay-roleplaying-everywhere-feat-grant-imahara-52636239|title=Roleplaying Everywhere (feat. Grant Imahara)|website=Life. Action. RolePlay! A LARP Podcast|access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref>

==Career==

===Early work===
After graduation, Imahara was hired as an engineer for Lucasfilm's [[THX]] division; he then moved to the company's visual effects division, [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM), where he worked for nine years. While at ILM, he was involved in several films, including ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]]'', ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'', ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'', ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'', ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'', ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'', and ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]''.<ref name="thr death"/>

Imahara has been credited in many feature films as a model maker. In particular, he was credited for his work in updating the aging [[R2-D2]] robots for the [[Star Wars prequel trilogy|''Star Wars'' prequel trilogy]].<ref name="makezine.com">{{Cite web|url=http://makezine.com/magazine/make-39/imahara/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021101610/http://makezine.com/magazine/make-39/imahara/| url-status=dead|title=Grant Imahara's Hollywood Dream Machines|archive-date=October 21, 2014| website=makezine.com}}</ref> As an official Artoo Technician, he made a [[cameo appearance]] in the [[mockumentary]] ''R2-D2: Beneath the Dome''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/episode-ii/explore/dome/5.html |title=Beneath The Dome – Credits |work=StarWars.com |publisher=Lucasfilm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624031930/http://www.starwars.com/episode-ii/explore/dome/5.html |archive-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also credited as chief model maker for Industrial Light & Magic on such projects as "Galaxy Quest" in 1999 wherein he designed custom circuit boards to provide the lighting effects on the NSEA-Protector space ship engine nacelles.

===''MythBusters''===
{{See also|List of MythBusters cast members}}
[[File:Mythbusters (7613445734) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|MythBusters [[Tory Belleci]], [[Kari Byron]], [[Jamie Hyneman]], Imahara, and [[Adam Savage]] in 2012.]]
Imahara joined ''[[MythBusters]]'' on the invitation of friend and occasional employer [[Jamie Hyneman]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Christian M. |last=Thomas |title='Mythbuster' Grant Imahara gives Northeast State audience lowdown on popular show |url=http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9005739 |publisher=timesnews.net |date=March 29, 2008 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717050734/https://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9005739 |url-status=live }}</ref> and former ILM colleague Linda Wolkovitch, who was an associate producer of ''MythBusters''. He joined as the third member of the Build Team alongside [[Kari Byron]] and [[Tory Belleci]], replacing former ''MythBusters'' welder [[Scottie Chapman]]. His colleagues often jokingly refer to him as the "[[geek]]" of the Build Team. He often built robots that were needed for the show and specialized in operating computers and electronics for testing the myths.<ref name="thr death"/> Imahara, along with Byron and Belleci, left the show after the [[MythBusters (2014 season)|2014 season]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leopold|first1=Todd|title=MythBusters' losing some regulars|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/22/showbiz/tv/mythbusters-cast-members-leaving|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116093148/https://www.cnn.com/2014/08/22/showbiz/tv/mythbusters-cast-members-leaving|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''White Rabbit Project'' ===
Imahara reunited with Byron and Belleci for the 2016 ''[[White Rabbit Project (TV series)|White Rabbit Project]]'', a [[Netflix Original Series]], in which the team investigated topics such as jailbreaks, superpower technology, heists, and bizarre World War II weapons, evaluated against a defined set of criteria and explored through experiments, builds, and tests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/white-rabbit-project-trailer/|title='Mythbusters' Build Team is back in the first trailer for 'White Rabbit Project'|date=November 28, 2016|work=Digital Trends|access-date=March 26, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716004951/https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/white-rabbit-project-trailer/|url-status=live}}</ref> The complete first season of the series was released on Netflix on December 9, 2016. Despite receiving good reviews, the series was not renewed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netflix's White Rabbit Project is a Hole Worth Going Down For MYTHBUSTERS Fans (Review) — Nerdist|url=https://archive.nerdist.com/netflixs-white-rabbit-project-is-a-hole-worth-going-down-for-mythbusters-fans-review/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=archive.nerdist.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 11, 2016|first=Greg|last=Laden|title=My Review Of The White Rabbit Project {{!}} ScienceBlogs|url=https://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2016/12/11/my-review-of-the-white-rabbit-project|access-date=2022-01-11|website=scienceblogs.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="variety death">{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/grant-imahara-mythbusters-dead-dies-1234705834/ | title = Grant Imahara, 'Mythbusters' Host, Dies at 49 | first = Jordan | last = Mordeu | date = July 13, 2020 | access-date = July 13, 2020 | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | archive-date = July 17, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717000323/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/grant-imahara-mythbusters-dead-dies-1234705834/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Other work===
In addition to his role on ''[[MythBusters]]'', he is known for his appearances on ''[[BattleBots]]'', where he designed and competed with his robot [[Deadblow]]. By 2018, he was selected as one of the judges for the eighth season on ''BattleBots''. He made a cameo appearance on Syfy's ''Eureka'' and the web series ''[[The Guild (web series)|The Guild]]''. Other works include designing the circuit that creates the [[rhythm]]ic [[oscillation]] of the arms of the modern [[Energizer Bunny]];<ref name="makezine.com" /> leading Team ILM to victory in an appearance on ''[[Scrapheap Challenge|Junkyard Mega-Wars]]''; and authoring ''Kickin' Bot: An Illustrated Guide to Building Combat Robots'' ({{ISBN|0-7645-4113-7}})<ref name="makezine.com" />

Imahara was a cast member and story writer for the short film ''[[Architects of Evil]]'', created for the 2004 [[Industrial Light & Magic]] Backyard Film Contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theforce.net/fanfilms/shortfilms/ilm-agents/index.asp |title=ILM – Architects of Evil |work=Fan Films |publisher=TheForce.Net |date=April 2004 |access-date=October 5, 2010 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714220634/http://www.theforce.net/fanfilms/shortfilms/ilm-agents/index.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a mentor for the [[Richmond High School (Richmond, California)|Richmond High]] robotics team Biomechs #841 for the [[FIRST Robotics Competition]], lending his expert guidance on how to create the right robot for the right job.<ref>[http://www.wccusd.k12.ca.us/rhs/robotics/index.htm Richmond High School Robotics Team] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014185449/http://www.wccusd.k12.ca.us/rhs/robotics/index.htm |date=October 14, 2006}}</ref> Imahara was profiled in the magazine ''[[IEEE Spectrum]]'' for an issue focusing on engineering dream jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/feb06/2828 |title=Grant Imahara: Debunker in The Box |first=Elizabeth |last=Svoboda |work=Spectrum |publisher=[[IEEE]] |date=February 2006 |access-date=October 5, 2010 |url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410195401/https://spectrum.ieee.org/feb06/2828 |archive-date=April 10, 2008}}</ref>

[[File:W00tstock 2.5.1 - BeerBot (5003448403).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Imahara in a "BeerBot" robot costume at [[W00tstock]] in 2010]]
One of Imahara's independent projects, during early 2010, was constructing a robotic [[sidekick]] for [[Craig Ferguson]], host of ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson|The Late Late Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com/2010/03/mythbusters-well-build-ferguson-a-robot-sidekick.html |title=Mythbuster: I can build Ferguson a robot sidekick |first=James |last=Hibberd |publisher=The Live Feed |date=March 1, 2010 |access-date=October 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830034827/http://livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com/2010/03/mythbusters-well-build-ferguson-a-robot-sidekick.html |archive-date=August 30, 2010}}</ref> The robot, named [[Geoff Peterson]], was unveiled on ''The Late Late Show's'' April 5, 2010, episode. It was controlled and voiced by comedian and voice actor [[Josh Robert Thompson]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2010/04/05/grant-imahara-craig-ferguson-robot/ |title=Grant Imahara on creating and unveiling Craig Ferguson's robot skeleton sidekick tonight: Geoff Peterson lives! |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |first=Ken |last=Tucker |author-link=Ken Tucker |date=April 5, 2010 |access-date=May 12, 2012 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714064427/https://ew.com/article/2010/04/05/grant-imahara-craig-ferguson-robot/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, Imahara's likeness was used in the popular webcomic ''America Jr'', in which he appeared as himself as a celebrity judge for a competition to select the country's Surgeon General.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewebcomiclist.com/p/7860/america-jr |title=America Jr |access-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608223925/http://www.thewebcomiclist.com/p/7860/america-jr |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, Imahara had a cameo role on the finale of [[Eureka (2006 TV series)|''Eureka'']], in the episode titled "Just Another Day", as a robotics scientist operating EMO.<ref>{{cite web |title="Eureka" Just Another Day |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2034298/characters/nm0408017 |website=IMDB}}</ref>

Imahara portrayed [[Hikaru Sulu]] in all 11 episodes of the web series ''[[Star Trek Continues]]''.<ref name="variety death"/><ref name="thr death"/> He also played Lieutenant Masaru in the 2015 movie ''[[Star Trek: Renegades]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metv.com/stories/a-new-unofficial-star-trek-movie-premieres-this-weekend |title=A new (unofficial) Star Trek movie premieres this weekend |date=July 29, 2015 |access-date=July 13, 2020 |work=[[MeTV]] |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723133237/https://www.metv.com/stories/a-new-unofficial-star-trek-movie-premieres-this-weekend |url-status=live }}</ref>

Imahara was a guest on [[TWiT.tv|TWiT's]] ''Triangulation'' (episode 121) on September 25, 2013.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA6wCGYUCvQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/gA6wCGYUCvQ |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Triangulation 121: Grant Imahara |publisher=[[TWiT.tv]] |via=[[YouTube]] |date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=July 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He also partnered with [[Mouser Electronics]] to kick off their "Empowering Innovation Together" campaign, where he hosts several webisodes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mouser.com/empoweringinnovation/ |title=Empowering Innovation with Grant Imahara – Mouser |access-date=March 19, 2017 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714220628/http://www.mouser.com/empoweringinnovation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Imahara appeared in a series of videos showing the behind-the-scenes process of how several [[McDonald's]] foods are made.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/10/14/mcdonalds-us-partners-mythbuster-grant-imahara-social-campaign-address-food-quality |title=McDonald's US partners with Mythbuster Grant Imahara for social campaign to address food quality concerns |website=The Drum |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714112228/https://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/10/14/mcdonalds-us-partners-mythbuster-grant-imahara-social-campaign-address-food-quality |url-status=live }}</ref>

He made an appearance in the 2015 TV movie ''[[Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/grant-imahara-dead-former-mythbusters-white-rabbit-project-host-was-49-1202984987/ |title=Grant Imahara Dies: Former 'MythBusters' & 'White Rabbit Project' Host Was 49 |first=Eric |last=Pederson |date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=July 13, 2020 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720084322/https://deadline.com/2020/07/grant-imahara-dead-former-mythbusters-white-rabbit-project-host-was-49-1202984987/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Imahara took an active part in advising Team USA in a giant-robot battle between American company MegaBots and Japanese company Suidobashi Heavy Industry.<ref name="Feeney">{{cite magazine |last=Feeney |first=Nolan |url=http://time.com/4003407/giant-robot-fight-megabots-japan/ |title=A Team of Americans Is Building a Giant Robot to Challenge Japan In Hand to Hand Combat |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=August 21, 2015 |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925001821/http://time.com/4003407/giant-robot-fight-megabots-japan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Imahara hosted the second season of the web series ''[[The Home of the Future]]'', produced by ''[[The Verge]]'' in partnership with [[Curbed]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/30/17622624/smart-home-future-grant-imahara-season-2-trailer-verge-curbed |title=We built the Home of the Future with Grant Imahara |work=The Verge |access-date=August 22, 2018 |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819102433/https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/30/17622624/smart-home-future-grant-imahara-season-2-trailer-verge-curbed |url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 18, 2017, Imahara tweeted that he had been consulting for [[Walt Disney Imagineering]] for six months, for a "top secret" project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/grantimahara/status/920414673475735553 |title=Today marks 6 months consulting for @Disney Imagineering. Wish I could show you what I've been building, but it's still top secret! |last=Imahara |first=Grant |date=October 17, 2017 |website=@grantimahara |language=en |access-date=March 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714185209/https://twitter.com/grantimahara/status/920414673475735553 |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 21, 2018, he was included as an author on the [[Disney Research]] paper "Stickman: Towards a Human Scale Acrobatic Robot", which explores the creation of "a simple two degree of freedom robot that uses a gravity-driven pendulum launch and produces a variety of somersaulting stunts".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://la.disneyresearch.com/publication/stickman/ |title=Stickman: Towards a Human Scale Acrobatic Robot |website=Disney Research |language=en-US |access-date=March 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714220611/https://la.disneyresearch.com/publication/stickman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 29, 2018, Disney revealed that the Stickman prototype had evolved into an innovative, autonomous, self-correcting, acrobatic style of audio-animatronic figure, named [[Audio-Animatronics#Stuntronics|Stuntronics]], which will be utilized within [[Disney theme parks]] throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/28/disney-imagineering-has-created-autonomous-robot-stunt-doubles/ |title=Disney Imagineering has created autonomous robot stunt doubles |first=Matthew |last=Panzarino |date=June 28, 2018 |access-date=July 13, 2020 |work=[[Tech Crunch]] |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714185058/https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/28/disney-imagineering-has-created-autonomous-robot-stunt-doubles/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, while Imahara was working as a consultant for Disney Research and a mechanical designer at Spectral Moon, he built a fully [[Animatronics|animatronic]] model of [[Grogu|Baby Yoda]] with the intention of touring [[children's hospital]]s with the lifelike robot to cheer up sick children. Imahara spent three months on the personal project doing the mechanical design, programming and [[3D printing]] and completed it four months prior to his death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burton |first1=Bonnie |title=Former MythBuster's adorable Baby Yoda robot will cheer up sick kids |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/former-mythbusters-adorable-baby-yoda-robot-will-cheer-up-sick-kids/ |access-date=4 December 2020 |date=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Swann |first1=Erik |title=The Touching Reason Mythbusters' Grant Imahara Built A Life-Size Baby Yoda Before His Death |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2551794/the-touching-reason-mythbusters-grant-imahara-built-a-life-size-baby-yoda-before-his-death |access-date=4 December 2020 |publisher=Cinema Blend |date=4 August 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Imahara was engaged to his long-time girlfriend, costume designer and actress Jennifer Newman since 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mustafa |first1=Filiz |title=Was Grant Imahara Married? White Rabbit Project Presenter's Family Explored |url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2020/07/15/was-grant-imahara-married/ |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=HITC |date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724115932/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2020/07/15/was-grant-imahara-married/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> They began dating in August 2011.<ref>{{Cite tweet |first=Jenny|last=Newman|user=Jennernugen |number=232575888213020673 |title=Happy one year anniversary to my love @grantimahara|date=2012-08-06|access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref>

Imahara mentored the robotics team at [[Richmond High School (Richmond, California)|Richmond High School]] in California while working for Lucasfilm's VFX.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carras |first1=Christi |title=Grant Imahara's legacy lives on through foundation named after 'MythBusters' star |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-10-23/mythbusters-grant-imahara-foundation-scholarship |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=27 October 2020 |date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027114550/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-10-23/mythbusters-grant-imahara-foundation-scholarship |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Imahara died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 49, after suffering a ruptured, previously undiagnosed, [[intracranial aneurysm]].<ref>{{cite web |title= 'MythBusters' Host Grant Imahara Experienced Painful Headaches Days Before Fatal Aneurysm |publisher=TMZ.com |date=15 July 2020 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2020/07/15/mythbusters-grant-imahara-headaches-before-brain-aneurysm-death/}}</ref><ref name="thr death"/> As a result, [[Discovery Channel]] and the [[Science Channel]] ran a marathon broadcast over two days in Imahara's honor, using selected ''MythBusters'' episodes, the TV special ''Killer Robots: Robogames 2011'' (which Imahara hosted), and finishing with the ''White Rabbit Project'' episode "May G Force Be with You".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorne |first=Will |date=2020-07-16 |title=Discovery Honors Grant Imahara With 'Mythbusters' Marathon |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/grant-imahara-mythbusters-tribute-discovery-1234708828/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

On October 23, 2020, on what would have been his 50th birthday, the Grant Imahara STEAM Foundation was announced by his mother, professional colleagues, and friends (including ''Mythbusters'' castmates [[Kari Byron]], [[Tory Belleci]] and [[Adam Savage]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mythbusters' Host Grant Imahara Honored With Educational Foundation {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mythbusters-host-grant-imahara-honored-with-educational-foundation|access-date=2020-10-24|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 23, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027173309/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mythbusters-host-grant-imahara-honored-with-educational-foundation|url-status=live}}</ref> It provides mentorship, grants and scholarships to under-served youth pursuing [[STEAM fields|STEAM]]-related fields.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Petski |first1=Denis |title=Late 'MythBusters' Host Grant Imahara Honored With Educational Foundation |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/late-mythbusters-host-grant-imahara-educational-foundation-1234602841/ |access-date=November 18, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Holloway |first1=Daniel |title=Late 'Mythbusters' Host Grant Imahara Honored With New Foundation |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/late-mythbusters-host-grant-imahara-honored-with-new-foundation-1234814292/ |access-date=November 18, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> More than 80 props from ''Mythbusters'' were auctioned off to benefit the Grant Imahara STEAM Foundation in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boucher |first1=Ashley |title=MythBusters' Adam Savage Was 'Gut-Punched' When Cohost Grant Imahara Died: 'A Lovely Man of Honor' |url=https://people.com/tv/mythbusters-adam-savage-says-he-was-gut-punched-when-cohost-grant-imahara-died/ |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=People.com |date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Some of those props had been built by Imahara during the more than 200 episodes that he appeared in ''Mythbusters'' between 2005 and 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Daniel |title=Grant Imahara Honored by Discovery and Science Channel With Weekend 'Mythbusters' Marathon Following Death |url=https://popculture.com/reality-tv/news/grant-imahara-honored-discovery-science-channel-weekend-mythbusters-marathon/ |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=popculture.com |date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

Several months after his death, ''[[BattleBots]]'' co-founder Greg Munson announced on an episode of ''The Adam Savage Project'' podcast that it had renamed its "Best Design Award" to the "Grant Imahara Award for Best Design" as a tribute to Imahara's legacy.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp3w3CqYGqI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/lp3w3CqYGqI |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=BattleBots 2020 - The Adam Savage Project - 12/1/20|date=2020-12-01|type=video|publisher=Adam Savage’s Tested|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alonzo|first=Isaiah|date=2021-03-11|title=BattleBots 2020 Championship: End Game Takes Giant Nut, Valkyrie Is Most Destructive|url=https://www.itechpost.com/articles/104971/20210311/battlebots-2020-championship-whiplash-takes-giant-nut-valkyrie-destructive.htm|access-date=2021-05-28|website=iTech Post|language=en}}</ref>

In the ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' web series ''[[Critical Role]]'', Imahara is honored by [[Dungeon Master]] [[Matthew Mercer]] as a non-player character known as Imahara Joe. Imahara Joe is a tinkerer who helps the main characters build mechanical automaton motorbikes to achieve their goals. Mercer tweeted that Imahara was "one of the most lovely people I have ever known".<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Matthew Mercer |user=matthewmercer |author-link=Matthew Mercer |number=1542941997203279872 |title=It is indeed my little homage to one of the most lovely people I have ever known. <3}}</ref>

Following the death of her fiancé, Jennifer Newman tweeted: "I haven't found the words. I don't know if I'll be able to. I lost a part of my heart and soul today. He was so generous and kind, so endlessly sweet and so loved by his incredible friends." She added, "I feel so lucky to have known him, to have loved & been loved by him. I love you, honey."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardini |first=Gabrielle |date=2020-07-14 |title=Grant Imahara's Fiancée Breaks Silence After 'Mythbusters' Star's Sudden Death |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/grant-imahara-wife |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Distractify |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0408017}}
*[https://grantimaharafoundation.org/ Grant Imahara STEAM Foundation]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imahara, Grant}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:American roboticists]]
[[Category:American television hosts]]
[[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Special effects people]]
[[Category:American male web series actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Lucasfilm people]]
[[Category:Deaths from intracranial aneurysm]]
[[Category:Industrial Light & Magic people]]
[[Category:Roboticists]]

Hari Nef

2024-09-30T04:51:04Z

174.74.229.81: /* Acting */

{{Short description|American actress, model, and writer (born 1992)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Hari Nef
| image = MJK30527 Hari Nef (Berlinale 2017) crop.jpg
| caption = Nef in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|21}}
| birth_place = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|writer}}
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| years_active = 2011–present
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=9.5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imgmodels.com/portfolio/new-york/women/model?mid=17501|title=Hari Nef - IMG Models|website=Imgmodels.com|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011702/https://www.imgmodels.com/portfolio/new-york/women/model?mid=17501|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| hair_color = Brown
| eye_color = Hazel
| agency = [[IMG Models]] (worldwide)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/may/27/top-modelling-agency-img-signs-transgender-model-hari-nef|title=Top modelling agency IMG signs transgender model Hari Nef|first=Morwenna|last=Ferrier|date=27 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524202930/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/may/27/top-modelling-agency-img-signs-transgender-model-hari-nef|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Hari Nef''' (born October 21, 1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Hari Nef's Birthday Party in New York City |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/hari-nef-birthday-party-getting-ready-interview |website=[[W Magazine]] |access-date=May 30, 2023 |language=en |date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212355/https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/hari-nef-birthday-party-getting-ready-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> is an American actress, model, and writer.<ref name="philly">{{cite news|last1=Wellington|first1=Elizabeth|title=Mirror, Mirror: Philly-born transgender model is breaking down fashion barriers|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/living/style/20150812_Mirror__Mirror__Philly-born_transgender_model_is_breaking_down_fashion_barriers.html|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=August 12, 2015|access-date=June 23, 2022|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531024547/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/living/style/20150812_Mirror__Mirror__Philly-born_transgender_model_is_breaking_down_fashion_barriers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nef's breakthrough role was Gittel in the [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] original series ''[[Transparent (TV series)|Transparent]]'', for which she was nominated for a [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2015-12-09|title=SAG Awards Nominations: Complete List|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/awards/sag-award-nominations-2016-nominees-full-list-1201657169/|access-date=2020-12-14|work=Variety|archive-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618102708/https://variety.com/2015/film/awards/sag-award-nominations-2016-nominees-full-list-1201657169/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She made her runway debut at [[New York Fashion Week]] Spring 2015, walking for both [[Hood By Air]] and [[Eckhaus Latta]], and subsequently became the first openly transgender woman signed to [[IMG Models]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/21631/1/hari-nef-after-dark-at-nyfw-2-visions-revelations|title=Hari Nef: After Dark at NYFW #2 – visions, revelations|work=Dazed|date=September 10, 2014|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112923/http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/21631/1/hari-nef-after-dark-at-nyfw-2-visions-revelations|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://galoremag.com/hari-nef-on-being-a-successful-transgender-model-in-the-binary-fashion-industry/|title=Hari Nef On Being a Successful Transgender Model in the Binary Fashion Industry.|author=Galore Girl|work=Galore|date=October 2014|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=July 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711152832/http://galoremag.com/hari-nef-on-being-a-successful-transgender-model-in-the-binary-fashion-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref> She became the first openly transgender woman to appear on the cover of a major British magazine. Nef has written on a breadth of topics from fine art and film to sex, gender, and transgender identity.<ref name="Schulman">{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/26/hari-nef-model-citizen|title=Hari Nef, Model Citizen|first=Michael|last=Schulman|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=September 18, 2016|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=November 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128110115/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/26/hari-nef-model-citizen|url-status=live}}</ref> She lives and works in [[New York City]].

==Early life and education==
Hari Nef was born in Philadelphia<ref name="philly"/> into a [[Jewish]] family. Her parents are David Neff, an advertising executive,<ref name="philly" /><ref name="forward50" /> and Robin Clebnik.<ref name="Schulman"/> Her parents divorced when she was two and she was raised by her mother in [[Newton, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Schulman"/> She attended [[Newton South High School]] and was part of the school's South Stage program.

Nef graduated from [[Columbia University]] in May 2015 with a degree in theater.<ref name="dazed">{{cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/22378/1/68-hari-nef|title=#68 – Hari Nef|author=Dazed|work=Dazed|date=December 2, 2014|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524203237/https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/22378/1/68-hari-nef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwog.com/2014/09/06/campus-character-hari-nef/|title=Campus Character: Hari Nef|work=Bwog|date=September 6, 2014|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=May 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522182208/http://bwog.com/2014/09/06/campus-character-hari-nef/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Acting ===
Nef starred as Tante Gittel in the 2015 Emmy-winning television series ''[[Transparent (TV series)|Transparent]].'' Gittel's character is a Pfefferman family ancestor who lived her life as a cross-dresser in [[Berlin|Berlin, Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] and eventually was murdered during the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|date=2015-12-02|title=Hari Nef Adds Another Layer to 'Transparent' (Published 2015)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/arts/television/hari-nef-adds-another-layer-to-transparent.html|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103142019/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/arts/television/hari-nef-adds-another-layer-to-transparent.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Creator [[Joey Soloway]] wrote the part for Nef after the two connected on social media and attended a [[PFLAG]] party together.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lambe|first=Stacy|date=2015-12-18|title='Transparent' Breakout Hari Nef Takes Control of Her Story One Instagram at a Time|url=https://medium.com/@sllambe/transparent-breakout-hari-nef-takes-control-of-her-story-one-instagram-at-a-time-bcb3207827d7|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Medium|archive-date=January 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108081335/https://medium.com/@sllambe/transparent-breakout-hari-nef-takes-control-of-her-story-one-instagram-at-a-time-bcb3207827d7|url-status=live}}</ref> Nef received a 2016 SAG Award nomination for the role.<ref name="Becker">{{Cite web |last=Becker |first=Morgan |date=2022-11-29 |title=Hari Nef and Lena Dunham on the complicated communion of performance |url=https://www.documentjournal.com/2022/11/hari-nef-and-lena-dunham-on-the-complicated-communion-of-performance/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Document Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219171656/https://www.documentjournal.com/2022/11/hari-nef-and-lena-dunham-on-the-complicated-communion-of-performance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, Nef starred as a major lead in [[Sam Levinson]]'s comedy thriller ''[[Assassination Nation]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholson|first=Amy|date=January 22, 2018|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Assassination Nation'|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/assassination-nation-review-1202672940/|access-date=August 13, 2018|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616003520/https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/assassination-nation-review-1202672940/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars Nef alongside [[Odessa Young]], [[Suki Waterhouse]], and [[Abra (singer)|Abra]]. In the same year, she had a recurring role as Blythe on the [[Lifetime (network)|Lifetime]] psychological thriller television series ''[[You (TV series)|You]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=September 14, 2017|title='You' Casts Hari Nef; Isabel Arraiza Takes 'The Oath'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/09/you-cast-hari-nef-isabel-arraiza-the-oath-1202169713/|access-date=September 18, 2018|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=June 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622033033/https://deadline.com/2017/09/you-cast-hari-nef-isabel-arraiza-the-oath-1202169713/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Nef made her New York theater debut as a lead in [[Jeremy O. Harris]]' ''Daddy''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brantley|first1=Ben|authorlink=Ben Brantley|date=March 5, 2019|title=Review: This 'Daddy' Has Issues. A Pool and Alan Cumming, Too.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/theater/review-jeremy-o-harris-daddy.html|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=May 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524132741/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/theater/review-jeremy-o-harris-daddy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Nef starred in the comedy film ''[[1Up (film)|1Up]]'', alongside [[Ruby Rose]], [[Paris Berelc]], [[Taylor Zakhar Perez]], and Nicholas Coombe.<ref>{{Cite magazine|first=Mey|last=Rude|date=January 29, 2021|title=Ruby Rose Replaces Elliot Page in '1Up,' Upcoming Esports Comedy|url=https://www.out.com/film/2021/1/29/ruby-rose-replaces-elliot-page-1up-upcoming-esports-comedy|access-date=April 16, 2021|magazine=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221012040/https://www.out.com/film/2021/1/29/ruby-rose-replaces-elliot-page-1up-upcoming-esports-comedy|url-status=live}}</ref> In August, it was announced that Nef would portray [[Candy Darling]] in a biopic from [[Transparent (TV series)|''Transparent'']] writer Stephanie Kornick.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=2022-08-02 |title=Hari Nef To Portray Candy Darling In Biopic From 'Transparent' Writer Stephanie Kornick |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/hari-nef-candy-darling-biopic-1235083511/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219171654/https://deadline.com/2022/08/hari-nef-candy-darling-biopic-1235083511/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later that year, Nef returned to the stage and starred in Denis Johnson's play, ''Des Moines'', at the Polonsky Shakespeare Center in Brooklyn.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Maya |date=2022-12-17 |title='Des Moines' Review: Drowning in the Drink |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/16/theater/des-moines-review.html |access-date=2022-12-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219171654/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/16/theater/des-moines-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She performed in [[Thomas Bradshaw (playwright)|Thomas Bradshaw]]'s debut of his adaptation of [[Anton Chekhov]]’s classic play, ''[[The Seagull]]'', alongside [[Parker Posey]], [[Patrick Foley]], and [[Nat Wolff]] in spring 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parker Posey, Hari Nef, and More Cast in World Premiere of The Seagull/Woodstock, NY {{!}} TheaterMania |url=https://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/parker-posey-hari-nef-the-seagull-woodstock-ny_94652.html |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.theatermania.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219171654/https://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/parker-posey-hari-nef-the-seagull-woodstock-ny_94652.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nef starred in the 2023 [[HBO]] drama series ''[[The Idol (TV series)|The Idol]]'' followed by a role in ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]'' directed by [[Greta Gerwig]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hess |first=Liam |date=2022-07-06 |title=Hari Nef Is Having a Moment in the Hair Color of the Season |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/hari-nef-hair-color-of-the-season |access-date=2022-07-07 |work=Vogue |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722074630/https://www.vogue.com/article/hari-nef-hair-color-of-the-season |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=2022-04-14 |title=Margot Robbie's 'Barbie' Casts 'And Just Like That' Actor Hari Nef (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/margot-robbie-barbie-movie-hari-nef-1235233039/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185629/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/margot-robbie-barbie-movie-hari-nef-1235233039/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Writing ===
[[File:Hari Nef (43620745531) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Nef at the 2018 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]
Nef has written profiles on various artists and cultural figures including director [[John Waters]], singer/actress [[La Veneno|Cristina Ortiz Rodriguez]], [[Javier Calvo (actor)|Javier Calvo]] and [[Javier Ambrossi]]'s Spanish biographical series ''[[Veneno (TV series)|Veneno]]'', and painter [[Nash Glynn]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Adult|url=http://adult-mag.com/about-adult/#masthead|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401110658/http://adult-mag.com/about-adult|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=26 May 2015|work=Adult Mag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=January/February 2021 in Artforum|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/337931/january-february-2021-in-artforum/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=[[e-flux]]|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106092732/https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/337931/january-february-2021-in-artforum/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nef wrote a regular sex advice and experience column for [[Sarah Nicole Prickett]]'s ''Adult'' magazine. Her writing has appeared in ''[[Artforum]]'', ''[[Dazed]]'', ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'', ''[[Original Plumbing]]'', ''[[L'Officiel]]'', and ''[[BlackBook]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbook.com/koons-koons-encounter-art-star-jeff-koons/|title=Koons, The Koons, and Me: An Encounter with the Art Star Jeff Koons|work=BlackBook|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114924/http://www.bbook.com/koons-koons-encounter-art-star-jeff-koons/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="vice.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/read/chelsea-girl|title=Chelsea Girl|work=VICE|date=August 25, 2013|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927115223/http://www.vice.com/read/chelsea-girl|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Modeling ===
In 2014, Nef was on the cover of ''Frische Magazine''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frischemagazine.bigcartel.com/product/frische-magazine-no-6fw14|title=FRISCHE Magazine — FRISCHE magazine NO.6—FW14|work=bigcartel.com|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101058/http://frischemagazine.bigcartel.com/product/frische-magazine-no-6fw14|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, she was placed at number 68 on ''Dazed''{{'}}s 100 list.<ref name="dazed"/> Nef also moved to the top of the Dazed Readers 100, ranking number one overall,<ref name="dazed"/> and appeared in the ''i-D'' Pre-Fall Issue twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/meet-hari-nef-the-american-actress-leading-the-transgender-revolution|title=meet hari nef, the american actress leading the transgender revolution|work=i-D|date=December 29, 2014|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=May 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512102734/https://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/meet-hari-nef-the-american-actress-leading-the-transgender-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, she again walked shows during New York Fashion Week, including Adam Selman, VFiles, Vejas, Degen, and Eckhaus Latta once more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.styleite.com/qa/nyfw-hari-nef-new-york-needs-a-confidence-boost/|title=NYFW: Hari Nef, 'New York Needs a Confidence Boost'|date=18 February 2015|work=styleite.com|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=March 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324064732/http://www.styleite.com/qa/nyfw-hari-nef-new-york-needs-a-confidence-boost/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=Tharrett|url=http://www.newnownext.com/nyfw-it-girl-hari-nef-has-something-to-say-about-fashions-fixation-with-trans-women/02/2015/|title=NYFW "It Girl" Hari Nef Has Something To Say About Fashion's Fixation With Trans Women|work=NewNowNext|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=February 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221091200/http://www.newnownext.com/nyfw-it-girl-hari-nef-has-something-to-say-about-fashions-fixation-with-trans-women/02/2015/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May of the same year, Nef was signed to IMG Models, making her the first openly transgender model signed to that agency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/08/16/otherstories |title=Fashion Shoot's All-Transgender Crew Breaks Another Barrier |publisher=TakePart |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-date=October 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122712/http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/08/16/otherstories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last = Vingan|first = Alyssa|title = IMG Signs Transgender Model Hari Nef|newspaper = Fashionista|date = 26 May 2015|url = http://fashionista.com/2015/05/hari-nef-img-models|access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-date = July 2, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230702182204/https://fashionista.com/2015/05/hari-nef-img-models|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| title = Hari Nef| publisher = IMG Worldwide| year = 2015| url = http://imgmodels.com/new-york/women/model?mid=12003| access-date = 9 September 2015| archive-date = September 7, 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907145240/http://imgmodels.com/new-york/women/model?mid=12003| url-status = live}}</ref> In the summer of 2015, Nef was cast in the second season of [[Amazon Prime]]'s ''[[Transparent (TV series)|Transparent]]'', which debuted in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/hari-nef-and-petra-collins-join-season-two-of-transparent|title=hari nef and petra collins join season two of transparent - read|work=[[i-D]]|date=July 13, 2015|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=November 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127232238/http://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/hari-nef-and-petra-collins-join-season-two-of-transparent|url-status=live}}</ref> She also starred in [[The Drums]]' music video "There Is Nothing Left" in August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/60768-the-drums-there-is-nothing-left-video-stars-hari-nef-bigfoot/ |title=The Drums' "There is Nothing Left" Video Stars Hari Nef |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |date=August 12, 2015 |access-date=2015-08-23 |archive-date=March 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301020135/https://pitchfork.com/news/60768-the-drums-there-is-nothing-left-video-stars-hari-nef-bigfoot/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Forward]]'' newspaper included her in the [[Forward 50]], a list of the year's 50 most influential Jewish-Americans.<ref name="forward50">{{cite web |url=http://forward.com/series/forward-50/2015/ |title=Forward 50 2015 |work=[[The Forward]] |date=2015-11-07 |access-date=2015-11-11 |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713140014/https://forward.com/series/forward-50/2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' printed special collectors' covers for their September 2016 issue, and one of them featured Nef, which was the first time an openly transgender woman had been on the cover of a major commercial British magazine.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah |last=Hughes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jul/30/hari-nef-changing-world-transgender |title=Meet Hari Nef: actor, model – and Elle's first transgender cover girl in UK |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=2016-06-30 |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502214412/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jul/30/hari-nef-changing-world-transgender |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2017, Nef starred in a television commercial for the [[L'Oréal]] Paris True Match line alongside [[Blake Lively]], [[Lara Stone]], and [[Xiao Wen Ju]]. The campaign was premiered at the [[74th Golden Globe Awards|2017 Golden Globe Awards]] telecast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/loreals-latest-true-match-ad-features-hari-nef-blake-lively-xiao-wen-ju-sabina-karlsson-many-more-diverse-faces-video-28900|title=L'Oreal's Latest True Match Ad Features Hari Nef, Blake Lively, Xiao Wen Ju, Sabina Karlsson & Many More Diverse Faces – VIDEO|last1=Richards|first1=Amanda|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|access-date=9 January 2017|date=8 January 2017|archive-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015750/https://www.bustle.com/p/loreals-latest-true-match-ad-features-hari-nef-blake-lively-xiao-wen-ju-sabina-karlsson-many-more-diverse-faces-video-28900|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nef walked nine runways during New York Fashion Week for the Spring/Summer 2023 season.<ref name="Becker"/>

== Personal life ==
Nef is [[transgender]] and [[bisexual]]. In an interview with [[Elle (magazine)|''Elle'']], Nef said, "[As a teenager,] I wanted to wear certain clothes and couldn't. I sort of did it anyway, but there was always a friction with my peers and a mother who was less close-minded than worried."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Sarah |date=2016-07-30 |title=Meet Hari Nef: actor, model – and Elle's first transgender cover girl in UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jul/30/hari-nef-changing-world-transgender |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> Nef began transitioning while attending [[Columbia University]] and is an advocate for [[Transgender women|transgender women and girls]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=JWA Staff |title=Hari Nef |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nef-hari |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> As of 2024, Nef lives in [[New York City]] and is currently in a relationship with journalist Ludwig Hurtado.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Eric |title=Hari Nef: Life As a Trans Model And Actress |url=https://time.com/collection/american-voices-2017/4497250/hari-nef-american-voices/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''Hellaware''
| Cy
|
|-
| 2014
| ''She Told Me She Was Dead''
| Amber Mugabe
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''Self Aware''
|Hari
| Short film
|-
| ''Family Tree''
|Hari
| Short film
|-
| 2016
| ''Crush''
| Clare
| Short film
|-
| 2017
| ''A–Z of Hair''
|
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Mapplethorpe (film)|Mapplethorpe]]''
| Tinkerbelle
|
|-
| ''[[Assassination Nation]]''
| Bex Warren
|
|-
| 2020
| ''First Date''
| Alex
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[1Up (film)|1Up]]''
| Sloane
|
|-
| ''[[Meet Cute (film)|Meet Cute]]''
| Chai
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]''
|Doctor Barbie
|
|-
| ''[[Bad Things (film)|Bad Things]]''
| Cal
|
|-
| TBA
| {{pending film|Who Am I?}}
| Depression
| Post-production
|-
|}
{{pending films key}}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Transparent (TV series)|Transparent]]''
| Gittel
| Recurring role
|-
| 2017
| ''Love Advent''
| Herself
| Episode: "Hari Nef"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[You (TV series)|You]]''
| Blythe
| Recurring role
|-
| ''[[Camping (U.S. TV series)|Camping]]''
| Nia
| Episode: "Up All Night"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Acting for a Cause]]''
| [[Polonius]]
| Episode: "Hamlet"
|-
| ''[[Room 104]]''
| Katherine
| Episode: "The Murderer"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[And Just Like That...]]''
| Rabbi Jen
| Episode: "Seeing the Light"
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Marvelous Mrs. Maisel}}''
| L. Roy Dunham
| Episode: "Maisel vs. Lennon: The Cut Contest"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
|''[[Extrapolations (TV series)|Extrapolations]]''
| Anna
| Episode: "2068: The Going-Away Party"
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Idol|dab=TV series}}''
| Talia
| Recurring role
|-
|}

=== Theater ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Venue
! Notes
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Jeremy O. Harris|"Daddy"]]''
| Alessia
| [[The New Group]]
| rowspan=3|[[Off-Broadway theatre|Off-Broadway]]
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Denis Johnson|Des Moines]]''
| Jimmy
| [[Theatre for a New Audience]]
|-
|2023
|''The Seagull/Woodstock, NY''
| Sasha
| The New Group
|}

=== Podcasts ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2020
| ''Day by Day''
| Annabelle Clarke (voice)
| Episode: "#AnnabelleClarkeIsOverParty"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|last1=Shattuck|first1=Kathryn|title=Hari Nef Adds Another Layer to 'Transparent'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/arts/television/hari-nef-adds-another-layer-to-transparent.html?_r=0|work=New York Times|date=December 2, 2015 |issue=December 2, 2015}} Interview with Nef
* {{cite magazine|title=Hari Nef is not your poster girl|magazine=[[Dazed]]|last=Fey|first=Shon|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/33287/1/hari-nef-transparent-dazed-25-freedom-fashion|date=2016}}
* {{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/09/hari-nef-lena-dunham-career-advice|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|last=Weaver|first=Hilary|date=September 7, 2016|title=Hari Nef Says Her Friend Lena Dunham Gave Her Advice for Her Skyrocketing Career}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.imgmodels.com/model/new-york/women/17501 Hari Nef] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816182000/http://www.imgmodels.com/model/new-york/women/17501 |date=August 16, 2017 }} at [[IMG Models]]
* {{IMDb name|6341515}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nef, Hari}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:Actors from Newton, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Actresses from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:American transgender actresses]]
[[Category:American transgender writers]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:IMG Models models]]
[[Category:Jewish American actresses]]
[[Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Jewish female models]]
[[Category:Jewish women writers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from California]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Transgender female models]]
[[Category:Transgender Jews]]
[[Category:Transgender women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Newton, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]]

Negin Farsad

2024-09-30T04:06:06Z

174.74.229.81: /* Publications */

{{short description|Comedian and director}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Negin Farsad
| image = Negin Farsad.png
| image_size = 200
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|03|24}}
| birth_place = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medium = [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up]], [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]]
| nationality =
| active = 2000s-present
| genre = [[Observational comedy]], [[satire]]
| subject = [[American politics]], [[Culture of Iran|Iranian culture]], [[feminism]], [[racism]], [[current events]], [[political satire]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse = Jason Tottenham
| notable_work = ''[[The Muslims Are Coming!]]''
| website = {{URL|http://neginfarsad.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Negin Farsad''' ({{lang-fa|نگین فرساد}}; born March 24, 1978)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Darko|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrYDwAAQBAJ|title=Broadly Speaking: Quotes & Quips from Women in Comedy|date=2020-04-14|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-61689-928-8|language=en|quote=1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1507019748986523650|user=NeginFarsad|title=All right, it is my birthday. A text book Aries with a weakness for mini pastries. 🧁🫖|date=24 March 2022}}</ref> is an American [[comedian]], [[actress]], [[writer]], and [[filmmaker]] based in [[New York City]].

==Early life and education==
Farsad was born in 1978 in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], to an [[Iranian American]] [[Muslim]] family, and was raised in the [[Southern California]] resort community of [[Palm Springs]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-16|title=Negin Farsad, Writer & Comedian|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/brief/183964/negin-farsad|access-date=2021-01-17|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|quote=Growing up in Palm Springs, Iranian-American Muslim comedian Negin Farsad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim comedian Negin Farsad to perform Saturday at Hancher in Iowa City|url=https://www.thegazette.com/hoopla/muslim-comedian-negin-farsad-to-perform-saturday-at-hancher-in-iowa-city-20200220|access-date=2021-01-17|website=The Gazette|language=en|quote=who was born in New Haven, Conn., and raised in Southern California}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choisy|first=Gemma de|date=2016-11-07|title=Negin Farsad Is Just Like All of You|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/negin-farsad-is-just-like-all-of-you/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Guernica|language=en-US|quote=Born in New Haven to Iranian parents and raised in Palm Springs}}</ref> With aspirations for a career in politics, she attended [[Cornell University]] and majored in government, as well as [[theater arts]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Farsad|first=Negin|title=Negin Farsad, Speaker|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/negin_farsad|access-date=2021-01-17|website=TED|language=en}}</ref> She moved to New York City to attend [[Columbia University]] for [[grad school]],<ref name=":1" /> earning a master's degree in [[race relations]] from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and a [[master's degree]] with an emphasis on [[urban management]] from the [[School of International and Public Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carlin|first=Shannon|title=Muslim Comedian Negin Farsad On How To Make White People Laugh|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/05/110852/muslim-comedian-negin-farsad-how-to-make-white-people-laugh|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref>

She began working for New York City as a [[policy advisor]] to the [[New York City Campaign Finance Board]]. After more than a year in her role as a policy advisor, Farsad decided to leave her job with the city and pursue a career in comedy. She created her own production company, Vaguely Qualified Productions and committed herself full-time to her creative endeavors.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.muslimadvocates.org/files/32-MPI-Farsad-Declaration.pdf|title=Document 32 Declaration of Negin Farsad|last=Farsad|first=Negin|date=August 10, 2015|website=Muslim Advocates}}</ref>

==Career==
Her comedy routines often feature her views on politics, sex, and her experiences navigating the cultural dynamics of her Iranian-born family.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In 2012 the Huffington Post named her on their "53 Of Our Favorite Female Comedians"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/09/52-female-comedians_n_833214.html|title=53 Of Our Favorite Female Comedians (PHOTOS)|date=2011-03-09|work=HuffPost|access-date=2017-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> article. She was also selected as a [[TED Fellows|TED Fellow]] and gave a [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]] in 2016 and 2017 for her work in social justice comedy.<ref>{{citation|last=Farsad|first=Negin|title=A highly scientific taxonomy of haters|date=10 June 2016 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/negin_farsad_a_highly_scientific_taxonomy_of_haters|language=en|access-date=2017-03-12}}</ref>

[[File:Katie Halper and Negin Farsad, Netroots Nation 2011 (5857930114).jpg|thumb|[[Katie Halper]] and Negin Farsad at [[Netroots Nation]] 2011]]
Farsad has performed for national and international audiences. In 2012, she was recognized by ''The Huffington Post'' as one of "18 Funny Women You Should Be Following on Twitter".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/13/18-funny-women-on-twitter_n_1423982.html|title=18 Funny Women You Should Be Following On Twitter|date=2012-04-13|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Her solo show ''Bootleg Islam'', which she wrote and performed, appeared in the DC, [[Dallas]], and [[Chicago]] Comedy Festivals among others. Her first ever musical, ''The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Romantic Comedy'', premiered at the [[New York International Fringe Festival]]. Farsad is a frequent guest panelist on National Public Radio's news game show, "[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!|Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me]]."

===Film===
''[[Nerdcore Rising (film)|Nerdcore Rising]]'' – Farsad's first feature length directorial effort is a [[Documentary film|documentary]]/[[concert film]] directed and produced by Farsad starring Damian Hess, a.k.a. [[MC Frontalot]], and various other [[nerdcore hip hop]] artists such as [[mc chris]], [[Optimus Rhyme]] and [[MC Lars]] with contributors such as [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], [[Prince Paul (producer)|Prince Paul]] and [[Brian Posehn]]. The film premiered at the 2008 [[South by Southwest]] film festival in Austin.<ref>{{Citation|title=SXSW 08: Nerdcore Rising Review - IGN|date=11 March 2008|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/11/sxsw-08-nerdcore-rising-review|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>

''3rd Street Blackout'' – Farsad co-directed and starred in this [[romantic comedy]].{{when|date=August 2018}} It follows a technology-obsessed couple that is forced to cope without their devices during a blackout post-[[Hurricane Sandy]]. It also stars [[Ed Weeks]], [[Phyllis Somerville]], [[Jordan Carlos]], [[Janeane Garofalo]], [[John Hodgman]], and [[Sasheer Zamata]]. It premiered at the [[LA Film Festival]] in 2015.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

''[[The Muslims Are Coming!]]'' – Farsad directed the documentary with fellow comedian and filmmaker [[Dean Obeidallah]].<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Will Islamic Stand-Up Play in Peoria? 'The Muslims are Coming!,' a Docu-comedy|author=Bale, Miriam|date=September 19, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/20/movies/the-muslims-are-coming-a-docu-comedy.html}}</ref> The film, which follows a group of comedians touring through the South and Midwest U.S., focuses on [[Islamophobia]] through the lens of comedy. The film features interviews with everyday citizens, [[Religious leadership|religious leaders]] and celebrities, such as comedians [[David Cross]], [[Jon Stewart]], [[Janeane Garafalo]], [[Colin Quinn]], [[Lewis Black]], and national news personalities [[Rachel Maddow]] and [[Soledad O'Brien]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===Television===
Farsad produced, directed and performed in the Comedy Central series, ''The Watch List'', the first show to feature [[Middle Eastern Americans|Middle-Eastern American]] comics tackling international political issues.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Other writing credits include ''Detox'' and the animated show ''1001 Nights''.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} She has also served as on-air correspondent for [[IFC (U.S. TV channel)|IFC]]'s coverage of [[South by Southwest]] Film Festival, made multiple guest appearances on the ''Joy Behar Show'', 'AMJoy' on MSNBC, and was a regular contributor to the [[Current TV]] program, [[The Young Turks (talk show)|The Young Turks]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} She is the voice of Meredith the Mindtaker in ''[[Birdgirl (TV series)|Birdgirl]]''.

=== Podcasts ===
Farsad hosts the political comedy podcast ''Fake the Nation'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://headgum.com/fake-the-nation|title=Fake the Nation|publisher=Headgum|accessdate=7 August 2022}}</ref> and is a frequent guest or panelist on other podcasts such as ''[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.wwdt.me/panelists/negin-farsad|title=Negin Farsad|work=Wait Wait Stats Page|accessdate=7 August 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Pod Save America]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/insurrection-season-finale-live-from-seattle/id1192761536?i=1000570824968|title=Insurrection Season Finale Life from Seattle|website=Apple Podcasts|accessdate=7 August 2022}}</ref>

===Publications===
Farsad released her first book in 2016 titled ''How to Make White People Laugh''.<ref>{{cite book|title=How to Make White People Laugh|last=Farsad|first=Negin|date=2016-05-24|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=9781455558223|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to Jason Tottenham.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://reelchicago.com/article/comedian-negin-farsad-brings-her-newly-minted-hour-to-chicago/ | title=Comedian Negin Farsad brings her newly minted hour to Chicago | date=6 April 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.neginfarsad.com}}
*{{IMDb name|id=2399716|name=Negin Farsad}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farsad, Negin}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]
[[Category:American comedians of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:American Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:American women film producers]]
[[Category:Comedians from California]]
[[Category:Comedians from New York City]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Film producers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Muslim female comedians]]
[[Category:People from Palm Springs, California]]
[[Category:Comedians from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Muslims from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Muslims from California]]

Walter Hudson

2024-09-23T21:12:21Z

174.74.229.81: /* Daily diet */ source cited says nothing about "5,200-calorie carnivore diet consisting of whole cows, pigs, and chickens."

{{Short description|World's heaviest person}}
{{Other people|Walter Hudson}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Walter Hudson
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|06|05}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], New York, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|12|24|1944|06|05}}
| death_place = [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]], New York, U.S.
| known_for = Former [[List of the heaviest people|heaviest person alive]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Walter Hudson''' (June 5, 1944 – December 24, 1991) was an American man and the holder of the [[Guinness World Record]] for the largest waist circumference, at {{convert|302|cm|in|order=flip|abbr=}} around.<ref name=guinnessworldrecords.com>{{cite book |last=Glenday |first=Craig |title=Guinness World Records 2010: Thousands of new records in the Book of the Decade! |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-553-59337-2 |publisher=Bantam |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari/page/94 94] |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari |url-access=registration}}</ref> At his heaviest in September 1987, he weighed {{Convert|1197|lb|kg}}, making him the heaviest person alive at the time, and the [[List of heaviest people|sixth heaviest person in medical history]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Hudson was born in 1944 in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]. His father left the family when he was a baby. He was a compulsive eater growing up, and he weighed {{convert|525|lb}} by the time he was 6 years old. He would often leave home early on the way to school just to eat extra food from McDonalds, collect recyclables for change to buy Happy Meals, and routinely eat late at night. He dropped out of school in the 7th grade because school got in the way of his eating habits, eventually earning his high school diploma via a tutor. Around age 15, weighing {{convert|950|lb}}, he became permanently homebound.<ref name="books.google.com" /> Hudson and his family moved from Brooklyn to [[Hempstead, New York]] on [[Long Island]] when he was 25.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Despite setback, former heaviest man vows to keep losing pounds |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/03/04/despite-setback-former-heaviest-man-vows-to-keep-losing-pounds/ |access-date=November 17, 2023 |website=Tampa Bay Times}}</ref>

=== Obesity ===
While living in Hempstead, Hudson shared a house with his mother, his brother George, his sister Barbara, and her children. He never went outside his home, both due to strong [[agoraphobia]] and the difficulty caused by his weight. He stayed in a queen-sized bed all day, only leaving to go to the bathroom, ate food prepared and served to him by his family members, and kept himself occupied by reading the Bible daily.<ref name="People 1987-10-26" /> His mother died in 1984. In September 1987, Hudson fell and became stuck in the doorway to his bedroom. His family members were unable to remove him, and the Hempstead Fire Department worked for four hours to cut the doorframe and extricate him.<ref name=":0" /> Afterwards, he decided to go on a diet with the assistance of comedian-turned-health activist [[Dick Gregory]]. When Gregory's professionals attempted to weigh Hudson, a team of weightlifters had to carry him onto the scale; he overloaded the scale's {{Convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=unit}} limit, and his weight was estimated at {{Convert|1200|lb|kg}}.<ref name="People 1987-10-26" /> The [[Guinness Book of World Records]] officially recorded his peak weight at {{Convert|1197|lb|kg}}, with a waist circumference of {{Convert|119|in|cm}}, the largest ever recorded; this also made him the heaviest person alive since the death of [[Jon Brower Minnoch]] and the [[List of heaviest people|second-heaviest person of all time]].<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com" />

After a year of dieting under Gregory's supervision, Hudson weighed {{Convert|520|lb|kg}} in September 1988, indicating a weight gain of nearly {{Convert|680|lb|kg}}. He also left his home under his own power for the first time in 18 years. Gregory discontinued his assistance shortly after, citing Hudson's fear of leaving his home as a major impediment to further treatment; other reports suggest it was due to tension between Hudson's family and Gregory's team of live-in care professionals staying in their home. In 1989, a bronchial infection disrupted Hudson's diet and exercise routine, causing him to relapse and regain nearly {{Convert|200|lb|kg}}.<ref name=":0" />

Inspired by his difficulty finding clothes that fit him, Hudson started a [[mail order]] plus-sized clothing company named Walter Hudson Ventures in 1989 in partnership with a woman named Alexis Blass.<ref name="books.google.com" /> It included a women's fashion line named "Invitation to the Dance," which Hudson described as aimed at women "from 200 to 1,000 pounds"; he also had plans to start a plus-sized men's clothing line.<ref name=":0" /> Hudson established a relationship with Sunday Cruz, one of his customers, and the two had become engaged by 1991.<ref name="books.google.com" />

=== Daily diet ===
Hudson described his typical daily diet as consisting of ten boxes of sausages, {{convert|1|lb}} of bacon, four dozen eggs, and five loafs of bread for breakfast; ten [[Big Mac]]s, four McDoubles, and eight large portions of French fries for lunch; and three large Bacon 'n' Egg McMuffins, four baked hash browns, four baskets of sweet potato fries, four heads of chickens, and a whole large cake for dinner. Each meal would be accompanied by {{Convert|6|USqt|L}} of soda and "the better part of a large cake" for dessert, plus snacks throughout the day.<ref name="People 1987-10-26">{{cite news |last=Plummer |first=William |author2=Mary Huzinec |date=October 26, 1987 |title=After 27 Years in His Bedroom, 1,200-Lb. Walter Hudson Decides to Take a Load Off |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20097429,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224022606/https://people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20097429,00.html |archive-date=February 24, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |newspaper=People |page=60 |volume=28 |issue=17}}</ref>

After enlisting Dick Gregory's help, Hudson was put on a 1,200-calorie-a-day diet made up of fruits and vegetables, plus Gregory's nutrition powder added to orange juice and {{Convert|6|USqt|L}} of water.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Walter Hudson died of a [[heart attack]] at his home on December 24, 1991, at age 47. At the time of his death, he had gained much more weight and weighed {{convert|1025|lb|kg}}. Emergency rescuers from the Hempstead Fire Department cut a {{convert|15|by|9|ft|m|adj=on}} hole in the bedroom wall to remove his body from the premises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituaries: Walter Hudson, 46; Called Heaviest Man |date=December 26, 1991 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/obituaries/walter-hudson-46-called-heaviest-man.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite journal |title=World's Biggest Man, Water Hudson, Mourned at N.Y. Funeral Services |journal=Jet |date=January 20, 1992 |volume=81 |issue=13 |pages=54–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref>

Hudson's funeral was held on January 2, 1992 and was attended by hundreds, including his former nutritional advisor Dick Gregory. He was interred in [[Greenfield Cemetery]] in a custom-built coffin that was {{Convert|54|in|cm}} wide, weighed more than {{convert|800|lb|kg}}, and required eight pallbearers to move.<ref name="books.google.com" />

== See also ==
* [[List of the heaviest people]]
* [[Jon Brower Minnoch]]
* [[Dick Gregory]]
* [[Obesity]]

== Sources ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hudson, Walter}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:Obesity in the United States]]
[[Category:World record holders]]
[[Category:People from Hempstead (village), New York]]
[[Category:Deaths from heart disease]]

Emma Sidi

2024-09-21T05:07:47Z

174.74.229.81: /* Early life */

{{Short description|English actress}}
{{use British English|date=February 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Emma Francesca Sidi
| birth_date = {{bya|1991|2}}
| birth_place = United States
| alma_mater = [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 2011–present
}}

'''Emma Francesca Sidi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|d|iː}} {{respell|SID|ee}},<ref>{{YouTube|id=A2xHhfOZ1u8|title="Alex Horne Interviews EMMA SIDI - SERIES 18 - Taskmaster"}}</ref> born February 1991<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://klipist.com/filmmaking-resources/7-inspiring-underdog-stories-in-short-films/|title=7 Inspiring Underdog Stories In Short Films|website=Klipist|first=Julie|last=Rahier|date=30 April 2023|accessdate=26 August 2023}}</ref>) is an English actress, comedian and writer for radio, stage and screen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/emma_sidi|work=[[British Comedy Guide]]|title=Emma Sidi|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sidi was born to British parents in the United States. Her father Paul played [[rugby union]] for [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]],<ref>https://www.sidi-physio.co.uk/the-team</ref> but was working in banking at the time of her birth. The family returned to England when Sidi was 3 years old, and after a career in [[City of London|the City]], her father would retrain as a [[physiotherapist]] in [[Chertsey, Surrey]]. Sidi was brought up and schooled near [[Woking]], before studying French and Spanish at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], which included studying abroad in [[Tuxtla Gutiérrez]], [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/emma-sidi-interview-comedian-faces-of-grace-a4060031.html|work=[[Evening Standard]]|title=Emma Sidi on how suburban adolescence inspired her character comedy|first=Bruce|last=Dessau|date=7 February 2019|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2016, Sidi appeared in [[James Acaster]]'s web series ''Sweet Home Lahnsteineringa'' alongside Jack Barry. The mockumentary received a £5,000 budget from crowdfunding and was filmed in [[Lahnstein]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2016/05/13/24863/james_acaster_hits_germany|title=James Acaster hits Germany|work=[[Chortle]]|date=13 May 2016|accessdate=16 April 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416203051/https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2016/05/13/24863/james_acaster_hits_germany|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Stand-up===
Sidi was a finalist for the [[NATYS: New Acts of the Year Show|NATYS: New Act of the Year Show]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2016/02/02/30276/naty_new_act_of_the_year_final_2016|work=Chortle|title=Naty New Act Of The Year final 2016|first=Steve|last=Bennett|date=2 February 2016|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> Her solo shows have often included Sidi playing many different characters. Sidi's [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] show ‘Character Breakdown’, in 2015, saw her play six different roles, including a feminist professor who delivers a lecture entirely in Spanish. Sidi's 2016 show, ‘Telenovela’, a Mexican soap opera and a European woman who dreams of a life as a [[TV Presenter|TV presenter]]. In 2018 her show '‘Faces of Grace'’ included an American fresh from a bizarre blind date and a tearful wannabe ''[[Love Island (franchise)|Love Island]]'' contestant. There was also an aspiring nurse described as having “a clench-jawed [[Katharine Hepburn]] style drawl”.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/aug/06/emma-sidi-you-can-only-fully-write-a-character-if-you-can-love-them|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Emma Sidi: 'You can only fully write a character if you can love them'|first=Ryan|last=Gilbey|date=6 August 2018|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2016/08/18/30447/emma_sidi:_telenovela|work=Chortle|title=Emma Sidi: Telenovela|first=Paul|last=Fleckney|date=18 August 2016|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2018/08/17/40907/emma_sidi:_faces_of_grace|work=Chortle|title=Emma Sidi: Faces Of Grace|first=Steve|last=Bennett|date=17 August 2018|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

===Television and radio ===
Sidi appeared in ''[[W1A]]'' and as Vlogger Millipede in [[BAFTA]]-nominated ''[[Pls Like]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/mar/31/tv-tonight-influencers-attract-ire-in-series-three-of-pls-like|work=The Guardian|title=TV tonight: influencers attract ire in series three of Pls Like|first1=Ammar|last1=Kalia|first2=Hannah J.|last2=Davies|first3=Graeme|last3=Virtue|first4=Phil|last4=Harrison|first5=Paul|last5=Howlett|date=31 March 2021|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> Sidi's other television appearances include in ''[[Stath Lets Flats]]'', ''[[Drunk History]]'', ''[[King Gary]]'', ''[[Ghosts (2019 TV series)|Ghosts]]'' and in ''[[Starstruck (2021 TV series)|Starstruck]]'' with real life housemate [[Rose Matafeo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/04/20/bbc-star-on-being-told-by-la-exec-to-f-your-friends-for-stardom-starstruck-14439765|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|title=BBC star recalls ‘crazy’ meeting with cut-throat LA exec who said to ‘f*** your friends’ on road to stardom|first=Sabrina|last=Barr|date=20 April 2021|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> Sidi has also written and performed on ''[[The Now Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p062v5pt|work=[[BBC Radio 4]]|title=The Now Show - Series 52 Episode 5|date=30 March 2018|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> In June 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] Sidi released ''La Princesa de Woking'', a web pilot based on a character from her 2016 [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] show in which a Spanish-language soap opera is set in a British [[Cul de sac|cul-de-sac]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jun/10/sex-and-big-hair-la-princesa-de-woking-emma-sidi-mexican-telenovela-youtube|work=The Guardian|title=La Princesa de Woking: Sex, Brexit and big hair in Emma Sidi's glorious spoof|first=Ryan|last=Gilbey|date=10 January 2020|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> In July 2021 she appeared as Natalie, Secretary to ex-Prime Minister Henry Tobin, on the BBC radio comedy ''Party's Over''.

Sidi is a contestant in the eighteenth series of [[Taskmaster (TV series)|''Taskmaster'']], alongside [[Andy Zaltzman]], [[Babatunde Aléshé]], [[Jack Dee]], and [[Rosie Jones (comedian)|Rosie Jones]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Mensah |first= Katelyn |date= 30 May 2024 |title= Taskmaster season 18 line-up confirmed: Rosie Jones, Jack Dee and more join cast |magazine= Radio Times |url= https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/taskmaster-season-18-cast-confirmed-newsupdate/ |access-date= 31 May 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sidi was a member of the [[Cambridge Footlights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2015/08/18/30107/emma_sidi:_character_breakdown|work=[[Chortle]]|title=Emma Sidi: Character Breakdown|first=Steve|last=Bennett|date=18 August 2015|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> She is in a relationship with Al Roberts, also her on-screen husband in TV series ''[[Starstruck (2021 TV series)|Starstruck]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/aug/28/starstruck-series-three-review-rose-matafeos-romcom-ditches-the-love-story-and-is-better-than-ever|website=The Guardian|access-date=18 October 2023|title=Starstruck series three review – Rose Matafeo’s romcom ditches the love story (and is better than ever)|first= Rachel |last=Aroesti|date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2011
|''The Pickle''
|Barbara
|Short film
|-
|2014
|''Gregor''
|Ellen
|
|-
|2015
|''Pillow Talk''
|Liv
|Short film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''Quiet Carriage''
|Misha
|Short film
|-
|''Whippersnap''
|Maxine
|Short film
|-
|2020
|''La Princesa de Woking''
|Becky Hello
|Short film
|-
|2022
|''My First Dick''
|Hannah Bills
|Short film
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''Dave Talks''
|Dr. Beatriz Carranza
|Series 1, Episode 3: "Dance Your Destiny"
|-
|''Year Friends''
|Doctor Emma
|Series 1, Episode 7: "July"
|-
|rowspan="4"|2017
|''[[Drunk History (British TV series)|Drunk History]]''
|Local Woman
|Series 3, Episodes 2 & 5
|-
|''[[Hospital People]]''
|Helena's aide
|Series 1, Episode 5: "The New Ward"
|-
|''Summer Comedy Shorts''
|Herself
|Mini-series, Episode 7: "Emma Sidi's Summer: Last Resort"
|-
|''[[W1A (TV series)|W1A]]''
|Zoe
|Series 3, Episodes 2, 3 & 6
|-
|2017–2018
|''Climaxed''
|Sian
|Series 1, Episodes 2 & 6; Series 2, Episodes 1 & 6
|-
|2017–2020
|''Curious Under the Stars''
|Diane
|Series 3–10 (34 episodes)
|-
|2017–2021
|''[[Pls Like]]''
|Millipede
|Series 1–3 (16 episodes)
|-
|2018
|''News Crack''
|Various
|Television film
|-
|2019
|''[[Stath Lets Flats]]''
|Esme
|Series 2, Episode 5: "A Stressfully Date"
|-
|2020
|''[[Industry (TV series)|Industry]]''
|Amy
|Series 1, Episode 1: "Induction"
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[King Gary]]''
|Anne
|Series 1 & 2 (4 episodes)
|-
|2021
|''Black Death''
|Spirit
|Mini-series, Episode 1: "The Humble Fisherman"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021–2023
|''[[Ghosts (2019 TV series)|Ghosts]]''
|Eleanor
|Series 3, Episode 5: "Something to Share"; Series 5, Episode 3: "Pineapple Day"
|-
|''[[Starstruck (2021 TV series)|Starstruck]]''
|Kate
|Series 1–3 (15 episodes)
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|''[[Don't Hug Me I'm Scared (TV series)|Don't Hug Me I'm Scared]]''
|Bubble Bath Memory (voice)
|Series 1, Episode 4: "Friendship"
|-
|''[[Prince Andrew: The Musical]]''
|[[Emily Maitlis]]
|TV Special
|-
|''Red Flag''
|Various
|Mini-series
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Extraordinary (TV series)|Extraordinary]]''
|Woman with kid
|1 episode
|-
|''[[Black Ops (TV series)|Black Ops]]''
|Marsh Ranger
|Series 1, Episodes 2 & 3
|-
|''[[A Whole Lifetime with Jamie Demetriou]]''
|Faye
|Series 1, Episode 1
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Death in Paradise (TV series)|Death in Paradise]]''
|Amelia Templeton
|Series 13, Episode 7
|-
|''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]''
|Herself / Contestant
|Series 18
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4720651}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidi, Emma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Comedians from Surrey]]
[[Category:English comedy writers]]
[[Category:English stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:English women comedians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Woking]]
[[Category:Writers from Surrey]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch

2024-09-14T04:12:52Z

174.74.229.81: /* History */

{{short description|American hip-hop group}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch
| image =
| caption =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = {{nowrap|[[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.}}
| instrument =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[Eurodance]]|[[new jack swing]]|[[hip house]]}}
| years_active = 1991–1993
| label = {{hlist|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]|[[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]}}
| website =
| past_members = * [[Mark Wahlberg]] (Marky Mark)
* Ashey Ace
* Scottie Gee
* Hector the Booty Inspector
* DJ-T
}}
'''Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch''' was an American [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] group formed in 1991 by [[Mark Wahlberg]] (alias Marky Mark), Scott Gee, Hector the Booty Inspector, DJ-T, and Ashey Ace. The group's best known song is "[[Good Vibrations (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Good Vibrations]]", which made it to number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in 1991, while their follow-up song "[[Wildside (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Wildside]]" peaked at number 10.
[[File:Mark Wahlberg at the Contraband movie premiere in Sydney February 2012.jpg|thumb|Mark Wahlberg in 2012]]

==History==
Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch released their debut album, ''[[Music for the People (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch album)|Music for the People]]'' on July 23, 1991. The album was a huge success for the group, making it to No. 1 on the [[Top Heatseekers]] chart and No. 21 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. The album's success was fueled by two top-10 singles, both of which were certified gold, "[[Good Vibrations (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Good Vibrations]]", which went to No. 1 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], and "[[Wildside (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Wildside]]" which went to No. 10 on the Hot 100. The album itself first went gold on November 15, 1991, before being certified platinum on January 14, 1992.

At the height of the group's success, they also had a video game released by [[Digital Pictures]] titled ''[[Make My Video (series)|Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch: Make My Video]]'', but the game was not a success and has been considered one of the worst video games ever made.<ref>{{cite web|last=Townsend |first=Emru |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/127579-6/the_10_worst_games_of_all_time.html |title=The 10 Worst Games of All Time - Page 6 |publisher=PCWorld |date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/segacd/587969-marky-mark-and-the-funky-bunch-make-my-video/ |title=Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch: Make My Video for Sega CD |publisher=GameRankings |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref>

After the success of ''Music for the People'', the group quickly recorded a follow-up titled ''[[You Gotta Believe]]'' that was released on September 15, 1992. However, the album achieved little success, only making it as high as No. 67 on the ''Billboard'' 200, as did the album's lone charting single also titled "You Gotta Believe" which went to 49 on the Hot 100. The group disbanded in 1993 with their last appearance being "I Want You", which was featured on the [[Super Mario Bros. (film)#Soundtrack|''Super Mario Bros.'' movie soundtrack]].

After the group disbanded, Mark continued his music career by teaming with reggae musician [[Prince Ital Joe]]. The duo released two albums in Europe and had a No. 1 hit in Germany with "[[United (Prince Ital Joe and Marky Mark song)|United]]". Mark continued to release music until retiring in 1998 and becoming a successful actor in the United States.

== Members ==

* Marky Mark ([[Mark Wahlberg]])
* DJ-T (Terry Yancey)
* Ashey Ace (Anthony "Ace" Thomas)
* Hector the Booty Inspector (Hector Barros)
* Scottie Gee (Scott Ross)

==Discography==
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist = [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]]
| Image =
| Caption =
| Studio = 2
| EP =
| Video =
| Singles = 5
| Compilation =
| Option = 3
| Option name = Promotional singles
| Music videos = 4
}}

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19em;"| Studio album details
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/309618/marky-mark/chart?f=305|title=Billboard > Artists / Marky Mark > Chart History > Billboard 200|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US {{small|R&B}}]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/309618/marky-mark/chart?f=333|title=Billboard > Artists / Marky Mark > Chart History > Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name=aus>Australian (ARIA) chart peaks:
*Top 50 peaks: {{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Marky+Mark|title=australian-charts.com - Marky Mark in Australian Charts|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=2017-02-19}}
*Top 100 peaks to December 2010: {{cite Ryan|page=176}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&search=marky+mark|title=austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40|publisher=austriancharts.at|access-date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]] <ref name=ger>German chart peaks:
*"Good Vibrations": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-2329|title=Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch feat. Loleatta Holloway – Good Vibrations (single)|language=de|publisher=GfK Entertainment|access-date=2017-02-23}}
*"Wildside": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-2371|title=Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch – Wildside (single)|language=de|publisher=GfK Entertainment|access-date=2017-02-23}}
*''Music for the People'': {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-8708|title=Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch – Music for the People (album)|language=de|publisher=GfK Entertainment|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Marky+Mark|title=swedishcharts.com - Swedish charts portal|publisher=swedishcharts.com|access-date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref name=uk>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27251/marky-mark/|title=Official Charts > Marky Mark|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]]|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Music for the People (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch album)|Music for the People]]''
|
* Release date: July 23, 1991
* Label: [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
* Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|cassette]]
| 21 || — || 67 || 35 || 37 || 35 || 61
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Marky%20Mark&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50|title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum - July 09, 2010: Marky Mark certified albums|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=2010-07-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68sEILjRq?url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Marky%20Mark&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50|archive-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Music Canada|CAN]]: Platinum<ref>[http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=marky%20mark&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist Canada certification] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225041920/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st= |date=2012-02-25 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[You Gotta Believe]]''
|
* Release date: September 15, 1992
* Label: Interscope
* Formats: CD, cassette
| 67 || 66 || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
| colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, showing selected chart positions and certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/309618/marky-mark/chart?f=379|title=Billboard > Artists / Marky Mark > Chart History > The Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223225525/https://www.billboard.com/artist/309618/marky-mark/chart?f=379|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name=aus/><ref >{{cite web|url=https://www.bubblingdownunder.com/2023/04/week-commencing-6-april-1992.html |title=Bubbling Down Under Week Commencing April 6, 1992|website=Bubbling Down Under|access-date=May 4, 2023}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=marky+mark&cat=s|title=austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40|publisher=austriancharts.at|access-date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[RPM (magazine)|CAN]] <ref>*For Good Vibrations: [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.1660&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=j86d3uqb5jajlou8j8ag1r4lv4 Peak] *For Wildside: [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2042&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=j86d3uqb5jajlou8j8ag1r4lv4 Peak]</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]] <ref name=ger/>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&placement[artist]=Marky+Mark|title=The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for 'Marky Mark'|publisher=Fireball Media|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=marky+mark&cat=s |title=norwegiancharts.com - Norwegian charts portal |publisher=norwegiancharts.com |access-date=2010-07-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074914/http://www.norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=marky%2Bmark&cat=s |archive-date=2012-03-17 }}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|NZ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=marky+mark&cat=s |title=charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal |publisher=charts.nz |access-date=2010-07-09 }}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Marky+Mark&cat=s|title=swedishcharts.com - Swedish charts portal|publisher=swedishcharts.com|access-date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name=uk/>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Good Vibrations (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Good Vibrations]]" (featuring [[Loleatta Holloway]])
| rowspan="2"| 1991
| 1 || 4 || 15 || 7 || 3 || 16 || 2 || 8 || 1 || 14
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: Gold<ref name="RIAA singles">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Marky%20Mark&format=SINGLE&go=Search&perPage=50|title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum - June 09, 2010: Marky Mark certified singles|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=2010-07-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160051/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Marky%20Mark&format=SINGLE&go=Search&perPage=50|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: Gold<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| ''Music for the People''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Wildside (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Wildside]]"
| 10 || 28 || 26 || 30 || 33 || 26 || 10 || — || 22 || 42
|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA singles" />
|-
! scope="row"| "I Need Money"
| rowspan="3"| 1992
| 61 || 121 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "You Gotta Believe"
| 49 || 55 || — || — || — || — || — || 34 || — || 54
|
| rowspan="2"| ''You Gotta Believe''
|-
! scope="row"| "Gonna Have a Good Time"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
| colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.
|}

===Promotional singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "On the House Tip"
| rowspan="2"| 1992
| rowspan="2"| ''Music for the People''
|-
! scope="row"| "Peace"
|-
! scope="row"| "Loungin'"
| 1993
| ''You Gotta Believe''
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==

===[[Grammy Award]]s===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Result
|-
|align=center|[[35th Grammy Awards|1993]]
|You Gotta Believe
|[[Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance|Best Rap Solo Performance]]
|{{nom}}
|}

===[[MTV Video Music Award]]s===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Result
|-
|align=center|[[1992 MTV Video Music Awards|1992]]
|Good Vibrations
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video|Best Dance Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[1992 MTV Video Music Awards|1992]]
|Good Vibrations
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video|Best Rap Video]]
|{{nom}}
|}

===[[American Music Award]]s===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Result
|-
|align=center|[[American Music Awards of 1992|1992]]
|Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch
|Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist
|{{nom}}
|}

===[[Smash Hits Poll Winners Party|''Smash Hits'' Poll]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Result
|-
|align=center|1992
|Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch
|Best Dance Act
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch}}
{{New Kids on the Block}}
{{Wahlberg family}}

{{Authority control}}



[[Category:American hip hop groups]]
[[Category:Hip house music groups]]
[[Category:Interscope Records artists]]
[[Category:Mark Wahlberg]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1993]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Boston]]
[[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2007]]

Rosie Jones (comedian)

2024-09-13T03:40:49Z

174.74.229.81: /* Other work */

{{Short description|British comedian and actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Rosie Jones at the 2024 Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2.jpg
| caption = Jones in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|06|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bridlington]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire|Humberside]], England
| education =
| occupation = Comedian, actress, writer
| years_active = 2016–present
| website = {{URL|https://rosiejonescomedy.com/}}
| known_for = 
}}
'''Rosie Louisa Jones''' (born 24 June 1990)<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1672505453446680577|user=josierones|last=Jones|first=Rosie|title=I turn 33 today ...|date=2023-06-24|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> is a British comedian, writer and actress. After starting her career as a writer on [[panel shows]], she went on to appear as a guest on ''[[The Last Leg]]'', ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'', ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]'', ''[[QI]]'' and ''[[Hypothetical (game show)|Hypothetical]]''.<ref name="C4 8OO10">{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/8-out-of-10-cats/on-demand/52899-001|title=8 Out of 10 Cats - On Demand - All 4|website=[[All 4]]|publisher=Channel 4|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="C4 Leg">{{cite web |title=The Last Leg - On Demand - All 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-last-leg/on-demand/ |website=[[All 4]] |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=8 December 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015859/https://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-last-leg/on-demand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Countdown"/><ref name="hypothetical"/> She attended the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] in Tokyo as a roving reporter for ''The Last Leg''.

Jones has performed stand-up comedy at the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]], incorporating her [[cerebral palsy]] into her comedic style; in 2018, she was featured on ''Edinburgh Nights''. She has also hosted the documentary ''[[Rosie Jones: Am I a R*tard?|Am I a R*tard?]]'', the series ''[[Trip Hazard: My Great British Adventure]]'', and written an episode of ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]''. With Helen Bauer, she hosts the podcast ''Daddy Look at Me''.

As an actress, she appeared in six episodes of ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' between 2021 and 2022. Jones authored a children's book, ''The Amazing Edie Eckhart'', about an 11-year-old girl with cerebral palsy, and a sequel, ''The Big Trip''.

== Early life ==
Jones grew up in [[Bridlington]]<ref name="Guardian" /> in the East Riding of Yorkshire and went to [[Headlands School]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=John |date=25 February 2019 |title=Rosie Jones joins Alan Carr, Jimmy Carr and Sir Lenny Henry at Comic Relief Spectacular |work=Bridlington Free Press |url=https://www.bridlingtonfreepress.co.uk/news/rosie-jones-joins-alan-carr-jimmy-carr-and-sir-lenny-henry-comic-relief-spectacular-100177 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> Her parents are teachers.<ref name="Guardian interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/jul/04/rosie-jones-death-threats-anxiety-documentary|title=Rosie Jones on death threats, anxiety and anger: 'I'm not this happy person all the time'|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Ryan|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Ryan|date=4 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref> Aged four, she introduced herself to her class by saying that she had [[cerebral palsy]] that made her "talk slowly" and "fall over a lot". She lost a friend at the age of seven who told her that she was "very bad" at running games.<ref name="i interview"/>

== Career ==
=== Comedy writing ===
In 2011, following her graduation with a first-class B.A. in English Language and Creative Writing from the
[[University of Huddersfield]],<ref name="snhu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/people/bridlington-comedian-rosie-jones-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-huddersfield-3395635|title=Bridlington comedian Rosie Jones awarded honorary doctorate by University of Huddersfield|author=George Buksmann|website= Scarborough News|date=24 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230210142817/https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/people/bridlington-comedian-rosie-jones-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-former-university-3395635|archive-date=10 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
Jones was hired for a year as a junior researcher for [[Objective Media Group]] as part of a disability scheme at [[Channel 4]]. She was unemployed for a few years following this. In January 2015, Jones began a screenwriting class at the [[National Film and Television School]].<ref name="rts"/> Jones reached the final of the 2016 [[Funny Women]] Awards.<ref name="rts">{{cite web |last1=Gove |first1=Ed |title=Have you met Miss Jones? |url=https://rts.org.uk/rosiejones |publisher=[[Royal Television Society]] |date=29 November 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> She began writing for ''The Last Leg'' during their coverage of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="gazette"/> Jones also wrote for ''[[Harry Hill's Alien Fun Capsule]]'', ''[[Would I Lie to You? (British game show)|Would I Lie to You?]]'' and ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]''.<ref name="rts"/><ref name="BBC Rahman-Jones"/>

Alongside series creator [[Laurie Nunn]], Jones co-wrote episode four of the second season of the [[Netflix]] comedy-drama ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]'', released in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/online/sex_education/episodes/2/4/|title=Sex Education Series 2, Episode 4|publisher=[[British Comedy Guide]]|accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Jones has been a panellist in episodes of ''8 Out of 10 Cats''<ref name="C4 8OO10"/> and ''The Last Leg''.<ref name="C4 Leg"/> In 2019 Jones was a guest on ''[[Hypothetical (game show)|Hypothetical]]'' and ''8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown''.<ref name="hypothetical">{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/hypothetical/episodes/1/4/|title=Hypothetical Series 1, Episode 4|publisher=[[British Comedy Guide]]|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Countdown">{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/8-out-of-10-cats-does-countdown/episode-guide|title=8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown - On Demand - All 4|website=[[All 4]]|publisher=Channel 4|accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref> She also appeared on an episode of ''Joe Lycett's Got Your Back''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joe Lycett's Got Your Back: Joe Lycett's Got Your Back - On Demand|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/joe-lycetts-got-your-back/episode-guide/series-2|last=|first=|date=|website=Channel 4|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>

Jones has also appeared on BBC Radio 4's ''[[The News Quiz]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p080pmhs|title=News Quiz host Nish Kumar and the panel take a look at this week's news|publisher=BBC|date=17 January 2020|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref> the Channel 4 online programme ''The Last Leg: The Correspondents'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/last-leg-the-correspondents/episode-guide/|title=Last Leg: The Correspondents - Episode Guide - All 4|website=[[All 4]]|publisher=Channel 4|accessdate=9 December 2018|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110818/https://www.channel4.com/programmes/last-leg-the-correspondents/episode-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[BBC Three]] series "Things Not to Say",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/clip/0fc40beb-6cb1-4392-8898-a03b676c9876|title=Things not to say to someone with cerebral palsy|date=23 January 2018|publisher=[[BBC Three]]|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''Fred at the Stand''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09byv6r|title=Lyons, Mazadza, Jones and Nelson|publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]|date=31 October 2017|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> and BBC web series ''Period Dramas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/video/2019/03/08/42483/period_dramas|title=Period Dramas|work=[[Chortle]]|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> In 2021, Jones appeared in the ''[[QI]]'' episode "Sideshows, Stunts and Scavenger Hunts".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qi.com/shows/qi/series-s/4-sideshows-stunts-and-scavenger-hunts|title=Sideshows, Stunts and Scavenger Hunts|publisher=[[Quite Interesting Limited]]|accessdate=14 October 2021}}</ref> She participated in ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2023/celebrity-mastermind-2023-contestant-line-up|title=Celebrity Mastermind reveals new contestant line-up and new Friday night slot on BBC One|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=9 November 2023|accessdate=26 November 2023}}</ref>

Jones appeared as a panellist on BBC One's political debate programme ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' twice, first on 12 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/bbc-question-time-rosie-jones-4696645|title=BBC Question Time viewers moved to tears by Bridlington comedian|first=Anna|last=Riley|date=13 Nov 2020|website=HullLive|accessdate=13 Nov 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2020/11/11/47275/rosie_jones_to_make_her_question_time_debut|title=Rosie Jones to make her Question Time debut : News 2020 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide|first=Steve|last=Bennett|website=www.chortle.co.uk|accessdate=12 Nov 2020}}</ref> Jones trended on [[Twitter]] each time due to the harassment directed towards her.<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|25:00}}

In May 2021, Jones starred in her own Channel 4 series, ''[[Trip Hazard: My Great British Adventure]]''. Filmed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it features Jones visiting a number of UK tourist destinations, joined by other celebrities. In March 2022, a second series of five hour-long episodes was commissioned;<ref name="BCG Mar22"/> it premiered on 23 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/rosie-jones-trip-hazard/episodes/2/1/|title=Trip Hazard|website=comedy.co.uk|accessdate=26 September 2022}}</ref> The programme has been nominated for a [[BAFTA]].<ref name="Guardian interview"/>

Jones presented the 2023 documentary {{sic|''[[Rosie Jones: Am I a R*tard?]]''}}, which is about [[online hate speech]] against disabled people. She reads messages written about her, explores the emotional effect of harassment, the inaction by social media companies and the motivations behind people who send these messages. The use of the slur ''[[retard (pejorative)|retard]]'' received widespread criticism and led to the withdrawal of some contributors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/rosie-jones-disability-documentary-title-backlash-b2368940.html|title=Rosie Jones defends 'shocking' title of new documentary from 'angry and upset' contributors|work=[[The Independent]]|last=Stolworthy|first=Jacob|date=4 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-07-03/why-comedian-rosie-jones-new-tv-show-is-under-fire|title=Rosie Jones Channel 4 documentary criticised for using ableist slur|work=[[ITV News]]|date=3 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/rosie-jones-defends-channel-4-documentary-title-b1093543.html|title=Rosie Jones defends controversial title of her upcoming Channel 4 documentary|work=[[Evening Standard]]|last=McLoughlin|first=Lisa|date=11 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/disability-66131363|title=Rosie Jones's documentary and the R-word: 'We can't keep being poked like a bear'|work=Access All|publisher=[[BBC]]|last=Rose|first=Beth|date=7 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>

In March 2022, Channel 4 transmitted ''Dine Hard'', a five-part [[cooking show]] and [[chat show]] that Jones presented.<ref name="BCG Mar22">{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/6756/rosie-jones-on-channel-4/|title=Rosie Jones to star in multiple new Channel 4 shows|work=[[British Comedy Guide]]|date=7 March 2022|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref>

Jones has had a number of acting roles, appearing on ''[[Silent Witness]]'' in 2018.<ref name="EF">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Katie |title=Interview: Rosie Jones on her Edinburgh debut hour Fifteen Minutes |url=https://www.entertainment-focus.com/theatre-section/theatre-interviews/interview-rosie-jones-on-her-edinburgh-debut-hour-fifteen-minutes/ |website=Entertainment Focus |date=15 July 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> In 2020, she guest starred in an episode of the third series of the BBC drama ''[[Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-01-21/tamzin-outhwaite-vic-reeves-josie-lawrence-guest-star-in-shakespeare-and-hathaway/|title=Tamzin Outhwaite and Vic Reeves among guest-stars as Shakespeare and Hathaway returns|work=[[Radio Times]]|last=Cremona|first=Patrick|date=21 January 2020|accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref> In August 2023, it was announced that Jones will play the lead role of ''Disability Benefits'', an upcoming Channel 4 comedy series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/channel-4-commissions-new-comedy-series-disability-benefits-starring-rosie-jones|title=Channel 4 Commissions New Comedy Series 'Disability Benefits' Starring Rosie Jones|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref> In January 2024, she starred in an episode of ''[[Call the Midwife]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/call-the-midwife-rosie-jones-newsupdate/|title=Call the Midwife cast praise 'fantastic, superb' guest star Rosie Jones|work=[[Radio Times]]|last=Robinson|first=Abby|date=7 January 2024|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/call-the-midwife-review-rosie-jones-helps-to-induce-the-waterworks-kpwjlnjhv|title=Call the Midwife review — Rosie Jones helps to induce the waterworks|work=[[The Times]]|last=Midgley|first=Carol|date=7 January 2024|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/01/07/call-the-midwife-bbc-one-season-13-episode-1-review/|title=Call the Midwife, BBC One, season 13, ep 1, review: a superb balance of convention and controversy|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Wilson|first=Benji|date=7 January 2024|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref>

In early 2024, Jones hosted the comedy [[game show]] ''Out of Order'', which aired on [[Comedy Central]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/out-of-order/episodes/|title=Out of Order|website=comedy.co.uk|accessdate=7 May 2024}}</ref>

In May 2024, it was announced that Jones would appear as a contestant in the eighteenth series of ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'', alongside [[Andy Zaltzman]], [[Babatunde Aléshé]], [[Emma Sidi]], and [[Jack Dee]].

===Stand-up comedy===
Jones first performed stand-up comedy without preparation at a friend's comedy night.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/aug/17/rosie-jones-awkward-disability-jokes-edinburgh|title=Rosie Jones: 'People feel awkward about disability so I always have jokes in my back pocket'|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Fleckney|first=Paul|date=17 August 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, Jones performed "Inspiration" at the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]]. The show was 35 minutes long and contained jokes about her visit to the [[2016 Summer Paralympics]], using disabled toilets, and commentary on the words "disabled" and "[[Spastic (word)|spastic]]". It received 3.5 stars in [[Chortle]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Steve |title=Rosie Jones: Inspiration |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2017/08/08/37389/rosie_jones:_inspiration |publisher=[[Chortle]] |date=8 August 2017 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> and three stars in ''[[The List (magazine)|The List]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Black |first1=Suzanne |title=Rosie Jones: Inspiration |url=https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/article/94524-rosie-jones-inspiration/ |website=[[The List (magazine)|The List]] |date=17 August 2017 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Jones' Edinburgh Festival Fringe show was titled "Fifteen Minutes". Jones talks about a hypothetical "able-bodied Rosie" and discusses a sexual fantasy about [[Ryan Gosling]]. She and her routine were featured in ''Edinburgh Nights'', a [[BBC]] show about the Fringe presented by [[Nish Kumar]]. "Fifteen Minutes" received five stars in [[The Arts Desk]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Veronica |title=Edinburgh Fringe 2018 reviews: Rosie Jones/ Marcus Brigstocke/ Alice Snedden |url=https://theartsdesk.com/comedy/edinburgh-fringe-2018-reviews-rosie-jones-marcus-brigstocke-alice-snedden |website=[[The Arts Desk]] |date=17 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> and four stars in [[iNews]],<ref name="inews">{{cite web |last1=Chris |first1=Green |title=Rosie Jones, Fifteen Minutes, review: 'Deliciously dark, original comedy' |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/rosie-jones-fifteen-minutes-review-a-deliciously-dark-slice-of-originality/ |website=[[iNews]] |date=16 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> [[Chortle]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleckney |first1=Paul |title=Rosie Jones: Fifteen Minutes |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2018/08/07/40722/rosie_jones:_fifteen_minutes |website=[[Chortle]] |date=7 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]''<ref name="Scotsman">{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/edinburgh-festivals/comedy-review-rosie-jones-fifteen-minutes-pleasance-courtyard-1-4786905|title=Comedy review: Rosie Jones: Fifteen Minutes, Pleasance Courtyard|work=[[The Scotsman]]|last=Richardson|first=Jay|date=20 August 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> and Broadway World.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=Natalie |title=EDINBURGH 2018: BWW REVIEW: ROSIE JONES, Pleasance Courtyard |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/scotland/article/EDINBURGH-2018-BWW-REVIEW-ROSIE-JONES-Pleasance-Courtyard-20180804 |website=Broadway World |date=4 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> It was listed by ''[[Evening Standard]]'' as one of the ten "best comedy shows to see" at the festival.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paskett |first1=Zoe |title=Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2018: The best comedy shows to see |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/edinburgh-fringe-festival-2018-the-best-comedy-shows-to-see-a3891426.html |website=[[Evening Standard]] |date=19 July 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

Jones performed at the Greenwich Comedy Festival in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2018/09/17/41260/sean_lock,_henning_wehn,_rosie_jones,_tom_lucy_and_kiri_pritchard-mclean|title=Sean Lock, Henning Wehn, Rosie Jones, Tom Lucy and Kiri Pritchard-McLean|work=[[Chortle]]|last=Bennett|first=Steve|date=17 September 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Jones performed at ''Spectacular'', a one-off event for [[Comic Relief]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bridlingtonfreepress.co.uk/whats-on/theatre-and-comedy/rosie-jones-joins-alan-carr-jimmy-carr-and-sir-lenny-henry-at-comic-relief-spectacular-1-9615693|title=Rosie Jones joins Alan Carr, Jimmy Carr and Sir Lenny Henry at Comic Relief Spectacular|work=[[Bridlington Free Press]]|last=Edwards|first=John|date=25 February 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comicrelief.com/news/comic-relief-launches-spectacular-night-comedy|title=Comic Relief Launches "Spectacular" Night of Comedy|publisher=[[Comic Relief]]|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> and appeared at the 2019 [[Women of the World Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/women-of-the-world-at-southbank-centre-lineup-speakers-a4082281.html|title=Women of the World 2019 festival: Line-up, speakers and more for the International Women's Day event at Southbank Centre|work=[[Evening Standard]]|last=Thomson|first=Lizzie|date=5 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> She has also been a support act for [[Nish Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17504331.review-nish-kumar-grand-opera-house-york-march-14/|title=Review: Nish Kumar, Grand Opera House, York, March 14|last=Martel|first=Stuart|work=[[The Press (York)|The Press]]|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref>

Jones began her first solo tour, ''Triple Threat'', in 2023.<ref name="AccessAll">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0f52xf3|title=Access All (24 February 2023)|work=[[BBC Sounds]]|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|21:00}}

=== Other work ===
In June 2019, Jones launched a podcast alongside the fellow comedian Helen Bauer, titled ''Daddy Look at Me''. The podcast features Bauer, Jones and a guest discussing their childhoods and what they did in order to get attention in their youth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dessau |first1=Bruce |title=News: New Podcast From Rosie Jones and Helen Bauer With Guests Nish Kumar, Sophie Duker and Ed Gamble. |url=https://www.beyondthejoke.co.uk/content/7329/podcast-rosie-jones |website=Beyond the Joke |date=17 June 2019 |accessdate=3 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, Jones authored a children's novel, ''The Amazing Edie Eckhart''. The titular character, an 11-year-old girl with cerebral palsy, deals with the pressure of entering secondary school and becoming distant from her lifelong friend and support Charlie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-amazing-edie-eckhart-by-rosie-jones-review-zcr7khc8j|title=Children's book of the week: The Amazing Edie Eckhart by Rosie Jones|work=[[The Times]]|last=Jones|first=Nicolette|date=8 August 2021|accessdate=13 June 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/rosie-jones-new-book-disabled-heroes-created-my-own-amazing-edie-eckhart-1137655|title=Rosie Jones: I didn't have disabled heroes in books to look up to as a child, so I've now created my own|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]|last=Jones|first=Rosie|date=6 August 2021|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-07-29/i-never-saw-a-disabled-character-book-features-heroine-with-cerebral-palsy|title='I never saw a disabled character' - New children's book features girl with cerebral palsy|publisher=[[ITV.com]]|date=30 July 2021|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref> Jones wrote a sequel novel, ''The Big Trip'', which was published on 18 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/rosie_jones/shop/7542/rosie-jones-the-amazing-edie-eckhart-the-big-trip/|title=Rosie Jones - The Amazing Edie Eckhart: The Big Trip|work=[[British Comedy Guide]]|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref>

==Comedic style==
Jones has [[ataxic cerebral palsy]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/opinion/10-things-i-want-you-to-know-about-disability/251253|title=10 things I want you to know about disability|work=[[Stylist (magazine)|Stylist]]|last1=Badiozzaman|first1=Emily|last2=Jones|first2=Rosie|date=28 February 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> she incorporates her slow speech pattern into her comedy, constructing jokes to subvert the punchline that audiences expect.<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/16346906.rosie-joness-slow-talking-quick-thinking-stand-up/|title=Rosie Jones's slow talking, quick thinking stand-up|work=Gazette Standard|last=D'Arcy-Jones|first=Neil|date=11 July 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> For instance, she has used the opening line "As you can tell from my voice, I suffer from being [[Northern England|northern]]."<ref name="rts"/> Jones unexpectedly refers to previous jokes later in her performances, a trait which one critic describes as "clinically planned".<ref name="Scotsman"/>

She describes her style as "cheeky",<ref name="Guardian"/> commenting that she makes jokes that able-bodied people could not.<ref name="BBC Rahman-Jones">{{cite web |last1=Rahman-Jones |first1=Imran |title=Comedian Rosie Jones wants disabled TV characters who are 'gritty and flawed' |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/39588864/comedian-rosie-jones-wants-disabled-tv-characters-who-are-gritty-and-flawed |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=13 April 2017 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> Jones' stand-up routines relate to disability and sexuality,<ref name="gazette"/> and have been described as [[dark comedy]].<ref name="inews"/>

In 2019, Jones received mixed reception for a joke she made on ''The Last Leg'' in which she said that as a 16-year-old, environmental activist [[Greta Thunberg]] should only be concerned with "drinking [[Lambrini]] and getting [[Fingering (sexual act)|fingered]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/rosie-jones-greta-thunberg-last-leg-joke-channel-4-new-years-a9266366.html|title=The Last Leg: Comedian Rosie Jones shocks viewers with 'disgusting' and 'totally inappropriate' Greta Thunberg joke|work=[[The Independent]]|last=White|first=Adam|date=2 January 2020|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref>

Jones said she experiences [[imposter syndrome]], having grown up seeing comedians as fast-spoken straight white males.<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|22:00}} She has also said that she has used jokes as a [[coping mechanism]].<ref name="Guardian interview"/>

==Personal life==
Jones is a [[lesbian]]. On the [[BBC Sounds]] podcast ''Duvet Days'', she said "Growing up, there was nobody in TV or radio that looked like me – that sounded like me. There was [[Francesca Martinez]] in ''[[Grange Hill]]'', but that was the only person really. And also my sexuality came into that, like when there was a disabled person they were very much the victim and they didn't have a sexuality, they were very much the stock disabled person. That meant growing up, I didn't accept my sexuality because I thought I'm not gay and disabled."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=Comedian Rosie Jones: I want to show disabled people are sexual beings too|url=http://www.irishnews.com/magazine/entertainment/2019/08/01/news/comedian-rosie-jones-i-want-to-show-disabled-people-are-sexual-beings-too-1675923/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Irish News|language=en}}</ref>

Jones has spoken on the rights of disabled people, describing bullying that she has experienced and difficulties in her daily life.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/celebrity-interviews/trip-barbados-gave-comedian-rosie-jones-permission-years-bullying/ |title=A trip to Barbados gave comedian Rosy Jones permission to be herself after years of bullying |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 April 2021 }}</ref> She has expressed concerns over the particular vulnerability of disabled people during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and the way emphasis on the virus affecting people with pre-existing conditions has led to disabled people being coded as "second class citizens".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/comedian-rosie-jones-how-is-it-ok-to-talk-about-disabled-people-as-though-they-are-second-class-citizens-942784 |title=Comedian Rosie Jones: 'How is it OK to talk about disabled people as though they are second-class citizens?' |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |date=6 April 2021 }}</ref> During an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Jones commented: "I would love in the next few years to see more disabled comedians, directors, producers, commissioners. I hope disabled people can see me on TV and think: if she can do it, I can do it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/mar/30/rosie-jones-i-hope-disabled-people-can-see-me-on-tv-and-think-if-she-can-do-it-i-can-do-it |title=Rosie Jones: 'I hope disabled people can see me on TV and think: if she can do it, I can do it' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 March 2021 }}</ref> She receives social media abuse each time she appears on television.<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|28:00}}

In a 2023 interview with ''[[i (newspaper)|i]]'', Jones said she was mugged five times in the course of two years while walking alone, targeted due to her disability. She said she was regularly rejected by taxi services when drivers assumed her to be drunk. Online, much of the abuse she faces is unwanted sexual comments.<ref name="i interview">{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/rosie-jones-backlash-documentary-disabled-people-2486120|title=Rosie Jones: Backlash from my documentary Am I A R*tard? has hit harder coming from disabled people|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]|last=Strudwick|first=Patrick|date=19 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>

Jones began therapy during the production of ''Am I a R*tard?''.<ref name="i interview"/> She said she would recommend it to "literally anyone".<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|30:00}} Therapy allowed her to believe that she was not responsible for facing discrimination and accept the statement: "sometimes I am a victim".<ref name="i interview"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://rosiejonescomedy.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|9209882|Rosie Jones}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Rosie}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English LGBT people]]
[[Category:21st-century English actors]]
[[Category:21st-century English comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century English screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century English women writers]]
[[Category:British actors with disabilities]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Huddersfield]]
[[Category:English stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:British women comedians]]
[[Category:British women television writers]]
[[Category:English female screenwriters]]
[[Category:English lesbian writers]]
[[Category:English lesbian actresses]]
[[Category:English LGBT comedians]]
[[Category:English LGBT screenwriters]]
[[Category:English television writers]]
[[Category:Lesbian comedians]]
[[Category:Lesbian screenwriters]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Bridlington]]
[[Category:People with cerebral palsy]]
[[Category:Television presenters with disabilities]]
[[Category:British writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:LGBT writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Comedians from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Actresses from Yorkshire]]

Rosie Jones (comedian)

2024-09-13T03:40:19Z

174.74.229.81: /* Stand-up comedy */

{{Short description|British comedian and actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Rosie Jones at the 2024 Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2.jpg
| caption = Jones in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|06|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bridlington]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire|Humberside]], England
| education =
| occupation = Comedian, actress, writer
| years_active = 2016–present
| website = {{URL|https://rosiejonescomedy.com/}}
| known_for = 
}}
'''Rosie Louisa Jones''' (born 24 June 1990)<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1672505453446680577|user=josierones|last=Jones|first=Rosie|title=I turn 33 today ...|date=2023-06-24|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> is a British comedian, writer and actress. After starting her career as a writer on [[panel shows]], she went on to appear as a guest on ''[[The Last Leg]]'', ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'', ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]'', ''[[QI]]'' and ''[[Hypothetical (game show)|Hypothetical]]''.<ref name="C4 8OO10">{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/8-out-of-10-cats/on-demand/52899-001|title=8 Out of 10 Cats - On Demand - All 4|website=[[All 4]]|publisher=Channel 4|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="C4 Leg">{{cite web |title=The Last Leg - On Demand - All 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-last-leg/on-demand/ |website=[[All 4]] |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=8 December 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015859/https://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-last-leg/on-demand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Countdown"/><ref name="hypothetical"/> She attended the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] in Tokyo as a roving reporter for ''The Last Leg''.

Jones has performed stand-up comedy at the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]], incorporating her [[cerebral palsy]] into her comedic style; in 2018, she was featured on ''Edinburgh Nights''. She has also hosted the documentary ''[[Rosie Jones: Am I a R*tard?|Am I a R*tard?]]'', the series ''[[Trip Hazard: My Great British Adventure]]'', and written an episode of ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]''. With Helen Bauer, she hosts the podcast ''Daddy Look at Me''.

As an actress, she appeared in six episodes of ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' between 2021 and 2022. Jones authored a children's book, ''The Amazing Edie Eckhart'', about an 11-year-old girl with cerebral palsy, and a sequel, ''The Big Trip''.

== Early life ==
Jones grew up in [[Bridlington]]<ref name="Guardian" /> in the East Riding of Yorkshire and went to [[Headlands School]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=John |date=25 February 2019 |title=Rosie Jones joins Alan Carr, Jimmy Carr and Sir Lenny Henry at Comic Relief Spectacular |work=Bridlington Free Press |url=https://www.bridlingtonfreepress.co.uk/news/rosie-jones-joins-alan-carr-jimmy-carr-and-sir-lenny-henry-comic-relief-spectacular-100177 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> Her parents are teachers.<ref name="Guardian interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/jul/04/rosie-jones-death-threats-anxiety-documentary|title=Rosie Jones on death threats, anxiety and anger: 'I'm not this happy person all the time'|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Ryan|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Ryan|date=4 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref> Aged four, she introduced herself to her class by saying that she had [[cerebral palsy]] that made her "talk slowly" and "fall over a lot". She lost a friend at the age of seven who told her that she was "very bad" at running games.<ref name="i interview"/>

== Career ==
=== Comedy writing ===
In 2011, following her graduation with a first-class B.A. in English Language and Creative Writing from the
[[University of Huddersfield]],<ref name="snhu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/people/bridlington-comedian-rosie-jones-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-huddersfield-3395635|title=Bridlington comedian Rosie Jones awarded honorary doctorate by University of Huddersfield|author=George Buksmann|website= Scarborough News|date=24 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230210142817/https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/people/bridlington-comedian-rosie-jones-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-former-university-3395635|archive-date=10 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
Jones was hired for a year as a junior researcher for [[Objective Media Group]] as part of a disability scheme at [[Channel 4]]. She was unemployed for a few years following this. In January 2015, Jones began a screenwriting class at the [[National Film and Television School]].<ref name="rts"/> Jones reached the final of the 2016 [[Funny Women]] Awards.<ref name="rts">{{cite web |last1=Gove |first1=Ed |title=Have you met Miss Jones? |url=https://rts.org.uk/rosiejones |publisher=[[Royal Television Society]] |date=29 November 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> She began writing for ''The Last Leg'' during their coverage of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="gazette"/> Jones also wrote for ''[[Harry Hill's Alien Fun Capsule]]'', ''[[Would I Lie to You? (British game show)|Would I Lie to You?]]'' and ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]''.<ref name="rts"/><ref name="BBC Rahman-Jones"/>

Alongside series creator [[Laurie Nunn]], Jones co-wrote episode four of the second season of the [[Netflix]] comedy-drama ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]'', released in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/online/sex_education/episodes/2/4/|title=Sex Education Series 2, Episode 4|publisher=[[British Comedy Guide]]|accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Jones has been a panellist in episodes of ''8 Out of 10 Cats''<ref name="C4 8OO10"/> and ''The Last Leg''.<ref name="C4 Leg"/> In 2019 Jones was a guest on ''[[Hypothetical (game show)|Hypothetical]]'' and ''8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown''.<ref name="hypothetical">{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/hypothetical/episodes/1/4/|title=Hypothetical Series 1, Episode 4|publisher=[[British Comedy Guide]]|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Countdown">{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/8-out-of-10-cats-does-countdown/episode-guide|title=8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown - On Demand - All 4|website=[[All 4]]|publisher=Channel 4|accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref> She also appeared on an episode of ''Joe Lycett's Got Your Back''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joe Lycett's Got Your Back: Joe Lycett's Got Your Back - On Demand|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/joe-lycetts-got-your-back/episode-guide/series-2|last=|first=|date=|website=Channel 4|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>

Jones has also appeared on BBC Radio 4's ''[[The News Quiz]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p080pmhs|title=News Quiz host Nish Kumar and the panel take a look at this week's news|publisher=BBC|date=17 January 2020|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref> the Channel 4 online programme ''The Last Leg: The Correspondents'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/last-leg-the-correspondents/episode-guide/|title=Last Leg: The Correspondents - Episode Guide - All 4|website=[[All 4]]|publisher=Channel 4|accessdate=9 December 2018|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110818/https://www.channel4.com/programmes/last-leg-the-correspondents/episode-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[BBC Three]] series "Things Not to Say",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/clip/0fc40beb-6cb1-4392-8898-a03b676c9876|title=Things not to say to someone with cerebral palsy|date=23 January 2018|publisher=[[BBC Three]]|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''Fred at the Stand''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09byv6r|title=Lyons, Mazadza, Jones and Nelson|publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]|date=31 October 2017|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> and BBC web series ''Period Dramas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/video/2019/03/08/42483/period_dramas|title=Period Dramas|work=[[Chortle]]|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> In 2021, Jones appeared in the ''[[QI]]'' episode "Sideshows, Stunts and Scavenger Hunts".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qi.com/shows/qi/series-s/4-sideshows-stunts-and-scavenger-hunts|title=Sideshows, Stunts and Scavenger Hunts|publisher=[[Quite Interesting Limited]]|accessdate=14 October 2021}}</ref> She participated in ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2023/celebrity-mastermind-2023-contestant-line-up|title=Celebrity Mastermind reveals new contestant line-up and new Friday night slot on BBC One|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=9 November 2023|accessdate=26 November 2023}}</ref>

Jones appeared as a panellist on BBC One's political debate programme ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' twice, first on 12 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/bbc-question-time-rosie-jones-4696645|title=BBC Question Time viewers moved to tears by Bridlington comedian|first=Anna|last=Riley|date=13 Nov 2020|website=HullLive|accessdate=13 Nov 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2020/11/11/47275/rosie_jones_to_make_her_question_time_debut|title=Rosie Jones to make her Question Time debut : News 2020 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide|first=Steve|last=Bennett|website=www.chortle.co.uk|accessdate=12 Nov 2020}}</ref> Jones trended on [[Twitter]] each time due to the harassment directed towards her.<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|25:00}}

In May 2021, Jones starred in her own Channel 4 series, ''[[Trip Hazard: My Great British Adventure]]''. Filmed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it features Jones visiting a number of UK tourist destinations, joined by other celebrities. In March 2022, a second series of five hour-long episodes was commissioned;<ref name="BCG Mar22"/> it premiered on 23 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/rosie-jones-trip-hazard/episodes/2/1/|title=Trip Hazard|website=comedy.co.uk|accessdate=26 September 2022}}</ref> The programme has been nominated for a [[BAFTA]].<ref name="Guardian interview"/>

Jones presented the 2023 documentary {{sic|''[[Rosie Jones: Am I a R*tard?]]''}}, which is about [[online hate speech]] against disabled people. She reads messages written about her, explores the emotional effect of harassment, the inaction by social media companies and the motivations behind people who send these messages. The use of the slur ''[[retard (pejorative)|retard]]'' received widespread criticism and led to the withdrawal of some contributors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/rosie-jones-disability-documentary-title-backlash-b2368940.html|title=Rosie Jones defends 'shocking' title of new documentary from 'angry and upset' contributors|work=[[The Independent]]|last=Stolworthy|first=Jacob|date=4 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-07-03/why-comedian-rosie-jones-new-tv-show-is-under-fire|title=Rosie Jones Channel 4 documentary criticised for using ableist slur|work=[[ITV News]]|date=3 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/rosie-jones-defends-channel-4-documentary-title-b1093543.html|title=Rosie Jones defends controversial title of her upcoming Channel 4 documentary|work=[[Evening Standard]]|last=McLoughlin|first=Lisa|date=11 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/disability-66131363|title=Rosie Jones's documentary and the R-word: 'We can't keep being poked like a bear'|work=Access All|publisher=[[BBC]]|last=Rose|first=Beth|date=7 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>

In March 2022, Channel 4 transmitted ''Dine Hard'', a five-part [[cooking show]] and [[chat show]] that Jones presented.<ref name="BCG Mar22">{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/6756/rosie-jones-on-channel-4/|title=Rosie Jones to star in multiple new Channel 4 shows|work=[[British Comedy Guide]]|date=7 March 2022|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref>

Jones has had a number of acting roles, appearing on ''[[Silent Witness]]'' in 2018.<ref name="EF">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Katie |title=Interview: Rosie Jones on her Edinburgh debut hour Fifteen Minutes |url=https://www.entertainment-focus.com/theatre-section/theatre-interviews/interview-rosie-jones-on-her-edinburgh-debut-hour-fifteen-minutes/ |website=Entertainment Focus |date=15 July 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> In 2020, she guest starred in an episode of the third series of the BBC drama ''[[Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-01-21/tamzin-outhwaite-vic-reeves-josie-lawrence-guest-star-in-shakespeare-and-hathaway/|title=Tamzin Outhwaite and Vic Reeves among guest-stars as Shakespeare and Hathaway returns|work=[[Radio Times]]|last=Cremona|first=Patrick|date=21 January 2020|accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref> In August 2023, it was announced that Jones will play the lead role of ''Disability Benefits'', an upcoming Channel 4 comedy series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/channel-4-commissions-new-comedy-series-disability-benefits-starring-rosie-jones|title=Channel 4 Commissions New Comedy Series 'Disability Benefits' Starring Rosie Jones|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref> In January 2024, she starred in an episode of ''[[Call the Midwife]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/call-the-midwife-rosie-jones-newsupdate/|title=Call the Midwife cast praise 'fantastic, superb' guest star Rosie Jones|work=[[Radio Times]]|last=Robinson|first=Abby|date=7 January 2024|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/call-the-midwife-review-rosie-jones-helps-to-induce-the-waterworks-kpwjlnjhv|title=Call the Midwife review — Rosie Jones helps to induce the waterworks|work=[[The Times]]|last=Midgley|first=Carol|date=7 January 2024|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/01/07/call-the-midwife-bbc-one-season-13-episode-1-review/|title=Call the Midwife, BBC One, season 13, ep 1, review: a superb balance of convention and controversy|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Wilson|first=Benji|date=7 January 2024|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref>

In early 2024, Jones hosted the comedy [[game show]] ''Out of Order'', which aired on [[Comedy Central]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/out-of-order/episodes/|title=Out of Order|website=comedy.co.uk|accessdate=7 May 2024}}</ref>

In May 2024, it was announced that Jones would appear as a contestant in the eighteenth series of ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'', alongside [[Andy Zaltzman]], [[Babatunde Aléshé]], [[Emma Sidi]], and [[Jack Dee]].

===Stand-up comedy===
Jones first performed stand-up comedy without preparation at a friend's comedy night.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/aug/17/rosie-jones-awkward-disability-jokes-edinburgh|title=Rosie Jones: 'People feel awkward about disability so I always have jokes in my back pocket'|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Fleckney|first=Paul|date=17 August 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, Jones performed "Inspiration" at the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]]. The show was 35 minutes long and contained jokes about her visit to the [[2016 Summer Paralympics]], using disabled toilets, and commentary on the words "disabled" and "[[Spastic (word)|spastic]]". It received 3.5 stars in [[Chortle]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Steve |title=Rosie Jones: Inspiration |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2017/08/08/37389/rosie_jones:_inspiration |publisher=[[Chortle]] |date=8 August 2017 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> and three stars in ''[[The List (magazine)|The List]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Black |first1=Suzanne |title=Rosie Jones: Inspiration |url=https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/article/94524-rosie-jones-inspiration/ |website=[[The List (magazine)|The List]] |date=17 August 2017 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Jones' Edinburgh Festival Fringe show was titled "Fifteen Minutes". Jones talks about a hypothetical "able-bodied Rosie" and discusses a sexual fantasy about [[Ryan Gosling]]. She and her routine were featured in ''Edinburgh Nights'', a [[BBC]] show about the Fringe presented by [[Nish Kumar]]. "Fifteen Minutes" received five stars in [[The Arts Desk]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Veronica |title=Edinburgh Fringe 2018 reviews: Rosie Jones/ Marcus Brigstocke/ Alice Snedden |url=https://theartsdesk.com/comedy/edinburgh-fringe-2018-reviews-rosie-jones-marcus-brigstocke-alice-snedden |website=[[The Arts Desk]] |date=17 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> and four stars in [[iNews]],<ref name="inews">{{cite web |last1=Chris |first1=Green |title=Rosie Jones, Fifteen Minutes, review: 'Deliciously dark, original comedy' |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/rosie-jones-fifteen-minutes-review-a-deliciously-dark-slice-of-originality/ |website=[[iNews]] |date=16 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> [[Chortle]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleckney |first1=Paul |title=Rosie Jones: Fifteen Minutes |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2018/08/07/40722/rosie_jones:_fifteen_minutes |website=[[Chortle]] |date=7 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]''<ref name="Scotsman">{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/edinburgh-festivals/comedy-review-rosie-jones-fifteen-minutes-pleasance-courtyard-1-4786905|title=Comedy review: Rosie Jones: Fifteen Minutes, Pleasance Courtyard|work=[[The Scotsman]]|last=Richardson|first=Jay|date=20 August 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> and Broadway World.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=Natalie |title=EDINBURGH 2018: BWW REVIEW: ROSIE JONES, Pleasance Courtyard |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/scotland/article/EDINBURGH-2018-BWW-REVIEW-ROSIE-JONES-Pleasance-Courtyard-20180804 |website=Broadway World |date=4 August 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> It was listed by ''[[Evening Standard]]'' as one of the ten "best comedy shows to see" at the festival.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paskett |first1=Zoe |title=Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2018: The best comedy shows to see |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/edinburgh-fringe-festival-2018-the-best-comedy-shows-to-see-a3891426.html |website=[[Evening Standard]] |date=19 July 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

Jones performed at the Greenwich Comedy Festival in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2018/09/17/41260/sean_lock,_henning_wehn,_rosie_jones,_tom_lucy_and_kiri_pritchard-mclean|title=Sean Lock, Henning Wehn, Rosie Jones, Tom Lucy and Kiri Pritchard-McLean|work=[[Chortle]]|last=Bennett|first=Steve|date=17 September 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Jones performed at ''Spectacular'', a one-off event for [[Comic Relief]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bridlingtonfreepress.co.uk/whats-on/theatre-and-comedy/rosie-jones-joins-alan-carr-jimmy-carr-and-sir-lenny-henry-at-comic-relief-spectacular-1-9615693|title=Rosie Jones joins Alan Carr, Jimmy Carr and Sir Lenny Henry at Comic Relief Spectacular|work=[[Bridlington Free Press]]|last=Edwards|first=John|date=25 February 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comicrelief.com/news/comic-relief-launches-spectacular-night-comedy|title=Comic Relief Launches "Spectacular" Night of Comedy|publisher=[[Comic Relief]]|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> and appeared at the 2019 [[Women of the World Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/women-of-the-world-at-southbank-centre-lineup-speakers-a4082281.html|title=Women of the World 2019 festival: Line-up, speakers and more for the International Women's Day event at Southbank Centre|work=[[Evening Standard]]|last=Thomson|first=Lizzie|date=5 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> She has also been a support act for [[Nish Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17504331.review-nish-kumar-grand-opera-house-york-march-14/|title=Review: Nish Kumar, Grand Opera House, York, March 14|last=Martel|first=Stuart|work=[[The Press (York)|The Press]]|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref>

Jones began her first solo tour, ''Triple Threat'', in 2023.<ref name="AccessAll">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0f52xf3|title=Access All (24 February 2023)|work=[[BBC Sounds]]|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|21:00}}

=== Other work ===
In June 2019, Jones launched a podcast alongside the fellow comedian Helen Bauer, entitled ''Daddy Look at Me''. The podcast features Bauer, Jones and a guest discussing their childhoods and what they did in order to get attention in their youth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dessau |first1=Bruce |title=News: New Podcast From Rosie Jones and Helen Bauer With Guests Nish Kumar, Sophie Duker and Ed Gamble. |url=https://www.beyondthejoke.co.uk/content/7329/podcast-rosie-jones |website=Beyond the Joke |date=17 June 2019 |accessdate=3 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, Jones authored a children's novel, ''The Amazing Edie Eckhart''. The titular character, an 11-year-old girl with cerebral palsy, deals with the pressure of entering secondary school and becoming distant from her lifelong friend and support Charlie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-amazing-edie-eckhart-by-rosie-jones-review-zcr7khc8j|title=Children's book of the week: The Amazing Edie Eckhart by Rosie Jones|work=[[The Times]]|last=Jones|first=Nicolette|date=8 August 2021|accessdate=13 June 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/rosie-jones-new-book-disabled-heroes-created-my-own-amazing-edie-eckhart-1137655|title=Rosie Jones: I didn't have disabled heroes in books to look up to as a child, so I've now created my own|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]|last=Jones|first=Rosie|date=6 August 2021|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-07-29/i-never-saw-a-disabled-character-book-features-heroine-with-cerebral-palsy|title='I never saw a disabled character' - New children's book features girl with cerebral palsy|publisher=[[ITV.com]]|date=30 July 2021|accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref> Jones wrote a sequel novel, ''The Big Trip'', which was published on 18 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/rosie_jones/shop/7542/rosie-jones-the-amazing-edie-eckhart-the-big-trip/|title=Rosie Jones - The Amazing Edie Eckhart: The Big Trip|work=[[British Comedy Guide]]|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref>

==Comedic style==
Jones has [[ataxic cerebral palsy]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/opinion/10-things-i-want-you-to-know-about-disability/251253|title=10 things I want you to know about disability|work=[[Stylist (magazine)|Stylist]]|last1=Badiozzaman|first1=Emily|last2=Jones|first2=Rosie|date=28 February 2019|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> she incorporates her slow speech pattern into her comedy, constructing jokes to subvert the punchline that audiences expect.<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/16346906.rosie-joness-slow-talking-quick-thinking-stand-up/|title=Rosie Jones's slow talking, quick thinking stand-up|work=Gazette Standard|last=D'Arcy-Jones|first=Neil|date=11 July 2018|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref> For instance, she has used the opening line "As you can tell from my voice, I suffer from being [[Northern England|northern]]."<ref name="rts"/> Jones unexpectedly refers to previous jokes later in her performances, a trait which one critic describes as "clinically planned".<ref name="Scotsman"/>

She describes her style as "cheeky",<ref name="Guardian"/> commenting that she makes jokes that able-bodied people could not.<ref name="BBC Rahman-Jones">{{cite web |last1=Rahman-Jones |first1=Imran |title=Comedian Rosie Jones wants disabled TV characters who are 'gritty and flawed' |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/39588864/comedian-rosie-jones-wants-disabled-tv-characters-who-are-gritty-and-flawed |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=13 April 2017 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> Jones' stand-up routines relate to disability and sexuality,<ref name="gazette"/> and have been described as [[dark comedy]].<ref name="inews"/>

In 2019, Jones received mixed reception for a joke she made on ''The Last Leg'' in which she said that as a 16-year-old, environmental activist [[Greta Thunberg]] should only be concerned with "drinking [[Lambrini]] and getting [[Fingering (sexual act)|fingered]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/rosie-jones-greta-thunberg-last-leg-joke-channel-4-new-years-a9266366.html|title=The Last Leg: Comedian Rosie Jones shocks viewers with 'disgusting' and 'totally inappropriate' Greta Thunberg joke|work=[[The Independent]]|last=White|first=Adam|date=2 January 2020|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref>

Jones said she experiences [[imposter syndrome]], having grown up seeing comedians as fast-spoken straight white males.<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|22:00}} She has also said that she has used jokes as a [[coping mechanism]].<ref name="Guardian interview"/>

==Personal life==
Jones is a [[lesbian]]. On the [[BBC Sounds]] podcast ''Duvet Days'', she said "Growing up, there was nobody in TV or radio that looked like me – that sounded like me. There was [[Francesca Martinez]] in ''[[Grange Hill]]'', but that was the only person really. And also my sexuality came into that, like when there was a disabled person they were very much the victim and they didn't have a sexuality, they were very much the stock disabled person. That meant growing up, I didn't accept my sexuality because I thought I'm not gay and disabled."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=Comedian Rosie Jones: I want to show disabled people are sexual beings too|url=http://www.irishnews.com/magazine/entertainment/2019/08/01/news/comedian-rosie-jones-i-want-to-show-disabled-people-are-sexual-beings-too-1675923/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Irish News|language=en}}</ref>

Jones has spoken on the rights of disabled people, describing bullying that she has experienced and difficulties in her daily life.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/celebrity-interviews/trip-barbados-gave-comedian-rosie-jones-permission-years-bullying/ |title=A trip to Barbados gave comedian Rosy Jones permission to be herself after years of bullying |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 April 2021 }}</ref> She has expressed concerns over the particular vulnerability of disabled people during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and the way emphasis on the virus affecting people with pre-existing conditions has led to disabled people being coded as "second class citizens".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/comedian-rosie-jones-how-is-it-ok-to-talk-about-disabled-people-as-though-they-are-second-class-citizens-942784 |title=Comedian Rosie Jones: 'How is it OK to talk about disabled people as though they are second-class citizens?' |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |date=6 April 2021 }}</ref> During an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Jones commented: "I would love in the next few years to see more disabled comedians, directors, producers, commissioners. I hope disabled people can see me on TV and think: if she can do it, I can do it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/mar/30/rosie-jones-i-hope-disabled-people-can-see-me-on-tv-and-think-if-she-can-do-it-i-can-do-it |title=Rosie Jones: 'I hope disabled people can see me on TV and think: if she can do it, I can do it' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 March 2021 }}</ref> She receives social media abuse each time she appears on television.<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|28:00}}

In a 2023 interview with ''[[i (newspaper)|i]]'', Jones said she was mugged five times in the course of two years while walking alone, targeted due to her disability. She said she was regularly rejected by taxi services when drivers assumed her to be drunk. Online, much of the abuse she faces is unwanted sexual comments.<ref name="i interview">{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/rosie-jones-backlash-documentary-disabled-people-2486120|title=Rosie Jones: Backlash from my documentary Am I A R*tard? has hit harder coming from disabled people|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]|last=Strudwick|first=Patrick|date=19 July 2023|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>

Jones began therapy during the production of ''Am I a R*tard?''.<ref name="i interview"/> She said she would recommend it to "literally anyone".<ref name="AccessAll"/>{{rp|30:00}} Therapy allowed her to believe that she was not responsible for facing discrimination and accept the statement: "sometimes I am a victim".<ref name="i interview"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://rosiejonescomedy.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|9209882|Rosie Jones}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Rosie}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English LGBT people]]
[[Category:21st-century English actors]]
[[Category:21st-century English comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century English screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century English women writers]]
[[Category:British actors with disabilities]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Huddersfield]]
[[Category:English stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:British women comedians]]
[[Category:British women television writers]]
[[Category:English female screenwriters]]
[[Category:English lesbian writers]]
[[Category:English lesbian actresses]]
[[Category:English LGBT comedians]]
[[Category:English LGBT screenwriters]]
[[Category:English television writers]]
[[Category:Lesbian comedians]]
[[Category:Lesbian screenwriters]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Bridlington]]
[[Category:People with cerebral palsy]]
[[Category:Television presenters with disabilities]]
[[Category:British writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:LGBT writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Comedians from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Actresses from Yorkshire]]

Hannah Arendt

2024-09-01T15:55:45Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Short description|German American historian and philosopher (1906–1975)}}
{{redirect|Arendt|other people with the surname|Arendt (surname)|the film|Hannah Arendt (film)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Hannah Arendt
| image = Hannah Arendt auf dem 1. Kulturkritikerkongress, Barbara Niggl Radloff, FM-2019-1-5-9-16 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Arendt in 1958
| alt = Photo of Hannah Arendt in 1958
| birth_name = Johanna Arendt
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|10|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Linden-Limmer|Linden]], Province of Hanover, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|12|4|1906|10|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| resting_place = [[Bard College]]
| citizenship = {{ublist|German (1906–1937)|[[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1937–1950)|United States (from 1950)}}
| other_names = Hannah Arendt Bluecher
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Günther Anders]]|1929|1937|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Heinrich Blücher]]|1940|1970|end=died}}
}}
| relatives = {{ubl|{{ill|Max Arendt|de}} (grandfather)|[[Henriette Arendt]] (aunt)}}
| signature = Hannah Bluecher-Arendt signature.svg
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|school_tradition =
{{collapsible list|
| [[Continental philosophy]]
| [[Existential phenomenology]]{{sfn|Allen|1982}}
| [[Philosophy of life]]{{sfn|Bowen-Moore|1989|p=119}}{{sfn|Kristeva|2001b|p=48}}
| [[Classical republicanism]]{{sfn|Lovett|2018}}
| [[Action theory (philosophy)|Action theory]] (posthumous attribution){{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}}
}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Karl Jaspers]]{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=3}}
| education = {{ubl|[[University of Berlin]]|[[University of Marburg]]|[[University of Freiburg]]||[[University of Heidelberg]] (PhD, 1929)}}
| notable_works =
{{collapsible list
|''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951)
|''[[The Human Condition (book)|The Human Condition]]'' (1958)
|''[[On Revolution]]'' (1963)
|"[[The Life of the Mind]]" (1977)
}}
|main_interests = [[Political theory]], theory of [[totalitarianism]], [[philosophy of history]], theory of [[modernity]]
|notable_ideas =
{{collapsible list
| Humanity as ''[[Homo faber]]''
| Humanity as ''animal laborans''{{sfn|Yar|2018}}
| The labor–work distinction
| [[The banality of evil]]
| Distinction between ''[[The Human Condition (book)|vita activa]]'' and ''vita contemplativa'' (''[[praxis (process)|praxis]]'' as the highest level of the ''vita activa''){{sfn|Fry|2009}}
| ''{{lang|la|[[auctoritas#Hannah Arendt|Auctoritas]]}}''
| Natality{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}}}}
}}
{{Republicanism sidebar|expanded=}}

'''Hannah Arendt''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|n|t|,_|ˈ|ɑːr|-}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Arendt|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arendt|title=Arendt|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630154344/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arendt|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ə|ˈ|r|ɛ|n|t}},<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Arendt|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˌhana ˈaːʁənt|lang|De-Hannah Arendt.ogg}};{{sfn|Duden|2015|p=199}} born '''Johanna Arendt'''; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-American historian and philosopher. She was one of the most influential [[political theory|political theorist]]s of the 20th century.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Morton |date=February 2009 |title=Hannah Arendt and the Challenge of Modernity: A Phenomenology of Human Rights by Serena Parekh |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=278–282 |doi=10.1353/hrq.0.0062 |jstor=20486747 |s2cid=144735049}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2006 |title=Remembering the Theorist of the Banality of Evil |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-theorist-of-the-banality-of-evil/a-2201434 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425000858/https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-theorist-of-the-banality-of-evil/a-2201434 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Her works cover a broad range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature of [[wealth]], [[Power (sociology)|power]] and [[evil]], as well as politics, [[direct democracy]], [[authority]], [[tradition]] and [[totalitarianism]]. She is also remembered for the controversy surrounding the [[Eichmann Trial|trial]] of [[Adolf Eichmann]], for her attempt to explain how ordinary people become actors in totalitarian systems, which was considered by some an [[apologia]], and for the phrase "[[the banality of evil]]." Her name appears in the names of journals, [[Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies|schools]], [[Hannah Arendt Prize in Critical Theory and Creative Research|scholarly prizes]], [[Hannah Arendt Prize|humanitarian prizes]], think-tanks, and streets; appears on stamps and monuments; and is attached to other cultural and institutional markers that commemorate her thought.

Hannah Arendt was born to a Jewish family in [[Linden-Limmer|Linden]] (now a district of [[Hanover]], Germany) in 1906. When she was three, her family moved to the [[East Prussia]]n capital of [[Königsberg]] for her father's health care. Paul Arendt had contracted [[syphilis]] in his youth but was thought to be in remission when Arendt was born. He died when she was seven. Arendt was raised in a politically progressive, secular family, her mother being an ardent [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrat]]. After completing secondary education in Berlin, Arendt studied at the [[University of Marburg]] under [[Martin Heidegger]], with whom she engaged in a romantic affair that began while she was his student.<ref name="jon17">{{cite web |url=https://www.openculture.com/2017/05/the-love-letters-of-hannah-arendt-and-martin-heidegger.html |title=The Love Letters of Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger |first=Josh |last=Jones |work=Open Culture |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=2023-11-15 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610101707/https://www.openculture.com/2017/05/the-love-letters-of-hannah-arendt-and-martin-heidegger.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She obtained her doctorate in philosophy at the [[University of Heidelberg]] in 1929. Her dissertation was titled ''[[Love and Saint Augustine]]'', and her supervisor was the [[Existentialism|existentialist]] philosopher [[Karl Jaspers]].

Hannah Arendt married [[Günther Anders|Günther Stern]] in 1929 but soon began to encounter increasing [[antisemitism]] in the 1930s [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1933, the year [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power, Arendt was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the [[Gestapo]] for performing illegal research into antisemitism. On release, she fled Germany, living in Czechoslovakia and Switzerland before settling in Paris. There she worked for [[Youth Aliyah]], assisting young Jews to emigrate to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. She was stripped of her [[German citizenship]] in 1937. Divorcing Stern that year, she then married [[Heinrich Blücher]] in 1940. When Germany invaded France that year she was detained by the French as an [[Alien (law)|alien]]. She escaped and made her way to the United States in 1941 via Portugal. She settled in New York, which remained her principal residence for the rest of her life. She became a writer and editor and worked for the [[Jewish Cultural Reconstruction]], becoming an American citizen in 1950. With the publication of ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' in 1951, her reputation as a thinker and writer was established, and a series of works followed. These included the books ''[[The Human Condition (Arendt book)|The Human Condition]]'' in 1958, as well as ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem]]'' and ''[[On Revolution]]'' in 1963. She taught at many American universities while declining [[tenure-track]] appointments. She died suddenly of a heart attack in 1975, at the age of 69, leaving her last work, ''[[The Life of the Mind]]'', unfinished.{{TOC limit|3}}

== Early life and education (1906–1929) ==
=== Family ===
{{multiple image | header = Parents | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 250 | float = none
|image2=Martha Cohn.jpg|caption2 = Martha Cohn {{Circa|1899}}|alt1= Photo of Hannah's mother, Martha Cohn, in 1899
|image1=Paul Arendt.jpg|caption1 = Paul Arendt {{Circa|1900}}|alt2=Photo of Hannah's father, Paul Arendt, in 1900
}}
Hannah Arendt was born '''Johanna Arendt'''{{sfn|Wood|2004}}{{sfn|LoC|2001}} in 1906, in [[Wilhelmine Germany|the Wilhelmine period]]. Her secular and educated [[Jews|Jewish]] family lived comfortably in [[Linden-Limmer|Linden]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] (now a part of [[Hanover]]). They were merchants of Russian extraction from [[Königsberg]].{{efn|Königsberg was the [[East Prussia]]n capital and after [[World War II]] became [[Kaliningrad]], Russia.}} Her grandparents were members of the [[Reform Jewish]] community. Her paternal grandfather, {{ill|Max Arendt|de}}, was a prominent businessman, local politician,{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=33–34}} and leader of the Königsberg Jewish community, a member of the [[Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens|Central Organization for German Citizens of Jewish Faith]] ({{lang|de|Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens}}). Like other members of the {{lang|de|Centralverein}} he primarily saw himself as German, disapproving of [[Zionism|Zionist]] activities including [[Kurt Blumenfeld]], a frequent visitor and later one of Hannah's mentors. Her lifelong best-friend, Anne Mendehlsohn, was likewise connected to a dynasty of philosophers and musicians. Of Max Arendt's children, Paul Arendt was an engineer and [[Henriette Arendt]] a policewoman and social worker.{{sfn|Riepl-Schmidt|2005}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=8–9}}

Hannah was the only child of Paul and Martha Arendt (née Cohn), who were married on 11 April 1902. She was named after her paternal grandmother.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|McGowan|1998}} The Cohns had originally come to Königsberg from nearby Russian territory of [[Lithuania]] in 1852, as refugees from antisemitism, and made their living as tea importers, J. N. Cohn & Company being the largest business in the city. The Arendts reached Germany from Russia a century earlier.{{sfn|Gould|2009|p=65}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=5–7}} Hannah's extended family contained many more women, who shared the loss of husbands and children. Hannah's parents were more educated and politically more to the left than her grandparents. The young couple were [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]],{{sfn|Wood|2004}} rather than the [[German Democratic Party|German Democrats]] that most of their contemporaries supported. Paul Arendt was educated at the Albertina ([[University of Königsberg]]). Though he worked as an engineer, he prided himself on his love of [[Classics]], with a large library that Hannah immersed herself in. Martha Cohn, a musician, had studied for three years in Paris.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=8–9}}

In the first four years of their marriage, the Arendts lived in Berlin, and were supporters of the socialist journal ''[[Sozialistische Monatshefte|Socialist Monthly Bulletins]]'' ({{lang|de|Sozialistische Monatshefte}}).{{efn|{{lang|de|Sozialistische Monatshefte}} was edited by the Königsberg Jewish scholar, {{ill|Joseph Bloch (Publisher) |de|Joseph Bloch (Publizist) |lt=Joseph Bloch,|v=sup}} and formed the focal point of Martha Arendt's Königsberg socialist discussion group}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=27}} At the time of Hannah's birth, Paul Arendt was employed by an electrical engineering firm in Linden, and they lived in a frame house on the market square ({{lang|de|Marktplatz}}).{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=13}} They moved back to Königsberg in 1909 because of Paul's deteriorating health.{{sfn|Yar|2018}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=5}} He suffered from chronic [[syphilis]] and was institutionalized in the Königsberg psychiatric hospital in 1911. For years afterward, Hannah had to have annual [[Wassermann test|WR]] tests for congenital syphilis.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=22}} He died on 30 October 1913, when Hannah was seven, leaving her mother to raise her.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} They lived at Hannah's grandfather's house at Tiergartenstraße 6, a leafy residential street adjacent to the [[Königsberg Tiergarten]], in the predominantly Jewish neighborhood of [[Hufen]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=10, 16, 26}} Although Hannah's parents were non-religious, they were happy to allow Max Arendt to take Hannah to the Reform synagogue. She also received religious instruction from the [[rabbi]], Hermann Vogelstein, who would come to her school for that purpose.{{efn|The young Hannah confided that she wished to marry Hermann Vogelstein when she grew up.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=8–9}}}} Her family moved in circles that included many intellectuals and professionals. It was a social circle of high standards and ideals. As she recalled it:{{sfn|Arendt|1964|p=6}}
{{blockquote |text=My early intellectual formation occurred in an atmosphere where nobody paid much attention to moral questions; we were brought up under the assumption: {{lang|de|Das Moralische versteht sich von selbst}}, moral conduct is a matter of course.}}

{{multiple image | header = The Arendt Family | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 800 | float = none
|image1=Hannah and Max Arendt (cropped).jpg|caption1 = Hannah Arendt with her grandfather, Max, in 1907|alt1= Photo of Hannah's grandfather, Max Arendt holding Hannah. Date unknown, probably aged 3–4
|image2=Hannah Arendt and Mother 1912 (cropped).jpg|caption2=Hannah with her mother in 1912|alt2=Hannah with her mother, age 6
|image3=Hannah Arendt Mother Age 8.jpg|caption3=Hannah with her mother in 1914|alt3=Photo of Hannah with her mother in 1914, at the age of 8
|image4=Young Hannah Arendt (cropped).jpg|caption4=Hannah as a schoolgirl in 1920|alt4=Photo of Hannah as a schoolgirl studying in the family library in 1920
}}
This time was a particularly favorable period for the Jewish community in Königsberg, an important center of the ''[[Haskalah]]'' (Jewish Enlightenment).{{sfn|Schuler-Springorum|1999}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=33}} Arendt's family was thoroughly [[Jewish assimilation|assimilated]] ("Germanized"){{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=7}} and she later remembered: "With us from Germany, the word 'assimilation' received a 'deep' philosophical meaning. You can hardly realize how serious we were about it."{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}} Despite these conditions, the Jewish population lacked full citizenship rights, and although [[antisemitism]] was not overt, it was not absent.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=10–11}} Arendt came to define her Jewish identity negatively after encountering overt antisemitism as an adult.{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}} She came to greatly identify with [[Rahel Varnhagen]], the Prussian socialite{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} who desperately wanted to assimilate into German culture, only to be rejected because she was born Jewish.{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}} Arendt later said of Varnhagen that she was "my very closest woman friend, unfortunately dead a hundred years now."{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}}{{efn|Varnhagen would later become the subject of a biography by Hannah.{{sfn|Arendt|1997}}}}
{{multiple image | header = Beerwald-Arendt Family | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | float = none
|image1=Martin Hannah Martha 1923.jpg|caption1 = Martin Beerwald, Hannah and her mother, 1923|alt1= Photo of Hannah's stepfather, Martin Beerwald, Hannah and her mother, Martha Arendt Beerwwald in 1923
|image2=Beerwald sisters Hannah Arendt.jpg|caption2=Eva and Clara Beerwald & Hannah, 1922 |alt2=Photo of Hannah with her stepsisters, Eva and Clara Beerwald in 1922
}}
In the last two years of the [[First World War]], Hannah's mother organized social democratic discussion groups and became a follower of [[Rosa Luxemburg]] as [[German Revolution of 1918–19|socialist uprisings broke out across Germany]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=27}}{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiii}} Luxemburg's writings would later influence Hannah's political thinking. In 1920, Martha Cohn married Martin Beerwald, an ironmonger and widower of four years, and they moved to his home, two blocks away, at Busoldstrasse 6,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=28}}{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=62}} providing Hannah with improved social and financial security. Hannah was 14 at the time and acquired two older stepsisters, Clara and Eva.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=28}}

=== Education ===
==== Early education ====
{{multiple image | header = Schools | align = right| direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | float = none
|image1=Hufen-Oberlyzeum.png|caption1 =[[Hufen-Oberlyzeum]] {{Circa|1923}} |alt1=Photo of Hufen-Oberlyzeum, Hannah's first school
|image2=ID003752 B184 KoeniginLuiseschule.jpg|caption2=[[Königin-Luise-Schule]] in Königsberg {{Circa|1914}}|alt2=Photo of Hannah's secondary school, the Queen Louise School for girls
}}
Hannah Arendt's mother, who considered herself [[progressivism|progressive]], brought her daughter up on strict [[Goethean]] lines. Among other things this involved the reading of Goethe's complete works, summed up as {{lang|de|Was aber ist deine Pflicht? Die Forderung des Tages}} (And just what is your duty? The demands of the day).{{efn|From ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]'' (1796)}} Goethe, was then considered the essential mentor of {{lang|de|Bildung}} (education), the conscious formation of mind, body and spirit. The key elements were considered to be self-discipline, constructive channeling of passion, renunciation and responsibility for others. Hannah's developmental progress ({{lang|de|Entwicklung}}) was carefully documented by her mother in a book, she called {{lang|de|Unser Kind}} (Our Child), measuring her against the benchmark of what was then considered {{lang|de|normale Entwicklung}} ("normal development").{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=12–13}}

Arendt attended kindergarten from 1910 where her precocity impressed her teachers and enrolled in the [[Szittnich School, Königsberg]] (Hufen-Oberlyzeum), on Bahnstraße in August 1913,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=16, 19}} but her studies there were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I, forcing the family to temporarily flee to [[Berlin]] on 23 August 1914, in the face of the advancing Russian army.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=21}} There they stayed with her mother's younger sister, Margarethe Fürst, and her three children, while Hannah attended a girl's {{lang|de|[[Lyzeum]]}} school in [[Berlin-Charlottenburg]]. After ten weeks, when Königsberg appeared to be no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=21}} where they spent the remaining war years at her grandfather's house. Arendt's precocity continued, learning [[ancient Greek language|ancient Greek]] as a child,{{sfn|Villa|2009}} writing poetry in her teenage years,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=3}} and starting both a ''Graecae'' (reading group for studying classical literature) and philosophy club at her school. She was fiercely independent in her schooling and a voracious reader,{{efn|Anne Mendelssohn described her as someone who had "read everything"{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=32}}}} absorbing French and German literature and poetry (committing large amounts to heart) and philosophy. By the age of 14, she had read [[Kierkegaard]], [[Karl Jaspers|Jaspers]]' {{lang|de|Psychologie der Weltanschauungen}} and [[Kant]]'s {{lang|de|Kritik der reinen Vernunft}} (''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''). Kant, whose hometown was also Königsberg, was an important influence on her thinking, and it was Kant who had written about Königsberg that "such a town is the right place for gaining knowledge concerning men and the world even without travelling".{{sfn|Kant|2006|p=4}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=36}}

Arendt attended the [[Königin-Luise-Schule]] for her secondary education, a girls' [[gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]] on Landhofmeisterstraße.{{sfn|Heller|2015a}} Most of her friends, while at school, were gifted children of Jewish professional families, generally older than she, and went on to university education. Among them was [[:de:Ernst Grumach|Ernst Grumach]], who introduced her to his girlfriend, Anne Mendelssohn,{{efn|Anne Mendelssohn: Descendant of [[Moses Mendelssohn]] and [[Felix Mendelssohn]], an influential local family. Anne left Germany for Paris at the same time as Arendt, married the philosopher [[Eric Weil]] in 1934, and worked for the [[French Resistance]] under the alias Dubois. She died on 5 July 1984{{sfn|Kirscher|2003}}}} who would become a lifelong friend. When Anne moved away, Ernst became Arendt's first romantic relationship.{{efn|Like Arendt, Anne Mendelssohn would go on to become a philosopher, obtaining her doctorate at Hamburg,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=32}} while Ernst became a [[philologist]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=29}}}}
{{multiple image | header = Early homes | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 800 | float = none
|image1=Lindener Marktplatz 2, Ecke Falkenstraße, Hannover-Linden-Mitte, Hannah-Arendt-Haus mit Markt-Apotheke Linden.jpg|caption1 =Hannah Arendt's birthplace in [[Linden-Limmer|Linden]] |alt1=Photograph of the house that Arendt was born in, in the marketplace in Linden
|image2=Konigsberg Tiergarten strasse (1).jpg|caption2=Tiergartenstraße, [[Königsberg]] 1920s|alt2=Photo of Tiergartenstraße in the 1920s
|image3=Hannah-Arendt-Haus Marburg.jpg|caption3= Lutherstraße 4, [[Marburg]]|alt3=Photo of the House Hannah Arendt lived in in Marburg
|image4=HeidelbergSchlossberg.jpg|caption4=Schlossberg, [[Heidelberg]]|alt4=Old postcard of Schlossberg in Heidelberg, where Hannah lived
}}

==== Higher education (1922–1929) ====
{{multiple image | header = ''[[Almae matres]]'' | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | float = none
|image1=Berlin Unter den Linden Humboldt Universität IMG 3241.JPG|caption1 = [[Berlin University]] |alt1= University of Berlin
|image2=Alte Universität (Marburg) 2.jpg|caption2=[[Marburg University]]|alt2=University of Marburg
|image3=Platz der Weißen Rose mit KG I und Uniturm vom Kollegiengebäude II der Freiburger Uni gesehen.jpg|caption3=[[Freiburg University]] |alt3=University of Freiburg
|image4=Heidelberg Universitätsbibliothek 2003.jpg|caption4=[[Heidelberg University]]|alt4=University of Heidelberg
}}
[[File:Hannah Arendt 1924.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hannah, 1924|alt=Photo of Hannah in 1924]]

===== Berlin (1922–1924) =====
Arendt was expelled from the Luise-Schule in 1922, at the age of 15, for leading a boycott of a teacher who insulted her. Her mother sent her to Berlin to Social Democrat family friends. She lived in a student residence and [[academic audit|audited]] courses at the [[University of Berlin]] (1922–1923), including classics and [[Christian theology]] under [[Romano Guardini]]. She successfully sat the entrance examination ({{lang|de|[[Abitur]]}}) for the [[University of Marburg]], where Ernst Grumach had studied with [[Martin Heidegger]] (appointed as a professor in 1923). Her mother had engaged a private tutor, and her aunt Frieda Arendt, a teacher, also helped, while Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial tuition assistance.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=32, 34}}

===== Marburg (1924–1926) =====
In Berlin, Guardini had introduced her to Kierkegaard, and she resolved to make theology her major field.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=36}} At Marburg (1924–1926) she studied classical languages, German literature, Protestant theology with [[Rudolf Bultmann]] and philosophy with [[Nicolai Hartmann]] and Heidegger.{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010}} She arrived in the fall in the middle of an intellectual revolution led by the young Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, describing him as "the hidden king [who] reigned in the realm of thinking".{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=44}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title="Woman, Jew, Intellectual:" How the Nazi State Saw Hannah Arendt |url=https://lithub.com/woman-jew-intellectual-how-the-nazi-state-saw-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Literary Hub |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113203733/https://lithub.com/woman-jew-intellectual-how-the-nazi-state-saw-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Heidegger had broken away from the intellectual movement started by [[Edmund Husserl]], whose assistant he had been at [[University of Freiburg]] before coming to Marburg.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}} This was a period when Heidegger was preparing his lectures on Kant, which he would develop in the second part of his {{lang|de|[[Sein und Zeit]]}} (Being and Time) in 1927 and {{lang|de|[[Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik]]}} (1929). In his classes, he and his students struggled with the meaning of "[[Dasein|Being]]" as they studied [[Aristotle]]'s and [[Plato]]'s ''[[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]]'' concept of [[truth]], to which Heidegger opposed the pre-Socratic term [[ἀλήθεια]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}} Many years later Arendt would describe these classes, how people came to Marburg to hear him, and how, above all he imparted the idea of {{lang|de|Denken}} ("thinking") as activity, which she qualified as "passionate thinking".{{sfn|Arendt|1971}}

Arendt was restless, finding her studies neither emotionally nor intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, finishing her poem {{lang|de|Trost}} (Consolation, 1923) with the lines:{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=49, 479}}

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Die Stunden verrinnen, Die Tage vergehen, Es bleibt ein Gewinnen Das bloße Bestehen.}} 
(The hours run down. The days pass on. One achievement remains: merely being alive.)</blockquote>

Her encounter with Heidegger represented a dramatic departure from the past. He was handsome, a genius, romantic, and taught that thinking and "aliveness" were but one.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=49}} The 18-year-old Arendt then began a long romantic relationship with the 35-year-old Heidegger,{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017}} who was married with two young sons.{{efn|Martin Heidegger, a Roman Catholic, had married Elfride Petri on 21 March 1917. They had two sons, Jorg and Hermann{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}}}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}} Arendt later faced criticism for this because of Heidegger's support for the [[Nazi Party]] after his election as [[Rector (academia)|rector]] at Freiburg University in 1933. Nevertheless, he remained one of the most profound influences on her thinking,{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010a}} and he would later relate that she had been the inspiration for his work on passionate thinking in those days. They agreed to keep the details of the relationship a secret while preserving their letters.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=50}} The relationship was unknown until [[Elisabeth Young-Bruehl]]'s biography of Arendt appeared in 1982. At the time of publishing, Arendt and Heidegger were deceased but Heidegger's wife, Elfride, was still alive. The affair was not well known until 1995, when [[Elzbieta Ettinger]] gained access to the sealed correspondence{{sfn|Kohler|1996}} and published a controversial account that was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt on her integrity. That account,{{efn|Ettinger set out to write a biography of Arendt, but, being in poor health, never completed it, only this chapter being published as a separate work before she died{{sfn|Brent|2013}}}} which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted.{{sfn|Lilla|1999}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Brent|2013}}

At Marburg, Arendt lived at Lutherstraße 4.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004}} Among her friends was [[Hans Jonas]], a Jewish classmate. Another fellow student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher [[Günther Anders|Günther Siegmund Stern]], who would later become her first husband.{{sfn|Dries|2018}} Stern had completed his doctoral dissertation with Edmund Husserl at Freiburg, and was now working on his ''[[Habilitation]]'' thesis with Heidegger, but Arendt, involved with Heidegger, took little notice of him at the time.{{sfn|Ettinger|1997|p=31}}

====== ''Die Schatten'' (1925) ======
In the summer of 1925, while home at Königsberg, Arendt composed her sole autobiographical piece, {{lang|de|Die Schatten}} (The Shadows), a "description of herself"{{sfn|May|1986|p=24}}{{sfn|Balber|2017}} addressed to Heidegger.{{efn|The essay is preserved in the published correspondence between Arendt and Heidegger{{sfn|Arendt|Heidegger|2004}}}}{{sfn|Heidegger|1925}} In this essay, full of anguish and [[Heideggerian terminology|Heideggerian language]], she reveals her insecurities relating to her femininity and Jewishness, writing abstractly in the third person.{{efn|for instance "perhaps her youth will free itself from this spell"}} She describes a state of "{{lang|de|Fremdheit}}" (alienation), on the one hand an abrupt loss of youth and innocence, on the other an "{{lang|de|Absonderlichkeit}}" (strangeness), the finding of the remarkable in the banal.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=51}} In her detailing of the pain of her childhood and longing for protection she shows her vulnerabilities and how her love for Heidegger had released her and once again filled her world with color and mystery. She refers to her relationship with Heidegger as "{{lang|de|Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges}}" ("an unbending devotion to a unique man").{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=50–54}}{{sfn|Brightman|2004}} This period of intense introspection was also one of the most productive of her poetic output,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=50–56}} such as {{lang|de|In sich versunken}} (Lost in Self-Contemplation).{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=50–51, 481–82}}

{{multiple image | header = Teachers | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | float = none
|image1=Heidegger 2 (1960).jpg|caption1 =[[Martin Heidegger]] |alt1=Photo of Martin Heidegger
|image2=Edmund Husserl 1900.jpg|caption2=[[Edmund Husserl]]|alt2=Portrait of Edmund Husserl
|image3=Karl Jaspers (HeidICON 33478).jpg|caption3=[[Karl Jaspers]] |alt3=Photo of Karl Jaspers
}}

===== Freiburg and Heidelberg (1926–1929) =====
After a year at Marburg, Arendt spent a semester at Freiburg, attending the lectures of Husserl.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} In 1926 she moved to the [[University of Heidelberg]], completing her [[dissertation]] in 1929 under Karl Jaspers.{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiii}} Jaspers, a friend of Heidegger, was the other leading figure of the then-new and revolutionary ''[[Existential philosophy|Existenzphilosophie]]''.{{sfn|Villa|2009}} Her thesis was titled ''[[Love and Saint Augustine|Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation]]'' (On the concept of love in the thought of [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]]: Attempt at a philosophical interpretation).{{sfn|Arendt|1929}} She remained a lifelong friend of Jaspers and his wife, Gertrud Mayer, developing a deep intellectual relationship with him.{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}} At Heidelberg, her circle of friends included Hans Jonas, who had also moved from Marburg to study [[Augustine]], working on his {{lang|de|Augustin und das paulinische Freiheitsproblem. Ein philosophischer Beitrag zur Genesis der christlich-abendländischen Freiheitsidee}} (1930),{{efn|''Augustin and the Pauline freedom problem. A philosophical contribution to the genesis of the Christian-Western idea of freedom''}} and also a group of three young philosophers: [[Karl Frankenstein]], [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich Neumann]] and [[:de:Erwin Loewenson|Erwin Loewenson]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=66}} Other friends and students of Jaspers were the linguists [[:de:Benno von Wiese|Benno von Wiese]] and [[:de:Hugo Friedrich|Hugo Friedrich]] (seen with Hannah, below), with whom she attended lectures by [[Friedrich Gundolf]] at Jaspers' suggestion and who kindled in her an interest in [[German Romanticism]]. She also became reacquainted, at a lecture, with [[Kurt Blumenfeld]], who introduced her to Jewish politics. At Heidelberg, she lived in the old town ({{lang|de|Altstadt}}) near the [[Heidelberg Castle|castle]], at Schlossberg 16. The house was demolished in the 1960s, but the one remaining wall bears a plaque commemorating her time there (''see image below'').{{sfn|Jen|2016}}

{{multiple image | header = Arendt at Heidelberg 1926–1929 | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | float = none
|image1=Arendt in Heidelberg (cropped).jpg|caption1=Hannah Arendt (2nd from right), [[:de:Benno von Wiese|Benno von Wiese]] (far right), [[:de:Hugo Friedrich|Hugo Friedrich]] (2nd from left) and friend at Heidelberg University 1928|alt1=Photo of Hannah with student friends at the university at Heildelberg in 1928
|image2=HannahArendtHeidelberg 1.jpg|caption2 = Plaque marking Arendt's residence in Heidelberg |alt2= Plaque on house where Hannah lived at Heidelberg
}}
On completing her dissertation, Arendt turned to her {{lang|de|[[Habilitationsschrift]]}}, initially on German Romanticism,{{sfn|Zebadúa Yáñez|2018}} and thereafter an academic teaching career. However 1929 was also the year of the [[Great Depression|Depression]] and the end of the golden years ({{lang|de|Goldene Zwanziger}}) of the [[Weimar Republic]], which was to become increasingly unstable over its remaining four years. Arendt, as a Jew, had little if any chance of obtaining an academic appointment in Germany.{{sfn|Saussy|2013}} Nevertheless, she completed most of the work before she was forced to leave Germany.{{sfn|Weissberg|Elon|1999}}

== Career ==

=== Germany (1929–1933) ===

==== Berlin-Potsdam (1929) ====
[[File:Günther Stern and Hannah Arendt (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Günther Anders|Günther Stern]] and Hannah Arendt in 1929|alt=Photo of Günther Stern with Hannah Arendt in 1929]]
In 1929, Arendt met Günther Stern again, this time in Berlin at a New Year's masked ball,{{sfn|Magenau|2016}} and began a relationship with him.{{efn|"I won Hannah's heart at a ball, whilst dancing: I remarked that "love is the act in which one transforms an ''[[a posteriori]]'', the other person one has encountered by coincidence – into the ''a priori'' of one's own life." – This pretty formula did admittedly not turn out to be true."{{sfn|Dries|2018}}}}{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Dries|2018}} Within a month she had moved in with him in a one-room studio, shared with a dancing school in [[Berlin-Halensee]]. Then they moved to Merkurstraße 3, Nowawes,{{sfn|Kramer|2017}} in [[Potsdam]]{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=74}} and were married there on 26 September.{{efn|Extramarital cohabitation was not unusual amongst Berlin intelligentsia, but would be considered scandalous in provincial university communities, necessitating their marriage before moving to Heidelberg and Frankfurt to pursue Günther's academic aspirations.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=78}}}}{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=84}} They had much in common and the marriage was welcomed by both sets of parents.{{sfn|Ettinger|1997|p=31}} In the summer, Hannah Arendt successfully applied to the {{lang|de|Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft}} for a grant to support her ''Habilitation'', which was supported by Heidegger and Jaspers among others, and in the meantime, with Günther's help was working on revisions to get her dissertation published.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=77}}

==== ''Wanderjahre'' (1929–1931) ====
After Arendt and Stern were married, they began two years of what Christian Dries refers to as the {{lang|de|Wanderjahre}} (years of wandering) with the ultimately fruitless aim of having Stern accepted for an academic appointment.{{sfn|Dries|2011}} They lived for a while in Drewitz,{{sfn|Berkowitz|2012a}} a southern neighborhood of Potsdam, before moving to Heidelberg, where they lived with the Jaspers. After Heidelberg, where Stern completed the first draft of his {{lang|de|Habilitation}} thesis, the two then moved to Frankfurt where Stern hoped to finish his writing. There, Arendt participated in the university's intellectual life, attending lectures by [[Karl Mannheim]] and [[Paul Tillich]], among others.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=82}} The couple collaborated intellectually, writing an article together{{sfn|Arendt|Stern|1930}} on [[Rilke]]'s {{lang|de|[[Duino Elegies]]}} (1923){{sfn|Rilke|1912–1922}} and both reviewing Mannheim's {{lang|de|Ideologie und Utopie}} (1929).{{sfn|Kettler|2009}} The latter was Arendt's sole contribution to sociology.{{sfn|Dries|2018}}{{sfn|Ettinger|1997|p=31}}{{sfn|Arendt|1930b}} In both her treatment of Mannheim and Rilke, Arendt found love to be a transcendent principle "Because there is no true transcendence in this ordered world, one also cannot exceed the world, but only succeed to higher ranks".{{efn|{{lang|de|Da es nun wahre Transzendenz in dieser geordneten Welt nicht gibt, gibt es auch nicht wahre Übersteigung, sondern nur Aufsteigen in andere Ränge}}}} In Rilke she saw a latter day secular Augustine, describing the {{lang|de|Elegies}} as the {{lang|de|letzten literarischen Form religiösen Dokumentes}} (ultimate form of religious document). Later, she would discover the limitations of transcendent love in explaining the historical events that pushed her into political action.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=84–85, 500}} Another theme from Rilke that she would develop was the despair of not being heard. Reflecting on Rilke's opening lines, which she placed as an epigram at the beginning of their essay

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich denn aus der Engel Ordnungen?}} 
(Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic orders?)</blockquote>

Arendt and Stern begin by stating:{{sfn|Hill|2015}}

<blockquote>The paradoxical, ambiguous, and desperate situation from which standpoint the ''Duino Elegies'' may alone be understood has two characteristics: the absence of an echo and the knowledge of futility. The conscious renunciation of the demand to be heard, the despair at not being able to be heard, and finally the need to speak even without an answer–these are the real reasons for the darkness, asperity, and tension of the style in which poetry indicates its own possibilities and its will to form{{efn|{{lang|de|Echolosigkeit und das Wissen um die Vergeblichkeit ist die paradoxe, zweideutige und verzweifelte Situation, aus der allein die Duineser Elegien zu verstehen sind. Dieser bewußte Verzicht auf Gehörtwerden, diese Verzweiflung, nicht gehört werden zu können, schließlich der Wortzwang ohne Antwort ist der eigentliche Grund der Dunkelheit, Abruptheit und Überspanntheit des Stiles, in dem die Dichtung ihre eigenen Möglichkeiten und ihren Willen zur Form aufgibt.}}}}</blockquote>

Arendt also published an article on Augustine (354–430) in the ''[[Frankfurter Zeitung]]''{{sfn|Arendt|1930a}} to mark the 1500th anniversary of his death. She saw this article as forming a bridge between her treatment of Augustine in her dissertation and her subsequent work on Romanticism.{{sfn|Scott|Stark|1996}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=79, 81}} When it became evident Stern would not succeed in obtaining an appointment,{{efn|Stern was advised that employment at a university was unlikely due to the rising power of the Nazis, adding: "Now it's the turn of the Nazis for a year or little more. After they fail, we'll give you the habilitation" ("Jetzt kommen erst einmal die Nazis dran für ein Jahr oder so. Wenn die dann abgewirtschaftet haben, werden wir Sie habilitieren").<ref>{{Cite book | title=Interviews & Erklärungen |trans-title=Interviews & explanations |last=Schubert |first=Elke |publisher=Tiamat |location=Berlin |date=1987 |page=29 |isbn=3-923118-11-2 |language=de}}</ref>}} the Sterns returned to Berlin in 1931.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}

==== Return to Berlin (1931–1933) ====
In Berlin, where the couple initially lived in the predominantly Jewish area of {{lang|de|[[Bayerisches Viertel]]}} (Bavarian Quarter or "Jewish Switzerland") in Schöneberg,{{sfn|Rosenberg|2012}}{{sfn|KGB|2018}} Stern obtained a position as a staff-writer for the cultural supplement of the ''[[Berliner Börsen-Courier]]'', edited by [[Herbert Ihering]], with the help of [[Bertold Brecht]]. There he started writing using the pen name Günther Anders, i.e. "Günther Other".{{efn|There are a number of theories as to his reason for adopting the pen name ''Anders'', including Herbert Ihering's that there were too many writers called Stern, so he chose something "different" ({{lang|de|anders}}); its sounding less Jewish,;{{sfn|Dries|2018}} and not wanting to be seen as the son of his famous father.{{sfn|Jonas|2006}}}}{{sfn|Dries|2018}} Arendt assisted Günther with his work, but the shadow of Heidegger hung over their relationship. While Günther was working on his {{lang|de|Habilitationsschrift}}, Arendt had abandoned the original subject of German Romanticism for her thesis in 1930, and turned instead to [[Rahel Varnhagen]] and the question of [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]].{{sfn|Zebadúa Yáñez|2018}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=85}} Anne Mendelssohn had accidentally acquired a copy of Varnhagen's correspondence and excitedly introduced her to Arendt, donating her collection to her. A little later, Arendt's work on Romanticism led her to a study of Jewish [[salon (gathering)|salons]] and eventually to those of Varnhagen. In Rahel, she found qualities she felt reflected her own, particularly those of sensibility and vulnerability.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=56}} Rahel, like Hannah, found her destiny in her Jewishness. Hannah Arendt would come to call Rahel Varnhagen's discovery of living with her destiny as being a "conscious pariah".{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=38}} This was a personal trait that Arendt had recognized in herself, although she did not embrace the term until later.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=39}}

Back in Berlin, Arendt found herself becoming more involved in politics and started studying political theory, and reading [[Marx]] and [[Trotsky]], while developing contacts at the [[Deutsche Hochschule für Politik]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=92}} Despite the political leanings of her mother and husband she never saw herself as a political leftist, justifying her activism as being through her Jewishness.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=104–05}} Her increasing interest in Jewish politics and her examination of assimilation in her study of Varnhagen led her to publish her first article on Judaism, {{lang|de|[[:de:Aufklärung und Judenfrage|Aufklärung und Judenfrage]]}} ("The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question", 1932).{{sfn|Arendt-Stern|1932}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=93}} Blumenfeld had introduced her to the "[[Jewish question]]", which would be his lifelong concern.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxix}} Meanwhile, her views on German Romanticism were evolving. She wrote a review of [[:de:Hans Weil|Hans Weil]]'s {{lang|de|Die Entstehung des deutschen Bildungsprinzips}} (''The Origin of German Educational Principle'', 1930),{{sfn|Weil|1967}} which dealt with the emergence of {{lang|de|[[:de:Bildungselite|Bildungselite]]}} (educational elite) in the time of Rahel Varnhagen.{{sfn|Arendt|1931}} At the same time she began to be occupied by [[Max Weber]]'s description of the status of Jewish people within a state as {{lang|de|Pariavolk}} ([[outcast (person)|pariah]] people) in his ''[[Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft]]'' (1922),{{sfn|Weber|1978|pp=493ff}}{{sfn|Swedberg|Agevall|2016|pp=245–46}} while borrowing [[Bernard Lazare]]'s term ''paria conscient'' (conscious pariah){{sfn|Lazare|2016|p=8}} with which she identified.{{efn|{{lang|de|Pariavolk}}: In {{lang|de|Religionssoziologie}} (The Sociology of Religion). While Arendt based her work on Weber, a number of earlier authors had also used this term, including [[Theodor Herzl]]{{sfn|Momigliano|1980}}}}{{sfn|Momigliano|1980}}{{sfn|Arendt|1944}}{{sfn|Ray|Diemling|2016}} In both these articles she advanced the views of [[Johann Herder]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=93}} Another interest of hers at the time was the status of women, resulting in her 1932 review{{sfn|Arendt|1932a}} of [[Alice Rühle-Gerstel]]'s book {{lang|de|Das Frauenproblem in der Gegenwart. Eine psychologische Bilanz}} (Contemporary Women's Issues: A psychological balance sheet).{{sfn|Rühle-Gerstel|1932}} Although not a supporter of the women's movement, the review was sympathetic. At least in terms of the status of women at that time, she was skeptical of the movement's ability to achieve political change.{{sfn|Bagchi|2007}} She was also critical of the movement, because it was a women's movement, rather than contributing with men to a political movement, and abstract rather than striving for concrete goals. In this manner she echoed [[Rosa Luxemburg]]. Like Luxemburg, she would later criticize Jewish movements for the same reason. Arendt consistently prioritized political over social questions.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=95–97}}

By 1932, faced with a deteriorating political situation, Arendt was deeply troubled by reports that Heidegger was speaking at [[National Socialist]] meetings. She wrote, asking him to deny that he was attracted to National Socialism. Heidegger replied that he did not seek to deny the rumors (which were true), and merely assured her that his feelings for her were unchanged.{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}} As a Jew in Nazi Germany, Arendt was prevented from making a living and discriminated against and confided to Anne Mendelssohn that emigration was probably inevitable. Jaspers had tried to persuade her to consider herself as a German first, a position she distanced herself from, pointing out that she was a Jew and that "{{lang|de|Für mich ist Deutschland die Muttersprache, die Philosophie und die Dichtung}}" (For me, Germany is the mother tongue, philosophy and poetry), rather than her identity. This position puzzled Jaspers, replying "It is strange to me that as a Jew you want to be different from the Germans".{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|pp=52ff}}

By 1933, life for the Jewish population in Germany was becoming precarious. [[Adolf Hitler]] became {{lang|de|[[Chancellor of Germany|Reichskanzler]]}} (Chancellor) in January, and the [[Reichstag fire|Reichstag was burned down]] ({{lang|de|Reichstagsbrand}}) the following month. This led to the suspension of [[civil liberties]], with attacks on the left, and, in particular, members of the [[Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands]] (German Communist Party: KPD). Stern, who had communist associations, fled to Paris, but Arendt stayed on to become an activist. Knowing her time was limited, she used the apartment at Opitzstraße 6 in [[Berlin-Steglitz]] that she had occupied with Stern since 1932 as an [[Underground Railroad|underground railway]] way-station for fugitives. Her rescue operation there is now recognized with a plaque on the wall.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=62–64}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=102–04}}
[[File:Gedenktafel Opitzstr 6 (Stegl) Hannah Arendt.JPG|thumb|Memorial at Opitzstraße 6|alt=Plaque on the wall at Hannah's apartment building on Opitzstraße, commemorating her]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P014772, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Unter den Linden.jpg|thumb|[[Prussian State Library]] 1939|alt=Photo of exterior of Prussian State Library in 1939]]
Arendt had already positioned herself as a critic of the rising Nazi Party in 1932 by publishing "''Adam-Müller-Renaissance?''"{{sfn|Arendt|1932b}} a critique of the appropriation of the life of [[Adam Müller]] to support right wing ideology. The beginnings of anti-Jewish laws and boycott came in the spring of 1933. Confronted with systemic antisemitism, Arendt adopted the ''[[Motif (narrative)|motiv]]'' "If one is attacked as a Jew one must defend oneself as a Jew. Not as a German, not as a world citizen, not as an upholder of the Rights of Man."{{sfn|Villa|2009}}{{sfn|Arendt|1964}} This was Arendt's introduction of the concept of Jew as Pariah that would occupy her for the rest of her life in her Jewish writings.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=133}} She took a public position by publishing part of her largely completed biography of Rahel Varnhagen as "{{lang|de|Originale Assimilation: Ein Nachwort zu Rahel Varnhagen 100 Todestag}}" ("Original Assimilation: An Epilogue to the One Hundredth Anniversary of Rahel Varnhagen's Death") in the {{lang|de|[[:de:Kölnische Zeitung|Kölnische Zeitung]]}} on 7 March 1933 and a little later also in {{lang|de|[[:de:Jüdische Rundschau|Jüdische Rundschau]]}}.{{efn|"Original Assimilation" was first published in English in 2007, as part of the collection ''Jewish Writings''.{{sfn|Arendt|2009a|pp=22–28}}}}{{sfn|Saussy|2013}} In the article she argues that the age of assimilation that began with Varnhagen's generation had come to an end with an official state policy of antisemitism. She opened with the declaration:{{sfn|Arendt|2009a|p=22}}

<blockquote>Today in Germany it seems Jewish ''assimilation'' must declare its bankruptcy. The general social antisemitism and its official legitimation affects in the first instance assimilated Jews, who can no longer protect themselves through baptism or by emphasizing their differences from Eastern Judaism.{{efn|"{{lang|de|Die jüdische Assimilation scheint heute in Deutschland ihren Bankrott anmelden zu müssen. Der allgemein gesellschaftliche und offiziell legitimierte Antisemitismus trifft in erster Linie das assimilierte Judentum, das sich nicht mehr durch Taufe und nicht mehr durch betonte Distanz zum Ostjudentum entlasten kann.}}"{{sfn|Goethe Institut|2011}}}}</blockquote>

As a Jew, Arendt was anxious to inform the world of what was happening to her people in 1930–1933.{{sfn|Villa|2009}} She surrounded herself with Zionist activists, including Kurt Blumenfeld, [[Martin Buber]] and [[Salman Schocken]], and started to research antisemitism. Arendt had access to the [[Prussian State Library]] for her work on Varnhagen. Blumenfeld's ''Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland'' ([[Zionist Federation of Germany]]) persuaded her to use this access to obtain evidence of the extent of antisemitism, for a planned speech to the [[Zionist Congress]] in Prague. This research was illegal at the time.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=63}} Her actions led to her being denounced by a librarian for anti-state propaganda, resulting in the arrest of both Arendt and her mother by the ''[[Gestapo]]''. They served eight days in prison but her notebooks were in code and could not be deciphered, and she was released by a young, sympathetic arresting officer to await trial.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010}}{{sfn|EWB|2010}}

=== Exile: France (1933–1941) ===

==== Paris (1933–1940) ====
[[File:Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg|thumb|Arendt in 1933]]
On release, realizing the danger she was now in, Arendt and her mother fled Germany{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} following the established escape route over the [[Ore Mountains]] by night into Czechoslovakia and on to Prague and then by train to [[Geneva]]. In Geneva, she made a conscious decision to commit herself to "the Jewish cause". She obtained work with a friend of her mother's at the [[League of Nations]]' [[Jewish Agency for Palestine]], distributing visas and writing speeches.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=64}}

From Geneva the Arendts traveled to Paris in the autumn, where she was reunited with Stern, joining a stream of refugees.{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiv}} While Arendt had left Germany without papers, her mother had travel documents and returned to Königsberg and her husband.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=64}} In Paris, she befriended Stern's cousin, the [[Marxism|Marxist]] literary critic and philosopher [[Walter Benjamin]] and also the Jewish French philosopher [[Raymond Aron]].{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiv}}

Arendt was now an ''[[émigré]]e'', an exile, stateless, without papers, and had turned her back on the Germany and Germans of the {{lang|de|[[Nazizeit]]}}.{{sfn|Villa|2009}} Her legal status was precarious and she was coping with a foreign language and culture, all of which took its toll on her mentally and physically.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=136}} In 1934 she started working for the [[Zionist]]-funded outreach program Agriculture et Artisanat,{{sfn|Vowinckel|2004|p=33}} giving lectures and organizing clothing, documents, medications and education for Jewish youth seeking to emigrate to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], mainly as agricultural workers. Initially she was employed as a secretary, and then office manager. To improve her skills she studied French, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Yiddish]]. In this way she was able to support herself and her husband.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=64–65}} When the organization closed in 1935, her work for Blumenfeld and the Zionists in Germany brought her into contact with the wealthy philanthropist [[:fr:Germaine de Rothschild|Baroness Germaine Alice de Rothschild]] (born Halphen, 1884–1975),{{sfn|Adelman|2016}} wife of [[Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild]], becoming her assistant. In this position she oversaw the baroness' contributions to Jewish charities through the Paris [[Israelite Central Consistory of France|Consistoire]], although she had little time for the family as a whole.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=64}}{{efn| The Rothschilds had headed the central ''Consistoire'' for a century but stood for everything Arendt did not, opposing immigration and any connection with German Jewry.{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010a|pp=90–91}}}}

Later in 1935, Arendt joined [[Youth Aliyah]] (Youth immigration),{{efn|Youth Aliyah, literally Youth Immigration, reflecting the fundamental Zionist tenet of "going up" to Jerusalem}} an organization similar to Agriculture et Artisanat that was founded in Berlin on the day Hitler seized power. It was affiliated with [[Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America|Hadassah]],{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=135}}{{sfn|Cullen-DuPont|2014|pp=16–17}} which later saved many from the [[Holocaust]],{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=137–39}}{{sfn|Whitfield|1998}}{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} and there Arendt eventually became Secretary-General (1935–1939).{{sfn|LoC|2001}}{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiv}} Her work with Youth Aliyah also involved finding food, clothing, social workers and lawyers, but above all, fund raising.{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010}} She made her first visit to [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1935, accompanying one of these groups and meeting with her cousin Ernst Fürst there.{{efn|Hannah Arendt's mother, Martha Arendt (born Cohn) had a sister Margarethe Fürst in Berlin, with whom the Arendts sought refuge for a while during World War I. Margarethe's son Ernst (Hannah Arendt's cousin) married Hannah's childhood friend Käthe Lewin, and they emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1934. There, their first daughter was named Hannah after Arendt ("Big Hannah"). Their second daughter, [[:de:Edna Brocke|Edna Fürst]] (b. 1943), later married [[:de:Michael Brocke|Michael Brocke]] and accompanied her great aunt Hannah Arendt at the Eichmann trial{{sfn|Brocke|2009a}} }}{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=136}} With the Nazi [[annexation of Austria]] and [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in 1938, Paris was flooded with refugees, and she became the special agent for the rescue of the children from those countries.{{sfn|LoC|2001}} In 1938, Arendt completed her biography of Rahel Varnhagen,{{sfn|Arendt|1997}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=91}}{{sfn|Azria|1987}} although this was not published until 1957.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Zohn|1960}} In April 1939, following the devastating ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' [[pogrom]] of November 1938, Martha Beerwald realized her daughter would not return and made the decision to leave her husband and join Arendt in Paris. One stepdaughter had died and the other had moved to England, Martin Beerwald would not leave and she no longer had any close ties to Königsberg.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=149}}

===== Heinrich Blücher =====
In 1936, Arendt met the self-educated Berlin poet and [[Marxist]] philosopher [[Heinrich Blücher]] in Paris.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=139}} Blücher had been a [[Spartacus League|Spartacist]] and then a founding member of the KPD, but had been expelled due to his work in the {{lang|de|Versöhnler}} ([[Conciliator faction]]).{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxix}}{{sfn|Kippenberger|1936|p=1185 n. 110}}{{sfn|Weber et al|2014|p=1392 n. 343}} Although Arendt had rejoined Stern in 1933, their marriage existed in name only, with their having separated in Berlin.{{efn|Arendt/Heidegger: Arendt confided to Heidegger's wife Elfride in a letter dated 10 February 1950, that when she left Marburg she was absolutely resolved never to love a man again, "And then I got married, just to get married, to a man I didn't love". Arendt goes on to say that she felt absolutely superior to things, that she believed she could have everything at her disposal, precisely because she expected nothing for herself. Finally she said that everything changed only when she met the man who would become her second husband.{{sfn|Arendt|Heidegger|2004}}}} She fulfilled her social obligations and used the name Hannah Stern, but the relationship effectively ended when Stern, perhaps recognizing the danger better than she, emigrated to America with his parents in 1936.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=136}} In 1937, Arendt was stripped of her [[German nationality law|German citizenship]] and she and Stern divorced. She had begun seeing more of Blücher, and eventually they began living together. It was Blücher's long political activism that began to move Arendt's thinking towards political action.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxix}} Arendt and Blücher married on 16 January 1940, shortly after their divorces were finalized.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=152}}

==== Internment and escape (1940–1941) ====
[[File:Camp de Gurs panneau mémoriel 1980.jpg|thumb|Memorial at [[Camp Gurs]]|alt=Memorial plaque at Camp Gurs to al who were detained there]]
On 5 May 1940, in anticipation of the [[Invasion of France (Nazi Germany)|German invasion of France]] and the [[Low Countries]] that month, the [[military governor of Paris]] issued a proclamation ordering all "enemy aliens" between 17 and 55 who had come from Germany (predominantly Jews) to report separately for [[internment]]. The women were gathered together in the [[Vélodrome d'Hiver]] on 15 May, so Hannah Arendt's mother, being over 55, was allowed to stay in Paris. Arendt described the process of making [[refugees]] as "the new type of human being created by contemporary history ... put into concentration camps by their foes and into internment camps by their friends".{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=152}}{{sfn|Bernstein|2013|p=71}} The men, including Blücher, were sent to [[Camp Vernet]] in southern France, close to the Spanish border. Arendt and the other women were sent to [[Camp Gurs]], to the west of [[Gurs]], a week later. The camp had earlier been set up to accommodate [[Spanish Civil War|refugees from Spain]]. On 22 June, France [[capitulation (surrender)|capitulated]] and signed the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|Compiègne armistice]], dividing the country. Gurs was in the southern [[Vichy France|Vichy]] controlled section. Arendt describes how, "in the resulting chaos we succeeded in getting hold of liberation papers with which we were able to leave the camp",{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=155}} which she did with about 200 of the 7,000 women held there, about four weeks later.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=72–73}} There was no [[French Resistance|Résistance]] then, but she managed to walk and hitchhike north to [[Montauban]],{{efn|Gurs to Montauban, about 300 km}} near [[Toulouse]] where she knew she would find help.{{sfn|Bernstein|2013|p=71}}{{sfn|Vowinckel|2004|p=38}}

Montauban had become an unofficial capital for former detainees,{{efn|The [[Huguenot]] mayor of Montauban had made welcoming political refugees an official policy{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=73}}}} and Arendt's friend Lotta Sempell Klembort was staying there. Blücher's camp had been evacuated in the wake of the German advance, and he managed to escape from a forced march, making his way to Montauban, where the two of them led a fugitive life. Soon they were joined by Anne Mendelssohn and Arendt's mother. Escape from France was extremely difficult without official papers; their friend [[Walter Benjamin]] had taken his own life after being apprehended trying to escape to Spain. One of the best-known illegal routes operated out of [[Marseilles]], where [[Varian Fry]], an American journalist, worked to raise funds, forge papers and bribe officials with [[Hiram Bingham IV|Hiram Bingham]], the American vice-consul there.

Fry and Bingham secured exit papers and American visas for thousands, and with help from Günther Stern, Arendt, her husband, and her mother managed to secure the requisite permits to travel by train in January 1941 through Spain to Lisbon, Portugal, where they rented a flat at Rua da Sociedade Farmacêutica, 6b.{{efn|In December 2018, a plaque to recognize Arendt's stay in Lisbon was unveiled at the corner of Rua da Sociedade Farmacêutica and Conde Redondo, including a quotation from "We Refugees" (''see [[#Lisboa|image]]''){{sfn|Tavares|2018}}{{sfn|Paula|2018}} }}{{sfn|Moreira|2017}} They eventually secured passage to New York in May on the [[Companhia Colonial de Navegação]]'s S/S ''Guiné II''.{{sfn|Teixeira|2006}} A few months later, Fry's operations were shut down and the borders sealed.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Bernstein|2013|pp=72–73}}

=== New York (1941–1975) ===

==== World War II (1941–1945) ====
Upon arriving in New York City on 22 May 1941 with very little, Hannah's family received assistance from the [[Zionist Organization of America]] and the local German immigrant population, including [[Paul Tillich]] and neighbors from Königsberg. They rented rooms at 317 West 95th Street and Martha Arendt joined them there in June. There was an urgent need to acquire English, and it was decided that Hannah Arendt should spend two months with an American family in [[Winchester, Massachusetts]], through Self-Help for Refugees, in July.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=164}} She found the experience difficult but formulated her early appraisal of American life, {{lang|de|Der Grundwiderspruch des Landes ist politische Freiheit bei gesellschaftlicher Knechtschaft}} (The fundamental contradiction of the country is political freedom coupled with social slavery).{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers 29 January 1946}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=166}}

On returning to New York, Arendt was anxious to resume writing and became active in the German-Jewish community, publishing her first article, "From the [[Dreyfus Affair]] to France Today" (in translation from her German) in July 1941.{{efn|Arguing that anti-semitism in France was a continuum from Dreyfus to Pétain{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=168}}}}{{sfn|Arendt|1942}} While she was working on this article, she was looking for employment and in November 1941 was hired by the New York German-language Jewish newspaper ''{{lang|de|[[Aufbau]]}}'' and from 1941 to 1945, she wrote a political column for it, covering antisemitism, refugees and the need for a Jewish army. She also contributed to the ''[[Menorah Journal]]'', a Jewish-American magazine,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=196}} and other German ''émigré'' publications.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}

[[File:370RSD in winter from the park.jpg|thumb|190px|Arendt and Blücher were residents at [[370 Riverside Drive]] in New York City.]]
Arendt's first full-time salaried job came in 1944, when she became the director of research and executive director for the newly emerging [[Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction]], a project of the Conference on Jewish Relations.{{efn|The Conference on Jewish Relations, established in 1933 by [[Salo Baron]] and [[Morris Raphael Cohen]] was renamed the Conference on Jewish Social Studies in 1955, and began publishing ''Jewish Social Studies'' in 1939{{sfn|Baron|2007}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=186–87}}}} She was recruited "because of her great interest in the Commission's activities, her previous experience as an administrator, and her connections with Germany". There she compiled lists of Jewish cultural assets in Germany and Nazi occupied Europe, to aid in their recovery after the war.{{sfn|Herman|2008}} Together with her husband, she lived at [[370 Riverside Drive]] in New York City and at [[Kingston, New York]], where Blücher taught at nearby [[Bard College]] for many years.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Bird|1975a}}

==== Post-war (1945–1975) ====
[[File:Hannah and Heinrich Blücher, New York (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hannah Arendt with [[Heinrich Blücher]], New York 1950|alt=Photo of Hannah and Heinrich Blücher in New York in 1950]]
In July 1946, Arendt left her position at the Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction to become an editor at [[Schocken Books]], which later published some of her works.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Miller|2017}} In 1948, she became engaged with the campaign of [[Judah Magnes]] for a solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxix}} She famously opposed the establishment of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine and initially also opposed the establishment of a binational Arab-Jewish state. Instead, she advocated for the inclusion of Palestine into a multi-ethnic federation. Only in 1948 in an effort to forestall partition did she support a binational [[one-state solution]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Gil|date=August 2015|title=From Federalism to Binationalism: Hannah Arendt's Shifting Zionism|journal=Contemporary European History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=24|issue=3|pages=393–413, 414|doi=10.1017/S0960777315000223|jstor=26294065|s2cid=159871596}}</ref> She returned to the Commission in August 1949. In her capacity as executive secretary, she traveled to Europe, where she worked in Germany, Britain and France (December 1949 to March 1950) to negotiate the return of archival material from German institutions, an experience she found frustrating, but provided regular field reports.{{sfn|Arendt|1950}} In January 1952, she became secretary to the Board, although the work of the organization was winding down{{efn|The Commission, by then called Jewish Cultural Reconstruction (JCR), was largely the work of Hannah Arendt and Salo Baron}} and she was simultaneously pursuing her own intellectual activities; she retained this position until her death.{{efn|JCR was wound up in 1977}}{{sfn|Herman|2008}}{{sfn|Swift|2008|p=12}}{{sfn|Sznaider|2006}} Arendt's work on cultural restitution provided further material for her study of totalitarianism.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=188}}

In the 1950s Arendt wrote ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951),{{sfn|Arendt|1976}} ''[[The Human Condition (Arendt)|The Human Condition]]'' (1958){{sfn|Arendt|2013}} followed by ''[[On Revolution]]'' (1963).{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Arendt|2006}} Arendt began corresponding with the American author [[Mary McCarthy (author)|Mary McCarthy]], six years her junior, in 1950 and they soon became lifelong friends.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xii}}{{sfn|Arendt|McCarthy|1995}} In 1950, Arendt also became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States.{{sfn|Pfeffer|2008}} The same year, she started seeing Martin Heidegger again, and had what the American writer [[Adam Kirsch]] called a "quasi-romance", lasting for two years, with the man who had previously been her mentor, teacher, and lover.{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}} During this time, Arendt defended him against critics who noted his enthusiastic membership in the Nazi Party. She portrayed Heidegger as a naïve man swept up by forces beyond his control, and pointed out that Heidegger's philosophy had nothing to do with National Socialism.{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}} She suspected that loyal followers of [[Max Horkheimer|Horkheimer]] and [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno]] in Frankfurt were plotting against Heidegger. For Adorno she had a real aversion: "Half a Jew and one of the most repugnant men I know".<ref name="Saner1">{{Cite book |title=Hannah Arendt/Karl Jaspers Briefwechsel 1926–1969 |last1=Kohler |first1=Lotte |last2=Saner |first2=Hans |publisher=Piper |location=Munich |date=1985 |pages=669–670 |language=de}}</ref>{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}} According to Arendt, the [[Frankfurt School]] was willing, and quite capable of doing so, to destroy Heidegger: "For years they have branded anti-Semitism on anyone in Germany who opposes them, or have threatened to raise such an accusation".<ref name="Saner1" />{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}}

In 1961 she traveled to [[Jerusalem]] to report on [[Eichmann's trial]] for ''[[The New Yorker]]''. This report strongly influenced her popular recognition, and raised much controversy (''see [[#Arendt and the Eichmann trial (1961–1963)|below]]''). Her work was recognized by many awards, including the Danish [[Sonning Prize]] in 1975 for Contributions to European Civilization.{{sfn|Villa|2009}}{{sfn|Arendt|1975a}}

A few years later she spoke in New York City on the legitimacy of violence as a political act: "Generally speaking, violence always rises out of impotence. It is the hope of those who have no power to find a substitute for it and this hope, I think, is in vain. Violence can destroy power, but it can never replace it."{{sfn|Most|2017|p=57}}

===== Teaching =====
[[File:Hannah Arendt 1955 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hannah Arendt lecturing in Germany, 1955|alt=Photo of Hannah Arendt lecturing in Germany, 1955]]
Arendt taught at many institutions of higher learning from 1951 onwards, but, preserving her independence, consistently refused [[tenure-track]] positions. She was a [[visiting scholar]] at the [[University of Notre Dame]], [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[Princeton University]] (where she was the first woman to be appointed a full professor in 1959) and [[Northwestern University]]. She also taught at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1963 to 1967, where she was a member of the [[Committee on Social Thought]], {{sfn|Bird|1975a}}{{sfn|Courtine-Denamy|2000|p=36}} [[Yale University]], where she was a [[fellow]] and the Center for Advanced Studies at [[Wesleyan University]] (1961–62, 1962–63). From 1967 she was a professor at [[the New School]] for Social research in [[Manhattan]], New York City.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|CAS|2011}}

She was elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1962{{sfn|AAAS|2018}} and a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] in 1964.{{sfn|AAAL|2018}} In 1974, Arendt was instrumental in the creation of Structured Liberal Education (SLE) at [[Stanford University]]. She wrote a letter to the president of Stanford to persuade the university to enact Stanford history professor Mark Mancall's vision of a residentially-based humanities program.{{sfn|Bird|1975a}} At the time of her death, she was University Professor of [[Political philosophy|Political Philosophy]] at The New School.{{sfn|Bird|1975a}}

== Relationships ==
{{see also|#Correspondence}}
[[File:Arendt and McCarthy (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Arendt with [[Mary McCarthy (author)|Mary McCarthy]]|alt=Portrait of Hannah Arendt with Mary McCarthy]]

In addition to her affair with Heidegger, and her two marriages, Arendt had close friendships. Since her death, her correspondence with many of them has been published, revealing much information about her thinking. To her friends she was both loyal and generous, dedicating several of her works to them.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xl}} {{lang|de|Freundschaft}} (friendship) she described as being one of "{{lang|de|tätigen Modi des Lebendigseins}}" (the active modes of being alive),{{sfn|Berkowitz|Storey|2017|p=107}} and, to her, friendship was central both to her life and to the concept of politics.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xl}}{{sfn|Nixon|2015|p=viii}} Hans Jonas described her as having a "genius for friendship", and, in her own words, "{{lang|de|der Eros der Freundschaft}}" (love of friendship).{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xl}}{{sfn|Weyembergh|1999|p=94}}

Her philosophy-based friendships were male and European, while her later American friendships were more diverse, literary, and political. Although she became an American citizen in 1950, her cultural roots remained European, and her language remained her German "{{lang|de|Muttersprache}}" (mother tongue).{{sfn|Arendt|Gaus|2011a}} She surrounded herself with German-speaking ''émigrés'', sometimes referred to as "The Tribe". To her, {{lang|de|wirkliche Menschen}} (real people) were "pariahs", not in the sense of outcasts, but in the sense of outsiders, unassimilated, with the virtue of "social nonconformism ... the ''sine qua non'' of intellectual achievement", a sentiment she shared with Jaspers.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=xli–xliv}}

Arendt always had a {{lang|de|beste Freundin}} (best friend [female]). In her teens she had formed a lifelong relationship with her {{lang|de|Jugendfreundin}}, Anne Mendelssohn Weil ("Ännchen"). After she emigrated to America, Hilde Fränkel, Paul Tillich's secretary and mistress, filled that role until the latter died in 1950. After the war, Arendt was able to return to Germany and renew her relationship with Weil, who made several visits to New York, especially after Blücher's death in 1970. Their last meeting was in [[Tegna, Switzerland]] in 1975, shortly before Arendt's death.{{sfn|Ludz|2008b}} With Fränkel's death, Mary McCarthy became Arendt's closest friend and confidante.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=29}}{{sfn|Jones|2013}}{{sfn|Weigel|2013}}

== Final illness and death ==
[[File:HannahArendtGrave-BardCollege.jpg|thumb|Hannah Arendt's grave at [[Bard College]] Cemetery, [[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York]]]]
Heinrich Blücher had survived a [[cerebral aneurysm]] in 1961 and remained unwell after 1963, sustaining a series of heart attacks. On 31 October 1970, he died of a massive heart attack. A devastated Arendt had previously told Mary McCarthy, "Life without him would be unthinkable".{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=109}} Arendt was also a heavy smoker and was frequently depicted with a cigarette in her hand. She sustained a near-fatal heart attack while lecturing in Scotland in May 1974, and although she recovered, she remained in poor health afterward and continued to smoke.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=459}} On the evening of 4 December 1975, shortly after her 69th birthday, she had a further heart attack in [[370 Riverside Drive|her apartment]] while entertaining friends, and was pronounced dead at the scene.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=468}}{{sfn|Bird|1975b}} Her ashes were buried alongside those of Blücher at Bard College, in [[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York]] in May 1976.{{sfn|Bird|1975a}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=xlviii, 469}}

After Arendt's death the title page of the final part of ''The Life of the Mind'' ("Judging") was found in her typewriter, which she had just started, consisting of the title and two epigraphs. This has subsequently been reproduced in the edited version of her ''Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy''.(''see [[#judging|image]]'').{{sfn|Arendt|1992|p=4}}

==Work==
Arendt wrote works on [[intellectual history]] as a political theorist, using events and actions to develop insights into contemporary [[totalitarian]] movements and the threat to human freedom presented by scientific abstraction and bourgeois morality. Intellectually, she was an independent thinker, a loner, not a "joiner," separating herself from schools of thought or ideology.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxviii}} In addition to her major texts she published anthologies, including ''[[Between Past and Future]]'' (1961),{{sfn|Arendt|1961}} ''Men in Dark Times'' (1968){{sfn|Arendt|1968}} and ''Crises of the Republic'' (1972).{{sfn|Arendt|1972}} She also contributed to many publications, including ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', ''[[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]]'', ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'' and ''[[The New Yorker]]''.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} She is perhaps best known for her accounts of [[Adolf Eichmann]] and his trial,{{sfn|Arendt|2006a}} because of the intense controversy that it generated.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=1–32}}

=== Political theory and philosophical system ===
While Arendt never developed a systematic political theory and her writing does not easily lend itself to categorization, the tradition of thought most closely identified with Arendt is that of [[civic republicanism]], from Aristotle to [[Tocqueville]]. Her political concept is centered around [[active citizenship]] that emphasizes [[civic engagement]] and collective deliberation.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} She believed that no matter how bad, government could never succeed in extinguishing human freedom, despite holding that modern societies frequently retreat from democratic freedom with its inherent disorder for the relative comfort of administrative bureaucracy. Some have claimed her political legacy is her strong defence of freedom in the face of an increasingly less than free world.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} She does not adhere to a single systematic philosophy, but rather spans a range of subjects covering totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom and the faculties of thought and judgment.{{sfn|Yar|2018}}

While she is best known for her work on "dark times",{{efn|Dark Times: A phrase she took from [[Brecht]]'s poem {{lang|de|[[:de:An die Nachgeborenen|An die Nachgeborenen]]}} ("To Those Born After", 1938),{{sfn|Brecht|2018}} the first line of which reads {{lang|de|Wirklich, ich lebe in finsteren Zeiten!}} (Truly, I live in dark times!). To both Brecht and Arendt, "Dark Times" was not merely a descriptive term for perceived atrocities but an explanation of the loss of guiding principles of theory, knowledge and explanation{{sfn|Luban|1994}}}} the nature of totalitarianism and evil, she imbued this with a spark of hope and confidence in the nature of mankind:{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxviii}}

<blockquote>That even in the darkest of times we have the right to expect some illumination, and that such illumination might well come less from theories and concepts than from the uncertain, flickering, and often weak light that some men and women, in their lives and their works, will kindle under almost all circumstances and shed over the time span that was given to them. ''Men in Dark Times'' (1968){{sfn|Arendt|1968|p=ix}}</blockquote>

=== ''Love and Saint Augustine'' (1929) ===
{{main|Love and Saint Augustine}}
Arendt's doctoral thesis, {{lang|de|Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin. Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation}}{{sfn|Arendt|1929}} (''[[Love and Saint Augustine]]. Towards a philosophical interpretation''), was published in 1929 and attracted critical interest, although an English translation did not appear until 1996.{{sfn|Arendt|1996}} In this work she combined approaches of both Heidegger and Jaspers. Arendt's interpretation of love in the work of Augustine deals with three concepts, love as craving or desire (''Amor qua appetitus''), love in the relationship between man (''creatura'') and creator (''Creator – Creatura''), and neighborly love (''Dilectio proximi''). Love as craving anticipates the future, while love for the Creator deals with the remembered past. Of the three, ''dilectio proximi'' or ''[[Charity (virtue)|caritas]]''{{efn|Latin has three nouns for love: ''amor'', ''dilectio'' and ''caritas''. The corresponding verbs for the first two are ''amare'' and ''diligere''{{sfn|Augustine|1995|p=115 n. 31}}}} is perceived as the most fundamental, to which the first two are oriented, which she treats as ''vita socialis'' (social life) – the second of the [[Great Commandments]] (or [[Golden Rule]]) "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" uniting and transcending the former.{{efn|{{bibleverse|Matthew|22:39|KJV}} }}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=74}} Augustine's influence (and Jaspers' views on his work) persisted in Arendt's writings for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Calcagno|2013}}

{{quote box|title=''Amor mundi''|align=right| quote= <poem>''Amor mundi – warum ist es so schwer, die Welt zu lieben?'' Love of the world – why is it so difficult to love the world?</poem>|source= —''Denktagebuch'' I: 522{{sfn|Arendt|2002a|p=522}}}}

Some of the ''[[leitmotifs]]'' of her canon were apparent, introducing the concept of {{lang|de|[[:de:Natalität|Natalität]]}} (Natality) as a key condition of human existence and its role in the development of the individual,{{sfn|Arendt|1996}}{{sfn|Beiner|1997}}{{sfn|Kiess|2016|pp=22, 40}} developing this further in ''The Human Condition'' (1958).{{sfn|Arendt|2013}}{{sfn|Fry|2014}} She explained that the construct of natality was implied in her discussion of new beginnings and man's elation to the Creator as ''nova creatura''.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=49–500}}{{sfn|Kiess|2016|pp=101ff}} The centrality of the theme of birth and renewal is apparent in the constant reference to Augustinian thought, and specifically the innovative nature of birth, from this, her first work, to her last, ''The Life of the Mind''.{{sfn|Durst|2004}}

Love is another connecting theme. In addition to the Augustinian loves expostulated in her dissertation, the phrase ''amor mundi'' (love of the world) is one often associated with Arendt and both permeates her work and was an absorbing passion throughout her work.{{sfn|Bernauer|1987a|p=1}}{{sfn|Hill|2017}} She took the phrase from Augustine's homily on the [[:s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VII/First Epistle of John/Part 2|first epistle of St John]], "If love of the world dwell in us".{{sfn|Augustine|2008|loc=II: 8 p. 45}} ''Amor mundi'' was her original title for ''The Human Condition'' (1958),{{efn|Arendt explained to Karl Jaspers, in a letter dated 6 August 1955, that she intended to use St Augustine's concept of ''amor mundi'' as the title, as a token of gratitude{{sfn|Vollrath|1997}}}}{{sfn|Bernauer|1987|p=v}} the subtitle of Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's biography (1982),{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004}} the title of a collection of writing on faith in her work{{sfn|Bernauer|1987|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}} and is the newsletter of the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard College.{{sfn|Amor Mundi|2018}}

=== ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951) ===
{{Main|The Origins of Totalitarianism}}
Arendt's first major book, ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951),{{sfn|Arendt|1976}} examined the roots of [[Stalinism]] and [[Nazism]], structured as three essays, "Antisemitism", "Imperialism" and "Totalitarianism". Arendt argues that totalitarianism was a "novel form of government," that "differs essentially from other forms of political oppression known to us such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship"{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=460}} in that it applied terror to subjugate mass populations rather than just political adversaries.{{sfn|Arendt|1993a}}{{sfn|FCG|2018|loc=Introduction}} Arendt also maintained that Jewry was not the operative factor in the Holocaust, but merely a convenient proxy because Nazism was about terror and consistency, not merely eradicating Jews.{{sfn|FCG|2018|loc=Introduction}}{{sfn|Riesman|1951}} Arendt explained the tyranny using Kant's phrase "''[[radical evil]]''",{{sfn|Copjec|1996}} by which their victims became "superfluous people".{{sfn|Hattem|Hattem|2005}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=7}} In later editions she enlarged the text{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=xxiv}} to include her work on "Ideology and Terror: A novel form of government"{{sfn|Arendt|1993a}} and the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]], but then published the latter separately.{{sfn|Arendt|1958}}{{sfn|Arendt|1958a}}{{sfn|Szécsényi|2005}}

Criticism of ''Origins'' has often focused on its portrayal of the two movements, Hitlerism and Stalinism, as equally tyrannical.{{sfn|Nisbet|1992}}

=== ''Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess'' (1957) ===
{{Main|Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess}}
[[File:Rahel Levin.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Rahel Varnhagen]] {{Circa|1800}}|alt=Portrait of Rahel Varnhagen in 1800]]
Arendt's {{lang|de|Habilitationsschrift}} on Rahel Varnhagen was completed while she was living in exile in Paris in 1938, but not published till 1957, in the United Kingdom by East and West Library, part of the [[Leo Baeck Institute]].{{sfn|Aschheim|2011}} This biography of a 19th-century Jewish socialite, formed an important step in her analysis of Jewish history and the subjects of [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]] and [[emancipation]], and introduced her treatment of the [[Jewish diaspora]] as either ''pariah'' or ''parvenu''. In addition it represents an early version of her concept of history.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2003|p=34}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=85–92}} The book is dedicated to Anne Mendelssohn, who first drew her attention to Varnhagen.{{sfn|Zebadúa Yáñez|2018}}{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=107}}{{sfn|Benhabib|1995}} Arendt's relation to Varnhagen permeates her subsequent work. Her account of Varnhagen's life was perceived during a time of the destruction of German-Jewish culture. It partially reflects Arendt's own view of herself as a German-Jewish woman driven out of her own culture into a [[Statelessness|stateless]] existence,{{sfn|Grunenberg|2003|p=34}} leading to the description "biography as autobiography".{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=85–92}}{{sfn|Goldstein|2009}}{{sfn|Cutting-Gray|1991}}

=== ''The Human Condition'' (1958) ===
{{Main|The Human Condition}}
In what is arguably her most influential work, ''[[The Human Condition (Arendt book)|The Human Condition]]'' (1958),{{sfn|Arendt|2013}} Arendt differentiates political and social concepts, labor and work, and various forms of actions; she then explores the implications of those distinctions. Her theory of political action, corresponding to the existence of a public realm, is extensively developed in this work. Arendt argues that, while human life always evolves within societies, the social part of human nature, political life, has been intentionally realized in only a few societies as a space for individuals to achieve freedom. Conceptual categories, which attempt to bridge the gap between [[ontological]] and sociological structures, are sharply delineated. While Arendt relegates labor and work to the realm of the social, she favors the human condition of action as that which is both existential and aesthetic.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} Of human actions, Arendt identifies two that she considers essential. These are forgiving past wrong (or unfixing the fixed past) and promising future benefit (or fixing the unfixed future).{{sfn|Baier|1997|p=330}}

Arendt had first introduced the concept of "natality" in her ''Love and Saint Augustine'' (1929){{sfn|Arendt|1929}} and in ''The Human Condition'' starts to develop this further. In this, she departs from Heidegger's emphasis on mortality. Arendt's positive message is one of the "miracle of beginning", the continual arrival of the new to create action, that is to alter the state of affairs brought about by previous actions.{{sfn|Canovan|2013}} "Men", she wrote "though they must die, are not born in order to die but in order to begin". She defined her use of "natality" as:{{sfn|Arendt|2013|p=247}}

<blockquote>The miracle that saves the world, the realm of human affairs, from its normal, "natural" ruin is ultimately the fact of natality, in which the faculty of action is ontologically rooted. It is, in other words, the birth of new men and the new beginning, the action they are capable of by virtue of being born.</blockquote>

Natality would go on to become a central concept of her political theory, and also what Karin Fry considers its most optimistic one.{{sfn|Fry|2014}}

=== ''Between Past and Future'' (1954...1968) ===
{{Main|Between Past and Future|l1=Between Past and Future}}
''Between Past and Future'' is an anthology of eight essays written between 1954 and 1968, dealing with a variety of different but connected philosophical subjects. These essays share the central idea that humans live between the past and the uncertain future. Man must permanently think to exist, but must learn thinking. Humans have resorted to tradition, but are abandoning respect for this tradition and culture. Arendt tries to find solutions to help humans think again, since modern philosophy has not succeeded in helping humans to live correctly.{{sfn|Arendt|1961}}

=== ''On Revolution'' (1963) ===
{{main|On Revolution}}
Arendt's book ''On Revolution''{{sfn|Arendt|2006b}} presents a comparison of two of the main revolutions of the 18th century, the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution|French]] Revolutions. She goes against a common impression of both Marxist and [[leftist]] views when she argues that France, while well-studied and often emulated, was a disaster and that the largely ignored American Revolution was a success. The turning point in the French Revolution occurred when the leaders rejected their goals of freedom to focus on compassion for the masses. In the United States, the founders never betray the goal of ''{{lang|la|Constitutio Libertatis}}''. Arendt believes the revolutionary spirit of those men had been lost, however, and advocates a "council system" as an appropriate institution to regain that spirit.{{sfn|Wellmer|1999}}

=== ''Men in Dark Times'' (1968) ===
The anthology of essays ''Men in Dark Times'' presents intellectual biographies of some creative and moral figures of the 20th century, such as [[Walter Benjamin]], [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]], [[Hermann Broch]], [[Pope John XXIII]], and [[Isak Dinesen]].{{sfn|Arendt|1968}}

=== ''Crises of the Republic'' (1972) ===
{{main|Crises of the Republic}}
''Crises of the Republic''{{sfn|Arendt|1972}} was the third of Arendt's anthologies, consisting of four essays. These related essays deal with contemporary American politics and the crises it faced in the 1960s and 1970s. "Lying in Politics" looks for an explanation behind the administration's deception regarding the [[Vietnam War]], as revealed in the ''[[Pentagon Papers]]''. "Civil Disobedience" examines the opposition movements, while the final "Thoughts on Politics and Revolution" is a commentary, in the form of an interview on the third essay, "On Violence".{{sfn|Arendt|1972}}{{sfn|Nott|1972}} In "On Violence" Arendt substantiates that violence presupposes power which she understands as a property of groups. Thus, she breaks with the predominant conception of power as derived from violence.

==== ''The Life of the Mind'' (1978) ====
{{main|The Life of the Mind}}
[[File:Immanuel Kant portrait c1790.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Immanuel Kant]]|alt=Portrait of Kant ]]
Arendt's last major work, ''The Life of the Mind''{{sfn|Arendt|1981}} remained incomplete at the time of her death in 1975, but marked a return to moral philosophy. The outline of the book was based on her graduate level political philosophy class, ''Philosophy of the Mind'', and her [[Gifford Lectures]] in Scotland.{{sfn|Addison|1972–1974}} She conceived of the work as a trilogy based on the mental activities of thinking, willing, and judging. Her most recent work had focused on the first two, but went beyond this in terms of ''{{lang|la|vita activa}}''. Her discussion of thinking was based on [[Socrates]] and his notion of thinking as a solitary dialogue between oneself, leading her to novel concepts of conscience.{{sfn|Ojakangas|2010a}}

Arendt died suddenly five days after completing the second part, with the first page of Judging still in her typewriter, and McCarthy then edited the first two parts and provided some indication of the direction of the third.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=467}}{{sfn|Mckenna|1978}} Arendt's exact intentions for the third part are unknown but she left several manuscripts (such as ''Thinking and Moral Considerations'', ''Some Questions on Moral Philosophy'' and ''Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy'') relating to her thoughts on the mental [[Aesthetic judgment|faculty of Judging]]. These have since been published separately.{{sfn|Arendt|2009b}}{{sfn|Arendt|1992}}

==== Collected works ====
After Arendt died in 1975, her essays and notes have continued to be collected, edited and published posthumously by friends and colleagues, mainly under the editorship of Jerome Kohn, including those that give some insight into the unfinished third part of ''[[#The Life of the Mind|The Life of the Mind]]''.{{sfn|Miller|2017}} Some dealt with her Jewish identity. ''The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age'' (1978),{{sfn|Arendt|1978}} is a collection of 15 essays and letters from the period 1943–1966 on the situation of Jews in modern times, to try and throw some light on her views on the Jewish world, following the backlash to ''Eichmann'', but proved to be equally polarizing.{{sfn|Dannhauser|1979}}{{sfn|Botstein|1983}} A further collection of her writings on being Jewish was published as ''The Jewish Writings'' (2007).{{sfn|Arendt|2009a}}{{sfn|Butler|2007}} Her work on moral philosophy appeared as ''Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy'' (1982) and ''Responsibility and Judgment'' (2003), and her literary works as ''Reflections on Literature and Culture'' (2007).{{sfn|Miller|2017}}

Other work includes the collection of forty, largely fugitive,{{efn|Fugitive writings: Dealing with subjects of passing interest}} essays, addresses, and reviews covering the period 1930–1954, titled ''Essays in Understanding 1930–1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism'' (1994).{{sfn|Arendt|2011}} These presaged her monumental ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'',{{sfn|Arendt|1976}} in particular ''On the Nature of Totalitarianism'' (1953) and ''The Concern with Politics in Contemporary European Philosophical Thought'' (1954).{{sfn|Teichman|1994}} However these attracted little attention. However after a new version of ''Origins of Totalitarianism'' appeared in 2004 followed by ''The Promise of Politics'' in 2005 there appeared a new interest in Arendtiana. This led to a second series of her remaining essays, ''Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953–1975'', published in 2018.{{sfn|Arendt|2018}} Her notebooks which form a series of memoirs, were published as {{lang|de|Denktagebuch}} in 2002.{{sfn|Arendt|2002a}}{{sfn|Arendt|2002b}}{{sfn|Berkowitz|Storey|2017}}

==== Correspondence ====
Some further insight into her thinking is provided in the continuing posthumous publication of her correspondence with many of the important figures in her life, including Karl Jaspers (1992),{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}} Mary McCarthy (1995),{{sfn|Arendt|McCarthy|1995}} Heinrich Blücher (1996),{{sfn|Arendt|Blücher|2000}} Martin Heidegger (2004),{{efn|Arendt/Heidegger: Arendt willed that her correspondence be taken to the Deutsches Literaturarchiv in Marbach in 1976 and sealed for 5 years, and Heidegger's family stipulated that it remained sealed during Martin Heidegger's wife Elfride's lifetime (1893–1992). In 1976, [[Elzbieta Ettinger]] sought access and was granted this for a planned biography after Elfride's death. The subsequent scandal following Ettinger's disclosures, led to a decision to publish the correspondence in entirety{{sfn|Kohler|1996}}{{sfn|Lilla|1999}}}}{{sfn|Arendt|Heidegger|2004}} [[Alfred Kazin]] (2005),{{sfn|Arendt|Kazin|2005}} Walter Benjamin (2006),{{sfn|Arendt|Benjamin|2006}} [[Gershom Scholem]] (2011){{sfn|Arendt|Scholem|2017}} and [[Günther Anders|Günther Stern]] (2016).{{sfn|Arendt|Anders|2016}} Other correspondences that have been published include those with women friends such as Hilde Fränkel and Anne Mendelsohn Weil (''see'' [[#Relationships|Relationships]]).{{sfn|Arendt|2017}}{{sfn|Arendt|Benjamin|2006}}

=== Arendt and the Eichmann trial (1961–1963) ===
{{Main|Eichmann in Jerusalem}}
[[File:Adolf Eichmann at Trial1961.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adolf Eichmann|Eichmann]] on trial in 1961]]
In 1960, on hearing of [[Adolf Eichmann|Adolf Eichmann's]] capture and plans for [[Adolf Eichmann trial|his trial]], Hannah Arendt contacted ''The New Yorker'' and offered to travel to Israel to cover it when it opened on 11 April 1961.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=2}} Arendt was anxious to test her theories, developed in ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'', and see how justice would be administered to the sort of man she had written about. Also she had witnessed "little of the Nazi regime directly"{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers, 2 December 1960}}{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|pp=409–10}} and this was an opportunity to witness an agent of totalitarianism first hand.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=7}} The offer was accepted and she attended six weeks of the five-month trial with her young Israeli cousin, {{ill|Edna Brocke|de}}.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=2}} On arrival she was treated as a celebrity, meeting with the trial chief judge, [[Moshe Landau]], and the foreign minister, [[Golda Meir]].{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=8}} In her subsequent 1963 report,{{sfn|Arendt|1963}} based on her observations and transcripts,{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=2}} and which evolved into the book ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil]]'',{{sfn|Arendt|2006a}} Arendt coined the phrase "the [[banality of evil]]" to describe the Eichmann phenomenon. She, like others,{{sfn|Gellhorn|1962}} was struck by his very ordinariness and the demeanor he exhibited of a small, slightly balding, bland bureaucrat, in contrast to the horrific crimes he stood accused of.{{sfn|Scott|2016}} He was, she wrote, "terribly and terrifyingly normal."{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=276}} She examined the question of whether [[evil]] is radical or simply a function of thoughtlessness, a tendency of ordinary people to obey orders and conform to mass opinion without a critical evaluation of the consequences of their actions. Arendt's argument was that Eichmann was not a monster, contrasting the immensity of his actions with the very ordinariness of the man himself. Eichmann, she stated, not only called himself a Zionist, having initially opposed the Jewish persecution, but also expected his captors to understand him. She pointed out that his actions were not driven by malice, but rather blind dedication to the regime and his need to belong, to be a "joiner."

On this, Arendt would later state "Going along with the rest and wanting to say 'we' were quite enough to make the greatest of all crimes possible".{{efn|"{{lang|de|Er wollte Wir sagen, und dies Mitmachen und dies Wir-Sagen-Wollen war ja ganz genug, um die allergrössten Verbrechen möglich zu machen.}}"}}{{sfn|Arendt|Fest|1964}} What Arendt observed during the trial was a bourgeois sales clerk who found a meaningful role for himself and a sense of importance in the Nazi movement. She noted that his addiction to clichés and use of bureaucratic morality clouded his ability to question his actions, "to think". This led her to set out her most debated dictum: "the lesson that this long course in human wickedness had taught us – the lesson of the fearsome, word-and-thought-defying banality of evil."{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Arendt|1963}} By stating that Eichmann did not think, she did not imply lack of conscious awareness of his actions, but by "thinking" she implied reflective rationality, that was lacking.

Arendt was critical of the way the trial was conducted by the Israelis as a "show trial" with ulterior motives other than simply trying evidence and administering justice.{{sfn|NYT|1960a}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=8}} Arendt was also critical of the way Israel depicted Eichmann's crimes as crimes against a nation-state, rather than against humanity itself.{{sfn|Butler|2011}} She objected to the idea that a strong Israel was necessary to protect world Jewry being again placed where "they'll let themselves be slaughtered like sheep," recalling the [[Like sheep to the slaughter|biblical phrase]].{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers, 23 December 1960}}{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=416}} She portrayed the prosecutor, [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] [[Gideon Hausner]], as employing hyperbolic rhetoric in the pursuit of Prime Minister [[Ben-Gurion]]'s political agenda.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=8–11}} Arendt, who believed she could maintain her focus on moral principles in the face of outrage, became increasingly frustrated with Hausner, describing his parade of survivors as having "no apparent bearing on the case".{{efn|A position that the judges would later agree with{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=12}}}}{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=207}} She was particularly concerned that Hausner repeatedly asked "why did you not rebel?"{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=124}} rather than question the role of the Jewish leaders.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=12}} On this point, Arendt argued that during [[the Holocaust]] some of them cooperated with Eichmann "almost without exception" in the destruction of their own people. These leaders, notably [[Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski|M. C. Rumkowski]], constituted the Jewish Councils ([[Judenräte]]).{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=123}} She had expressed concerns on this point prior to the trial.{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers, 23 December 1960}}{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=417}} She described this as a moral catastrophe. While her argument was not to allocate blame, rather she mourned what she considered a moral failure of compromising the imperative that it is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. She describes the cooperation of the Jewish leaders in terms of a disintegration of Jewish morality: "This role of the Jewish leaders in the destruction of their own people is undoubtedly the darkest chapter in the whole dark story". Widely misunderstood, this caused an even greater controversy and particularly animosity toward her in the Jewish community and in Israel.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} For Arendt, the Eichmann trial marked a turning point in her thinking in the final decade of her life, becoming increasingly preoccupied with [[moral philosophy]].{{sfn|Luban|2018|p=5}}

==== Reception ====
Arendt's five-part series "Eichmann in Jerusalem" appeared in ''The New Yorker'' in February 1963{{sfn|Arendt|1963}} some nine months after Eichmann was hanged on 31 May 1962. By this time his trial was largely forgotten in the popular mind, superseded by intervening world events.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=15}} However, no other account of either Eichmann or National Socialism has aroused so much controversy.{{sfn|Stangneth|2014|p=200}} Before its publication, Arendt was considered a brilliant humanistic original political thinker.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=1}} Her mentor, Karl Jaspers, however, had warned her about a possible adverse outcome, "The Eichmann trial will be no pleasure for you. I'm afraid it cannot go well".{{efn|Jaspers to Arendt 14 October 1960{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=267}}}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=7}} On publication, three controversies immediately occupied public attention: the concept of Eichmann as banal, her criticism of the role of Israel and her description of the role played by the Jewish people themselves.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=15–18}}

Arendt was profoundly shocked by the response, writing to Karl Jaspers "People are resorting to any means to destroy my reputation ... They have spent weeks trying to find something in my past that they can hang on me". Now she was being called arrogant, heartless and ill-informed. She was accused of being duped by Eichmann, of being a "self-hating Jewess", and even an enemy of Israel.{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=1}}{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2011}} Her critics included [[The Anti-Defamation League]] and many other Jewish groups, editors of publications she was a contributor to, faculty at the universities she taught at and friends from all parts of her life.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=1}} Her friend Gershom Scholem, a major scholar of [[Kabbalah|Jewish mysticism]], broke off relations with her, publishing their correspondence without her permission.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=29–31}} Arendt was criticized by many Jewish public figures, who charged her with coldness and lack of sympathy for the victims of the Holocaust. Because of this lingering criticism neither this book nor any of her other works were translated into Hebrew until 1999.{{sfn|Elon|2006a}} Arendt responded to the controversies in the book's Postscript.

Although Arendt complained that she was being criticized for telling the truth – "what a risky business to tell the truth on a factual level without theoretical and scholarly embroidery"{{efn|Letter to McCarthy 16 September 1963}}{{sfn|Arendt|McCarthy|1995|p=146}} – the criticism was largely directed to her theorizing on the nature of mankind and evil and that ordinary people were driven to commit the inexplicable not so much by hatred and ideology as ambition, and inability to empathize. Equally problematic was the suggestion that the victims deceived themselves and complied in their own destruction.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=1–2}} Prior to Arendt's depiction of Eichmann, his popular image had been, as ''[[The New York Times]]'' put it "the most evil monster of humanity"{{sfn|NYT|1960}} and as a representative of "an atrocious crime, unparalleled in history", "the extermination of European Jews".{{sfn|NYT|1960a}} As it turned out Arendt and others were correct in pointing out that Eichmann's characterization by the prosecution as the architect and chief technician of the Holocaust was not entirely credible.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=5}}

While much has been made of Arendt's treatment of Eichmann, Ada Ushpiz, in her 2015 documentary ''Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt'',{{sfn|Zeitgeist|2015}} placed it in a much broader context of the use of rationality to explain seemingly irrational historical events.{{efn|The title ''vita activa'' (active life) is taken from Arendt's position in ''The Human Condition'' (1958) that thinking is a form of action, and that the active life is as important as the contemplative (''vita contemplativa''){{sfn|Scott|2016}}}}{{sfn|Scott|2016}}

==== ''Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen'' ====
{{multiple image | header = Tax offices in Bolzano, former seat of the Fascist party| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 330 | float = none
|image1=Piffraderrelief Bozen 2017.jpg|caption1 = |alt1= University of Berlin
|image2=Fassade finanzamt bozen 2018.jpg|caption2=|alt2=University of Marburg
|footer= By Day and Night. Italian Fascist monument reworked to display a version of Arendt's statement "No one has the right to obey."
}}
In an interview with [[Joachim Fest]] in 1964,{{sfn|Arendt|Fest|1964}} Arendt was asked about Eichmann's defense that he had made Kant's principle of the duty of obedience his guiding principle all his life. Arendt replied that that was outrageous and that Eichmann was misusing Kant, by not considering the element of judgement required in assessing one's own actions – "{{lang|de|Kein Mensch hat bei Kant das Recht zu gehorchen}}" (No man has, according to Kant, the right to obey), she stated, paraphrasing Kant. The reference was to Kant's {{lang|de|[[Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft]]}} (Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason 1793) in which he states:{{sfn|Kant|1838|p=125}}

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Der Satz 'man muß Gott mehr gehorchen, als den Menschen' bedeutet nur, daß, wenn die letzten etwas gebieten, was an sich böse (dem Sittengesetz unmittelbar zuwider) ist, ihnen nicht gehorcht werden darf und soll}}{{sfn|Kant|1793|p=99}} (The saying, "''We must hearken to God, rather than to man''," signifies no more than this, viz. that should any earthly legislation enjoin something immediately contradictory of the moral law, obedience is not to be rendered)</blockquote>

Kant clearly defines a higher moral duty than rendering merely unto Caesar. Arendt herself had written in her book "This was outrageous, on the face of it, and also incomprehensible, since Kant's moral philosophy is so closely bound up with man's faculty of judgment, which rules out blind obedience."{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=135}} Arendt's reply to Fest was subsequently corrupted to read {{lang|de|Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen}} (No one has the right to obey), which has been widely reproduced, although it does encapsulate an aspect of her moral philosophy.{{sfn|Miller|2017}}{{sfn|Krieghofer|2017}}

The phrase {{lang|de|Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen}} has become one of her iconic images, appearing on the wall of the house in which she was born (''see'' [[#Commemorations|Commemorations]]), among other places.{{sfn|HAT|2018}} A [[fascist]] [[bas-relief]] on the [[Casa del Fascio (Bolzano)|Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari]] (1942), in the Piazza del Tribunale,{{efn|The Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari was originally the Casa del Fascio and the square, the Piazza [[Arnaldo Mussolini]], and was erected as the Fascist headquarters for the region. The bas-relief is by [[:it:Hans Piffrader|Hans Piffrader]]}} [[Bolzano]], Italy celebrating [[Mussolini]], read ''Credere, Obbedire, Combattere'' (Believe, Obey, Combat).{{sfn|Obermair|2018}} In 2017 it was altered to read Hannah Arendt's original words on obedience in the three official languages of the region.{{efn|[[ladin language|Ladin]], German and Italian: ''Degnu n'a l dërt de ulghè – Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen – Nessuno ha il diritto di obbedire''}}{{sfn|Obermair|2018}}{{sfn|Invernizzi-Accetti|2017}}

The phrase has been appearing in other artistic work featuring political messages, such as the 2015 installation by Wilfried Gerstel, which has evoked the concept of resistance to dictatorship, as expressed in her essay "Personal Responsibility under Dictatorship" (1964).{{sfn|Arendt|1964}}{{sfn|DP|2017}}

=== List of selected publications ===
{{main|List of works by Hannah Arendt}}
{{refbegin|30em}}

==== Bibliographies ====
* {{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Anne C |title=Selected Bibliography: A Life in Dark Times |url=http://www.annecheller.com/test-3/ |access-date=17 August 2018 |date=23 July 2005 |ref=none |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818022417/http://www.annecheller.com/test-3/ }}
* {{cite web |last1=Kohn |first1=Jerome |title=Bibliographical Works |url=http://hac.bard.edu/about/works/ |publisher=The Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College |date=2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701133834/http://hac.bard.edu/about/works/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 }}, in {{harvtxt|HAC Bard|2018|ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last1=Yanase |first1=Yosuke |title=Hannah Arendt's major works |url=http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.com/2008/05/hannah-arendts-major-works.html |website=Philosophical Investigations for Applied Linguistics |access-date=26 July 2018 |date=3 May 2008 |ref=none |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234122/http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.com/2008/05/hannah-arendts-major-works.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Arendt works |url=https://blogs.helsinki.fi/401-arendt/?page_id=41 |website=Thinking and Judging with Hannah Arendt: Political theory class |date=2010–2012 |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |ref=none |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308103105/https://blogs.helsinki.fi/401-arendt/?page_id=41 |url-status=live }}

==== Books ====
* {{cite thesis|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|title=Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation|trans-title=On the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine: Attempt at a philosophical interpretation|url=https://monoskop.org/File:Arendt_Hannah_Der_Liebesbegriff_bei_Augustin_1929.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922012947/http://monoskop.org/File:Arendt_Hannah_Der_Liebesbegriff_bei_Augustin_1929.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-22|url-status=live|type=Doctoral thesis, Department of Philosophy, [[University of Heidelberg]]|publisher=[[Julius Springer|Springer]]|location=Berlin|date=1929|language=de}}, reprinted as
** {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7SEv6DmoDkC|year=2006|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|isbn=978-3-487-13262-4|language=de}} [https://archive.org/details/hannah-arendt-der-liebesbegriff-bei-augustin-2006 Full text] on [[Internet Archive]]
** Also available in English as: {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Scott|editor-first1=Joanna Vecchiarelli|editor-last2=Stark|editor-first2=Judith Chelius|title=Love and Saint Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/lovesaintaugusti00aren|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-02596-4}} [https://archive.org/details/hannah-arendt-love-and-saint-augustine- Full text] on [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Weissberg|editor-first=Liliane|editor-link=Liliane Weissberg|title=Rahel Varnhagen: Lebensgeschichte einer deutschen Jüdin aus der Romantik|trans-title=Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess|translator=[[Richard and Clara Winston]]|year=1997|orig-date=1938, published 1957|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=Baltimore|type=''[[Habilitation]]'' thesis|isbn=978-0-8018-5587-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBRcAAAAMAAJ}} 400 pages. (''see'' [[Rahel Varnhagen (book)|Rahel Varnhagen]])
** {{Cite journal |last1=Azria |first1=Régine |title=Review of Rahel Varnhagen. La vie d'une juive allemande à l'époque du romantisme |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |volume=32 |issue=64.2 |page=233 |date=1987 |type=Review|issn=0335-5985 |jstor=30129073}}
*** {{cite magazine |last1=Weissberg |first1=Liliane |author-link1=Liliane Weissberg |last2=Elon |first2=Amos |author-link2=Amos Elon |title=Hannah Arendt's Integrity |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/06/10/hannah-arendtsintegrity/ |access-date=31 August 2018 |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=10 June 1999 |type=Editorial letters |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211723/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/06/10/hannah-arendtsintegrity/ |url-status=live }}
** {{Cite journal |last1=Zohn |first1=Harry |title=Review of Rahel Varnhagen. The Life of a Jewess |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=180–81 |date=1960 |issn=0021-6704 |jstor=4465809 |type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=The Origins of Totalitarianism|trans-title=Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLrKGGxBKjAC|date=1976|edition=revised|orig-date=1951, New York: [[Schocken Books|Schocken]]|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-547-54315-4}}, (see also [[The Origins of Totalitarianism]] and [[Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism]]) [https://archive.org/details/ArendtHannahTheOriginsOfTotalitarianism1979 Full text (1979 edition)] on [[Internet Archive]]
** {{cite magazine |last1=Riesman |first1=David |author-link=David Riesman |title=The Origins of Totalitarianism, by Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-origins-of-totalitarianism-by-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=17 August 2024 |magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=1 April 1951 |type=Review |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702054104/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-origins-of-totalitarianism-by-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Nisbet |first1=Robert |author-link=Robert Nisbet|title=Arendt on Totalitarianism |journal=[[The National Interest]] |date=1992 |issue=27 |pages=85–91 |type=Review|jstor=42896812}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=The Human Condition|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARBJAgAAQBAJ|date=2013|orig-date=1958|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-92457-1|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182023/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARBJAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} (see also [[The Human Condition (book)|The Human Condition]])
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Die ungarische Revolution und der totalitäre Imperialismus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyhIAAAAMAAJ|year=1958|publisher=R. Piper & Co Verlag|location=München|language=de|ref={{harvid|Arendt|1958a}}|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182012/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyhIAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Between Past and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZrpAgAAQBAJ|date=2006|orig-date=1961, New York: Viking|publisher=[[Penguin Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-101-66265-6|ref={{harvid|Arendt|1961}}|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182012/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZrpAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} (see also [[Between Past and Future]])
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=On Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPnkAgAAQBAJ|date=2006b|orig-date=1963, New York: Viking|publisher=[[Penguin Publishing]] Group|isbn=978-1-101-66264-9}} (see also [[On Revolution]]) [https://archive.org/details/OnRevolution Full text] on [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGoxZEdw36oC|date=2006a|orig-date=1963, [[Viking Press]], revised 1968|publisher=[[Penguin Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-101-00716-7}} [https://platypus1917.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/arendt_eichmanninjerusalem.pdf Full text: 1964 edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923034133/https://platypus1917.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/arendt_eichmanninjerusalem.pdf |date=23 September 2020 }} (see also [[Eichmann in Jerusalem]])
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Men in Dark Times|url=https://archive.org/details/menindarktimes0000aren|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-658890-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution|year=1972|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-623200-5|url=https://archive.org/details/crisesofrepublic00aren|url-access=registration}}{{efn|"Civil Disobedience" originally appeared, in somewhat different form, in ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Versions of the other essays originally appeared in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''}} {{cite web |title=Lying in Politics |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599112efcd39c3b3ad2118b0/t/59bdb6bbf7e0abb9af99c283/1505605322777/Hannah+Arendt%2C+%E2%80%9CLying+in+Politics%2C%E2%80%9D+Crises+of+the+Republic%2C+3%E2%80%9313.pdf |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404092212/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599112efcd39c3b3ad2118b0/t/59bdb6bbf7e0abb9af99c283/1505605322777/Hannah+Arendt%2C+%E2%80%9CLying+in+Politics%2C%E2%80%9D+Crises+of+the+Republic%2C+3%E2%80%9313.pdf |url-status=live }}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Nott |first1=Kathleen |author-link=Kathleen Nott |date=1 August 1972 |title=Crises of the Republic, by Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/crises-of-the-republic-by-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |type=Review |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032219/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/crises-of-the-republic-by-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}

==== Articles and essays ====
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |last2=Stern |first2=Günther |author-link1=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |author-link2=Günther Anders |title=Rilkes Duineser Elegien |journal=Neue Schweizer Rundschau |date=1930 |volume=23 |pages=855–871 |doi=10.5169/seals-760191 |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=alp-004:1930:0::1236 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308014415/https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=alp-004:1930:0::1236 |url-status=live }} (English translation in {{harvtxt|Arendt|Stern|2007m|pp=1–23}})
* {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|translator=Robert and Rita Kimber|title=Augustin und Protestantismus |trans-title=Augustine and Protestanism|work=[[Frankfurter Zeitung]] |issue=902 |date=12 April 1930a|page=1}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2011|pp=24–27}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|translator=Robert and Rita Kimber|title=Philosophie und Soziologie. Anläßlich Karl Mannheims Ideologie und Utopie |trans-title=Philosophy and Sociology|journal=Die Gesellschaft |year=1930b|volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=163–176}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2011|pp=28–43}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|translator=Elisabeh Young-Bruehl|title=Rezension von: Hans Weil: Die Entstehung des Deutschen Bildungsprinzips |trans-title=On the emancipation of women|journal=[[Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik]] |date=1931 |volume=66 |pages=200–05|type=Review}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt-Stern |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |date=1932 |title=Aufklärung und Judenfrage |trans-title=The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question |journal=Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland |volume=4 |issue=2/3 |pages=65–77 |language=de |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/79857100/Hannah-Arendt-Aufklarung-und-Judenfrage-1932 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144219/https://www.scribd.com/document/79857100/Hannah-Arendt-Aufklarung-und-Judenfrage-1932 |url-status=live }} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt-Stern|2009m|pp=3–18}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Rezension über Alice Rühle-Gerstel: Das Frauenproblem in der Gegenwart. Eine psychologische Bilanz |journal=Die Gesellschaft |date=1932a |volume=10 |issue=2|pages=177–179|language=de}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2011|pp=66–68}})
* {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1 |title=Adam-Müller-Renaissance? |work=[[:de:Kölnische Zeitung|Kölnische Zeitung]] |issue=501, 510 |date=13–17 September 1932b |language=de}} (English translation in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2007n|pp=38–45}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=From the Dreyfus Affair to France Today |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=July 1942 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=195–240 |jstor=4615201}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=We refugees |journal=[[Menorah Journal]] |date=31 January 1943 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209085929/https://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 }}, reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|1978a|pp=55–67}} and {{harvtxt|Robinson|1996|pp=110–19}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=1944 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=99–122 |jstor=4464588}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2009n|pp=275–297}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution |journal=[[The Journal of Politics]] |date=1958 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.2307/2127387 |jstor=2127387 |s2cid=154428972}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=Reflections on Little Rock |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Winter 1959 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=45–56 |url=http://learningspaces.org/forgotten/little_rock1.pdf |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908040142/http://learningspaces.org/forgotten/little_rock1.pdf }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=A reply to critics |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Spring 1959 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=179–81 |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/a-reply-to-critics |access-date=3 August 2018 |ref={{harvid|Arendt|1959a}} |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014323/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/a-reply-to-critics |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Eichmann in Jerusalem. 5 parts|url=https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/hannah-arendt/page/2|date=February–March 1963|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230855/https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/hannah-arendt/page/2|url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |translator=[[Albert Hofstadter]] |title=Martin Heidegger at Eighty |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1971/10/21/martin-heidegger-at-eighty/ |magazine=[[New York Review of Books]] |page=51 |date=21 October 1971 |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511140939/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1971/10/21/martin-heidegger-at-eighty/ |url-status=live }}

==== Correspondence ====
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|last2=Jaspers|first2=Karl|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-link2=Karl Jaspers|editor-last1=Köhler|editor-first1=Lotte|editor-last2=Saner|editor-first2=Hans|translator=Robert and Rita Kimber|title=Hannah Correspondence, 1926–1969|year=1992|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-107887-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkgoAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |last2=Kazin |first2=Alfred |author-link1=Hannah Arendt |author-link2=Alfred Kazin |editor1-last=Mahrdt |editor1-first=Helgard |title=The correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Alfred Kazin |magazine=[[Samtiden]] |issue=1 |date=February 2005 |pages=107–54 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1643260 |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115153646/https://www.academia.edu/1643260 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|last2=McCarthy|first2=Mary|editor-last=Brightman|editor-first=Carol|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-link2=Mary McCarthy (author)|title=Between friends: the correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, 1949–1975|year=1995|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace]]|isbn=978-0-15-100112-5|url=https://archive.org/details/betweenfriendsco00aren|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Blücher|first2=Heinrich|author-link2=Heinrich Blücher|editor-last=Kohler|editor-first=Lotte|translator=[[Peter Constantine]]|title=Within Four Walls: The Correspondence Between Hannah Arendt and Heinrich Blücher, 1936–1968|year=2000|orig-date=1996|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-15-100303-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8UPAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Heidegger|first2=Martin|author-link2=Martin Heidegger|editor-last=Ludz|editor-first=Ursula|translator=Andrew Shields|title=Briefe 1925 bis 1975 und andere Zeugnisse|trans-title=Letters, 1925–1975|year=2004|orig-date=1999 Klostermann|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-100525-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmt2QgAACAAJ|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182018/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmt2QgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Heidegger |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Heidegger |title=This Day in Letters: Letter to Hannah Arendt |magazine=The American Reader |date=24 April 1925 |url=http://theamericanreader.com/24-april-1925-martin-heidegger-to-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072850/https://theamericanreader.com/24-april-1925-martin-heidegger-to-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Lilla |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Lilla |title=Ménage à Trois |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=18 November 1999 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/11/18/menage-a-trois/ |type=review |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303113624/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/11/18/menage-a-trois/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Brightman |first1=Carol |title=The Metaphysical Couple |magazine=[[The Nation]] |date=20 May 2004 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/metaphysical-couple/ |type=Review |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104631/https://www.thenation.com/article/metaphysical-couple/ }}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Benjamin|first2=Walter|author-link2=Walter Benjamin|editor-last1=Schöttker|editor-first1=Detlev|editor-last2=Wizisla|editor-first2=Erdmut|title=Arendt und Benjamin: Texte, Briefe, Dokumente|year=2006|publisher=[[Suhrkamp]]|isbn=978-3-518-29395-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys-FAAAAMAAJ|language=de|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182016/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys-FAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|last2=Anders|first2=Günther|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-link2=Günther Anders|editor-last=Putz|editor-first=Kerstin|title=Schreib doch mal 'hard facts' über dich: Briefe 1939 bis 1975|date=2016|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|isbn=978-3-406-69911-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUoRDQAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203191825/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUoRDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} ([https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/other/16607870/leseprobe_schreib%20doch%20mal%20hard%20facts%20%C3%BCber%20dich.pdf excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053550/https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/other/16607870/leseprobe_schreib%20doch%20mal%20hard%20facts%20%C3%BCber%20dich.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }})
** {{cite news |last=Magenau |first=Jörg |title=Die Geschiedenen: Die Frage ist, wie man überlebt: Der Briefwechsel zwischen Hannah Arendt und Günther Anders |work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=9 October 2016 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/edition-die-geschiedenen-1.3196948 |access-date=12 September 2018 |language=de |type=Review |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204308/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/edition-die-geschiedenen-1.3196948 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|editor-last2=Nordmann|editor-first2=Ingeborg|title=Wie ich einmal ohne Dich leben soll, mag ich mir nicht vorstellen: Briefwechsel mit den Freundinnen Charlotte Beradt, Rose Feitelson, Hilde Fränkel, Anne Weil-Mendelsohn und Helen Wolff (I do not like to imagine how I should live without you: correspondence with my friends)|date=2017|publisher=Piper ebooks|isbn=978-3-492-97837-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhJADwAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182659/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhJADwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Scholem|first2=Gershom|author-link2=Gershom Scholem|editor-last1=Knott|editor-first1=Marie Louise|translator=Anthony David|title=The Correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Gershom Scholem|date=2017|orig-date=2011|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-92451-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTxCDwAAQBAJ|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182600/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTxCDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Aschheim |first1=Steven E. |title=Between New York and Jerusalem |magazine=[[Jewish Review of Books]] |date=Winter 2011 |url=https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/78/between-new-york-and-jerusalem/ |type=Review |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813032948/https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/78/between-new-york-and-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}

==== Posthumous ====
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|editor-last=McCarthy|editor-first=Mary|editor-link=Mary McCarthy (author)|year=1981|orig-date=1978|title=The Life of the Mind: The Groundbreaking Investigation on How We Think|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98_1qCvDoAQC|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-651992-2|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182700/https://books.google.com/books?id=98_1qCvDoAQC|url-status=live}} [https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/the-life-of-the-mind-hannah-arendt2.pdf Online text at ''Pensar el Espacio Público''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113185501/https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/the-life-of-the-mind-hannah-arendt2.pdf |date=13 January 2021 }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Mckenna |first1=George |title=The Life of the Mind |journal=[[The Journal of Politics]] |date=November 1978 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1086–88 |type=Review |doi=10.2307/2129914 |jstor=2129914}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Feldman|editor-first=Ron H|title=The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age|year=1978|publisher=[[Grove Press]]|isbn=978-0-394-17042-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3ttQgAACAAJ|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182600/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3ttQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask=1 |title=We refugees |date=1978a |orig-date=1943 |url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209085929/https://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Botstein |first1=Leon |author-link=Leon Botstein|title=The Jew as Pariah: Hannah Arendt's Political Philosophy |journal=[[Dialectical Anthropology]] |date=1983 |volume=8 |issue=1/2 |pages=47–73 |type=Review |jstor=29790091 |doi=10.1007/bf00249042 |s2cid=169475999}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Dannhauser |first1=Werner J. |title=The Jew as Pariah, by Hannah Arendt, edited by Ron H. Feldman |journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=1 January 1979 |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-jew-as-pariah-by-hannah-arendt-edited-by-ron-h-feldman/ |type=Review |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225013536/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-jew-as-pariah-by-hannah-arendt-edited-by-ron-h-feldman/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Beiner|editor-first=Ronald|title=Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpPeBQAAQBAJ|date=1992|orig-date=1982|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-23178-5|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183711/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpPeBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} [https://monoskop.org/images/6/61/Arendt_Hannah_Lectures_on_Kants_political_philosophy_1992.pdf Online text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714080439/https://monoskop.org/images/6/61/Arendt_Hannah_Lectures_on_Kants_political_philosophy_1992.pdf |date=14 July 2020 }}; [https://archive.org/details/ArendtHannahLecturesOnKantsPoliticalPhilosophy1992 text] at the [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|editor-last2=Nordmann|editor-first2=Ingeborg|title=Denktagebuch: 1950 bis 1973|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W0NAQAAMAAJ|year=2002a|publisher=Piper|isbn=978-3-492-04429-5|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|editor-last2=Nordmann|editor-first2=Ingeborg|title=Denktagebuch: 1950 bis 1973|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW4NAQAAMAAJ|year=2002b|publisher=Piper|isbn=978-3-492-04429-5|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Baehr|editor-first1=Peter|title=The Portable Hannah Arendt|url=https://archive.org/details/portablehannahar00aren|url-access=registration|date=January 2000|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-026974-1}} [https://archive.org/details/hannah-arendt-the-portable-hannah-arendt Full text ] on [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Kohn|editor-first=Jerome|date=2011|orig-date=1994 Harcourt Brace & Company|title=Essays in Understanding, 1930–1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5872U7QQl8oC |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]] Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-78703-3}}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-mask1=1|last2=Gaus|first2=Günter|author-link2=:de:Günter Gaus|translator=[[Joan Stambaugh]]|date=2011a|orig-date=28 October 1964 |title=Was bleibt? Es bleibt die Muttersprache. Günter Gaus im Gespräch mit Hannah Arendt|trans-title="What remains? The Language remains": An interview with Günter Gaus |pages=1–23}}
*** {{cite web|title=Was bleibt? Es bleibt die Muttersprache|date=1964-10-28|website=rbb fernsehen|publisher=Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|language=de|url=https://www.rbb-online.de/zurperson/interview_archiv/arendt_hannah.html|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110528/https://www.rbb-online.de/zurperson/interview_archiv/arendt_hannah.html|url-status=live}} (original German transcription)
** {{cite magazine |last1=Teichman |first1=Jenny |author-link=Jenny Teichman|date=April 1994 |title=Understanding Arendt |journal=The New Criterion |type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|title=Ich will verstehen: Selbstauskünfte zu Leben und Werk; mit einer vollständigen Bibliographie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPTuAAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Piper|isbn=978-3-492-24591-3|language=de}}
** {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |last2=Stern |first2=Günther |author-link1=Hannah Arendt |author-link2=Günther Anders |translator=Susannah Young-ah Gottlieb |year=2007m |orig-date=1930 |title=Rilkes Duineser Elegien |pages=1–23}}
** {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |title=Adam-Müller-Renaissance? |date=2007n |orig-date=1932 |pages=38–45}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Responsibility and Judgment|editor-last=Kohn|editor-first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp7W56sVUeUC|date=2009b|orig-date=2003, [[Schocken Books|Schocken]]|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-307-54405-6}}
** {{citation|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Personal responsibility under dictatorship|date=1964|url=https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/arendt-personal-responsibility-under-a-dictatorship.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823042006/https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/arendt-personal-responsibility-under-a-dictatorship.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live|pages=17–48}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Kohn|editor-first1=Jerome|editor-last2=Feldman|editor-first2=Ron H|title=The Jewish Writings|date=2009a |orig-date=2007 [[Schocken Books]] |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-307-49628-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIE2KKIXhLQC}} [https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hannah-arendt-the-jewish-writings-2007.pdf at ''Pensar el Espacio Público''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113185504/https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hannah-arendt-the-jewish-writings-2007.pdf |date=13 January 2021 }}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt-Stern |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |translator=John E. Woods |translator-link=John E. Woods (translator) |title=The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question|date=2009m|orig-date=1932 |pages=3–18}}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |title=The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition |date=2009n|orig-date=1944 |pages=275–297}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |author-link=Judith Butler |title='I merely belong to them': ''The Jewish Writings'' by Hannah Arendt, edited by Jerome Kohn and Ron Feldman 2007 |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |issn=0260-9592 |type=Review |date=10 May 2007 |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=26–28 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n09/judith-butler/i-merely-belong-to-them |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011702/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n09/judith-butler/i-merely-belong-to-them |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Kohn|editor-first1=Jerome|title=Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953–1975|date=2018|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-101-87030-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiadBAAAQBAJ}}

==== Collections ====
* {{cite web |title=The Hannah Arendt Papers |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=14 August 2018 |date=2001 |ref={{harvid|LoC|2001}} |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104920/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt-Archiv |url=https://www.uni-oldenburg.de/philosophie/forschung/forschungsstelle-hannah-arendt-zentrum/hannah-arendt-archiv/ |publisher=Institut für Philosophie: [[Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |language=de |date=2018 |ref={{harvid|HAArchiv|2018}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt (publications) |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Hannah+Arendt%22&page=2 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=13 October 2018 }}

==== Miscellaneous ====
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|editor-last=Fischer-Defoy|editor-first=Christine|title=Hannah Arendt: das private Adressbuch 1951–1975|year=2007b|publisher=Koehler & Amelang|isbn=978-3-7338-0357-5|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beoPAQAAIAAJ}}
** {{cite journal |last1=Ludz |first1=Ursula |date=May 2008b |title=Gut gestaltet, unterhaltsam, aber nicht zuverlässig – das kürzlich erschienene Arendt-Adressbuch |volume=4 |issue=1 |website=HannahArendt.net |doi=10.57773/hanet.v4i1.143 |type=Review |language=de |url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/143/252 |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113333/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/143/252 |url-status=live }}
** {{cite journal|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-mask1=1|last2=Fest|first2=Joachim|author-link2=Joachim Fest|translator=Andrew Brown|title=Eichmann war von empörender Dummheit: Hannah Arendt im Gespräch mit Joachim Fest|website=HannahArendt.net|volume=3|issue=1|trans-title=Eichmann was outrageously stupid: Hannah Arendt in conversation with Joachim Fest|url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/114/194|date=9 November 1964|publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] TV|location=Germany|doi=10.57773/hanet.v3i1.114|language=de, en|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218040231/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/114/194|url-status=live}} [http://www.arendtcenter.it/en/2016/12/10/hannah-arendt-im-gesprach-mit-joachim-fest/ (Original video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110737/http://www.arendtcenter.it/en/2016/12/10/hannah-arendt-im-gesprach-mit-joachim-fest/ |date=15 February 2020 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=Sonning Prize acceptance speech |url=http://miscellaneousmaterial.blogspot.com/2011/08/hannah-arendt-sonning-prize-acceptance.html |website=Miscellaneous Material |access-date=25 October 2018 |location=Copenhagen |date=18 April 1975a |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418133521/http://miscellaneousmaterial.blogspot.com/2011/08/hannah-arendt-sonning-prize-acceptance.html |url-status=live }}, reprinted as the Prologue in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2009b|pp=3–16}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Field Reports, 1948–1951, No. 18 |date=15 February – 10 March 1950 |website=Key Documents of German-Jewish History |publisher=Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden (IGdJ), [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft]] (DFG) |location=Hamburg |doi=10.23691/jgo:source-126.en.v1 |url=https://jewish-history-online.net/source/jgo:source-126 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202413/https://jewish-history-online.net/source/jgo:source-126 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== Views ==
In 1961, while covering the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, Arendt wrote a letter to [[Karl Jaspers]] that Adam Kirsch described as reflecting "pure racism" toward [[Sephardic Jews]] from the Middle East and [[Ashkenazi Jews]] from Eastern Europe. She wrote:{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}}

<blockquote>Fortunately, Eichmann's three judges were of German origin, indeed the best of German Jewry. [Attorney General Gideon] Hausner is a typical Galician Jew, still European, very unsympathetic... boring... constantly making mistakes. Probably one of those people who don't know any language. Everything is organized by [[police of Israel|a police force]] which gives me the creeps, speaks only Hebrew, and [[Arabid race|looks Arabic]]. Some downright brutal types among them. They would obey any order. And outside the doors, the oriental mob, as if one were in Istanbul or some other half-Asiatic country.</blockquote>

Although Arendt remained a [[Zionist]] both during and after World War II, she made it clear that she favored the creation of a Jewish-Arab federated state in [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] (now Israel and the [[Palestinian territories]]), rather than a purely Jewish state. She believed that this was a way to address Jewish statelessness and to avoid the pitfalls of nationalism.{{sfn|Butler|2007}}{{sfn|Seliger|2011}}

=== Accusations of racism ===
It was not just Arendt's analysis of the Eichmann trial that drew accusations of racism. In her 1958 essay in ''Dissent'' titled ''Reflections on Little Rock''{{sfn|Arendt|1959}} she expressed opposition to [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregation]] following the 1957 [[Little Rock Integration Crisis]] in Arkansas. As she explains in the preface, for a long time the magazine was reluctant to print her contribution, so far did it appear to differ from the publication's liberal values. Eventually it was printed alongside critical responses. Later ''[[The New Yorker]]'' would express similar hesitancy over the Eichmann papers. So vehement was the response that Arendt felt obliged to defend herself in a sequel.{{sfn|Arendt|1959a}} The debate over this essay has continued since.{{sfn|Morey|2011}} William Simmons devotes a whole section of his 2011 text on human rights (''Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other''){{sfn|Simmons|2011}} to a critique of Arendt's position and in particular on Little Rock.{{sfn|Simmons|2011a}} While many critics feel she was fundamentally racist,{{sfn|Burroughs|2015}} many of those who have defended Arendt's position have pointed out that her concerns were for the welfare of the children, a position she maintained throughout her life. She felt that white children were being thrown into a racially disharmonious "jungle" to serve a broader political strategy of forcible integration.{{sfn|Lebeau|2016}}

While over time Arendt conceded some ground to her critics, namely that she argued as an outsider, she remained committed to her central critique that children should not be thrust into the front-lines of geopolitical conflict. {{sfn|Pickett|2009}}

=== Feminism ===
Embraced by [[feminists]] as a pioneer in a world dominated by men up to her time, Arendt did not call herself a feminist and would be very surprised to hear herself described as a feminist,{{sfn|Baier|1995|p=301}}{{sfn|Baier|1998|p=254}} remaining opposed to the social dimensions of [[Women's Liberation]], urging independence, but always keeping in mind ''Vive la petite différence!''{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=238}} On becoming the first woman to be appointed a professor at Princeton in 1953, the media were much engaged in this exceptional achievement, but she never wanted to be seen as an exception, either as a woman (an "exception woman"){{sfn|Courtine-Denamy|2000|p=36}} or a Jew, stating emphatically "I am not disturbed at all about being a woman professor, because I am quite used to being a woman".{{sfn|Baier|1998|p=255}} In 1972, discussing women's liberation, she observed "the real question to ask is, what will we lose if we win?".{{sfn|Baier|1997|p=332}} She rather enjoyed what she saw as the privileges of being feminine as opposed to feminist, "Intensely feminine and therefore no feminist", stated Hans Jonas.{{sfn|Courtine-Denamy|2000|p=36}} Arendt considered some professions and positions unsuitable for women, particularly those involving leadership, telling [[Günter Gaus]] "It just doesn't look good when a woman gives orders".{{sfn|Courtine-Denamy|2000|p=35}} Despite these views, and having been labelled "anti-feminist", much space has been devoted to examining Arendt's place in relation to feminism.{{sfn|Markus|1987}}{{sfn|Honig|2010}} In the last years of her life, [[Virginia Held]] noted that Arendt's views evolved with the emergence of a [[History of feminism|new feminism in America in the 1970s]] to recognize the importance of the women's movement.{{sfn|Held|Kazin|1982}}

=== Critique of human rights ===
In ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'', Hannah Arendt devotes a lengthy chapter (''The Decline of the Nation-State and the End of the Rights of Man''){{sfn|Arendt|1976|pp=267–302}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Faghfouri Azar |first=Leila |date=2019-07-12 |title=Hannah Arendt: The Right to Have Rights |url=https://criticallegalthinking.com/2019/07/12/hannah-arendt-right-to-have-rights/ |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=Critical Legal Thinking |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111141201/https://criticallegalthinking.com/2019/07/12/hannah-arendt-right-to-have-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to a critical analysis of human rights, in what has been described as "the most widely read essay on refugees ever published".{{sfn|Lamey|2011|p=14}} Arendt is not skeptical of the notion of political rights in general, but instead defends a national or civil conception of rights.{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=389}}<ref name=":0" /> Human rights, or the Rights of Man as they were commonly called, are universal, inalienable, and possessed simply by virtue of being human. In contrast, civil rights are possessed by virtue of belonging to a political community, most commonly by being a citizen. Arendt's primary criticism of human rights is that they are ineffectual and illusory because their enforcement is in tension with national sovereignty.{{sfn|Lamey|2011|pp=17–19}} She argued that since there is no political authority above that of sovereign nations, state governments have little incentive to respect human rights when such policies conflict with national interests. This can be seen most clearly by examining the treatment of refugees and other stateless people. Since the refugee has no state to secure their civil rights, the only rights they have to fall back on are human rights. In this way Arendt uses the refugee as a test case for examining human rights in isolation from civil rights.{{sfn|Birmingham|2006}}

Arendt's analysis draws on the refugee upheavals in the first half of the 20th century along with her own experience as a refugee fleeing Nazi Germany. She argued that as state governments began to emphasize national identity as a prerequisite for full legal status, the number of minority resident aliens increased along with the number of stateless persons whom no state was willing to recognize legally.{{sfn|Arendt|1976|pp=379–81}} The two potential solutions to the refugee problem, repatriation and naturalization, both proved incapable of solving the crisis. Arendt argued that repatriation failed to solve the refugee crisis because no government was willing to take them in and claim them as their own. When refugees were forcibly deported to neighboring countries, such immigration was deemed illegal by the receiving country, and so failed to change the fundamental status of the migrants as stateless. Attempts at naturalizing and assimilating refugees also had little success. This failure was primarily the result of resistance from both state governments and the majority of citizens, since both tended to see the refugees as undesirables who threatened their national identity. Resistance to naturalization also came from the refugees themselves who resisted assimilation and attempted to maintain their own ethnic and national identities.{{sfn|Arendt|1976|pp=378–84}} Arendt contends that neither naturalization nor the tradition of asylum was capable of handling the sheer number of refugees. Instead of accepting some refugees with legal status, the state often responded by denaturalizing minorities who shared national or ethnic ties with stateless refugees.{{sfn|Birmingham|2006}}

Arendt argues that the consistent mistreatment of refugees, most of whom were placed in internment camps, is evidence against the existence of human rights. If the notion of human rights as universal and inalienable is to be taken seriously, the rights must be realizable given the features of the modern liberal state.{{sfn|Lamey|2011|pp=27–29}} She concluded "The Rights of Man, supposedly inalienable, proved to be unenforceable–even in countries whose constitutions were based upon them–whenever people appeared who were no longer citizens of any sovereign state".{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=293}} Arendt contends that they are not realizable because they are in tension with at least one feature of the liberal state—national sovereignty. One of the primary ways in which a nation exercises sovereignty is through control over national borders. State governments consistently grant their citizens free movement to traverse national borders. In contrast, the movement of refugees is often restricted in the name of national interests.{{sfn|Lamey|2011|pp=239–40}} This restriction presents a dilemma for liberalism because liberal theorists typically are committed to both human rights and the existence of sovereign nations.{{sfn|Birmingham|2006}}

In one of her most quoted passages,{{sfn|Lamey|2011|p=18}} she puts forward the concept that human rights are little more than an abstraction:{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=299}}

<blockquote>The conception of human rights based upon the assumed existence of a human being as such broke down at the very moment when those who professed to believe in it were for the first time confronted with people who had indeed lost all other qualities and specific relationships – except that they were still human. The world found nothing sacred in the abstract nakedness of being human.</blockquote>

== In popular culture ==
Several authors have written biographies that focus on the relationship between Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017}}{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010a}}{{sfn|Ettinger|1997}} In 1999, the French feminist philosopher [[Catherine Clément]] wrote a novel, ''Martin and Hannah'',{{sfn|Clément|2001}} speculating on the triangular relationship between Heidegger and the two women in his life, Arendt and Heidegger's wife Elfriede Petri. In addition to the relationships, the novel is a serious exploration of philosophical ideas, that centers on Arendt's last meeting with Heidegger in Freiburg in 1975. The scene is based on Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's description in ''Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World'' (1982),{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004}} but reaches back to their childhoods, and Heidegger's role in encouraging the relationship between the two women.{{sfn|Kristeva|2001a}} The novel explores Heidegger's embrace of Nazism as a proxy for that of Germany and, as in Arendt's treatment of Eichmann, the difficult relationship between collective guilt and personal responsibility. Clément also brings Hannah's other mentor and confidante, Karl Jaspers, into the matrix of relationships.{{sfn|Schroeder|2002}}

In 2012 the German film, ''[[Hannah Arendt (film)|Hannah Arendt]]'', directed by [[Margarethe von Trotta]] was released. The film, with [[Barbara Sukowa]] in the title role, depicted the controversy over Arendt's coverage of the Eichmann trial in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and her subsequent book, ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem]]: A Report on the Banality of Evil'', in which she was widely misunderstood as defending Eichmann and blaming Jewish leaders for the Holocaust.{{sfn|BBFC|2018}}{{sfn|BBFC|2012}} In 2015, the filmmaker Ada Ushpiz produced a documentary on Hannah Arendt, ''Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt''.{{sfn|Zeitgeist|2015}} In the 2023 TV series [[Transatlantic (TV series)|''Transatlantic'']], Arendt is portrayed by [[Alexa Karolinski]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sepinwall |first=Alan |date=7 April 2023 |title='Transatlantic': The Daring Rescue of Jews From Nazi-Occupied France |magazine=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/transatlantic-netflix-european-rescue-committee-jews-nazis-world-war-2-holocaust-mary-jayne-gold-varian-fry-1234705148/ |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041123/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/transatlantic-netflix-european-rescue-committee-jews-nazis-world-war-2-holocaust-mary-jayne-gold-varian-fry-1234705148/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bartov |first=Shira Li |date=6 April 2023 |title=The Jewish history behind the WWII rescue that inspired Netflix's 'Transatlantic' |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-jewish-history-behind-the-wwii-rescue-that-inspired-netflixs-transatlantic/ |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041327/https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-jewish-history-behind-the-wwii-rescue-that-inspired-netflixs-transatlantic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Hannah-Arendt-Strasse-Berlin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|{{lang|de|italic=no|Hannah-Arendt-Straße}} in Berlin]]
Hannah Arendt is considered one of the most influential political philosophers of the 20th century.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} In 1998 [[Walter Laqueur]] stated "No twentieth-century philosopher and political thinker has at the present time as wide an echo", as philosopher, historian, sociologist and also journalist.{{sfn|Laqueur|1998}} Arendt's legacy has been described as a cult.{{sfn|Laqueur|1998}}{{sfn|Shenhav|2007}} In a 2016 review of a documentary about Arendt, the journalist A. O. Scott describes Hannah Arendt as "of unmatched range and rigor" as a thinker, although she is primarily known for the series of articles known as ''Eichmann in Jerusalem'' that she wrote for ''The New Yorker'', and in particular for the one phrase "the banality of evil".{{sfn|Scott|2016}}

She shunned publicity, never expecting, as she explained to Karl Jaspers in 1951, to see herself as a "cover girl" on the newsstands.{{efn|Letter to Jaspers 14 May 1951.{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=170}} Her image appeared on the cover of the ''[[Saturday Review of Literature]]'' on Saturday, 24 March 1951 (''see [[#SRL|image]]''), shortly after the publication of ''The Origins of Totalitarianism''. She also appeared on ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' in the same week{{sfn|Ring|1998|p=106}}}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxviii}} In Germany, there are tours available of sites associated with her life.{{sfn|Kulturreise|2018}}

The study of the life and work of Hannah Arendt, and of her political and philosophical theory is described as [[:wikt:Arendtian|Arendtian]].{{sfn|Canovan|2013}}{{sfn|HAC Verona|2018}} In her will she established the Hannah Arendt Bluecher Literary Trust as the custodian of her writings and photographs.{{sfn|Kohn|2018}} Her personal library was deposited at Bard College at the Stevenson Library in 1976, and includes approximately 4,000 books, [[ephemera]], and pamphlets from Arendt's last apartment as well as her desk (in McCarthy House).{{sfn|About HAC Bard|2018}} The college has begun archiving some of the collection digitally, which is available at The Hannah Arendt Collection.{{sfn|Bard|2018}} Most of her papers were deposited at the [[Library of Congress]] and her correspondence with her German friends and mentors, such as Heidegger, Blumenfeld and Jaspers, at the [[:de:Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach|Deutsches Literaturarchiv]] in Marbach.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xlvii}} The Library of Congress listed more than 50 books written about her in 1998, and that number has continued to grow, as have the number of scholarly articles, estimated as 1000 at that time.{{sfn|Laqueur|1998}}

Her life and work is recognized by the institutions most closely associated with her teaching, by the creation of Hannah Arendt Centers at both Bard (Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities){{sfn|HAC Bard|2018}} and The New School,{{sfn|Bernstein|2017}} both in New York State. In Germany, her contributions to understanding authoritarianism is recognised by the Hannah-Arendt-Institut für Totalitarismusforschung ([[Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism]]) in [[Dresden]]. There are Hannah Arendt Associations (Hannah Arendt Verein){{sfn|Laqueur|1998}} such as the Hannah Arendt Verein für politisches Denken in [[Bremen]] that awards the annual Hannah-Arendt-Preis für politisches Denken ([[Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thinking]]) established in 1995. In [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]], the Hannah Arendt Center at [[Carl von Ossietzky University]] was established in 1999,{{sfn|HAC Oldenburg|2018}} and holds a large collection of her work (Hannah Arendt Archiv),{{sfn|HAArchiv|2018}} and administers the [[internet portal]] ''HannahArendt.net'' (A Journal for Political Thinking)<ref>{{cite web |title=Zeitschrift für politisches Denken |trans-title=Journal for Political Thinking |language=en, de |issn=1869-5787 |url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/index |access-date=2021-03-22 |work=HannahArendt.net |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811142718/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/index |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as a monograph series, the ''Hannah Arendt-Studien''.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2018}} In Italy, the Hannah Arendt Center for Political Studies is situated at the [[University of Verona]] for Arendtian studies.{{sfn|HAC Verona|2018}}

In 2017 a journal, ''Arendt Studies'', was launched to publish articles related to the study of the life, work, and legacy of Hannah Arendt.{{sfn|Barry|2017}} Many places associated with her, have memorabilia of her on display, such as her student card at the University of Heidelberg (''see image'').{{sfn|UHeidelberg|2015}} 2006, the centennial of her birth, saw commemorations of her work in conferences and celebrations around the world.{{sfn|Villa|2009}}

Of the many photographic portraits of Arendt, that taken in 1944 by [[Fred Stein]] (''see [[#Stein44|image]]''), whose work she greatly admired,{{efn|Arendt wrote to Stein "It is my honest opinion that you are one of the best portrait photographers of the present day"{{sfn|AIE|2018}}}} has become iconic, and has been described as better known than the photographer himself,{{sfn|Heinrich|2013}} having appeared on a German postage stamp.(''see [[#UNHCRStamp|image]]'') Among organizations that have recognized Arendt's contributions to civilization and human rights, is the [[United Nations Refugee Agency]] (UNHCR).{{sfn|UNHCR|2017}}

=== Contemporary{{when|date=August 2024}} interest ===
[[File:2014-08 Graffiti Patrik Wolters alias BeneR1 im Team mit Kevin Lasner alias koarts, Hannah Arendt-Haus am Lindener Marktplatz 2, Hannover-Linden-Mitte, Blick durch die Seiteneinfahrt in der Falkenstraße.jpg|thumb|Courtyard of Arendt's house in Linden-Mitte|alt=Photograph of the courtyard of the house in which she was born, showing Hannah with a cigarette in her hand and the inscription, attributed to her "No one has the right to obey", in German]]
The rise of [[nativism (politics)|nativism]], such as the election of [[Donald Trump]] in the United States,{{sfn|Hill|2017}}{{sfn|DP|2017}}{{sfn|Scroll|2017}} and concerns regarding an increasingly authoritarian style of governance has led to a surge of interest in Arendt and her writings,{{sfn|Bernstein|2018|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}} including radio broadcasts{{sfn|Bragg|Stonebridge|Sheffield|Eaglestone|2017}} and writers, including [[Jeremy Adelman]]{{sfn|Adelman|2016}} and Zoe Williams,{{sfn|Williams|2017}} to revisit Arendt's ideas to seek the extent to which they inform our understanding of such movements,{{sfn|Grenier|2017}}{{sfn|Coombes|2017}} which are being described as "Dark Times".{{sfn|Bernstein|2018b}} At the same time [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] reported that it had sold out of copies of ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951).{{sfn|Gold|2017}} [[Michiko Kakutani]] has addressed what she refers to as "the death of truth".{{sfn|Kakutani|2018}} In her 2018 book, ''The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump'', she argues that the rise of totalitarianism has been founded on the violation of truth. She begins her book with an extensive quote from ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'':{{sfn|Arendt|1976}}

<blockquote>The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (i.e., the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (i.e., the standards of thought) no longer exist.{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=474}}{{sfn|Kakutani|2018|p=1}}</blockquote>

Kakutani and others believed that Arendt's words speak not just events of a previous century but apply equally to the contemporary cultural landscape{{sfn|Bernstein|2018a}} populated with [[fake news]] and lies. She also draws on Arendt's essay "Lying in Politics" from ''Crises in the Republic''{{sfn|Arendt|1972}} pointing to the lines:

<blockquote>The historian knows how vulnerable is the whole texture of facts in which we spend our daily life; it is always in danger of being perforated by single lies or torn to shreds by the organized lying of groups, nations, or classes, or denied and distorted, often carefully covered up by reams of falsehoods or simply allowed to fall into oblivion. Facts need testimony to be remembered and trustworthy witnesses to be established in order to find a secure dwelling place in the domain of human affairs{{sfn|Arendt|1972|p=6}}</blockquote>

Arendt drew attention to the critical role that propaganda plays in [[gaslighting]] populations, Kakutani observes, citing the passage:{{sfn|Hayes|2018}}{{sfn|Kakutani|2018a}}

<blockquote>In an ever-changing, incomprehensible world the masses had reached the point where they would, at the same time, believe everything and nothing, think that everything was possible and that nothing was true . ... The totalitarian mass leaders based their propaganda on the correct psychological assumption that, under such conditions, one could make people believe the most fantastic statements one day, and trust that if the next day they were given irrefutable proof of their falsehood, they would take refuge in cynicism; instead of deserting the leaders who had lied to them, they would protest that they had known all along that the statement was a lie and would admire the leaders for their superior tactical cleverness{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=382}}</blockquote>

Arendt took a broader perspective on history than merely totalitarianism in the early 20th century, stating "the deliberate falsehood and the outright lie have been used as legitimate means to achieve political ends since the beginning of recorded history."{{sfn|Arendt|1972|p=4}}{{sfn|Hanlon|2018}} Contemporary relevance is also reflected in the increasing use of the phrase, attributed to her, "[[#Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen|No one has the right to obey]]" to reflect that actions result from choices, and hence judgement, and that we cannot disclaim responsibility for that which we have the power to act upon.{{sfn|Invernizzi-Accetti|2017}} In addition those centers established to promote Arendtian studies continue to seek solutions to a wide range of contemporary issues in her writing.{{sfn|HAC|2018}}

Arendt's teachings on obedience have also been linked to the controversial psychology experiments by [[Stanley Milgram]], that implied that ordinary people can easily be induced to commit atrocities.{{sfn|Oatley|2018|p=254}}{{sfn|Wolters|2013}} Milgram himself drew attention to this in 1974, stating that he was testing the theory that Eichmann like others would merely follow orders, but unlike Milgram she argued that actions involve responsibility.{{sfn|Milgram|2017|p=23}}{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013a}}

Arendt's theories on the political consequences of how nations deal with refugees have remained relevant and compelling. Arendt had observed first hand the displacement of large stateless and rightsless populations, treated not so much as people in need than as problems to solve, and in many cases, resist.{{sfn|Scott|2016}} She wrote about this in her 1943 essay "We refugees".{{sfn|Arendt|1943}}{{sfn|Bhabha|Weigel|2018}} Another Arendtian theme that finds an echo in contemporary society is her observation, inspired by Rilke, of the despair of not being heard, the futility of tragedy that finds no listener that can bring comfort, assurance and intervention. An example of this being gun violence in America and the resulting political inaction.{{sfn|Hill|2015}}

''In Search of the Last Agora'', an illustrated documentary film by Lebanese director Rayyan Dabbous about Hannah Arendt's 1958 work ''The Human Condition'', was released in 2018 to mark the book's 50th anniversary. Screened at Bard College, the experimental film is described as finding "new meaning in the political theorist's conceptions of politics, technology and society in the 1950s", particularly in her prediction of abuses of phenomena unknown in Arendt's time, including social media, intense globalization, and obsessive celebrity culture.{{sfn|Bard News|2018}}

=== Commemorations ===
{{main|List of memorials to Hannah Arendt}}
Hannah Arendt's life and work continue to be commemorated in many different ways, including plaques (''Gedenktafeln'') indicating places she has lived. Public places and institutions bear her name,{{sfn|Google Maps|2018}} including schools.{{sfn|HAG Berlin|2018}} There is also a Hannah Arendt Day (Hannah Arendt Tag) in her birthplace.{{sfn|Hannover|2017}} Objects named after her vary from [[100027 Hannaharendt|asteroids]] to trains{{sfn|Laqueur|1998}}{{sfn|Shenhav|2007}} and she has been commemorated in stamps. Museums and foundations include her name.{{sfn|GDW|2016}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[German philosophy]]
* [[Hannah Arendt Award]]
* [[List of refugees]]
* [[List of women philosophers]]
* [[Women in philosophy]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==

{{refbegin|30em}}

=== Articles (journals and proceedings) ===
* {{cite journal |last=Allen |first=Wayne F. |date=1 July 1982 |title=Hannah Arendt: existential phenomenology and political freedom |journal=[[Philosophy & Social Criticism]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=170–190 |doi=10.1177/019145378200900203 |s2cid=145329906 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/ALLHAE |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015232350/https://philpapers.org/rec/ALLHAE |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bagchi |first1=Barnita |author-link=Barnita Bagchi |title=Hannah Arendt, Education, and Liberation: A Comparative South Asian Feminist Perspective |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |date=January 2007 |issue=35 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33435891 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Balber |first1=Samantha |title=Hannah Arendt: A Conscious Pariah and Her People |journal=Footnotes |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=165–183 |url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/UAHISTJRNL/article/view/20145/19770 |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110513/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/UAHISTJRNL/article/view/20145/19770 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Benhabib |first1=Seyla |s2cid=144497322 |author-link=Seyla Benhabib|title=The Pariah and Her Shadow: Hannah Arendt's Biography of Rahel Varnhagen |journal=[[Political Theory (journal)|Political Theory]] |date=1995 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=5–24 |jstor=192171 |doi=10.1177/0090591795023001002}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burroughs |first1=Michael D|title=Hannah Arendt, 'Reflections on Little Rock,' and White Ignorance |journal=Critical Philosophy of Race |date=2015 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–78 |doi=10.5325/critphilrace.3.1.0052|s2cid=144235220}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Calcagno |first1=Antonio |title=The Desire For And Pleasure Of Evil: The Augustinian Limitations Of Arendtian Mind |journal=[[The Heythrop Journal]] |date=January 2013 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00513.x}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jonas |first1=Hans |author-link=Hans Jonas|translator=Brian Fox and [[Richard Wolin]] |title=Hannah Arendt: An Intimate Portrait |journal=New England Review |date=2006 |orig-date=2003|volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=133–142 |jstor=40244828}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Laqueur |first1=Walter |author-link=Walter Laqueur|title=The Arendt Cult: Hannah Arendt as Political Commentator |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |date=1998 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=483–496 |jstor=260982 |doi=10.1177/002200949803300401 |s2cid=154222580}}, reprinted in {{harvtxt|Aschheim|2001|pp=47–64}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lebeau |first1=Vicky |title=The Unwelcome Child: Elizabeth Eckford and Hannah Arendt |journal=[[Journal of Visual Culture]] |date=29 June 2016 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.1177/1470412904043598 |s2cid=145198758 |url=https://www.academia.edu/248496 |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016064316/https://www.academia.edu/248496 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Maier-Katkin |first1=Daniel |title=The Reception of Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem in the United States 1963–2011 |website=HannahArendt.net |date=November 2011 |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.57773/hanet.v6i1/2.64 |url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/64/84 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020145149/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/64/84 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Markus |first1=Maria |author-link=Maria Márkus|title=The 'Anti-Feminism' of Hannah Arendt |journal=[[Thesis Eleven]] |date=1987 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=76–87 |doi=10.1177/072551368701700106 |s2cid=145642201}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Momigliano |first1=Arnaldo |author-link=Arnaldo Momigliano|title=A Note on Max Weber's Definition of Judaism as a Pariah-Religion |journal=[[History and Theory]] |date=1980 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=313–318 |doi=10.2307/2504547 |jstor=2504547}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Morey |first1=Maribel |title=Reassessing Hannah Arendt's "Reflections on Little Rock" (1959) |journal=[[Law, Culture and the Humanities]] |date=20 December 2011 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=88–110 |doi=10.1177/1743872111423795|s2cid=144635339}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pickett |first1=Adrienne |title=Images, Dialogue, and Aesthetic Education: Arendt's response to the Little Rock Crisis |journal=Philosophical Studies in Education |date=2009 |volume=40 |pages=188–199 |url=http://ovpes.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pickett2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515233241/http://ovpes.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pickett2009.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-15 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Larry |last2=Diemling |first2=Maria |title=Arendt's 'conscious pariah' and the ambiguous figure of the subaltern |journal=[[European Journal of Social Theory]] |date=24 July 2016 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–520 |doi=10.1177/1368431016628261 |s2cid=147139630 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53565/7/Conscious%20Pariah%20Arendt-authors%20copy.pdf |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720163116/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53565/7/Conscious%20Pariah%20Arendt-authors%20copy.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Riepl-Schmidt |first1=Mascha |title=Henriette Arendt |website=HannahArendt.net |date=15 February 2005 |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.57773/hanet.v1i1.87 |url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/87/140 |language=de |issn=1869-5787 |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719015633/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/87/140 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Elissa |title=Walking in the city: memory and place |journal=[[The Journal of Architecture]] |date=February 2012 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=131–149 |doi=10.1080/13602365.2012.659914|s2cid=144753542}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Saussy |first1=Haun |author-link=Haun Saussy|title=The Refugee Speaks of Parvenus and Their Beautiful Illusions: A Rediscovered 1934 Text by Hannah Arendt |journal=[[Critical Inquiry]] |date=2013 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1086/673223 |s2cid=162242781}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Schuler-Springorum |first1=Stefanie |author-link=Stefanie Schüler-Springorum|title=Assimilation and Community Reconsidered: The Jewish Community in Konigsberg, 1871-1914 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=1 June 1999 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=104–131 |doi=10.1353/jss.1999.0008 |s2cid=201796942 |issn=1527-2028}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Szécsényi |first1=Endre |title=The Hungarian Revolution in the "Reflections" by Hannah Arendt |date=30 March 2005 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1657014 |access-date=3 August 2018 |series=Europe or the Globe? Eastern European Trajectories in Times of Integration and Globalization |publisher=[[Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen|IWM]] |location=Vienna |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408011137/https://www.academia.edu/1657014 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Teixeira |first1=Christina Heine |title=Wartesaal Lissabon 1941: Hannah Arendt und Heinrich Blücher |website=HannahArendt.net |date=September 2006 |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.57773/hanet.v2i1.99 |url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/99/164 |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713055445/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/99/164 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Villa |first1=Dana |title=Hannah Arendt, 1906-1975 |journal=[[The Review of Politics]] |date=2009 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=20–36 |jstor=25655783 |doi=10.1017/S0034670509000035 |s2cid=148198536}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wellmer |first1=Albrecht |author-link=Albrecht Wellmer|title=Hannah Arendt On Revolution |journal=Revue Internationale de Philosophie|date=1999 |volume=53 |issue=208 (2) |pages=207–222 |jstor=23955552}}

==== Rahel Varnhagen ====

* {{cite journal |last1=Cutting-Gray |first1=Joanne |title=Hannah Arendt's Rahel Varnhagen |journal=[[Philosophy and Literature]] |date=1991 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=229–245 |doi=10.1353/phl.1991.0023|s2cid=170122103}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Donald J. |title=Hannah Arendt's Shared Destiny with Rahel Varnhagen |date=Spring 2009 |journal=Women in Judaism |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=18 |url=https://wjudaism.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/wjudaism/article/view/15801/12871 |access-date=9 November 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110502/https://wjudaism.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/wjudaism/article/view/15801/12871 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zebadúa Yáñez |first1=Verónica |title=Reading the Lives of Others: Biography as Political Thought in Hannah Arendt and Simone de Beauvoir |journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=94–110 |doi=10.1111/hypa.12383 |issn=0887-5367|year=2018 |s2cid=232175146}}

==== Special issues and proceedings ====
* {{cite book |last1=Ojakangas |first1=Mika |chapter=Arendt, Socrates, and the Ethics of Conscience |date=2010a |title=Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=8 |pages=67–85 |chapter-url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/25815/008_06_Ojakangas.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926023324/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/25815/008_06_Ojakangas.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Durst |first1=Margarete |date=2004 |title=Birth and Natality in Hannah Arendt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDWYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT943 |pages=777–797 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-010-0047-5 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Hannah Arendt |journal=[[Social Research]] |date=Spring 1977 |volume=44 |issue=1 |jstor=i40043622|type=Special issue}}

=== Audiovisual ===
* {{cite AV media notes|last=Berkowitz|first=Roger|date= 2013|title= Hannah Arendt: A brief biography|type= DVD liner notes to [[Hannah Arendt (film)|Hannah Arendt]] |publisher=[[Zeitgeist Films]]}}
* {{cite AV media|last=BBFC|author-link=British Board of Film Classification|title=Hannah Arendt|medium=Film|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=2013|website=Releases|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hannah-arendt-film|language=de, en, he|access-date=29 July 2018|ref={{harvid|BBFC|2018}}|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110502/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/hannah-arendt-film|url-status=live}}
** {{cite AV media|last=BBFC|title=Hannah Arendt|medium=Film|date=2012|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hannah-arendt-film|language=de, en, he|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110502/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/hannah-arendt-film|url-status=live}} (see also [[Hannah Arendt (film)|Hannah Arendt]])
** {{cite magazine |last1=Weigel |first1=Moira |title=Heritage Girl Crush: On "Hannah Arendt" |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/heritage-girl-crush-on-hannah-arendt |access-date=18 August 2018 |magazine=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |type=Review |date=16 July 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819011156/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/heritage-girl-crush-on-hannah-arendt |url-status=live }}
* {{cite AV media |last1=Bragg |first1=Melvyn |last2=Stonebridge |first2=Lyndsey |last3=Sheffield |first3=Frisbee |last4=Eaglestone |first4=Robert |author-link1=Melvyn Bragg |author-link4=Robert Eaglestone |title=Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08c2ljg |access-date=20 September 2018 |series=[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]] |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] |medium=Radio panel discussion |date=2 February 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032503/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08c2ljg |url-status=live }}
* {{cite AV media|last=Zeitgeist|author-link=Zeitgeist Films|title=Vita Activa – The Spirit of Hannah Arendt|url=https://zeitgeistfilms.com/film/vitaactivathespiritofhannaharendt|medium=Film|format=Documentary|date=2015|language=de, en, he|publisher=[[Zeitgeist Films]]|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316015844/https://zeitgeistfilms.com/film/vitaactivathespiritofhannaharendt|url-status=live}}
** {{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=A. O. |date=5 April 2016 |title=Review: In 'Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt,' a Thinker More Relevant Than Ever |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/movies/vita-activa-the-spirit-of-hannah-arendt-review.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |type=Review |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523150135/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/movies/vita-activa-the-spirit-of-hannah-arendt-review.html |url-status=live }}

=== Books and monographs ===
* Zohar Mihaely, Hannah Arendt and the Crisis of Israeli Democracy, Oregon, Pickwick Publications, 2022.
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Adamson|editor-first1=Jane|editor-last2=Freadman|editor-first2=Richard|editor-last3=Parker|editor-first3=David|title=Renegotiating Ethics in Literature, Philosophy, and Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efMYsPjCH8UC|date=1998|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-62938-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Baier|first=Annette|author-link=Annette Baier|title=Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMsZKAE-_1sC|year=1995|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-58716-8}}
** "Ethics in many different voices" pp. 247–268, see also revised versions as {{harvtxt|Baier|1998|pp=247–268}} and {{harvtxt|Baier|1997|pp=325–346}}
* {{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard J. Bernstein|title=Why Read Hannah Arendt Now?|date=2018|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1-5095-2863-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tRfDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Clément |first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Clément |translator=Julia Shirek Smith |title=Martin et Hannah |trans-title=Martin and Hannah: A Novel |year=2001 |orig-date=1999 Calmann-Lévy |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=978-1-57392-906-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BeSAAAAIAAJ }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Schroeder |first1=Steven |title=Review of "Martin and Hannah: A Novel" |journal=Essays in Philosophy |date=2002 |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=https://commons.pacificu.edu/eip/vol3/iss1/2/ |issn=1526-0569 |type=Review |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110505/https://commons.pacificu.edu/eip/vol3/iss1/2/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Copjec|editor-first=Joan|editor-link=Joan Copjec|title=Radical Evil|year=1996|publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]]|isbn=978-1-85984-911-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9CD65m42-YC}}
* {{cite book|last=Gellhorn|first=Martha|author-link=Martha Gellhorn|title=The View from the Ground|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50oyBgAAQBAJ|date=1988|publisher=[[Atlantic Monthly Press]]|isbn=978-0-8021-9117-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hattem|first1=Cornelis Van|last2=Hattem|first2=Kees van|title=Superfluous people: a reflection on Hannah Arendt and evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKV-AAAAMAAJ|date=2005|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=978-0-7618-3304-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|author-link=Michiko Kakutani|title=The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump|date=2018|publisher=[[Crown/Archetype]]|isbn=978-0-525-57484-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlw_DwAAQBAJ}}
** {{cite news |last1=Hayes |first1=Chris |author-link=Chris Hayes |title=Michiko Kakutani's Book About Our Post-Truth Era |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/books/review/michiko-kakutani-death-of-truth.html |access-date=3 September 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 2018 |type=Review |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011401/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/books/review/michiko-kakutani-death-of-truth.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Kielmansegg|editor-first1=Peter Graf|editor-last2=Mewes|editor-first2=Horst|editor-last3=Glaser-Schmidt|editor-first3=Elisabeth|title=Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Émigrés and American Political Thought After World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtOcOHcpDzIC|date=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59936-8|ref={{harvid|Kielmansegg et al|1997}}|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183203/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtOcOHcpDzIC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Lamey|first=Andy|title=Frontier Justice: The Global Refugee Crisis and What To Do About It|url=https://archive.org/details/frontierjusticeg0000lame|url-access=registration|date=2011|publisher=[[Doubleday Canada]]|isbn=978-0-307-36792-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Milgram|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley Milgram|title=Obedience to Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwjhDgAAQBAJ|date=2017|orig-date=1974|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-06-280340-5}} (see also [[Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View|Obedience to Authority]])
* {{cite book |last=Most |first=Stephen |year=2017 |title=Stories Make the World: Reflections on Storytelling and the Art of the Documentary |location=New York |publisher=Berghahn Books}}
* {{cite book|last=Oatley|first=Keith|author-link=Keith Oatley|title=Our Minds, Our Selves: A Brief History of Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-NBDwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4008-9004-0}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Richter|editor-first=William L.|title=Approaches to Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQn-AAAAQBAJ|date=2009|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4616-3656-4}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Marc|title=Altogether Elsewhere: Writers on Exile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkKVAAAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace]]|isbn=978-0-15-600389-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Simmons|first=William Paul|title=Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZewdr8pci0C|date=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-50326-6}}
** {{citation|last=Simmons|first=William Paul|title=Arendt, Little Rock, and the Cauterization of the Marginalized Other|url=https://www.williampaulsimmons.com/uploads/8/6/4/9/8649834/simmons_arendt_and_little_rock.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201135/https://www.williampaulsimmons.com/uploads/8/6/4/9/8649834/simmons_arendt_and_little_rock.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-04|url-status=live|date=2011|type=Essay|ref={{harvid|Simmons|2011a}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Swedberg|first1=Richard|last2=Agevall|first2=Ola|author-link1=Richard Swedberg|title=The Max Weber Dictionary: Key Words and Central Concepts|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PafEDAAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-1-5036-0022-5}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Weber|editor-first1=Hermann|editor-last2=Drabkin|editor-first2=Jakov|editor-last3=Bayerlein|editor-first3=Bernhard H.|editor-link1=Hermann Weber|editor-link3=Bernhard H. Bayerlein|title=Deutschland, Russland, Komintern. II Dokumente (1918–1943): Nach der Archivrevolution: Neuerschlossene Quellen zu der Geschichte der KPD und den deutsch-russischen Beziehungen|trans-title=Germany, Russia, Comintern. II Documents (1918–1943): After the Archive Revolution: New sources on the history of the KPD and German-Russian relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gCTBgAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG]]|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-033978-9|ref={{harvid|Weber et al|2014}}}}

==== Autobiography and biography ====
* {{cite book |last=AAAS |author-link=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |title=Book of members, 1780 – present: A |date=2018 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |location=Cambridge MA |page=18 |url=https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217142342/https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2018 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Anders|first1=Günther|author-link=Günther Anders|editor-last=Oberschlick|editor-first=Gerhard|editor-link=Gerhard Fritz Oberschlick|title=Die Kirschenschlacht: Dialoge mit Hannah Arendt und ein akademisches Nachwort|trans-title=The cherry battle: dialogues with Hannah Arendt and an academic epilogue|year=2011|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|isbn=978-3-406-63278-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIJKWaGgG5QC}}
** {{cite web |last1=Berkowitz |first1=Roger |title=The Cherry Battle |website=News |publisher=Hannah Arendt Center, [[Bard College]] |type=Review |date=13 February 2012a |url=https://hac.bard.edu/amor-mundi/the-cherry-battle-2012-02-13 |access-date=2021-03-22 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414024548/https://hac.bard.edu/amor-mundi/the-cherry-battle-2012-02-13 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Ettinger|first=Elzbieta|author-link=Elzbieta Ettinger|title=Hannah Arendt/Martin Heidegger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UaRXIFHULcC|date=1997|orig-date=1995|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-07254-9}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Brent |first1=Frances |title=Arendt's Affair |magazine=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]] |date=30 May 2013 |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/133293/arendts-affair |type=Review |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410134844/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/133293/arendts-affair |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Grunenberg|first=Antonia|author-link=Antonia Grunenberg|title=Arendt|year=2003|publisher=Herder|location=[[Freiburg]]|isbn=978-3-451-04954-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD3zAAAAMAAJ|language=de|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183136/https://books.google.com/books?id=SD3zAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Grunenberg|first=Antonia|author-link=Antonia Grunenberg|author-mask=1|title=Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger: History of a Love|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwAvDwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-02718-4|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203194124/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwAvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Anne Conover|title=Hannah Arendt: A Life in Dark Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1b8CQAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-45619-8}} ''[http://www.annecheller.com/hannah-arendt-excerpt/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090531/http://www.annecheller.com/hannah-arendt-excerpt/ |date=9 August 2020 }}''
* {{cite book|editor-last=Honig|editor-first=Bonnie|editor-link=Bonnie Honig|title=Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zd1bO5b8EiIC|date=2010|orig-date=1995|publisher=[[Penn State Press]]|isbn=978-0-271-04320-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Howe|first=Irving|author-link=Irving Howe|title=A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/marginofhopeint00howe|url-access=registration|year=1984|orig-date=1982|publisher=[[Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich]]|isbn=978-0-15-657245-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Kristeva|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Kristeva|translator=Ross Guberman|title=Hannah Arendt|year=2001a|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12102-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ3OCR40NuEC}}
* {{cite book|last=Maier-Katkin|first=Daniel|title=Stranger from Abroad: Hannah Arendt, Martin Heidegger, Friendship and Forgiveness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkXeQCR38JUC|date=2010a|publisher=[[W. W. Norton]]|isbn=978-0-393-07731-5}}
* {{cite book|last=May|first=Derwent|title=Hannah Arendt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhmDAAAAMAAJ|date=1986|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-008116-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Nixon|first=Jon|title=Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Friendship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDpOBQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4725-0754-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Stangneth|first=Bettina|title=Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QR1mAwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-307-95968-3|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183628/https://books.google.com/books?id=QR1mAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Vowinckel|first=Annette|title=Hannah Arendt: zwischen deutscher Philosophie und jüdischer Politik|trans-title=Hannah Arendt: Between German philosophy and Jewish politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCN42NuXGd0C|year=2004|publisher=Lukas Verlag|isbn=978-3-936872-36-1|language=de|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184229/https://books.google.com/books?id=BCN42NuXGd0C|url-status=live}} ([https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Annette_Vowinckel/publication/320947576_Hannah_Arendt_Zwischen_deutscher_Philosophie_und_judischer_Politik/links/5a042e66aca272b06ca852fa/Hannah-Arendt-Zwischen-deutscher-Philosophie-und-juedischer-Politik.pdf full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171557/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Annette_Vowinckel/publication/320947576_Hannah_Arendt_Zwischen_deutscher_Philosophie_und_judischer_Politik/links/5a042e66aca272b06ca852fa/Hannah-Arendt-Zwischen-deutscher-Philosophie-und-juedischer-Politik.pdf |date=19 September 2018 }})
* {{cite book|last=Young-Bruehl|first=Elisabeth|author-link=Elisabeth Young-Bruehl|title=Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVaRUV7jOzUC|year=2004|orig-date=1982|edition=Second|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-10588-9}}

==== Critical works ====
* {{cite book|editor-last=Aschheim|editor-first=Steven E.|title=Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem|trans-title=Hannah Arendt Beyerushalayim, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2007 (in Hebrew)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN__U6VdHEgC|date=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-22057-7}}
** {{cite news |last1=Shenhav |first1=Yehouda |author-link=Yehouda Shenhav |title=All Aboard the Arendt Express |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4818842 |access-date=30 July 2018 |work=[[Haaretz]] |type=Review |date=3 May 2007 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731062054/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4818842 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Berkowitz |editor-first1=Roger |editor-last2=Storey |editor-first2=Ian |title=Artifacts of Thinking: Reading Hannah Arendt's Denktagebuch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD5dDgAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8232-7217-4 }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Bernauer|editor-first=J.W.|title=Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NmLBQAAQBAJ|date=1987|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-94-009-3565-5}}
** {{cite news|last=Bernauer|first=James W.|title=The Faith of Hannah Arendt: Amor Mundi and its Critique – Assimilation of Religious Experience |pages=1–28 |date=1987a}}
* {{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard J. Bernstein|title=Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gt26WR1zSxIC|date=2013|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=978-0-7456-6570-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Birmingham|first=Peg|author-link=Peg Birmingham|title=Hannah Arendt and Human Rights: The Predicament of Common Responsibility|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxpPa1zjcXUC|date=2006|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-11226-2|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184236/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxpPa1zjcXUC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Bowen-Moore|first=Patricia|title=Hannah Arendt's Philosophy of Natality|date=1989|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|isbn=978-1-349-20125-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nw2wCwAAQBAJ|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184138/https://books.google.com/books?id=nw2wCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Courtine-Denamy|first=Sylvie|translator=G.M. Goshgarian|title=Trois femmes dans de sombres temps|trans-title=Three Women in Dark Times: Edith Stein, Hannah Arendt, Simone Weil, or Amor fati, amor mundi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-b8gGEy34YC|year=2000|orig-date=1997 [[Editions Albin Michel]]|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8014-8758-3|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184138/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-b8gGEy34YC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Grunenberg |first1=Antonia |author-link=:de:Antonia Grunenberg |title=Hannah Arendt-Studien / Hannah Arendt Studies |url=https://www.peterlang.com/view/serial/HAAS |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |language=en, de |date=2018 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035827/https://www.peterlang.com/view/serial/HAAS |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hayden|editor-first=Patrick|title=Hannah Arendt: Key Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGZ_BAAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-54588-0|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190902/https://books.google.com/books?id=DGZ_BAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Hermsen|editor-first1=Joke J.|editor-last2=Villa|editor-first2=Dana Richard|title=The Judge and the Spectator: Hannah Arendt's Political Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeRS-8jYGDgC|year=1999|publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-429-0781-2|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184655/https://books.google.com/books?id=VeRS-8jYGDgC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Hinchman|editor-first1=Lewis P.|editor-last2=Hinchman|editor-first2=Sandra|title=Hannah Arendt: Critical Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNcryZnvlQ0C|year=1994|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-1853-6|access-date=14 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184802/https://books.google.com/books?id=yNcryZnvlQ0C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Kathleen B.|title=Diving for Pearls: A Thinking Journey with Hannah Arendt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idqyngEACAAJ|date=2013a|publisher=Thinking Women Books|isbn=978-0-9860586-0-8|access-date=6 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184656/https://books.google.com/books?id=idqyngEACAAJ|url-status=live}} [https://www.kbjoneswrites.com/diving-for-pearls-a-thinking-journey-with-hannah-arendt/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235205/https://www.kbjoneswrites.com/diving-for-pearls-a-thinking-journey-with-hannah-arendt/ |date=6 October 2018 }}, see also {{harvtxt|Jones|2013}}
* {{cite book|last=Kiess|first=John|title=Hannah Arendt and Theology|date=2016|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-567-62851-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GPdCgAAQBAJ|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=9GPdCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kristeva|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Kristeva|translator=Frank Collins|title=Hannah Arendt: Life is a Narrative|year=2001b|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=978-0-8020-3521-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEE4yN-jSG8C|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203185201/https://books.google.com/books?id=zEE4yN-jSG8C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Luban |first1=David |title=Arendt After Jerusalem: The Moral and Legal Philosophy |publisher=To be published |url=http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/upload_documents/NYU_%20David%20Luban.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921235418/http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/upload_documents/NYU_%20David%20Luban.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2018 |ref={{harvid|Luban|2018}} }}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=May|editor-first1=Larry|editor-last2=Kohn|editor-first2=Jerome|title=Hannah Arendt: Twenty Years Later|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbiFMcwSPOEC|year=1997|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-63182-2|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203185204/https://books.google.com/books?id=MbiFMcwSPOEC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=McGowan|first=John|author-link=John McGowan (professor)|title=Hannah Arendt: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsbCymMbcvoC|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|date=1998|isbn=978-1-4529-0338-5|access-date=3 March 2016|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203185205/https://books.google.com/books?id=VsbCymMbcvoC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Ring|first=Jennifer|title=The Political Consequences of Thinking: Gender and Judaism in the Work of Hannah Arendt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZkSrPdPWfQC|date=1998|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=978-1-4384-1739-4|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203185245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZkSrPdPWfQC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Swift|first=Simon|title=Hannah Arendt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ox9AgAAQBAJ|date=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-09355-7|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ox9AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Villa|editor-first=Dana|title=The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00vill|url-access=registration|date=2000|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-64571-3}} [https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hannah-arendt-the-jewish-writings-2007.pdf text at ''Pensar el Espacio Público''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113185504/https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hannah-arendt-the-jewish-writings-2007.pdf |date=13 January 2021 }}

==== Historical ====
* {{cite book|last=Augustine|first=Saint|author-link=Saint Augustine|translator=John W. Rettig|title=In Joannis evangelium tractatus|trans-title=Tractates on the Gospel of John, 111-24|year=1995|publisher=[[CUA Press]]|isbn=978-0-8132-0092-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXqxJnS2mnAC|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203185819/https://books.google.com/books?id=SXqxJnS2mnAC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Augustine|first=Saint|author-link=Saint Augustine|author-mask=1|translator=Boniface Ramsay|title=Tractatus in epistolam Joannis ad Parthos|trans-title=Homilies on the First Epistle of John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXDYAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=[[New City Press]]|isbn=978-1-56548-289-0|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203193535/https://books.google.com/books?id=jXDYAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}, available in Latin as
* {{cite book|last=Kant|first=Immanuel|author-link=Immanuel Kant|translator=Robert Louden|title=Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht|trans-title=Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WsP4f1bi9kC|date=2006|orig-date=1798|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-67165-1|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203193436/https://books.google.com/books?id=7WsP4f1bi9kC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kant|first=Immanuel|author-link=Immanuel Kant|author-mask=1|title=Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft|url=https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/kant/aa06/|date=1793|publisher=Friedrich Nicolovius|location=Königsberg|page=99|access-date=5 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908230948/https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/Kant/aa06/}}
* {{cite book|last=Kant|first=Immanuel|author-link=Immanuel Kant|author-mask=1|translator=J. W. Semple|title=Religion Within the Boundary of Pure Reason|date=1838|publisher=Thomas Clark|location=Edinburgh|page=125|url=https://archive.org/stream/religionwithinb00kantgoog#page/n139}}
* {{cite book|last=Lazare|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Lazare|title=Le Nationalisme Juif|date=2016|publisher=[[Hachette Livre]]|isbn=978-2-01-359879-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3opVDQEACAAJ|orig-date=1898 Kadimah, Paris|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190324/https://books.google.com/books?id=3opVDQEACAAJ|url-status=live}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k81448z/f1.item.r=pariah.zoom facsimile text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110508/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k81448z/f1.item.r%3Dpariah.zoom |date=15 February 2020 }} at [[Gallica]], and [[:s:fr:Le Nationalisme Juif|reproduced]] on [[Wikisource]]
* {{cite book|last=Rühle-Gerstel|first=Alice|author-link=Alice Rühle-Gerstel|title=Das Frauenproblem der Gegenwart: eine psychologische Bilanz|trans-title=Contemporary Women's Issues: A psychological balance sheet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzvxAAAAMAAJ|year=1932|publisher=S. Hirzel|language=de|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190240/https://books.google.com/books?id=SzvxAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Weber|first=Max|author-link=Max Weber|editor-last1=Roth|editor-first1=Guenther|editor-last2=Wittich|editor-first2=Claus|title=Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie|trans-title=Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILOksrhgrYC|year=1978|orig-date=1922|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-03500-3|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190324/https://books.google.com/books?id=MILOksrhgrYC|url-status=live}} [https://archive.org/details/MaxWeberEconomyAndSociety full text available on] [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Weil|first=Hans|author-link=:de:Hans Weil|title=Die Entstehung des deutschen Bildungsprinzips|trans-title=The Origin of the German Educational Principle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kMWAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|orig-date=1930|publisher=H. Bouvier|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190249/https://books.google.com/books?id=2kMWAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}

=== Chapters and contributions ===
* {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |title=Ideology and Terror |year=1993a |orig-date=1953 |pages=338–348 |url=https://mrkaminski.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/1/6/23161936/ideology_and_terror_1953--hannah_arendt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809031543/https://mrkaminski.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/1/6/23161936/ideology_and_terror_1953--hannah_arendt.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-09 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Baier|first=Annette C|author-link=Annette Baier|title=Ethics in many different voices|pages=325–346|date=1997}}, in {{harvtxt|May|Kohn|1997}}
* {{cite book|last=Baier|first=Annette C|author-link=Annette Baier|author-mask=1|title=Ethics in many different voices|pages=247–268|date=1998}}, in {{harvtxt|Adamson|Freadman|Parker|1998}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beiner |first1=Ronald |title=Love and worldliness: Hannah Arendt's reading of Saint Augustine |pages=269–284|date=1997}}, in {{harvtxt|May|Kohn|1997}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brocke |first1=Edna |author-link=:de:Edna Brocke|title=Afterword. "Big Hannah" – My Aunt |date=2009a |pages=512–522}}, in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2009a}}
* {{cite book |last1=Canovan |first1=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Canovan |title=Introduction |date=2013 |pages=vii–xx |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARBJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-226-92457-1 |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190323/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARBJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}, in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dries |first1=Christian |title=Günther Anders und Hannah Arendt - eine Beziehungsskizze |date=2011 |pages=71–140 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311183935 |language=de }}, in {{harvtxt|Anders|2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Elon |first1=Amos |author-link=Amos Elon |title=Introduction |date=2006a |page=xxi |publisher=Penguin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGoxZEdw36oC&pg=PT18 |isbn=978-1-101-00716-7 |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203192350/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGoxZEdw36oC&pg=PT18#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}, in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2006a}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=Karin |title=Natality |url=https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/karin-fry-natality-hannah-arendt-key-terms.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044522/https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/karin-fry-natality-hannah-arendt-key-terms.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-11 |url-status=live |date=2014 |pages=23–35 }}, in {{harvtxt|Hayden|2014}}
* Guilherme, Alexandre and Morgan, W. John, 'Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)-dialogue as a public space'. Chapter 4 in ''Philosophy, Dialogue, and Education: Nine modern European philosophers'', Routledge, London and New York, pp. 55–71, {{ISBN|978-1-138-83149-0}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Gould |first1=Carol |title=Hannah Arendt and Remembrance |date=2009 |pages=65–72 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQn-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |isbn=978-1-4616-3656-4 |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203192345/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQn-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}, in {{harvtxt|Richter|2009}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kippenberger |first1=Hans |author-link=Hans Kippenberger|title=376a. Vertraulicher Bericht Kippenbergers uber den Parteiselbstschutz (PSS) der KPD |trans-title= Confidential report by Kippenberger on the party self-protection of the KPD|date=8 February 1936 |location=Moscow |pages=1182–1185}}, in {{harvtxt|Weber et al|2014}}
* {{cite book |last1=Luban |first1=David |title=Explaining Dark Times: Hannah Arendt's Theory of Theory |date=1994 |pages=79–110}}, in {{harvtxt|Hinchman|Hinchman|1994}}
* {{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Joanna Vecchiarelli|last2=Stark|first2=Judith Chelius|title=Preface: Rediscovering Love and Saint Augustine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue57eLTxMVsC&pg=PR15|date=1996|pages=vii–xviii|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02596-4|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190842/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue57eLTxMVsC&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Arendt|1996}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vollrath |first1=Ernst |title=Hannah Arendt: A German-American Jewess views the United States - and looks back to Germany |pages=45–58|date=1997}}, in {{harvtxt|Kielmansegg et al|1997}}
* {{cite book |last1=Weyembergh |first1=Maurice |title=Remembrance and Oblivion |date=1999 |pages=79–96 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeRS-8jYGDgC&pg=PA79 |isbn=978-90-429-0781-2 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190749/https://books.google.com/books?id=VeRS-8jYGDgC&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}, in {{harvtxt|Hermsen|Villa|1999}}

=== Dictionaries and encyclopedias ===
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|year=2015|edition=7th|publisher=Duden|language=de|ref={{harvid|Duden|2015}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Baron |first1=Salo |author-link=Salo Baron |title=Conference on Jewish Social Studies |date=2007 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/conference-jewish-social-studies |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010254/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/conference-jewish-social-studies |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=d'Entreves |first1=Maurizio Passerin |title=Hannah Arendt |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] Archive |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=6 February 2019 |date=2014 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130223845/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/ |url-status=live }} ([https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/ Version: January 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130223845/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/ |date=30 January 2019 }})
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last1=Hyman|editor-first1=Paula|editor-last2=Moore|editor-first2=Deborah Dash|editor-link1=Paula Hyman|editor-link2=Deborah Dash Moore|title=Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 2 vols. I: A-L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEj0oLYK10sC|date=1998|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-91934-0|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190814/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEj0oLYK10sC|url-status=live}}
** {{cite book |last=Whitfield |first=Stephen J. |author-link=Stephen J. Whitfield |title=Hannah Arendt (1906 - 1975) |pages=61–64 |date=1998 |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hannah-arendt |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719085337/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hannah-arendt |url-status=live }}, in {{harvtxt|Hyman|Moore|1998}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Lovett |first1=Frank |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/republicanism/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] Archive |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=23 July 2018 |date=4 June 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025173638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/republicanism/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Wood |first1=Kelsey |title=Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=143 |encyclopedia=[[The Literary Encyclopedia]] |publisher=The Literary Dictionary Company Limited |access-date=24 July 2018 |date=7 January 2004 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154100/https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=143 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Yar |first1=Majid |title=Hannah Arendt (1906—1975) |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/arendt/ |access-date=18 July 2018 |ref={{harvid|Yar|2018}} |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024343/https://www.iep.utm.edu/arendt/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Hannah Arendt|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/hannah-arendt|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography|date=2010|publisher=[[The Gale Group]]|access-date=26 July 2018|ref={{harvid|EWB|2010}}|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422180906/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/hannah-arendt}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Cullen-DuPont|first=Kathryn|title=Encyclopedia of Women's History in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC|date=2014|orig-date=1996|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4381-1033-2|access-date=3 March 2016|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190848/https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC|url-status=live}}

=== Magazines ===
* {{cite magazine |last1=Adelman |first1=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Adelman |title=Pariah: Can Hannah Arendt Help Us Rethink Our Global Refugee Crisis? |magazine=[[Wilson Quarterly]] |date=Spring 2016 |url=https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/looking-back-moving-forward/pariah-can-hannah-arendt-help-us-rethink-our-global-refugee-crisis/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006105653/https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/looking-back-moving-forward/pariah-can-hannah-arendt-help-us-rethink-our-global-refugee-crisis/ |archive-date=6 October 2018 }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard |author-link=Richard J. Bernstein |title=The Urgent Relevance of Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.philosophersmag.com/opinion/187-the-urgent-relevance-of-hannah-arendt |magazine=[[The Philosophers' Magazine]] |issue=82 |date=19 August 2018a |pages=24–31 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215112003/https://www.philosophersmag.com/opinion/187-the-urgent-relevance-of-hannah-arendt |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Gellhorn |first1=Martha |author-link=Martha Gellhorn|title=Eichmann and the Private Conscience |magazine=[[Atlantic Monthly]] |date=February 1962}}, reprinted in {{harvtxt|Gellhorn|1988|pp=217–233}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Heinrich |first1=Kaspar |title=Fotografien von Fred Stein: Der Poet mit der Kleinbildkamera |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=19 November 2013 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/fotografien-von-fred-stein-im-juedischen-museum-berlin-a-934199.html |language=de |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020000825/http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/fotografien-von-fred-stein-im-juedischen-museum-berlin-a-934199.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last2=Kazin |first2=Alfred |last1=Held |first1=Virginia |author-link1=Virginia Held |author-link2=Alfred Kazin |date=21 October 1982 |title=Feminism & Hannah Arendt |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/10/21/feminism-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110501/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/10/21/feminism-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Howe |first1=Irving |author-link=Irving Howe |title=Banality and Brilliance |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/banality-and-brilliance-irving-howe-on-hannah-arendt |access-date=6 September 2018 |magazine=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=5 June 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032630/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/banality-and-brilliance-irving-howe-on-hannah-arendt |url-status=live }}, reprinted from {{harvtxt|Howe|1984|pp=269''ff''}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Kathleen B. |title=Hannah Arendt's Female Friends |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/hannah-arendts-female-friends/#! |access-date=18 August 2018 |magazine=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |date=12 November 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819011218/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/hannah-arendts-female-friends/#! |url-status=live }}, reprinted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2013a}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |author-link=Kirsch |title=Beware of Pity: Hannah Arendt and the power of the impersonal |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=12 January 2009 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/01/12/beware-of-pity |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718210435/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/01/12/beware-of-pity |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Kohler |first1=Lotte |title=The Arendt/Heidegger Affair |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/03/21/the-arendtheidegger-affair/ |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=21 March 1996 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110550/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/03/21/the-arendtheidegger-affair/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Maier-Katkin |first1=Daniel |title=How Hannah Arendt Was Labeled an "Enemy of Israel" |magazine=[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]] |date=2010 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=11–14 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/594093/pdf |issn=2164-0041 |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309051735/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/594093/pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Obermair |first=Hannes |date=April 2018 |title=Da Hans a Hannah—il "duce" di Bolzano e la sfida di Arendt |trans-title=From Hans to Hannah—Mussolini in Bolzano and Arendt's Challenge |magazine=Il Cristallo. Rassegna di Varia Umanità |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=27–32 |issn=0011-1449 |isbn=978-88-7223-312-2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36926745 |language=it |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016064316/https://www.academia.edu/36926745 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Seliger |first=Ralph |title=Hannah Arendt: From Iconoclast to Icon |magazine=[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]] |date=15 April 2011 |url=http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/hannah-arendt-from-iconoclast-to-icon |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330082506/http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/hannah-arendt-from-iconoclast-to-icon |url-status=live }}

=== Newspapers ===
* {{cite news |last1=Berkowitz |first1=Roger |title=Misreading 'Eichmann in Jerusalem' |work=[[The New York Times]] (Opinionator: The Stone) |date=7 July 2013a |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/misreading-hannah-arendts-eichmann-in-jerusalem/ |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919144009/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/misreading-hannah-arendts-eichmann-in-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard J. |author-link=Richard J. Bernstein |title=The Illuminations of Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/opinion/why-read-hannah-arendt-now.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 June 2018b |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110500/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/opinion/why-read-hannah-arendt-now.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Bird |first1=David |title=Hannah Arendt, Political Scientist Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/06/archives/hannah-arendt-political-scientist-dead.html |access-date=24 July 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 1975a |type=Obituary |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503160729/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/06/archives/hannah-arendt-political-scientist-dead.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Bird |first1=David |title=Hannah Arendt, Political Scientist Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/search?dropmab=false&endDate=19791231&query=Hannah%20arendt&sort=best&startDate=19700101 |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 December 1975b |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153008/https://www.nytimes.com/search?dropmab=false&endDate=19791231&query=Hannah%20arendt&sort=best&startDate=19700101 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |author-link=Judith Butler |title=Hannah Arendt's challenge to Adolf Eichmann |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/29/hannah-arendt-adolf-eichmann-banality-of-evil |access-date=13 December 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031830/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/29/hannah-arendt-adolf-eichmann-banality-of-evil |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|last=Grenier|first=Elizabeth|title=Why the world is turning to Hannah Arendt to explain Trump|url=http://www.dw.com/en/why-the-world-is-turning-to-hannah-arendt-to-explain-trump/a-37371699|date=2 February 2017|work=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]]|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110515/https://www.dw.com/en/why-the-world-is-turning-to-hannah-arendt-to-explain-trump/a-37371699|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Hanlon |first1=Aaron |date=31 August 2018 |title=Postmodernism didn't cause Trump. It explains him. |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/postmodernism-didnt-cause-trump-it-explains-him/2018/08/30/0939f7c4-9b12-11e8-843b-36e177f3081c_story.html?noredirect=on |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912170839/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/postmodernism-didnt-cause-trump-it-explains-him/2018/08/30/0939f7c4-9b12-11e8-843b-36e177f3081c_story.html?noredirect=on |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Invernizzi-Accetti |first1=Carlo |title=A small Italian town can teach the world how to defuse controversial monuments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/06/bolzano-italian-town-defuse-controversial-monuments |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905153345/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/06/bolzano-italian-town-defuse-controversial-monuments |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |author-link=Michiko Kakutani |title=The death of truth: how we gave up on facts and ended up with Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/14/the-death-of-truth-how-we-gave-up-on-facts-and-ended-up-with-trump |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 July 2018a |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903075541/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/14/the-death-of-truth-how-we-gave-up-on-facts-and-ended-up-with-trump |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Kramer |first=Henri |title=Gedenktafel für Hannah Arendt in Babelsberg |url=https://www.pnn.de/potsdam/potsdam-gedenktafel-fuer-hannah-arendt-in-babelsberg/21363902.html |work=[[Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten]] |date=1 March 2017 |language=de |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916202422/https://www.pnn.de/potsdam/potsdam-gedenktafel-fuer-hannah-arendt-in-babelsberg/21363902.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Moreira |first=Cristiana Faria |title=Hannah Arendt. A passagem por Lisboa a caminho da liberdade |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/12/23/local/noticia/hannah-arendt-a-passagem-por-lisboa-a-caminho-da-liberdade-1797052#gs.V15BBHWX |work=[[Publico (Portugal)|Publico]] |date=23 December 2017 |language=pt |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022145529/https://www.publico.pt/2017/12/23/local/noticia/hannah-arendt-a-passagem-por-lisboa-a-caminho-da-liberdade-1797052#gs.V15BBHWX |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |author-link=Anshel Pfeffer |title=Dear Hannah |url=http://www.haaretz.com/dear-hannah-1.245518 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=9 May 2008 |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108174842/https://www.haaretz.com/dear-hannah-1.245518 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|last=Sznaider|first=Natan|title=Human, citizen, Jew|url=http://www.haaretz.com/human-citizen-jew-1.202946|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=20 October 2006|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020001414/https://www.haaretz.com/human-citizen-jew-1.202946|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Tavares |first1=Rui |title=Hannah Arendt em Lisboa |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/12/10/sociedade/opiniao/hannah-arendt-lisboa-1854140#gs.qRhQzI2S |work=[[Publico (Portugal)|Publico]] |date=10 December 2018 |language=pt |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006171645/https://www.publico.pt/2018/12/10/sociedade/opiniao/hannah-arendt-lisboa-1854140#gs.qRhQzI2S |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|last=Williams|first=Zoe|author-link=Zoe Williams|title=Totalitarianism in the age of Trump: lessons from Hannah Arendt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/01/totalitarianism-in-age-donald-trump-lessons-from-hannah-arendt-protests|date=1 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628093059/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/01/totalitarianism-in-age-donald-trump-lessons-from-hannah-arendt-protests|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Killer of 6,000,000; Adolf Eichmann |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 May 1960 |page=18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/26/archives/killer-of-6000000-adolf-eichmann.html |ref={{harvid|NYT|1960}} |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110505/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/26/archives/killer-of-6000000-adolf-eichmann.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title='Show' Trial Promised |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 May 1960 |page=9 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/show-trial-promised.html |ref={{harvid|NYT|1960a}} |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110502/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/show-trial-promised.html |url-status=live }}

=== Theses ===
* {{cite thesis |last1=Herman |first1=Dana |title=Hashavat Avedah: a history of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc. |date=2008 |publisher=Department of History, [[McGill University]] |location=Montreal |url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99925&local_base=GEN01-MCG02 |type=[[PhD thesis]] |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190749/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/rv042t35f?locale=en |url-status=live }}

=== Websites ===
* {{cite web |last1=Fry |first1=Karin |title=Hannah Arendt 1906–1975: Philosophy of Mind, Social & Political Philosophy |url=http://www.societyforthestudyofwomenphilosophers.org/Hannah_Arendt.html |website=Women Philosophers |publisher=Society for the Study of Women Philosophers |access-date=23 July 2018 |date=2009 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724062546/http://www.societyforthestudyofwomenphilosophers.org/Hannah_Arendt.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Fred Stein: Hannah Arendt, photograph (1944): Philosopher in a contemplative pose |url=https://kuenste-im-exil.de/KIE/Content/EN/Objects/stein-portraet-hannah-arendt-en.html?single=1 |website=Arts in Exile |type=Virtual exhibition |access-date=2 August 2018 |ref={{harvid|AIE|2018}} |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223448/https://kuenste-im-exil.de/KIE/Content/EN/Objects/stein-portraet-hannah-arendt-en.html?single=1 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |editor-last1=Barry |editor-first1=James |title=Arendt Studies |date=2017 |url=https://www.pdcnet.org/arendtstudies |access-date=14 August 2018 |type=journal |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024313/https://www.pdcnet.org/arendtstudies |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Addison |first1=Sam |title=Hannah Arendt: The Life of the Mind |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/hannah-arendt |website=[[Gifford Lectures]] |publisher=[[University of Aberdeen]] |date=1972–1974 |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110511/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/hannah-arendt |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt & the University of Heidelberg |url=https://betweentruthandhope.wordpress.com/2016/10/30/hannah-arendt-the-university-of-heidelberg/ |website=Between Truth and Hope |date=30 October 2016 |ref={{harvid|Jen|2016}} |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000328/https://betweentruthandhope.wordpress.com/2016/10/30/hannah-arendt-the-university-of-heidelberg/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 }}
* {{cite web |title=Pensar el Espacio Público ~ Seminario de Filosofía Política |url=https://pensarelespaciopublico.wordpress.com/ |access-date=31 August 2018 |language=es |date=2014–2015 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831212011/https://pensarelespaciopublico.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt. Vertrauen in das Menschliche |url=https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf51/HannahArendt_Broschuere_dt1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044454/https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf51/HannahArendt_Broschuere_dt1.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Goethe Institut]] |date=2011 |access-date=31 August 2018 |language=de |type=Exhibition brochure |ref={{harvid|Goethe Institut|2011}} }}
* {{cite web |last1=Krieghofer |first1=Gerald |title="Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen." Hannah Arendt (angeblich) |url=http://falschzitate.blogspot.com/2017/07/niemand-hat-das-recht-zu-gehorchen.html |website=Zitaträtsel |access-date=5 September 2018 |date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141004/http://falschzitate.blogspot.com/2017/07/niemand-hat-das-recht-zu-gehorchen.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Joshua A. |title=How the Schocken Books collections changed Arendt scholarship |url=http://www.anotherpanacea.com/2017/09/how-the-schocken-books-collections-changed-arendt-scholarship/ |website=Anotherpanacea |access-date=5 September 2018 |date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065308/http://www.anotherpanacea.com/2017/09/how-the-schocken-books-collections-changed-arendt-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Obedience and Dictatorship |url=https://desperadophilosophy.net/2017/12/22/obedience-and-dictatorship/ |website=Desperado Philosophy |access-date=6 September 2018 |date=22 December 2017 |ref={{harvid|DP|2017}} |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032224/https://desperadophilosophy.net/2017/12/22/obedience-and-dictatorship/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Wolters |first1=Eugene |title=Everyone is Wrong About Hannah Arendt |url=http://www.critical-theory.com/wrong-hannah-arendt/ |website=Critical-Theory |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195459/http://www.critical-theory.com/wrong-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Samantha Rose |title=What does it mean to love the world? Hannah Arendt and Amor Mundi |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/transformation/samantha-rose-hill/what-does-it-mean-to-love-world-hannah-arendt-and-amor-mundi |website=[[openDemocracy]] |access-date=8 September 2018 |date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202645/https://www.opendemocracy.net/transformation/samantha-rose-hill/what-does-it-mean-to-love-world-hannah-arendt-and-amor-mundi }}
* {{cite web |title=Ten things Hannah Arendt said that are eerily relevant in today's political times |url=https://scroll.in/article/856549/ten-things-hannah-arendt-said-that-are-eerily-relevant-in-todays-political-times |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=4 December 2017 |ref={{harvid|Scroll|2017}} |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001213756/https://scroll.in/article/856549/ten-things-hannah-arendt-said |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Brecht |first1=Bertolt |title=An die Nachgeborenen |url=https://www.lyrikline.org/de/gedichte/die-nachgeborenen-740 |website=Lyrik-line: Listen to the poet |publisher=Haus für Poesie |access-date=14 September 2018 |language=de |ref={{harvid|Brecht|2018}} |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915045359/https://www.lyrikline.org/de/gedichte/die-nachgeborenen-740 |url-status=live }} – includes Brecht reading ([https://www.lyrikline.org/en/poems/die-nachgeborenen-740 english] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215112005/https://www.lyrikline.org/en/poems/die-nachgeborenen-740 |date=15 February 2020 }})
* {{cite web |last1=Coombes |first1=Thomas |title=Why we all need to read 'The Origins of Totalitarianism' |url=https://medium.com/@T_Coombes/6-vital-lessons-for-our-time-people-are-missing-from-hannah-arendt-482fb3081c4d |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |date=12 February 2017 |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045539/https://medium.com/@T_Coombes/6-vital-lessons-for-our-time-people-are-missing-from-hannah-arendt-482fb3081c4d |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Hannah |title=Amazon Needs to Restock Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism |url=https://jezebel.com/amazon-needs-to-restock-hannah-arendts-the-origins-of-t-1791754980 |website=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]] |date=29 January 2017 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830231755/https://jezebel.com/amazon-needs-to-restock-hannah-arendts-the-origins-of-t-1791754980 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.kulturreise-ideen.de/wissenschaft/personen-3/Tour-hannah-arendt.html |website=kulturreise-ideen |access-date=8 October 2018 |language=de |ref={{harvid|Kulturreise|2018}} |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203190805/https://www.kulturreise-ideen.de/wissenschaft/personen-3/Tour-hannah-arendt.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Samantha Rose |title=A Meditation on Arendt, Rilke, & Guns |publisher=Hannah Arendt Center |date=6 December 2015 |url=https://hac.bard.edu/amor-mundi/a-meditation-on-arendt-rilke-guns-2015-12-06 |access-date=2021-03-22 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414024549/https://hac.bard.edu/amor-mundi/a-meditation-on-arendt-rilke-guns-2015-12-06 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Rilke |first1=Rainer Maria |author-link=Rainer Maria Rilke |title=Duineser Elegien |url=http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Rilke,+Rainer+Maria/Gedichte/Duineser+Elegien |publisher=Zeno |access-date=17 October 2018 |language=de |date=1912–1922 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082617/http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Rilke,+Rainer+Maria/Gedichte/Duineser+Elegien |url-status=live }} ([https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/German/Rilke.php English translation by A. S. Kline 2004])
* {{cite web |last1=Paula |first1=Luisa |title=Hannah Arendt em Lisboa |url=http://espacocriticonaescola.blogspot.com/2018/12/hannah-arendt-em-lisboa.html |website=Espaço Crítico |access-date=20 February 2019 |language=pt |date=28 December 2018 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000346/http://espacocriticonaescola.blogspot.com/2018/12/hannah-arendt-em-lisboa.html |url-status=live }}

==== Biography and timelines ====
* {{cite web |last1=AAAL |author-link=American Academy of Arts and Letters |title=Academy Members: Deceased |url=https://artsandletters.org/academy-members/ |website=Members |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters |access-date=28 July 2018 |ref={{harvid|AAAL|2018}} |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008134935/https://artsandletters.org/academy-members/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Anne C |title=Hannah Arendt: A Brief Chronology |url=http://www.annecheller.com/hannah-arendt-chronology/ |access-date=17 August 2018 |date=6 July 2015a |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817234402/http://www.annecheller.com/hannah-arendt-chronology/ }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt |url=https://monoskop.org/Hannah_Arendt |publisher=Monoskop |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181050/https://monoskop.org/Hannah_Arendt |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|title=Hannah Arendt|url=http://contemporarythinkers.org/hannah-arendt/|website=Contemporary Thinkers|publisher=The Foundation for Constitutional Government|date=2018|access-date=28 July 2018|ref={{harvid|FCG|2018}}|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315042626/http://contemporarythinkers.org/hannah-arendt/|url-status=live}}

==== Institutions, locations and organizations ====
* {{cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard J. |author-link=Richard J. Bernstein |title=Hannah Arendt Center |url=https://www.newschool.edu/nssr/centers-special-programs/?id=104447 |publisher=[[The New School for Social Research]] |access-date=14 August 2018 |location=New York |date=2017 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024128/https://www.newschool.edu/nssr/centers-special-programs/?id=104447 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Bhabha |first1=Homi K. |last2=Weigel |first2=Sigrid |author-link1=Homi K. Bhabha |author-link2=Sigrid Weigel |title=We Refugees« – 75 Years Later. Hannah Arendt's Reflections on Human Rights and the Human Condition |url=http://www.zfl-berlin.org/event/we-refugees-75-years-later-hannah-arendts-reflections-on-human-rights-and-the-human-condition.html |publisher=Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung |access-date=26 November 2018 |location=Berlin |date=March 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126181054/http://www.zfl-berlin.org/event/we-refugees-75-years-later-hannah-arendts-reflections-on-human-rights-and-the-human-condition.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt Centre |url=https://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/philosophy/research/hannah-arendt-centre/ |publisher=Institut für Philosophie: [[Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |ref={{harvid|HAC Oldenburg|2018}} |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203191246/https://uol.de/en/philosophy/research/hannah-arendt-centre |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt Center for Political Studies |url=http://www.arendtcenter.it/en/ |publisher=Department of Human Sciences, [[University of Verona]] |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=2018 |ref={{harvid|HAC Verona|2018}} |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044627/http://www.arendtcenter.it/en/ }}
* {{cite web|title=Hannah Arendt Gymnasium, Haßloch|url=https://hagh.net/|access-date=31 July 2018|language=de|ref={{harvid|HAGH|2018}}|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731062216/https://hagh.net/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Hannah Arendt Gymnasium, Berlin|url=http://www.hag-berlin.net/|access-date=1 August 2018|date=2018|language=de|ref={{harvid|HAG Berlin|2018}}|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814153725/http://www.hag-berlin.net/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Dries |first1=Christian |translator=Christopher John Müller |title=Vita Günther Anders (1902–1992) |url=http://www.guenther-anders-gesellschaft.org/en/vita-guenther-anders/ |publisher=Internationale Günther Anders Gesellschaft |access-date=11 September 2018 |date=July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014233706/http://www.guenther-anders-gesellschaft.org/en/vita-guenther-anders/ |archive-date=14 October 2017 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Kirscher |first1=Gilbert |title=Éric Weil: A Biography |url=https://eric-weil-recherche.univ-lille3.fr/biographieEW_angl.html |publisher=Institut Eric Weil-[[Université de Lille]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |date=27 March 2003 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035830/https://eric-weil-recherche.univ-lille3.fr/biographieEW_angl.html }}
* {{cite web|last=GDW|author-link=German Resistance Memorial Center|title=Hannah Arendt|url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/topics/16-exile-and-resistance/|website=Exile and Resistance|publisher=[[German Resistance Memorial Center]]|access-date=19 September 2018|date=2016|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011202/https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/topics/16-exile-and-resistance/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Hannah Arendt Tage|url=https://www.hannover.de/Wirtschaft-Wissenschaft/Wissenschaft/Initiative-Wissenschaft-Hannover/HANNAH-ARENDT-TAGE|website=Das offizielle Portal der Region und der Landeshauptstadt Hannover|publisher=City of Hanover|access-date=24 July 2018|ref={{harvid|HAT|2018}}|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728072251/https://www.hannover.de/Wirtschaft-Wissenschaft/Wissenschaft/Initiative-Wissenschaft-Hannover/HANNAH-ARENDT-TAGE|url-status=live}}
** {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt in Hannover |url=https://www.hannover.de/Wirtschaft-Wissenschaft/Wissenschaft/Initiative-Wissenschaft-Hannover/HANNAH-ARENDT-TAGE/Hannah-Arendt-in-Hannover |website=Das offizielle Portal der Region und der Landeshauptstadt Hannover |publisher=City of Hanover |access-date=24 July 2018 |date=22 August 2017 |ref={{harvid|Hannover|2017}} |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110508/https://www.hannover.de/Wirtschaft-Wissenschaft/Wissenschaft/Initiative-Wissenschaft-Hannover/HANNAH-ARENDT-TAGE/Hannah-Arendt-in-Hannover |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=CAS |title=Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958 – 1969 |url=https://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/schome/FAs/ce1000-137.xml |publisher=[[Wesleyan University|Wesleyan University Library]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=2011 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624110049/http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/schome/FAs/ce1000-137.xml |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=UNHCR |author-link=UNHCR |title=Arendt, Hannah |url=http://www.unhcr.org/ceu/9423-arendt-hannah.html |publisher=UNHCR Central Europe |access-date=2 August 2018 |date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193142/http://www.unhcr.org/ceu/9423-arendt-hannah.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Orte des Erinnerns – Denkmal im Bayerischen Viertel, 1993 (Berlin-Schöneberg) |url=https://www.kunstgeschichtliche-gesellschaft-berlin.de/2018/08/05/orte-des-erinnerns-denkmal-im-bayerischen-viertel-1993-berlin-sch%C3%B6neberg/ |publisher=Kunstgeschichtliche Gesellschaft zu Berlin |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=de |date=2018 |ref={{harvid|KGB|2018}} |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011413/https://www.kunstgeschichtliche-gesellschaft-berlin.de/2018/08/05/orte-des-erinnerns-denkmal-im-bayerischen-viertel-1993-berlin-sch%C3%B6neberg/ |url-status=live }}

===== Hannah Arendt Center (Bard) =====
* {{cite web |title=The Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College |url=http://hac.bard.edu/ |access-date=14 August 2018 |ref={{harvid|HAC Bard|2018}} |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232947/http://hac.bard.edu/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite web |title=McCarthy House |url=http://hac.bard.edu/about/ |website=About Us |publisher=The Hannah Arendt Center |access-date=18 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|About HAC Bard|2018}} |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919024852/http://hac.bard.edu/about/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite web|last=Bard|author-link=Bard College|title=The Hannah Arendt Collection|url=http://blogs.bard.edu/arendtcollection/|publisher=Hannah Arendt Center, Stevenson Library, [[Bard College]]|access-date=29 July 2018|ref={{harvid|Bard|2018}}|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727133110/http://blogs.bard.edu/arendtcollection/|url-status=live}}
*** {{cite web |last1=Kettler |first1=David |title=Hannah Arendt Collection: Arendt on Mannheim |url=http://www.bard.edu/library/archive/arendt/kettler.htm |access-date=21 September 2018 |date=2009 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191003/http://www.bard.edu/library/archive/arendt/kettler.htm }}
** {{cite web |title=The Hannah Arendt Center |url=https://medium.com/@arendt_center |publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=20 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|HAC|2018}} |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195553/https://medium.com/@arendt_center |url-status=live }}
** {{cite web |title=Amor Mundi |url=https://medium.com/amor-mundi |publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=26 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|Amor Mundi|2018}} |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021716/https://medium.com/amor-mundi |url-status=live }}
** {{cite web |title=Film Screening: In Search of The Last Agora |website=Hannah Arendt Center News |url=http://www.bard.edu/news/events/event/?eid=135371&date=1542327300 |access-date=13 March 2019 |date=15 November 2018 |ref={{harvid|Bard News|2018}} |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928060136/http://www.bard.edu/news/events/event/?eid=135371&date=1542327300 |url-status=live }}

==== Maps ====
* {{cite web |title=Rue Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.google.ca/maps/search/Rue+Hannah+Arendt/@48.5861841,7.706846,17z/data=!3m1!4b1 |website=Google Maps |access-date=8 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|Google Maps|2018}} |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061327/https://www.google.ca/maps/search/Rue+Hannah+Arendt/@48.5861841,7.706846,17z/data=!3m1!4b1 |url-status=live }}

=== External images ===
* {{anchor|Stamp}}{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hannah Arendt (1906—1975)|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/arendt-257x300.jpg|encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|type=Photograph of commemorative stamp|access-date=18 July 2018|date=1988|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808153753/http://www.iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/arendt-257x300.jpg|url-status=live}}
* {{anchor|UNHCRStamp}}{{cite web|title=Hannah Arendt, stamp, Germany 2006|url=http://www.unhcr.org/ceu/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2017/08/BM-Hannah-Arendt2006.jpg|publisher=[[UNHCR]]|type=Photograph of commemorative stamp|access-date=2 August 2018|date=2006|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112221939/http://www.unhcr.org/ceu/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2017/08/BM-Hannah-Arendt2006.jpg|url-status=live}}
* {{anchor|studentid}}{{cite web|title=Hannah Arendts Erkennungskarte der Universität Heidelberg 1928|url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/uniarchiv/bdm2015-11.html|website=Bild des Monats|publisher=[[University of Heidelberg]]|type=Student identity card|access-date=28 August 2018|date=November 2015|ref={{harvid|UHeidelberg|2015}}|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072805/https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/uniarchiv/bdm2015-11.html|url-status=live}}
* {{anchor|SRL}}{{cite web |title=Cover |url=https://markkukoivusalo.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/arendtsaturday.png |website=Saturday Review of Literature |access-date=25 September 2018 |date=24 March 1951 |type=Cover image |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014621/https://markkukoivusalo.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/arendtsaturday.png |url-status=live }}
* {{anchor|Lisboa}}{{cite web|title=Plaque|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DuEFXzZXcAEVH9N.jpg|publisher=Lisbon City Council|access-date=25 September 2018|date=10 December 2018|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224230753/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DuEFXzZXcAEVH9N.jpg}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

{{main|Bibliography of Hannah Arendt}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q60025|s=author:Hannah Arendt|commons=category:Hannah Arendt|q=Hannah Arendt|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|wikt=no}}
* {{cite AV media |title=Hannah Arendt: "Zur Person". Full Interview (with English subtitles) |publisher=Stack Altoids |date=1964-10-28 |language=de |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsoImQfVsO4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211115/dsoImQfVsO4| archive-date=2021-11-15 | url-status=live|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite web|title=Hannah Arendt Contributions |url=https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/hannah-arendt/ |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |access-date=11 August 2018}}

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Shaul Magid

2024-08-31T20:05:24Z

174.74.229.81: /* Career */

{{Short description|American rabbi and theologian}}
{{Infobox academic|honorific_prefix=|name=|honorific_suffix=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1958|06|16}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|region=|nationality=|citizenship=|residence=|other_names=|occupation=|period=|known_for=|home_town=|title=|boards=|spouse=|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|awards=|website=https://faculty-directory.dartmouth.edu/shaul-magid|education=|alma_mater=[[Goddard College]], [[Hebrew University]], [[Brandeis University]]|thesis_title=|thesis_url=|thesis_year=|school_tradition=|doctoral_advisor=|academic_advisors=|influences=|era=|discipline=|sub_discipline=[[Jewish Studies]]|workplaces=[[Rice University]], [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]], [[Indiana University]], [[Dartmouth College]]|doctoral_students=|notable_students=|main_interests=|notable_works=|notable_ideas=|influenced=|signature=|signature_alt=|signature_size=|footnotes=}}'''Shaul Magid''' (born June 16, 1958<ref>National Library of Israel authority file.</ref>) is a [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] rabbi who is the Distinguished Fellow in Jewish Studies at Dartmouth College. From 2004 to 2018, he was a professor of religious studies and the Jay and Jeannie Schottenstein Chair of Jewish Studies in Modern Judaism at [[Indiana University]] as well as a senior research fellow at the [[Shalom Hartman Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hartman.org.il/Faculty_View.asp?faculty_id=263&Cat_Id=333&Cat_Type=About |title=Faculty - Shalom Hartman Institute |accessdate=August 1, 2017}}</ref> From 1996 to 2004, he was a professor of [[Jewish philosophy]] at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; he was chair of the Department of Jewish Philosophy from 2000-2004.

==Education==
Magid received his B.A. from [[Goddard College]]. He received his [[semicha]] (rabbinical ordination) in Jerusalem in 1984 from Rabbis [[Chaim Brovender]], [[:he:יעקב ורהפטיג|Yaacov Warhaftig]], and [[Zalman Nechemia Goldberg]]. He became a candidate Fellow at the [[Shalom Hartman Institute]] and a graduate student in Medieval and Modern Jewish Thought at [[Hebrew University]], where he completed his MA in 1989. He obtained his Ph.D. in Jewish thought from [[Brandeis University]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocean-beach.com/church_ob_fi_syna_magid.htm |title=Dr. Shaul Magid Bio |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207005932/http://ocean-beach.com/church_ob_fi_syna_magid.htm |archivedate=February 7, 2011 |date=January 14, 2004 |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fireislandsynagogue.org/about/clergy/ |title=Shaul Magid Rabbi |archiveurl= |archivedate= |date= 28 August 2020|accessdate=March 26, 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Magid served as a visiting professor at [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], [[Clark University]] and [[Boston University]].
He was the Anna Smith Fine Chair in Jewish Thought at [[Rice University]] from 1994 to 1996 and then joined the faculty of the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] before leaving for [[Indiana University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~jsp/faculty/profile_sMagid.shtml |title=Shaul Magid: Faculty Profile, Borns Jewish Studies Program |accessdate=December 2, 2016}}</ref> In 2023-2024, Magid was a Visiting Professor of Modern Jewish Studies at the [[Harvard Divinity School]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Shaul Magid |url=https://hds.harvard.edu/people/shaul-magid |website=Harvard Divinity School}}</ref>

Major research grants include a 2015-2016 research fellowship at the [[Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies]] at [[University of Pennsylvania|The University of Pennsylvania]] and 2017-2018 [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], Senior Fellowship at the [[Center for Jewish History]] for a book project on "American Jewish Survivalism: [[Meir Kahane]] and the Politics of Pride."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cjh.org/scholarship/center-for-jewish-history-fellows |title=Center for Jewish History Fellows |accessdate=August 1, 2017}}</ref>
He is an elected member of the [[American Academy of Jewish Research]].

He has served as the rabbi of the [[Fire Island]] Synagogue since 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fireislandsynagogue.org/about/clergy/ |title=Fire Island Synagogue: Rabbi Shaul Magid |date=28 August 2020 |accessdate=January 28, 2024}}</ref>
He is a former contributing editor at ''[[Tablet Magazine]]'' and is the editor of Jewish Thought and Culture for ''[[Tikkun Magazine]]''.

Magid's books include:
*''Hasidism on the Margin: Reconciliation, Antinomianism, and Messianism in Izbica and Radzin Hasidism'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 2003),
*''From Metaphysics to Midrash: Myth, History, and the Interpretation of Scripture in Lurianic Kabbala'' (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008),
*''American Post-Judaism: Identity and Renewal in a Postethnic Society'' (Indiana University Press, 2013),
*''Hasidism Incarnate: Hasidism, Christianity, and the Construction of Modern Judaism'' (Stanford University Press, 2014),
*''Piety and Rebellion: Essays in Hasidism'' (Academic Studies press, 2019) and
*''The Bible, the Talmud, and the New Testament: Elijah Zvi Soloveitchik's Commentary to the New Testament'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019).
* ''Meir Kahane: The Public Life and Political Thought of an American Jewish Radical'' (Princeton University Press, 2021)
* ''The Necessity of Exile'' (Ayin Press, 2023)
His book ''From Metaphysics to Midrash'' was awarded the 2008 [[American Academy of Religion]] Award for best book in religion in the textual studies category.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aarweb.org/programs-services/book-awards |title=AAR Book Awards |accessdate=December 2, 2016}}</ref> He is the editor of ''God's Voice from the Void: Old and New Essays on Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav'' (SUNY Press, 2001) and co-editor of ''Beginning Again: Toward a Hermeneutic of Jewish Texts'' (Seven Bridges Press, 2002).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~jsp/faculty/profile_sMagid.shtml |title=Shaul Magid: Faculty Profile, Borns Jewish Studies Program |accessdate=December 2, 2016}}</ref> His essays have been published in ''[[Moment Magazine]]'', ''Open Zion'', ''[[Religion Dispatches]]'', ''[[Tablet Magazine]]'', ''Tikkun Magazine'', and ''Zeek Magazine''.

Following the publication of ''The Necessity of Exile'', Magid became a prominent voice for American Jews who wish to rethink the place of Zionism in their Jewish identities, recentering Judaism over nationalism and calling for "a return to religion as 'always the thing that's going to keep us together.'"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tracy |first=Marc |date=January 14, 2024 |title=Is Israel Part of What It Means to Be Jewish? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/us/israel-jewish-america-diasporism.html |work=New York Times |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> In his review of ''The Necessity of Exile'' published in ''The'' ''Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs,''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wegier |first=Michael |date=8 April 2024 |title=Review: The Necessity of Exile: Essays from a Distance |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2024.2334171 |journal=The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23739770.2024.2334171 |via=Taylor and Francis}}</ref> Michael Wegier, Chief Executive of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, wrote: "The author’s central argument revolves around the idea that for the State of Israel and the Palestinians to achieve any kind of ethically justifiable, long-term future, traditional notions of exile need to be deeply integrated into Israeli thought and practice. Whereas classical Zionism prioritized the negation of the Diaspora and sought to downplay or even neutralize the legitimacy of exilic existence, the realities of Israel, especially after 1967, have demonstrated this to be morally wrong, practically unsustainable, and theologically flawed. Magid posits that an alternative ideological force—“counter-Zionism”—needs to be adopted to help bring about a new model of Israel that embraces narratives other than those of classic liberal Zionism."
[[File:Shaul Magid at 2024 Jews and Black Theory conference.png|thumb|Shaul Magid at the "Jews and Black Theory" conference, Harvard Faculty Club, May 2024]]
In May 2024, Magid co-convened (with [[Terrence L. Johnson]]) an academic conference: "Jews and Black Theory: Conceptualizing Otherness in the Twenty-First Century." He gave opening remarks and chaired a session titled, "Blackness, [[Whiteness theory|Whiteness]], and [[Double consciousness|Double Consciousness]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jews and Black Theory: Conceptualizing Otherness in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://cjs.fas.harvard.edu/calendar_event/jews-and-black-theory-conceptualizing-otherness-in-the-twenty-first-century/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Center for Jewish Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Magid grew up as a non-observant Jew in New York when, at the age of 20, he became interested in learning more about Judaism. He became involved with the [[Haredi]] movement and studied [[Modern Orthodoxy]], but after several years he "...abandoned Orthodoxy more generally yet remained fascinated by, and deeply invested in, the complex nexus of Judaism and the American counter-culture".<ref>{{cite web |title= Radical Banjo: About Shaul |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318003356/http://www.shaulmagid.net/ |archivedate=March 18, 2015 |url=http://www.shaulmagid.net/ |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref> He is often quoted on such issues in the popular press; for instance, he recently discussed [[Jerry Garcia]] and the [[Grateful Dead]] in relation to Judaism, speaking from the perspective of "an ordained rabbi and a professor of Jewish and religious studies at Indiana University who was also present for the Dead’s legendary performance on the grounds of Raceway Park in Englishtown, New Jersey on Sept. 3, 1977."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rosen |first=Armin |date=August 1, 2017 |title=Happy Birthday, Jerry Garcia. We Love You. Here's Why. |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/music/242079/happy-birthday-jerry-garcia |magazine=Tablet Magazine |access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magid, Shaul}}
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[[Category:20th-century American historians]]
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[[Category:20th-century American rabbis]]
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Naomi Klein

2024-08-31T19:23:10Z

174.74.229.81: /* Venezuela */

{{Short description|Canadian author and activist (born 1970)}}
{{distinguish |Naomi Wolf}}


{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Naomi Klein
| image = Naomi Klein - Brainwash Festival 2017.jpg
| caption = Klein in 2017
|alt=A white woman in her late 40s, dressed professionally, sits on a white chair, smiling slightly and looking to her left. She has shoulder-length dark brown hair, rimless glasses, neutral professional makeup, and a headset microphone. The background is dark red
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|5|8}}
| birth_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, activist, professor, filmmaker
| alma_mater = [[University of Toronto]] (dropped out)
| period = 1999–present
| genre = Nonfiction
| subject = [[Alter-globalization]], [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]], [[Anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization]], [[anti-capitalism]], [[organized labour]], [[environmentalism]], [[feminism]], [[anti-Zionism]]
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[This Changes Everything (book)|This Changes Everything]]'', ''[[No Logo]]'', ''[[The Shock Doctrine]]'', ''[[Doppelganger (Klein book)|Doppelganger: A Trip into the Mirror World]]''
| spouse = [[Avi Lewis]]
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|naomiklein.org}}
}}

'''Naomi Klein''' (born May 8, 1970) is a Canadian author, social activist, and filmmaker known for her political analyses; support of [[ecofeminism]], [[organized labour]], criticism of [[anti-globalisation|corporate globalization]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commanding Heights : Naomi Klein {{!}} on PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_naomiklein.html|access-date=December 20, 2021|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> [[fascism]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 27, 2020|title=Berkeley Talks transcript: Naomi Klein on eco-fascism and the Green New Deal|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/03/27/berkeley-talks-transcript-naomi-klein/|access-date=December 20, 2021|website=Berkeley News|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Criticism of capitalism|capitalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=10110 |title=The Shock Doctrine |first=Chris |last=Nineham |date=October 2007 |access-date=April 25, 2011 |work=[[Socialist Review]] |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613164401/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=10110 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2021, Klein took up the UBC Professorship in Climate Justice, joining the [[University of British Columbia]]'s Department of Geography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naomi Klein |url=https://geog.ubc.ca/profile/naomi-klein/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Crawford |first=Tiffany |date=June 23, 2021 |title=Climate activists and journalists Naomi Klein and Avi Lewis join UBC faculty: Klein will also take a leadership role in building a Centre for Climate Justice at the university. |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/climate-activists-and-journalists-naomi-klein-and-avi-lewis-join-ubc-faculty |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]]}}</ref> She has been the co-director of the newly launched Centre for Climate Justice since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://geog.ubc.ca/profile/naomi-klein/ | title=Naomi Klein }}</ref>

Klein first became known internationally for her [[alter-globalization]] book ''[[No Logo]]'' (1999). ''[[The Take (2004 film)|The Take]]'' (2004), a documentary film about [[Buenos Aires|Argentine]] [[Workers' self-management|workers' self-managed]] factories, written by her and directed by her husband [[Avi Lewis]], further increased her profile. ''[[The Shock Doctrine]]'' (2007), a critical analysis of the history of [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economics, solidified her standing as a prominent activist on the international stage and was adapted into a six-minute companion film by [[Alfonso Cuarón|Alfonso]] and [[Jonás Cuarón]], as well as a feature-length documentary by [[Michael Winterbottom]]. Klein's ''[[This Changes Everything (book)|This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate]]'' (2014) was a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'']] nonfiction bestseller and the winner of the [[Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction]].

In 2016, Klein was awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] for her activism on climate justice. Klein frequently appears on global and national lists of top influential thinkers, including the 2014 Thought Leaders ranking compiled by the [[Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Thought Leaders 2014: the most influential thinkers|url=http://www.gdi.ch/en/Think-Tank/GDI-News/News-Detail/Thought-Leaders-2014-the-most-influential-thinkers|publisher=Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute|date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazine's world thinkers 2014 poll,<ref>{{cite web|title=World thinkers 2014: the results|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/world-thinkers-2014-the-results|website=Prospect|date=April 23, 2014|access-date=March 22, 2015|archive-date=September 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928151452/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/world-thinkers-2014-the-results|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Maclean's 2014 Power List.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Maclean's Power List, Part 2|url=http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/the-macleans-2014-power-list-part-2/|website=Maclean's|date=November 20, 2014}}</ref> She was formerly a member of the board of directors of the climate activist group [[350.org]].

== Family==
Naomi Klein was born in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], into a Jewish family with a history of [[peace activism]]. Her parents were self-described [[hippie]]s<ref>Klein, Naomi. ''No Logo'' (2000: Vintage Canada), pp. 143–4.</ref> who emigrated from the United States in 1967 as [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|war resisters to the Vietnam War]].<ref name="doc_townhall">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hA736oK9FPg/ |title=Video: Naomi Klein addresses the Department of Culture Town Hall |access-date=July 26, 2012 |date=September 4, 2008 |publisher=Department Of Culture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428050703/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hA736oK9FPg%2F |archive-date=April 28, 2015 }}</ref> Her mother, documentary filmmaker [[Bonnie Sherr Klein]], is best known for her [[Anti-pornography movement|anti-pornography]] film ''[[Not a Love Story: A Film About Pornography|Not a Love Story]]''.<ref name= "bonnie_sherr_klein_bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-704-e.html |title=Biography of Bonnie Sherr Klein (*1941): Filmmaker, Author, Disability Rights Activist |publisher=Library and Archives Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100401062935/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-704-e.html |archive-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref> Her father, Michael Klein, is a physician and a member of [[Physicians for Social Responsibility]]. Her brother, Seth Klein, is an author and the former director of the [[British Columbia]] office of the [[Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives]].

Before World War II, her paternal grandparents were communists, but they began to turn against the Soviet Union after the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] in 1939. In 1942, her grandfather, an animator at [[Disney]], was fired after [[Disney animators' strike|the 1941 strike]],<ref name="tom_sito_disney">{{cite web| url= http://animationguild.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/PB200606.pdf|title=The Disney Strike of 1941: How It Changed Animation & Comics|access-date=March 25, 2009|first=Tom| last=Sito| date=July 19, 2005| publisher= Animation World Magazine| url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083927/http://animationguild.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/PB200606.pdf|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> and had to switch to working in a shipyard instead.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/11/naomi-klein-donald-trump-no-is-not-enough-interview| title= Naomi Klein: 'Trump is an idiot, but don't underestimate how good he is at that'|first=Tim|last=Adams|newspaper=The Observer |date=June 11, 2017|via= theguardian.com}}</ref> By 1956 they had abandoned communism. Klein's father grew up surrounded by ideas of social justice and racial equality, but found it "difficult and frightening to be the child of Communists", a so-called [[red diaper baby]].<ref name="nyer" />

Klein's husband, [[Avi Lewis]], was born into a political and journalistic family. His grandfather, [[David Lewis (Canadian politician)|David Lewis]], was an architect and leader of the federal [[New Democratic Party]], while his father, [[Stephen Lewis]], was a leader of the [[Ontario New Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|last= Gatehouse|first=Jonathon|date=April 12, 2016| title=Avi Lewis on the 'ideological battle' over the Leap Manifesto |url= https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/avi-lewis-on-the-ideological-battle-over-the-leap-manifesto/|access-date=December 3, 2020|website= [[Maclean's]]}}</ref> Avi Lewis works as a TV journalist and documentary filmmaker. He is also an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of British Columbia.<ref name=":0" /> The couple have one son, Toma.<ref name= "Naomi_Klein_Facebook_Page">{{cite web|url= https://www.facebook.com/pages/Naomi-Klein/12400234918|title=Naomi Klein|publisher= | website = Facebook.com |date=March 5, 2012}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Klein spent much of her teenage years in [[shopping mall]]s, obsessed with [[designer label]]s.<ref name="Hand-to-Brand"/> As a child and teenager, she found it "very oppressive to have a very public feminist mother," and she rejected politics, instead embracing "full-on [[consumerism]]".<ref name= "Hand-to-Brand"/>

She has attributed her change in worldview to two catalysts. One was when she was 17 and preparing for the [[University of Toronto]], her mother had a [[stroke]] and became severely disabled.<ref name="abilities"/> Naomi, her father, and her brother took care of Bonnie through the period in hospital and at home, making educational sacrifices to do so.<ref name= "abilities">{{cite web|url= http://www.enablelink.org/include/article.php?pid=&cid=&subid=&aid=673 |title=We are Who You are: Feminism and Disability |access-date=February 17, 2009 |first=Bonnie Sherr |last=Klein |date=Spring 1993 |publisher= | website = Enablelink.org |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011204526/http://www.enablelink.org/include/article.php?pid=&cid=&subid=&aid=673 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref> That year off prevented her "from being such a brat".<ref name="Hand-to-Brand">{{cite web|url= http://www.commondreams.org/views/092300-103.htm|title= Hand-To-Brand-Combat: A Profile Of Naomi Klein| access-date= February 17, 2009 |first= Katharine|last= Viner|date= September 23, 2000|newspaper= The Guardian| via=commondreams.org |url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122050446/http://www.commondreams.org/views/092300-103.htm|archive-date= January 22, 2009|df= mdy-all}}</ref> The next year, after she had begun her studies at the [[University of Toronto]], the second catalyst occurred: the 1989 [[École Polytechnique massacre]] of female engineering students, which proved to be a wake-up call to feminism.<ref name="montreal-massacre">{{cite web| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eET3COi8DPY| archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/eET3COi8DPY| archive-date=November 17, 2021 | url-status= live|title= The Montreal Massacre |publisher= YouTube | first= Naomi | last= Klein |access-date= May 3, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Klein's writing career began with contributions to ''[[The Varsity (newspaper)|The Varsity]]'', a student newspaper, where she served as editor-in-chief. After her third year at the University of Toronto, she dropped out of university to take a job at ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', followed by an editorship at ''[[This Magazine]]''. In 1995, she returned to the University of Toronto with the intention of finishing her degree<ref name="nyer">{{cite magazine|url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/08/081208fa_fact_macfarquhar?currentPage=all|title= Outside Agitator: Naomi Klein and the New Left|first= Larissa |last=MacFarquhar|date= December 8, 2008|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> but left to pursue an internship in journalism before acquiring the final credits required to complete her degree.<ref>{{cite AV media | interviewer= Brian Lamb| publisher = [[C-SPAN]]| date= November 29, 2009| url= http://www.c-span.org/video/?290173-1/qa-naomi-klein | first= Naomi | last= Klein | title= Naomi Klein Q&A interview and transcript| accessdate =}}</ref>

==Works==

===''No Logo''===

{{Main|No Logo}}
In 1999 Klein published the book ''[[No Logo]]'', which for many became a manifesto of the [[anti-globalization movement]]. In it, she attacks brand-oriented consumer culture and the operations of large corporations. She also accuses several such corporations of unethically exploiting workers in the world's poorest countries in pursuit of greater profits. In this book, Klein criticized [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] so severely that Nike published a point-by-point response.<ref name="no-logo-nike">{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20000416175422/http://nikebiz.com/labor/nologo_let.shtml |archive-date= April 16, 2000 |url= http://nikebiz.com/labor/nologo_let.shtml|title= Nike's response to ''No Logo''|date= March 8, 2000|publisher= [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]}}</ref> ''No Logo'' became an international bestseller, selling over one million copies in over 28 languages.

===''Fences and Windows''===
[[File:Naomi Klein speaking at LSE, 14th October 2002.jpg|thumb|Klein speaking in 2002]]
{{Main|Fences and Windows}}
Klein's ''[[Fences and Windows]]'' (2002) is a collection of her articles and speeches written on behalf of the anti-globalization movement (all proceeds from the book go to benefit activist organizations through The Fences and Windows Fund).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ereserve.library.sydney.edu.au.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/fisher/KleinFences2002.pdf|title=Login to eResources, The University of Sydney Library|website=Ereserve.library.sydney.edu.au.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au|access-date=September 4, 2018}}</ref>

===''The Take''===
{{Main|The Take (2004 film)}}
''[[The Take (2004 film)|The Take]]'' (2004), a documentary film collaboration by Klein and Lewis, concerns factory workers in [[Argentina]] who took over a closed plant and resumed production, operating as a collective. The first African screening was in the Kennedy Road shack settlement in the South African city of [[Durban]], where the [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] movement began.<ref name="Phillips-Fein">{{cite magazine|url= http://www.nplusonemag.com/klein.html|title= Seattle to Baghdad|access-date= February 17, 2009|first= Kim|last= Phillips-Fein|date= May 10, 2005|magazine= [[n+1]]|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080110090803/http://www.nplusonemag.com/klein.html|archive-date= January 10, 2008|df= mdy-all}}</ref>

An article in ''[[Z Communications]]'' criticized ''The Take'' for its portrayal of the Argentine general and politician [[Juan Domingo Perón]] arguing that he was falsely portrayed as a social democrat.<ref name="the_take">{{cite web|url= http://znetwork.org/znetarticle/the-take-by-daniel-morduchowicz-1|title= The Take|access-date=February 17, 2009|first= Daniel |last=Morduchowicz|date= September 20, 2004|publisher=Z Space}}</ref>

===''The Shock Doctrine''===

{{Main|The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism}}
Klein's third book, ''The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism'', was published on September 4, 2007. The book argues that the free market policies of Nobel Laureate [[Milton Friedman]] and the [[Chicago school (economics)|Chicago School of Economics]] have risen to prominence in countries such as [[Military government of Chile (1973–1990)|Chile under Pinochet]], Poland, and [[Economy of Russia|Russia under Yeltsin]]. The book also argues that policy initiatives (for instance, the privatization of Iraq's economy under the [[Coalition Provisional Authority]]) were rushed through while the citizens of these countries were in shock from disasters, upheavals, or invasion. The book became an international and [[The New York Times bestseller|''New York Times'' bestseller]]<ref name="Nation-bio"/> and was translated into 28 languages.<ref name="RandomHouse">{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.ca/author/results.pperl?authorid=15909 |title=Author Spotlight: Naomi Klein |access-date=February 17, 2009 |publisher=RandomHouse.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020111515/http://www.randomhouse.ca/author/results.pperl?authorid=15909 |archive-date=October 20, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Naomi Klein Warsaw Nov. 19 2008 Fot Mariusz Kubik 03.jpg|thumbnail|Klein in 2008 with the Polish edition of ''Shock Doctrine'']]
Central to the book's thesis is the contention that those who wish to implement unpopular [[free market]] policies now routinely do so by taking advantage of certain features of the aftermath of major disasters, be they economic, political, military or natural. The suggestion is that when a society experiences a major 'shock' there is a widespread desire for a rapid and decisive response to correct the situation; this desire for bold and immediate action provides an opportunity for unscrupulous actors to implement policies which go far beyond a legitimate response to disaster. The book suggests that when the rush to act means the specifics of a response will go unscrutinized, that is the moment when unpopular and unrelated policies will intentionally be rushed into effect. The book appears to claim that these shocks are in some cases intentionally encouraged or even manufactured.

Klein identifies the "shock doctrine", elaborating on [[Joseph Schumpeter]], as the latest in capitalism's phases of "[[creative destruction]]".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

''The Shock Doctrine'' was adapted into a short film of the same name, released onto [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iW1SHPgUAQ| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119013116/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iW1SHPgUAQ&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=November 19, 2011 | url-status=dead|title=YouTube|website=Youtube.com|access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shock Doctrine: A Film by Alfonso Cuaron and Naomi Klein|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/video/2007/sep/07/naomiklein|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 7, 2007}}</ref> The original is no longer available on the site; however, a duplicate was published in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shock Doctrine Naomi Klein and Alfonso Cuaron|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSF0e6oO_tw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/aSF0e6oO_tw| archive-date=November 17, 2021 | url-status=live|website=YouTube|access-date=April 22, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Jonás Cuarón]], produced and co-written by his father [[Alfonso Cuarón]]. The original video was viewed over one million times.<ref name="Nation-bio">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.thenation.com/authors/naomi-klein/ |title=Naomi Klein |magazine=The Nation |access-date=August 12, 2017 }}</ref> The director [[Michael Winterbottom]], alongside [[Mat Whitecross]], also produced a documentary on the book which premiered in 2009.<ref>Jones, Sam; [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/aug/28/naomi-klein-winterbottom-shock-doctrine "Naomi Klein disowns Winterbottom adaptation of Shock Doctrine"] ''Guardian.co.uk'', August 28, 2009</ref>

The publication of ''The Shock Doctrine'' increased Klein's prominence, with ''[[The New Yorker]]'' judging her "the most visible and influential figure on the American left—what [[Howard Zinn]] and [[Noam Chomsky]] were thirty years ago." On February 24, 2009, the book was awarded the inaugural [[Warwick Prize for Writing]] from the [[University of Warwick]] in England.<ref name="Warwick Prize Press Release">{{cite press release |author= |title=Naomi Klein's The Shock Doctrine wins first Warwick Prize for Writing |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/naomi_kleins_the/ |date=25 February 2009 |access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref> The prize carried a cash award of £50,000.

===''This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate''===
{{Main|This Changes Everything (book)}}
Klein's fourth book, ''[[This Changes Everything (book)|This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate]]'', was published in September 2014.<ref name='Penguin'>{{cite web|title=This Changes Everything|url=http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781846145056,00.html|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=September 11, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191458/http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781846145056,00.html|archive-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> The book puts forth the argument that the hegemony of [[neoliberal]] [[market fundamentalism]] is blocking any serious reforms to halt climate change and protect the environment.<ref name="Rob Nixon">Rob Nixon (November 6, 2014). [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/books/review/naomi-klein-this-changes-everything-review.html Naomi Klein's 'This Changes Everything']. ''[[The New York Times]].'' Retrieved December 7, 2014.</ref> Questioned about Klein's claim that capitalism and controlling climate change were incompatible, Benoit Blarel, manager of the Environment and Natural Resources global practice at the World Bank, said that the write-off of [[fossil fuels]] necessary to control climate change "will have a huge impact all over" and that the World Bank was "starting work on this".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/star-pupil-s-performance-casts-doubt-on-green-growth-model-86475|title=Star pupil's performance casts doubt on green growth model|date=July 6, 2015|website=Devex.com|access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref> The book won the 2014 [[Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.writerstrust.com/writers-books/awards/hilary-weston-writers-trust-prize-for-nonfiction/all/ |title=Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction |publisher= [[Writers' Trust of Canada]] |access-date= August 14, 2022 }}</ref> and was a shortlisted nominee for the 2015 [[Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing]].<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/shaughnessy-cohen-prize-finalists-announced/article22648737/ "Shaughnessy Cohen Prize finalists announced"]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', January 27, 2015.</ref>

===''No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump's Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need''===
Klein's fifth book, ''No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump's Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need'' was published in June 2017. It has also been published internationally with the alternative subtitle ''Defeating the New Shock Politics''.<ref name='amazon_nine'>{{cite book|title=No Is Not Enough|isbn=978-1608468904|last1=Klein|first1=Naomi|year=2017|publisher=Haymarket Books }}</ref> Writing in ''[[Geographical (magazine)|Geographical]]'', Chris Fitch described this book as arguing for "radical change, and for bold, ambitious policies, to provide a credible alternative to the world vision of the Trump White House, and avert the worst effects of climate change."<ref>{{cite news | title = Naomi Klein System Shock | last = Fitch | first = Chris | magazine = [[Geographical (magazine)|Geographical]] | date = August 2017 | issue = August 2017 | pages = 24–27 }}</ref>

=== ''The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes on the Disaster Capitalists''===
Released in June 2018 as paperback and e-book, ''The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes on the Disaster Capitalists'' covers what San Juan Mayor [[Carmen Yulín Cruz]] refers to as the post-[[Hurricane Maria]] unmasked colonialism leading to inequality and "creating a fierce humanitarian crisis."<ref name="Haymarket Books/The Battle for Paradise official page">{{cite web |title=The Battle For Paradise |url=https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1235-the-battle-for-paradise |website=Haymarketbooks.org |publisher=Haymarket Books |access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref>

===''On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal ''===
{{main|On Fire (book)}}
In April 2019, [[Simon & Schuster]] announced they would be publishing Klein's seventh book, ''On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal'', which was published on September 17, 2019.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/On-Fire/Naomi-Klein/9781982129910 | title=On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | author=Klein, Naomi | date=September 17, 2019 | pages=320 | isbn=978-1-9821-2991-0}}</ref> ''On Fire'' is a collection of essays focusing on climate change and the urgent [[Climate change mitigation|actions needed to preserve]] the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/environmental-protection/how-much-more-fire-can-we-stand-asks-naomi-klein/|title=How much more fire can we stand? asks Naomi Klein|last=Soloviy|first=Vitaliy|date=October 2, 2019|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> Klein relates her meeting with [[Greta Thunberg]] in the opening essay in which she discusses the entrance of young people into those speaking out for climate awareness and change. She supports the [[Green New Deal]] throughout the book and in the final essay she discusses the [[2020 U.S. election]] stating: "The stakes of the election are almost unbearably high. It's why I wrote the book and decided to put it out now and why I'll be doing whatever I can to help push people toward supporting a candidate with the most ambitious Green New Deal platform—so that they win the primaries and then the general."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Feeley |first1=Lynne |title=Naomi Klein Knows a Green New Deal Is Our Only Hope Against Climate Catastrophe |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/naomi-klein-green-new-deal-book-interview/ |website=[[The Nation]] |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921203253/https://www.thenation.com/article/naomi-klein-green-new-deal-book-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Doctorow |first1=Cory | author-link = Cory Doctorow |title=Review: Naomi Klein's 'On Fire' urges us to quit hitting the snooze button on climate change |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2019-09-19/on-fire-by-naomi-klein-green-new-deal |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 19, 2019 |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref>

===''Doppelganger: a Trip into the Mirror World''===
{{Main|Doppelganger (Klein book)}}
Released in September 2023, ''[[Doppelganger (Klein book)|Doppelganger]]'' is a memoir and social critique that contrasts Klein's worldview with [[Naomi Wolf]]'s, a writer who is often mistaken for Klein and vice versa. In her 10-page introduction, Klein explains how she has been mistaken for the "other Naomi", with whom she "has been chronically confused for over a decade... I have been confused with Other Naomi for so long and so frequently that I have often felt that she was following me". For this reason, she started to follow what she calls Wolf's "new alliances with some of the most dangerous men on the planet", and wrote the book with the intention of using her [[doppelganger]] experience "as a guide into and through what I have come to understand as our doppelganger culture".<ref>{{cite book | last=Klein | first=Naomi | title=Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World | publisher=[[Penguin Random House UK]] | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-241-62131-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6vvzwEACAAJ | access-date=26 October 2023 | pages=4,10–11}}</ref>

Klein suggests that the Western world has fractured along political and ideological lines to such an extent that each side feels the other exists in a "mirror world".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Michelle |date=September 4, 2023 |title= Naomi Klein, Naomi Wolf and the Political Upside Down |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/04/opinion/columnists/naomi-klein-wolf-doppelganger.html |access-date=September 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The book received primarily positive reviews and debuted at number 8 on ''The New York Times'' hardcover nonfiction weekly best seller list.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hardcover Nonfiction Books – Best Sellers – Books – The New York Times |language=en-US |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/hardcover-nonfiction/ |access-date=September 21, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On June 13, 2024, ''Doppelganger'' won Klein the inaugural [[Women's Prize for Non-Fiction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cj778nj9ez8o|title=Naomi Klein wins first Women's Prize for Non-Fiction|first=Emma|last=Saunders|website=BBC News|date=June 13, 2024|access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref>

== Views ==

=== Iraq War criticism ===
Klein has written about the [[Iraq War]]. In "Baghdad Year Zero" (''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', September 2004),<ref name="Harpers">{{cite magazine|url= http://www.harpers.org/BaghdadYearZero.html|title= Baghdad year zero: Pillaging Iraq in pursuit of a neocon utopia|first= Naomi |last=Klein| date= September 2004| magazine= [[Harper's Magazine]]|publisher= The Harper's Magazine Foundation|access-date= September 9, 2007}}</ref> Klein argues that, contrary to popular belief, the [[George W. Bush administration]] ''did'' have a clear plan for post-invasion Iraq: to build a completely unconstrained [[free market]] economy. She describes plans to allow foreigners to extract wealth from Iraq and the methods used to achieve those goals.<ref name="Democracy-Now">{{cite interview|last= Klein|first= Naomi|title= Broadcast Exclusive: James Baker's Double Life in Iraq: The Carlyle Group Stands to Make Killing on Iraqi Debt| interviewer= [[Amy Goodman]] |work= [[Democracy Now!]]| publisher= [[Pacifica Radio]]| date= October 13, 2004| access-date= February 17, 2009| url= http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/13/144220|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041013192326/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F10%2F13%2F144220| url-status= dead|archive-date= October 13, 2004|df= mdy-all}}</ref><ref name= "PBS">{{cite interview|last= Klein|first= Naomi|title= The Persuaders: Interview Naomi Klein|publisher = [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|date= January 22, 2004|work= [[PBS Frontline]] |access-date= February 17, 2009|url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders/interviews/klein.html}}</ref> Her "Baghdad Year Zero" was one of the inspirations for the 2008 film ''[[War, Inc.]]''<ref name= "film.guardian">{{cite news|url= http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,2159038,00.html|title= I'm basically a brand (article about John Cusack's career)| access-date= February 17, 2009|first= Ryan |last= Gilbey| date= August 31, 2007| newspaper= The Guardian |location= London}}</ref>

Klein's "Bring Najaf to New York" (''The Nation'', August 2004) argued that [[Muqtada Al Sadr]]'s [[Mahdi Army]] "represents the overwhelmingly mainstream sentiment in Iraq" and that, if he were elected, "Sadr would try to turn Iraq into a [[theocracy]] like Iran," although his immediate demands were for "direct elections and an end to foreign occupation".<ref name="Najif-Nation">{{cite web |url= https://www.thenation.com/article/bring-najaf-new-york/ |title=Bring Najaf to New York |access-date=August 12, 2017 |first=Naomi |last=Klein |date= August 26, 2004 |work=[[The Nation]] |archive-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812220445/https://www.thenation.com/article/bring-najaf-new-york/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>

=== Venezuela ===
Klein signed a 2004 petition titled "We would vote for [[Hugo Chávez]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=We would vote for Hugo Chavez |website= Counterpunch.org |url= https://www.counterpunch.org/2004/07/27/we-would-vote-for-hugo-chavez/| date=July 24, 2004|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221223110908/https://www.counterpunch.org/2004/07/27/we-would-vote-for-hugo-chavez/|archive-date=December 23, 2022}}</ref><ref name= "KirchickVenezuela" /> In 2007, she described [[Venezuela]] under the Chávez government as a country where "citizens had renewed their faith in the power of democracy to improve their lives," and described Venezuela as a place sheltered by Chávez's policies from the economic shocks produced by capitalism.<ref name= "KleinShockDoctrine">{{cite book| last1=Klein|first1=Naomi|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|date=2010|publisher=Henry Holt| isbn=978-1429919487 |pages= 566, 549}}</ref> Rather, according to Klein, Chávez protected his country from financial crisis by building "a zone of relative economic calm and predictability."<ref name= "KleinShockDoctrine"/><ref name= "KleinShcckResistance">{{cite magazine| last1=Klein| first1=Naomi| title=Latin America's Shock Resistance| url=https://www.thenation.com/article/latin-americas-shock-resistance/ |access-date=August 4, 2017| magazine= The Nation| date=November 8, 2007|archive-date=August 4, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170804183350/https://www.thenation.com/article/latin-americas-shock-resistance/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to reviewer [[Todd Gitlin]], who described the overall argument of Klein's book ''[[The Shock Doctrine]]'' (2007) as "more right than wrong," Klein is "a romantic," who expected that the Chávez government would produce a bright future in which worker-controlled co-operatives would run the economy.<ref name="GitlinFirst">{{cite news |last1=Gitlin|first1=Todd|title=First we take Chase Manhattan ... |newspaper= Globe and Mail |date= September 8, 2007| id={{ProQuest|383406476}}}}</ref> ''The Shock Doctrine'' was consistent with her prior thinking about [[globalization]], and in that book she describes Chávez' policies as an example of public control of some sectors of the economy as protecting poor people from harm caused by globalization.<ref>{{cite news|last1= Campbell|first1=Leslie|title=Audacious Undertaking: Review of The Shock Doctrine| url= http://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/2007/11/audacious-undertaking/| work=[[Literary Review of Canada]]| date= November 2011}}</ref> In 2017, Mark Milke and conservative writer [[James Kirchick]] criticized Klein for her support of Chávez.<ref name= "KirchickVenezuela">{{cite news |last1= Kirchick|first1=James|title=Remember all those left-wing pundits who drooled over Venezuela?| url= http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-kirchick-venezuela-pundits-20170802-story.html| access-date= September 15, 2023| newspaper= Los Angeles Times|date=August 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| last1= Milke|first1=Mark|title=Venezuela's collapse and the 'useful idiots' of the Canadian left|url= http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/venezuelas-collapse-and-the-useful-idiots-of-the-canadian-left/|access-date=August 4, 2017|magazine= Maclean's |date= May 19, 2017}}</ref>

=== Criticism of Israel ===
In March 2008, Klein was the keynote speaker at the first national conference of the [[Independent Jewish Voices (Canada)|Alliance of Concerned Jewish Canadians]]. In January 2009, during the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]], Klein supported the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] (BDS) campaign against [[Israel]], arguing that "the best strategy to end the increasingly bloody occupation is for Israel to become the target of the kind of global movement that put an end to apartheid in South Africa."<ref name= "time-for-boycott">{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jan/10/naomi-klein-boycott-israel|title= Enough. It's time for a boycott|access-date= July 13, 2009|first= Naomi |last=Klein|date= January 10, 2009|work= The Guardian | location=London}}</ref>

In summer 2009, on the occasion of the publication of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] translation of her book ''The Shock Doctrine'', Klein visited Israel, the [[West Bank]], and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], combining the promotion of her book and the BDS campaign. In an interview to the Israeli newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'', she emphasized that it was important "not to boycott Israelis but rather to boycott the normalization of Israel and the conflict."<ref name="klein_haaretz">{{cite web| url= http://www.haaretz.com/news/naomi-klein-oppose-the-state-not-the-people-1.279194|title= Naomi Klein: Oppose the State, Not the People| access-date=March 22, 2016| first= Yotam |last=Feldman|date= July 1, 2009| work= [[Haaretz]]}}</ref> In a speech in [[Ramallah]] on June 27, she apologized to [[Palestinians]] for not joining the BDS campaign earlier.<ref name="klein_ramallah">{{cite web|url= http://thefastertimes.com/Palestine/2009/07/07/naomi-klein-in-ramallah-i-am-ashamed-that-it-took-me-this-long-to-endorse-the-call-to-boycott-israel…it-was-nothing-but-cowardice/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090713024624/http://thefastertimes.com/Palestine/2009/07/07/naomi-klein-in-ramallah-i-am-ashamed-that-it-took-me-this-long-to-endorse-the-call-to-boycott-israel%E2%80%A6it-was-nothing-but-cowardice/| url-status= dead |archive-date= July 13, 2009|title= Naomi Klein in Ramallah: I am ashamed that it took me this long|access-date= July 13, 2009|first= Naomi|last= Klein| date= July 7, 2009|publisher= | website= The Faster Times}}</ref> Her remarks, particularly that "[some Jews] even think we get one get-away-with-genocide-free card" were characterized by Noam Schimmel, an op-ed columnist in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', as "violent" and "unethical", and as the "most perverse of aspersions on Jews, an age-old stereotype of Jews as intrinsically evil and malicious."<ref name="schimmel">{{cite news| title= 'The Jews' get-away-with-genocide-free-card'|newspaper= [[Jerusalem Post]]| first= Noam |last=Schimmel |url= http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/The-Jews-get-away-with-genocide-free-card |date= July 18, 2009 |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref>

Klein was also a spokesperson for the protest against the [[2009 Toronto International Film Festival#Controversy over Tel Aviv spotlight|spotlight on Tel Aviv]] at the [[2009 Toronto International Film Festival]], a spotlight that Klein said was a very selective and misleading portrait of Israel.<ref name= "globe_and_mail">{{cite news| url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/we-dont-feel-like-celebrating-with-israel-this-year/article1278582/| title= We don't feel like celebrating with Israel this year.| first= Naomi |last=Klein|newspaper= The Globe and Mail |date= September 10, 2009}}</ref>

She has also served on the advisory board of the organization [[Jewish Voice for Peace]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-04-29 |title=Jewish Voice for Peace |url= https://promisedlandmuseum.org/jewish-voice-for-peace/ |access-date= 2023-11-23 |website= promisedlandmuseum.org| publisher = Promised Land Museum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naomi Klein on Israel's 'Doppelganger Politics' |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/naomi-klein-on-israels-doppelganger-politics |access-date=2023-11-23 |website= Jewish Currents |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, in the context of the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war]], she wrote:
{{cquote|For [[Zionism|Zionist believers]] (I'm not one of them), [[Jew hatred]] is the central rationale for why Israel must exist as a [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|nuclear-armed fortress]]. Within this worldview, [[antisemitism]] is cast as a primordial force that cannot be weakened or confronted. The world will always turn away from us in our hour of need, Zionism tells us, just as it did during the [[Holocaust]], which is why force alone is presented as the only conceivable response to any and all threats. The Israeli state's current murderous leveling of Gaza is the latest, unspeakably horrific manifestation of this ideology, and there will be more in the coming days.<ref>{{cite news | archiveurl= https://archive.today/20231011230959/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/11/why-are-some-of-the-left-celebrating-the-killings-of-israeli-jews#selection-1301.0-1301.15 | archivedate= October 11, 2023| title = In Gaza and Israel, side with the child over the gun]. Naomi Klein| work = The Guardian| date= October 11, 2023| url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/11/why-are-some-of-the-left-celebrating-the-killings-of-israeli-jews | accessdate = November 28, 2023}}</ref>}}

At a “Seder in the Streets" event April 23, 2024, held near Senator [[Chuck Schumer|Chuck Schumer's]] residence, Klein spoke about the contemporary meaning of [[Passover]] and its relation to the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=2024-04-24 |title=We need an exodus from Zionism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/apr/24/zionism-seder-protest-new-york-gaza-israel |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Using [[The Exodus]] story of [[Israelites]] worshipping the [[golden calf]] as an idol, she drew parallels to what she called "the false idol of Zionism."
<ref name='rns'>
{{cite news
|last= Andr‚
|first= Fiona
|date= April 24, 2024
|title= At 'Seder in the Streets,' protesters in Brooklyn denounce US support to Israel
|url= https://religionnews.com/2024/04/24/jewish-voice-for-peaces-passover-seder-denounces-u-s-support-to-israel/
|newspaper=[[Religion News Service]]
|location=
|access-date= May 5, 2024}}
</ref>
She said "It is a false idol that takes our most profound biblical stories of justice and emancipation from slavery, the story of Passover itself, and turns them into brutalist weapons of colonial land theft, roadmaps for ethnic cleansing and genocide."
<ref name='dnow'>
{{cite news
|last= Goodman‚
|first= Amy
|date= April 24, 2024
|title= Naomi Klein: Jews Must Raise Their Voices for Palestine, Oppose the "False Idol of Zionism"
|url= https://www.democracynow.org/2024/4/24/naomi_klein_seder
|newspaper=Democracy Now
|location=
|access-date= May 5, 2024}}
</ref>

=== Environmentalism ===

{{rquote|right|Indeed the three policy pillars of the neoliberal age—privatization of the public sphere, deregulation of the corporate sector, and the lowering of income and corporate taxes, paid for with cuts to public spending—are each incompatible with many of the actions we must take to bring our emissions to safe levels. And together these pillars form an ideological wall that has blocked a serious response to climate change for decades.| Naomi Klein<ref>''[[This Changes Everything (book)|This Changes Everything]]'', pp. 72–73.</ref>}}

By 2009, Klein's attention had turned to environmentalism, with particular focus on [[climate change]], the subject of her book ''[[This Changes Everything (book)|This Changes Everything]]'' (2014).<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2011/3/9/my_fear_is_that_climate_change "'My Fear is that Climate Change is the Biggest Crisis of All': Naomi Klein Warns Global Warming Could Be Exploited by Capitalism and Militarism"], ''Democracy Now!'', March 9, 2011.</ref> According to her website in 2016, the book and its accompanying film (released in 2015) would be about "how the [[climate crisis]] can spur economic and political transformation."<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.naomiklein.org/meet-naomi | title= Meet Naomi | website= naomiklein.org| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160815071747/http://www.naomiklein.org/meet-naomi |archivedate=August 15, 2016| publisher= Naomi Klein | accessdate =}}</ref>

She served on the board of directors of the non-profit group [[350.org]] from April 7, 2011,<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://naomiklein.org/joining-350-org-next-phase/ | title = Joining 350.org: The Next Phase | date = April 7, 2011 | last = Klein | first = Naomi | website = naomiklein.org| publisher= Naomi Klein |access-date = August 16, 2022 }}</ref> through the fiscal year ending September 2018,<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/261150699 | title = 350 Org | date = May 9, 2013 | publisher = [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer | website = ProPublica.org |access-date = August 16, 2022 }}</ref> and took part in their "Do the Math" tour in 2013, encouraging a divestment movement.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.350.org/en/about/blogs/naomi-klein-does-math | title= Naomi Klein does the math| website= 350.org| date =November 13, 2012| publisher =| accessdate =}}</ref>

In an interview by Graeme Greene in ''[[New Internationalist]]'', Klein rejected criticism that ''This Changes Everything'' politicized the climate issue and that the issue should be apolitical, asserting that such criticism reflected "how blind so many within the mainstream climate discussion are to the fact that they themselves are fully immersed within the confines of neoliberalism; ... It's a fantasy that you could fundamentally shift the building blocks of your economy without engaging with politics."<ref>{{cite news | title = Rocking the Boat | last1 = Greene | first1 = Graeme | last2 = Klein | first2 = Naomi | magazine = [[New Internationalist]] | date = November 2014 | pages = 38–39 }}</ref>

She encouraged the [[Occupy movement]] to join forces with the [[environmental movement]], saying the financial crisis and the climate crisis are similarly rooted in unrestrained corporate greed.<ref name= "youtube.com">{{cite AV media| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJ8CoxnjjZg | archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/MJ8CoxnjjZg| archive-date=November 17, 2021 | url-status= live|title=Naomi Klein: Obama's Delay of Keystone XL Oil Pipeline Decision is Win for Environmentalists |publisher= | website= rabble.ca|date=November 11, 2011 |access-date=November 7, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She gave a speech at [[Occupy Wall Street]] where she described the world as "upside down", where we act as if "there is no end to what is actually finite—fossil fuels and the atmospheric space to absorb their emissions," and as if there are "limits to what is actually bountiful—the financial resources to build the kind of society we need."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thenation.com/article/163844/occupy-wall-street-most-important-thing-world-now# |title=Occupy Wall Street: The Most Important Thing in the World Now |newspaper=The Nation |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date= November 7, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Nation 150th in Seattle - Naomi Klein 05A (22198412286) (2).jpg|thumb|upright|2015]]

She has been a particularly vocal critic of the [[Athabasca oil sands]] in Alberta, describing it in a [[TED Talk|TED talk]] as a form of "terrestrial skinning."<ref>{{cite web |title=Naomi Klein: Addicted to risk |url= https://www.ted.com/talks/naomi_klein_addicted_to_risk |access-date= November 7, 2012 |work= Ted.com |date=January 17, 2011 }}</ref> On September 2, 2011, she attended the demonstration against the [[Keystone XL]] pipeline outside the White House and was arrested.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/09/02/world-naomi-klein-arrested-at-white-house-keystone-pipeline-protest.html |title=Naomi Klein arrested at D.C. pipeline protest |work=CBC.ca |date=September 2, 2011 |access-date= November 7, 2012}}</ref> Klein celebrated Obama's decision to postpone a decision on the [[Keystone pipeline]] until 2013 pending an environmental review as a victory for the environmental movement.<ref name="youtube.com"/>

She attended the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Copenhagen Climate Summit of 2009]]. She put the blame for the failure of Copenhagen on President [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/dec/21/copenhagen-failure-obama-climate-change |title= Copenhagen's failure belongs to Obama |work=The Guardian |date= December 21, 2009 |access-date= November 7, 2012}}</ref> and described her own country, Canada, as a "climate criminal."<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO9G1r2aBEo | archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/vO9G1r2aBEo| archive-date= November 17, 2021 | url-status= live |title=Naomi Klein Implicates Corporate Climate Lobbyists at COP15 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=November 7, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She presented the Angry Mermaid Award (a satirical award designed to recognize the corporations who have best sabotaged the climate negotiations) to [[Monsanto]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge864JnnVm0 | archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/Ge864JnnVm0| archive-date=November 17, 2021 | url-status= live|title=Naomi Klein gives 'Angry Mermaid Award' in Copenhagen |publisher=YouTube |date=December 15, 2009 |access-date=November 7, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Writing in the wake of [[Hurricane Sandy]], she warned that the climate crisis constitutes a massive opportunity for disaster capitalists and corporations seeking to profit from crisis. But equally, the climate crisis "can be a historic moment to usher in the next great wave of progressive change," or a so-called "People's Shock."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/superstorm-sandy-peoples-shock/ | title = Superstorm Sandy – a People's Shock? | last = Klein | first = Naomi | date = November 5, 2012 | magazine = The Nation | access-date = August 16, 2022 }}</ref>

In November 2016, following the election of [[Donald Trump]] as the 45th [[President of the United States]], Klein called for an international campaign to impose economic sanctions on the United States if his administration refuses to abide by the terms of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite tweet| first = Naomi | last = Klein |user= NaomiAKlein | number= 796492486122360835 |title= We need an international campaign to impose economic sanctions on the U.S. if it breaks its Paris climate commitments. For real. $ talks. |date = November 9, 2016 |access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>

In October 2022, Klein published an article on ''[[The Intercept]]'' that addressed [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP27]] and the repression of the Egyptian government;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=October 7, 2022 |title=Holding the COP27 Summit in Egypt's Police State Creates a Moral Crisis for the Climate Movement |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/10/07/egypt-cop27-climate-prisoners-alaa/ |access-date=July 22, 2023 |website= The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> the conference took place in Egypt, a country widely seen as repressive and autocratic.<ref>{{Cite news |date= September 30, 2022 |title=COP27: Egypt pressed to make human rights move before climate summit |language=en-GB |work= BBC.com |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63086209 |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref> She goes on to state "[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|Sisi's]] Egypt is making a big show of solar panels and biodegradable straws ... but in reality, the regime imprisons activists and bans research. The climate movement should not play along." calling it 'greenwashing'.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} In an interview with ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', she says “what is not welcome would be pointing out this enormous lucrative network of deals that the military itself is engaged in that are linked to fossil fuels, that are linked to destroying remaining green space in cities like Cairo”. Klein also stressed the release of prominent political prisoner and activist [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt's Carceral Climate Summit: Naomi Klein on the Crisis of COP27 Being Held in a Police State |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2022/10/21/naomi_klein_cop27_un_egypt_greenwashing |access-date=July 22, 2023 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref>

==Other activities==
[[File:Naomi Klein Occupy Wall Street 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumbnail|Klein speaking at Occupy Wall Street in 2011]]
Klein contributes to ''[[The Nation]]'', ''[[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]]'', ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', ''[[This Magazine]]'', ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', and ''[[The Guardian]]'', and is a senior contributor for ''[[The Intercept]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/02/13/naomi-klein-to-cover-shocks-of-trump-era-for-the-intercept/ |title=Naomi Klein to Cover Shocks of Trump Era for ''The Intercept'' |last=Reed |first=Betsy |author-link=Betsy Reed |date=February 13, 2017 |website=[[The Intercept]] |publisher=[[First Look Media]] |access-date=February 15, 2017 |quote=I am extremely happy to announce that Naomi Klein has joined ''The Intercept'' as senior correspondent.}}</ref> She is a former Miliband Fellow and lectured at the [[London School of Economics]] on the anti-globalization movement.<ref name="lse">{{cite web|url= http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/miliband/visitingTeachingFellows.htm|title= Visiting teaching fellows|publisher= London School of Economics and Political Science|access-date= September 9, 2007|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014161241/http://lse.ac.uk/collections/miliband/visitingTeachingFellows.htm|archive-date= October 14, 2007|df= mdy-all}}</ref> Her appointment as the inaugural Gloria Steinem Endowed Chair in Media, Culture and Feminist Studies at [[Rutgers University–New Brunswick]] began in October 2018 and ran for 3 years.<ref name="news.rutgers.edu">{{cite web|url=https://news.rutgers.edu/naomi-klein-named-rutgers%E2%80%99-inaugural-gloria-steinem-chair/20180911|title=Naomi Klein Named Rutgers' Inaugural Gloria Steinem Chair|date=September 11, 2018|website=Rutgers Today|access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/NaomiAKlein/status/1039887149993091072|title=So excited to begin my new role at @RutgersU as the inaugural Gloria Steinem Endowed Chair in Media, Culture and Feminist Studies. Quite a moment to move to the US! Canadian friends: we're right next door...|first=Naomi|last=Klein|date=September 12, 2018|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iwl.rutgers.edu/gloria-steinem-endowed-chair-and-steinem-initiative/|title = Gloria Steinem Endowed Chair and Steinem Initiative}}</ref>

Klein ranked 11th in an internet poll of the top global intellectuals of 2005, a list of the world's top 100 public intellectuals compiled by the ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazine in conjunction with ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine.<ref name="globe_poll">{{cite web|title= Intellectuals—the results|url= http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2008/07/intellectualstheresults/|work= Prospect Magazine|publisher= Prospect Publishing Limited|date= July 26, 2008|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090930160551/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2008/07/intellectualstheresults/|archive-date= September 30, 2009|df= mdy-all}}</ref> On Google Scholar which tracks academic articles, [https://scholar.google.ca/citations?hl=en&user=mjJGr8IAAAAJ&view_op=list_works Klein has an overall h-index of 53] and her publications have been cited in the scholarly literature over 49,000 times as of May 2023. She was involved in [[2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests]], condemning police force and brutality. She spoke to a rally seeking the release of protesters in front of police headquarters on June 28, 2010.<ref name="Rabble">{{cite web|url= http://rabble.ca/rabbletv/program-guide/2010/06/features/naomi-klein-police-dont-play-public-relations-do-your-goddam|title= Video: Naomi Klein to police: "Don't play public relations, do your goddamned job!"|access-date= June 28, 2010|date= July 28, 2010|publisher= [[Rabble.ca]] and [[Youtube.com]]}}</ref>

In October 2011, she visited Occupy Wall Street and gave a speech declaring the protest movement "the most important thing in the world".<ref>{{cite news|last=Klein |first=Naomi |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/163844/occupy-wall-street-most-important-thing-world-now |title=Occupy Wall Street: The Most Important Thing in the World Now |newspaper=The Nation |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> On November 10, 2011, she participated in a panel discussion about the future of Occupy Wall Street with four other panelists, including [[Michael Moore]], [[William Greider]], and [[Rinku Sen]], in which she stressed the crucial nature of the evolving movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/video/164494/watch-michael-moore-naomi-klein-and-others-owss-possibilities |title=Michael Moore, Naomi Klein and Others on What's Next for OWS |newspaper=The Nation |date=November 9, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref>
Klein also made an appearance in the British radio show ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' on BBC Radio 4 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09gc4p7|title=BBC Radio 4 – Desert Island Discs, Naomi Klein|website=BBC}}</ref>

Klein was a key instigator of the [[Leap Manifesto]], a political manifesto issued in the context of the [[2015 Canadian federal election]] focused on addressing the climate crisis through restructuring the Canadian economy and dealing with issues of income and wealth inequality, racism, and colonialism.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chen|first=Michael|date=September 15, 2015|title='Leap manifesto' backed by prominent NDPers, actors, activists calls for upending of capitalist system|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/manifesto-backed-by-notable-ndpers-contrasts-party-platform-with-call-for-radical-economic-change/article26364933/|access-date=December 3, 2020}}</ref> The manifesto has been noted as an influence in the development of the [[Green New Deal]] and eventually led to the establishment of The Leap, an organization that works to promote the realization of the principles behind the original manifesto.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukacs|first=Martin|title=The Trudeau Formula: Seduction and Betrayal in an Age of Discontent.|publisher=Black Rose Books|year=2019|isbn=9781551647487|location=Montreal|pages=228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gobby|first=Jen|title=More Powerful Together: Conversations with Climate Activists and Indigenous Land Defenders|publisher=Fernwood Press|year=2020|isbn=9781773632261|location=Winnipeg|pages=11}}</ref>

In November 2019, along with other public figures, Klein signed a letter supporting [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leader [[Jeremy Corbyn]] describing him as "a beacon of hope in the struggle against emergent far-right nationalism, xenophobia and racism in much of the democratic world" and endorsed him in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 UK general election]].<ref name="nme">{{cite news |last=Neale|first=Matthew|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/new-letter-supporting-jeremy-corbyn-2568734|title=Exclusive: New letter supporting Jeremy Corbyn signed by Roger Waters, Robert Del Naja and more |work=[[NME]]|date=November 16, 2019|access-date=November 27, 2019}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
* 2009: [[Warwick Prize for Writing]], for ''The Shock Doctrine''<ref name="Warwick Prize Press Release" />
* 2011: Honorary doctorate, [[St. Thomas University (New Brunswick)|Saint Thomas University]]<ref>{{cite web |date=April 27, 2011 |title=Honourary Degrees to be Conferred on Sister Sandra Barrett, Naomi Klein and Brad Woodside at Spring Convocation on May 15 |url=http://w3.stu.ca/stu//media/news/news_view.aspx?id=147416 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017224232/http://w3.stu.ca/stu//media/news/news_view.aspx?id=147416 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |access-date=October 10, 2014 |publisher=St. Thomas University}}</ref>
* 2011: ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's list of Top 100 Non-Fiction books published since 1923, ''No Logo''<ref>{{cite web |title=All-TIME 100 Nonfiction Books |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/30/all-time-100-best-nonfiction-books/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=TIME.com |pages=20}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction]] for ''This Changes Everything''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bethune |first=Brian |title=Style and substance: Naomi Klein wins the Hilary Weston Prize |url=https://macleans.ca/culture/books/style-and-substance-naomi-klein-wins-the-hilary-weston-prize/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Macleans.ca |language=en}}</ref>
* 2014: ''[[The Observer]]'' 'Book of the Year', ''This Changes Everything''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klein, Naomi {{!}} Social Justice Initiative {{!}} University of Illinois Chicago |url=https://sji.uic.edu/profiles/klein-naomi/ |access-date=December 20, 2021 |website=sji.uic.edu}}</ref>
* 2014: ''[[The Guardian]]'' Readers' 10 best books of 2014, for ''This Changes Everything''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bausells |first1=Marta |date=December 15, 2014 |title=Readers' 10 best books of 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/dec/15/readers-10-best-books-of-2014 |access-date=January 20, 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Sydney Peace Prize]]<ref name =spp>{{Cite web| title = Naomi Klein wins Sydney Peace Prize | publisher = SBS News | url = http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/05/14/naomi-klein-wins-sydney-peace-prize | date = May 14, 2016 | access-date = May 14, 2016}}</ref>
* 2017: ''No Logo'' – Number 3 on ''[[The Guardian|The Guardian's]]'' list of the Top 100 Non Fiction books of all-time<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCrum |first1=Robert |date=31 December 2017 |title=The 100 best nonfiction books of all time: the full list |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/dec/31/the-100-best-nonfiction-books-of-all-time-the-full-list |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
*2019: Honorary doctorate, [[University of Amsterdam]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsterdam |first=Universiteit van |date=June 11, 2018 |title=Eredoctoraat UvA voor intellectueel en activist Naomi Klein – Universiteit van Amsterdam |url=https://www.uva.nl/content/nieuws/persberichten/2018/11/eredoctoraat-uva-voor-intellectueel-en-activist-naomi-klein.html |access-date=April 9, 2019 |website=uva.nl |language=nl}}</ref>
*2021: The Neil Postman Award for Career Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity, Media Ecology Association<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Ecology Association - Past Awards |url=https://www.media-ecology.org/Past-Awards |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.media-ecology.org}}</ref>
*2023: ''[[The Guardian]]'s'' Best Ideas Books of 2023, ''Doppelganger''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poole |first=Steven |date=2023-12-05 |title=Best ideas books of 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/dec/05/best-ideas-books-of-2023 |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Nominations ===
* 2017: ''No Is Not Enough'' long-listed for the [[National Book Award for Nonfiction]] in the US<ref>{{cite news |last1=van Koeverden |first1=Jane |title=Naomi Klein longlisted for National Book Award for No Is Not Enough |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/naomi-klein-longlisted-for-national-book-award-for-no-is-not-enough-1.4289980 |access-date=4 March 2024 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
* 2024: ''Doppelganger'' long-listed for the inaugural [[Women's Prize for Non-Fiction]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Creamer |first1=Ella |title=Guardian writer and Observer critic longlisted for inaugural Women's prize for nonfiction |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/feb/15/womens-prize-nonfiction-guardian-observer |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=15 February 2024}}</ref>

==List of works==
===Books===
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title=No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies |date= December 1999 |publisher=Knopf Canada and Picador |isbn=0-312-42143-5|author-mask=1|title-link=No Logo}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title=Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate |date= October 2002 |publisher=Vintage Canada and Picador |isbn=0-312-42143-5 |oclc=50681860 |author-mask=1|title-link=Fences and Windows }}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism |year=2007 |publisher=Knopf Canada |isbn=978-0676978001 |oclc=74556458 |author-mask=1|title-link=The Shock Doctrine }}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title= This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate |date= September 2014 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-451-69738-4|author-mask=1|title-link=This Changes Everything (book) }}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title= No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump's Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need |date= June 2017 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-608-46890-4|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title= The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes on the Disaster Capitalists |date= July 2018 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1608463572|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title= On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal |date= September 2019 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1982129910|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title= How to change everything : the young human's guide to protecting the planet and each other |date= February 2021 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0241530023|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |title= [[Doppelganger (Klein book)|Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World]] |date= September 2023 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9780374610326|oclc=1389775564|author-mask=1|quote=“Once and for all, stop eavesdropping on strangers talking about you in this crowded and filthy global toilet known as social media”}}

===Chapters===
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |editor1-first=Tony |editor1-last=Kushner |editor1-link=Tony Kushner |editor2-first=Alisa |editor2-last=Solomon |title=Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |date=October 2003 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8021-4015-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780802140159/page/69 69–71] |chapter=Rescuing Private Lynch, Forgetting Rachel Corrie |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780802140159/page/69 }}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-last=Kim |editor2-first=Betsy |editor2-last=Reed |title=Going Rouge: Sarah Palin, An American Nightmare |date=November 17, 2009 |publisher=[[OR Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842950-0-5 |chapter=Capitalism, Sarah Palin–Style |author-mask=1|title-link=Going Rouge: Sarah Palin, An American Nightmare }}

===Articles===
* {{cite magazine |ref=none |last=Klein |first=Naomi |author-mask=1 |date=July 10, 2015 |title=A radical Vatican? |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=New York City | url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-visit-to-the-vatican }}
* {{cite magazine |ref=none |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=September 2004 |title=Baghdad year zero: Pillaging Iraq in pursuit of a neocon utopia |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |pages=43–53 |location=New York City |issn=0017-789X |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2004/09/0080197 | author-mask=1 }}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=November 28, 2011 |title=Capitalism vs. the Climate: What the right gets — and the left doesn't — about the revolutionary power of climate change |journal=[[The Nation]] |location=New York City |issn=0027-8378 |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/164497/capitalism-vs-climate |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Klein|first=Naomi|title=How science is telling us all to revolt|journal=[[New Statesman]]|date=October 29, 2013|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2013/10/science-says-revolt |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=November 9, 2016 |title=It was the Democrats' embrace of neoliberalism that won it for Trump|journal=[[The Guardian]]|location=Kings Place, London |issn=0261-3077|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/09/rise-of-the-davos-class-sealed-americas-fate |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=July 3, 2017 |title=Daring to Dream in the Age of Trump – Resistance is necessary, but it's not enough to win the world we need. |journal=[[The Nation]] |location=New York City |issn=0027-8378 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/daring-to-dream-in-the-age-of-trump/ |author-mask=1 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122172002/https://www.thenation.com/article/daring-to-dream-in-the-age-of-trump/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=August 3, 2018|title=Capitalism Killed Our Climate Momentum, Not, "Human Nature" |journal=[[The Intercept]] |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/08/03/climate-change-new-york-times-magazine/|author-mask=1}}
*— (October 7, 2022) [https://theintercept.com/2022/10/07/egypt-cop27-climate-prisoners-alaa/ "COP27 Summit in Egypt's Police State Creates Moral Crisis for Climate Movement". ''The Intercept''.]

===Filmography===
* ''[[The Corporation (2003 film)|The Corporation]]'' (2003) (interviewee)
* ''[[The Take (2004 film)|The Take]]'' (2004) (writer)
* ''[[The Shock Doctrine]]'' (2009) (writer)
* ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2385027/?ref_=nv_sr_1 Catastroika]'' (2012) (appearance)
* ''[[This Changes Everything (2015 film)|This Changes Everything]]'' (2015)

== See also ==

* [[Alter-globalization]]
* [[Leap Manifesto]]
* [[Green New Deal]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q236606|c=Category:Naomi Klein|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no}}
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*[https://inthesetimes.com/authors/naomi-klein ''In These Times'' archives]
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[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Canadian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Women political writers]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Writers from Montreal]]
[[Category:Jewish Canadian journalists]]
[[Category:Jewish film people]]
[[Category:Canadian women film directors]]

Ronnie DeVoe

2024-08-12T05:58:18Z

174.74.229.81: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American singer and rapper}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Ronnie_Devoe_1995.jpg
| caption = DeVoe in 1995
| birth_name = Ronald Boyd DeVoe Jr.
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1967|11|17}}
| origin = [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| instrument =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|rapper}}
| years_active = 1981–present
| label = {{hlist|Streetwise|[[MCA Records|MCA]]|[[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]]|[[Biv 10 Records|Biv 10]]}}
| current_member_of = [[New Edition]] 
[[Bell Biv DeVoe]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shamari Fears]]|March 10, 2006}}
| website =
}}

'''Ronald Boyd DeVoe Jr.''' (born November 17, 1967), is an American singer and rapper known as one of the members of the [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]/[[pop music|pop]] group [[New Edition]], and the R&B/[[hip hop music|hip hop]] group [[Bell Biv DeVoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-10-29/entertainment/9310270643_1_hootie-mack-new-edition-bell-biv-devoe|title=Bell Biv Devoe To Highlight Soul Fest Tonight|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> He was born in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7669914/new-edition-members-where-are-they-now|title=Where Are the Six Members of New Edition Now?|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
DeVoe was the second-to-last member to join New Edition ([[Johnny Gill]] being the last) after being brought in by his uncle and the group's choreographer Brooke Payne. In 1981, the group took second place at a talent show, which caught the eye of record producer [[Maurice Starr]], who signed them to his Streetwise record label. New Edition was the biggest-selling [[boy band]] from the mid to late 1980s.

After New Edition's 1990 breakup, DeVoe and fellow New Edition members [[Ricky Bell (singer)|Ricky Bell]] and [[Michael Bivins]] formed the R&B/[[hip-hop]] group [[Bell Biv DeVoe]]. Bell Biv DeVoe's 1990 debut album ''[[Poison (Bell Biv DeVoe album)|Poison]]'' sold more than 5 million copies and garnered five hit singles, such as "[[Poison (Bell Biv DeVoe song)|Poison]]" and "[[B.B.D. (I Thought It Was Me)?]]". In 1993, DeVoe and the group released their follow-up album ''[[Hootie Mack]]''.

In 1996, DeVoe reunited with the other original members of New Edition to release the album ''[[Home Again (New Edition album)|Home Again]]'', followed by a world tour ending in 1997.

In 2001, DeVoe and Bell Biv DeVoe released ''[[BBD (album)|BBD]]''.

In 2014, DeVoe made a brief cameo appearance in the film ''[[Think Like a Man Too]]''.

In 2017, DeVoe and Bell Biv DeVoe released ''[[Three Stripes (album)|Three Stripes]]''.

In 2018, DeVoe began to appear as a guest-member of [[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]]'s series ''[[The Real Housewives of Atlanta]]''. His wife Shamari became a regular cast member when Season 11 premiered on November 4, 2018.

In 2020, DeVoe expanded his business with DeVoe Realty<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wealthyinfluencers.com/ronnie-devoe-net-worth/|title=Ronnie DeVoe Net Worth|access-date=December 5, 2023|publisher=wealthyinfluencers.com}}</ref> offering comprehensive real estate services.

DeVoe still performs and records with New Edition and Bell Biv DeVoe, and he is co-owner of DeVoe Broker Associates, a real estate agency in Atlanta, Georgia.

==Personal life==
He has been married to [[Shamari DeVoe]] of the R&B group [[Blaque]] since March 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://celebritynetworths.org/ronnie-devoe-net-worth/|title=Ronnie DeVoe Net Worth, Biography|access-date=March 14, 2017|publisher=celebritynetworths.org}}</ref> In 2017, they welcomed twin sons, Ronald III and Roman Elijah. Ronnie is friends with Ricky and Biv.

==Discography==
{{Main|New Edition discography}}
{{Main|Bell Biv DeVoe discography}}

;New Edition

* ''[[Candy Girl (album)|Candy Girl]]'' (1983)
* ''[[New Edition (album)|New Edition]]'' (1984)
* ''[[All for Love (New Edition album)|All for Love]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Under the Blue Moon]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Heart Break]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Home Again (New Edition album)|Home Again]]'' (1996)
* ''[[One Love (New Edition album)|One Love]]'' (2004)

;Bell Biv DeVoe

* ''[[Poison (Bell Biv DeVoe album)|Poison]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Hootie Mack]]'' (1993)
* ''[[BBD (album)|BBD]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Three Stripes (album)|Three Stripes]]'' (2017)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0212229|name=Ronald DeVoe}}
*[http://www.myspace.com/rondevoe Ronnie DeVoe] at [[Myspace]]

{{Bell Biv DeVoe}}
{{New Edition}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devoe, Ronnie}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]]
[[Category:Interscope Records artists]]
[[Category:Rappers from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:MCA Records artists]]
[[Category:New Edition members]]
[[Category:Bell Biv DeVoe members]]
[[Category:Geffen Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers from Boston]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:American male rappers]]

Pete Burns

2024-07-26T03:01:52Z

174.74.229.81: /* Media career */

{{short description|English singer (1959–2016)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pete Burns
| image = Pete Burns1.jpg
| caption = Burns in 1980
| birth_name = Peter Jozzeppi Burns
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|8|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Port Sunlight]], [[Wirral Peninsula|Wirral]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|10|23|1959|8|5|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| resting_place = [[West London Crematorium]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lynne Corlett|1980|2006|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Michael Simpson|2007|2008|end=divorced}}
}}
| mother =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|television personality and presenter}}
| years_active = 1977–2016
| known_for =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[hi-NRG]]|[[synth-pop]]|}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Sony Japan]]|[[Cleopatra Records|Cleopatra]]|[[Avex]]}}
| past_member_of = [[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]]
}}
}}
'''Peter Jozzeppi Burns''' (5 August 1959 – 23 October 2016) was an English singer, songwriter and television personality who formed the band [[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]] in 1980 during the [[New wave music|new wave]] era and acted as the band's lead vocalist and principal songwriter. He sold over 17 million albums and 36 million singles worldwide and also gave successful English songwriting and record production trio [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] (SAW) their first UK No. 1 [[Hit song|hit]] single.<ref name=inimitable/><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Larkin">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |editor=Colin Larkin |editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer) |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |date=1997 |edition=Concise |isbn=1-85227-745-9 |page=1141}}</ref> His first three albums all reached the UK Top 30, with ''[[Youthquake (album)|Youthquake]]'' reaching the Top 10. Additionally, the band had seven UK Top 40 singles, two US Top 20 singles and another two singles which went to No. 1 on the US [[Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] chart.<ref name=inimitable/> In 2016, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' ranked [[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]] as one of the most successful "dance artists" of all time.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|title=Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists : Page 1|magazine=Billboard|date=December 2016|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

His debut album, ''[[Sophisticated Boom Boom]]'', was released in 1984, producing a series of minor hits in the United Kingdom, most notably his version of "[[That's the Way (I Like It)]]" (originally recorded by [[KC and the Sunshine Band]]) which gave the band their first UK Top 40 hit. Their second album, ''[[Youthquake (album)|Youthquake]]'', brought Burns and the band international recognition, largely due to the success of the lead single, "[[You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)]]" which reached No. 1 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and No. 11 on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a40081405/stranger-things-season-4-soundtrack/|title=The 'Stranger Things' Season 4 Soundtrack Is the Ultimate Love Letter to the 1980s|access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ranked the song No. 5 in their list of "The 100 Greatest UK No. 1s"<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Beaumont-Thomas|first1=Ben|last2=Petridis|first2=Alexis|last3=Snapes|first3=Laura|date=5 June 2020|title=The 100 greatest UK No 1s: 100-1|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/apr/27/the-100-greatest-uk-no-1s|access-date=19 April 2022|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and ''[[Classic Pop (magazine)|Classic Pop]]'' ranked it No. 1 in their 2021 list of "Top 40 [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] songs".<ref>{{cite magazine |title= Top 40 Stock Aitken Waterman songs |magazine= [[Classic Pop (magazine)|Classic Pop]] |date= August 2021 |accessdate= 31 August 2021 |url= https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/08/stock-aitken-waterman-songs/}}</ref> The album also contained three other UK Top 30 hits and was certified Gold by both the [[British Phonographic Industry (BPI)]] and the [[Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)]].

The band's third album, ''[[Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know (Dead or Alive album)|Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know]]'', was released in 1986, scoring several further hit singles including "[[Brand New Lover]]" which peaked at No. 15 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart,<ref>{{cite book |title= The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=166}}</ref> and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs|American dance chart]] in addition to "[[Something in My House]]" which peaked at No. 12 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and No. 3 on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs|American dance chart]].<ref name=uk>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28630/dead-or-alive/|title=Official Charts > Dead or Alive|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> In 1987, a greatest hits album was released entitled ''[[Rip It Up (Dead or Alive album)|Rip It Up]]'' containing singles from their two prior albums and the following year, ''[[Nude (Dead or Alive album)|Nude]]'' was released with singles "[[Turn Around and Count 2 Ten]]" and "[[Come Home with Me Baby]]" being massive chart successes in America and Japan.<ref>{{AllMusic |class=album |id=r5268 |tab=charts-awards/billboard-single |label="Nude > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles" |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> Burns had a significant impact and influence on Japanese [[pop culture]] especially with [[J-pop]] and [[visual kei]]. He also achieved greater [[superstar]] status in the region than both [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna]].<ref name=final/>

Burns continued to achieve celebrity status in the British media following his appearance on ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 4)|Celebrity Big Brother 4]]'', in which he received attention for his verbal tirades against housemates [[Jodie Marsh]] and [[Traci Bingham]]. He finished in fifth place on the finale, receiving 13.6% of the vote, and appeared on further television reality shows, including as a presenter. Burns was noted for his deep [[baritone]] voice along with his flamboyant dress style, [[eyepatch]], and [[androgynous]] [[gender bender]] appearance. Though he avoided labelling himself, Burns has been recognised as a [[gay icon]] and an individual who helped bring [[gay music]] into mainstream popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theliverpudlian.com/post/pete-burns-the-lgbtq-icon-that-was-ahead-of-his-time|title=Pete Burns: The LGBTQ+ Icon That Was Ahead Of His Time|website=The Liverpudlian|date=10 May 2020 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/dead-or-alive-pete-burns-lgbt-pioneer-tribute-7556687/#!|title=Remembering Dead or Alive's Pete Burns, An Overlooked LGBT Pioneer|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://retropopmagazine.com/pete-burns-gay-lgbt-community-exclusive-archive-interview/|title=Pete Burns: 'I was marginalised to a gay audience and you know what? That's absolutely fine by me!'|website=RetroPop|date=7 July 2022 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stevepafford.com/dead-alive-g-y-pete-burns-interview-youve-never-heard/|title=Dead Or Alive at G-A-Y: The Pete Burns Interview You've Never Heard Before|website=Steve Pafford|date=April 2, 2017 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> Burns was also the subject of [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] speculation over his addiction to [[Plastic surgery|cosmetic surgery]] which bankrupted him and caused fatal health problems.<ref name="freakunique"/>

== Early life ==
Pete Burns was born the youngest of two children on 5 August 1959 in [[Port Sunlight|Port Sunlight, Wirral]].<ref name=jozzeppi>{{cite web|title=The Early Years |url=http://www.deadoralive.net/blackleather/history.html |publisher=deadoralive.net |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213131/http://www.deadoralive.net/blackleather/history.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name=sweeting>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/oct/25/pete-burns-obituary|title=Pete Burns obituary|first=Adam|last=Sweeting|date=25 October 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcthDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|title=Freak Unique: My Autobiography – Pete Burns|first=Pete|last=Burns|date=1 August 2007|publisher=John Blake Publishing|access-date=26 September 2017|page=20|isbn=9781786064103}}</ref> Burns's mother, Evelina von Hudec, was German-born ([[Heidelberg]]) and, according to Burns's autobiography, her first marriage was to a German ''[[Freiherr]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150720092351/http://ponystep.com/features/issue-2-the-inimitable-mr-burns/ The Inimitable Mr. Burns] (archived at the Internet Archive). Retrieved 28 December 2016.</ref> As her father was Jewish, she moved to [[Vienna]] to escape the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prince.org/msg/8/166903?pr|title=Interview with Pete Burns of Dead Or Alive|publisher=prince.org}}</ref><ref name=inimitable>{{cite web|url=http://ponystep.com/features/issue-2-the-inimitable-mr-burns/ |title=Ponystep – Issue 2: The Inimitable Mr. Burns |date=20 July 2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720092351/http://ponystep.com/features/issue-2-the-inimitable-mr-burns/ |archive-date=20 July 2015 }}</ref> At a [[tea dance]] in Vienna, she met an English soldier from [[Liverpool]] named Francis Burns. Until he was 5-years-old, Burns spoke only German which resulted in local children spending days outside his house shouting "[[Nazi salute|Heil Hitler]]".<ref name="freakunique">{{cite book|first=Pete|last=Burns|author2=Cranna, Ian|year=2007|title=Freak Unique|edition=Paperback|publisher=John Blake Publishing Ltd.|isbn=978-1-84454-438-7}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 19 April 2003"/> From a young age, Burns developed a penchant for wearing costumes and he became obsessed with Native American culture going so far as to wear an [[Indian headdress]] constantly along with having his mother put up a [[tepee]] at his school playground.<ref name=encyclopedia/> By his own admission, Burns was a lonely child who preferred drawing and painting to interacting with other children.<ref name=jozzeppi/>

Burns stated that he inherited his love of fashion from his mother: "She'd do five costume changes a day and had a real thing about make-up. Every day at 5:30 a.m., she'd barricade herself into the front room and do her face."<ref name=encyclopedia/> Burns also later described his mother's alcoholism, [[drug addiction]], and multiple suicide attempts which were the result of her having suffered a [[nervous breakdown]] when she learned the fate of her family members during [[World War II]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/dead-or-alive|title=Dead or Alive|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> However, he maintained that she was "absolutely the best mother in the world" despite the [[child abuse]] he experienced:<ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), pp 9–14</ref>

{{cquote|I lived, I know now, a very solitary childhood. I had nothing to compare it with, so it seemed fine to me. I rarely left the house. I didn't need to; I had a secret world I shared with my mother. In those early years, I couldn't possibly have wished for a better friend. [...] She gave me the power to dream, the power to remove myself from where I might not be having any fun, and go inside my head and be somewhere else.<ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), p 21</ref>
}}

According to Burns, school was "almost non-existent", and his mother frequently kept him away so he could spend the day with her.<ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), pp 22–24</ref> Burns was also endlessly taunted by teachers and peers, before being thrown out of school at 14 after being summoned to the headmaster's office because he had arrived at school with "no eyebrows, Harmony-red hair, and one gigantic earring".<ref name="Guardian 19 April 2003">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/apr/19/artsfeatures.popandrock|last= Patterson|first=Sylvia|title='I don't really do reality'|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, UK|date=19 April 2003|access-date= 25 October 2016}}</ref> "I dropped out of school, because it got to be too dangerous for somebody who looked a little different. At that time, I was experimenting with hair dyes and stuff like that, and I was going to a particularly macho-oriented school and causing too much controversy."<ref name=jozzeppi/> Summarizing his time at school, Burns stated: "I learnt nothing at school. I hated it. I was just really into [[David Bowie]] so I shaved off my eyebrows and dyed my hair orange, I was alienated in the seventies at school."<ref name=inimitable/> Shortly after being expelled, Burns was raped by a man who drove him to [[Raby Mere]] and threatened him with an [[air gun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/10/25/pete-burns-androgynous-pop-singer-and-reality-television-star--o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/10/25/pete-burns-androgynous-pop-singer-and-reality-television-star--o |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Pete Burns obituary|date=25 October 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=1 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), pp 34–35</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career and band formation ===
Between 1977 and 1984, Burns worked as a shop assistant at [[Probe Records (shop)|Probe Records]], a small independent record shop in [[Liverpool]].<ref name=probe>{{cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/24272-going-for-a-song-a-chronicle-of-the-uk-record-shop-extract-pete-burns-probe-records|title=Pete Burns Behind The Counter|website=The Quietus|date=24 March 2018 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> Burns had been hired by Probe owner Geoff Davies due to his outlandish appearance (which included an "eighteenth-century shepherd's smock, an upside-down straw top hat with his dreads cascading out of the top, full make-up and massive heeled boots") that he hoped would attract customers. Burns later said that "Geoff only employed me for the glamour" and "people would travel from [[Wales]] and [[Leeds]], just to look at me. They used to call me King – I was like King Punk."<ref name=probe/> After being hired, Burns would lash out at customers if he disliked their music choices, behaviour which was encouraged by Davies. "I'm not lettin' yer waste yer money on that shite," Burns exclaimed to one customer who wanted to buy an [[LP record]].<ref name=probe/> [[BBC]] radio producer Graham Robertson recalled Burns's time at Probe:

{{blockquote|text=Some kids were scared to go up to the counter when Pete was serving as he was acerbic and scathing but, overall, he was really funny. I personally relished going up to pay as it was always entertaining. My mates would often give me their records to pay for and I would place our selections on the counter and attempt to catch his eye – he was usually permanently immersed in an animated conversation and would often serve you without breaking from it!<ref name=probe/>}}
[[Image:Probe Records, School Lane, Liverpool, UK.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Probe Records (shop)|Probe Records]] in 2010]]

Despite his later success, Burns did not have ambitions to be a singer and said that he hated the sound of his voice,<ref name="legends">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMYtDwAAQBAJ&q=timothy+lever+music+dead+or+alive&pg=PA24 |title=Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop: 32 International Music Legends Discuss Their Careers |first=James |last=Arena |year=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476671420 |pages=24–35}}</ref> wishing he had been able to sing [[falsetto]] like [[Sylvester (singer)|Sylvester]].<ref name="legends" /><ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), p73</ref> He also had an uncomfortable relationship with the corporate music industry and expressed disgust at the way it functioned. He always refused to allow record company staff to hear his music before it was completed, which "didn't make [the executives] very pleased" and refused to promote his work; "I used to let it sink or swim on its own."<ref name="legends" /><ref name="final" />

In 1977, Burns formed a punk band with contemporaries [[Julian Cope]], [[Pete Wylie]], and Phil Hurst, calling themselves ''The Mystery Girls''. They only had one performance (opening for [[Sham 69]] at [[Eric's Club]] in Liverpool in November 1977) before disintegrating. Cope stated that Burns's performing style drew on that of the transgender punk performer [[Jayne County|Wayne County]] and Wylie recalled that "his head looked like someone had melted a load of black vinyl down into a kind of space quiff."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/oct/24/pete-burns-provocateur-with-a-pop-brain-and-a-sensitive-side|title=Pete Burns – provocateur with a pop brain and a sensitive side|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|date=24 October 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundofthecrowd.org.uk/news/pete-burns-1959-2016/|title=Pete Burns: 1959-2016|website=Sound of the Crowd|date=24 October 2016 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> Burns continued in early-1979 with a new band, ''Nightmares in Wax'' (originally called ''Rainbows Over Nagasaki''), featuring a [[gothic post-punk]] sound, with backing from keyboardist Martin Healy, guitarist Mick Reid, bassist Rob Jones (who left to be replaced by Walter Ogden), and drummer Paul Hornby (who also exited after the band's formation to be replaced by Phil Hurst).<ref name="Greene" />

The group played their first gig supporting [[Wire (band)|Wire]] at [[Eric's Club]] in July 1979,<ref>Jonathan Buckley, Mark Ellingham, Justin Lewis, and Jill Furmanovsky (1996) ''The Rough Guide to Rock'', Rough Guides, {{ISBN|978-1-85828-201-5}}</ref> and recorded demos which included a cover of the [[Simon Dupree and the Big Sound]] song "Kites", a feature of their early shows. Although signed to the Eric's Records label, their only release, a three-track 7-inch EP entitled ''Birth of a Nation'', appeared in March 1980 on Inevitable Records. A 12-inch single featuring two of the tracks from the EP, "Black Leather" and "Shangri-La", was released in 1985.<ref>Gimarc, George (2005) ''Punk Diary: The Ultimate Trainspotter's Guide to Underground Rock 1970–1982'', Backbeat Books, {{ISBN|0-87930-848-6}}, p.312</ref> The EP featured "Black Leather", which turned halfway into [[KC and the Sunshine Band]]'s "[[That's the Way (I Like It)]]".<ref name="Greene" />
[[Image:Erics club gigflyer.jpg|thumb|right|An [[Eric's Club]] gig flyer from 1979 depicting ''Nightmares in Wax'' as the supporting act for [[Simple Minds]].]]
The band went through several line-up changes over the next three years while recording a series of independent singles.<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=657}}</ref> In 1980, after replacing several members, Burns changed the band's name to [[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]].<ref name="Greene">Greene, Jo-Ann [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p481612|pure_url=yes}} "Nightmares in Wax Biography"], Allmusic.com. Retrieved 28 December 2016.</ref> Dead or Alive's singles started charting on the [[UK Indie Chart]], beginning with 1982's "The Stranger" reaching No. 7.<ref name="Lazell">Lazell, Barry (1997) ''Indie Hits 1980–1989'', Cherry Red Books, {{ISBN|0-9517206-9-4}}, p.61</ref> This prompted major label [[Epic Records]] to sign the band in 1983. Their first release for Epic was the single "[[Misty Circles]]", which appeared at No. 100 on the major UK Singles Chart in 1983. Two more singles co-produced by [[Zeus B. Held]] ("[[What I Want (Dead or Alive song)|What I Want]]" and "[[I'd Do Anything (Dead or Alive song)|I'd Do Anything]]") were released but mainstream success continued to elude the band.

The band's debut album, ''[[Sophisticated Boom Boom]]'', was released in May 1984 and featured their first Top 40 UK single, "[[That's the Way (I Like It)]]", a cover of the 1975 hit by [[KC and the Sunshine Band]].<ref name="LarkinGE"/> That song, along with "[[Misty Circles]]", were also hits on the US [[Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] chart.<ref>{{AllMusic |class=album |id=r5265 |tab=charts-awards/billboard-single |label="Sophisticated Boom Boom > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles" |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> The album was a minor success in the UK where it peaked at No. 29.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/albums/Sophisticated%20Boom%20Boom |title=Sophisticated Boom Boom |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=9 October 2011 }}</ref> As Burns and his band achieved greater media exposure, his eccentric and [[androgynous]] appearance often led to comparisons with [[Culture Club]] and its lead singer [[Boy George]] as well as "[[Calling Your Name]]" singer [[Marilyn (singer)|Marilyn]].<ref name="LarkinGE"/> Burns would describe producing his first album as "the most joyous experience of my life, full of happy memories, because there was no commercial pressure on us."<ref name=final>{{cite web|url=https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/08/pete-burns-interview/|title=Dead Or Alive: Pete Burns – his final interview|website=Classic Pop|date=19 August 2021 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>

During his time at [[Liverpool]], Burns became acquainted with [[Courtney Love]] shortly after she moved to the area in 1982 using money from a small [[trust fund]].<ref name=jozzeppi/><ref name=liverpool>{{cite web|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/may/25/courtney-love-in-liverpool-scousers-wild-child-how-to-rock|date=May 25, 2020|title=Courtney Love in Liverpool: the Scousers who taught the grunge icon how to rock|last=Haslam|first=David|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-date=May 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529215818/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/may/25/courtney-love-in-liverpool-scousers-wild-child-how-to-rock|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> When Burns became "the local celebrity punk", he remembered how Love "would call me all sorts of names on the street and it got to the stage where I just sort of loved her for that. She had, like, a complete lack of respect for the divinity I had in the city at the time."<ref name=jozzeppi/>

[[Boy George]], in his autobiography ''[[Take It Like a Man (autobiography)|Take It Like a Man]]'', said that Burns was "a local disco celebrity in [[Liverpool]], like [[Philip Sallon]] in London."<ref name="Publishers Weekly">{{cite web|title=Take It Like a Man: The Autobiography of Boy George|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-017368-5|website=Publishers Weekly|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> He also noted, "I'd never met Burns, but knew of his reputation for being evil."<ref name=jozzeppi/> Along with working at Probe, Burns also worked as a clothes designer and was the owner of a small fashion shop in [[Liverpool]]'s Casey Street. Burns often informed his customers that the clothes they bought from him were "crap" even going so far as to mock people he spotted around town wearing his designs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/oct/24/pete-burns-provocateur-with-a-pop-brain-and-a-sensitive-side|title=Pete Burns – provocateur with a pop brain and a sensitive side|website=The Guardian|date=24 October 2016 |access-date=August 9, 2022 |last1=Petridis |first1=Alexis }}</ref>

=== Chart success ===
The band released its second album ''[[Youthquake (album)|Youthquake]]'' (US No. 31, UK No. 9) in May 1985, produced by the then-fledgling production team of [[Mike Stock (musician)|Mike Stock]], [[Matt Aitken]], and [[Pete Waterman]], known as [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] (SAW). Desiring to move on from the sound of the band's debut studio album, ''[[Sophisticated Boom Boom]]'', Burns wanted "[[You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)]]" to be produced by the little-known team, in the [[Hi-NRG]] style of their 1984 UK hits "[[You Think You're a Man]]" by [[Divine (performer)|Divine]], and "[[Whatever I Do (Wherever I Go)]]" by [[Hazell Dean]]. Recording of the single was plagued by arguments between the band and producers,<ref name=":3" /> but became the band's only song to reach No. 1 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] after lingering outside the Top 40 for over two months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/all_the_no1_songs.php?show=4 |title=Official UK Singles Top 100 – 23 March 2013 | Official UK Top 40 |publisher=Theofficialcharts.com |access-date=2013-03-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310173445/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/all_the_no1_songs.php?show=4 |archive-date=10 March 2010}}</ref> The song proved to be SAW's first chart-topping single.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 3: You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/ep-3-you-spin-me-round-like-a-record/id1565879477?i=1000523581374|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-AU}}</ref> The track also hit No. 11 in the US and No. 1 in Canada.<ref name="UScharts">[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dead-or-alive-mn0000226556%7Cawards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316042837/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dead-or-alive-mn0000226556|date=16 March 2013}}</ref>

In a 2009 interview discussing the song, Burns disputed the Hi-NRG label, saying "to me it was just [[disco]]", and describing the song as "a pop hit, not a hi-NRG hit".<ref name="1980s"/> Burns later said he had wanted to make a "glittery disco record", while [[Pete Waterman]], asked to define the song's sound, said it was "techno-disco; without a question that's what it was. It was new technology playing [[Motown]]; that's all it was. Taking out the musicians and bringing in technology for the first time."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dgrS4hfEAg|title=Pete Burns & Pete Waterman discussing "You Spin Me Round" - The One Show 13th March 2012|date=13 March 2012|via=YouTube}}</ref> Burns would later criticise SAW for their methods, describing that "they took our sound and just basically wheeled it off with a load of other imbeciles, and that makes me a bit sour."<ref name="Sveta"/> Burns stated in his autobiography that he composed "[[You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)]]" by using two existing songs:

{{blockquote|text=How did I write "Spin Me"? I listened to [[Luther Vandross]]'s 'I Wanted Your Love'. It's not the same chord structure, but then that's the way I make music – I hear something and I sing another tune over it. I didn't sit and study the Luther Vandross album – I heard the song and it locked. [...] I'm trying to structure the music and I know what I want. [...] It's like do this, do this, do this – and suddenly it hits. I don't want to do Luther Vandross's song, but I can still sing the same pattern over it. And there was another record, by [[Nell Campbell|Little Nell]], called "See You 'Round Like a Record". [...] So I had those two, Van Dross [''sic''] and Little Nell and – bingo! – done deal.|sign=Pete Burns|source=''Freak Unique'' (2007)}}

Burns claimed the song was "completed" by the time the producers were then chosen to work on it, stating that "the record companies don't trust a band to go into the studio without a producer".<ref name="Sveta"/> However, according to Burns, the record company was unenthusiastic about the single to such an extent that Burns had to take out a £2,500 loan to record it. Afterward, he recalled, "the record company said it was awful" and the band had to fund production of the song's video themselves.<ref>{{cite book|first= Pete |last= Burns |year= 2007 |title= Freak Unique: My Autobiography |publisher= [[John Blake Publishing]] |pages= 95–97 |isbn= 978-1-8445-4438-7}}</ref> Additionally, Burns said that [[Twelve-inch single|12-inch singles]] comprised over 70% of the original sales of "You Spin Me Round", and because these were regarded by the record label as promotional tools rather than sales, the band had to threaten legal action against the label before they received the royalties on them.<ref>{{cite book|first= James |last= Arena |year= 2017 |title= Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop: 32 International Music Legends Discuss Their Careers |pages= 24–35 |publisher= [[McFarland & Company]] |isbn= 978-1-4766-7142-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zMYtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24}}</ref>

Other album tracks released as singles included "[[Lover Come Back to Me (Dead or Alive song)|Lover Come Back To Me]]" (No. 11), "[[In Too Deep (Dead or Alive song)|In Too Deep]]" (No. 14), and "[[My Heart Goes Bang (Get Me to the Doctor)]]" (No. 23) which all reached the UK Top 30. Despite the international chart-topping success of ''[[Youthquake (album)|Youthquake]]'' and its lead single, Burns said it was the album that he was "most dissatisfied with" and recalled that "one of the unhappiest days of my life was when ''Spin Me'' reached No. 1 – and I mean really unhappy. Because I knew it would be downhill all the way after that."<ref name=final/> Burns had a [[Jonah complex|fear of success]] and hoped that his singles would not chart highly. "I didn't want too high positions because I didn't want to lose my life," he recalled. "I thought, if it happens it happens, but if it doesn't – phew!"<ref name=final/>

In late 1986, Dead or Alive released their third album, ''[[Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know (Dead or Alive album)|Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know]]'' (US No. 52, UK No. 27). Production of the album was marred by more fights between the band and SAW, with the latter frustrated by the band's refusal to branch into [[house music]],<ref name=":0" /> and Burns being unwilling to hand over songwriting duties to the producers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Arena|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMYtDwAAQBAJ&q=Europe's+stars+of+80s+dance+pop |title=Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop: 32 International Music Legends Discuss Their Careers |date=2017-07-07 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7142-0|language=en}}</ref> SAW's recording engineer Karen Hewitt recalled the singer appeared to thrive on his often explosive and confrontational dynamic with [[Mike Stock (musician)|Mike Stock]] and [[Matt Aitken]] during the album sessions.<ref name=":0" /> [[Matt Aitken]] confessed to struggling with Burns' vocal experimentation on the second SAW-produced album, including what he described as the introduction of a displeasing [[Yodeling|yodel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 41: Looking Back with Matt Aitken on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/ep-41-looking-back-with-matt-aitken/id1565879477?i=1000583585235 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The lead single "[[Brand New Lover]]" became a modest UK hit, peaking at No. 31, but was more successful in the US where it reached No. 15 on the US Hot 100, and No. 1 on the US [[Hot Dance Club Play|''Billboard'' dance chart]].<ref name="UScharts" /> Following a fraught six-month recording session with producers [[Stock Aitken Waterman]], which was marked by fights and disagreements between the band, record company and producers over the sound of their new material, Burns claimed he struggled to get Epic to commit to a release schedule for the single.<ref name=":0" /> He said this changed when [[Bananarama]] had major success with their Dead or Alive-inspired cover of "[[Venus (Shocking Blue song)#Bananarama version|Venus]]", which Burns claimed encouraged the label to schedule "Brand New Lover" for release.<ref name=":0" /> Later, Burns blamed the song's disappointing chart run in his home country on his then-ongoing war with his UK label, alleging that the company had failed to press and distribute enough copies of the single to make it a hit, and claiming the band had lost out on 67,000 UK sales as a result.<ref name=":0" />

Three more singles from the album were released, the most successful in the UK was "[[Something in My House]]" (No. 12), tonally Gothic and with a sleeve depicting Burns in front of what appears to be a [[Satan]]ic altar, featuring an inverted cross. Originally conceived by Burns as a [[Halloween]] release, the horror-themed "Something in My House" was delayed until late December in the UK, amid wrangling between the band and their record company, with the latter feeling the track was "too brutal" to be a single.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 17: Ain't Nothing But a House Party to Something in My House on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/ep-17-aint-nothing-but-a-house-party-to-something-in-my-house/id1565879477?i=1000543268813|access-date=6 December 2021|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-AU}}</ref>

Clashes between the band and the label continued over the song's [[music video]], with [[Epic Records]] reportedly objecting to a "mildly suggestive" sequence involving Burns and a banana.<ref name="pop">{{Cite web|title=Pop education: Pete Burns' band Dead or Alive were NOT a one hit wonder|url=https://www.newidea.com.au/was-pete-burns-dead-or-alive-a-one-hit-wonder-with-you-spin-me-round|access-date=6 December 2021|website=New Idea|date=2 September 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> "By the time we got to 'Something in My House', I felt I wanted to express myself on film, as well as record, amuse myself, show my sense of humour," Burns wrote on the liner notes to his ''Evolution: The Videos'' compilation DVD. "Well apparently the manner in which I 'peeled a banana' seemed to work against me/us! And, it was downhill all the way after that."<ref>{{Citation|title=Dead Or Alive – Evolution: The Videos (2003, DVD)|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/352644-Dead-Or-Alive-Evolution-The-Videos|language=en|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Burns|first=Pete|title=Evolution: The Hits DVD|url=https://ibb.co/S75hXZD}}</ref>

Recording of the song was also fraught, with Burns alleging that producer [[Mike Stock (musician)|Mike Stock]] erased his original vocal take after objecting to the singer's use of the phrase "wicked queen"; a lyrical [[double entendre]] implying reference to a [[gay]] relationship.<ref name="QUEEN">{{Cite book|last=Arena|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMYtDwAAQBAJ&q=Europe's+stars+of+80s+dance+pop|title=Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop: 32 International Music Legends Discuss Their Careers|date=7 July 2017|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-7142-0|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> "We would butt heads so fucking badly; it was unbelievable," Burns told journalist James Arena in his book ''Europe's Stars of 80s Dance Pop''. "That's why we eventually walked away from them. For instance, there was a lyric from 'Something in My House' where I make reference to a wicked queen. "The actual producer, Mike Stock stopped me and said I couldn't use that term because it would mean the record is about gay people. I was like, 'Fuck this, it's going on!' They actually wiped the original vocal, but then [[Pete Waterman]] came back and said, 'Let him do it the way he wants to.'"<ref name="QUEEN" />

Despite the reservations of the label and producers, the track proved to be Dead or Alive's biggest hit in the UK since "[[Lover Come Back to Me (Dead or Alive song)|Lover Come Back to Me]]" and was the only single from their third album to earn a UK Top 20 placement.<ref name="uk" /> The song also proved to be the act's final Top 40 hit with an original release in the UK, and their last Top 20 hit in Australia.<ref name="uk" /> A 12-inch version of the song, the 'Mortevicar Mix', featured scenes from Nosferatu and sampling of dialogue from the soundtrack of ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'' and a sampling from the [[George A. Romero]] American movie trailer from his film ''[[Day of the Dead (1985 film)|Day of the Dead]]''.

Another highly controversial 12-inch [[white label]] mix, known as "Naughty XXX",<ref>{{Citation|title=Dead Or Alive – Something In My House (XXX Clean And Dirty) (1986, Vinyl)|date=26 October 1986 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/524120-Dead-Or-Alive-Something-In-My-House-XXX-Clean-And-Dirty|language=en|access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Dead or Alive – Something In My House (Naughty XXX Mix)| date=3 January 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3KxYoxgx2g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/e3KxYoxgx2g| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-12-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref> was released to club DJs, featuring a series of stronger dialogue clips from ''[[The Exorcist]]'' – with the track described as "unique" in its capacity as the only known example of a "filthy, obscene [and] sexually explicit" [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] record.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 17: Ain't Nothing But A House Party to Something In My House on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/ep-17-aint-nothing-but-a-house-party-to-something-in-my-house/id1565879477?i=1000543268813|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-AU}}</ref> A third single, "Hooked on Love", failed to make the UK Top 40 amid Burns' battle with the label over their refusal to prioritise his preferred mix, which featured a "Gothic" overtone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 23: Hooked On Love to Get Ready on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/ep-23-hooked-on-love-to-get-ready/id1565879477?i=1000550222736 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-AU}}</ref>

After the release of the album, Tim Lever and Mike Percy left the band to form careers as mixers and producers. The pair owned and operated ''Steelworks Studios'' in [[Sheffield]] and experienced success writing and mixing songs for acts like [[S Club 7]], [[Blue (boy band)|Blue]], and [[Robbie Williams]].<ref>[http://home.btconnect.com/freedom-manageme/steelworks-studios/index.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629050935/http://home.btconnect.com/freedom-manageme/steelworks-studios/index.html|date=29 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://leverguitars.co.uk/about-2/ |title=Lever Guitars: About |access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> In 1987, ''Dead or Alive'' released their greatest hits album ''[[Rip It Up (Dead or Alive album)|Rip It Up]]'', and a concert tour of the same name with dates in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Film footage was recorded at two shows at Tokyo's [[Nippon Budokan]] on 9 October and at Osaka's [[Osaka-jō Hall]] on 11 October, and released on video cassette ([[VHS]]) and [[Laserdisc]] that same year under the title ''Rip It Up Live''. The concert was eventually issued as bonus material for the first time on DVD as part of the 2003 compilation release.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Dead-Or-Alive-Evolution-The-Videos/release/352644 |title=Dead Or Alive – Evolution: The Videos (DVD) at Discogs |work=Discogs |access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref>
{{external media
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0yPUvTJLcY Dead or Alive - Rip It Up 1987]
|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScWQRQV67oc Dead or Alive - Disco In Dream 1989]
|video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8r44xs-fgkM Dead or Alive - Full Evolution 2003]<ref name="auto"/>}}
During this time, Burns turned down offers to tour with [[Madonna]] for her [[Who's That Girl World Tour]] as well as with [[Bon Jovi]] to be with his mother when she was diagnosed with terminal cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYCmURDLUDw|title=Pete Burns on Tubridy Tonight - RTE1 (Part 1 of 2)|date=8 April 2007 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="1980s">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4FKWScZeTo|title=Pete Burns on the 1980s - From Punk to Pop and where he fit in (and didn't!) - Full length|date=21 December 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Burns later recalled: "A manager left an answerphone message telling me, 'If you don't want your career to die of cancer like your mother, you should pack your bags.'"<ref name=encyclopedia/> Burns's mother died in 1987 and her death led Burns to struggle to write new musical material.

This coupled along with his tour refusals ultimately adversely affected his music career and caused him to subsequently reduce his public profile in later years. "I felt, well, nothing's worth going on for," he stated. "I had a nervous breakdown after she died and couldn't work."<ref name=final/> In mid-1988, ''Dead or Alive'', now pared down to a duo of Burns and Coy, released the self-produced ''[[Nude (Dead or Alive album)|Nude]]'' (US No. 106, UK No. 82). In 2021, ''RetroPop Magazine'' retrospectively described ''[[Nude (Dead or Alive album)|Nude]]'' as the "perfect ''Dead or Alive'' album" and "their strongest offering overall".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://retropopmagazine.com/dead-or-alive-studio-albums-ranked/|title=Dead or Alive's seven studio albums ranked from great to greatest|first=Connor|last=Gotto|date=2 August 2021}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=29%|align=right|quote="I like what I'm doing. It pleases me and if other people like it, it's a bonus."|source=Burns in an unaired 1988 interview with [[MTV]] promoting his album, ''[[Nude (Dead or Alive album)|Nude]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_dtv36f3Jc|title=Pete Burns - MTV 1988 Interview Clip (LQ)|date=27 December 2020 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
}}
The album featured the single "[[Turn Around and Count 2 Ten]]" which reached No. 2 in the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and No. 1 for a record-breaking seventeen-weeks in Japan. It was followed by the singles "Baby Don't Say Goodbye" which peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart for ten-weeks and "[[Come Home with Me Baby]]" which spent nine-weeks at No. 1 on the US [[Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] due to a popular remix by producer [[Lewis Martineé]].<ref name="pop"/><ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p102378/credits|pure_url=yes}} Lewis A. Martineé, Credits] AllMusic.com. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</ref> However, despite the chart success of "[[Come Home with Me Baby]]" and the other singles, the song struggled in the UK. This lack of success was attributed to the lyrics, which encouraged [[casual sex]] during the [[Timeline of HIV/AIDS|AIDs epidemic]].<ref name=UScharts/>

Additionally, despite strong customer demand, the US record company refused to release it as a proper single (claiming they objected to the male dancers in the [[music video]]) which prevented the song from becoming a major hit on the [[Billboard Hot 100]].<ref name="pop"/> In 1989, to support his ''[[Nude (Dead or Alive album)|Nude]]'' album and the release of its companion remix album ''[[Nude – Remade Remodelled]]'', Burns toured with fellow [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] acts [[Sinitta]] and [[Kylie Minogue]] in Asia and Europe on the ensemble ''[[Disco in Dream]]'' [[concert tour]]. On 6 October, Burns gave a performance at the [[Tokyo Dome]], the largest concert venue in Japan (with a seating capacity of 55,000 people), which was broadcast on the [[NHK]] television network.

=== 1990s and 2000s ===
In 1990, the band produced their next studio album, ''[[Fan the Flame (Part 1)]]'', although their only successful record deal was in Japan where the album peaked at No. 27 on the [[Oricon Albums Chart|Japanese Albums Chart]]. The band had begun to produce ''[[Fan the Flame (Part 2): The Resurrection|Fan the Flame (Part 2)]]'', however the album was shelved until it was finished in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://retropopmagazine.com/dead-or-alive-fan-the-flame-part-2-artwork-tracklist/ |title=Dead or Alive's 'Fan the Flame (Part 2)' artwork and tracklist unveiled |date=10 August 2021 |publisher=Retro Pop |accessdate=18 September 2021}}</ref> An [[Acoustic music|acoustic]] album ''Love, Pete'' was also made available during a US personal appearance tour in 1992 and was since widely [[Bootleg recording|bootlegged]] with the title ''Fan the Flame (Part 2): The Acoustic Sessions''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/Dead-Or-Alive-Fan-The-Flame-Part-II-Love-Pete-The-Acoustic-Session/release/572163 |title=Dead Or Alive – Fan The Flame (Part II) "Love Pete" (The Acoustic Session) |work=[[Discogs]] |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=572163 |title=Images for Dead Or Alive - Fan The Flame (Part II) "Love Pete" (The Acoustic Session) |work=[[Discogs]] |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadoralive.net/timeline/timeline.html |title=Career Timeline |work=The Right Stuff - The Official Dead Or Alive Web Site |publisher=deadoralive.net |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katch.ne.jp/~poivoit/disco/bootlegs.html |title=Bootlegs |work=Dead or Alive Discography |publisher=katch.ne.jp |accessdate=9 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927232631/http://www.katch.ne.jp/~poivoit/disco/bootlegs.html |archivedate=2011-09-27 }}</ref> Pete strongly criticized its subsequent distribution.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pete |last1=Burns |authorlink1=Pete Burns |first2=Ian |last2=Cranna |title=Freak unique : my autobiography |year=2007 |pages=129–130 |publisher=John Blake |location=London |isbn=978-1-84454-438-7 }}</ref>

In the early-1990s, Burns and Coy signed with [[Pete Waterman]]'s [[PWL Records]] and recording was started on new tracks co-written and produced by [[Mike Stock (musician)|Mike Stock]], but the sessions were aborted when Stock abruptly quit over his dissatisfaction with his share of publishing royalties on the new material.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 28: A Walk In The Park to Whatever Makes Our Love Grow on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/ep-28-a-walk-in-the-park-to-whatever-makes-our-love-grow/id1565879477?i=1000558531126 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-AU}}</ref> Work on new material recommenced with PWL staffer Barry Stone taking over co-production duties.<ref name=":4" /> The band released a new single in 1994, a [[cover version]] of [[David Bowie]]'s "[[Rebel Rebel]]", under the name ''International Chrysis'', named after the late [[International Chrysis|transsexual nightclub performer]]. An initial demo of the track, which featured new lyrics written by Burns, was blocked by Bowie – who legally denied permission to use new lyrics, and also unsuccessfully requested the track not be covered by Burns at all.<ref name=":4" />

Remixed versions of tracks from ''[[Fan the Flame (Part 1)]]'' were later re-recorded for the band's 1995 ''[[Nukleopatra]]'' album which was their sixth studio album. While the album was released as scheduled in Japan, the planned European release was pulled when Burns left [[PWL Records]] after [[Pete Waterman]] refused his request to use [[Paul Oakenfold]] and other remixers to work on further singles, and instead insisted he wanted to write and produce for the band himself.<ref name=":4" /> In 1997, Burns claimed that some of the song covers were included as "album fillers" after studio time to write new material was cut short when "the record label started to fall to bits".<ref name="Sveta">{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvvPIcgiOPM&t=417s | archive-url=| archive-date= | url-status= |title=Pete Burns Interview by Sveta Breakfast Radio Show 1997 |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

In 2000, ''Dead or Alive'' released ''[[Fragile (Dead or Alive album)|Fragile]]'', a collection of remakes with several new tracks and covers including [[U2]]'s "[[Even Better Than the Real Thing]]" and [[Nick Kamen]]'s "I Promised Myself". The first song on the album, "[[Hit and Run Lover]]", was a [[hit single]] peaking at No. 2 on the Japanese charts. A new remix album, ''[[Unbreakable (Dead or Alive album)|Unbreakable: The Fragile Remixes]]'', was released in 2001. This was followed in 2003 with a greatest hits album entitled ''[[Evolution: the Hits]]'' along with a video compilation that was also released on DVD. "[[You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)]]" was re-released as a single to promote the album with it reaching No. 23 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artists/ |title=Official Charts Company – Pete Burns |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |date=2004-06-19 |access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref>
[[File:Pete Burns.jpg|thumb|Burns performing at the [[O2 Academy Liverpool|Carling Academy Liverpool]], 2008]]

=== Solo music career and collaborations ===
In the mid-1990s, Burns collaborated with the Italian [[Eurodance]]-duo Glam to produce the single "[[Sex Drive (Dead or Alive song)|Sex Drive]]", which was later re-recorded for ''[[Nukleopatra]]''. In 2004, Burns enjoyed solo success with the [[Pet Shop Boys]]-produced track "Jack and Jill Party". The track reached No. 75 in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. On 7 September 2010, Burns's solo single "Never Marry an Icon", produced and co-written by the Dirty Disco, was released to the [[iTunes Store]]. The single was released by fellow band member Steve Coy's label, ''Bristar Records''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.your-story.org/pete-burns-of-dead-or-alive-releases-solo-single-215327|title=Pete Burns of Dead Or Alive Releases Solo Single|publisher=Your-Story.org|date=8 September 2010|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723192927/http://your-story.org/pete-burns-of-dead-or-alive-releases-solo-single-215327/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Media career ===
In December 2003, the [[BBC]] apologised to its viewers after Burns swore once on its pre-[[Watershed (broadcasting)|9pm watershed]] ''[[Liquid News]]'' show when asked about his views on the [[Michael Jackson trial]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|work=BBC News|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=BBC apology for Liquid swearing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3330777.stm|access-date=2 April 2007|date=18 December 2003|location=London, UK}}</ref> Burns also appeared in the first episode of the ninth series of the UK version of ''[[Wife Swap (UK TV series)#Celebrity Wife Swap|Celebrity Wife Swap]]''. His partner Michael Simpson went to live with former [[Page 3]] model Leah Newman, while Burns lived with Newman's partner, the footballer [[Neil Ruddock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/j6m62/celebrity-wife-swap--series-9---1-pete-burns-and-leah-newman|title=Celebrity Wife Swap. S9-E1 Pete Burns and Leah Newman|work=Radio Times|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025052205/http://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/j6m62/celebrity-wife-swap--series-9---1-pete-burns-and-leah-newman|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 November 2006, Burns presented an [[ITV plc|ITV]] program titled ''Pete Burns' Cosmetic Surgery Nightmares''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8VWEJZ0Wws|title=Pete Burns' Cosmetic Surgery Nightmares 2006|date=25 December 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref> From 8 October 2007 to 5 December 2007, ''Pete's PA'' aired on [[Sky Living|Living]] following Burns as he searched for a new personal assistant (PA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-previews/petes-pa-511916 |title=Pete's PA |work=Mirror |author=Jane Simon |date=2007-10-08 |accessdate=2018-01-26}}</ref> In 2008, Burns was also the subject of an episode for the show ''Psychic Therapy'' on the [[The Biography Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Biography Channel]] where he was interviewed by [[Mediumship|medium]] [[Gordon Smith (psychic medium)|Gordon Smith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/entertainment-chester/whats-on-chester/2009/08/27/events-music-and-exhibitions-from-27-8-09-59067-24538748/ |title=Events, music and exhibitions - from 27/8/09 |work=Chester Chronicle |date=2009-08-27 |accessdate=2011-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=G Cole|title=PSYCHIC THERAPY with Pete Burns/Part 1|date=15 November 2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuRNBy3iML0| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521222459/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuRNBy3iML0&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2020-05-21 | url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

In January 2006, Burns appeared on [[Channel 4]]'s ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 4)|Celebrity Big Brother 4]]'', eventually reaching fifth on the show's final episode. During the program, he declared that one of his coats was made out of gorilla fur – this caused outrage among [[animal rights]] activists<ref name="bbcnewsfur">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4628654.stm|location=London, UK|work=BBC News|title=Police take Brother 'gorilla' fur|date=19 January 2006}}</ref> as unlicensed gorilla fur is illegal in the United Kingdom. Police subsequently confiscated the coat and tests were performed on it that revealed that it was not gorilla but was made out of the fur of [[colobus monkeys]] which are an endangered species whose fur requires a licence, although experts believed that the fur had been imported before it became illegal to import colobus fur in 1975.<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|title=No action over Burns' monkey coat|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4671372.stm|access-date=2 April 2007|date=1 February 2006|location=London, UK|work=BBC News}}</ref> Burns acted as a co-host on the 2013 [[E4 (TV channel)|E4]] show ''[[The Body Shocking Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://realscreen.com/2012/11/05/the-body-shocking-show-lands-on-e4/ |title="The Body Shocking Show" lands on E4 |publisher=Real Screen|date=6 March 2013}}</ref> and that same year he also co-hosted an episode of [[Celebrity Wedding Planner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2013/10/11/celebrity-wedding-planners-hens-behaving-badly-and-natural-world-tv-picks-4141769/ |title=Celebrity Wedding Planners, Hens Behaving Badly and Natural World: TV picks |publisher=Metro |date=11 October 2013}}</ref> His final musical performance was on ''[[Big Brother's Bit on the Side]]'' in May 2015 with his last public appearance being on ''Celebrity Botched Up Bodies'' in September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70Ikzy2j-vU|title=Pete Burns - Celebrity Botched Up Bodies 2016|date=16 September 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Pete Burns' former house in Notting Hill Gate, London.jpg|thumb|Burns's former house in [[Notting Hill Gate]], London, W11]]
=== Relationships ===
Burns married Lynne Corlett in Liverpool on 8 August 1980,<ref>England and Wales Civil Registration Marriage Index 1916–2005. Peter J Burns Date of Registration: Jul–Aug–Sep 1980 Registration district: Liverpool Inferred County: Lancashire Spouse: Lynne Corlett Volume Number: 36 Page Number: 0796</ref> after he met Corlett in a hair salon where they both worked. "I was immediately attracted to Pete," Corlett later said. "He was as outrageous as I was, and we both had so much in common. At first, they [Corlett's parents] thought Pete was just a gay friend of mine. They thought he was sweet and nice. But they didn't like it when they found out we were serious."<ref name=jozzeppi/>

Discussing the wedding, Burns said: "The only thing that spoiled it was that the man in the registry office had to go and make a feeble joke by asking which one of us was the bride."<ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), p 44</ref> They divorced in 2006 and Burns entered a [[civil partnership]] with his partner Michael Simpson shortly afterward in 2007.<ref name="michaelsimpson">{{cite web|title=Michael Simpson, Pete Burns' Partner: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|url=http://heavy.com/entertainment/2016/10/michael-simpson-pete-burns-ex-husband-who-was-married-to-wife-dead-or-alive-heart-attack-age-partner/|access-date=16 January 2017|date=2016-10-24}}</ref><ref name=ellis-petersen>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/24/dead-or-alive-frontman-pete-burns-dies-aged-57|title=Pete Burns, frontman of Dead or Alive, dies aged 57|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|date=24 October 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> According to Corlett, Burns "was seeing Michael when we were still married but I knew about that." She also said that Burns was "very honest" about his romantic relationship with Simpson and said that their divorce was "very amicable".<ref name="michaelsimpson"/>

===Gender and sexuality===
On the topic of his sexuality, Burns stated, "[People] always want to know – am I gay, bi, trans or what? I say, forget all that. There's got to be a completely different terminology and I'm not aware if it's been invented yet. I'm just Pete."<ref>''Freak Unique'' (paperback), p 171</ref> He also said that he always identified himself as male and never had intentions of being a woman: "It freaks me that someone could think I was a woman. Don't get me wrong – I love women; I love men, too, and I'm very proud to be a man."<ref>''Freak Unique'' (electronic), p 105</ref>

=== Health and legal issues ===
Burns was known for his addiction to [[Plastic surgery|cosmetic surgery]] and stated in a 2016 interview: "The number of surgeries I've had is probably 300. I hope when I'm 80 and I get to heaven God doesn't recognise me."<ref name="freakunique"/><ref name=surgery>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/what-kind-of-physical-toll-does-300-plastic-surgeries-have-193319807.html|title=Pete Burns Had 300 Plastic Surgeries: Doctors Explain Their Physical Toll|website=Yahoo Beauty|date=25 October 2016 |access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> Burns had his first cosmetic procedure (a [[rhinoplasty]]) in 1984. He explained: "I realised I was going to be a visual entity and that I had to look good. I had a broken nose. In the punk days somebody head butted me in [[Liverpool]], and it went over to one side. When you're young, self-conscious and standing in front of a camera and the photographers are whispering, 'Can we just turn his head to the left because he's got a lump on his nose,' you think, 'Well, I'll do something about it'."<ref name=surgery/>

According to Burns: "The operation was a disaster — my nose completely caved in on one side. I'm at home recovering, when I get a call telling me I'm on [[Top of the Pops]] next Tuesday. That's why I had to wear that [[eyepatch]]. It wasn't a fashion statement, it was practical."<ref name=encyclopedia/> Despite the botched [[rhinoplasty]], Burns would go on to have extensive [[polyacrylamide]] injections into his lips, cheek implants, many more [[rhinoplasties]] and lots of tattoos. During a 2010 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] interview Burns explained: "I see myself as my own clay, and I was remodelling it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIuokI647D8|title=Celebrity Plastic Surgery - Pete Burns Interview|date=25 November 2010 |via=YouTube|access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> In early-2006, Burns revealed in another interview that he had spent his life savings on 18 months of reconstructive surgery after a cosmetic procedure on his lips went wrong.<ref name="freakunique"/>

The botched [[lip augmentation]] led to an infection in his lips caused by the [[injectable filler]] used and it spread to the rest of his face, leaving holes in his skin which would excrete yellow fluid. Additional surgery-related health problems experienced by Burns included [[pulmonary embolism]]s and near-fatal [[blood clots]].<ref name=sweeting/> In March 2009, Burns was admitted to a London hospital after collapsing from a kidney ailment. He was diagnosed with seven large [[kidney stones]], which were removed with [[laser surgery]].<ref name="kidneyfailure">{{cite web|title=Burns Collapses With Kidney Failure|work=contactmusic.com |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/burns%20collapses%20with%20kidney%20failure_1098665|access-date=15 April 2009|date=2009-03-25 }}</ref>

In January 2007, Burns sued his cosmetic surgeon, Maurizio Viel, who performed his faulty lip surgery, for £1 million;<ref name="chartattack">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Chart (magazine)|Chart]]|title=Pete Burns Sues Doctor Over Faulty Lip Surgery|url=http://www.chartattack.com/news/2007/02/14/pete-burns-sues-doctor-over-faulty-lip-surgery|date=14 February 2007|access-date=27 April 2009|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809072943/http://www.chartattack.com/news/2007/02/14/pete-burns-sues-doctor-over-faulty-lip-surgery/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> he eventually reached an out-of-court settlement for £450,000. Paparazzi followed Burns around after his arrest for assault in 2006 (the charges were later dropped),<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Pink News]]|title=Pete Burns arrested after gay bar fight|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2006/04/18/pete-burns-arrested-after-gay-bar-fight|access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> and his attempts to revive his career premiered in the documentary ''Pete Burns Unspun'' on [[Sky Living|LivingTV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8cVoI93naU|title=Pete Burns: Unspun (2006 LivingTV Documentary)|date=27 December 2021 |via=YouTube|access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> Burns was declared bankrupt in December 2014 and was evicted from a rented flat in April 2015 for non-payment of over £34,000 in rent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://todayslandlord.co.uk/article-desc-4032_bankrupt-pop-star-evicted-after-unpaid-%C2%A334k-rent-bill- |title=Bankrupt pop star evicted after unpaid £34k rent bill|first=Jamie|last=Milligan|date=27 April 2015|work=Today's Landlord|publisher=Medianett Ltd|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref>

== Death and funeral ==
Burns died in London following a sudden cardiac arrest on 23 October 2016, at the age of 57.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dead or Alive singer Pete Burns dies|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37755445|website=BBC News|access-date=24 October 2016|date=24 October 2016}}</ref> Burns was due to appear on the British talk show ''[[Loose Women]]'' to promote the ''[[Sophisticated Boom Box MMXVI]]'' [[box set]] on 24 October,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/pete-burns-dead-loose-women-9117880 | title=Tragic Pete Burns was due to appear on Loose Women to promote new album | website=[[Daily Mirror]] | date=24 October 2016 }}</ref> the day after he died, but pulled out the week prior due to "ill health".<ref>{{cite web|author=Alicia Adejobi |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/pete-burns-planned-music-comeback-before-death-new-album-loose-women-performance-1588114 |title=Pete Burns death: Dead Or Alive singer planned comeback with new album and Loose Women appearance|date=25 October 2016 |work=International Business Times |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref> In May 2016, Burns had previously sparked concerns when he was seen in public appearing bloated and dishevelled.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pete Burns sparks concerns with bloated and dishevelled appearance|url=https://mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/pete-burns-sparks-concerns-bloated-7966797|website=Mirror|access-date=14 May 2016|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

People who paid tribute to him after his death included [[Boy George]], who described Burns as "one of our great true eccentrics", [[Marc Almond]], who described Burns as a "one off creation, a fabulous, fantastic, brilliant creature" and former MP [[George Galloway]], who had appeared with him on ''Celebrity Big Brother'' and said Burns was "a cross between [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Dorothy Parker]]... you don't get more brilliant than that."<ref name=ellis-petersen/>

On 29 October, the opening celebrity dance routine for [[BBC]]'s ''[[Strictly Come Dancing (series 14)|Strictly Come Dancing]]'' was performed to "[[You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)]]". After the number, hosts [[Claudia Winkleman]] and [[Tess Daly]] paid tribute to Burns and sent their condolences to his family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/10/29/strictly-come-dancing-fans-loved-the-shows-marvellous-tribute-to-pete-burns-6222902/|title=Strictly Come Dancing fans loved the show's 'marvellous' tribute to Pete Burns |last=Lewis |first=Rebecca |date=29 October 2016 |work=Metro|location=UK |access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> [[Boy George]] paid for the costs of his funeral, despite the two artists' rivalry during their parallel music careers,<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGrath |first1=Rachel |title=Pete Burns' Funeral 'To Be Paid For By Boy George' |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/boy-george-pete-burns-funeral_uk_58173bdce4b04660a43993cb |access-date=5 September 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2aKz-ZZWq8|title=Boy George Talking About Pete Burns (2016)|date=28 October 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and the fact that Burns accused him of appropriating his image.<ref name="freakunique"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beXbDypYpZo|title=MTV News Segments- Boy George vs Pete Burns of Dead Or Alive|date=2 April 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Published works ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |title=Freak Unique: My Autobiography| first=Pete |last=Burns |year=2006 |publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]] |isbn=978-1844-542-987}}

=== Videography ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:18em;"| Title
! style="width:19em;"| Album details
|-
! scope="row"| ''Rip It Up Live''
|
* Release date: 1988
* Label: [[Sony BMG]]
* Formats: [[VHS]], [[Laserdisc]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Evolution''
|
* Release date: 2003
* Label: Sony BMG
* Formats: DVD
|-
|}

== ''Dead or Alive'' discography ==
{{see also|Dead or Alive discography}}
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Sophisticated Boom Boom]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Youthquake (album)|Youthquake]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know (Dead or Alive album)|Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Nude (Dead or Alive album)|Nude]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Fan the Flame (Part 1)]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Nukleopatra]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Fragile (Dead or Alive album)|Fragile]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Fan the Flame (Part 2): The Resurrection]]'' (2021)
{{div col end}}

== Solo discography ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Single
!| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2"| Album
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! style="width:60px;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/1155/pete-burns/|title=Official Charts > Pete Burns|publisher=[[The Official UK Charts Company]]|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:left;"| "[[Sex Drive (Dead or Alive song)|Sex Drive]]" (with Glam)
| —
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"| Non-album singles
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align:left;"| "Jack and Jill Party"
| 75<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/1155/pete-burns/ |title=Pete Burns |publisher=Official Charts Company |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| "Never Marry an Icon"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-pete-burns-dead-or-alive-20161024-snap-story.html|title=Dead or Alive singer Pete Burns dies at 57|last=Brown|first=August|date=24 October 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026014158/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-pete-burns-dead-or-alive-20161024-snap-story.html|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| —
|-
| colspan="4" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |first1=Pete |last1=Burns |title=Freak Unique, My Autobiography |year=2007 |edition=1 (paperback) |isbn=978-1-84454-438-7 |publisher=John Blake Publishing |first2=Ian |last2=Cranna}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000313733}}
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name|1047772}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp2/artists/b/burns_pete/located/page1.shtml "Where Are They Now?"] from the BBC

{{Dead or Alive}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Pete}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English LGBT people]]
[[Category:20th-century English male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English LGBT people]]
[[Category:21st-century English male singers]]
[[Category:Androgynous people]]
[[Category:Bisexual male musicians]]
[[Category:Bisexual singers]]
[[Category:Bisexual songwriters]]
[[Category:British hi-NRG musicians]]
[[Category:Dead or Alive (band) members]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:English baritones]]
[[Category:English bisexual men]]
[[Category:English bisexual musicians]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:English LGBT singers]]
[[Category:English LGBT songwriters]]
[[Category:English male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:English people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English pop singers]]
[[Category:English singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Epic Records artists]]
[[Category:Eyepatch wearers]]
[[Category:Male-to-female cross-dressers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Cheshire]]
[[Category:Musicians from Merseyside]]
[[Category:People from Bebington]]
[[Category:People known for their body modification]]
[[Category:Scouse culture of the early 1980s]]
[[Category:Singers from Cheshire]]
[[Category:Singers from Merseyside]]

Percival Everett

2024-07-22T02:14:39Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Short description|American writer (born 1956)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Percival Everett
| image = Percival Everett talks to Arizona State University.jpg
| caption = Everett in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|12|22}}
| birth_place = [[Fort Gordon, Georgia]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Novelist, story writer
| education = [[University of Miami]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Brown University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| period = [[Present age|Contemporary]]
| notable_works = ''[[Erasure (novel)|Erasure]]'' (2001); ''[[I Am Not Sidney Poitier]]'' (2009); ''[[The Trees (Everett novel)|The Trees]]'' (2021)
| awards = [[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]]; [[Windham-Campbell Prize]] for fiction, 2023
}}
'''Percival Everett''' (born December 22, 1956)<ref name="Bader2014">{{cite book|first=Philip |last=Bader|title=African-American Writers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdP7RNzB5PQC&pg=PA84|date= May 14, 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0783-7|pages=84}}</ref> is an American writer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18cowles.html|title=Fiction Chronicle|last=Cowles|first=Gregory|date=September 18, 2005|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=22|access-date=11 June 2011|archive-date=December 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214102139/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18cowles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Distinguished professor|Distinguished Professor]] of English at the [[University of Southern California]]. He has described himself as "pathologically ironic"<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Razzall |first=Katie |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Percival Everett: Why I rewrote Huckleberry Finn to give slave Jim a voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352 |url-status=live |work=BBC News}}</ref> and has played around with numerous genres such as western fiction, mysteries, thrillers, satire and philosophical fiction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Lorraine |date=November 8, 2022 |title=Meet Percival Everett: 5 novels that showcase the L.A. writer’s enigmatic style |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2022-11-08/percival-everett-dr-no-book-club |url-status=live |work=LA Times}}</ref> His books are often satirical, aimed at exploring race and identity issues in the United States.

He is best known for his novels [[Erasure (novel)|''Erasure'']] (2001), ''[[I Am Not Sidney Poitier]]'' (2009), and [[The Trees (Everett novel)|''The Trees'']] (2021), which was shortlisted for the 2022 [[Booker Prize]].

''Erasure'' was adapted as the film ''[[American Fiction (film)|American Fiction]]'' (2023), written and directed by [[Cord Jefferson]], starring [[Jeffrey Wright]], [[Sterling K. Brown]], and [[Leslie Uggams]].

==Personal life and education==
Percival L. Everett, named after his father, was born in [[Fort Gordon]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], where his father, Percival Leonard Everett, was a [[sergeant]] in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]. His mother was Dorothy (née Stinson) Everett. When the younger Everett was still an infant, the family moved to [[Columbia, South Carolina]], where he lived through high school. He was the oldest of several children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=Lorraine |date=2022-11-08 |title=Meet Percival Everett: 5 novels that showcase the L.A. writer's enigmatic style |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2022-11-08/percival-everett-dr-no-book-club |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120051327/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2022-11-08/percival-everett-dr-no-book-club |url-status=live }}</ref> His father became a dentist and his parents continued to live in South Carolina. The younger Everett eventually moved to the American West.<ref name=":1" />

Everett earned a bachelor of philosophy degree from the [[University of Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sept. 16 |first=Judith Lewis Mernit |last2=Now |first2=2013 From the print edition |date=2013-09-16 |title=What do you know? |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.16/what-do-you-know |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.hcn.org |language=en-us |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227063303/https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.16/what-do-you-know |url-status=live }}</ref> He studied a broad variety of topics including biochemistry and mathematical logic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=A Different Language: A Conversation with Percival Everett |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-different-language-a-conversation-with-percival-everett |first=George |last=Makari|access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref> In 1982, he earned an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in fiction from [[Brown University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percival Everett |url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/profile/percival-everett/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=USC Dornsife |language=en-US}}</ref>

Everett now lives in [[Los Angeles, California]], with his wife, the novelist, [[Danzy Senna]], and their two children.<ref>[[Arun Rath|Rath, Arun]] (September 20, 2015), [https://www.npr.org/2015/09/20/441504103/for-prolific-author-percival-everett-the-wilderness-is-a-place-of-clarity "For Prolific Author Percival Everett, The Wilderness Is A Place Of Clarity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502014934/https://www.npr.org/2015/09/20/441504103/for-prolific-author-percival-everett-the-wilderness-is-a-place-of-clarity |date=May 2, 2020 }}, ''[[All Things Considered]]'', [[NPR]].</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lucas |first=Julian |date=2021-09-20 |title=Percival Everett’s Deadly Serious Comedy |language=en-US |work=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/27/percival-everetts-deadly-serious-comedy |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320233428/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/27/percival-everetts-deadly-serious-comedy |url-status=live }}</ref>

Everett's great-grandmother was at one point enslaved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352 |title=Percival Everett: Why I rewrote Huckleberry Finn to give slave Jim a voice |date=2024-04-09 |website=BBC |last=Razzall |first=Katie}}</ref>

==Literary career==
While completing his M.A., Everett wrote his first novel, ''Suder'' (1983). His lead character was Craig Suder, a [[Seattle Mariners]] third baseman in a major league slump, both on and off the field.<ref name=USCA>[http://www.usca.edu/aasc/everett.htm "Percival L. Everett"], The University of South Carolina-Aiken.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215350/http://www.usca.edu/aasc/everett.htm |date=December 10, 2013 }}</ref>

Everett's second novel, ''Walk Me to the Distance'' (1985), features veteran David Larson after his return from Vietnam. Larson becomes involved in a search for the developmentally disabled son of a sheep rancher in Slut's Whole, Wyoming. The novel was later adapted, with an altered plot, as an [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]-TV movie titled ''Follow Your Heart''.<ref name=USCA /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cynthiawhitcomb.com/writing/scripts-produced/ |title=Cynthia Whitcomb website. |access-date=September 28, 2012 |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814051933/http://cynthiawhitcomb.com/writing/scripts-produced/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Everett disowned this adaptation, stating| "I never saw it. I read the script, and I didn’t like it. The changes that they made were so grotesque, there was no way to embrace that at all."<ref>{{Cite journal |title=‘I’d love a scathing review’: novelist Percival Everett on American Fiction and rewriting Huckleberry Finn |journal=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/06/id-love-a-scathing-review-novelist-percival-everett-on-american-fiction-and-rewriting-huckleberry-finn |last=Shariatmadari |first=David |date=2024-04-06}}</ref>

''Cutting Lisa'' (1986; re-issued 2000) begins with John Livesey meeting a man who has performed a [[Caesarean section]]. This prompts the protagonist to evaluate his relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Cutting-Voices-South-Percival-Everett/dp/0807126403/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348865316&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=percival+everett+cutting+lis |title=Cutting Lisa (Voices of the South). |access-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220020900/https://www.amazon.com/Cutting-Voices-South-Percival-Everett/dp/0807126403/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348865316&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=percival+everett+cutting+lis |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1987, Everett published ''The Weather and Women Treat Me Fair: Stories'', a collection of short stories set mostly in the contemporary western United States.

In 1990, Everett published two books re-fashioning [[Greek mythology|Greek myths]]: ''Zulus'', which combines the grotesque and the apocalypse; and ''For Her Dark Skin'', a new version of ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' by the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] playwright [[Euripides]].<ref name=USCA />

Switching genres, Everett next wrote a children's book, ''The One That Got Away'' (1992). This illustrated book for young readers follows three cowboys as they attempt to corral "ones", the mischievous numerals.<ref>[http://emergingwriters.typepad.com/emerging_writers_network/2009/07/source-of-lit-percival-everett-the-one-that-got-away.html Percival Everett, ''The One That Got Away''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922085139/http://emergingwriters.typepad.com/emerging_writers_network/2009/07/source-of-lit-percival-everett-the-one-that-got-away.html |date=September 22, 2011 }}, Emerging Writers Network, July 2009.</ref>

Returning to novels, Everett published his first book-length [[western (genre)|western]], ''God's Country'', in 1994. In this novel, Curt Marder and his black tracker Bubba search "God's country" for Marder's wife, who has been kidnapped by bandits. Marder is not sure whether he wants to find her. The book is a parody of westerns and the politics of race and gender. It includes a cross-dressing [[George Armstrong Custer]].<ref name=USCA />

In 1996, Everett published two books: ''Watershed'' has a contemporary western setting, in which the loner [[hydrologist]] Robert Hawkes meets a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] "small person", who helps him come to terms with the inter-relation of people. That year, Everett also published his second collection of stories, ''Big Picture''.<ref name=USCA />

In ''Frenzy'' (1997), Everett returned to Greek mythology. Vlepo, [[Dionysos]]'s assistant, is forced to undergo a "frenzy" of odd activities, including becoming lice and bedroom curtains at different times during the story, which he narrates. These events occur so that he can explain these experiences to Dionysos, the demi-god.<ref name=USCA />

''Glyph'' (1999) is the [[story within a story]] of Ralph, a baby who chooses not to speak but has extraordinary muscle control and an [[IQ]] nearing 500. He writes notes to his mother on a variety of literary topics based on books she supplies. Ralph is kidnapped several times by parties trying to exploit his special skills. His odyssey (as "written" by four-year-old Ralph) teaches him more about love than intellect.<ref>Lichtig, Toby, [http://www.powells.com/review/2004_06_06.html "Deconstructing daddy"], A review, ''TLS'', June 6, 2004. Review-a-Day, Powell's. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130131170759/http://www.powells.com/review/2004_06_06.html |date=January 31, 2013 }}</ref>

''Grand Canyon, Inc.'' (2001) is Everett's first [[novella]]. In it, Rhino Tanner attempts to tame [[Mother Nature]] with a commercialization of the [[Grand Canyon]].

In 2001 Everett also published his satirical novel ''[[Erasure (novel)|Erasure]]'', in which he portrays how the publishing industry pigeon-holes [[African-American]] writers. The novel, a metafictional piece, revolves around the main character's decision to write an outrageous novella, based among the urban poor and dissolute, titled ''My Pafology''. The writer renames it as ''Fuck'', wanting to push the edge of acceptability and influenced by what he calls ghetto fiction, such as [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]]'s ''[[Native Son]]'' and [[Sapphire (author)|Sapphire]]'s novel ''[[Push (novel)|Push]]''.<ref>[http://www.graywolfpress.org/component/page,shop.flypage/product_id,367/category_id,58fe665254b9537f9c81d5c1529e6c8f/option,com_phpshop/ ''Erasure'' page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124195625/https://www.graywolfpress.org/component/page,shop.flypage/product_id,367/category_id,58fe665254b9537f9c81d5c1529e6c8f/option,com_phpshop/ |date=January 24, 2013 }} at Graywolf Press.</ref>

''A History of the African-American People (proposed) by [[Strom Thurmond]], as told to Percival Everett and James Kincaid'' (2004), is an [[epistolary novel]] that chronicles the characters Percival Everett and [[James R. Kincaid|James Kincaid]] as they work with US Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] (R-SC) (occasionally) and his aide's crazy assistant, Barton Wilkes. The latter orders the authors around even as he stalks them.<ref>Kincaid, James, and Percival Everett (2003). [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tra/summary/v012/12.4.kincaid.html "A History of the African American People by Strom Thurmond (Part 2)"], ''[[Transition (literary journal)|Transition]]'' 12(4), 68–99. Project Muse.</ref>

Also in 2004, Everett released ''American Desert'' and ''Damned If I Do: Stories'', another collection of short stories. In ''American Desert'', Ted Street plans to drown himself in the ocean but is killed in a traffic accident on the way there. Three days later, Street suddenly sits up in his casket at the funeral, although his head is severed and he lacks a beating heart. Throughout the rest of the novel, Street undergoes an odyssey of self-discovery about what being alive really means, exploring religion, revelation, faith, zealotry, love, family, media [[sensationalism]], and death.<ref>Terry D'Auray, [http://trashotron.com/agony/reviews/2004/everett-american_desert.htm ''American Desert'' review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712164943/http://trashotron.com/agony/reviews/2004/everett-american_desert.htm |date=July 12, 2024 }}, July 28, 2004.</ref>

''Wounded: A Novel'' (2005) tells the story of John Hunt, a horse trainer confronted with [[hate crime]]s against a homosexual and a Native American. Hunt avoids getting mixed up in the political nature of these crimes, taking action only when he is forced to do so.<ref>Alan Cheuse (October 11, 2005), [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4954662 "Percival Everett's 'Wounded': Winter in Wyoming"], ''All Things Considered'', NPR.</ref>

Everett's 2006 collection of poetry, ''re:f (gesture)'', features one of his paintings on the front cover. His 2010 poetry book, ''Swimming Swimmers Swimming'', was published by [[Red Hen Press]].

''The Water Cure'' (2007) is a novel about Ishmael Kidder, who has had a successful career as a romance novelist until the death of his daughter, when his life takes a dark turn. In a remote cabin in New Mexico, Kidder has imprisoned a man he believes to be his daughter's killer. The book's title refers to one of the torture techniques Kidder uses on the man, namely [[waterboarding]].<ref>Krusoe, Jim (August 31, 2007), [http://www.powells.com/review/2007_08_31.html "Mirror Images"], review of ''The Water Cure: A Novel'', by Percival Everett. ''Washington Post Book World''. Review-a-Day, Powell's.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802094110/http://www.powells.com/review/2007_08_31.html |date=August 2, 2012 }}</ref>

In 2009, [[Graywolf Press]] released ''[[I Am Not Sidney Poitier]]''. The protagonist, named Not Sidney Poitier, referencing a physical resemblance to [[Sidney Poitier|the famous actor]], meets challenges relating to identity and racial segregation across North America. He faces similar challenges in identity construction in relation to his adopted white father, [[Ted Turner]].<ref>Lingan, John (December 7, 2009), [http://quarterlyconversation.com/i-am-not-sidney-poitier-by-percival-everett "Review: ''I Am Not Sidney Poitier''"], ''Quarterly Conversation''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925075808/http://quarterlyconversation.com/i-am-not-sidney-poitier-by-percival-everett |date=September 25, 2012 }}.</ref>

''Assumption: A Novel'' (2011) is a triptych of stories with some characters who have been in earlier Everett stories. The story "Big" returns to the character of Ogden Walker, deputy sheriff of a small New Mexico town. He is on the trail of an old woman's murderer. But at the crime scene, his are the only footprints leading up to and away from her door. As other cases pile up, Ogden gives chase and soon finds himself on the seamier side of Denver, in a hippie commune.

In 2013, Graywolf Press published ''[[Percival Everett by Virgil Russell: A Novel]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1555976347|title = Percival Everett by Virgil Russell: A Novel|last1 = Everett|first1 = Percival|url = https://www.graywolfpress.org/books/percival-everett-virgil-russell|publisher = Graywolf Press|date = February 5, 2013|access-date = June 8, 2024|archive-date = June 8, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240608094418/https://www.graywolfpress.org/books/percival-everett-virgil-russell|url-status = live}}</ref> a novel in which a man visits his father in a nursing home, where his father appears to be writing a novel from the point of view of his son. Eight years later, the same press published ''[[The Trees (Everett novel)|The Trees]]'', a satirical novel about historic and contemporary lynchings in Mississippi, the South and across the US. (It was published in the UK by [[Influx Press]]). It won the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] and was shortlisted for the [[2022 Booker Prize]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2022 {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2022 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164803/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Dr. No,'' published by Graywolf Press in 2022, won the 2023 [[PEN/Jean Stein Book Award]] and was named a finalist for the 2023 National Book Critics award for fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varno |first=David |date=2023-02-01 |title=National Book Critics Circle Announces Finalists for Publishing Year 2022 |url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2023/01/31/national-book-critics-circle-announces-finalists-for-publishing-year-2022/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=National Book Critics Circle |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202162833/https://www.bookcritics.org/2023/01/31/national-book-critics-circle-announces-finalists-for-publishing-year-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Everett received a 2023 [[Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes|Windham Campbell Prize]] for fiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://windhamcampbell.org/|title=2023 Prize Recipients|website=Windham Campbell Prizes 2023|publisher=Windham Campbell Prizes|access-date=April 21, 2023|archive-date=April 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421201624/https://windhamcampbell.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023 the film ''[[American Fiction (film)|American Fiction]]'' was released, with a [[Film adaptation|screenplay]] adapted by its director [[Cord Jefferson]] from Everett's novel ''Erasure.'' ''American Fiction'' won Best Adapted Screenplay at the 96th Academy Awards.

''[[James (Everett novel)|James]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|isbn = 9780385550369|title = James: A Novel|last1 = Everett|first1 = Percival|url = https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/738749/james-by-percival-everett/|publisher = Doubleday|website = penguinrandomhouse.com|date = March 19, 2024|access-date = June 8, 2024|archive-date = June 7, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240607233453/http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/738749/james-by-percival-everett/|url-status = live}}</ref> published by Doubleday in 2024, is a re-imagining of [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' from the perspective of the runaway slave character [[Jim (Huckleberry Finn)|Jim]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Razzal |first1=Katie |title=Percival Everett: Why I rewrote Huckleberry Finn to give slave Jim a voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352 |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409065642/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352 |url-status=live }}</ref> Everett humanizes the character, who goes by James, re-inventing him as a wise and literate man, who has conversations with enlightenment philosophers in his dreams and teaches other enslaved people to read. James and the other black characters in the book purposefully hide their literacy and wisdom from the white characters who will undoubtedly feel threatened by educated blacks and further punish them. Although opposed to book banning, Everett commented that he hoped his re-imagined version would get banned "only because I like irritating those people who do not think and read".<ref name=":2" />

==Bibliography==
{{Incomplete list |date=May 2023}}{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}

===Novels===
*''Suder'' ([[Viking Books]], 1983)
*''Walk Me to the Distance'' ([[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Clarion Books]], 1985)
*''Cutting Lisa'' ([[Ticknor and Fields|Ticknor & Fields]], 1986)
*''Zulus'' ([[Permanent Press (publisher)|The Permanent Press]], 1990)
*''For Her Dark Skin'' (Owl Creek Press, 1990)
*''God's Country'' ([[Faber & Faber]], 1994)
*''Watershed'' ([[Graywolf Press]], 1996)
*''The Body of Martin Aguilera'' (Owl Creek Press, 1997)
*''Frenzy'' (Graywolf Press, 1997)
*''Glyph'' (Graywolf Press, 1999)
*''Grand Canyon, Inc.'' (Versus Press, 2001)
*''[[Erasure (novel)|Erasure]]'' ([[University Press of New England]], 2001)
*''A History of the African-American people (proposed) by [[Strom Thurmond]], as told to Percival Everett and James Kincaid'' (with [[James R. Kincaid|James Kincaid]]) ([[Akashic Books]], 2004)
*''[[American Desert: A Novel]]'' ([[Hachette Books|Hyperion Books]], 2004)
*''Wounded'' (Graywolf Press, 2005)
*''The Water Cure'' (Graywolf Press, 2007)
*''[[I Am Not Sidney Poitier|I Am Not Sidney Poitier: A Novel]]'' (Graywolf Press, 2009)
*''Assumption: A Novel'' (Graywolf Press, 2011)
*''[[Percival Everett by Virgil Russell: A Novel]]'' (Graywolf Press, 2013)
*''[[So Much Blue]]'' (Graywolf Press, 2017)
*''Telephone'' (Graywolf Press, 2020)
*''[[The Trees (Everett novel)|The Trees]]'' (Graywolf Press, 2021; UK: [[Influx Press]])
*''[[Dr. No: A Novel]]'' (Graywolf Press, 2022)
*''[[James (Everett novel)|James: A Novel]]'' ([[Doubleday Publishers]], 2024)

===Short stories===
*''The Weather and Women Treat Me Fair: Stories'' (August House Publishers, Inc., 1987)
*''Big Picture: Stories'' (Graywolf Press, 1996)
*''Damned if I do: Stories'' (Graywolf Press, 2004)
*''Half an Inch of Water'' (Graywolf Press, 2015)

===Poetry===
*''re:f (gesture)'' ([[Red Hen Press]], 2006), a collection of poetry
*''Abstraktion und Einfühlung'' (with [[Chris Abani]]) (Akashic Books, 2008), a collection of poetry
*''Swimming Swimmers Swimming'' (Red Hen Press, 2010), a collection of poetry
*''There Are No Names for Red'' (a collaboration with Chris Abani; paintings by Percival Everett) (Red Hen Press, 2010), a collection of poetry
*''Trout's Lie'' (Red Hen Press, 2015), a collection of poetry
*''The Book of Training by Colonel Hap Thompson of Roanoke, VA, 1843: Annotated From the Library of John C. Calhoun'' (Red Hen Press, 2019)

===Children's literature===
*''The One That Got Away'' (with [[Dirk Zimmer]]) (Clarion Books, 1992), a children's book

===Contributions===
* ''My California: Journeys by Great Writers'' (Angel City Press, 2004)
* Everett's introduction was added to the 2004 paperback edition of ''[[The Jefferson Bible]]''.

===As guest editor===
* ''[[Ploughshares]]'', Fall 2014 (vol. 40, nos 2 & 3)

==Awards and honors==
Everett's stories have been included in the ''[[Pushcart Prize]] Anthology'' and ''[[Best American Short Stories]].''

Everett received an honorary doctorate from the [[College of Santa Fe]] in 2008. In 2015, he received a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in Fiction, as well as the Phi Kappa Phi Presidential Medallion from the [[University of Southern California]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards for Everett and his writing
!Year
!Title
!Award
!Result
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1990
|''Zulus''
|New American Writing Award
|
|
|-
|1997
|''Big Picture''
|[[PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award]]
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name="PENOaklandWinners3">{{cite web |title=PEN Oakland Awards & Winners |url=http://www.pen-oakland.org/awards-winners/ |access-date=March 1, 2020 |publisher=[[PEN Oakland]] |archive-date=March 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301213438/https://www.pen-oakland.org/awards-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2001
|''[[Erasure (novel)|Erasure]]''
|Academy Award in Literature from [[The American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Erasure (novel)|Erasure]]''
|[[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]] for Fiction
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=The Hurston/Wright Legacy Award |url=https://aalbc.com/books/hw-award-winning-books.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331061640/https://aalbc.com/books/hw-award-winning-books.php |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[African American Literature Book Club]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''Wounded''
|PEN Center USA Award for Fiction
|'''Winner'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Past Winners |url=https://pen.org/literary-awards/past-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=PEN America |language=en |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214502/https://pen.org/literary-awards/past-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
| -
|[[Dos Passos Prize]]
|'''Winner'''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[I Am Not Sidney Poitier]]''
|[[Believer Book Award]]
|'''Winner'''
|
|-
|[[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]] for Fiction
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name=":22" /><ref name="SA2010">{{Cite web |date=2010-12-01 |title=Awards: Hurston/Wright Legacy Winners |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=1341 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002203757/http://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=1341 |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Calvin |date=2010-11-16 |title=Kelley, Everett, Dove, Madhubuti Win Hurston/Wright Legacy Awards |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45202-kelley-everett-dove-madhubuti-win-hurston-wright-legacy-awards.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |language=en |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528004700/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45202-kelley-everett-dove-madhubuti-win-hurston-wright-legacy-awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Wounded'' (''Ferito'')
|[[Premio Gregor von Rezzori]]
|'''Winner'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Winners |url=http://www.premiovonrezzori.org/2010-winners |access-date=October 3, 2016 |website=Festival degli Scrittori - Premio Gregor von Rezzori}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|
|[[Creative Capital]] Award
|'''Winner'''
|
|-
|2018
|''So Much Blue''
|[[PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award]]
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name="PENOaklandWinners3"/>
|-
|2019
| -
|Reginald Lockett Lifetime Achievement Award
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name="PENOaklandWinners3"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| rowspan="2" |''Telephone''
|[[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]] for Fiction
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name=":22" />
|-
|[[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]
|Finalist
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''Dr. No''
|[[National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction|National Book Critics Circle Award]]
|Shortlist
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[The Trees (Everett novel)|The Trees]]''
|[[Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize]] for Comic Fiction
|'''Winner'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=Winner of the Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction announced |url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2022/11/winner-of-the-bollinger-everyman-wodehouse-prize-for-comic-fiction-announced |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Drinks Business |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Booker Prize|Booker Prize]]
|Shortlist
|
|-
|[[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]]
|'''Winner'''
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Shara McCallum wins the 2022 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Poetry |url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/blog/news-authors/shara-mccallum-wins-2022-hurstonwright-legacy-award-poetry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331004423/https://www.peepaltreepress.com/blog/news-authors/shara-mccallum-wins-2022-hurstonwright-legacy-award-poetry |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Peepal Tree Press]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
| rowspan="2" | -
|[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]/UCR Lifetime Achievement Award
|'''Winner'''
|
|-
|[[Windham-Campbell Literature Prize]] for Fiction
|'''Winner'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Windham-Campbell Prizes 2023 recipients announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2023/04/06/229381/windham-campbell-prizes-2023-recipients-announced/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |publisher=Books+Publishing |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522052537/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2023/04/06/229381/windham-campbell-prizes-2023-recipients-announced/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Dr. No''
|[[PEN/Jean Stein Book Award]]
|'''Winner'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=March 3, 2023 |title=PEN Award Winners Announced |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/pen-award-winners-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306021844/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/pen-award-winners-announced/ |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''The Trees''
|[[PEN/Jean Stein Book Award]]
|Finalist
|<ref name=":02">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Eliza |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Here are the winners of the 2022 PEN America Literary Awards. |url=https://lithub.com/here-are-the-winners-of-the-2022-pen-america-literary-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303221307/https://lithub.com/here-are-the-winners-of-the-2022-pen-america-literary-awards/ |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2022 |work=[[Literary Hub]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Sophia |date=January 26, 2022 |title=PEN America Announces Finalists for 2022 Literary Awards |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/88384-pen-america-announces-finalists-for-2022-literary-awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205143333/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/88384-pen-america-announces-finalists-for-2022-literary-awards.html |archive-date=2022-12-05 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |author=Lucas, Julian |date=September 27, 2021 |title=Dead reckoning |department=The Critics. A Critic at Large |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=97 |issue=30 |pages=79–84 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/27/percival-everetts-deadly-serious-comedy }}<ref>Online version is titled "Percival Everett's deadly serious comedy".</ref>
* Maus, Derek C., ''[https://uscpress.com/Jesting-in-Earnest Jesting in Earnest: Percival Everett and Menippean Satire]'' ([[University of South Carolina Press]]; 2019)
* Miceli, Barbara, "Della triste impermanenza di ogni cosa: recensione di ''Telefono'' di Percival Everett", in ''[[L'Indice dei libri del mese]]'' (December 2022)
* Stewart, Anthony, ''Approximate Gestures: Infinite Spaces in the Fiction of Percival Everett'' ([[Louisiana State University Press]]; 2020)

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630083749/http://www.blueflowerarts.com/percival.html Blue Flower Arts] one of Everett's official websites
*[http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003237 Everett's USC Homepage]. ({{Retrieved|access-date=December 2, 2017}})
*[http://www.identitytheory.com/interviews/birnbaum105.html IdentityTheory.com interview with Everett (2003)]
*Shashank Bengali, [https://web.archive.org/web/20091118174521/http://www.usc.edu/dept/pubrel/trojan_family/winter05/everett.html "The Wicked Wit of Percival Everett"], ''USC Trojan Family Magazine'', Winter 2005.
*[http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/vls/182/everett.shtml "Object and Word" by Everett]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://blog.topolivres.com/blogtopolivres/2014/ topolivres video interview with Everett (2008)]
*[http://bombmagazine.org/article/2666/percival-everett Percival Everett by Rone Shavers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110143551/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2666/percival-everett |date=January 10, 2016 }} ''[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]]''
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=s5RDfcoMZEs Percival Everett on the myth of race.] Video interview, [[Austin Community College]] Arts & Humanities, 2 March 2011.({{Retrieved|access-date=December 2, 2017}})

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Percival Everett
|list =
{{Believer Book Award}}
{{USC Scripter Awards – Film}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Everett, Percival}}
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[[Category:Writers from California]]

David Lynch's unrealized projects

2024-07-21T04:12:33Z

174.74.229.81: /* Antelope Don't Run No More */

{{Short description|List of unrealized projects of David Lynch}}
[[File:David Lynch Cannes 2017.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lynch in 2017]]
The following is '''a list of unproduced David Lynch projects''' in roughly chronological order. During his career, American film director [[David Lynch]] has worked on a number of projects that never progressed beyond the pre-production stage under his direction. Some of them fell into [[development hell]] and others were officially canceled.<ref name="Unproduced1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lynchnet.com/upfilms.html|title=David Lynch - Unproduced Works|website=LynchNet}}</ref><ref name="Unproduced2">{{cite web|last=Bachman|first=Mara|url=https://screenrant.com/every-unmade-david-lynch-movie/|title=Every Unmade David Lynch Movie|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=June 17, 2020|access-date=November 15, 2023}}</ref>

==1970s==
===''Gardenback''===
Before starting work on ''[[Eraserhead]]'', Lynch worked on a script titled ''Gardenback'', based on his painting of a hunched figure with vegetation growing from its back. ''Gardenback'' was a surrealist script about [[adultery]], featuring a continually growing insect that represented one man's lust for his neighbor. He presented the script to the [[American Film Institute|AFI]], but they rejected it, as they felt the planned 45-minute runtime was too long for such a figurative, nonlinear script.{{sfn|Rodley|Lynch|2005|pp=58–59}}{{sfn|Olson|2008|pp=56–59}}

===''I'll Test My Log with Every Branch of Knowledge''===
While working with [[Catherine E. Coulson]] on the prolonged production of ''[[Eraserhead]]'', Lynch had an idea for a half-hour television show with the actress to be called ''I'll Test My Log with Every Branch of Knowledge''. The series would have been about a middle-aged woman who took a log to various dentists, doctors, and physicians, each of whom talked about it, with the audience learning about its origins. Lynch later realized the character of the "[[Log Lady]]" in ''[[Twin Peaks]]'', played by Coulson.<ref>{{cite news|last=Moyer|first=Justin Wm.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/09/29/how-catherine-coulson-dead-at-71-became-the-iconic-twin-peaks-log-lady/|title=How Catherine Coulson, dead at 71, became the iconic 'Twin Peaks' Log Lady|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 29, 2015|access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dom|first=Pieter|url=https://welcometotwinpeaks.com/trivia/log-lady-story-david-lynch-catherine-coulson/|title=The Birth Of The Log Lady According To David Lynch And Catherine E. Coulson|website=Welcome to Twin Peaks|date=October 22, 2015|access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref>

===''Ronnie Rocket''===
{{main article|Ronnie Rocket}}
After ''Eraserhead''<nowiki/>'s success,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/eraserhead-v15947 |title=Eraserhead - Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards - AllRovi |access-date=2012-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111055138/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/eraserhead-v15947 |archive-date=2012-01-11 }}</ref> Lynch focused on the screenplay of his second film, ''[[Ronnie Rocket]]'', which he also wanted to direct. The film's plot would have told the story of a detective seeking to enter a mysterious [[Two-dimensional space|second dimension]], aided by his ability to stand on one leg. He is obstructed on this quest by a strange landscape of odd rooms and a threatening train while being stalked by the "Donut Men", who wield electricity as a weapon. In addition to the detective's story, the film was to show the tale of Ronald d'Arte, a teenage dwarf, who suffers a surgical mishap that leaves him dependent on being plugged into an [[Electric power distribution|electrical supply]] at regular intervals; this dependence grants him an affinity with electricity, which he can use to produce music or cause destruction. The boy names himself Ronnie Rocket and becomes a rock star, befriending a tap-dancer named Electra-Cute. [[Michael J. Anderson]] and [[Dexter Fletcher]] were attached to the lead role at different times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2013/07/david-lynch-says-infamous-never-made-project-ronnie-rocket-is-still-a-possibility-95724/|title=David Lynch Says Infamous Never Made Project 'Ronnie Rocket' Is Still A Possibility|first=Kevin|last=Jagernauth|date=19 July 2013 |publisher=IndieWire}}</ref> The project never materialized due to financial conflicts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/vaporware-no-more-31-lost-projects-were-hoping-to--2543|title=Vaporware no more: 31 lost projects we're hoping to see in the wake of Chinese Democracy|date=23 November 2008|work=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> so Lynch left the production and directed ''[[The Elephant Man (film)|The Elephant Man]]'' instead. Anderson later worked with Lynch in ''[[Twin Peaks]]''.

==1980s==
===''The Metamorphosis''===
At some point in the 1980s, Lynch adapted [[Franz Kafka]]'s novella ''[[The Metamorphosis]]'' into a feature film screenplay. The project never came to fruition due to concerns about the cost of realizing Lynch's vision of the insect the story's protagonist transforms into and also Lynch's eventual reluctance to adapt the novella, saying it was "better left as a book".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/why-david-lynch-backed-away-from-transforming-kafka%E2%80%99s-the-metamorphosis-into-a-movie|title=WHY DAVID LYNCH BACKED AWAY FROM TRANSFORMING KAFKA'S THE METAMORPHOSIS INTO A MOVIE|access-date=2020-03-14|archive-date=2020-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813091409/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/why-david-lynch-backed-away-from-transforming-kafka%E2%80%99s-the-metamorphosis-into-a-movie|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''Dune Messiah''===
Lynch had planned to follow his [[Dune (1984 film)|adaptation of ''Dune'']] with the sequel ''Dune Messiah'', based on the [[Dune Messiah|eponymous novel]].<ref name="Unproduced1"/><ref name="Unproduced2"/> According to Lynch, he was more than halfway done with the script when he heard that it was not going to get the green light:
<blockquote>I was really getting into ''Dune II''. I wrote about half the script, maybe more, and I was really getting excited about it. It was much tighter, a better story.<ref name="Inner Views">{{cite web|author=Breskin, David|author-link=David Breskin|url=https://davidbreskin.com/books/inner-views/david-lynch-3/|title=David Lynch | Inner Views | David Breskin|date=October 29, 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

===''Manhunter''===
{{main article|Manhunter (film)}}
Following ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'', Lynch briefly developed a film version of [[Thomas Harris]]'s ''[[Red Dragon (novel)|Red Dragon]]'' for [[Dino De Laurentiis]], but decided to drop the project, citing distaste for working on another major studio film, which he said has "no redeeming qualities". The film was eventually made and titled ''[[Manhunter (film)|Manhunter]]'', released in 1986.<ref name="Inner Views"/>

===''Venus Descending''===
In 1987, after the success of ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'', a [[Warner Bros.]] executive hired Lynch to direct a film based on the life of [[Marilyn Monroe]], based on [[Anthony Summers]]'s best-selling book ''Goddess: The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe''. Lynch met with Summers and co-wrote the script with [[Mark Frost]], the first of their many collaborations. The film would have revolved around the last few months of Monroe's life before her supposed assassination by [[Robert F. Kennedy|Bobby Kennedy]]. The studio bailed out of the project for political reasons.<ref name="Unproduced1"/><ref name="Inner Views"/>

===''One Saliva Bubble''===
On May 20, 1987, Lynch and Frost finished a script for a film project called ''One Saliva Bubble''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lynchnet.com/osbscript.html|title=One Saliva Bubble - The Screenplay|website=LynchNet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/one-saliva-bubble-movie-screen-play-1903406520|title=ONE SALIVA BUBBLE MOVIE SCREEN PLAY BY DAVID LYNCH & MARK FROST SCRIPT 1987|website=WorthPoint|access-date=December 22, 2023}}</ref> Its plot centered around the small town of Newtonville, Kansas, where a secret government project goes amok when a guard's tiny saliva bubble shoots out of his mouth and into a weapons system, setting off a chain reaction that discombobulates the entire town when the residents begin to switch identities with one another,<ref name="Film Comment">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.filmcomment.com/article/unproduced-and-unfinished-films-l-through-z-a-ongoing-film-comment-project/|title=Unproduced and Unfinished Films: An Ongoing Film Comment project|magazine=[[Film Comment]]|issue=May–June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pendegraft|first=Christopher|url=http://scriptshadow.net/weird-scripts-week-one-saliva-bubble/|title=Weird Scripts Week! – One Saliva Bubble|website=ScriptShadow|date=June 11, 2015|access-date=December 22, 2023}}</ref> causing "all kind of wacko hell [to break] loose", as Lynch said. "Cliches one end to the other."<ref name="Inner Views"/> [[Steve Martin]] was attached to star in the lead role, though [[Martin Short]] was also rumored to take that part. In the chapter "Marty Throws A Party Just To Sing" of his 2014 autobiography, ''I Must Say: My Life as a Humble Comedy Legend'', Short wrote,
<blockquote>We bought the house on the basis of the income I was about to make from two pending movies. You can guess what happened next. Practically the second we signed the mortgage, one of the two movies, a David Lynch film with Steve Martin entitled ''One Saliva Bubble'' fell through.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGuBAwAAQBAJ |title = I Must Say: My Life as a Humble Comedy Legend|isbn = 9780062309532|last1 = Short|first1 = Martin|date = 2014-11-04}}</ref></blockquote>
Lynch said he had intended to direct the film through [[Dino De Laurentiis]], who was facing bankruptcy at the time:
<blockquote>We had all our scouts, had it cast, was right there ready to go. Dino kept delaying it, delaying it, delaying it. It became obvious it wasn't going to happen: there wasn't any money. Shortly thereafter his company went bankrupt. We saw the writing on the wall.<ref name="Inner Views"/></blockquote>
De Laurentiis's rights to the project inhibited Lynch from setting it up at another studio.

===''Up At the Lake''===
''Up At the Lake'' was one of the three projects, along with ''Venus Descending'' and ''One Saliva Bubble'', that Lynch pitched to De Laurentiis before his business went under.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohter|first=Larry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/12/movies/david-lynch-pushes-america-to-the-edge.html|title=David Lynch Pushes America to the Edge|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 12, 1990|access-date=November 15, 2023}}</ref> The film was to be a mystery, but no script was written.<ref name="Unproduced1"/><ref name="Unproduced2"/>

===''You Play the Black and the Red Comes Up''===
In the late 1980s, Lynch mooted a film adaptation of [[Eric Knight]]'s 1938 mystery novel ''You Play the Black and the Red Comes Up''. The story follows a man dealing with luck, death, and irony. Lynch can be seen working on the script for the film in the 1989 documentary ''Don't Look at Me'', but he dropped it before its completion.<ref name="Unproduced1"/><ref name="Unproduced2"/>

===''The Lemurians''===
Before making ''[[Twin Peaks]]'', Lynch and Frost pitched a television series they called ''The Lemurians'', based on the story of the lost continent of [[Lemuria]], which sank to the bottom of the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Inner Views"/><ref name="Unproduced1"/><ref name="Unproduced2"/> It would have featured "a lot of poems" and "detectives tracking extraterrestrials", among other things.<ref name="Inner Views"/> [[NBC]] turned them down.<ref name="Unproduced1"/><ref name="Inner Views"/>

==1990s==
===''The White Hotel''===
Around 1990, Lynch expressed interest in directing a new screen adaptation of [[D. M. Thomas]]'s ''[[The White Hotel]]'', with a screenplay by [[Dennis Potter]]. Before Lynch's involvement, filmmakers [[Bernardo Bertolucci]] and [[Terrence Malick]] were associated with the project. Lynch intended to cast his then-girlfriend [[Isabella Rossellini]] in the main role. After they broke up, plans were scrapped.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Longworth|first=Karina|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2009/12/the-white-hotel-brittany-murphys-cursed-unmade-project|title=The White Hotel, Brittany Murphy's Cursed, Unmade Project|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=December 21, 2009|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Untitled ''Twin Peaks'' spin-off===
During the filming of ''[[Twin Peaks]]'' in the 1990s, Lynch at one point considered releasing a spin-off film of the series film ''[[Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me]]'' centered around the character [[Audrey Horne]]. [[Sherilyn Fenn]] was attached to reprise her role. The project was not ultimately made, but elements of the story later inspired Lynch's film ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/sherilyn-fenn-talks-david-lynch-and-how-twin-peaks-200898|title=Sherilyn Fenn talks David Lynch and how Twin Peaks should have ended|date=22 January 2014|work=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref>

===''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'' sequels===
Before the release of ''[[Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me]]'', Lynch planned to release a sequel to it as a continuation of [[Twin Peaks|the series]] after its cancellation. He also planned a third film. These plans were scrapped after the bad reception of ''Fire Walk with Me''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidlynch.de/empire2001.html|title=David Lynch interview Empire November 2001|access-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194021/http://www.davidlynch.de/empire2001.html|archive-date=2012-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''Domu: A Child's Dream''===
After the successes of ''[[Wild at Heart (film)|Wild at Heart]]'' and ''[[Twin Peaks]]'', Lynch was approached to direct a [[live action]] film adaptation of the Japanese [[manga]] ''[[Domu: A Child's Dream]]''. The project was set to be financed by [[Bandai Namco Pictures]], based in Japan. Creator [[Katsuhiro Otomo]] agreed to relinquish the right to produce the adaptation on the basis of a [[Film treatment|treatment]] by Nilo Rodis-Jamero. The project began to collapse when Lynch and Rodis-Jamero brought it to [[Propaganda Films]], which was more interested in striking a deal with Bandai than in making the film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=Bryan|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/579624/david-lynch-domu-movie/|title=David Lynch Almost Made A Major Manga Adaptation In The '90s|website=[[/Film]]|date=February 26, 2021|access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref>

===''Dream of the Bovine''===
Around 1994, Lynch and ''Twin Peaks'' writer [[Robert Engels]] co-wrote a script called ''Dream of the Bovine''. Engels said it was about "three guys, who used to be cows, living in [[Van Nuys]] and trying to assimilate their lives." [[Harry Dean Stanton]] was attached to star and he and Lynch tried to convince [[Marlon Brando]] to co-star, but Brando was not interested, calling the script "pretentious bullshit".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/marlon_brando_and_harry_dean_stanton_in_drag_directed_by_david_lynch_it_alm|title=MARLON BRANDO AND HARRY DEAN STANTON IN DRAG, DIRECTED BY DAVID LYNCH: IT ALMOST HAPPENED|date=26 June 2018 |publisher=Danergous Minds}}</ref>

===''Fantomas''===
In 1995, the [[Gaumont Film Company]] approached Lynch to make a film based on the character [[Fantômas]]. Lynch recruited [[Michael Almereyda]] to rewrite his initial version before choosing to pursue a different project: ''[[Lost Highway (film)|Lost Highway]]''.<ref name="Film Comment"/>

===''Severed''===
The [[Edward R. Pressman]] Film Corp. optioned the film rights to ''[[Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia Murder]]'' the year of its publication.<ref name="Dahlia">{{cite magazine|last=Gilmore|first=John|url=https://variety.com/2006/scene/vpage/dreaming-of-dahlia-1117935299/|title=Dreaming of 'Dahlia'|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 8, 2006|access-date=December 24, 2023}}</ref> Lynch had been fascinated by the [[Black Dahlia|case]] for years.<ref name="Filmmaker">{{cite magazine|last=Swezey|first=Stuart|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/110889-theres-so-much-darkness-so-much-room-to-dream-david-lynch-on-lost-highway/|title="There's So Much Darkness, So Much Room to Dream": David Lynch on ''Lost Highway''|magazine=[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker]]|date=July 22, 2021|access-date=December 24, 2023}}</ref> He was sent a copy of the book in 1997<ref name="Filmmaker"/> and had briefly been involved to direct a film of the story, but hated the script that [[Alessandro Camon]] came up with, which was written by his then-girlfriend.<ref name="Dahlia"/>

===''Mulholland Drive'' TV series iteration===
{{main article|Mulholland Drive (film)}}
In 1998, Lynch initially conceived ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]'' as a 90-minute pilot produced by [[Touchstone Television]], intended to be picked up for a series by [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. During the filming of the pilot, ABC decided to not pick up the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/may/11/cannes2001.culture|title=Now you see it|first=Andrew|last=Pulver|date=11 May 2001|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Lynch then reworked the pilot as a feature film, which was released in 2001.

===''Woodcutters from Fiery Ships'' video game===
In 1998, Synergy Interactive, a Japanese video game production company, announced that it was developing a computer game called ''Woodcutters from Fiery Ships'', designed primarily by Lynch. Lynch was impressed with its earlier game ''[[Gadget Invention, Travel, & Adventure|Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure]]'', which he said "delivered an immersive experience to the user". He described the plot of ''Woodcutters'' as follows:
<blockquote>Certain events have happened in a bungalow which is behind another in Los Angeles. And then suddenly the woodcutters arrive and they take the man who we think has witnessed these events, and their ship is... uh, silver, like a '30s kind of ship, and the fuel is logs. And they smoke pipes.</blockquote>
The game was canceled in November 1999 due to concerns that its "conundrum"–like story would be uninteresting to computer game players.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecityofabsurdity.com/game.html|title=The City of Absurdity: David Lynch's Woodcutters From Fiery Ships}}</ref>

==2000s==
===''Snootworld''===
Sometime in the 2000s, Lynch began working with writer [[Caroline Thompson]] on a script for an [[animated]] [[fairy tale]] project titled ''Snootworld''. In 2024, it was reported that he was seeking financial backing after [[Netflix]] had rejected his pitch. "Old-fashioned fairy tales are considered groaners", Lynch said. "Apparently people don't want to see them. It's a different world now and it's easier to say no than to say yes." He remained undecided as to whether he would direct (as well as produce and co-write) ''Snootworld'', but was enthusiastic about his daughter [[Jennifer Lynch|Jennifer]] taking it on instead.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/david-lynch-animated-movie-snootworld-netflix-addams-family-edward-scissorhands-writer-caroline-thompson-1235877710/|title=David Lynch Is Still Hoping To Make Animated Movie 'Snootworld' Which He Scripted With 'The Addams Family' & 'Edward Scissorhands' Writer Caroline Thompson: "It's A Story That Children And Adults Can Appreciate"|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 8, 2024|access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref>

==2010s==
===''Antelope Don't Run No More''===
In 2010, Lynch wrote his first film since ''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]]'', titled ''Antelope Don't Run No More''. The film is said to be set in [[Los Angeles]] and features "space aliens, talking animals, and a beleaguered musician named Pinky." Lynch was unable to secure financing for the project. There was some speculation that Lynch would be making the film with Netflix.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefilmstage.com/news/is-david-lynch-making-a-new-film-with-netflix/|title=Is David Lynch Making a New Film with Netflix?|first=Jordan|last=Raup|date=1 July 2018|work=The Film Stage}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[David Lynch filmography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Room to Dream|first1=Kristine|last1=McKenna|first2=David|last2=Lynch|author1-link=Kristine McKenna|year=2018|publisher=[[Canongate Books]]|isbn=9781782118404}}
* {{cite book|first=Greg|last=Olson|title=Beautiful Dark|year=2008|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=9780810859173|edition=illustrated}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Lynch on Lynch]]|first1=Chris|last1=Rodley|first2=David|last2=Lynch|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year=2005|isbn=0571220185|edition=2nd}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{David Lynch}}

[[Category:Works by David Lynch]]
[[Category:Lists of unrealized projects by artist|Lynch, David]]

Ziwe Fumudoh

2024-07-07T16:51:44Z

174.74.229.81: /* 2020–2021: Ziwe */ corrected misspelling

{{Short description|American comedian and writer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Ziwe
| birth_name = Ziwerekoru Fumudoh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|02|27}}
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2013–present
| education = [[Northwestern University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| genre = {{hlist|[[Political satire|Political]]/[[news satire]]|[[character comedy]]|[[sketch comedy]]}}
| subject = {{hlist|[[Politics of the United States|American politics]]|[[Culture of the United States|American culture]]|[[popular culture|pop culture]]|[[Portal:Current events|current events]]|[[race relations]]|[[embarrassment]]}}
| website = {{official website|https://generationziwe.com/}}
}}
'''Ziwerekoru''' "'''Ziwe'''" '''Fumudoh'''<ref name=2010-AndoverMagazine>{{cite news|title=Supporting Engaged Scholarship|url=https://issuu.com/phillipsacademy/docs/andovermagazinewinter2010/2|work=Andover, The Magazine of Phillips Academy|date=Winter 2010|language=en}}</ref> is an American comedian and writer known for her [[satire|satirical]] commentary on politics, [[race relations]], and young adulthood.<ref name=2018-SCIFIWire-ThankYouNext>{{cite news|last1=Jennings|first1=Jackie|title=Watch: How Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next' is like the MCU|url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/watch-how-ariana-grandes-thank-u-next-is-like-the-mcu|work=SCI FI Wire|date=December 14, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name=2020-Variety-RaceBaitingSeries>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=Audrey Cleo|title=Ziwe Wants to Be 'the Ellen DeGeneres of Race Relations'|url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/ziwe-instagram-live-show-baited-interview-1234706236/|work=Variety|date=July 14, 2020}}</ref>

In 2017, she created the YouTube comedy show ''Baited with Ziwe'' and its 2020 Instagram Live iteration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 6, 2021|title=Ziwe wants to shake up late night. Even if it makes you uncomfortable|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-05-06/ziwe-showtime-instagram-live-late-night-comedy|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> She wrote for ''[[Desus & Mero (2019 TV series)|Desus & Mero]]'' from 2018 to 2020,<ref name="2019-NYTimes-DesusMero">{{cite news|last1=Hawgood|first1=Alex|title=Ziwe Fumudoh Uses Humor to Push Racial Buttons|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/style/ziwe-fumudoh-comedian-desus-mero-showtime.html|work=The New York Times|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> and she co-hosted [[Crooked Media]]'s ''Hysteria'' podcast in 2018.<ref name="2020-VanityFair-IG-Live">{{Cite web|title="Pass Those Pearls Down"|url=https://live-crooked-2020.pantheonsite.io/podcast/pass-those-pearls-down/|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=Crooked Media|language=en}}</ref>

Fumudoh starred in and executive produced the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] variety series ''[[Ziwe (talk show)|Ziwe]]'' (2021–2022).<ref name="2021-NYTimes-Ziew-Fashion">{{cite news|last1=Testa|first1=Jessica|title=That 'Ziwe' Look|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/fashion/that-ziwe-look.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2021-NewYorker-Ziwe">{{cite magazine|last1=Wheeler|first1=André|title=Ziwe Puts the Met in the Hot Seat|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/ziwe-puts-the-met-in-the-hot-seat|magazine=The New Yorker|date=May 3, 2021}}</ref> She published a collection of essays called ''Black Friend'' in October 2023.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
Born February 27, 1992, Fumudoh grew up in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]], the second of three children to parents who emigrated from [[Nigeria]].<ref name=2020-Variety-RaceBaitingSeries /><ref name=2021-LATimes-IGLive>{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Meredith|title=Ziwe is here to revolutionize late night. Even better if it makes you uncomfortable|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-05-06/ziwe-showtime-instagram-live-late-night-comedy|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name=2020-Allure-Baited>{{cite news|last1=Kilbane|first1=Brennan|title=How Ziwe Fumudoh Gets Ready for Each Episode of 'Baited'|url=https://www.allure.com/story/ziwe-fumudoh-beauty-interview-baited|work=Allure|date=September 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=2021-BostonGlobe-Ziwe>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=James|title=Ziwe brings a satirical edge — and queries about race — to her new Showtime series|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/13/arts/ziwe-brings-satirical-edge-queries-about-race-her-new-showtime-series/|work=The Boston Globe|date=May 12, 2021}}</ref>

In 2010, Fumudoh graduated from [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]].<ref name=2010-AndoverMagazine /><ref name=2019-IntoTheGloss>{{cite news|last1=Fumudoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Ziwe And The Skincare You Buy After The Derm Reads You 'For Filth'|url=https://intothegloss.com/2019/10/ziwe-fumudoh-beauty-routine/|work=Into The Gloss|date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> In 2014, she graduated from [[Northwestern University]] with a double major in radio, television, and film and African American studies, with a minor in creative writing: poetry.<ref name=2020-Variety-RaceBaitingSeries /><ref name=2013-DailyNorthwestern-Columnists>{{cite news|last1=Misulonas|first1=Joseph|last2=Lenhoff|first2=Caryn|title=Meet The Daily's winter columnists|url=https://dailynorthwestern.com/2013/01/21/opinion/meet-the-dailys-winter-columnists/|work=The Daily Northwestern|date=January 22, 2013}}</ref><ref name=2020-Northwestern-Alumni>{{cite news|title=Ziwe Fumudoh '14|url=https://www.alumni.northwestern.edu/s/1479/02-naa/16/interior.aspx?pgid=31490&gid=2&cid=33514|work=Recent Alumni Newsletter Archive, Northwestern Alumni|date=2020|language=en}}</ref> On her first year at Northwestern, Fumudoh lived in McCulloch Hall.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Episode 63: Navigating Career as a Creative Professional with Ziwe Fumudoh '14 |url=https://www.alumni.northwestern.edu/s/1479/02-naa/16/interior.aspx?pgid=33139&gid=2&cid=50056 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.alumni.northwestern.edu |language=en}}</ref> While an undergraduate, she wrote for many student publications including: Purp Magazine, Northwestern Sketch Television, and Project SOARD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Reunion Committee |url=https://www.alumni.northwestern.edu/s/1479/02-naa/16/interior.aspx?pgid=30401&gid=2&cid=33514 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.alumni.northwestern.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

===2013–2017: Early years===
In 2013, Fumudoh worked as a summer intern at [[Comedy Central]] on shows including ''[[The Daily Show]]'' and ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.<ref name=2019-IntoTheGloss /><ref name=2018-Forbes-Feature>{{cite news|last1=Escandon|first1=Rosa|title=26-Year-Old Ziwe Fumudoh Has The Confidence Of An Old Comedy Pro|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rosaescandon/2018/10/31/26-year-old-ziwe-fumudoh-has-the-confidence-of-an-old-comedy-pro/?sh=3e84744a2a5a|work=Forbes|date=October 31, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name=2019-NYTimes-DesusMero /> During her senior year of college, she interned as a writer for ''[[The Onion]]'' and took improv classes at the [[IO Theater|iO theater]].<ref name=2020-NorthwesternMag-Feature>{{cite news|last1=Milliken|first1=Clare|title=An Artist First: Ziwe Fumudoh starts uncomfortable conversations with comedy|url=https://magazine.northwestern.edu/exclusives/ziwe-fumudoh/|work=Northwestern Magazine|date=September 29, 2020|language=en}}</ref> At ''[[The Onion]]'' she worked in video, research, and contributing features.<ref name="2021-TheOnion-Contributor">{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://generationziwe.com/about|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=ZIWE|language=en-US}}</ref> From 2015 to 2020, she wrote for publications including ''The Riveter Magazine''; ''[[Reductress]]''; ''[[The Daily Dot]]'';<ref name="2021-DailyDot-AuthorPage">{{cite web|title=Articles by Ziwe Fumudoh|url=https://www.dailydot.com/author/ziwe-fumudoh/|website=The Daily Dot|access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> ''Into The Gloss,'' where she wrote a column called "Operation Goo Goo Gah Gah";<ref name="2021-IntoTheGloss-AuthorPage">{{cite web|title=Ziwe Fumudoh, Columnist at Into The Gloss|url=https://intothegloss.com/author/ziwe-fumudoh/|website=Into The Gloss|access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> ''[[Vulture.com|Vulture]],'' where she wrote television recaps;<ref name="2021-Vulture-AuthorPage">{{cite web|title=Ziwe Fumudoh Author Archive|url=https://www.vulture.com/author/ziwe-fumudoh/|website=Vulture|access-date=May 15, 2021|language=en-us}}</ref> and ''[[The New Yorker]]''.

After graduation, she worked at [[Lorne Michaels]]'s [[Above Average Productions]].<ref name="2021-LATimes-IGLive" /> Her first television job was as a screenwriter on ''[[The Rundown with Robin Thede]]''.<ref name=2019-NYTimes-DesusMero /><ref name=2018-Forbes-Feature /><ref name=2020-NorthwesternMag-Feature />

===2017–2020: ''Baited with Ziwe'' and ''Desus & Mero''===
In 2017, Fumudoh created ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fmtX0sHATM Baited with Ziwe]'', a show on [[YouTube]] that featured her "baiting" her white friends into making unwitting racial faux pas.<ref name=2019-NYTimes-DesusMero /> In an interview, Fumudoh later said "I love that Baited allows viewers to laugh about race while still acknowledging its complexity. Of all projects I worked on, it's definitely one of my favorites."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Brief Interview with Ziwe Fumudoh |url=http://www.ryansartor.com/brief-interview-with-ziwe-fumudoh |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Ryan Sartor |language=en-US}}</ref> In the same interview, she said that she got the inspiration for the show from asking her Caucasian coworkers what questions they would be uncomfortable to answer on camera.<ref name=":2" />

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, Fumudoh moved the show from YouTube to [[Instagram Live]] with new celebrity guests each week.<ref name="2020-07-Vulture-IGLive">{{cite news|last1=Jung|first1=E. Alex|title=Who's Afraid of Ziwe Fumudoh?|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/ziwe-fumudoh-instagram-live.html|work=Vulture|date=July 16, 2020|language=en-us}}</ref> Guests included [[Caroline Calloway]], [[Alison Roman]], [[Alyssa Milano]], and [[Rose McGowan]].<ref name="2020-FastCompany-IGLive">{{cite news|last= Berkowitz|first= Joe|title=The best show on TV is Ziwe Fumudoh's hilariously uncomfortable Instagram Live show|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90524182/the-best-show-on-tv-is-ziwe-fumudohs-hilariously-uncomfortable-instagram-live-show|work=Fast Company|date=July 2, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> She stated that her show's goals were to facilitate discussions about race while entertaining people and critiquing the system.<ref name="2020-VanityFair-IG-Live" /><ref name="2020-08-Vulture-IGLive">{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Chris|title=Ziwe's Instagram Live Show: 'An Incredible Leader'|url= https://www.vulture.com/article/ziwes-instagram-live-show-symone-d-sanders-yesjulz.html|work=Vulture|date=August 28, 2020|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="2020-NYTimes-IGLive">{{cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Sandra E.|title=Ziwe Fumudoh Asks: 'How Many Black People Do You Know?'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/style/ziwe-fumudoh-asks-how-many-black-people-do-you-know.html|work=The New York Times|date=July 9, 2020}}</ref> ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fmtX0sHATM Baited with Ziwe]'' would serve as a successful template for her talk show ''[[Ziwe (talk show)|Ziwe]]''.

In 2018, Fumudoh appeared frequently in ''Pop Show'', a live show she created at Brooklyn's Union Hall in which she performs original pop songs.<ref name=2018-Forbes-Feature /><ref name=2018-NYTimes-PopShow>{{cite news|last1=Pilat|first1=Kasia|title=5 Comedy Shows to Catch in N.Y.C. This Weekend|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/09/arts/comedy-in-nyc-this-week.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name=2019-NYTimes-PopShow>{{cite news|last1=Zinoman|first1=Jason|title=Instead of Killer Punchlines, Killer Choruses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/arts/television/comedy-songs.html|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2019}}</ref> That same year, Fumudoh co-hosted ''Hysteria'', a podcast from Crooked Media.<ref name="2020-VanityFair-IG-Live" />

From 2018 to 2020, Fumudoh was a writer on the TV show ''[[Desus & Mero (2019 TV series)|Desus and Mero]]''.<ref name="2019-Essence-DesusMero">{{cite news|last1=McKenzie|first1=Joi-Marie|title='Desus & Mero's' Secret Weapons Are Two Black Women Writers|url=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/the-writers-room/desus-mero-writers-heben-nigatu-ziwe-fumudoh/|work=Essence|date=March 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="2020-W-RaceBaitingSeries">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Mariah|title=Desus and Mero Writer Ziwe Fumudoh Plays the Race Card for Laughs|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/desus-and-mero-writer-ziwe-fumudoh-youtube-race-baiting-series-new-season-exclusive-premiere/|work=W Magazine|date=February 5, 2020|language=en}}</ref> A ''[[Forbes]]'' reviewer wrote that she had the "confidence of an old comedy pro".<ref name="2018-Forbes-Feature" /> During that time, Fumudoh joined the cast of ''[[Our Cartoon President]]'' as the voice of [[Kamala Harris]]. She also wrote the season 3 episode "Senate Control".<ref name="cartoon">{{cite news|last1=White|first1=Peter|title=Showtime Orders Variety Series Featuring 'Desus & Mero' Writer Ziwe|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/showtime-variety-series-desus-mero-writer-ziwe-1234601243/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 21, 2020|language=en}}</ref>

===2020–2021: ''Ziwe''===
In October 2020, it was announced that Fumudoh would work with [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] on a new variety show, ''[[Ziwe (talk show)|Ziwe]].''<ref name=2020-THR-Ziwe-VarietyShow>{{cite news|last1=O'Connell|first1=Mikey|title=Ziwe Fumudoh Getting Her Own Variety Show at Showtime|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/ziwe-fumudoh-getting-her-own-variety-show-at-showtime-4080524/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 21, 2020}}</ref> The first season had six episodes and featured [[sketch comedy|sketches]], musical numbers, and interviews with celebrity guests including: [[Fran Lebowitz|Fran Libowitz]], [[Bowen Yang]], [[Phoebe Bridgers]], [[Julio Torres]], and [[Stacey Abrams]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ziwe Season 2 (2022) |url=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/i2Hq9pcv866j9gzgxCewOgNWwjNSKYp5/ |access-date=February 17, 2024 |website=Paramount+ with Showtime|date=May 9, 2021 }}</ref> Fumudoh hosted, wrote for, and produced the show.<ref name="2021-IndieWire-Ziwe">{{cite news|last1=Greene|first1=Steve|title='Ziwe': Showtime Sets Premiere Date for New Variety Series|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/02/ziwe-showtime-premiere-date-may-variety-show-1234618741/|work=IndieWire|date=February 23, 2021|language=en}}</ref> Fumudoh collaborated with costume designer Pamela Shepard-Hill on her costumes.<ref name="2021-NYTimes-Ziew-Fashion" />

The second season was heavily teased prior to broadcast by mainstream publications including: ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]],''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shafer |first=Ellise |date=2022-04-14 |title='Ziwe' Reveals Season 2 Trailer and Guest Lineup Including Chet Hanks, Deux Moi and Charlamagne Tha God |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/ziwe-season-2-trailer-guests-chet-hanks-deux-moi-1235232490/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Escandon |first=Rosa |title=Showtime's 'Ziwe' Announces Season 2 Guests |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rosaescandon/2022/09/21/showtimes-ziwe-announces-season-2-guests/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> and [[Deadline Hollywood|''Deadline'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2022-09-21 |title='Ziwe': Drew Barrymore & Julia Fox Among Guests For Latest Tranche Of Second Season |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/ziwe-drew-barrymore-julia-fox-among-guests-for-second-season-showtime-premiere-1235123319/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Season 2 of ''[[Ziwe (talk show)|Ziwe]]'' built upon the successful format of Season 1, expanding to 12 episodes.<ref name=":3" /> Celebrity guests included: [[Ilana Glazer]], [[Mia Khalifa]], [[Emily Ratajkowski]], [[Katya Zamolodchikova]], [[Julia Fox]], [[Bob the Drag Queen]], [[Joel Kim Booster]], [[Amber Riley]], [[Michael Che]], and [[Hannibal Buress|Hannibal Burress]], among others.<ref name=":3" /> The hyper virality of clips from Season 2 of Ziwe on [[TikTok]] cemented Fumudoh in the cultural zeitgeist of [[Millennials|Millennials]] and [[Generation Z|Gen Z]], achieving Fumudoh's dream of becoming ''"The Ellen Degeneres of race relations."''<ref name="2020-Variety-RaceBaitingSeries" /> In April 2023, [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] chose not to renew the series for a third season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/heist-88-showtime-seasoned-series-order-the-wood-ziwe-canceled-1235317984/|title='Heist 88' Moves To Showtime As Network Picks Up 'Seasoned' To Series, Passes On 'The Wood' & Cancels 'Ziwe' After 2 Seasons|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> In doing so, [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] left the late-night talk show genre altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-04-05 |title='Heist 88' Moves To Showtime As Network Picks Up 'Seasoned' To Series, Passes On 'The Wood' & Cancels 'Ziwe' After 2 Seasons |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/heist-88-showtime-seasoned-series-order-the-wood-ziwe-canceled-1235317984/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Additional projects====
In 2021, Fumudoh wrote for the television series ''[[Dickinson (TV series)|Dickinson]]'' and appeared in two episodes as [[Sojourner Truth]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 5, 2021|title='Dickinson': Ziwe's Sojourner Truth Proves She's History's Baddest B*tch|url=https://decider.com/2021/11/05/dickinson-season-3-ziwe-sojourner-truth/|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=Decider|language=en-US}}</ref> That same year, she played Sophie Iwobi, a comedic commentator on a late-night show resembling ''[[Ziwe (talk show)|Ziwe]]'', in one episode of the third season of ''[[Succession (TV series)|Succession]]''. The character was tailored to more closely resemble Fumudoh after she was cast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lattanzio|first=Ryan|date=November 1, 2021|title=Ziwe's Surprise 'Succession' Cameo Was Reshaped Specifically for Her|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/11/ziwe-succession-cameo-reshaped-for-her-1234675812/|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=IndieWire|language=en}}</ref>

===2022–present===
In September 2023, Fumudoh was part of the "My Wings, My Way" campaign for [[Victoria's Secret]].<ref name=VS>{{cite news|last1=Pusateri|first1=Catie|title=Victoria's Secret Brings Back the Wings in New Campaign|url=https://fashionista.com/2023/09/victorias-secret-my-wings-my-way-campaign#gid=ci02c93702c00024cc&pid=victorias-secret-my-wings-my-way-campaign-1|work=Fashionista|date=September 12, 2023|language=en-us}}</ref>

In August 2020, it was announced that Fumudoh was writing a collection of humorous essays, ''The Book of Ziwe'', for [[Abrams Books]].<ref name="2020-Vulture-BookOfZiwe">{{cite news|last1=Wright|first1=Megh|title=Ziwe Fumudoh to Bait You With a Book of Essays|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/08/ziwe-fumudoh-book.html|work=Vulture|date=August 12, 2020|language=en-us}}</ref> The book was later retitled ''Black Friend'' and was released on October 24, 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.abramsbooks.com/product/book-of-ziwe_9781419756344/|title=Book of Ziwe Iconic Commentary and (Mostly) True Stories|isbn=978-1-4197-5634-4|language=en|last1=Fumudoh|first1=Ziwe|date=October 24, 2023 |publisher=Abrams, Incorporated }}</ref> To promote the book, Fumudoh went on a cross country tour between October 23 and November 8, 2023, visiting 8 cities, including: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Minneapolis, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Soumyajyoti |date=2023-08-17 |title=Ziwe The Black Friend Tour 2023: How to buy tickets, dates, venues, & more |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/news-ziwe-the-black-friend-tour-2023-how-buy-tickets-dates-venues |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Sports Keeda}}</ref>

On December 18, 2023, Fumudoh interviewed the scandal-plagued former [[US House|U.S. House]] representative [[George Santos]] on her [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Citation |title=George Santos Answers Hard-Hitting Questions {{!}} Ziwe Interview | date=December 18, 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjbkafIMdl8 |access-date=2023-12-19 |language=en}}</ref> The interview, laden with Fumudoh's trademark ''gotcha!'' style, was widely covered in political news outlets and Hollywood Entertainment columns alike, including: ''New York Times,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashbury |first=Grace |date=2023-12-18 |title=George Santos's Latest Stop on His Notoriety Tour: A Ziwe Interview |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/nyregion/george-santos-ziwe-interview.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=New York Times}}</ref> ''Washington Post,''<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Scribner |first1=Herb |last2=Branigin |first2=Anne |date=2023-12-18 |title=George Santos talked to Ziwe. He had a lot to say. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/2023/12/17/george-santos-ziwe/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ''CNN,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenbloom |first=Alli |date=2023-12-17 |title=Ziwe releases George Santos interview: 'What could we do to get you to go away?' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/17/entertainment/ziwe-george-santos/index.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ''CBS News,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yilek |first=Caitlin |date=2023-12-18 |title=Ziwe asks George Santos, "What can we do to get you to go away?" - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ziwe-george-santos-interview/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Hill,''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurtz |first=Judy |date=2023-12-18 |title=Santos has message for ex-colleagues: 'I'll outlive them' |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/4365755-santos-has-message-for-ex-colleagues-ill-outlive-them/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Mother Jones,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayssen |first=Sophie |title=How Ziwe met her match in George Santos |url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2023/12/ziwe-george-santos/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref> ''LA Times,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=George Santos' Ziwe interview shows the promise — and limits — of his Hollywood dreams |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-12-19/george-santos-ziwe-interview-ru-paul-hollywood-republican-congress-expelled |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Axios,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=April |date=2023-12-18 |title="People want the content": Santos sits for interview with comedian Ziwe |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/12/18/ziwe-george-santos-interview |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Axios}}</ref> ''Variety,''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shanfeld |first1=Jordan Moreau,Ethan |last2=Moreau |first2=Jordan |last3=Shanfeld |first3=Ethan |date=2023-12-18 |title=George Santos Claims 'Gen Z Loves Trump' and Calls HBO's Biopic About Him 'F—ing Fiction' During Ziwe Interview |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/george-santos-ziwe-interview-congress-trump-hbo-1235833198/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Daily Beast,''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilstein |first=Matt |date=2023-12-18 |title=Ziwe Exposes George Santos Once and for All in Scathing Sit-Down |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/ziwe-exposes-george-santos-once-and-for-all-in-scathing-sit-down |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> ''Buzzfeed,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bramwell |first=Michaela |date=2023-12-18 |title=Here Are The 11 Most Shocking Moments Of Ziwe's Interview With George Santos |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/michaelabramwell/shocking-moments-from-ziwe-george-santos-interview |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en}}</ref> ''Business Insider,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metzger |first=Bryan |title=All we learned from the Ziwe interview is that George Santos is ignorant of gay history — and is obviously in on the joke |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ziwe-interview-george-santos-review-gay-history-2023-12 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Advocate,''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unpacking George Santos' Disastrous Ziwe Interview: 'I'm Not a Politician' |url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/george-santos-ziwe-interview |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.advocate.com |language=en}}</ref> among others.

==Influences==
Fumudoh has cited [[Jonathan Swift]] and [[Stephen Colbert]] as influences, having been introduced to them by a teacher during her freshman year of high school.<ref>{{Cite web| first=Sam|last=Fragoso|date=November 12, 2023|title=The Ziwe Interview|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/1zx8BLdZMEgTKiBqcRSXi4?si=QfUyImXJReOywt_xLPuiWA|website=Talk Easy with Sam Fragoso|access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref> Naming the latter as a foundational reference, she has said of his appearance at the [[Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner|2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner]], "It was so unbelievable that he’d speak to authority or even around authority like that... I was really compelled by his satire."<ref name=rs>{{Cite magazine| first=Mankaprr|last=Conteh|date=October 16, 2023|title=How Ziwe Got Tender on Her Own Terms in Her First Book|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/ziwe-black-friend-essays-book-interview-1234855032/|magazine= [[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref> She has also taken inspiration from [[Oprah]], the works of [[Zach Galifanakis]], and [[Nathan Fielder]],<ref name=rs/> as well as from shows like ''[[Arrested Development]]'', ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'', and ''[[30 Rock]]''.<ref>{{Cite web| first=Meredith|last=Blake|date=May 6, 2021|title=Ziwe is here to revolutionize late night. Even better if it makes you uncomfortable|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-05-06/ziwe-showtime-instagram-live-late-night-comedy|website= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fumudoh lives in [[New York City]].<ref name=":0"/>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Ziwe Fumudoh film and television credits
|-
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2017–2018
!scope="row"|''[[The Rundown with Robin Thede]]''
|{{n/a|None}}||Writer (7 episodes)
|-
|2018–2020
!scope="row"|''[[Desus & Mero (2019 TV series)|Desus & Mero]]''
|{{n/a|None}}||Writer (66 episodes)
|-
|2019–2020
!scope="row"|''[[Our Cartoon President]]''
|[[Kamala Harris]], various characters (voice)||11 episodes; also writer
|-
|2020–2021
!scope="row"|''[[Tooning Out the News|Stephen Colbert Presents Tooning Out The News]]''
|Various voices||12 episodes
|-
|2021–2022
!scope="row"|''[[Ziwe (talk show)|Ziwe]]''
|Herself (host)||Also producer, creator, and writer
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
!scope="row"|''[[Succession (TV series)|Succession]]''
|Sophie Iwobi||Episode: "[[The Disruption (Succession)|The Disruption]]"
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Dickinson (TV series)|Dickinson]]''
|[[Sojourner Truth]]||2 episodes, also writer
|-
|2021–2023
!scope="row"|''[[The Great North]]''
| Amelia (voice)||9 episodes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
!scope="row"|''[[That Damn Michael Che]]''
|Herself||Episode: "Black Mediocrity"
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Central Park (TV series)|Central Park]]''
| (voice)||Episode: "The Puffs Go Poof"
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''[[Teenage Euthanasia]]''
| Various voices||2 episodes
|-
|TBA
!scope="row"|''[[Shell (upcoming film)|Shell]]''
| ||Post-production
|}

==Discography==
* 2020: ''Generation Ziwe'' (EP)<ref name=2020-NorthwesternMag-Feature />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fumudoh, Ziwe}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American female comedians]]
[[Category:American comedy writers]]
[[Category:American people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:American women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Comedians from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:Comedians from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People from Lawrence, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]

Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps

2024-07-01T03:44:44Z

174.74.229.81: /* History */

{{short description|Company in California}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps
| logo = Dr Bronner's Logo Vertical.svg
| image = Dr Bronner's Soap 0522.jpg
| image_caption = A bottle of Dr. Bronner's [[Castile soap]]
| type =
| industry = Soaps
| fate =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1948}} in [[Los Angeles, California]]
| founder = [[Emanuel Bronner]]
| hq_location_city = [[Vista, California]]
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| key_people =
| products =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.drbronner.com}}
}}

'''Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps''' is an American producer of [[Organic product|organic]] [[soap]] and [[personal care products]] headquartered in [[Vista, California]]. The company was founded in the late 1940s by [[Emanuel Bronner]] and continues to be run by members of the Bronner family. The company's products are known for their text-heavy labels and the variety of their advertised uses for a single product (e.g., one soap advertises eighteen uses, from toothpaste and shampoo to toilet scrubber and insecticide).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Kathleen |title=Naturally.... Dr Bronner's soap can clean nearly anything |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/naturally-dr-bronner-s-soap-can-clean-nearly-anything-1.2355270 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2016-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122023414/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/naturally-dr-bronner-s-soap-can-clean-nearly-anything-1.2355270 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Willett |first1=Megan |title=14 things you can do with Dr. Bronner's magic soaps |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uses-for-dr-bronners-soap-2016-5 |website=Business Insider |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2020-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928180955/https://www.businessinsider.com/uses-for-dr-bronners-soap-2016-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company's 2017 annual revenue was $120 million.

== History ==
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps was founded by [[Emanuel Bronner]], who was not a doctor. He was a Jewish immigrant soap-maker who fled Germany in 1928. His family, who stayed behind, were murdered in the [[Holocaust]]. After escaping from a mental institution in 1945, Bronner went into business.<ref name="MJ">{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/05/dr-bronners-magic-soap-david-bronner-gmo-hemp/ |title=How Dr. Bronner's Soap Turned Activism Into Good Clean Fun |last=Harkinson |first=Josh |date=May 24, 2014 |work=Mother Jones |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003706/https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/05/dr-bronners-magic-soap-david-bronner-gmo-hemp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bronner created his own [[Syncretism|syncretic spiritual ideology]] and originally distributed the soap to those who attended lectures on his 'All One' philosophy; however, he soon became convinced that attendees were seeking soap rather than spiritual enlightenment. After this realization, Bronner began to print key tenets of his teachings on the soap bottles as a way to [[Proselytism|proselytize]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3009080/is-dr-bronners-all-natural-soap-a-50-million-company-or-an-activist-platfo |title=Is Dr. Bronner's All-Natural Soap A $50 Million Company Or An Activist Platform? Yes |last=Zax |first=David |date=May 2, 2013 |work=Fast Company |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201200/https://www.fastcompany.com/3009080/is-dr-bronners-all-natural-soap-a-50-million-company-or-an-activist-platfo |url-status=live }}</ref> The labels still include lengthy diatribes on the unity of humankind and the need to "unite spaceship earth". An 88-minute documentary film directed by Sara Lamm, titled ''Dr. Bronner's Magic Soapbox'', was released in 2006,<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Dr. Bronner's Magic Soapbox |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0881909/ |people=Lamm, Sara (Director) |access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> and in 2017, the company released a spoken word album of Bronner's spiritual teachings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/02/09/514365563/soapmaker-dr-bronner-releases-posthumous-album-of-his-own-words |title=Soapmaker Dr. Bronner Releases Posthumous Album Of His Own Words |date=February 9, 2017 |first=Andrew |last=Limbong |work=NPR.org |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200927/https://www.npr.org/2017/02/09/514365563/soapmaker-dr-bronner-releases-posthumous-album-of-his-own-words |url-status=live }}</ref>

For a period of time, Bronner ran the company as a [[Tax exemption|tax-exempt religious organization]], but it was not in compliance with this designation and was levied $1.3 million in back taxes in 1985.<ref name="Inc">{{cite news |url=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201204/tom-foster/the-undiluted-genius-of-dr-bronners.html |date=April 3, 2012 |title=The Undiluted Genius of Dr. Bronner's |last=Foster |first=Tom |work=Inc.com |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001170255/https://www.inc.com/magazine/201204/tom-foster/the-undiluted-genius-of-dr-bronners.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, Emmanuel Bronner's son Jim started working, and in 1988,<ref name="MJ" /> it was recapitalized as a for-profit business. In 1997, Jim Bronner's son, [[David Bronner|David]], began working for the company.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/how-a-hemp-clad-hippie-turned-dr-bronners-magic-soap-into-an-unlikely-commercial-hit-9533377.html |title=How a hemp-clad hippie turned Dr. Bronner's Magic Soap into an unlikely commercial hit |last=Usborne |first=Simon |date=June 12, 2014 |work=The Independent |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200947/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/how-a-hemp-clad-hippie-turned-dr-bronners-magic-soap-into-an-unlikely-commercial-hit-9533377.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1999, the company rebranded as "social and natural." The soap had long included caramel coloring, but the company had never disclosed this ingredient. In the rebranding, David Bronner faced a choice: declare the ingredient or omit it. He decided to replace the caramel color with hemp oil. From then on, David Bronner also campaigned intensively for the [[Hemp|legalization of hemp]].<ref name="Inc" />

David Bronner's brother, Michael, began working for the company in 2000.<ref name="Independent" /> Michael Bronner assumed the presidency of the company in 2015 and promoted his brother David Bronner to the position of CEO, which stands for Cosmic Engagement Officer at the company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mike Bronner Media Profile|url=https://www.drbronner.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Mike-Bronner-Media-Profile.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200901/https://www.drbronner.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Mike-Bronner-Media-Profile.pdf|archive-date=November 23, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref>

== Supply chain ==
The major ingredients (mainly [[vegetable oil]]s, [[lye]], and [[essential oils]]) in Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps products are [[Organic farming|organic]] and [[fair trade]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.drbronner.com/about/ourselves/the-dr-bronners-story/ |title=150 years and 5 generations of family soapmaking |work=Dr. Bronner's |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165145/https://www.drbronner.com/about/ourselves/the-dr-bronners-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The company has developed a number of fair trade and organic production systems in [[Ghana]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Samoa]], [[India]], and [[Kenya]] through its sister LLC, Serendiworld.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-dr-bronners-cleaning-its-agricultural-supply-chain |title=How Dr. Bronner's is cleaning up its agricultural supply chain |last=Gaeta |first=Ana Christina |date=August 13, 2018 |work=GreenBiz |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165244/https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-dr-bronners-cleaning-its-agricultural-supply-chain |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Activism and philanthropy ==
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps has championed a number of causes related to [[drug policy reform]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dr-bronners-marijuana_us_57e1695ee4b08cb140983ef3 |title=Dr. Bronner's Just Made A Dank Donation In Fight For Legal Weed |last=Kaufman |first=Alexander C. |date=September 20, 2016 |work=Huffington Post |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214183721/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dr-bronners-marijuana_us_57e1695ee4b08cb140983ef3 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[animal rights]],<ref name="VegNews">{{cite news |url=https://vegnews.com/2017/10/dr-bronners-donates-600k-to-animal-rights-causes |title=Dr. Bronner's Donates $600K to Animal-Rights Causes |last=Starostinetskaya |first=Anna |date=October 26, 2017 |work=VegNews.com |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201010/https://vegnews.com/2017/10/dr-bronners-donates-600k-to-animal-rights-causes |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified organisms]]<ref name="GMO">{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/food/2014/10/read-dr-bronners-gmo-ad-thats-too-hot-nature-and-science/ |title=Why Did Top Scientific Journals Reject This Dr. Bronner's Ad? |last=Philpott |first=Tom |date=October 20, 2014 |work=Mother Jones |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003631/https://www.motherjones.com/food/2014/10/read-dr-bronners-gmo-ad-thats-too-hot-nature-and-science/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[fair trade]] practices.<ref name="Independent" /> The company has self-imposed caps on executive pay, with executive salaries not to exceed five times the wage of its lowest paid workers.<ref name="Inc" /> Roughly a third of the company's profits are dedicated to charitable giving and activist causes annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1374780/dr-bronners-soap-is-a-trendy-120-million-company/ |title=70 years after its founding, Dr. Bronner's Soap is a trendy $120 million company |last=Stolzoff |first=Simone |date=September 4, 2018 |publisher=qz.com |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201034/https://qz.com/quartzy/1374780/dr-bronners-soap-is-a-trendy-120-million-company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, the company joined [[Patagonia, Inc.]] and [[The Rodale Institute]] in promoting the development of the Regenerative Organic Certification label, a more stringent certification than 'organic' that requires companies to utilize only ingredients that have been produced under conditions that foster workers' rights, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40541750/regenerative-organic-certification-wants-to-be-the-ethical-label-to-rule-them-all |title=Regenerative Organic Certification Wants To Be The Ethical Standard To Rule Them All |last=Anzilotti |first=Eillie |date=March 14, 2018 |work=Fast Company |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200840/https://www.fastcompany.com/40541750/regenerative-organic-certification-wants-to-be-the-ethical-label-to-rule-them-all |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013 the company donated $1.8 million to the campaign to pass a proposition requiring the labeling of foods containing genetically modified organisms in Washington State.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/11/dr-bronners-soap-gmo-labeling-washington/ |title=How Dr. Bronner's Got All Lathered Up About GMOs |last=Harkinson |first=Josh |date=November 4, 2013 |work=Mother Jones |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200946/https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/11/dr-bronners-soap-gmo-labeling-washington/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps donated $600,000 to animal rights causes. Notably, the company purchased a boat for [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] operations in Germany, the [[MV Emanuel Bronner|MV ''Emanuel Bronner'']].<ref name="VegNews" /> For the company's national and international experience in sustainable development, and eco-friendly products, the Environment Possibility Award conferred the "Award of Earth Defender" to Dr. Bronner's in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ep-a.org/medal-2021/en/dr-bronners-organic-sugar-soaps|title=ORGANIC SUGAR SOAPS won the 2020 Award of Earth Defender |publisher=A.A. Environment Possibility Award|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-27|archive-date=2021-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202104349/https://www.ep-a.org/medal-2021/en/dr-bronners-organic-sugar-soaps|url-status=live}}</ref>

CEO David Bronner is a critic of drug prohibition and an activist for the legalization of a number of psychoactive substances.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://psychedelictimes.com/podcasts/podcast-with-dr-bronners-ceo-and-visionary-activist-david-bronner/ |title=Podcast with Dr. Bronner's CEO and Visionary Activist David Bronner |date=August 21, 2018 |work=Psychedelic Times |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165242/https://psychedelictimes.com/podcasts/podcast-with-dr-bronners-ceo-and-visionary-activist-david-bronner/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004 the company sued the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] with the goal of changing rules regarding the importation of [[hemp oil]].<ref name="MJ" /> A federal judge ruled in favor of the plaintiffs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/1485 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217222826/http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/1485 |archivedate=2005-02-17 |url-status=dead |title=U.S. Hemp Industry Wins Battle with DEA |last=Chepesiuk |first=Ron |date=February 16, 2005 |publisher=newstandardnews.net |access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> David Bronner has been arrested twice for [[civil disobedience]] protesting limitations on the domestic production of hemp. In 2004 he planted hemp seeds on the lawn of the Drug Enforcement Administration headquarters, and in 2012, he harvested hemp while locked in a metal cage in front of the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dr-bronners-magic-soaps-ceo-arrested-in-hemp-protest/2012/06/11/gJQAhwLwUV_story.html |title=Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps CEO arrested in hemp protest |last=Ely |first=Margaret |date=June 11, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165335/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dr-bronners-magic-soaps-ceo-arrested-in-hemp-protest/2012/06/11/gJQAhwLwUV_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, he was named [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] Activist of the Year by the [[Seattle Hempfest]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/david-bronner-cannabis-activist-of-the-year |title=David Bronner, Cannabis Activist of the Year |last=Heyward |first=Anna |date=February 29, 2016 |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016222039/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/david-bronner-cannabis-activist-of-the-year |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bronner is a member of the Board of Directors of the organization [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://maps.org/about/board |title=Board of Directors |publisher=[[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]] |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=November 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115215827/https://maps.org/about/board/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and at his behest the company has pledged to donate $5 million to the organization between 2017 and 2022, principally for their work in support of the therapeutic use of [[MDMA]] for [[posttraumatic stress disorder]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/a-soap-empire-burning-man-and-bitcoin-riches-mdmas-unlikely-shot-at-legalization-073118.html |title=A soap empire, Burning Man, and Bitcoin riches: MDMA's unlikely shot at legalization |last=Martyn |first=Amy |date=July 31, 2018 |work=ConsumerAffairs |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165211/https://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/a-soap-empire-burning-man-and-bitcoin-riches-mdmas-unlikely-shot-at-legalization-073118.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, David Bronner pledged company contributions of $1 million to Oregon's statewide ballot initiative to legalize [[psilocybin]]-assisted therapy, alongside [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofits]] like SPORE and ERIE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarabrittanysomerset/2019/09/30/dr-bronners-magic-soap-company-supports-the-2020-legalize-psilocybin-initiative/ |title=Dr. Bronner's Magic Soap Company Supports The 2020 Legalize Psilocybin Initiative |last=Somerset |first=Sara Brittany |website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05|archive-date=2019-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005150517/https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarabrittanysomerset/2019/09/30/dr-bronners-magic-soap-company-supports-the-2020-legalize-psilocybin-initiative/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drbronner.com/all-one-blog/2019/12/dr-bronners-support-psychedelic-therapy-drug-policy-reform/ |title=Dr. Bronner's Support of Psychedelic Therapy & Drug Policy Reform |last=Bronner |first=David |date=2019-12-05 |publisher=Dr. Bronner's |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13|archive-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113205942/https://www.drbronner.com/all-one-blog/2019/12/dr-bronners-support-psychedelic-therapy-drug-policy-reform/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the time [[Oregon Ballot Measure 109]] was approved by voters in November 2020, legalizing [[psilocybin]] in therapeutic settings, Dr. Bronner's had donated more than $2 million in support of the measure.<ref name="Acker">{{cite news |last1=Acker |first1=Lizzy |title=Oregon becomes first state to legalize psychedelic mushrooms |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2020/11/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-psychedelic-mushrooms.html |accessdate=2020-11-06 |work=The Oregonian |date=2020-11-03 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115222446/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2020/11/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-psychedelic-mushrooms.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Bronner's Magic Soaps}}
[[Category:Companies based in San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:Companies established in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Personal care companies]]
[[Category:1940s establishments in California]]
[[Category:American cannabis activists]]
[[Category:Soaps]]
[[Category:B Lab-certified corporations]]

Janeane Garofalo

2024-06-22T05:05:45Z

174.74.229.81: /* Writing */

{{short description|American comedian and actress (born 1964)}}
{{Infobox comedian
| image = Janeanegarofalochair.jpg
| caption = Janeane Garofalo in August 2008
| alt=Garofalo seated
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1964|9|28}}
| birth_place = [[Newton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| medium = {{hlist|[[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up]]|film|television|radio}}
| active = 1985–present
| genre = [[Alternative comedy]]
| subject = {{hlist|[[American politics]]|films|[[feminism]]|celebrities|[[body image]]}}
| website = {{URL|janeanegarofalo.com}}
}}
'''Janeane Garofalo''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|n|iː|n|_|ɡ|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|f|əl|oʊ}} {{respell|jə|NEEN|_|gə|ROF|ə|loh}}, born September 28, 1964<ref>Thompson, Clifford (2001). ''[https://archive.org/details/currentbiography2005thom/page/182/mode/2up?q=%22Janeane+Garofalo%22+%22September+28%2C+1964%22 Current Biography Yearbook, 2001]''. New York : H.W. Wilson. p. 183. {{ISBN|0-8242-1056-5}}></ref>) is an American comedian, actress, and former co-host on [[Air America Radio]]'s ''[[The Majority Report]]''.

Garofalo began her career as a stand-up comedian and became a cast member on ''[[The Ben Stiller Show]]'', ''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]'', and ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', then appeared in more than 50 movies, with leading or major roles in ''[[The Truth About Cats and Dogs]]'', ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]'', ''[[Reality Bites]]'', ''[[The Wild]]'', ''[[Steal This Movie!]]'', ''[[Clay Pigeons]]'', ''[[Sweethearts (1997 film)|Sweethearts]]'', ''[[Mystery Men]]'', ''[[The Minus Man]]'', and ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]''. She has been a series regular on television programs such as ''[[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp]]'', ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', ''[[Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce]]'', and ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]''.

Garofalo continues to circulate regularly within [[New York City]]'s local comedy and [[performance art]] scene.

==Early life==
Garofalo was born in [[Newton, New Jersey]], the daughter of Joan and Carmine Garofalo. Her mother was a secretary, in the [[petrochemical]] industry, who died of [[cancer]] when Janeane was 24. Her father is a former executive at [[Exxon]].<ref name="houstonchronicle">{{cite news |last1=Westrbook |first1=Bruce |title=Ratatouille's Garofalo likes voice work, not Houston heat |url=https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies/article/Ratatouille-s-Garofalo-likes-voice-work-not-1838021.php |access-date=May 18, 2023 |work=Houston Chronicle |date=June 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212015956/https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies/article/Ratatouille-s-Garofalo-likes-voice-work-not-1838021.php |archive-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Westbrook_HoustonChronicle_20070624>{{cite news |accessdate=August 8, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4371183 |title=The world according to Janeane Garofalo |work=Zest Magazine, Houston Chronicle |page=10 |date=June 24, 2007 |first=Bruce |last=Westbrook |archive-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031022005/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4371183 |url-status=live }}</ref> She grew up in various places, including [[Ontario, California]]; [[Madison, New Jersey]]; and [[Houston, Texas]], where she graduated from [[James E. Taylor High School]].<ref name="houstonchronicle"/><ref name=Westbrook_HoustonChronicle_20070624/> Garofalo had said that she disliked life in Houston because of the heat and humidity and the emphasis on prettiness and sports in high school.<ref name="houstonchronicle"/><ref name=Westbrook_HoustonChronicle_20070624/>

While studying history at [[Providence College]], Garofalo entered a comedy talent search sponsored by the [[Showtime Networks|Showtime]] cable network, and won the title of "Funniest Person in [[Rhode Island]]." Her original gimmick was to read off her hand, which was not successful in subsequent performances. Dreaming of earning a slot on the writing staff of the TV show ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', she became a professional [[Stand-up comedy|standup]] on graduating from college with degrees in history and American studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018572/bio |title=Janeane Garofalo Biography – Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2023-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207062823/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018572/bio|archive-date=2006-02-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She struggled for a number of years, even working briefly as a [[bike messengers|bike messenger]] in [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02169474.htm |title=Funny Girl: The real Garofalo |publisher=The Boston Phoenix |author=NINA WILLDORF |date= |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archive-date=2012-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609180135/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02169474.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Entertainment career==
===Stand-up comedy===
[[File:Janeane Garofalo Jan 15, 2008.jpg|right|thumb|Garofalo performing [[stand-up comedy]] in 2008]]
Garofalo officially began her career in [[stand-up comedy]] in the mid-[[1980s]] during the pre-grunge era. Her appearance was often in line with very mid-1980s style: disheveled with thick black glasses and unkempt hair. Her comedy is often self deprecating; she has made fun of [[popular culture]] and the pressures on women to conform to [[body image]] ideals promoted by the [[Mass media|media]].

When in [[San Francisco]], Garofalo was a frequent guest at the [[San Francisco Comedy Condo]].

Garofalo's comedy shows involve her and her notebook, which is filled with years' worth of article clippings and random observations she references for direct quotes during her act. Garofalo has said that she does not tell jokes as much as make observations designed to get laughs. She was part of the [[alternative comedy]] scene in Los Angeles in the early 1990s, appearing at [[Un-Cabaret]] and other venues and co-created the "Eating It" [[alternative comedy|alternative stand-up comedy]] show, which ran at [[Luna Lounge]] on the [[Lower East Side]] of [[New York City]] between 1995 and 2005, frequently hosting the show and appearing as a performer.

She appeared on HBO's ''[[HBO Comedy Half-Hour|Comedy Half-Hour]]'' and ''[[List of HBO original programming|Comedy Hour]]'' specials in 1995 and 1997, respectively, among similar subsequent appearances, including a one-hour stand-up special entitled ''If You Will'', performed at [[Seattle]]'s [[Moore Theatre]] that aired on ''[[Epix (TV channel)|Epix]]'' in June 2010 and was released on DVD in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/44624/if-you-will|work=DVD Talk|title=If You Will|author=Jamie S. Rich|access-date=2012-06-11|archive-date=2012-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203203647/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/44624/if-you-will/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film career===
Garofalo has performed a variety of roles in more than 50 feature films, playing leading or large roles in ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]'', ''[[I Shot a Man in Vegas]]'', ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]'', ''[[Clay Pigeons]]'', ''[[Steal This Movie!]]'', ''[[Sweethearts (1997 film)|Sweethearts]]'', ''[[Mystery Men]]'', ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]'', ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', ''[[Manhood (film)|Manhood]]'', ''[[Ash Tuesday]]'', and ''[[Bad Parents]]''.

Her first movie role, filmed the year before she appeared on national television, was a brief comical appearance as a counter worker in a burger joint in ''[[Late for Dinner]]'' in 1991. Her breakthrough role came in ''Reality Bites'' (1994) as [[Winona Ryder]]'s character's [[Gap (clothing retailer)|Gap]]-managing best friend Vickie.

Her further television work and supporting roles in feature films included ''[[Bye Bye Love (film)|Bye Bye Love]]'' and ''[[Now and Then (film)|Now and Then]]'', and a leading role in ''[[I Shot a Man in Vegas]].'' In 1996 she was cast in the starring role in the [[romantic comedy]] ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]'', a variation on ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]],'' which featured [[Uma Thurman]] in the top-billed but smaller role as a beautiful but vapid model, while Garofalo played a highly intelligent radio host. Initially an independent film, it became a studio movie when Thurman joined the project.

Based on the success of that film, a producer offered Garofalo the part of Dorothy Boyd in ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' with [[Tom Cruise]] if she could lose weight. After trimming down, however, she learned that [[Renée Zellweger]] had received the part.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alison|last=Prato|title=Q & A With Janeane Garofalo|date=August 11, 2009|url=http://www.inkedmag.com/articles/q-a-with-janeane-garofalo|work=Inked Magazine|access-date=February 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610091908/http://www.inkedmag.com/articles/q-a-with-janeane-garofalo/|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

She turned down the role of television reporter Gale Weathers in [[Wes Craven]]'s ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'' because she thought the film would be too violent: "I said I didn't want to be in a movie where a teen girl was disemboweled. I didn't know it turned out so good, and it was a funny movie."<ref>{{cite news|title='Matchmaker' helps Garofalo fall for Ireland|date=September 30, 1997|work=Boston Herald}}</ref>

Following up ''The Truth About Cats and Dogs'', Garofalo played the [[lead role]] in ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]'', a 1997 [[romantic comedy]] film about the misadventures of a cynical American woman who reluctantly visits Ireland; it is Garofalo's first and only lead role to date. That same year, she played a supporting role as a deputy sheriff in the drama ''[[Cop Land]]'', a police gangster film starring [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Harvey Keitel]], [[Ray Liotta]] and [[Robert De Niro]]. In 1998, she performed her first voice-acting job playing "Ursula the Artist" in [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s English dub of [[Studio Ghibli]]'s ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' and briefly appeared in ''[[Permanent Midnight]]''. In 1999, she starred as "The Bowler" in the film ''[[Mystery Men]]'', about an underdog group of super heroes.

In 2000, she portrayed [[Abbie Hoffman]]'s wife [[Anita Hoffman]] opposite [[Vincent D'Onofrio]] as Hoffman in ''[[Steal This Movie!]]'', involving the couple's political activism during the [[Vietnam War]] era. Later that same year, she received second billing under [[Jerry Stiller]] in a comedic film about a low-budget movie producer entitled ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]''. The following year, Garofalo was [[Billing (filmmaking)|top-billed]] in ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', the 2001 [[cult film|cult]] comedy about an American summer camp, and starred in ''[[The Search for John Gissing]]''.

In 2002, she played [[Cathy Connolly|Catherine Connolly]] in ''[[The Laramie Project (film)|The Laramie Project]]'' and in 2003, she starred in ''[[Manhood (film)|Manhood]]'' and ''[[Ash Tuesday]]'', and appeared in the crime film ''[[Wonderland (2003 film)|Wonderland]]''. She played a supporting role in ''[[Jiminy Glick in Lalawood]]'' in 2004.

A puppet version of Garofalo appeared (and was graphically killed off) in the 2004 movie ''[[Team America: World Police]]''; while Garofalo was irritated by the parody, she was more upset by the filmmakers' lack of correspondence. "I ran into them in the street, [[Trey Parker|Trey]] and [[Matt Stone|the other guy]], and I said to them, 'The least you could do is send me a puppet.' And they said OK, took my address down ... and never sent me a puppet! So while ''Team America'' bothered me, the fact they didn't send me my puppet, that bothered me even more."<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Kettle|title=Seriously funny|date=August 1, 2009|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/aug/01/janeane-garofalo-edinburgh-fringe|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 29, 2010|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225934/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/aug/01/janeane-garofalo-edinburgh-fringe|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, she played the ex-wife of a man coping with the reverberations of a divorce in ''[[Duane Hopwood]]''. In 2006, she performed Bridget the giraffe's voice in the animated [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] feature film ''[[The Wild]]''. In 2007, she provided the voice of Colette Tatou, a chef in the [[Pixar]]/[[Disney]] feature film ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'', in which Garofalo affected a pronounced [[French accent]] for the role, appropriate for a character based on a French cook described as the world's best female chef.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwyer|first=Chris|date=November 1, 2016|publisher=CNN|title=Meet Helene Darroze, world's best female chef|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/04/travel/culinary-journeys-helene-darroze|access-date=April 28, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218113358/http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/04/travel/culinary-journeys-helene-darroze/|url-status=live}}</ref> She made cameo appearances in ''[[The Guitar (film)|The Guitar]]'' in 2008 and ''[[Labor Pains (film)|Labor Pains]]'' in 2009, and starred in ''[[Bad Parents]]'' in 2012, a comedy about [[New Jersey]] [[soccer mom]]s obsessing over their children's experiences playing the sport. She starred in the 2015 film ''3rd Street Blackout''.

===Television career===
Garofalo's big break came in 1990 after meeting [[Ben Stiller]] at [[Canter's Deli]] in Los Angeles, where they were hanging out with stand-up friends. They bonded over their "love of ''[[Second City Television|SCTV]]'', early ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', and [[Albert Brooks]]."<ref name="http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/1999/08/the-ben-stiller-show-n-tell.php">{{cite news|first=Christine|last=Muhlke|title=The Ben Stiller Show 'N' Tell|url=http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/1999/08/the-ben-stiller-show-n-tell.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131063639/http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/1999/08/the-ben-stiller-show-n-tell.php|archive-date=January 31, 2013|date=August 1999|work=PaperMag|url-status=dead|access-date=August 16, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Her first exposure on national television came soon thereafter by way of her appearance as a stand-up comic on MTV's ''Half Hour Comedy Hour''. Subsequently, her first television series debut was on the short-lived ''[[The Ben Stiller Show|Ben Stiller Show]]'' on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] in 1992, on which she was a cast member alongside longtime friends [[Bob Odenkirk]] and [[Andy Dick]].

A chance meeting on the set of that show led her to being offered the role of [[List of characters on The Larry Sanders Show#Paula|Paula]] on ''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]'' on [[HBO]], earning her two [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/janeane-garofalo|title=Janeane Garofalo|work=Television Academy|access-date=2012-01-31|archive-date=2023-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703220308/https://www.emmys.com/bios/janeane-garofalo|url-status=live}}</ref> nominations in 1996 and 1997. For a time, she was actually working on both series simultaneously.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
After ''The Ben Stiller Show'' was cancelled, Garofalo joined the cast of ''[[Saturday Night Live]] (SNL)'' for its [[Saturday Night Live (Season 20)|1994–95 season]].<ref name=nytimes2019-12-14/> She left ''SNL'' in March 1995 (mid-season) after only six months, saying that the experience left her "anxious and depressed", and that a [[sexist]] attitude pervaded the show. She said that many of the sketches were "juvenile and homophobic".<ref name="Cass 2012">{{cite web | last=Cass | first=Andrew | title=Saturday Night Live's One Season Wonders | website=Vulture | date=2012-01-05 | url=http://www.vulture.com/2012/01/saturday-night-lives-one-season-wonders.html | access-date=2018-10-21 | archive-date=2018-10-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151431/http://www.vulture.com/2012/01/saturday-night-lives-one-season-wonders.html | url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[New York Magazine]]'', Garofalo was "largely stuck in dull, secondary wife and girlfriend roles", and quoted her friends as saying that she considered the stint "the most miserable experience of [her] life."<ref name="NY Magazine 1995-03-13">{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Smith|title=Comedy Isn't Funny: How Saturday Night Live Became a Grim Joke|date=March 13, 1995|url=http://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/47548/index1.html|work=New York Magazine|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-date=June 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612040003/http://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/47548/index1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following ''SNL'', Garofalo appeared in a plethora of guest star roles: the grown-up daughter of the Buchmans on the final episode of ''[[Mad About You]]''; [[Jerry Seinfeld (character)|Jerry Seinfeld]]'s female counterpart (and, briefly, fiancée) Jeannie Steinman on ''[[Seinfeld]]''; a recurring correspondent on [[Michael Moore]]'s ''[[TV Nation]]'', and a former girlfriend of [[Dave Foley]]'s character on ''[[NewsRadio]]''. She provided the voice for the weekly conversations between the series lead and an older friend (Garofalo) in ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''. Two television pilots starring Garofalo, the 2003 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] show ''Slice O'Life'' about a reporter consigned to sappy human interest stories appearing at the end of news broadcasts, and the 2005 [[NBC]] program ''All In'', based on the life of poker star [[Annie Duke]], were not picked up by their respective networks.

Throughout the 2005–06 television season, Garofalo appeared on ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' as [[Louise Thornton]], a campaign adviser to the fictional [[U.S. Democratic Party|Democratic]] presidential nominee.

In 2006, she provided the voice for the animated character "Bearded Clam" on Comedy Central's ''[[Freak Show (TV series)|Freak Show]]''. In 2007, she wrote a dedication for the mini-book included in the six-DVD box-set of the 1994 [[cult following|cult]] series ''[[My So-Called Life]]''.

Garofalo had segments titled "the disquisition" in several episodes of the 2007 season of ''[[The Henry Rollins Show]]'' which took place in her apartment, much in the same way [[Henry Rollins|Rollins]]' segments take place at his house.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} In 2009, Garofalo joined the cast of ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', where she starred as [[Janis Gold]]. In 2010, Garofalo joined the cast of ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]'' as Tilly. She was a cast member of the ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' short-lived spinoff TV series ''[[Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior]]'' in 2011.<ref>Episode of [[Sam Seder]]'s political podcast ''[[The Majority Report]]''</ref>

In 2014, she portrayed Lyla, an entertainment lawyer, in seven episodes of the TV series ''[[Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce]]''. In 2015, she starred alongside most of the original cast in the [[Netflix]] [[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp|eight-episode prequel]] to the 2001 comedy film ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]''. In 2017, Garofalo starred in [[E4 (TV channel)|E4]]'s [[comedy-drama]] series [[Gap Year (TV series)|''Gap Year'']].

===Writing===
Garofalo co-wrote a comedic ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller with [[Ben Stiller]] in 1999, titled ''Feel This Book: An Essential Guide to Self-Empowerment, Spiritual Supremacy, and Sexual Satisfaction'', a spoof of the self-help books prevalent at the time. She wrote her ''HBO Comedy Half-Hour'' along with similar appearances and programs, co-wrote some sketches on ''The Ben Stiller Show'' and an episode of the television series ''[[Head Case]]'', and wrote and directed a 2001 comedy short, ''Housekeeping''.{{Citation needed |date=February 2024}}

==Political views==
[[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2003.jpg|thumb|Garofalo on the cover of ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' in 2003]]
Garofalo has been open and outspoken regarding her [[Liberalism|liberal]] political views. She is a [[Feminism|feminist]]. In an interview for ''[[Geek Monthly]]'' magazine, she stated that she was raised in a [[Conservatism|conservative]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geekmonthly.com/blog/?p=191|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320145429/http://geekmonthly.com/blog/?p=191|title=Janeane Garofalo profile|publisher=Geekmonthly.com|archivedate=March 20, 2009|date=January 13, 2009|accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>

She has appeared with political figures such as [[Ralph Nader]] (whom she supported in [[United States presidential election, 2000|the 2000 election]], but opposed in [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]]) and [[Jello Biafra]] at various events. In 2007, Garofalo described herself as an [[Atheism|atheist]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Janusonis|url=http://www.projo.com/movies/content/ratstars_07-06-07_A964DOQ.25e3ad5.html|title=Just the right spice|publisher=projo.com|date=July 6, 2007|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=June 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072720/http://www.projo.com/movies/content/ratstars_07-06-07_A964DOQ.25e3ad5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and participated in a radio interview by Freethought Radio, a show by the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ffrf.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=219697|title=Freethought Radio|publisher=Ffrf.libsyn.com|date=May 26, 2007|accessdate=May 9, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831161127/http://ffrf.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=219697|archivedate=August 31, 2009}}</ref>

She became more prominent as a liberal when she voiced opposition to what became the [[2003 Iraq War]], appearing on [[CNN]] and [[Fox News]] to discuss it. She said that she was approached by groups such as [[MoveOn]].org and [[Win Without War]] to go on TV, because these organizations say that the networks were not allowing [[antiwar]] voices to be heard. Garofalo and the other celebrities who appeared at the time said they thought their fame could lend attention to that side of the debate. Her appearances on cable news prior to the war garnered her praise from the left and spots on the cover of ''[[Ms. magazine|Ms.]]'' and ''[[Venus Zine]]''. Garofalo has had frequent on-air political disputes with [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], [[Brian Kilmeade]], and [[Jonah Goldberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg022803.asp |title=Garofalo's World|author=Jonah Goldberg|publisher=Nationalreview.com|date=February 28, 2003|accessdate=May 9, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226051905/http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg022803.asp|archivedate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

Prior to the 2003 Iraq War, she took a position on the alleged threat posed by [[Saddam Hussein]]. For example, in an interview with [[Tony Snow]] on a February 23, 2003 episode of ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,79351,00.html|title=Transcript: Janeane Garofalo on Fox News Sunday|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=February 24, 2003|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=June 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010231/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,79351,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Garofalo said of the Iraqi leader: {{blockquote|Yes, I think lots of people are eager to obtain [[weapons of mass destruction]]. But there's no evidence that he (Hussein) has weapons of mass destruction. There's been no evidence of him testing [[nuclear weapon]]s. We have people that are in our face with nuclear weapons. We've got Iran and North Korea. We've got a problem with Pakistan. You know, I don't know what to say about that. There's a whole lot of people that are going nuclear. And I think that Saddam Hussein is actually, with the evidence, the least able to use nuclear weapons and the least obvious offender in that area at this moment. |Janeane Garofalo|Fox News interview}}

In March 2003, she took part in the [[Code Pink]] anti-war march in Washington, D.C. That autumn, she served as emcee at several stops on the ''Tell Us the Truth'' tour, a political-themed concert series featuring [[Steve Earle]], [[Billy Bragg]], [[Tom Morello]], and others. Throughout the year, Garofalo also actively campaigned for [[Howard Dean]]. While on Fox News' program ''The Pulse'', O'Reilly asked Garofalo what she would do if her predictions that the Iraq war would be a disaster were to turn out wrong. Garofalo stated:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83365,00.html|title=Hollywood Celebrities Pull Out the Punches on Iraq – The Pulse|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=April 9, 2003|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=February 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209045738/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83365,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I would be so willing to say, 'I'm sorry'. I hope to God that I can be made a buffoon of, that people will say, 'You were wrong. You were a fatalist.' And I will go to the White House on my knees on cut glass and say, 'Hey, you and Thomas Friedman were right ... I shouldn't have doubted you ...'|Janeane Garofalo| Fox News interview}}

Garofalo said she had misgivings in 2007 about the depiction of torture in the television series ''[[Critical reaction to 24#Torture|24]]'' but joined the cast because "being unemployed and being flattered that someone wanted to work with me outweighed my stance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/television/16twen.html?_r=1|title=Deep Inside the Grim '24,' Two Comics' Inside Joke|last=Itzkoff|first=Dave|date=February 15, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=July 9, 2015|archive-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011257/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/television/16twen.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2009, Garofalo drew criticism from ''[[The Washington Times]]'' when she denounced [[Tea Party protests]], which she referred to as racist.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carpenter|first=Amanda|url=http://washingtontimes.com/weblogs/back-story/2009/apr/17/liberal-actress-says-tea-parties-were-racist|title=Liberal actress says Tea Parties were racist|work=Washington Times|date=April 17, 2009|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=April 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420084614/http://www.washingtontimes.com/weblogs/back-story/2009/apr/17/liberal-actress-says-tea-parties-were-racist/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has continued to criticize Tea Party protesters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,519923,00.html|title=Garofalo Stands By 'Racist' Remarks – Sean Hannity|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=May 12, 2009|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=May 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515153835/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,519923,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air America Radio===
In late March 2004, Garofalo became a co-host for [[Air America Radio]]'s new show ''[[The Majority Report]]'', alongside [[Sam Seder]]. The early days of Air America Radio are chronicled in the [[documentary film|documentary]] ''[[Left of the Dial (film)|Left of the Dial]]'', which includes a debate between Garofalo and her conservative father Carmine, who was initially a regular guest on ''The Majority Report''.

Garofalo commented on her show of April 28, 2006 supporting the [[Scientology]]-linked [[New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project]], a controversial treatment for workers suffering ailments from [[9/11]] clean-up efforts in New York City.<ref name="msnbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/garofalo-gushes-over-scientology-linked-project-wbna12583654|title=Garofalo gushes over Scientology-linked project|last=Walls|first=Jeannette|date=May 2, 2006|work=Today.com|publisher=NBC|access-date=April 8, 2009|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130031048/https://www.today.com/popculture/garofalo-gushes-over-scientology-linked-project-wbna12583654|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Garofalo struggled with alcoholism, stating in a 2021 interview that she gave up drinking in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popmatters.com/131684-janeane-garofalo-if-you-will-2496131605.html |title='Janeane Garofalo: If You Will': 'Life is too Long to Worry About the Afterlife' |publisher=Pop Matters |last=Suarez |first=J. M. |date=October 3, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080932/https://www.popmatters.com/131684-janeane-garofalo-if-you-will-2496131605.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://leosigh.com/janeane-garofalo-on-acting-reading-drinking-and-self-flagellation-memories-monday/ |title=Janeane Garofalo on Acting, Reading, Drinking and Self Flagellation: Memories Monday |website=leosigh.com |date=April 20, 2015 |access-date=July 12, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726125149/https://leosigh.com/janeane-garofalo-on-acting-reading-drinking-and-self-flagellation-memories-monday/ }}</ref>

Garofalo married [[Robert Cohen (writer)|Robert Cohen]], then a writer for ''The Ben Stiller Show,'' in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] in 1991. She later explained it was intended as a joke, the pair thinking that the marriage was not binding unless it was filed at a local courthouse. It was discovered later, when Cohen tried to marry someone else, that the marriage was indeed legal. The union was dissolved in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Janeane-Garofalo-Married-1056115.aspx|title=Janeane Garofalo Had No Idea She Was Married for 20 Years|last=Stanhope|first=Kate|work=[[TV Guide]]|edition=website|publisher=TVGuide.com|date=November 13, 2012|archive-date=2014-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826163742/https://www.tvguide.com/News/Janeane-Garofalo-Married-1056115.aspx |access-date=2021-10-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film work by Janeane Garofalo
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1991
| scope="row" | ''[[Late for Dinner]]''
| Cashier
|
|-
| 1992
| scope="row" | ''That's What Women Want''
| Jennifer
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994
| scope="row" | ''[[Reality Bites]]''
| Vickie Miner
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Suspicious''
| Woman
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1995
| scope="row" | ''[[Bye Bye Love (film)|Bye Bye Love]]''
| Lucille
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[I Shot a Man in Vegas]]''
| Gale
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Coldblooded (film)|Coldblooded]]''
| Honey
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Now and Then (film)|Now and Then]]''
| Wiladene
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1996
| scope="row" | ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]''
| Abby Barnes
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Cable Guy]]''
| Melinda
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Larger than Life (film)|Larger than Life]]''
| Mo
|
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1997
| scope="row" | ''[[Sweethearts (1997 film)|Sweethearts]]''
| Jasmine
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Touch (1997 film)|Touch]]''
| Kathy Worthington
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion]]''
| Heather Mooney
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]''
| Marcy Tizard
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Cop Land]]''
| Deputy Sheriff Cindy Betts
|
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1998
| scope="row" | ''[[Clay Pigeons]]''
| Agent Dale Shelby
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]''
| Ursula
| Voice — Disney English dub
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thick as Thieves (1998 film)|Thick as Thieves]]''
| Anne
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Permanent Midnight]]''
| Jana Farmer
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Half Baked]]''
| "I'm Only Creative When I Smoke" Smoker
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Thin Pink Line]]''
| Joyce Wintergarden-Dingle
|
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1999
| scope="row" | ''[[The Bumblebee Flies Anyway]]''
| Dr. Harriman/Handyman
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Torrance Rises]]''
| Herself
| Short film
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Can't Stop Dancing]]''
| Belinda Peck
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mystery Men]]''
| The Bowler/Carol
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]''
| Liz
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]''
| Paloma Fineman
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[200 Cigarettes]]''
| Ellie
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Minus Man]]''
| Ferrin
|
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2000
| scope="row" | ''[[Dog Park (film)|Dog Park]]''
| Jeri
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Steal This Movie!]]''
| [[Anita Hoffman]]
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Titan A.E.]]''
| Stith
| Voice
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)|The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle]]''
| Minnie Mogul
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''The Cherry Picker''
|
| Short film
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[What Planet Are You From?]]''
| Nervous Woman
|
|-
| 2001
| scope="row" | ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]''
| Beth
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002
| scope="row" | ''[[Martin & Orloff]]''
| Hairdresser
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Big Trouble (2002 film)|Big Trouble]]''
| Officer Monica Romero
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2003
| scope="row" | ''[[Manhood (film)|Manhood]]''
| Jill
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Laramie Project (film)|The Laramie Project]]''
| Catherine Connolly
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Search for John Gissing]]''
| Linda Barnes
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Housekeeping''
| Hotel Employee
| Short film; voice role
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Wonderland (2003 film)|Wonderland]]''
| [[Wonderland Gang#Joy Miller|Joy Miller]]
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ash Tuesday]]''
| Liz
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Nobody Knows Anything!''
| Patty
|
|-
| 2004
| scope="row" | ''[[Jiminy Glick in Lalawood]]''
| Dee Dee
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005
| scope="row" | ''[[Duane Hopwood]]''
| Linda
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Peace Patriots]]
| Narrator
| Documentary film<ref>{{cite news|last=Mellen|first=Kathleen|date=September 21, 2005|title=Documentary filmmaker focuses on area 'Peace Patriots'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-hampshire-gazette/140430755/|newspaper=[[Daily Hampshire Gazette]]|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|page=C2|access-date=February 7, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Stay (2005 film)|Stay]]''
| Beth Levy
|
|-
| 2006
| scope="row" | ''[[The Wild]]''
| Bridget the Giraffe
| Voice role
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2007
| scope="row" | ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''
| Colette Tatou<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/photos/12354/the-faces-facts-behind-disney-characters/380682|title=Colette Tatou, Ratatouille|date=May 22, 2015|work=E! Online|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-date=February 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222174729/http://www.eonline.com/photos/12354/the-faces-facts-behind-disney-characters/380682|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Voice role Nominated – [[Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production]]
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Southland Tales]]''
| General Teena MacArthur
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Ten (film)|The Ten]]''
| Beth Soden
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Then She Found Me]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 2008
| scope="row" | ''[[The Guitar (film)|The Guitar]]''
| Dr. Murray
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009
| scope="row" | ''[[Labor Pains (film)|Labor Pains]]''
| Claire
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Love Hurts (2009 film)|Love Hurts]]''
| Hannah Rosenbloom
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012
| scope="row" | ''[[General Education (film)|General Education]]''
| Gale Collins
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Bad Parents]]''
| Kathy
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mighty Fine]]''
| Older Natalie
| Voice role
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" | ''[[Satan, Hold My Hand]]''
| Sheryl
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014
| scope="row" | ''[[A Little Game (2014 film)|A Little Game]]''
| Sarah Kuftinec
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Free the Nipple (film)|Free the Nipple]]''
| Anouk
|
|-
| 2015
| scope="row" | ''3rd Street Blackout''
| June Sherman
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Little Boxes (film)|Little Boxes]]''
| Helena
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The American Side]]''
| Agent Barry
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Happys]]''
| Luann
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017
| scope="row" | ''[[Sandy Wexler]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Speech & Debate]]''
| Marie
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Submission (2017 film)|Submission]]''
| Magda Moynahan
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018
| scope="row" | ''[[A Bread Factory]]''
| Jordan
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hurricane Bianca: From Russia with Hate]]''
| Magda
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019
| scope="row" | ''[[Come as You Are (2019 film)|Come as You Are]]''
| Liz
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mercy Black]]''
| Dr. Ward
|
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2020
| scope="row" | ''Asking For It''
| Cheryl
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021
| scope="row" | ''[[The God Committee]]''
| Valerie Gilroy
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Flora & Ulysses (film)|Flora & Ulysses]]''
| Marissa
|
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" | ''The Apology''
| Gretchen Sullivan
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television work by Janeane Garofalo
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 1992–1993
|scope="row"|''[[The Ben Stiller Show]]''
| Various characters
| 13 episodes
|-
| 1992–1998
|scope="row"|''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]''
| Paula
| 47 episodes
|-
| 1993
|scope="row"|''[[Tales of the City (1993 miniseries)|Tales of the City]]''
| Coppola Woman
| Miniseries
|-
| 1994
|scope="row"|''[[The Adventures of Pete & Pete]]''
| Ms. Brackett
| Episode: "X=WHY?"
|-
| 1994–1995
|scope="row"|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Various characters
| 14 episodes
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[Duckman]]''
| Moonbeam (voice)
| Episode: "The Germ Turns"
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[NewsRadio]]''
| Nancy
| Episode: "Sweeps Week"
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[Mr. Show with Bob and David]]''
| Wife
| Episode: "What to Think"
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[The State (1993 TV series)|The State]]''
| herself
| Halloween Special
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[TV Nation]]''
| Correspondent
|
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[HBO Comedy Half-Hour]]''
| Herself
| Stand-up special
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist]]''
| Janeane (voice)
| Episode: "Drinky the Drunk Guy"
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]''
| Chloe Korban
| Episode: "Two Mammograms and a Wedding"
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Late Show"
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Seinfeld]]''
| Jeannie Steinman
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[1996 MTV Movie Awards]]''
| Co-host
| With [[Ben Stiller]]
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''
| Tina
| Episode: "A Funny Valentine"
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[List of HBO original programming|HBO Comedy Hour]]''
| Herself
| Stand-up special
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[Law & Order]]''
| Greta Heiss
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[The Chris Rock Show]]''
| Girlfriend (voice)
| Episode: "#2.12"
|-
| 1998
|scope="row"|''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
| Sally Reardon (voice)
| 14 episodes
|-
| 1998, 2011
|scope="row"|''[[The Simpsons]]''
| Herself (voice)
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1999
|scope="row"|''[[Mad About You]]''
| Mabel Buchman
| Episode: "The Final Frontier"
|-
| 1999
|scope="row"|''[[The Tom Green Show]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 2000
|scope="row"|''[[The Sopranos]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "[[D-Girl (The Sopranos)|D-Girl]]"
|-
| 2000
|scope="row"|''[[Strangers with Candy]]''
| Cassie Pines
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2000
|scope="row"|''[[Ed (TV series)|Ed]]''
| Liz Stevens
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| 2003
|scope="row"|''[[King of the Hill]]''
| Sheila (voice)
| Episode: "Night and Deity"
|-
| 2004
|scope="row"|''[[The King of Queens]]''
| Trish
| Episode: "[[Cheap Saks]]"
|-
| 2004
|scope="row"|''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]''
| Donna (voice)
| Episode: "Hypno-Germ"
|-
| 2004
|scope="row"|''[[Tanner on Tanner]]''
| Herself
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| scope="row" | ''Nadine in Date Land''
| Nadine Barnes
| TV film
|-
|-
| 2005
|scope="row"|''[[Stella (U.S. TV series)|Stella]]''
| Jane Burroughs
| Episode: "Novel"
|-
| 2005–2006
|scope="row"|''[[The West Wing]]''
| Louise Thornton
| 15 episodes
|-
| 2006
|scope="row"|''[[Freak Show (TV series)|Freak Show]]''
| The Bearded Clam (voice)
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2006
|scope="row"|''[[Tom Goes to the Mayor]]''
| Herself (voice)
| Episode: "Couple's Therapy"
|-
| 2007
|scope="row"|''[[Two and a Half Men]]''
| Sharon
| Episode: "Media Room Slash Dungeon"
|-
| 2008
|scope="row"|''Girl's Best Friend''
| Mary
| Television film
|-
| 2008
|scope="row"|''[[Wainy Days]]''
| David's Mom
| Episode: "Angel"
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]''
| Professor Freeman
| Episode: "Endangered Species"
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[24 (TV series)|24]]''
| Janis Gold
| 21 episodes
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[Head Case]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "The Wedding Ringer"
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[Noddy in Toyland]]''
| Noddy (US Version)
|
|-
| 2010
|scope="row"|''[[The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret]]''
| Brent's Boss
| Episode: "Where Todd and Brent Misjudge the Mood of a Solemn Day"
|-
| 2010–2011
|scope="row"|''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]''
| Tilly
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2011
|scope="row"|''[[Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior]]''
| Beth Griffith
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2012
|scope="row"|''[[Metalocalypse]]''
| Abigail Remeltindrinc (voice)
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2012
|scope="row"|''[[Ugly Americans (TV series)|Ugly Americans]]''
| (voice)
| Episode: "The Dork Knight"
|-
| 2012–2013
|scope="row"|''[[Delocated]]''
| Susan Shapiro
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2014
|scope="row"|''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]''
| Sharon Overwood
| Episode: "Slow Your Roll"
|-
| 2014–2015
|scope="row"|''[[Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce]]''
| Lyla
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2014–2019
|scope="row"|''[[Broad City]]''
| Monica
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2015
|scope="row"|''[[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp]]''
| Beth
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2015
|scope="row"|''[[The Jim Gaffigan Show]]''
| Eve
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2016
|scope="row"|''[[Nightcap (2016 TV series)|Nightcap]]''
| Janeane Garofalo
| Episode: "The Horny Host"
|-
| 2017
|scope="row"|''[[Michael Bolton's Big, Sexy Valentine's Day Special]]''
| Herself
| Variety special
|-
| 2017
|scope="row"|''[[Gap Year (TV series)|Gap Year]]''
| Sam
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2017
|scope="row"|''[[Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later]]''
| Beth
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2018
|scope="row"|''[[Baroness von Sketch Show]]''
| Herself / Pay Equity Meeting Attendee / Lawyer
| Episode: "Sex and Things and Whispers"
|-
| 2018
|scope="row"|''[[The Shivering Truth]]''
| (voice)
| Main role
|-
| 2019
|scope="row"|''[[Stumptown (TV series)|Stumptown]]''
| Janet Withers
| Episode: "Bad Alibis"
|-
| 2020
|scope="row"|''[[Joe Pera Talks With You]]''
| Herself
| Cameo
|-
| 2021
|scope="row"|''[[Younger (TV series)|Younger]]''
| Cass DeKennessy
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2021
|scope="row"|''[[Billions (TV series)|Billions]]''
| Dawn Winslow
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2022–present
|scope="row"|''[[We Baby Bears]]''
| Madame Malin (voice)
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2023
|scope="row"|''[[Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens]]''
| Carol
| Episode: "Car Fished"
|}

===Music videos===
* "[[Lay It Down (Cowboy Junkies album)|Angel Mine]]" ([[Cowboy Junkies]]) (1996)

===Documentaries===
* ''[[New York: A Documentary Film]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Outlaw Comic: The Censoring of Bill Hicks]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Dangerous Living: Coming Out In The Developing World]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Gigantic (A Tale of Two Johns)]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Left of the Dial (film)|Left of the Dial]]'' (2005), [[Home Box Office|HBO]]
* ''[[I Am Comic]]'' (2010)
* ''Misery Loves Comedy'' (2015)
* ''[[Sticky: A (Self) Love Story]]'' (2016)
* ''Too Soon: Comedy After 9/11'' (2021)

==Books==
* ''Feel This Book: An Essential Guide to Self-Empowerment, Spiritual Supremacy, and Sexual Satisfaction'' {{ISBN|0-694-52146-9}} (with [[Ben Stiller]])

==See also==
* [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton|''Saturday Night Live'' parodies of Hillary Clinton]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=nytimes2019-12-14>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/14/arts/television/SNL-history.html
| title = The 'S.N.L.' Stars Who Lasted, and the Ones Who Flamed Out
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| author = Gus Wezerek
| date = 2019-12-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191214233933/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/14/arts/television/SNL-history.html
| archive-date = 2019-12-14
| access-date = 2019-12-16
| url-status = live
| quote = Some of the names here will be familiar only to die-hard fans; others, like Murphy, defined what was funny for generations of viewers.
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Janeane Garofalo}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{IOBDB name}}
* {{Emmys person|janeane-garofalo}}
* {{C-SPAN}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=[[Courteney Cox]] and [[Jon Lovitz]]| title=[[MTV Movie Awards]] host| years=[[1996 MTV Movie Awards|1996]] (with [[Ben Stiller]])| after=[[Mike Myers]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{AAR}}
{{The Majority Report}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garofalo, Janeane}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American comedy writers]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:American talk radio hosts]]
[[Category:American women radio hosts]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:Audiobook narrators]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Katy, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Madison, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Newton, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Providence College alumni]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:American sketch comedians]]
[[Category:New Jersey Democrats]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Comedians from Texas]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Morris County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Actors from Sussex County, New Jersey]]

Janeane Garofalo

2024-06-22T05:05:11Z

174.74.229.81: /* Television career */

{{short description|American comedian and actress (born 1964)}}
{{Infobox comedian
| image = Janeanegarofalochair.jpg
| caption = Janeane Garofalo in August 2008
| alt=Garofalo seated
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1964|9|28}}
| birth_place = [[Newton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| medium = {{hlist|[[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up]]|film|television|radio}}
| active = 1985–present
| genre = [[Alternative comedy]]
| subject = {{hlist|[[American politics]]|films|[[feminism]]|celebrities|[[body image]]}}
| website = {{URL|janeanegarofalo.com}}
}}
'''Janeane Garofalo''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|n|iː|n|_|ɡ|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|f|əl|oʊ}} {{respell|jə|NEEN|_|gə|ROF|ə|loh}}, born September 28, 1964<ref>Thompson, Clifford (2001). ''[https://archive.org/details/currentbiography2005thom/page/182/mode/2up?q=%22Janeane+Garofalo%22+%22September+28%2C+1964%22 Current Biography Yearbook, 2001]''. New York : H.W. Wilson. p. 183. {{ISBN|0-8242-1056-5}}></ref>) is an American comedian, actress, and former co-host on [[Air America Radio]]'s ''[[The Majority Report]]''.

Garofalo began her career as a stand-up comedian and became a cast member on ''[[The Ben Stiller Show]]'', ''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]'', and ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', then appeared in more than 50 movies, with leading or major roles in ''[[The Truth About Cats and Dogs]]'', ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]'', ''[[Reality Bites]]'', ''[[The Wild]]'', ''[[Steal This Movie!]]'', ''[[Clay Pigeons]]'', ''[[Sweethearts (1997 film)|Sweethearts]]'', ''[[Mystery Men]]'', ''[[The Minus Man]]'', and ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]''. She has been a series regular on television programs such as ''[[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp]]'', ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', ''[[Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce]]'', and ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]''.

Garofalo continues to circulate regularly within [[New York City]]'s local comedy and [[performance art]] scene.

==Early life==
Garofalo was born in [[Newton, New Jersey]], the daughter of Joan and Carmine Garofalo. Her mother was a secretary, in the [[petrochemical]] industry, who died of [[cancer]] when Janeane was 24. Her father is a former executive at [[Exxon]].<ref name="houstonchronicle">{{cite news |last1=Westrbook |first1=Bruce |title=Ratatouille's Garofalo likes voice work, not Houston heat |url=https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies/article/Ratatouille-s-Garofalo-likes-voice-work-not-1838021.php |access-date=May 18, 2023 |work=Houston Chronicle |date=June 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212015956/https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies/article/Ratatouille-s-Garofalo-likes-voice-work-not-1838021.php |archive-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Westbrook_HoustonChronicle_20070624>{{cite news |accessdate=August 8, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4371183 |title=The world according to Janeane Garofalo |work=Zest Magazine, Houston Chronicle |page=10 |date=June 24, 2007 |first=Bruce |last=Westbrook |archive-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031022005/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4371183 |url-status=live }}</ref> She grew up in various places, including [[Ontario, California]]; [[Madison, New Jersey]]; and [[Houston, Texas]], where she graduated from [[James E. Taylor High School]].<ref name="houstonchronicle"/><ref name=Westbrook_HoustonChronicle_20070624/> Garofalo had said that she disliked life in Houston because of the heat and humidity and the emphasis on prettiness and sports in high school.<ref name="houstonchronicle"/><ref name=Westbrook_HoustonChronicle_20070624/>

While studying history at [[Providence College]], Garofalo entered a comedy talent search sponsored by the [[Showtime Networks|Showtime]] cable network, and won the title of "Funniest Person in [[Rhode Island]]." Her original gimmick was to read off her hand, which was not successful in subsequent performances. Dreaming of earning a slot on the writing staff of the TV show ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', she became a professional [[Stand-up comedy|standup]] on graduating from college with degrees in history and American studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018572/bio |title=Janeane Garofalo Biography – Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2023-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207062823/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018572/bio|archive-date=2006-02-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She struggled for a number of years, even working briefly as a [[bike messengers|bike messenger]] in [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02169474.htm |title=Funny Girl: The real Garofalo |publisher=The Boston Phoenix |author=NINA WILLDORF |date= |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archive-date=2012-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609180135/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02169474.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Entertainment career==
===Stand-up comedy===
[[File:Janeane Garofalo Jan 15, 2008.jpg|right|thumb|Garofalo performing [[stand-up comedy]] in 2008]]
Garofalo officially began her career in [[stand-up comedy]] in the mid-[[1980s]] during the pre-grunge era. Her appearance was often in line with very mid-1980s style: disheveled with thick black glasses and unkempt hair. Her comedy is often self deprecating; she has made fun of [[popular culture]] and the pressures on women to conform to [[body image]] ideals promoted by the [[Mass media|media]].

When in [[San Francisco]], Garofalo was a frequent guest at the [[San Francisco Comedy Condo]].

Garofalo's comedy shows involve her and her notebook, which is filled with years' worth of article clippings and random observations she references for direct quotes during her act. Garofalo has said that she does not tell jokes as much as make observations designed to get laughs. She was part of the [[alternative comedy]] scene in Los Angeles in the early 1990s, appearing at [[Un-Cabaret]] and other venues and co-created the "Eating It" [[alternative comedy|alternative stand-up comedy]] show, which ran at [[Luna Lounge]] on the [[Lower East Side]] of [[New York City]] between 1995 and 2005, frequently hosting the show and appearing as a performer.

She appeared on HBO's ''[[HBO Comedy Half-Hour|Comedy Half-Hour]]'' and ''[[List of HBO original programming|Comedy Hour]]'' specials in 1995 and 1997, respectively, among similar subsequent appearances, including a one-hour stand-up special entitled ''If You Will'', performed at [[Seattle]]'s [[Moore Theatre]] that aired on ''[[Epix (TV channel)|Epix]]'' in June 2010 and was released on DVD in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/44624/if-you-will|work=DVD Talk|title=If You Will|author=Jamie S. Rich|access-date=2012-06-11|archive-date=2012-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203203647/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/44624/if-you-will/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film career===
Garofalo has performed a variety of roles in more than 50 feature films, playing leading or large roles in ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]'', ''[[I Shot a Man in Vegas]]'', ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]'', ''[[Clay Pigeons]]'', ''[[Steal This Movie!]]'', ''[[Sweethearts (1997 film)|Sweethearts]]'', ''[[Mystery Men]]'', ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]'', ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', ''[[Manhood (film)|Manhood]]'', ''[[Ash Tuesday]]'', and ''[[Bad Parents]]''.

Her first movie role, filmed the year before she appeared on national television, was a brief comical appearance as a counter worker in a burger joint in ''[[Late for Dinner]]'' in 1991. Her breakthrough role came in ''Reality Bites'' (1994) as [[Winona Ryder]]'s character's [[Gap (clothing retailer)|Gap]]-managing best friend Vickie.

Her further television work and supporting roles in feature films included ''[[Bye Bye Love (film)|Bye Bye Love]]'' and ''[[Now and Then (film)|Now and Then]]'', and a leading role in ''[[I Shot a Man in Vegas]].'' In 1996 she was cast in the starring role in the [[romantic comedy]] ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]'', a variation on ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]],'' which featured [[Uma Thurman]] in the top-billed but smaller role as a beautiful but vapid model, while Garofalo played a highly intelligent radio host. Initially an independent film, it became a studio movie when Thurman joined the project.

Based on the success of that film, a producer offered Garofalo the part of Dorothy Boyd in ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' with [[Tom Cruise]] if she could lose weight. After trimming down, however, she learned that [[Renée Zellweger]] had received the part.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alison|last=Prato|title=Q & A With Janeane Garofalo|date=August 11, 2009|url=http://www.inkedmag.com/articles/q-a-with-janeane-garofalo|work=Inked Magazine|access-date=February 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610091908/http://www.inkedmag.com/articles/q-a-with-janeane-garofalo/|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

She turned down the role of television reporter Gale Weathers in [[Wes Craven]]'s ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'' because she thought the film would be too violent: "I said I didn't want to be in a movie where a teen girl was disemboweled. I didn't know it turned out so good, and it was a funny movie."<ref>{{cite news|title='Matchmaker' helps Garofalo fall for Ireland|date=September 30, 1997|work=Boston Herald}}</ref>

Following up ''The Truth About Cats and Dogs'', Garofalo played the [[lead role]] in ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]'', a 1997 [[romantic comedy]] film about the misadventures of a cynical American woman who reluctantly visits Ireland; it is Garofalo's first and only lead role to date. That same year, she played a supporting role as a deputy sheriff in the drama ''[[Cop Land]]'', a police gangster film starring [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Harvey Keitel]], [[Ray Liotta]] and [[Robert De Niro]]. In 1998, she performed her first voice-acting job playing "Ursula the Artist" in [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s English dub of [[Studio Ghibli]]'s ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' and briefly appeared in ''[[Permanent Midnight]]''. In 1999, she starred as "The Bowler" in the film ''[[Mystery Men]]'', about an underdog group of super heroes.

In 2000, she portrayed [[Abbie Hoffman]]'s wife [[Anita Hoffman]] opposite [[Vincent D'Onofrio]] as Hoffman in ''[[Steal This Movie!]]'', involving the couple's political activism during the [[Vietnam War]] era. Later that same year, she received second billing under [[Jerry Stiller]] in a comedic film about a low-budget movie producer entitled ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]''. The following year, Garofalo was [[Billing (filmmaking)|top-billed]] in ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', the 2001 [[cult film|cult]] comedy about an American summer camp, and starred in ''[[The Search for John Gissing]]''.

In 2002, she played [[Cathy Connolly|Catherine Connolly]] in ''[[The Laramie Project (film)|The Laramie Project]]'' and in 2003, she starred in ''[[Manhood (film)|Manhood]]'' and ''[[Ash Tuesday]]'', and appeared in the crime film ''[[Wonderland (2003 film)|Wonderland]]''. She played a supporting role in ''[[Jiminy Glick in Lalawood]]'' in 2004.

A puppet version of Garofalo appeared (and was graphically killed off) in the 2004 movie ''[[Team America: World Police]]''; while Garofalo was irritated by the parody, she was more upset by the filmmakers' lack of correspondence. "I ran into them in the street, [[Trey Parker|Trey]] and [[Matt Stone|the other guy]], and I said to them, 'The least you could do is send me a puppet.' And they said OK, took my address down ... and never sent me a puppet! So while ''Team America'' bothered me, the fact they didn't send me my puppet, that bothered me even more."<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Kettle|title=Seriously funny|date=August 1, 2009|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/aug/01/janeane-garofalo-edinburgh-fringe|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 29, 2010|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225934/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/aug/01/janeane-garofalo-edinburgh-fringe|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, she played the ex-wife of a man coping with the reverberations of a divorce in ''[[Duane Hopwood]]''. In 2006, she performed Bridget the giraffe's voice in the animated [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] feature film ''[[The Wild]]''. In 2007, she provided the voice of Colette Tatou, a chef in the [[Pixar]]/[[Disney]] feature film ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'', in which Garofalo affected a pronounced [[French accent]] for the role, appropriate for a character based on a French cook described as the world's best female chef.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwyer|first=Chris|date=November 1, 2016|publisher=CNN|title=Meet Helene Darroze, world's best female chef|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/04/travel/culinary-journeys-helene-darroze|access-date=April 28, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218113358/http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/04/travel/culinary-journeys-helene-darroze/|url-status=live}}</ref> She made cameo appearances in ''[[The Guitar (film)|The Guitar]]'' in 2008 and ''[[Labor Pains (film)|Labor Pains]]'' in 2009, and starred in ''[[Bad Parents]]'' in 2012, a comedy about [[New Jersey]] [[soccer mom]]s obsessing over their children's experiences playing the sport. She starred in the 2015 film ''3rd Street Blackout''.

===Television career===
Garofalo's big break came in 1990 after meeting [[Ben Stiller]] at [[Canter's Deli]] in Los Angeles, where they were hanging out with stand-up friends. They bonded over their "love of ''[[Second City Television|SCTV]]'', early ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', and [[Albert Brooks]]."<ref name="http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/1999/08/the-ben-stiller-show-n-tell.php">{{cite news|first=Christine|last=Muhlke|title=The Ben Stiller Show 'N' Tell|url=http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/1999/08/the-ben-stiller-show-n-tell.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131063639/http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/1999/08/the-ben-stiller-show-n-tell.php|archive-date=January 31, 2013|date=August 1999|work=PaperMag|url-status=dead|access-date=August 16, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Her first exposure on national television came soon thereafter by way of her appearance as a stand-up comic on MTV's ''Half Hour Comedy Hour''. Subsequently, her first television series debut was on the short-lived ''[[The Ben Stiller Show|Ben Stiller Show]]'' on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] in 1992, on which she was a cast member alongside longtime friends [[Bob Odenkirk]] and [[Andy Dick]].

A chance meeting on the set of that show led her to being offered the role of [[List of characters on The Larry Sanders Show#Paula|Paula]] on ''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]'' on [[HBO]], earning her two [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/janeane-garofalo|title=Janeane Garofalo|work=Television Academy|access-date=2012-01-31|archive-date=2023-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703220308/https://www.emmys.com/bios/janeane-garofalo|url-status=live}}</ref> nominations in 1996 and 1997. For a time, she was actually working on both series simultaneously.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
After ''The Ben Stiller Show'' was cancelled, Garofalo joined the cast of ''[[Saturday Night Live]] (SNL)'' for its [[Saturday Night Live (Season 20)|1994–95 season]].<ref name=nytimes2019-12-14/> She left ''SNL'' in March 1995 (mid-season) after only six months, saying that the experience left her "anxious and depressed", and that a [[sexist]] attitude pervaded the show. She said that many of the sketches were "juvenile and homophobic".<ref name="Cass 2012">{{cite web | last=Cass | first=Andrew | title=Saturday Night Live's One Season Wonders | website=Vulture | date=2012-01-05 | url=http://www.vulture.com/2012/01/saturday-night-lives-one-season-wonders.html | access-date=2018-10-21 | archive-date=2018-10-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151431/http://www.vulture.com/2012/01/saturday-night-lives-one-season-wonders.html | url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[New York Magazine]]'', Garofalo was "largely stuck in dull, secondary wife and girlfriend roles", and quoted her friends as saying that she considered the stint "the most miserable experience of [her] life."<ref name="NY Magazine 1995-03-13">{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Smith|title=Comedy Isn't Funny: How Saturday Night Live Became a Grim Joke|date=March 13, 1995|url=http://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/47548/index1.html|work=New York Magazine|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-date=June 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612040003/http://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/47548/index1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following ''SNL'', Garofalo appeared in a plethora of guest star roles: the grown-up daughter of the Buchmans on the final episode of ''[[Mad About You]]''; [[Jerry Seinfeld (character)|Jerry Seinfeld]]'s female counterpart (and, briefly, fiancée) Jeannie Steinman on ''[[Seinfeld]]''; a recurring correspondent on [[Michael Moore]]'s ''[[TV Nation]]'', and a former girlfriend of [[Dave Foley]]'s character on ''[[NewsRadio]]''. She provided the voice for the weekly conversations between the series lead and an older friend (Garofalo) in ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''. Two television pilots starring Garofalo, the 2003 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] show ''Slice O'Life'' about a reporter consigned to sappy human interest stories appearing at the end of news broadcasts, and the 2005 [[NBC]] program ''All In'', based on the life of poker star [[Annie Duke]], were not picked up by their respective networks.

Throughout the 2005–06 television season, Garofalo appeared on ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' as [[Louise Thornton]], a campaign adviser to the fictional [[U.S. Democratic Party|Democratic]] presidential nominee.

In 2006, she provided the voice for the animated character "Bearded Clam" on Comedy Central's ''[[Freak Show (TV series)|Freak Show]]''. In 2007, she wrote a dedication for the mini-book included in the six-DVD box-set of the 1994 [[cult following|cult]] series ''[[My So-Called Life]]''.

Garofalo had segments titled "the disquisition" in several episodes of the 2007 season of ''[[The Henry Rollins Show]]'' which took place in her apartment, much in the same way [[Henry Rollins|Rollins]]' segments take place at his house.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} In 2009, Garofalo joined the cast of ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', where she starred as [[Janis Gold]]. In 2010, Garofalo joined the cast of ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]'' as Tilly. She was a cast member of the ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' short-lived spinoff TV series ''[[Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior]]'' in 2011.<ref>Episode of [[Sam Seder]]'s political podcast ''[[The Majority Report]]''</ref>

In 2014, she portrayed Lyla, an entertainment lawyer, in seven episodes of the TV series ''[[Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce]]''. In 2015, she starred alongside most of the original cast in the [[Netflix]] [[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp|eight-episode prequel]] to the 2001 comedy film ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]''. In 2017, Garofalo starred in [[E4 (TV channel)|E4]]'s [[comedy-drama]] series [[Gap Year (TV series)|''Gap Year'']].

===Writing===
Garofalo co-wrote a comedic ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller with [[Ben Stiller]] in 1999, entitled ''Feel This Book: An Essential Guide to Self-Empowerment, Spiritual Supremacy, and Sexual Satisfaction'', a spoof of the self-help books prevalent at the time. She wrote her ''HBO Comedy Half-Hour'' along with similar appearances and programs, co-wrote some sketches on ''The Ben Stiller Show'' and an episode of the television series ''[[Head Case]]'', and wrote and directed a 2001 comedy short, ''Housekeeping''.{{Citation needed |date=February 2024}}

==Political views==
[[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2003.jpg|thumb|Garofalo on the cover of ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' in 2003]]
Garofalo has been open and outspoken regarding her [[Liberalism|liberal]] political views. She is a [[Feminism|feminist]]. In an interview for ''[[Geek Monthly]]'' magazine, she stated that she was raised in a [[Conservatism|conservative]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geekmonthly.com/blog/?p=191|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320145429/http://geekmonthly.com/blog/?p=191|title=Janeane Garofalo profile|publisher=Geekmonthly.com|archivedate=March 20, 2009|date=January 13, 2009|accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>

She has appeared with political figures such as [[Ralph Nader]] (whom she supported in [[United States presidential election, 2000|the 2000 election]], but opposed in [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]]) and [[Jello Biafra]] at various events. In 2007, Garofalo described herself as an [[Atheism|atheist]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Janusonis|url=http://www.projo.com/movies/content/ratstars_07-06-07_A964DOQ.25e3ad5.html|title=Just the right spice|publisher=projo.com|date=July 6, 2007|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=June 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072720/http://www.projo.com/movies/content/ratstars_07-06-07_A964DOQ.25e3ad5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and participated in a radio interview by Freethought Radio, a show by the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ffrf.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=219697|title=Freethought Radio|publisher=Ffrf.libsyn.com|date=May 26, 2007|accessdate=May 9, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831161127/http://ffrf.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=219697|archivedate=August 31, 2009}}</ref>

She became more prominent as a liberal when she voiced opposition to what became the [[2003 Iraq War]], appearing on [[CNN]] and [[Fox News]] to discuss it. She said that she was approached by groups such as [[MoveOn]].org and [[Win Without War]] to go on TV, because these organizations say that the networks were not allowing [[antiwar]] voices to be heard. Garofalo and the other celebrities who appeared at the time said they thought their fame could lend attention to that side of the debate. Her appearances on cable news prior to the war garnered her praise from the left and spots on the cover of ''[[Ms. magazine|Ms.]]'' and ''[[Venus Zine]]''. Garofalo has had frequent on-air political disputes with [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], [[Brian Kilmeade]], and [[Jonah Goldberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg022803.asp |title=Garofalo's World|author=Jonah Goldberg|publisher=Nationalreview.com|date=February 28, 2003|accessdate=May 9, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226051905/http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg022803.asp|archivedate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

Prior to the 2003 Iraq War, she took a position on the alleged threat posed by [[Saddam Hussein]]. For example, in an interview with [[Tony Snow]] on a February 23, 2003 episode of ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,79351,00.html|title=Transcript: Janeane Garofalo on Fox News Sunday|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=February 24, 2003|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=June 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010231/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,79351,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Garofalo said of the Iraqi leader: {{blockquote|Yes, I think lots of people are eager to obtain [[weapons of mass destruction]]. But there's no evidence that he (Hussein) has weapons of mass destruction. There's been no evidence of him testing [[nuclear weapon]]s. We have people that are in our face with nuclear weapons. We've got Iran and North Korea. We've got a problem with Pakistan. You know, I don't know what to say about that. There's a whole lot of people that are going nuclear. And I think that Saddam Hussein is actually, with the evidence, the least able to use nuclear weapons and the least obvious offender in that area at this moment. |Janeane Garofalo|Fox News interview}}

In March 2003, she took part in the [[Code Pink]] anti-war march in Washington, D.C. That autumn, she served as emcee at several stops on the ''Tell Us the Truth'' tour, a political-themed concert series featuring [[Steve Earle]], [[Billy Bragg]], [[Tom Morello]], and others. Throughout the year, Garofalo also actively campaigned for [[Howard Dean]]. While on Fox News' program ''The Pulse'', O'Reilly asked Garofalo what she would do if her predictions that the Iraq war would be a disaster were to turn out wrong. Garofalo stated:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83365,00.html|title=Hollywood Celebrities Pull Out the Punches on Iraq – The Pulse|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=April 9, 2003|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=February 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209045738/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83365,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I would be so willing to say, 'I'm sorry'. I hope to God that I can be made a buffoon of, that people will say, 'You were wrong. You were a fatalist.' And I will go to the White House on my knees on cut glass and say, 'Hey, you and Thomas Friedman were right ... I shouldn't have doubted you ...'|Janeane Garofalo| Fox News interview}}

Garofalo said she had misgivings in 2007 about the depiction of torture in the television series ''[[Critical reaction to 24#Torture|24]]'' but joined the cast because "being unemployed and being flattered that someone wanted to work with me outweighed my stance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/television/16twen.html?_r=1|title=Deep Inside the Grim '24,' Two Comics' Inside Joke|last=Itzkoff|first=Dave|date=February 15, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=July 9, 2015|archive-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011257/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/television/16twen.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2009, Garofalo drew criticism from ''[[The Washington Times]]'' when she denounced [[Tea Party protests]], which she referred to as racist.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carpenter|first=Amanda|url=http://washingtontimes.com/weblogs/back-story/2009/apr/17/liberal-actress-says-tea-parties-were-racist|title=Liberal actress says Tea Parties were racist|work=Washington Times|date=April 17, 2009|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=April 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420084614/http://www.washingtontimes.com/weblogs/back-story/2009/apr/17/liberal-actress-says-tea-parties-were-racist/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has continued to criticize Tea Party protesters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,519923,00.html|title=Garofalo Stands By 'Racist' Remarks – Sean Hannity|publisher=FOXNews.com|date=May 12, 2009|accessdate=May 9, 2010|archive-date=May 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515153835/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,519923,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air America Radio===
In late March 2004, Garofalo became a co-host for [[Air America Radio]]'s new show ''[[The Majority Report]]'', alongside [[Sam Seder]]. The early days of Air America Radio are chronicled in the [[documentary film|documentary]] ''[[Left of the Dial (film)|Left of the Dial]]'', which includes a debate between Garofalo and her conservative father Carmine, who was initially a regular guest on ''The Majority Report''.

Garofalo commented on her show of April 28, 2006 supporting the [[Scientology]]-linked [[New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project]], a controversial treatment for workers suffering ailments from [[9/11]] clean-up efforts in New York City.<ref name="msnbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/garofalo-gushes-over-scientology-linked-project-wbna12583654|title=Garofalo gushes over Scientology-linked project|last=Walls|first=Jeannette|date=May 2, 2006|work=Today.com|publisher=NBC|access-date=April 8, 2009|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130031048/https://www.today.com/popculture/garofalo-gushes-over-scientology-linked-project-wbna12583654|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Garofalo struggled with alcoholism, stating in a 2021 interview that she gave up drinking in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popmatters.com/131684-janeane-garofalo-if-you-will-2496131605.html |title='Janeane Garofalo: If You Will': 'Life is too Long to Worry About the Afterlife' |publisher=Pop Matters |last=Suarez |first=J. M. |date=October 3, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080932/https://www.popmatters.com/131684-janeane-garofalo-if-you-will-2496131605.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://leosigh.com/janeane-garofalo-on-acting-reading-drinking-and-self-flagellation-memories-monday/ |title=Janeane Garofalo on Acting, Reading, Drinking and Self Flagellation: Memories Monday |website=leosigh.com |date=April 20, 2015 |access-date=July 12, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726125149/https://leosigh.com/janeane-garofalo-on-acting-reading-drinking-and-self-flagellation-memories-monday/ }}</ref>

Garofalo married [[Robert Cohen (writer)|Robert Cohen]], then a writer for ''The Ben Stiller Show,'' in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] in 1991. She later explained it was intended as a joke, the pair thinking that the marriage was not binding unless it was filed at a local courthouse. It was discovered later, when Cohen tried to marry someone else, that the marriage was indeed legal. The union was dissolved in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Janeane-Garofalo-Married-1056115.aspx|title=Janeane Garofalo Had No Idea She Was Married for 20 Years|last=Stanhope|first=Kate|work=[[TV Guide]]|edition=website|publisher=TVGuide.com|date=November 13, 2012|archive-date=2014-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826163742/https://www.tvguide.com/News/Janeane-Garofalo-Married-1056115.aspx |access-date=2021-10-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film work by Janeane Garofalo
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1991
| scope="row" | ''[[Late for Dinner]]''
| Cashier
|
|-
| 1992
| scope="row" | ''That's What Women Want''
| Jennifer
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994
| scope="row" | ''[[Reality Bites]]''
| Vickie Miner
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Suspicious''
| Woman
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1995
| scope="row" | ''[[Bye Bye Love (film)|Bye Bye Love]]''
| Lucille
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[I Shot a Man in Vegas]]''
| Gale
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Coldblooded (film)|Coldblooded]]''
| Honey
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Now and Then (film)|Now and Then]]''
| Wiladene
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1996
| scope="row" | ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]''
| Abby Barnes
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Cable Guy]]''
| Melinda
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Larger than Life (film)|Larger than Life]]''
| Mo
|
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1997
| scope="row" | ''[[Sweethearts (1997 film)|Sweethearts]]''
| Jasmine
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Touch (1997 film)|Touch]]''
| Kathy Worthington
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion]]''
| Heather Mooney
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Matchmaker (1997 film)|The Matchmaker]]''
| Marcy Tizard
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Cop Land]]''
| Deputy Sheriff Cindy Betts
|
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1998
| scope="row" | ''[[Clay Pigeons]]''
| Agent Dale Shelby
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]''
| Ursula
| Voice — Disney English dub
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thick as Thieves (1998 film)|Thick as Thieves]]''
| Anne
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Permanent Midnight]]''
| Jana Farmer
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Half Baked]]''
| "I'm Only Creative When I Smoke" Smoker
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Thin Pink Line]]''
| Joyce Wintergarden-Dingle
|
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1999
| scope="row" | ''[[The Bumblebee Flies Anyway]]''
| Dr. Harriman/Handyman
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Torrance Rises]]''
| Herself
| Short film
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Can't Stop Dancing]]''
| Belinda Peck
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mystery Men]]''
| The Bowler/Carol
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]''
| Liz
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]''
| Paloma Fineman
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[200 Cigarettes]]''
| Ellie
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Minus Man]]''
| Ferrin
|
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2000
| scope="row" | ''[[Dog Park (film)|Dog Park]]''
| Jeri
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Steal This Movie!]]''
| [[Anita Hoffman]]
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Titan A.E.]]''
| Stith
| Voice
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)|The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle]]''
| Minnie Mogul
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''The Cherry Picker''
|
| Short film
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[What Planet Are You From?]]''
| Nervous Woman
|
|-
| 2001
| scope="row" | ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]''
| Beth
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002
| scope="row" | ''[[Martin & Orloff]]''
| Hairdresser
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Big Trouble (2002 film)|Big Trouble]]''
| Officer Monica Romero
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2003
| scope="row" | ''[[Manhood (film)|Manhood]]''
| Jill
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Laramie Project (film)|The Laramie Project]]''
| Catherine Connolly
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Search for John Gissing]]''
| Linda Barnes
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Housekeeping''
| Hotel Employee
| Short film; voice role
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Wonderland (2003 film)|Wonderland]]''
| [[Wonderland Gang#Joy Miller|Joy Miller]]
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ash Tuesday]]''
| Liz
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Nobody Knows Anything!''
| Patty
|
|-
| 2004
| scope="row" | ''[[Jiminy Glick in Lalawood]]''
| Dee Dee
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005
| scope="row" | ''[[Duane Hopwood]]''
| Linda
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Peace Patriots]]
| Narrator
| Documentary film<ref>{{cite news|last=Mellen|first=Kathleen|date=September 21, 2005|title=Documentary filmmaker focuses on area 'Peace Patriots'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-hampshire-gazette/140430755/|newspaper=[[Daily Hampshire Gazette]]|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|page=C2|access-date=February 7, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Stay (2005 film)|Stay]]''
| Beth Levy
|
|-
| 2006
| scope="row" | ''[[The Wild]]''
| Bridget the Giraffe
| Voice role
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2007
| scope="row" | ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''
| Colette Tatou<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/photos/12354/the-faces-facts-behind-disney-characters/380682|title=Colette Tatou, Ratatouille|date=May 22, 2015|work=E! Online|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-date=February 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222174729/http://www.eonline.com/photos/12354/the-faces-facts-behind-disney-characters/380682|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Voice role Nominated – [[Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production]]
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Southland Tales]]''
| General Teena MacArthur
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Ten (film)|The Ten]]''
| Beth Soden
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Then She Found Me]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 2008
| scope="row" | ''[[The Guitar (film)|The Guitar]]''
| Dr. Murray
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009
| scope="row" | ''[[Labor Pains (film)|Labor Pains]]''
| Claire
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Love Hurts (2009 film)|Love Hurts]]''
| Hannah Rosenbloom
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012
| scope="row" | ''[[General Education (film)|General Education]]''
| Gale Collins
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Bad Parents]]''
| Kathy
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mighty Fine]]''
| Older Natalie
| Voice role
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" | ''[[Satan, Hold My Hand]]''
| Sheryl
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014
| scope="row" | ''[[A Little Game (2014 film)|A Little Game]]''
| Sarah Kuftinec
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Free the Nipple (film)|Free the Nipple]]''
| Anouk
|
|-
| 2015
| scope="row" | ''3rd Street Blackout''
| June Sherman
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Little Boxes (film)|Little Boxes]]''
| Helena
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The American Side]]''
| Agent Barry
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Happys]]''
| Luann
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017
| scope="row" | ''[[Sandy Wexler]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Speech & Debate]]''
| Marie
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Submission (2017 film)|Submission]]''
| Magda Moynahan
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018
| scope="row" | ''[[A Bread Factory]]''
| Jordan
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hurricane Bianca: From Russia with Hate]]''
| Magda
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019
| scope="row" | ''[[Come as You Are (2019 film)|Come as You Are]]''
| Liz
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mercy Black]]''
| Dr. Ward
|
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2020
| scope="row" | ''Asking For It''
| Cheryl
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021
| scope="row" | ''[[The God Committee]]''
| Valerie Gilroy
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Flora & Ulysses (film)|Flora & Ulysses]]''
| Marissa
|
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" | ''The Apology''
| Gretchen Sullivan
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television work by Janeane Garofalo
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 1992–1993
|scope="row"|''[[The Ben Stiller Show]]''
| Various characters
| 13 episodes
|-
| 1992–1998
|scope="row"|''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]''
| Paula
| 47 episodes
|-
| 1993
|scope="row"|''[[Tales of the City (1993 miniseries)|Tales of the City]]''
| Coppola Woman
| Miniseries
|-
| 1994
|scope="row"|''[[The Adventures of Pete & Pete]]''
| Ms. Brackett
| Episode: "X=WHY?"
|-
| 1994–1995
|scope="row"|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Various characters
| 14 episodes
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[Duckman]]''
| Moonbeam (voice)
| Episode: "The Germ Turns"
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[NewsRadio]]''
| Nancy
| Episode: "Sweeps Week"
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[Mr. Show with Bob and David]]''
| Wife
| Episode: "What to Think"
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[The State (1993 TV series)|The State]]''
| herself
| Halloween Special
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[TV Nation]]''
| Correspondent
|
|-
| 1995
|scope="row"|''[[HBO Comedy Half-Hour]]''
| Herself
| Stand-up special
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist]]''
| Janeane (voice)
| Episode: "Drinky the Drunk Guy"
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]''
| Chloe Korban
| Episode: "Two Mammograms and a Wedding"
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Late Show"
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[Seinfeld]]''
| Jeannie Steinman
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1996
|scope="row"|''[[1996 MTV Movie Awards]]''
| Co-host
| With [[Ben Stiller]]
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''
| Tina
| Episode: "A Funny Valentine"
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[List of HBO original programming|HBO Comedy Hour]]''
| Herself
| Stand-up special
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[Law & Order]]''
| Greta Heiss
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1997
|scope="row"|''[[The Chris Rock Show]]''
| Girlfriend (voice)
| Episode: "#2.12"
|-
| 1998
|scope="row"|''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
| Sally Reardon (voice)
| 14 episodes
|-
| 1998, 2011
|scope="row"|''[[The Simpsons]]''
| Herself (voice)
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1999
|scope="row"|''[[Mad About You]]''
| Mabel Buchman
| Episode: "The Final Frontier"
|-
| 1999
|scope="row"|''[[The Tom Green Show]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 2000
|scope="row"|''[[The Sopranos]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "[[D-Girl (The Sopranos)|D-Girl]]"
|-
| 2000
|scope="row"|''[[Strangers with Candy]]''
| Cassie Pines
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2000
|scope="row"|''[[Ed (TV series)|Ed]]''
| Liz Stevens
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| 2003
|scope="row"|''[[King of the Hill]]''
| Sheila (voice)
| Episode: "Night and Deity"
|-
| 2004
|scope="row"|''[[The King of Queens]]''
| Trish
| Episode: "[[Cheap Saks]]"
|-
| 2004
|scope="row"|''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]''
| Donna (voice)
| Episode: "Hypno-Germ"
|-
| 2004
|scope="row"|''[[Tanner on Tanner]]''
| Herself
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| scope="row" | ''Nadine in Date Land''
| Nadine Barnes
| TV film
|-
|-
| 2005
|scope="row"|''[[Stella (U.S. TV series)|Stella]]''
| Jane Burroughs
| Episode: "Novel"
|-
| 2005–2006
|scope="row"|''[[The West Wing]]''
| Louise Thornton
| 15 episodes
|-
| 2006
|scope="row"|''[[Freak Show (TV series)|Freak Show]]''
| The Bearded Clam (voice)
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2006
|scope="row"|''[[Tom Goes to the Mayor]]''
| Herself (voice)
| Episode: "Couple's Therapy"
|-
| 2007
|scope="row"|''[[Two and a Half Men]]''
| Sharon
| Episode: "Media Room Slash Dungeon"
|-
| 2008
|scope="row"|''Girl's Best Friend''
| Mary
| Television film
|-
| 2008
|scope="row"|''[[Wainy Days]]''
| David's Mom
| Episode: "Angel"
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]''
| Professor Freeman
| Episode: "Endangered Species"
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[24 (TV series)|24]]''
| Janis Gold
| 21 episodes
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[Head Case]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "The Wedding Ringer"
|-
| 2009
|scope="row"|''[[Noddy in Toyland]]''
| Noddy (US Version)
|
|-
| 2010
|scope="row"|''[[The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret]]''
| Brent's Boss
| Episode: "Where Todd and Brent Misjudge the Mood of a Solemn Day"
|-
| 2010–2011
|scope="row"|''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]''
| Tilly
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2011
|scope="row"|''[[Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior]]''
| Beth Griffith
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2012
|scope="row"|''[[Metalocalypse]]''
| Abigail Remeltindrinc (voice)
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2012
|scope="row"|''[[Ugly Americans (TV series)|Ugly Americans]]''
| (voice)
| Episode: "The Dork Knight"
|-
| 2012–2013
|scope="row"|''[[Delocated]]''
| Susan Shapiro
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2014
|scope="row"|''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]''
| Sharon Overwood
| Episode: "Slow Your Roll"
|-
| 2014–2015
|scope="row"|''[[Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce]]''
| Lyla
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2014–2019
|scope="row"|''[[Broad City]]''
| Monica
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2015
|scope="row"|''[[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp]]''
| Beth
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2015
|scope="row"|''[[The Jim Gaffigan Show]]''
| Eve
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2016
|scope="row"|''[[Nightcap (2016 TV series)|Nightcap]]''
| Janeane Garofalo
| Episode: "The Horny Host"
|-
| 2017
|scope="row"|''[[Michael Bolton's Big, Sexy Valentine's Day Special]]''
| Herself
| Variety special
|-
| 2017
|scope="row"|''[[Gap Year (TV series)|Gap Year]]''
| Sam
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2017
|scope="row"|''[[Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later]]''
| Beth
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2018
|scope="row"|''[[Baroness von Sketch Show]]''
| Herself / Pay Equity Meeting Attendee / Lawyer
| Episode: "Sex and Things and Whispers"
|-
| 2018
|scope="row"|''[[The Shivering Truth]]''
| (voice)
| Main role
|-
| 2019
|scope="row"|''[[Stumptown (TV series)|Stumptown]]''
| Janet Withers
| Episode: "Bad Alibis"
|-
| 2020
|scope="row"|''[[Joe Pera Talks With You]]''
| Herself
| Cameo
|-
| 2021
|scope="row"|''[[Younger (TV series)|Younger]]''
| Cass DeKennessy
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2021
|scope="row"|''[[Billions (TV series)|Billions]]''
| Dawn Winslow
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2022–present
|scope="row"|''[[We Baby Bears]]''
| Madame Malin (voice)
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2023
|scope="row"|''[[Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens]]''
| Carol
| Episode: "Car Fished"
|}

===Music videos===
* "[[Lay It Down (Cowboy Junkies album)|Angel Mine]]" ([[Cowboy Junkies]]) (1996)

===Documentaries===
* ''[[New York: A Documentary Film]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Outlaw Comic: The Censoring of Bill Hicks]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Dangerous Living: Coming Out In The Developing World]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Gigantic (A Tale of Two Johns)]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Left of the Dial (film)|Left of the Dial]]'' (2005), [[Home Box Office|HBO]]
* ''[[I Am Comic]]'' (2010)
* ''Misery Loves Comedy'' (2015)
* ''[[Sticky: A (Self) Love Story]]'' (2016)
* ''Too Soon: Comedy After 9/11'' (2021)

==Books==
* ''Feel This Book: An Essential Guide to Self-Empowerment, Spiritual Supremacy, and Sexual Satisfaction'' {{ISBN|0-694-52146-9}} (with [[Ben Stiller]])

==See also==
* [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton|''Saturday Night Live'' parodies of Hillary Clinton]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=nytimes2019-12-14>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/14/arts/television/SNL-history.html
| title = The 'S.N.L.' Stars Who Lasted, and the Ones Who Flamed Out
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| author = Gus Wezerek
| date = 2019-12-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191214233933/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/14/arts/television/SNL-history.html
| archive-date = 2019-12-14
| access-date = 2019-12-16
| url-status = live
| quote = Some of the names here will be familiar only to die-hard fans; others, like Murphy, defined what was funny for generations of viewers.
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Janeane Garofalo}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{IOBDB name}}
* {{Emmys person|janeane-garofalo}}
* {{C-SPAN}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=[[Courteney Cox]] and [[Jon Lovitz]]| title=[[MTV Movie Awards]] host| years=[[1996 MTV Movie Awards|1996]] (with [[Ben Stiller]])| after=[[Mike Myers]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{AAR}}
{{The Majority Report}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garofalo, Janeane}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American comedy writers]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:American talk radio hosts]]
[[Category:American women radio hosts]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:Audiobook narrators]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Katy, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Madison, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Newton, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Providence College alumni]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:American sketch comedians]]
[[Category:New Jersey Democrats]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Comedians from Texas]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Morris County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Actors from Sussex County, New Jersey]]

Joan Embery

2024-06-19T22:43:00Z

174.74.229.81: copy editing

{{Short description|American animal and environmental advocate}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = June 1, 1949
| birth_place = [[San Diego, California]], U.S.
| birth_name = Joan Marie Embery
| spouse =
| children =
| nationality = American
| occupation =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Eastern Illinois University]]
| relations =
| awards = [[#Honors|List]]
| years_active =
}}
'''Joan Marie Embery''' is an American animal and environmental advocate, notable for her appearances on television programs such as ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' and ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]''.

==Career==
Embery was a trustee of the [[Morris Animal Foundation]], a professional fellow of the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]], a member of the Advisory Board of the [[UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine]]'s Wildlife Health Center, and a founding member the [[American Association of Zoo Keepers]]. The goodwill ambassador to the Zoological Society of San Diego (which oversees both the [[San Diego Zoo]] and [[San Diego Zoo Safari Park]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/disclaimers/aboutus.html|title=About the San Diego Zoo|date=6 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206132749/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/disclaimers/aboutus.html|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref> for 32 years, she has also hosted educational series such as ''Animal Express'', ''Animals of Africa'', ''Baby Panda'', and ''Challenges to Wildlife'' on public broadcasting. She has raised awareness of animals and wildlife conservation through her books, tours, projects, and appearances on television shows.

Over the course of her decades-long career, she and her many animal ambassadors appeared nearly 70 times on [[The Tonight Show]] with [[Johnny Carson]]. According to Embery herself, however, that number is closer to 100, with additional appearances while [[Jay Leno]] was hosting. She was especially enjoyed by Johnny Carson and his audiences, where various animal guests included a baby elephant who could “paint,” a tarantula, a baby rhinoceros, a lion cub, and a [[pygmy marmoset]] who jumped from Joan’s arm to Johnny’s arm, up to his shoulder, then to the top of his head, before sitting quietly and urinating there, on live television. Embery said that the marmoset was “content” and “marking its territory,” given that apparently, it had its tail wrapped around Johnny Carson’s ear as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.blastingnews.com/showbiz-tv/2016/10/exclusive-joan-embery-recalls-her-tonight-show-appearances-with-johnny-carson-001162409.html |title=Joan Embery recalls her 'Tonight Show' appearances with Johnny Carson |author=Steve Marinucci |date=4 October 2016 |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=BlastingNews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allamericanspeakers.com/celebritytalentbios/Joan+Embery/5263 |title=Joan Embery Biography - appearances|accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=All-American Speakers}}</ref>

==Personal life==

=== Marriage ===
Joan Embery and Duane Pillsbury (1929–2020) were married almost 42 years, until his death at age 91. Embery and Pillsbury met when she was 30 and he was 50 through the matchmaking efforts of one of Pillsbury's two daughters, who shared with Embery a mutual interest as competitive female equestrians. During their marriage, Pillsbury always accompanied Embery on her world travels and TV appearances.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ranch ===
Embery and Pillsbury made their home at Pillsbury Ranch, a {{convert|50|acre|adj=on}} ranch in [[Lakeside, California|east county San Diego]], home to show horses, wildlife ambassadors, the native wildlife, and personal pets. Two of her most well-known animals were a zebra, who would graze on her front lawn, and a [[toco toucan]]. The Pillsbury Land & Livestock Co. property hosted many fundraisers for civic, environmental, and animal conservation groups over the years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=2020-09-25 |title=Duane Pillsbury, rancher, conservationist, husband of Joan Embery, dies at 91 |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/obituaries/story/2020-09-25/duane-pillsbury-rancher-conservationist-husband-of-joan-embery |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Equestrian interests ===
In addition to being an environmental advocate, Embery is a skilled [[Equestrianism|horsewoman]] who has won many trophies, including in the areas of dressage, cutting, jumping, and driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allamericanspeakers.com/celebritytalentbios/Joan+Embery/5263 |title=Joan Embery Biography - awards and accolades|accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=All-American Speakers}}</ref>

==Honors==
*Embery was inducted into the San Diego County Women's Hall of Fame in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/01/20/new-name-big-plans-for-women%E2%80%99s-history-museum-in-2011/|title=New name, big plans for Women's History Museum in 2011 - La Jolla Light - La Jolla Light|date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701111652/http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/01/20/new-name-big-plans-for-women%E2%80%99s-history-museum-in-2011/|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=2011-07-01}}</ref>
*Outstanding Celebrity Philanthropist – Rotary International, San Diego Chapter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afpsandiego.afpnet.org/files/AFP+Chapters/CA3/FINAL_NPDPacket.PDF|title=Home - AFPCASanDiegoChapter|website=Afpsandiego.afpnet.org|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
*Distinguished Alumna Award – Eastern Illinois University 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1603&context=press_releases_1989|title=Eastern Illinois University : The Keep : Embery First BOG Distinguished Alumnus|date=1989-10-05|website=Thekeep.eiu.edu|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
*Cool Women – Girl Scouts of San Diego 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdgirlscouts.org/en/events/event-list/cool-women/cool-women-alum.html|title=Cool Women Alumnae|website=Sdgirlscouts.org|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
*Women Who Mean Business Community Service Award – 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbjonline.com/a3sdbj/resources/supplements/PDF/20151130_WWMB.pdf|title=San Diego Business Journal : AWARDS OF DISTINCTION|website=Cbjonline.com|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.joanembery.com/ Official site]
*{{IMDb name|id=1502273}}
*[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080501/news_lz1ez1qa.html Questions & Answers: Joan Embery], interview with Michele Clock of [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]
*[http://womensmuseumca.org/ Women's Museum of California]

{{Women's Museum of California}}
{{San Diego Zoo Global}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Embery, Joan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American environmentalists]]
[[Category:American women environmentalists]]
[[Category:21st-century American zoologists]]
[[Category:People from San Diego]]
[[Category:People from Lakeside, California]]
[[Category:Activists from California]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Arthur Caron

2024-05-27T23:01:22Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Short description|French-Canadian anarchist (1883–1914)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Caron 5456220470 9eddf71f69 o.jpg|thumb|Arthur Caron c. 1914]]
'''Arthur Caron''' (December 16, 1883 – July 4, 1914) was a [[French Canadian]] anarchist and a member of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]]. He [[wikt:mastermind|masterminded]] an attempt to assassinate [[John D. Rockefeller]] using a bomb constructed from dynamite. While building the device, he was killed along with [[Carl Hanson (anarchist)|Carl Hanson]] and [[Charles Berg (anarchist)|Charles Berg]] on July 4, 1914, when his bomb [[Lexington Avenue bombing|prematurely exploded]]. The blast also killed a renter of the building who was not part of the plot and injured dozens of others. <ref name= "NYT_1914-07-05">{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/05/archives/exploded-in-apartment-occupied-by-tarrytown-disturbers-only-one.html
|title=Exploded in Apartment Occupied by Tarrytown Disturbers. Only One Escaped Alive
|date=July 5, 1914
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|quote=A large quantity of dynamite, which the police and certain friends of the leaders of the [[Industrial Workers of the World|I. W. W.]] believe was being made into a bomb to be used in blowing up John D. Rockefeller's Tarrytown home, exploded prematurely at 9:16 o'clock in the upper story or on the roof of the new seven-story model tenement house at 1,626 Lexington Avenue.
|access-date=2007-12-30 }}</ref> The bomb largely destroyed the top three floors of the building located at 1626 Lexington Avenue, New York City, New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=N.Y. house wrecked by Caron bomb |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2014696452/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> In the wake of Caron's death, some 5,000 mourners gathered in New York's Union Square, where anarchist leaders [[Alexander Berkman]] and [[Becky Edelsohn]] among others spoke in memory of those who died.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = 5,000 at Memorial to Anarchist Dead|date = 12 July 1914|journal = New York Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caron, Arthur}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Anarchist assassins]]
[[Category:Failed assassins]]
[[Category:Canadian anarchists]]
[[Category:Industrial Workers of the World members]]
[[Category:Deaths by improvised explosive device in the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:French-Canadian American history]]

{{Anarchist-stub}}
{{Trade-unionist-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Accidental deaths in New York (state)]]

Cave of Forgotten Dreams

2024-05-24T04:32:49Z

174.74.229.81: /* Production */

{{Short description|2010 documentary film by Werner Herzog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cave of Forgotten Dreams
| image = Cave of forgotten dreams poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Werner Herzog]]
| writer = Werner Herzog
| producer = [[Erik Nelson (filmmaker)|Erik Nelson]] Adrienne Ciuffo<ref name="tiff">{{Cite web |url=http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2010/caveofforgottendream |title=2010 Films — Cave of Forgotten Dreams |website=[[TIFF.net]] |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821095619/http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2010/caveofforgottendream |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| editing = [[Joe Bini]] Maya Hawke<ref name="tiff"/>
| cinematography = [[Peter Zeitlinger]]<ref name="tiff"/>
| music = [[Ernst Reijseger]]
| narrator = Werner Herzog
| runtime = 89 minutes<ref name="variety"/>
| studio = [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Films]] Creative Differences [[Minister of Culture (France)|Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication]] [[Arte|Arte France]] [[Werner Herzog Filmproduktion]] [[More4]]
| distributor = [[IFC Films]] [[Sundance Selects]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|9|13|[[2010 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2011|3|25|United Kingdom|2011|4|29|United States}}
| country = Canada United States France Germany United Kingdom
| language = English
| gross = $6,467,348<ref>{{Mojo title|caveofforgottendreams}}</ref>

}}
'''''Cave of Forgotten Dreams''''' is a 2010 [[3D film|3D]] [[documentary film]] by [[Werner Herzog]] about the [[Chauvet Cave]] in [[Southern France]], which contains some of the [[Cave painting|oldest human-painted images]] yet discovered—some of them were crafted around 32,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |title=International Film Guide 2012 |first=Ian Hayden |last=Smith |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-1908215017 |page= 124 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/movies/werner-herzogs-cave-of-forgotten-dreams-filmed-in-chauvet-cave.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Larry | last=Rohter | title=Werner Herzog's 'Cave of Forgotten Dreams,' Filmed in Chauvet Cave | date=22 April 2011}}</ref> It consists of footage from inside the cave, as well as of the nearby [[Pont d'Arc]] natural bridge,<ref name="tiff"/> alongside interviews with various scientists and historians.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/the_big_picture/2010/09/is-werner-herzogs-new-3d-documentary-a-huge-forward-leap-or-total-folly.html | work=Los Angeles Times | title=The Big Picture | date=13 September 2010}}</ref> The film premiered on 13 September 2010 at the [[2010 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movieline.com/2010/08/werner-herzogs-3d-cave-journey-leads-docs-premiering-at-tiff.php|title=Werner Herzog's 3D Cave Journey Leads Docs Premiering at TIFF|first=S.T.|last=VanAirsdale|date=4 August 2010|website=Movieline.com|access-date=2017-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714122004/http://www.movieline.com/2010/08/werner-herzogs-3d-cave-journey-leads-docs-premiering-at-tiff.php|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Production==
Herzog's interest in Chauvet Cave, and the paintings inside, was prompted by an article in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' titled "First Impressions" by [[Judith Thurman]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/23/first-impressions|title=First Impressions. What does the world's oldest art say about us?|author-link=Judith Thurman|first=Judith|last=Thurman|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> who is credited as one of the co-producers of the film. To help preserve the artwork, access to the cave is restricted, and the general public is not allowed to enter, so Herzog had to get special permission from the French [[Minister of Culture (France)|Minister of Culture]] to film inside.<ref name="latimes"/> He was given approval for six shooting days of four hours each, with numerous restrictions.<ref name="latimes"/> Everyone authorized to enter Chauvet Cave must wear special suits and fresh shoes that have not been worn outside,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/|title=La Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc|website=La grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc - La Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc}}</ref> and, because of near-toxic levels of [[radon]] and [[carbon dioxide]] in the cave, nobody can stay inside for more than a few hours each day.<ref name="variety"/> Herzog was only allowed to bring a four-person crew into the cave, so he was just accompanied by cinematographer [[Peter Zeitlinger]], a sound recordist (Eric Spitzer-Marlyn), and an assistant, and worked the lights himself.<ref name="latimes"/> The crew was limited to battery-powered equipment<ref name="variety">{{cite news| url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117943558.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 | work=Variety | first=Justin | last=Chang | title=Cave of Forgotten Dreams | date=14 September 2010}}</ref> they could carry into the cave themselves<ref name="latimes"/> and lights that gave off no excess heat,<ref name="tiff"/> had to stay on a {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} walkway, and could not touch any part of the cave's wall or floor.<ref name="latimes"/>

The production encountered several technical difficulties in working with the 3-D cameras, which were custom-built for the production and often assembled inside the cave itself,<ref name="latimes"/> in a documentary setting. At the time of production, 3-D films were typically shot on soundstages with heavy use of digital manipulation. Often, foreground and background elements would be shot separately and digitally composited into the finished shot. Techniques for 3-D filmmaking in natural environments with a single camera and no compositing were largely undeveloped, and had to be worked out experimentally by the crew in post-production.<ref name=sabotage/>

Before filming ''Cave of Forgotten Dreams'', Herzog was skeptical of the artistic value of 3-D filmmaking, and had only seen one 3-D film (James Cameron's 2009 film ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''). The idea to use a 3-D camera for the film was first suggested by Zeitlinger, who felt, before ever entering the cave, that 3-D might be appropriate to capture the contours of the walls. Herzog initially dismissed the idea, believing 3-D to be (in Zeitlinger's words) "a gimmick of the commercial cinema", but, once he visited the cave, he decided the film had to be shot in 3-D<ref name=sabotage>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabotagetimes.com/tv-film/meet-the-cinematographer-who-pushed-werner-herzog-to-the-third-dimension/|title=Meet The Cinematographer Who Pushed Werner Herzog to the Third Dimension|last=Curtis|first=Lee|date=13 June 2011|work=[[Sabotage Times]]|access-date=13 June 2011}}</ref> to "capture the intentions of the painters", who incorporated the wall's subtle bulges and contours into their art.<ref name="latimes"/> After finishing work on ''Cave'', Herzog stated he had no plans to film in 3-D again.<ref name="latimes"/>

==Release==
The film was finished at the last minute, with only 30 minutes of footage completed on the Wednesday before its debut at the [[2010 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto International Film Festival]] on Monday, 13 September 2010.<ref name="latimes"/> It was the first 3-D film to screen at the festival's [[Bell Lightbox]] theatre,<ref name="latimes"/> and the digital projectors jammed five minutes from the end, interrupting the showing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/entertainment/tiff/2010/2010/09/14/15347546.html|title=Projector snag hits TIFF screening|website=Torontosun.com|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> When Herzog was asked why the French Ministry of Culture, who sponsored the film, did not require its premiere to be in France, he replied: "They didn't know it was finished."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/outtakes/2011/04/30/the-cabinet-of-werner-herzog/|publisher=[[artinfo]]|access-date=13 June 2011|title=The Cabinet of Werner Herzog|last=D'Arcy|first=David|date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607074357/http://blogs.artinfo.com/outtakes/2011/04/30/the-cabinet-of-werner-herzog/|archive-date=7 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two days after the screening at TIFF, [[IFC Films]] announced it had secured the film's US distribution rights in a "mid-six-figure deal";<ref name="hr">{{cite news| url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ic5827d475c9bb43687b46432687866fb | work=The Hollywood Reporter | first=Gregg | last=Kilday | title=IFC Films buys Werner Herzog doc 'Cave' | date=14 October 2010}}</ref> the television rights were already owned by the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]], who partially financed the film's production.<ref name="latimes"/>

In January 2011, a trailer for the film was released that advertised a release date of Spring 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heyuguys.co.uk/2011/01/09/trailer-for-cave-of-forgotten-dreams-werner-herzogs-first-3d-film-appears/|title=Trailer for Cave of Forgotten Dreams, Werner Herzog's first 3D film, Appears|last=Lyus|first=Jon|date=9 January 2011|website=Heyuguys.co.uk|access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref> The film premiered in cinemas in the UK on 25 March 2011. Also in March, a second trailer, released for US distribution, announced a US release date of 29 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefilmstage.com/2011/03/15/werner-herzogs-cave-of-forgotten-dreams-theatrical-trailer/|title=Werner Herzog's 'Cave of Forgotten Dreams' Theatrical Trailer|access-date=15 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319103028/http://thefilmstage.com/2011/03/15/werner-herzogs-cave-of-forgotten-dreams-theatrical-trailer/|archive-date=19 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Its opening weekend in the US, the film earned an average of $25,500 from each of the five screens on which it was shown in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles; this was Herzog's best-ever per-theater opening,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/2011/05/01/box_office_3-d_dreams_gives_werner_herzog_his_best_debut|title=Box Office: 3-D 'Dreams' Gives Werner Herzog His Best Debut|last=Knegt|first=Peter|date=1 May 2011|access-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> and the highest per-theater average of any film in the US that weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?view=&yr=2011&wknd=17&sort=avg&order=DESC&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office, April 29 – May 1, 2011|date=1 May 2011|access-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> By 12 June 2011, the film had grossed $3.7 million in the US, making it the highest-grossing independently-released documentary of 2011 by a wide margin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/06/independently-released-cave-of-forgotten-dreams-becomes-highest-grossing-documentary-of-2011.html|title='Cave of Forgotten Dreams' becomes highest-grossing independently released documentary of 2011|last=Kaufman|first=Amy|date=19 June 2011|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] Blog|access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>

==Reception==
Critical reception to the film was positive. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it has an approval rating of 96%, based on 138 reviews, with an average score of 7.9 out of 10; the site's "critics consensus" states: "Hauntingly filmed and brimming with Herzog's infectious enthusiasm, ''Cave of Forgotten Dreams'' is a fascinating triumph."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cave_of_forgotten_dreams/|title=Cave of Forgotten Dreams – Rotten Tomatoes|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 86 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/cave-of-forgotten-dreams|title=Cave of Forgotten Dreams – Metacritic|website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;"
|-
! Group !! Date of Ceremony !! Category !! Result
|-
| [[Broadcast Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.about.com/od/awards/a/broadcast-film-critics-2012.htm|title=2012 Critics' Choice Movie Awards: The Nominees and Winners|last=Murray|first=Rebecca|website=Movies.about.com|access-date=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083345/http://movies.about.com/od/awards/a/broadcast-film-critics-2012.htm|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[17th Critics' Choice Awards|12 January 2012]]
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Central Ohio Film Critics Association<ref>http://www.cofca.org/awards.php?year=2011</ref>
| 5 January 2012
| Best Documentary
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/|title=Chicago Film Critics Association|website=Chicagofilmcitics.org|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2011|19 December 2011]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2011|16 December 2011]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Documentary]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/2011.html|title=Los Angeles Film Critics Association|access-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617022821/http://www.lafca.net/years/2011.html|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>
| [[2011 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|11 December 2011]]
| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Documentary]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Society of Film Critics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com/?p=44#respond|title=National Society of Film Critics|website=Nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com|date=7 January 2012 |access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[2011 National Society of Film Critics Awards|7 January 2012]]
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-Fiction Film|Best Non-Fiction Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyfcc.com/awards/|title=New York Film Critics Circle|website=Nyfcc.com|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[2011 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|9 January 2012]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Non-Fiction Film|Best Non-Fiction Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Online]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS269450243620111211|title=New York Film Critics Online|access-date=6 January 2012|work=[[Reuters]]|date=11 December 2011|archive-date=9 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109081604/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/11/idUS269450243620111211|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[New York Film Critics Online Awards 2011|11 December 2011]]
| Best Documentary
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Online Film Critics Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcs.org/2011/12/15th-annual-online-film-critics-society.html#more |title=Online Film Critics Society |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118162856/http://www.ofcs.org/2011/12/15th-annual-online-film-critics-society.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[Online Film Critics Society Awards 2011|2 January 2012]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Documentary]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[San Diego Film Critics Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sdfcs.org/|title=San Diego Film Critics Society|website=Sdfcs.org|access-date=6 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125115639/http://sdfcs.org/|archive-date=25 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2011|14 December 2011]]
| Best Documentary
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle]]{{fact|date=May 2024}}
| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2011|10 January 2012]]
| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/|title=The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association|website=Dcfilmcritics.com|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2011|5 December 2011]]
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| {{won}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Stone Age art]]
*[[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.ifcfilms.com/films/cave-of-forgotten-dreams}}
*{{IMDb title|1664894}}

{{Werner Herzog|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Cave of Forgotten Dreams''
|list1 =
{{Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-Fiction Film}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Non-Fiction Film}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary}}
{{Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary}}
}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}

[[Category:Canadian documentary films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Archaeology of France]]
[[Category:Prehistoric art]]
[[Category:Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
[[Category:History of Ardèche]]
[[Category:French documentary films]]
[[Category:German documentary films]]
[[Category:British documentary films]]
[[Category:2010 3D films]]
[[Category:American documentary films]]
[[Category:2010 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about prehistoric life]]
[[Category:Documentary films about the visual arts]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films directed by Werner Herzog]]
[[Category:3D documentary films]]
[[Category:2010s English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s American films]]
[[Category:2010s Canadian films]]
[[Category:2010s British films]]
[[Category:2010s French films]]
[[Category:2010s German films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]

Judith Butler

2024-03-24T22:02:06Z

174.74.229.81: /* Comments on Hamas, Hezbollah and the Israel–Hamas war */

{{Short description|American philosopher and gender studies philosopher (born 1956)}}{{Use American English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Judith Butler
| image = JudithButler2013.jpg
| caption = Butler in March 2012
| birth_name = Judith Pamela Butler
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|2|24}}
| birth_place = [[Cleveland, Ohio]], U.S.
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bennington College]]
* [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| partner = [[Wendy Brown (political theorist)|Wendy Brown]]
| children = 1
| era = {{nowrap|[[20th-century philosophy|20th-]]/[[21st-century philosophy]]}}
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition = {{hlist |[[Continental philosophy]] |[[third-wave feminism]] |[[critical theory]] |[[queer theory]] |[[performative turn]]}}
| institutions = [[University of California, Berkeley]] [[The European Graduate School]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Maurice Natanson]]
| main_interests = {{hlist |[[Feminist theory]] |[[political philosophy]] |[[ethics]] |[[psychoanalysis]] |[[phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] |[[discourse]] |[[embodied cognition|embodiment]] |[[human sexuality|sexuality]] |[[gender studies]] |[[Jewish philosophy]]}}
| notable_ideas = {{hlist | |[[Gender performativity]]}}
}}
{{Feminist philosophy sidebar}}

'''Judith Pamela Butler'''<ref name="Duignan 2018">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |year=2018 |title=Judith Butler |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judith-Butler |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> (born February 24, 1956) is an American [[philosopher]] and [[gender studies]] scholar whose work has influenced [[political philosophy]], [[ethics]], and the fields of [[third-wave feminism]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Rottenberg |first=Catherine |date=27 August 2003 |title=Judith Butler |url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5173 |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=The Literary Encyclopedia}}</ref> [[queer theory]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Halberstam|first=Jack|title=An audio overview of queer theory in English and Turkish by Jack Halberstam|url=https://archive.org/details/HalberstamQueerTheory-AnkaraTurkey|access-date=29 May 2014|date=2014-05-16}}</ref> and [[literary theory]].<ref name="kearns">{{cite journal |last=Kearns |first=Gerry |s2cid=144967142 |title=The Butler affair and the geopolitics of identity |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |year=2013 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=191–207 |doi=10.1068/d1713|bibcode=2013EnPlD..31..191K |url=http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/7638/1/GK_Butler.pdf }}</ref>

In 1993 Butler began teaching at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where they{{efn|Butler uses [[she (pronoun)|she/her]] and [[singular they|they/them]] pronouns<ref name=NewStatesman2020-09-22a/> but in 2020 said that they prefer the latter.<ref name=DerTagesspiegel2020-05-13a/> This article uses they/them pronouns for consistency.}} have served, beginning in 1998, as the Maxine Elliot Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature and the Program of [[Critical Theory]]. They are also the [[Hannah Arendt]] Chair at the [[European Graduate School]] (EGS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Judith Butler, European Graduate School |url=http://egs.edu/faculty/judith-butler|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

Butler is best known for their books ''[[Gender Trouble|Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity]]'' (1990) and ''Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex'' (1993), in which they challenge conventional, heteronormative notions of [[gender]] and develop their theory of [[gender performativity]]. This theory has had a major influence on feminist and queer scholarship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thulin |first=Lesley |title=Feminist theorist Judith Butler rethinks kinship |url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/04/19/feminist-theorist-judith-butler-rethinks-kinship |access-date=9 October 2013 |newspaper=Columbia Spectator |date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925124558/http://columbiaspectator.com/2012/04/19/feminist-theorist-judith-butler-rethinks-kinship |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their work is often studied and debated in film studies courses emphasizing gender studies and performativity.

Butler has spoken on many contemporary political questions, including [[politics of Israel|Israeli politics]] and in support of [[LGBT rights]].<ref name="mcgill">{{cite web |title=Judith Butler |url=http://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2013/05/judith-butler/ |work=McGill Reporter |publisher=McGill |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091656/http://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2013/05/judith-butler/ |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Review of Judith Butler's "Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism" |url=http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/36335-parting-ways-jewishness-and-the-critique-of-zionism/ |last=Gans |first=Chaim |journal=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=September 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920005416/http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/36335-parting-ways-jewishness-and-the-critique-of-zionism/ |archive-date=September 20, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Judith |date=2023-10-13 |title=The Compass of Mourning |language=en |volume=45 |work=London Review of Books |issue=20 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n20/judith-butler/the-compass-of-mourning |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0260-9592}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Judith Butler was born on February 24, 1956, in [[Cleveland, Ohio]],<ref name="Duignan 2018"/> to a family of [[Hungarian-Jewish]] and [[Russian-Jewish]] descent.<ref name=2001int>{{cite web | url=http://www.lolapress.org/elec2/artenglish/butl_e.htm | title=Interview with Judith Butler | author=Regina Michalik | work=Lola Press | date=May 2001 | access-date=March 1, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219151830/http://www.lolapress.org/elec2/artenglish/butl_e.htm | archive-date=December 19, 2006 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Most of their maternal grandmother's family was murdered in the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=taught>{{cite journal|last=Udi|first=Aloni|title=Judith Butler: As a Jew, I was taught it was ethically imperative to speak up|journal=Haaretz|date=24 February 2010|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/judith-butler-as-a-jew-i-was-taught-it-was-ethically-imperative-to-speak-up-1.266243|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> Butler's parents were practicing [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]]. Their mother was raised [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], eventually becoming [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and then [[Reform Judaism|Reform]], while their father was raised [[Reform Judaism|Reform]]. As a child and teenager, Butler attended both [[Hebrew school]] and special classes on [[Jewish ethics]], where they received their "first training in philosophy". Butler stated in a 2010 interview with ''[[Haaretz]]'' that they began the ethics classes at the age of 14 and that they were created as a form of punishment by Butler's Hebrew school's [[Rabbi]] because they were "too talkative in class".<ref name=taught/> Butler also claimed to be "thrilled" by the idea of these tutorials, and when asked what they wanted to study in these special sessions, they responded with three questions preoccupying them at the time: "Why was [[Spinoza]] [[excommunication|excommunicated]] from the synagogue? Could [[German Idealism]] be held accountable for [[Nazism]]? And how was one to understand [[existential theology]], including the work of [[Martin Buber]]?"<ref>{{cite web|title=Judith Butler and Michael Roth: A Conversation at Wesleyan University's Center for Humanities|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf4px4KyqbY|publisher=Wesleyan University}}</ref>

Butler attended [[Bennington College]] before transferring to [[Yale University]], where they studied philosophy and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1978 and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in 1984.<ref name="tanner">{{cite web|url=http://grad.berkeley.edu/tanner/0405.shtml|title=Tanner Lecture on Human Values: 2004–2005 Lecture Series|date=March 2005|work=UC Berkeley|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211053930/http://grad.berkeley.edu/tanner/0405.shtml|archive-date=2004-12-11|access-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> Their studies fell primarily under the traditions of German Idealism and phenomenology,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judith Butler: Hannah Arendt Chair and Professor of Philosophy at The European Graduate School / EGS. Biography |url=https://egs.edu/biography/judith-butler/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |website=The European Graduate School}}</ref> and they spent one academic year at [[Heidelberg University]] as a [[Fulbright]] Scholar in 1979.<ref>{{cite book|last1=von Redecker|first1=Eva|title=Zur Aktualität von Judith Butler|year=2011|doi=10.1007/978-3-531-93350-4|isbn=978-3-531-16433-5}}</ref> After receiving their PhD, Butler revised their doctoral dissertation to produce their first book, entitled ''Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth Century France'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=February 20, 2024 |title=Judith Butler: American philosopher |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judith-Butler |access-date=February 28, 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Butler went on to teach at [[Wesleyan University]], [[George Washington University]], and [[Johns Hopkins University]] before joining [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1993.<ref name="mellon">{{cite web|url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/03/19_butler.shtml|title=Judith Butler wins Mellon Award|author=Maclay, Kathleen|date=March 19, 2009|publisher=[[UC Berkeley]] News. Media Relations|access-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2002, they held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the [[University of Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/philosophy/home/components-centrecolumn/the-spinoza-chair.html|title=The Spinoza Chair – Philosophy – University of Amsterdam|last=Amsterdam|first=Universiteit van|website=Uva.nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128205552/http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/philosophy/home/components-centrecolumn/the-spinoza-chair.html|archive-date=2014-11-28|access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> In addition, they joined the department of English and Comparative Literature at [[Columbia University]] as Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Visiting Professor of the Humanities in the spring semesters of 2012, 2013 and 2014 with the option of remaining as full-time faculty.<ref name="chronicle">{{cite news|url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/judith-butler-plans-to-move-from-berkeley-to-columbia-u/28217|title=Judith Butler to Join Columbia U. as a Visiting Professor.|date=November 20, 2010|newspaper=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]|access-date=February 1, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117020532/http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/judith-butler-plans-to-move-from-berkeley-to-columbia-u/28217|archive-date=2010-11-17}}</ref><ref name="capital">{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/11/760690/professor-trouble-post-structuralist-star-judith-butler-headed-columb |title=Professor trouble! Post-structuralist star Judith Butler headed to Columbia. |publisher=[[Capital New York]] |author=Woolfe, Zachary |location=New York, New York |date=October 10, 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113174417/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/11/760690/professor-trouble-post-structuralist-star-judith-butler-headed-columb |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://columbialion.com/blog/two-hours-in-the-shadow-of-judith-butler/ |title=Two hours in the shadow of Judith Butler | the Lion |access-date=2014-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140920064137/http://columbialion.com/blog/two-hours-in-the-shadow-of-judith-butler/ |archive-date=September 20, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialdifference.columbia.edu/people/judith-butler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221031510/http://socialdifference.columbia.edu/people/judith-butler|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=Judith Butler – Center for the Study of Social Difference|date=December 21, 2012}}</ref>

Butler serves on the editorial or advisory board of several academic journals, including ''[https://www.janusunbound.com/ Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith Butler|url=https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/JU/about/editorialTeam}}</ref> ''JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics'' and ''[[Signs (journal)|Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/editorialstaff.html|title=Editorial Board {{!}} Editorial Staff|website=Jaconlinejournal.com|access-date=2017-08-31|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703221953/http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/editorialstaff.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://signsjournal.org/about-signs/masthead/|title=Masthead|date=2012-08-22|work=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Overview of major works==
{{Original research|discuss=Original research|date=June 2021}}

===''Performative Acts and Gender Constitution'' (1988)===
In the essay "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207893?origin=JSTOR-pdf Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory]" Judith Butler proposes that [[gender performativity|gender is performative]] - that is, gender is not so much a static identity or role, but rather comprises a set of acts which can evolve over time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Judith |date=December 1988 |title=Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207893 |journal=Theatre Journal |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=519-520 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Butler asserts that because gender identity is established through behavior, there is a possibility to construct different genders via different behaviors.<ref name="Jones2018">{{cite web | url = https://www.openculture.com/2018/02/judith-butler-on-gender-performativity.html | first = Josh | last = Jones | date = 7 February 2018 | title = Theorist Judith Butler Explains How Behavior Creates Gender: A Short Introduction to "Gender Performativity" | website = Open Culture | access-date = 8 July 2021}}</ref> <blockquote>...if gender is instituted through acts which are internally discontinuous, then the appearance of substance is precisely that, a constructed identity, a performative accomplishment which the mundane social audience, including the actors themselves, come to believe and to perform in the mode of belief. If the ground of gender identity is the stylized repetition of acts through time, and not a seemingly seamless identity, then the possibilities of gender transformation are to be found in the arbitrary relation between such acts, in the possibility of a different sort of repeating, in the breaking or subversive repetition of that style. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title=Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory |date=December 1988 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1988 |pages=520 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Butler concludes their essay with a personal reflection on the strengths and limitations of widespread feminist theories which function on a solely binary perception of gender. Butler critiques what they call the "reification" of sexual difference within a heterosexual framework, and articulates their concern with how this framework affects the accurate presentation (or lack thereof) of "femaleness" across a diverse array of experiences, including those of women. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Judith |date=December 1988 |title=Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207893 |journal=Theatre Journal |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=530 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><blockquote>As a corporeal field of cultural play, gender is a basically innovative affair, although it is quite clear that there are strict punishments for contesting the script by performing out of turn or through unwarranted improvisations. Gender is not passively scripted on the body, and neither is it determined by nature, language, the symbolic, or the overwhelming history of patriarchy. Gender is what is put on, invariably, under constraint, daily and incessantly, with anxiety and pleasure, but if this continuous act is mistaken for a natural or linguistic given, power is relinquished to expand the cultural field bodily through subversive performances of various kinds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Judith |date=December 1988 |title=Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207893 |journal=Theatre Journal |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=531 |via=JSTOR}}</ref></blockquote>Throughout this text, Butler derives influence from French philosophers such as [[Simone de Beauvoir]] and [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], particularly de Beauvoir's ''[[The Second Sex]]'' and Merleau-Ponty's "The Body in its Sexual Being." Butler also cites works by [[Gayle Rubin]], [[Mary Anne Warren]], and their own piece "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2930225 Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir's ''Second Sex'']" (1986), among others.

===''Gender Trouble'' (1990)===
{{Main|Gender Trouble}}

''Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity'' was first published in 1990, selling over 100,000 copies internationally, in multiple languages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loizidou|first=Elena|date=2007-04-11|title=Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, Politics|pages=1|doi=10.4324/9780203945186|isbn=978-0-203-94518-6}}</ref> Similar to "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution," ''Gender Trouble'' discusses the works of [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Julia Kristeva]], [[Jacques Lacan]], [[Luce Irigaray]], [[Monique Wittig]], [[Jacques Derrida]], and [[Michel Foucault]].<ref name="Direk-2020">{{cite book |last=Direk |first=Zeynep |title=Ontologies of Sex: Philosophy in Sexual Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep7pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |series=Reframing the boundaries |date=15 June 2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=112 |isbn=978-1-78660-664-8 |oclc=1122448218 |chapter=4. Different Ontologies in Queer Theory}}</ref>

Butler offers a critique of the terms ''gender'' and ''sex'' as they have been used by feminists.<ref>{{cite book|title=Judith Butler| chapter=A Dictionary of Critical Theory |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t306.e100&srn=1&ssid=460269119#FIRSTHIT|publisher=Oxford reference Online Premium|isbn=978-0-19-953291-9|date=January 2010|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001}}</ref> Butler argues that feminism made a mistake in trying to make "women" a discrete, ahistorical group with common characteristics. Butler writes that this approach reinforces the binary view of gender relations. Butler believes that feminists should not try to define "women" and they also believe that feminists should "focus on providing an account of how power functions and shapes our understandings of womanhood not only in the society at large but also within the feminist movement."<ref>{{cite book|title=Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2017}}</ref> Finally, Butler aims to break the supposed links between sex and gender so that gender and desire can be "flexible, free floating and not caused by other stable factors" (David Gauntlett).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Paul |date=2004 |title=Embracing AIDS: History, Identity, and Post-AIDS Discourse |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20866614 |journal=JAC |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=102 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> The idea of identity as free and flexible and gender as a performance, not an essence, has become one of the foundations of [[queer theory]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Evie |date=2019 |title=ALIGN Guide: Gender norms, LGBTQI issues and development |url=https://www.alignplatform.org/2-queer-theory-and-gender-norms#js-page |archive-url=https://www.alignplatform.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/gender_norms_and_lgbtqi_issues.pdf |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |access-date=February 28, 2024 |website=Advancing Learning and Innovation on Gender Norms (ALIGN)}}</ref>

===''Imitation and Gender Insubordination'' (1991)===
''Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories'' is a collection of writings of gay and lesbian social theorists. Butler's contribution argues that no transparent revelation is afforded by using the terms "gay" or "lesbian" yet there is a political imperative to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imitation and Gender Insubordination|url=http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/gustafson/FILM%20165A.W11/film%20165A%5BW11%5D%20readings%20/Judith_Butler__Imitation_and_Gender_Insubordination.pdf}}</ref> Butler employs "the concepts of play/performance, drag, and imitation" to describe the formation of gender and sexuality as continually created subjectivities always at risk of dissolution from non-performance."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ellis|first=Jason W.|date=2014-04-14|title=Recovered Writing, PhD in English, Queer Studies, Presentation on Judith Butler's "Imitation and Gender Insubordination" and Introduction to Bodies That Matter Feb. 6, 2008|url=https://dynamicsubspace.net/2014/04/14/recovered-writing-phd-in-english-queer-studies-presentation-on-judith-butlers-imitation-and-gender-insubordination-and-introduction-to-bodies-that-matter-feb-6-2008/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Dynamic Subspace|language=en}}</ref>

===''Bodies That Matter'' (1993)===
''Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex'' seeks to clear up readings and supposed misinterpretations of performativity that view the enactment of sex/gender as a daily choice.<ref>For example, {{Cite journal | last=Jeffreys | first=Sheila | author-link=Sheila Jeffreys | title = The queer disappearance of lesbians: Sexuality in the academy | journal = [[Women's Studies International Forum]] | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 459–472 | doi = 10.1016/0277-5395(94)00051-4 | date = September–October 1994 }}</ref> As such, Butler aims to answer questions of this vein that may have been raised from their previous work ''Gender Trouble''. Butler emphasizes the role of repetition in performativity, making use of [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]]'s theory of iterability, which is a form of [[citationality]]:<blockquote>Performativity cannot be understood outside of a process of iterability, a regularized and constrained repetition of norms. And this repetition is not performed ''by'' a subject; this repetition is what enables a subject and constitutes the temporal condition for the subject. This iterability implies that 'performance' is not a singular 'act' or event, but a ritualized production, a ritual reiterated under and through constraint, under and through the force of prohibition and taboo, with the threat of ostracism and even death controlling and compelling the shape of the production, but not, I will insist, determining it fully in advance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/bodiesthatmatter00butl |title=Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-90365-3 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/bodiesthatmatter00butl/page/95 95] |author-link=Judith Butler |url-access=registration}}</ref></blockquote>Butler also explores how gender can be understood not only as a performance, but also as a "constitutive constraint," or constructed character. They ask how this conceptualization of an individual's gender contributes to notions of bodily intelligibility, or comprehension, by other individuals. Butler continues to discuss bodily intelligibility by means of sex as a "materialized" entity, upon which cultural, collective ideals of gender can be built. From this angle, Butler interrogates value conscription upon various bodies as determined theories and practices of heterosexual predominance. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title=Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex |date=1993 |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=9780415610155 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |publication-date=May 13, 2011 |pages=x-xii |language=en}}</ref> <blockquote>If gender consists of the social meanings that sex assumes, then sex does not accrue social meanings as additive properties but, rather, is replaced by the social meanings it takes on; sex is relinquished in the course of that assumption, and gender emerges, not as a term in a continued relationship of opposition to sex, but as the term which absorbs and displaces "sex," the mark of its full substantiation into gender or what, from a materialist point of view, might constitute a full de-substantiation. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title=Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex |date=1993 |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=9780415610155 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |publication-date=May 13, 2011 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>While continuing to draw upon sources such as those of [[Plato]], [[Luce Irigaray|Irigaray]], [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]], and [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] (as they did for ''Gender Trouble''), Butler also draws upon pieces of documentary film and literature for ''Bodies That Matter''. Such pieces include the film ''[[Paris Is Burning (film)|Paris is Burning]]'', short stories by [[Willa Cather]], and the novel ''[[Passing (novel)|Passing]]'' by Nella Larsen.

===''Excitable Speech'' (1997)===
{{further|Performativity#Judith Butler}}

In ''Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative'', Butler surveys the problems of [[hate speech]] and censorship. They argue that censorship is difficult to evaluate, and that in some cases it may be useful or even necessary, while in others it may be worse than tolerance.<ref name="Jagger">{{cite book |last=Jagger|first=Gill |title=Judith Butler: Sexual politics, social change and the power of the performative |url=https://archive.org/details/judithbutlersexu00jagg|url-access=limited|year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | pages=[https://archive.org/details/judithbutlersexu00jagg/page/n121 115]–8 |isbn=978-0-415-21975-4 |ol=OL10187608M |lccn=2007032458}}</ref>

Butler argues that hate speech exists retrospectively, only after being declared such by state authorities. In this way, the state reserves for itself the power to define hate speech and, conversely, the limits of acceptable discourse. In this connection, Butler criticizes feminist legal scholar [[Catharine MacKinnon]]'s argument against pornography for its unquestioning acceptance of the state's power to censor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative|last=Butler|first=Judith|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-91588-5|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl/page/22 22]|quote="Similarly, MacKinnon's appeal to the state to construe pornography as performative speech and, hence, as the injurious conduct of representation, does not settle the theoretical question of the relation between representation and conduct, but collapses the distinction in order to enhance the power of state intervention over graphic sexual representation."|url=https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl/page/22}}</ref>

Deploying [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]]'s argument from the first volume of ''[[The History of Sexuality]]'', Butler claims that any attempt at censorship, legal or otherwise, necessarily propagates the very language it seeks to forbid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Butler |title=Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative |url=https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | pages=[https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl/page/129 129–33] |isbn=978-0-415-91588-5}}</ref> As Foucault argues, for example, the strict sexual mores of 19th-century Western Europe did nothing but amplify the discourse of sexuality they sought to control.<ref>For example, {{cite book |last=Foucault |first=Michel |author-link=Michel Foucault |others=Trans. Robert Hurley |title=The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. |url=https://archive.org/details/historysexuality02fouc |url-access=limited |orig-year=1976 |year=1990 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York | page=[https://archive.org/details/historysexuality02fouc/page/n27 23] |quote=A censorship of sex? There was installed [since the 17th century] rather an apparatus for producing an ever greater quantity of discourse about sex, capable of functioning and taking effect in its very economy.}}</ref> Extending this argument using [[Derrida]] and [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]], Butler claims that censorship is primitive to language, and that the linguistic "I" is a mere effect of a primitive censorship. In this way, Butler questions the possibility of any genuinely oppositional discourse; "If speech depends upon censorship, then the principle that one might seek to oppose is at once the formative principle of oppositional speech".<ref>{{cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Butler |title=Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative |url=https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | page=[https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl/page/140 140] |isbn=978-0-415-91588-5}}</ref>

===''Precarious Life'' (2004)===

''Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence'' opens a new line in Judith Butler's work that has had a great impact on their subsequent thought, especially on books like ''Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable?'' (2009) or ''Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly'' (2015), as well as on other contemporary thinkers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorey |first1=Isabell |author-link=Isabell Lorey|title=State of Insecurity: Government of the Precarious |date=2015 |publisher=Verso Books |location=London |isbn=9781781685969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Puar |first1=Jasbir K. |author-link=Jasbir Puar|title=Terrorist Assemblages Homonationalism in Queer Times |date=2007 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC |isbn=9780822390442}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Clara |title=Precarity, precariousness, and vulnerability |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=2018 |volume=47 |issue=47 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041644 |s2cid=149738954 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In this book, Butler deals with issues of precarity, vulnerability, grief and contemporary political violence in the face of the [[War on terror]] and the realities of [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|prisoners at Guantanamo Bay]] and similar detention centers. Drawing on Foucault, they characterize the form of power at work in these places of "indefinite detention" as a convergence of [[sovereignty]] and [[governmentality]]. The "[[state of exception]]" deployed here is in fact more complex than the one pointed out by [[Giorgio Agamben|Agamben]] in his ''Homo Sacer'', since the government is in a more ambiguous relation to law —it may comply with it or suspend it, depending on its interests, and this is itself a tool of the state to produce its own sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |date=2004 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn= 978-1-84467-544-9 |language=en|pages=55, 61–62, 66, 83}}</ref> Butler also points towards problems in [[international law]] treatises like the [[Geneva Conventions]]. In practice, these only protect people who belong to (or act in the name of) a recognized state, and therefore are helpless in situations of abuse toward [[Statelessness|stateless people]], people who do not enjoy a recognized citizenship or people who are labelled "terrorists", and therefore understood as acting on their own behalf as irrational "killing machines" that need to be held captive due to their "dangerousness".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |date=2004 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn= 978-1-84467-544-9 |language=en|pages=86–87, 73–74, 76}}</ref>

Butler also writes here on vulnerability and precariousness as intrinsic to the human condition. This is due to our inevitable interdependency from other precarious subjects, who are never really "complete" or autonomous but instead always "dispossessed" on the Other. This is manifested in shared experiences like [[grief]] and loss, that can form the basis for a recognition of our shared human (vulnerable) condition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |date=2004 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn= 978-1-84467-544-9 |language=en|pages=20}}</ref> However, not every loss can be mourned in the same way, and in fact not every life can be conceived of as such (as situated in a condition common to ours).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |date=2004 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn= 978-1-84467-544-9 |language=en|pages=32–33}}</ref> Through a critical engagement with [[Emmanuel Levinas|Levinas]], they will explore how certain representations prevent lives from being considered worthy of being lived or taken into account, precluding the mourning of certain Others, and with that the recognition of them and their losses as equally human.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |date=2004 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn= 978-1-84467-544-9 |language=en|pages=147}}</ref> This preoccupation with the dignifying or dehumanizing role of practices of framing and representations will constitute one of the central elements of ''Frames of War'' (2009).

===''Undoing Gender'' (2004)===
{{Main|Undoing Gender}}
''Undoing Gender'' collects Butler's reflections on gender, sex, sexuality, psychoanalysis and the medical treatment of intersex people for a more general readership than many of their other books. Butler revisits and refines their notion of performativity and focuses on the question of undoing "restrictively normative conceptions of sexual and gendered life".{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Butler discusses how gender is performed without one being conscious of it, but says that it does not mean this performativity is "automatic or mechanical". They argue that we have desires that do not originate from our personhood, but rather, from social norms. The writer also debates our notions of "human" and "less-than-human" and how these culturally imposed ideas can keep one from having a "viable life" as the biggest concerns are usually about whether a person will be accepted if their desires differ from normality. Butler states that one may feel the need of being recognized in order to live, but that at the same time, the conditions to be recognized make life "unlivable". The writer proposes an interrogation of such conditions so that people who resist them may have more possibilities of living.<ref>Butler, Judith (2004). Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge</ref>

In Butler's discussion of intersex issues and people, Butler addresses the case of [[David Reimer]], a person whose sex was medically [[Sex assignment#Assignment in cases of infants with intersex traits, or cases of trauma|reassigned]] from male to female after a botched [[circumcision]] at eight months of age. Reimer was "made" female by doctors, but later in life identified as "really" male, married and became a stepfather to his wife's three children, and went on to tell his story in ''[[As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl]]'', which he wrote with [[John Colapinto]]. Reimer died by suicide in 2004.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://slate.com/id/2101678/ | title = Gender Gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide? | last = Colapinto | first = J | author-link = John Colapinto | magazine = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date = June 3, 2004 | access-date = February 13, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110916170908/http://www.slate.com/id/2101678/ | archive-date = September 16, 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===''Giving an Account of Oneself'' (2005)===
In ''Giving an Account of Oneself'', Butler develops an ethics based on the opacity of the subject to itself; in other words, the limits of self-knowledge. Primarily borrowing from [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Jean Laplanche]], [[Adriana Cavarero]] and [[Emmanuel Levinas]], Butler develops a theory of the formation of the subject. Butler theorizes the subject in relation to the social – a community of others and their norms – which is beyond the control of the subject it forms, as precisely the very condition of that subject's formation, the resources by which the subject becomes recognizably human, a grammatical "I", in the first place.

Butler accepts the claim that if the subject is opaque to itself the limitations of its free ethical responsibility and obligations are due to the limits of narrative, presuppositions of language and projection.

{{blockquote|You may think that I am in fact telling a story about the prehistory of the subject, one that I have been arguing cannot be told. There are two responses to this objection. (1) That there is no final or adequate narrative reconstruction of the prehistory of the speaking "I" does not mean we cannot narrate it; it only means that at the moment when we narrate we become speculative philosophers or fiction writers. (2) This prehistory has never stopped happening and, as such, is not a prehistory in any chronological sense. It is not done with, over, relegated to a past, which then becomes part of a causal or narrative reconstruction of the self. On the contrary, that prehistory interrupts the story I have to give of myself, makes every account of myself partial and failed, and constitutes, in a way, my failure to be fully accountable for my actions, my final "irresponsibility," one for which I may be forgiven only because I could not do otherwise. This not being able to do otherwise is our common predicament (page 78).}}

Instead Butler argues for an ethics based precisely on the limits of self-knowledge as the limits of responsibility itself. Any concept of responsibility which demands the full transparency of the self to itself, an entirely accountable self, necessarily does violence to the opacity which marks the constitution of the self it addresses. The scene of address by which responsibility is enabled is always already a relation between subjects who are variably opaque to themselves and to each other. The ethics that Butler envisions is therefore one in which the responsible self knows the limits of its knowing, recognizes the limits of its capacity to give an account of itself to others, and respects those limits as symptomatically human. To take seriously one's opacity to oneself in ethical deliberation means then to critically interrogate the social world in which one comes to be human in the first place and which remains precisely that which one cannot know about oneself. In this way, Butler locates social and political critique at the core of ethical practice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Butler|first=Judith|s2cid=143558617|date=2001|title=Giving an Account of Oneself|journal=Diacritics|volume=31|issue=4|pages=22–40|jstor=1566427|doi=10.1353/dia.2004.0002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Butler, Judith|title=Giving an account of oneself|date=2005|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-8232-3523-0|edition=1st|location=New York|lccn=2005017141|oclc=191818345|ol=OL23241953M}}</ref>

=== ''Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly'' (2015) ===
{{Distinguish|Performative activism}}
In ''Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly'', Butler discusses the power of public gatherings, considering what they signify and how they work.<ref name="Notes-Assembly">{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-49556-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgRuCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> They use this framework to analyze the power and possibilities of protests, such as the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests regarding the deaths of [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] and [[Killing of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in 2014.

=== ''The Force of Nonviolence'' (2020) ===
In ''The Force of Nonviolence: An Ethico-Political Bind'', Butler connects the ideologies of nonviolence and the political struggle for social equality. They review the traditional understanding of "nonviolence," stating that it "is often misunderstood as a passive practice that emanates from a calm region of the soul, or as an individualist ethical relation to existing forms of power."<ref name="Force of Nonviolence">{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=The Force of Nonviolence: An Ethico-Political Bind |date=2020 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78873-279-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-n6WDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> Instead of this understanding, Butler argues that "nonviolence is an ethical position found in the midst of the political field."<ref name="Force of Nonviolence" />

==Reception==
Butler's work has been influential in feminist and queer theory, [[cultural studies]], and [[continental philosophy]].<ref name=aranguiz>{{cite journal|last=Aránguiz|first=Francisco|author2=Carmen Luz Fuentes-Vásquez|author3=Manuela Mercado|author4=Allison Ramay|author5=Juan Pablo Vilches|title=Meaningful "Protests" in the Kitchen: An Interview with Judith Butler|journal=White Rabbit: English Studies in Latin America|date=June 2011|volume=1|url=http://www.whiterabbitesla.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Interview-with-Judith-Butler1.pdf|access-date=9 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403131535/http://www.whiterabbitesla.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Interview-with-Judith-Butler1.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Their contribution to a range of other disciplines, such as [[psychoanalysis]], literary, film, and [[performance studies]] as well as visual arts, has also been significant.<ref name="kearns" /> Their theory of gender performativity as well as their conception of "critically queer" have heavily influenced understandings of gender and queer identity in the academic world, and have shaped and mobilized various kinds of political activism, particularly queer activism, internationally.<ref name="aranguiz" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Judith|title=Judith Butler's Statement on the Queer Palestinian Activists Tour|url=http://www.alqaws.org/q/en/content/judith-butlers-statement-queer-palestinian-activists-tour-0|publisher=alQaws for Sexual & Gender Diversity in Palestinian Society|access-date=9 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060728/http://www.alqaws.org/q/en/content/judith-butlers-statement-queer-palestinian-activists-tour-0|archive-date=October 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Judith|title=Bodies in Alliance and the Politics of the Street|url=http://www.eipcp.net/transversal/1011/butler/en|publisher=European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies (eipcp)|access-date=9 October 2013|date=September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001640/http://www.eipcp.net/transversal/1011/butler/en|archive-date=December 6, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Judith|title=Queer Alliance and Anti-War Politics|url=http://www.wri-irg.org/node/12105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062548/http://wri-irg.org/node/12105|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-08-08|publisher=War Resisters' International (WRI)|access-date=9 October 2013|date=May 2010}}</ref> Butler's work has also entered into contemporary debates on the teaching of gender, gay parenting, and the depathologization of transgender people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saar|first=Tsafi|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-fifty-shades-of-gay-amalia-ziv-explains-why-her-son-calls-her-dad-1.5230870|title=Fifty Shades of Gay: Amalia Ziv Explains Why Her Son Calls Her 'Dad'|date=2013-02-21|work=Haaretz|language=en|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Rosa |editor1-last=Gleeson |editor1-first=Jules Joanne |editor2-last=O'Rourke |editor2-first=Elle |title=Transgender Marxism |date=2021 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-7453-4166-8 |pages=62–70 |chapter=Judith Butler's Scientific Revolution: Foundations for a Transsexual Marxism}}</ref>

Some academics and political activists see in Butler a departure from the sex/gender dichotomy and a non-essentialist conception of gender—along with an insistence that power helps [[Subjectification|form the subject]]—an idea whose introduction purportedly brought new insights to feminist and queer praxis, thought, and studies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rottenberg|first=Catherine|title=Judith Butler|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5173|publisher=The Literary Encyclopedia|access-date=9 October 2013|date=27 August 2003}}</ref> [[Darin Barney]] of [[McGill University]] wrote that:
{{blockquote|Butler's work on gender, sex, sexuality, queerness, feminism, bodies, political speech and ethics has changed the way scholars all over the world think, talk and write about identity, subjectivity, power and politics. It has also changed the lives of countless people whose bodies, genders, sexualities and desires have made them subject to violence, exclusion and oppression.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barney|first=Darin|title=In Defense of Judith Butler|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/darin-barney/in-defense-of-judith-butler-mcgill_b_3346589.html|work=Huffington Post|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref>}}

In 1998, [[Denis Dutton]]'s journal ''[[Philosophy and Literature]]'' awarded Butler first prize in its fourth annual "Bad Writing Competition", which set out to "celebrate bad writing from the most stylistically lamentable passages found in scholarly books and articles", which Butler [[Denis Dutton#Criticism of academic prose|responded to]].<ref name="bad">{{cite web| url=http://denisdutton.com/bad_writing.htm| first=Denis| last=Dutton| author-link=Denis Dutton| year=1998| title=Bad Writing Contest| access-date=September 14, 2009| archive-date=March 4, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022732/http://denisdutton.com/bad_writing.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Butler's cited entry in a 1997 issue of the scholarly journal ''[[Diacritics (journal)|Diacritics]]'' ran thus:{{blockquote|The move from a [[Structuralism|structuralist]] account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively [[Homology (sociology)|homologous]] ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure, and marked a shift from a form of [[Althusser]]ian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power.}}}}

Some critics have accused Butler of elitism due to their difficult prose style, while others claim that Butler reduces gender to "discourse" or promotes<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bettcher |first=Talia |title=Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/ |journal=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |year=2020 |quote=While Butler's theory was initially viewed by some as a kind of gender voluntarism, it is clear that this is very far from her actual view, further refined in ''Bodies that Matter'' (1993). Butler clarifies that instead of a kind of voluntary theatricality donned and doffed by a pre-existing agent, gender performance is constitutive of the agent itself.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Adam |title=Keeping It Moving: Commentary on Judith Butler's "Melancholy Gender / Refused Identification" |work=The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-8047-2811-9 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Judith |pages=157 |language=en |quote=From a clinical point of view, Butler's initial political voluntarism in ''Gender Trouble'' would have made analysts wary. |author-link=Adam Phillips (psychologist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Probyn |first=Elspeth |author-link=Elspeth Probyn |title=Lesbians in Space: Gender, Sex, and the Structure of Missing |journal=[[Gender, Place & Culture]] |page=79 |doi=10.1080/09663699550022107 |quote=[In Butler's eyes] we can have whatever type of gender we want […] and that we wear our gender as drag |via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite journal |last=Heinämaa |first=Sara |date=1997 |title=What Is a Woman? Butler and Beauvoir on the Foundations of the Sexual Difference |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810249 |journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=20–39 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00169.x |jstor=3810249 |s2cid=143621442 |issn=0887-5367 |quote=The So-Called Voluntarist Theory of Gender. I will proceed backwards, from present to past, from critiques and interpretations to Beauvoir's own writing. My starting point is the recent criticism presented by Judith Butler in her ''Gender Trouble'' (1990a). In this work, Butler contrasts her own "performative theory of gender" to Beauvoir's[...] [...]the notion that Butler presented a voluntarist theory of gender. [...] Judith Butler bases her voluntarist reading on [[Michèle Le Dœuff|Le Doeuff]]'s work. }} <nowiki>[[fi:Sara Heinamaa]]</nowiki></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boucher |first=Geoff |title=The Politics of Performativity: A Critique of Judith Butler |url=https://www.parrhesiajournal.org/parrhesia01/parrhesia01_boucher.pdf |journal=[[Parrhesia (journal)|Parrhesia]] |quote=In the revised introduction to ''Gender Trouble'' (1999), however, Butler [...] repudiate[s] voluntarist interpretations of her work. [...] Butler claims the [[Agency (philosophy)|agency]] in question is not that of the [[subject (philosophy)|subject]] (as in [[individualist]]-voluntarist accounts), but of language itself, whereby we can locate “agency within the possibility of a variation on … [linguistic] repetition” {Butler, 1999 #6@145}.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durmuş |first=Deniz |year=2022 |title=Tracing the Influence of Simone de Beauvoir in Judith Butler's Work |journal=Philosophies |volume=7 |issue=Current French Philosophy in Difficult Times |page=137 |doi=10.3390/philosophies7060137 |quote=Butler's theory of performative gender has been criticized for being a voluntarist theory. [[Elspeth Probyn]], for example, takes Butler as saying that gender construction is a totally voluntary act. Hence, Probyn argues that according to Butler's theory of gender performativity “we can have whatever type of gender we want [...] ” [...] Butler herself does not criticize [[Simone de Beauvoir|Beauvoir]] for [...] a voluntaristic framework [...] [Butler] mentions Michele Le Doeuff and other feminists who accuse of Beauvoir for resurrecting “a classical form of voluntarism which insidiously blames the victims of oppression for ‘choosing' their situation” |via=[[MDPI]] |doi-access=free}}</ref> a form of gender {{annotated link|Voluntarism (philosophy)|voluntarism}}. [[Susan Bordo]], for example, has argued that Butler reduces gender to language and has contended that the body is a major part of gender, in opposition to Butler's conception of gender as performative.<ref>Hekman, Susan (1998). "Material Bodies." ''Body and Flesh: a Philosophical Reader'' ed. by Donn Welton. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 61–70.</ref> A particularly vocal critic has been feminist [[Martha Nussbaum]], who has argued that Butler misreads [[J. L. Austin]]'s idea of [[performative utterance]], makes erroneous legal claims, forecloses an essential site of resistance by repudiating pre-cultural agency, and provides no "normative theory of social justice and human dignity."<ref name="The Professor Parody">{{cite news |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha |date=February 22, 1999 |title=The Professor of Parody |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/150687/professor-parody |magazine=The New Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803112258/http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf |archive-date=August 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha C.|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/150687/professor-parody|title=The Professor of Parody|date=1999-02-22|magazine=The New Republic|access-date=2020-03-05|issn=0028-6583}}</ref> Finally, [[Nancy Fraser]]'s critique of Butler was part of a famous exchange between the two theorists. Fraser has suggested that Butler's focus on performativity distances them from "everyday ways of talking and thinking about ourselves. ... Why should we use such a self-distancing idiom?"<ref>Fraser, Nancy (1995). "False Antitheses." In Seyla Benhabib, Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell and Nancy Fraser (eds.), ''Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange''. Routledge. p. 67.</ref> Butler responded to criticisms in the preface to the 1999-edition ''Gender Trouble'' by asking suggestively whether there is "a value to be derived from...experiences of linguistic difficulty."<ref name=interview2001>{{cite journal|last1=Breen|first1=Margaret Soenser|last2=Blumenfeld|first2=Warren J.|last3=Baer|first3=Susanna|last4=Brookey|first4=Robert Alan|last5=Hall|first5=Lynda|last6=Kirby|first6=Vicky|last7=Miller|first7=Diane Helene|last8=Shail|first8=Robert|last9=Wilson|first9=Natalie|s2cid=141316680|journal=International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies|volume=6|issue=1/2|year=2001|pages=7–23|issn=1566-1768|doi=10.1023/A:1010133821926|title="There Is a Person Here": An Interview with Judith Butler}}</ref>

More recently, several critics — such as semiotician [[Viviane Namaste]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Namaste|first1=Viviane|title=Undoing Theory: The "Transgender Question" and the Epistemic Violence of Anglo-American Feminist Theory|journal=Hypatia|volume=24|issue=3|year=2009|pages=11–32|issn=0887-5367|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01043.x|s2cid=145627130}}</ref>
— have criticised Judith Butler's ''Undoing Gender'' for under-emphasizing the intersectional aspects of gender-based violence. For example, Timothy Laurie notes that Butler's use of phrases like "gender politics" and "gender violence" in relation to assaults on transgender individuals in the United States can "[scour] a landscape filled with class and labour relations, racialized urban stratification, and complex interactions between sexual identity, sexual practices and sex work", and produce instead "a clean surface on which struggles over 'the human' are imagined to play out".<ref>{{Citation | title= The Ethics of Nobody I Know: Gender and the Politics of Description | first= Timothy | last= Laurie | journal=Qualitative Research Journal | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | page= 72 | year= 2014 | url= https://www.academia.edu/6262250| doi= 10.1108/QRJ-03-2014-0011 | hdl= 10453/44221 | hdl-access= free }}</ref>

German feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] speaks of Butler's "radical intellectual games" that would not change how society classifies and treats a woman; thus, by eliminating female and male identity Butler would have abolished the discourse about sexism in the queer community. Schwarzer also accuses Butler of remaining silent about the oppression of women and homosexuals in the Islamic world, while readily exercising their right to [[Same-sex marriage|same-sex-marriage]] in the United States; instead, Butler would sweepingly defend [[Islam]], including [[Islamism]], from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/eine-antwort-auf-butler-334719|title=Weiberzank – oder Polit-Kontroverse?|last=Alice Schwarzer schreibt|date=29 August 2017|website=Emma|language=de|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>

EGS philosophy professor [[Geoffrey Bennington]], translator for many of Derrida's books, criticised Butler's introduction to the 1997 translation of Derrida's 1967 ''[[Of Grammatology]]''.{{efn|He criticised it for "vagueness, inaccuracies, misunderstandings, and plain errors", such as an "extraordinarily inaccurate account of [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]]'s notion of the sign", doing Derrida and original preface-writer [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]] "a real disservice".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-20 |title=Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/embarrassing-ourselves/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |language=en}}</ref>}}

===Non-academic===
[[File:Manifestantes protestam contra e a favor de filósofa Judith Butler em São Paulo (38245843031).jpg|thumb|[[São Paulo]], Brazil. An ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'' article notes that before a democracy conference in Brazil "Butler was burned in effigy as police kept groups of protesters – for and against Butler – apart. A pink bra was attached to the figure that was burned". Some protesters "held crosses and Brazilian flags in the air."<ref name=ihe />|left]] Before a 2017 democracy conference in Brazil,<ref name=ihe>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/11/13/judith-butler-discusses-being-burned-effigy-and-protested-brazil | title=Judith Butler discusses being burned in effigy and protested in Brazil
| date=November 13, 2017
|publisher=[[Inside Higher Ed]]}}</ref> Butler was burnt "in [[effigy]]".<ref name=WhyBacklash /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aragão |first=Alexandre |title=Please Watch This Insane Footage Of Judith Butler Being Called A Witch In Brazil |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alexandrearagao/judith-butler-brazil |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=November 8, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guardian interview"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-24 |title=Ep. 236: Judith Butler Interview: "The Force of Nonviolence" {{!}} The Partially Examined Life Philosophy Podcast {{!}} A Philosophy Podcast and Blog |url=https://partiallyexaminedlife.com/2020/02/24/ep236-butler-nonviolence/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |language=en-US |website=[[The Partially Examined Life]] }}</ref>

[[Bruno Perreau]] has written that Butler was literally depicted as an "[[antichrist]]", both because of their gender and their Jewish identity, the fear of minority politics and critical studies being expressed through fantasies of a corrupted body.<ref>Bruno Perreau, Queer Theory: The French Response, Stanford University Press, 2016, p. 58-59 and 75–81.</ref>

==Political activism==
[[File:8 mars 2018, figures internationale (25824672167).jpg|thumb|Paris, France, [[International Women's Day|8 March 2018]]. Demonstrators hold up portraits, including one of Judith Butler. Jeanne Menjoulet, Flickr.]]
Much of Butler's early political activism centered around queer and feminist issues, and they served, for a period of time, as the chair of the board of the [[International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://outrightinternational.org/content/outright-now-reunion-2018|title=OutRight Now: Reunion 2018|last=Jessica Stern|date=2018-07-23|website=Global LGBT Human Rights Organization {{!}} OutRight|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref> Over the years, Butler has been particularly active in the gay and lesbian rights, feminist, and anti-war movements.<ref name="mcgill" /> They have also written and spoken out on issues ranging from affirmative action and gay marriage to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the prisoners detained at Guantanamo Bay. More recently, Butler has been active in the [[Occupy movement]] and has publicly expressed support for a version of the 2005 BDS ([[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]]) campaign against Israel.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

They emphasize that [[Israel]] does not, and should not, be taken to represent all [[Jews]] or Jewish opinion. Butler has criticized some forms of [[Zionism]] for weaponizing the victimhood role. Butler states that this weaponization can result in widespread misuse of the accusation "[[antisemitism]]", which may in fact trivialize the accusation's gravity and weight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |contribution = The Charge of Anti-Semitism: Jews, Israel, and the risks of public critique |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |date=2004 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn= 978-1-84467-544-9 |language=en|pages=101–128}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=No, it's not anti-semitic: the right to criticise Israel |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |date=2003 |volume=25 |issue=16 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n16/judith-butler/no-it-s-not-anti-semitic |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-51795-9}}</ref><ref name="Derstandard15">{{cite news |url=http://derstandard.at/1347492636246/US-Philosophin-Butler-Israel-vertritt-mich-nicht |title=US-Philosophin Butler: Israel vertritt mich nicht |newspaper=[[Der Standard]] |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=15 September 2012|language=de-AT}}</ref>

On September 7, 2006, Butler participated in a faculty-organized [[teach-in]] against the [[2006 Lebanon War]] at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web| title=Coming attractions for fall 2006| url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/09/06_eventspreview2.shtml|publisher=UC Berkeley| access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Another widely publicized moment occurred in June 2010, when Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the [[Christopher Street Day]] (CSD) Parade in Berlin, Germany at the award ceremony. They cited racist comments on the part of organizers and a general failure of CSD organizations to distance themselves from racism in general and from anti-Muslim excuses for war more specifically. Criticizing the event's commercialism, Butler went on to name several groups that they commended as stronger opponents of "homophobia, transphobia, sexism, racism, and militarism".<ref>Butler, Judith. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV9dd6r361k I must distance myself from this complicity with racism (Video)] Christopher Street Day 'Civil Courage Prize' Day Refusal Speech. June 19, 2010.</ref>

In October 2011, Butler attended [[Occupy Wall Street]] and, in reference to calls for clarification of the protesters' demands, they said:

<blockquote>People have asked, so what are the demands? What are the demands all of these people are making? Either they say there are no demands and that leaves your critics confused, or they say that the demands for social equality and economic justice are impossible demands. And the impossible demands, they say, are just not practical. If hope is an impossible demand, then we demand the impossible – that the right to shelter, food and employment are impossible demands, then we demand the impossible. If it is impossible to demand that those who profit from the recession redistribute their wealth and cease their greed, then yes, we demand the impossible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2011/10/24/judith_butler_at_occupy_wall_street/|title=Judith Butler at Occupy Wall Street|date=October 24, 2011|website=Salon.com|access-date=December 4, 2017|author=Justin Elliott}}</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:Achille Mbembe, Wendy Brown, Judith Butler, and David Theo-Goldberg Panel.jpg|thumb|[[Achille Mbembe]], [[Wendy Brown (political theorist)|Wendy Brown]], Judith Butler, and David Theo-Goldberg in 2016]]
Butler is an executive member of FFIPP – Educational Network for Human Rights in Israel/Palestine.<ref name="mondoweiss"/> They are also a member of the advisory board of [[Jewish Voice for Peace]].<ref name="mondoweiss"/> In mainstream US politics, they expressed support for [[Hillary Clinton]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/media/media-releases/judith-butler-cairo-review-%25E2%2580%259Ci-would-vote-hillary%25E2%2580%259D
|title=Judith Butler in Cairo Review: "I Would Vote For Hillary"
|date=30 October 2016
|website=The American University in Cairo
|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>

===Adorno Prize affair===
[[File:Adorno-preis-2012-judith-butler-ffm-287.jpg|thumb|upright|Butler receives the [[Theodor W. Adorno Award]] in 2012]]
When Butler received the 2012 [[Theodor W. Adorno Award|Adorno Prize]], the prize committee came under attack from Israel's Ambassador to Germany Yakov Hadas-Handelsman; the director of the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]'s office in Jerusalem, [[Efraim Zuroff]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Envoy-to-Germany-Awardee-ignores-terror-on-Israel|title=Envoy to Germany: Awardee ignores terror on Israel|last=BENJAMIN WEINTHAL|date=2012-08-28|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> and the German Central Council of Jews. They were upset at Butler's selection because of Butler's remarks about Israel and specifically Butler's "calls for a boycott against Israel".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4274289,00.html|title=German Jews oppose award for US philosopher|date=August 29, 2012|newspaper=Ynetnews|access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> Butler responded saying that "[Butler] did not take attacks from German Jewish leaders personally".<ref name=":1" /> Rather, they wrote, the attacks are "directed against everyone who is critical against Israel and its current policies".<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=JTA|title=Frankfurt ripped for honoring Jewish-American scholar who backs Israel boycott|journal=Haaretz|date=7 September 2012|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/frankfurt-ripped-for-honoring-jewish-american-scholar-who-backs-israel-boycott-1.463424|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref>

In a letter to the ''[[Mondoweiss]]'' website, Butler wrote that they developed strong ethical views on the basis of Jewish philosophical thought and that it is "blatantly untrue, absurd, and painful for anyone to argue that those who formulate a criticism of the State of Israel is anti-Semitic or, if Jewish, self-hating".<ref name=mondoweiss>{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Judith|title=Judith Butler responds to attack: 'I affirm a Judaism that is not associated with state violence'|url=http://mondoweiss.net/2012/08/judith-butler-responds-to-attack-i-affirm-a-judaism-that-is-not-associated-with-state-violence.html|publisher=Mondoweiss|access-date=9 October 2013|date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228153648/http://mondoweiss.net/2012/08/judith-butler-responds-to-attack-i-affirm-a-judaism-that-is-not-associated-with-state-violence.html|archive-date=December 28, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Comments on Hamas, Hezbollah and the Israel–Hamas war ===
Butler was criticized for statements they had made about [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]]. Butler was accused of describing them as "social movements that are progressive, that are on the Left, that are part of a global Left."<ref>Petra Marquardt-Bigman, [http://www.algemeiner.com/2012/09/07/defending-judith-butler-in-the-ivory-tower/ "Defending Judith Butler in The Ivory Tower"], ''The Algemeiner Journal'', September 7, 2012.</ref> They were accused of defending "Hezbollah and Hamas as progressive organizations" and supporting their tactics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weinthal|first=Benjamin|title=Frankfurt to award US advocate of Israel boycott|journal=The Jerusalem Post|date=26 August 2012|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Frankfurt-to-award-US-advocate-of-Israel-boycott|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Illouz|first=Eva|title=Judith Butler gets a taste of her own politics|journal=Haaretz|date=20 September 2012|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/judith-butler-gets-a-taste-of-her-own-politics-1.465861|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref>

Butler responded to these criticisms by stating that their remarks on Hamas and Hezbollah were taken completely out of context and, in so doing, their established views on non-violence were contradicted and misrepresented. Butler describes the origin of their remarks on Hamas and Hezbollah in the following way:
<blockquote>I was asked by a member of an academic audience a few years ago whether I thought Hamas and Hezbollah belonged to "the global left" and I replied with two points. My first point was merely descriptive: those political organizations define themselves as anti-imperialist, and anti-imperialism is one characteristic of the global left, so on that basis one could describe them as part of the global left. My second point was then critical: as with any group on the left, one has to decide whether one is for that group or against that group, and one needs to critically evaluate their stand.<ref name="mondoweiss" /></blockquote>

After the start of the [[Israel–Hamas war]], Butler published an essay titled "The Compass of Mourning", in which they argued that Hamas' attacks should be seen in the context of the "horrors of the last seventy years".<ref>Butler, Judith: [https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n20/judith-butler/the-compass-of-mourning''The Compass of Mourning''], lrb.co.uk, October 19 2023.</ref> The article was criticized several times in German newspapers. Christian Geyer-Hindemith wrote in the [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|FAZ]] that Butler "makes individual atrocities disappear" through contextualization, Thomas E. Schmidt spoke in the [[Die Zeit]] about "reversal of guilt", Anna Mayr also wrote in the Die Zeit: "[...] countless the same thing goes on for paragraphs: Nothing can justify the violence, and you still have to see the violence of the occupying power, Israel. It becomes clear that [they] (understandably) doesn't know where to think next."<ref>Schmidt, Thomas E.: [https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2023-10/judith-butler-israel-hamas-linke-intellektuelle ''Linke Schuldumkehr''], zeit.de, October 19 2023, (german).</ref><ref>Geyer-Hindemith, Christian: [https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/judith-butler-ueber-den-terror-der-hamas-reden-ueber-nahost-19249348.html ''Das Böse ist konkret''], faz.net, October 17 2023 (german).</ref><ref>Mayr, Anna : [https://www.zeit.de/2023/44/politische-linke-hamas-angriff-positionierung/komplettansicht ''Warum sich die postmoderne Linke so schwertut, den Terror gegen Israel zu verurteilen''], zeit.de, October 19 2023 (german).</ref> Writing for [[Haaretz]], Chaim Levinson rejected Butler's framing of the matter within a context of [[colonialism]] saying that term "is the emptiest word in Western intellectual discourse today".<ref>{{Cite news |title=אקדמאים יהודים יקרים: חמאס התגאה ברצח עמנו, לא ברצח קולוניאליסטים ציונים |language=he |work=הארץ |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/galleryfriday/chaimlevinson/2023-10-25/ty-article/.highlight/0000018b-616a-d307-adbb-657ac16e0000 |access-date=2023-10-28|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Speaking at a public event in Paris on March 3, 2024, Butler asserted that the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] was an uprising, an instance of armed resistance, rather than an act of terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/pour-judith-butler-les-massacres-du-7-octobre-ne-sont-pas-une-attaque-terroriste-mais-un-acte-de-resistance-armee-20240305|first=Paul|last=Sugy|title=Pour la philosophe féministe Judith Butler, l’attaque terroriste du 7 octobre est «un acte de résistance armée»|work=Le Figaro|date=March 4, 2024|access-date=March 9, 2024|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/outrage-as-influential-feminist-academic-judith-butler-calls-october-7-murder-and-rape-resistance-f15cx658|title=Outrage as influential feminist academic Judith Butler calls October 7 murder and rape ‘resistance’|work=The Jewish Chronicle|first=Jane|last=Prinsley|date=March 7, 2024|access-date=March 9, 2024}}</ref>

<blockquote>"I think it is more honest and historically correct to say that the uprising of October 7 was an act of armed resistance. It is not a terrorist attack and it is not an antisemitic attack. It was an attack against Israelis."<ref>''Why Judith Butler Calling Hamas' Slaughter 'Armed Resistance' Is So Depressing'', Opinion, Mar 7, 2024, Etan Nechin, Haaretz, https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-07/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-judith-butler-calling-hamas-slaughter-armed-resistance-is-so-depressing/0000018e-18a9-d1cc-abfe-dfad4cd90000</ref></blockquote>

=== Comments on Black Lives Matter ===
In a January 2015 interview with [[George Yancy]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'', Butler discussed the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement. They said:
<blockquote>What is implied by this statement [Black Lives Matter], a statement that should be obviously true, but apparently is not? If black lives do not matter, then they are not really regarded as lives, since a life is supposed to matter. So what we see is that some lives matter more than others, that some lives matter so much that they need to be protected at all costs, and that other lives matter less, or not at all. And when that becomes the situation, then the lives that do not matter so much, or do not matter at all, can be killed or lost, can be exposed to conditions of destitution, and there is no concern, or even worse, that is regarded as the way it is supposed to be...When people engage in concerted actions across racial lines to build communities based on equality, to defend the rights of those who are disproportionately imperiled to have a chance to live without the fear of dying quite suddenly at the hands of the police. There are many ways to do this, in the street, the office, the home, and in the media. Only through such an ever-growing cross-racial struggle against racism can we begin to achieve a sense of all the lives that really do matter.</blockquote>
The dialogue draws heavily on their 2004 book ''Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence.''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yancy|first1=George|last2=Butler|first2=Judith|title=What's Wrong With 'All Lives Matter'?|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/whats-wrong-with-all-lives-matter/?_r=0|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 January 2015}}</ref>

===Avital Ronell sexual harassment case===
On May 11, 2018, Butler joined a group of scholars in writing a letter to [[New York University]] following the sexual harassment suit filed by a former NYU graduate student against his advisor [[Avital Ronell]]. The signatories acknowledged not having had access to the confidential findings of the investigation that followed the [[Title IX]] complaint against Ronell. Nonetheless, they accused the complainant of waging a "malicious campaign" against Ronell. The signatories also wrote that the presumed "malicious intention has animated and sustained this legal nightmare" for a highly regarded scholar. "If she were to be terminated or relieved of her duties, the injustice would be widely recognized and opposed."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Battle-Over-Alleged-Harassment/244295|title=Battle Over Alleged Harassment Escalates as Former Graduate Student Sues Professor and NYU|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=August 16, 2018|last1=Mangan|first1=Katherine}}</ref> Butler, one of the signatories, invoked their title as President Elect of the [[Modern Language Association]]. James J. Marino, a professor at Cleveland State University and a member of the MLA, started a petition to demand Butler's resignation or removal from their post. He argued that "Protesting against one instance of punishment is only a means to the larger end of preserving senior faculty's privilege of impunity. ... [Butler] was standing up for an old, corrupt, and long-standing way of doing business. The time for doing business that way is over. We should never look back."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/20/some-say-particulars-ronell-harassment-case-are-moot-it-all-comes-down-power|title=Some say the particulars of the Ronell harassment case are moot, in that it all comes down to power|last=Colleen Flaherty|date=August 20, 2018|website=www.insidehighered.com|language=en}}</ref> Some three months later, Butler apologized to the MLA for the letter. "I acknowledged that I should not have allowed the MLA affiliation to go forward with my name," Butler wrote to the ''[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]''. "I expressed regret to the MLA officers and staff, and my colleagues accepted my apology. I extend that same apology to MLA members."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/letters/judith-butler-explains-letter-in-support-of-avital-ronell/|title=Judith Butler Explains Letter in Support of Avital Ronell – Letters – Blogs – The Chronicle of Higher Education|website=www.chronicle.com|date=2018-08-20}}</ref>

===Comments on the anti-gender movement and trans-exclusionary radical feminism===
[[File:Manifestantes protestam contra e a favor de filósofa Judith Butler em São Paulo (38245843701).jpg|thumb|left|Sign at [[São Paulo]] with Judith Butler's name. "{{lang|pt|destruir identidade sexual dos seus filhos}}" can be loosely translated as ''destroy sexual identity of your children'']]

Butler said in 2020 that [[TERF|trans-exclusionary radical feminism]] is "a fringe movement that is seeking to speak in the name of the mainstream, and that our responsibility is to refuse to let that happen".<ref>{{cite news |title=Judith Butler on the culture wars, JK Rowling and living in "anti-intellectual times" |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2020/09/judith-butler-culture-wars-jk-rowling-and-living-anti-intellectual-times |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=New Statesman}}</ref> In 2021, drawing from [[Umberto Eco]] who understood "fascism" as "a beehive of contradictions",{{efn|Butler notes a 'contradiction': {{blockquote|[...] chromosomal and endocrinological differences complicate the binarism [''[[sic]]''] of sex [...] [Nevertheless,] [t]he anti-gender advocates claim that “gender ideologists” deny the material differences between men and women, but their [the anti-gender advocates'] materialism quickly devolves [...]<ref name=WhyBacklash/>}}}} they noted that the term ''fascism'' "describes" the "anti-gender ideology". They cautioned self-declared feminists from allying with [[anti-gender movement]]s in targeting trans, non-binary, and genderqueer people.<ref name=WhyBacklash>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Why is the idea of 'gender' provoking backlash the world over? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2021/oct/23/judith-butler-gender-ideology-backlash |work=The Guardian|access-date=17 November 2021

|quote=Anti-gender movements[''sic''] [...]insist that “gender” is an imperialist construct, that it is an “ideology” now being imposed on local cultures of the [[global south]], spuriously drawing on the language of [[liberation theology]] and [[decolonial]] rhetoric. Or, as the rightwing Italian group Pro Vita maintains, “gender” intensifies the social effects of capitalism [...] The anti-gender movement[sic] is not a conservative position with [...] clear [...] principles. No, as a fascist trend, it mobilizes a range of rhetorical strategies from across the political spectrum [...] its incoherence is part of its power. [...] [The anti-gender movement] mixes right[-wing] and left[-wing] discourses at will.

}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Judith Butler says the 'anti-gender ideology movement' is a dangerous 'fascist trend' |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/10/26/judith-butler-anti-gender-ideology/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Pink News}}</ref> Butler also explored the issue in a 2019 paper in which they argued that "the confusion of discourses is part of what constitutes the [[Necropolitics#Queer and trans necropolitics|fascist structure]] and appeal of at least some of these [anti-gender] movements. One can oppose gender as a cultural import from the North at the same time that one can see that very opposition as a social movement against further colonization of the South. The result is not a turn to the Left, but an embrace of ethno-nationalism."<ref name=Butler2019>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=What Threat? The Campaign Against "Gender Ideology" |journal=Glocalism |date=2019 |volume=2019 |issue=3 |doi=10.12893/gjcpi.2019.3.1 |url=https://glocalismjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Butler_gjcpi_2019_3-1.pdf}}</ref> In 2023 Butler said "the anti-gender ideology movement should be considered a [[neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] phenomenon."<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Judith Butler 'Who Is Afraid of Gender?' |date=June 7, 2023 |url=https://www.gender.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-judith-butler-who-afraid-gender-lecture-recording-now-available |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

====''The Guardian'' interview====
On September 7, 2021, ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an interview<ref name="Guardian interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/sep/07/judith-butler-interview-gender |title=Judith Butler: 'We need to rethink the category of woman' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 7, 2021 |accessdate=September 8, 2021 |last=Gleeson|first=Jules|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> with Butler by Jules Gleeson that included Butler's view of [[Feminist views on transgender topics#Gender-critical feminism and trans-exclusionary radical feminism|trans-exclusionary feminists]]. In response to a question about the [[Wi Spa controversy]], the ''[[Press Gazette]]'' stated that Butler in the ''Guardian'' article stated that "The anti-gender ideology is one of the dominant strains of fascism in our times."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mayhew|first=Freddy|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/guardian-pulls-judith-butler-gender-interview/|title=Guardian pulls quotes from interview in which academic compared 'anti-gender ideology' to fascism|work=[[Press Gazette]]|location=London|date=September 8, 2021|access-date=September 10, 2021}}</ref> Within a few hours of publication, three paragraphs including this statement were removed, with a note explaining "This article was edited on 7 September 2021 to reflect developments which occurred after the interview took place."<ref name="Guardian censored">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/7kv3m4/why-the-guardian-censored-judith-butler-on-terfs |title=Why The Guardian Censored Judith Butler on TERFs |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |date=September 8, 2021 |accessdate=September 8, 2021 |author=Maiberg, Emanuel}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' was then accused of censoring Judith Butler for having compared TERFs to fascists. British writer [[Roz Kaveney]] called it "a truly shocking moment of bigoted dishonesty", while British transgender activist and writer [[Juno Dawson]], among others, observed that ''The Guardian'' had inadvertently triggered the [[Streisand effect]], in which an attempt to censor yields the unintended consequence of increasing awareness of a topic.<ref name="Guardian accused of censoring">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/09/08/judith-butler-guardian-interview-terf-trans/ |title=The Guardian accused of 'censoring' Judith Butler interview comparing TERFs to fascists: 'Cowards' |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=September 8, 2021 |accessdate=September 8, 2021 |author=Wakefield, Lily}}</ref> The next day, ''The Guardian'' acknowledged "a failure in our editorial standards".<ref name="Guardian censored"/>

==Personal life==

Butler is a lesbian,<ref>{{cite book |year=2013|pages=17–20|last1=Daughenbaugh |first1=Lynda Robbirds|last2=Shaw |first2=Edward L. |title=A Critical Pedagogy of Resistance |chapter=Judith Butler: Philosophy of Resistance |series=Transgressions |doi=10.1007/978-94-6209-374-4_5|editor-last=Kirylo|editor-first=James D.|isbn=978-94-6209-374-4 }}</ref> legally [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Interviews by Kian|date=December 27, 2019|title=Judith Butler on her Philosophy and Current Events|url=https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726182552/https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events/|archive-date=July 26, 2020|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=Interviews by Kian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McManus|first=Matthew|date=July 21, 2020|title=Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811092403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k| archive-date=2020-08-11|url-status=live|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Zero Books]]|at=37:01}}</ref> and, as of 2020, said they use both [[singular they|singular they/them]] and she/her pronouns but prefer to use singular they/them pronouns.<ref name="DerTagesspiegel2020-05-13a">{{cite web |author=Kathryn Fischer |authorlink= |date=13 July 2020 |title=The Pronoun is free from the Body - but it is not free from Gender (Das Pronomen ist frei vom Körper - aber es ist nicht frei vom Geschlecht) |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/gender-und-grammatik-das-pronomen-ist-frei-vom-koerper-aber-es-ist-nicht-frei-vom-geschlecht/25826376.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=German |quote=Which pronoun do I prefer? Butler laughs ... . 'It is they', Butler says ... . It is the year 2020, and Butler outs themselves as "they" - a truly historic moment. (Welches Pronomen bevorzuge ich? Butler lacht .. . 'Es ist they', sagt Butler ... . Wir haben das Jahr 2020 und Butler outet sich als "they" - ein wahrhaft historischer Moment.)}}</ref> Butler indicated that they were "never at home" with being assigned female at birth.<ref name="NewStatesman2020-09-22a">{{Cite news |last=Ferber |first=Alona |date=2020-09-22 |title=Judith Butler on the culture wars, JK Rowling and living in 'anti-intellectual times' |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international/2020/09/judith-butler-culture-wars-jk-rowling-and-living-anti-intellectual-times |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=[[New Statesman]] |language=en |quote=Many people who were assigned “female” at birth never felt at home with that assignment, and those people (including me) tell all of us something important about the constraints of traditional gender norms for many who fall outside its terms. ... *Judith Butler goes by she or they}}</ref>

They live in Berkeley with their partner [[Wendy Brown (political theorist)|Wendy Brown]] and son.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecut.com/2016/06/judith-butler-c-v-r.html|title=Think Gender Is Performance? You Have Judith Butler to Thank for That|last=Molly Fischer|date=2016-06-21|website=The Cut|language=en|access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref>

==Selected honors and awards==
Butler has had a visiting appointment at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] (2009–present).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/psychosocial/our-staff/visiting-staff/visiting-academics|title=Visiting staff and Emeritus staff|website=www.bbk.ac.uk|access-date=February 12, 2014|archive-date=October 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020011136/http://www.bbk.ac.uk/psychosocial/our-staff/visiting-staff/visiting-academics|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*1999: Guggenheim Fellowship<ref name="mellon" />
*2001: David R Kessler Award for LGBTQ Studies, [[CLAGS: The Center for LGBTQ Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kessler Lecture 2001 Judith Butler - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wC3ycMh0uns |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=YouTube}}</ref>
*2007: Elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Judith+Butler&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-07|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
*2008: Mellon Award for their exemplary contributions to scholarship in the humanities<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/03/19_butler.shtml|title=Judith Butler wins Mellon Award|website=Berkeley.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-20|author=Kathleen Maclay|date=19 March 2009}}</ref>
*2010: "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World", [[Utne Reader]]<ref name="utne">{{cite web|url=http://www.utne.com/Politics/Utne-Reader-Visionaries-Judith-Butler-Abu-Ghraib-Torture.aspx|title=Judith Butler: War Empathizer|access-date=October 19, 2010|author=Mike Rowe|date=October 13, 2010 }}</ref>
*2012: [[Theodor W. Adorno Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/culture/4222-judith-butler-wins-theodor-adorno-prize-despite-opponents|title=Judith Butler wins Theodor Adorno Prize despite opponents|last=Smith|first=Amelia|date=August 29, 2012|publisher=Middle East Monitor|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901010507/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/culture/4222-judith-butler-wins-theodor-adorno-prize-despite-opponents|archive-date=September 1, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*2013: Doctorate of Letters, ''honoris causa,'' University of St. Andrews<ref>{{cite web|title=HONORANDS FROM 2007–2014|url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/student-services/documents/Honorands%20from%202007-2014.pdf|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129045443/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/student-services/documents/Honorands%20from%202007-2014.pdf|archive-date=November 29, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*2013: Doctorate of Letters, ''honoris causa,'' McGill University<ref>{{cite web|last=McGill Reporter|title=Judith Butler, Doctor of Letters|url=http://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2013/05/judith-butler/|publisher=McGill Reporter|access-date=2 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091656/http://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2013/05/judith-butler/|archive-date=September 25, 2015|url-status=dead|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref>
*2014: Doctorate of Letters, ''honoris causa,'' University of Fribourg<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laliberte.ch/news-agence/detail/la-philosophe-americaine-judith-butler-honoree-a-fribourg/263626#.VGoywJCG8e0|title=La philosophe américaine Judith Butler honorée à Fribourg|website=laliberte.ch|publisher=La Liberté|access-date=2014-11-17|language=fr|date=2014-11-15}}</ref>
*2014: Named one of PinkNews's top 11 Jewish gay and lesbian icons<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/12/16/pinknews-top-11-jewish-gay-and-lesbian-icons/|title=PinkNews' top 11 Jewish gay and lesbian icons|website=Pinknews.co.uk|access-date=December 4, 2017|date=December 16, 2014|author=Joseph McCormick}}</ref>
*2015: Elected as a [[Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-fellowship-reaches-1000-42-new-uk-fellows-are-welcomed|title=British Academy Fellowship reaches 1,000 as 42 new UK Fellows are welcomed|date=16 Jul 2015}}</ref>
*2018: Doctorate of Letters, ''honoris causa,'' [[University of Belgrade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autonomija.info/dzudit-batler-pocasna-doktorka-beogradskog-univerziteta.html|title=Judith Butler honorary causa from University of Belgrade|website=autonomija.info|access-date=July 22, 2018|language=sr-RS|date=July 19, 2018}}</ref>
*2018: Butler delivered the [[Gifford Lectures]] with their series entitled 'My Life, Your Life: Equality and the Philosophy of Non-Violence'
*2019: Elected as Fellow to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://members.amacad.org/content/members/newFellows.aspx|title=2019 Fellows and International Honorary Members with their affiliations at the time of election|website=members.amacad.org|access-date=2020-03-04|archive-date=March 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302174101/https://members.amacad.org/content/members/newFellows.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Publications==
Butler's books have been translated into numerous languages; ''Gender Trouble'' has been translated into twenty-seven languages. They have co-authored and edited over a dozen volumes—most recently, ''Dispossession: The Performative in the Political'' (2013), coauthored with Athena Athanasiou. Over the years Butler has also published many influential essays, interviews, and public presentations. Butler is considered by many to be "one of the most influential voices in contemporary political theory,"<ref>{{citation | last = Barker | first = Derek W.M. | contribution = Judith Butler's postmodern antigone | editor-last = Barker | editor-first = Derek W.M. | title = Tragedy and citizenship conflict, reconciliation, and democracy from Haemon to Hegel | page = 119 | publisher = [[SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] | location = Albany | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-7914-7740-3 |lccn= 2008005664 |oclc=897111782 | postscript = .}}</ref> and the most widely read and influential gender studies academic in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ian|first=Buchanan|title=A Dictionary of Critical Theory|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-172659-0|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001/acref-9780199532919-e-100|author-link=Judith Butler|access-date=9 October 2013|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001|chapter=Butler, Judith}}</ref>

The following is a partial list of Butler's publications.

===Books===
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=1999 |orig-year=1987 |title=Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15998-2 |title-link=Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France}} [Their doctoral dissertation.]
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2006 |orig-year=1990 |title=Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-38955-6 |title-link=Gender Trouble}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=1993 |title=Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" |url=https://archive.org/details/bodiesthatmatter00butl |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-90365-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Benhabib |first2=Seyla |last3=Fraser |first3=Nancy |last4=Cornell |first4=Drucilla |author-link2=Seyla Benhabib |author-link3=Nancy Fraser |year=1995 |title=Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-91086-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Excitable speech: a politics of the performative |url=https://archive.org/details/excitablespeechp0000butl |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-91587-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=1997 |title=The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection |url=https://archive.org/details/psychiclifeofpow0000butl |url-access=registration |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2812-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2000 |title=Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death |url=https://archive.org/details/antigonesclaim00judi |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51804-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Laclau |first2=Ernesto |last3=Žižek |first3=Slavoj |author-link2=Ernesto Laclau |author-link3=Slavoj Žižek |year=2000 |title=Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left |location=London |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-85984-278-2 |title-link=Contingency, Hegemony, Universality}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Beck-Gernsheim |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Puigvert |first3=Lídia |author-link2=Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim |author-link3=Lídia Puigvert |year=2003 |title=Women & Social Transformation |location=New York |publisher=P. Lang |isbn=978-0-8204-6708-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2004 |title=Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence |location=London |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-544-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2004 |title=Undoing gender |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-49962-7 |title-link=Undoing Gender}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2005 |title=Giving an account of oneself |location=New York |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-4677-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Spivak |first2=Gayatri |author-link2=Gayatri Spivak |year=2007 |title=Who Sings the Nation-State?: Language, Politics, Belonging |location=London |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-1-905422-57-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Asad |first2=Talal |last3=Brown |first3=Wendy |last4=Mahmood |first4=Saba |year=2009 |title=Is Critique Secular?: Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Townsend Center for the Humanities, University of California Distributed by University of California Press |isbn=978-0-9823294-1-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2009 |title=Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? |publisher=Verso |location=London New York |isbn=978-1-84467-333-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Habermas |first2=Jürgen |last3=Taylor |first3=Charles |last4=West |first4=Cornel |author-link2=Jürgen Habermas |author-link3=Charles Taylor (philosopher) |author-link4=Cornel West |year=2011 |title=The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere |url=https://archive.org/details/powerofrelig_xxxx_2011_000_10862422 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-1-283-00892-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Weed | first2=Elizabeth |year=2011 |title=The Question of Gender: Joan W. Scott's Critical Feminism |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00153-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2012 |title=Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51795-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Athanasiou |first2=Athena |year=2013 |title=Dispossession: The Performative in the Political |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-0-7456-5381-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2015 |title=Senses of the Subject |location=New York |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-6467-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2015 |title=Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-96775-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Gambetti |first2=Zeynep |editor-first1=Sabsay |editor-last1=Leticia |year=2016 |title=Vulnerability in Resistance |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-6279-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2020 |title=The Force of Nonviolence |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-1-78873-276-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |year=2022 |title=What World Is This? A Pandemic Phenomenology |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-20828-4}}

===Book chapters===
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | contribution = Lesbian S & M: the politics of dis-illusion | editor-last1 = Linden | editor-first1 = Robin Ruth | title = Against sadomasochism: a radical feminist analysis | publisher = Frog in the Well | location = East Palo Alto, California | year = 1982 | isbn =978-0-9603628-3-7 | postscript = .| title-link = Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis }}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = The pleasures of repetition | editor-last1 = Glick | editor-first1 = Robert A. | editor-last2 = Bone | editor-first2 = Stanley | title = Pleasure beyond the pleasure principle: the role of affect in motivation, development, and adaptation | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-300-04793-6 | postscript = .}}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Imitation and gender insubordination | editor-last = Fuss | editor-first = Diana | title = Inside/out: lesbian theories, gay theories | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-415-90237-3 | postscript = . | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/insideoutlesbian00fuss }}
*{{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Kierkegaard's speculative despair | editor-last1 = Solomon | editor-first1 = Robert C. | editor-last2 = Higgins | editor-first2 = Kathleen M. | editor-link1 = Robert C. Solomon | title = The age of German idealism | pages = 363–395 | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | series = Routledge History of Philosophy, Volume VI | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-415-30878-6 | postscript = .}}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Imitation and gender insubordination | editor-last1 = Nicholson | editor-first1 = Linda | title = The second wave: a reader in feminist theory | pages = 300–316 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-415-91761-2 | postscript = .}}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Gender is burning: questions of appropriation and subversion | editor-last1 = McClintock | editor-first1 = Anne | editor-last2 = Mufti | editor-first2 = Aamir | editor-last3 = Shohat | editor-first3 = Ella | editor-link1 = Anne McClintock | editor-link3 = Ella Shohat | title = Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives | pages = [https://archive.org/details/dangerousliaison0000unse/page/381 381–395] | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minnesota, Minneapolis | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-8166-2649-6 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/dangerousliaison0000unse/page/381 }}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Sexual difference as a question of ethics | editor-last = Doyle | editor-first = Laura | title = Bodies of resistance: new phenomenologies of politics, agency, and culture | publisher = Northwestern University Press | location = Evanston, Illinois | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8101-1847-8 | postscript = .}}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Appearances aside | editor-last1 = Post | editor-first1 = Robert | editor-link = Robert C. Post | title = Prejudicial appearances: the logic of American antidiscrimination law | pages = 73–84 | publisher = [[Duke University Press]] | location = Durham, North Carolina | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8223-2713-4 | postscript = .}}
*
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Subjects of sex/gender/desire | editor-last1 = Cudd | editor-first1 = Ann | editor-last2 = Andreasen | editor-first2 = Robin O. | editor-link1 = Ann Cudd | title = Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology | pages = 145–153 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | location = Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-4051-1661-9 | postscript = .}}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Ronell as gay scientist | editor-last = Davis | editor-first = Diane | title = Reading Ronell | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-252-07647-3 | postscript = .}} A collection of essays on the work of [[Avital Ronell]].
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Blanchet | first1 = Nassia | last2 = Blanchet | first2 = Reginald | title = Interview with Judith Butler | journal = Hurly-Burly: The International Lacanian Journal of Psychoanalysis | volume = 3 | date = 3 April 2010 | url = http://www.amp-nls.org/page/fr/104/3-april-2010 }}
* {{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Lecture notes | editor-last1 = Ronell | editor-first1 = Avital | editor-last2 = Joubert | editor-first2 = Joseph | title = Georges Perros (Issue 983 of Collection Europe) | publisher = Europe | location = Paris | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-2-35150-038-5 | postscript = . | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/georgesperrosjos0000unse }} [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=2351500385 Details.]
*{{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith| author1-mask = 3| contribution = Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance | editor-last1 = Butler| editor-first1 = Judith| editor-last2 = Gambetti| editor-first2 = Zeynep| editor-last3 = Sabsay| editor-first3 = Leticia|title = Vulnerability in Resistance | pages = 12–28 | publisher = Duke University Press | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0-8223-6290-6}}
*{{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | author1-mask = 3 | contribution = Defamation and the Grammar of Harsh Words | editor-last1 = Sweetapple | editor-first1 = Christopher | title = The Queer Intersectional in Contemporary Germany | pages = 203–207 | publisher = Psychosocial-Verlag | series = Applied Sexology | year = 2018 | isbn = 978-3-8379-7444-7 |issn=2367-2420|last2=Hark|first2=Sabine|author-link2=Sabine Hark|doi=10.30820/9783837974447| doi-access = free }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychosozial-verlag.de/7444|title=The Queer Intersectional in Contemporary Germany (PDF-E-Book). Essays on Racism, Capitalism and Sexual Politics|website=Psychosozial-Verlag|language=de-DE|access-date=2018-09-22}}</ref>
*{{citation | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith| author1-mask = 3| contribution = Bodies that Still Matter | editor-last1 = Halsema| editor-first1 =Annemie | editor-last2 = Kwastek| editor-first2 =Katja | editor-last3 = van den Oever | editor-first3 =Roel |title = Bodies That Still Matter. Resonances of the Work of Judith Butler | pages = 177–195 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | year = 2021 | isbn = 9789463722940}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Sara |title=Interview with Judith Butler |journal=Sexualities |date=2016 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=482–492 |doi=10.1177/1363460716629607 |s2cid=147584494 |postscript=Interview on ''Gender Trouble'' and Butler's relation to the field of queer studies.|doi-access=free}}
* Burgos, Elvira. (2008). ''Qué cuenta como una vida. La pregunta por la libertad en Judith Butler''. Madrid: Antonio Machado. {{ISBN|978-8477747765}}
* Chambers, Samuel A. and Carver, Terrell. (2008). ''Judith Butler and Political Theory: Troubling Politics.'' New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-76382-7}}
* Cheah, Pheng. (1996). "Mattering". ''Diacritics,'' 26 (1), pp. 108–139.
* {{cite book|author=Karhu, Sanna|title=From Violence to Resistance: Judith Butler's Critique of Norms|publisher=University of Helsinki|year=2017|isbn=978-951-51-3647-3|type=Ph.D. thesis|url=http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-3648-0}}
* [[Vicki Kirby|Kirby, Vicki]]. (2006). ''Judith Butler: Live Theory.'' London: Continuum. {{ISBN|0-8264-6293-6}}
* Eldred, Michael. (2008). [http://www.arte-fact.org/mtphysfm.html 'Metaphysics of Feminism: A Critical Note on Judith Butler's ''Gender Trouble'''].
* {{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Adrienne|last2=Riley|first2=Sarah|last3=Shankar|first3=Avi|s2cid=145136872|year=2010|title=Technologies of sexiness: theorizing women's engagement in the sexualization of culture|journal=Feminism & Psychology|volume=20|pages=114–131|doi=10.1177/0959353509351854}}
* Halsema, Annemie; Kwastek, Katja; van den Oever, Roel (eds.). (2021). ''Bodies That Still Matter. Resonances of the Work of Judith Butler''. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
* {{Cite journal|last=Kulick|first=Don|author-link=Don Kulick|title=No|journal=Language & Communication|volume=23|issue=2|pages=139–151|doi=10.1016/S0271-5309(02)00043-5|date=April 2003}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227113248/https://humdev.uchicago.edu/sites/humdev.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/kulick/2003%20Kulick%20No.pdf Pdf.] Considers performativity from a linguistic perspective.
* López, Silvia. (2019). ''Los cuerpos que importan en Judith Butler''. Madrid: Dos Bigotes. {{ISBN|978-84-949674-2-9}}
* [[Bruno Perreau|Perreau, Bruno]]. (2004). ''Queer Theory: The French Response,'' Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-503-60044-7}}
* Salih, Sarah. (2004). ''The Judith Butler Reader.'' Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. {{ISBN|0-631-22594-3}}
* Salih, Sarah. (2002). ''Routledge Critical Thinkers: Judith Butler.'' New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-21519-6}}
* Schippers, Birgit. (2014). ''The Political Philosophy of Judith Butler.'' New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-52212-9}}
* Thiem, Annika. (2008). ''Unbecoming Subjects: Judith Butler, Moral Philosophy, and Critical Responsibility.'' New York: Fordham University Press. {{ISBN|0-8232-2899-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Judith Butler}}
{{Wikiquote|Judith Butler}}
* [https://complit.berkeley.edu/user/95 Biography] – [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* {{YouTube|8k91WwJIhl8|Avital Ronell, Judith Butler, Hélène Cixous}} approach the notion of affinity through a discussion of "Disruptive Kinship," co-sponsored by Villa Gillet and the School of Writing at The New School for Public Engagement.
* Interview of [http://www.newstatesman.com/2009/08/media-death-frames-war-obama Judith Butler about their new book] "Frames of War" on [[New Statesman]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706214522/http://www.barcelonametropolis.cat/en/page.asp?id=22&ui=449 Review of ''"Giving an Account of Oneself. Ethical Violence and Responsibility"''], by Judith Butler, [[Barcelona Metropolis]] Autumn 2010. {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/judith-p-butler-dlb/3.html "Dictionary of Literary Biography on Judith P. Butler (page 3)"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190423140627/https://rwm.macba.cat/en/sonia/judith_butler/capsula Interview with Judith Butler about politics, economy, control societies, gender and identity (2011)]
* {{YouTube|Rf4px4KyqbY|Judith Butler in conversation with Wesleyan University president Michael Roth}}

{{Continental philosophy}}
{{Feminist theory}}
{{Social philosophy}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|LGBT|Feminism|Judaism|California|Ohio|United States}}
{{Authority control}}

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The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon

2024-03-13T02:40:00Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Short description|American post-apocalyptic drama television series}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Walking Dead - Daryl Dixon logo.jpg
| alt_name = ''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon – The Book of Carol'' (season 2)
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
* [[Serial (radio and television)|Serial drama]]
* [[Zombie apocalypse]]
}}
| creator = [[David Zabel]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Walking Dead (comic book)|The Walking Dead]]''|[[Robert Kirkman]]|[[Tony Moore (artist)|Tony Moore]]|[[Charlie Adlard]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Norman Reedus]]
* [[Clémence Poésy]]
* Louis Puech Scigliuzzi
* Laïka Blanc-Francard
* [[Anne Charrier]]
* Romain Levi
* [[Adam Nagaitis]]
}}
| composer = [[Dave Sardy|David Sardy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/09/06/david-sardy-scoring-amcs-the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon/|title=David Sardy Scoring AMC's 'The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon'|website=Film Music Reporter|date=September 6, 2023|access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* French
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Scott M. Gimple]]
* [[Robert Kirkman]]
* David Alpert
* [[Gale Anne Hurd]]
* [[Angela Kang]]
* Brian Bockrath
* Jason Richman
* [[Daniel Percival (director)|Daniel Percival]]
* [[Greg Nicotero]]
* Norman Reedus
* David Zabel
}}
| producer =
| location = [[France]]
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 48–61 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* Idiot Box Productions
* [[Skybound Entertainment]]
* [[Valhalla Entertainment]]
* Circle of Confusion
* Remainder Men
* AMC Studios
}}
| budget =
| network = [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|9|10}}
| last_aired = {{End date|present}}
| related = ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]''
}}
'''''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon''''', or simply '''''Daryl Dixon''''', is an American [[post-apocalyptic]] [[Horror fiction|horror]] [[drama]] television series created by [[David Zabel]] for [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]], based on ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' [[Daryl Dixon|character of the same name]]. It is the fifth spin-off and overall sixth television series in [[The Walking Dead (franchise)|''The Walking Dead'' franchise]], sharing continuity with the other series and set after the conclusion of the original ''The Walking Dead'' television series.

In ''Daryl Dixon'', [[Norman Reedus]] reprises his role as [[Daryl Dixon]] from the original ''The Walking Dead'' series. Reedus stars alongside [[Clémence Poésy]], Louis Puech Scigliuzzi, Laïka Blanc-Francard, [[Anne Charrier]], Romain Levi and [[Adam Nagaitis]], all of whom portray new characters. Development of the series began in September 2020, and its title was announced in October 2022. Filming began in Paris that month, with additional casting taking place starting in November. The first season was planned to feature the character [[Carol Peletier]] under the series name ''The Walking Dead: Daryl & Carol'', but Carol was written out of the series due to logistical issues involving actress [[Melissa McBride]].

''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon'' premiered on September 10, 2023. Its first season consists of six episodes. In July 2023, ahead of the first season's release, the series was renewed for a second season. McBride appeared as Carol in the first season finale. The second season of the series will be titled '''''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon – The Book of Carol''''', and will feature McBride as a series regular in a return to the show's original concept. A third season is also in development.

==Premise==
Daryl washes ashore in France (the origin of the zombie virus<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elvy |first=Craig |date=February 21, 2023 |title=The Walking Dead's Zombie Outbreak Virus Origin Explained |url=https://screenrant.com/walking-dead-zombie-origin-virus-france-world-beyond/ |website=Screen Rant |access-date=July 26, 2023}}</ref>) and struggles to piece together how he got there and why. The series tracks his journey across a broken but resilient France as he hopes to find a way back home. As he makes the journey, though, the connections he forms along the way complicate his ultimate plan.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
* [[Norman Reedus]] as [[Daryl Dixon]]: A skilled hunter and former recruiter of Alexandria who was once a part of [[Rick Grimes]]' group on ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]''. After departing the Commonwealth, he is captured and taken across the Atlantic Ocean before arriving on the coast of France.<ref name="EWInterviewSeptember2022" />
* [[Clémence Poésy]] as Isabelle Carriere: A headstrong nun and member of a progressive religious group who encounters Daryl.<ref name="PoésyNagatis"/>
* Louis Puech Scigliuzzi as Laurent: A highly intelligent young boy who is viewed by a religious group as the future [[Messiah]] destined to lead humanity to a renewal. It's later revealed that he is Lily and Quinn's son as well as Isabelle's nephew.
* Laïka Blanc-Francard as Sylvie: A soft-spoken nun and friend of Isabelle. Flashbacks reveal that Sylvie was a student at the abbey when the apocalypse began and she was raised by the nuns after her parents had died in the initial outbreak.
* [[Anne Charrier]] as Marion Genet: The leader of ''Pouvoir des Vivants'' (Power of the Living), a paramilitary group of survivors in France.
* Romain Levi as Stéphane Codron: A high-ranking guerrier (warrior) for ''Pouvoir'' who develops a personal grudge against Daryl.
* [[Adam Nagaitis]] as Quinn (season 1): The British owner of an underground nightclub in Paris called the Demimonde who has become a powerful figure during the apocalypse.<ref name="PoésyNagatis"/> He is also Laurent's biological father.
* [[Melissa McBride]] as [[Carol Peletier]] (season 2; guest season 1): A hardened survivor and former member of Rick Grimes' group on ''The Walking Dead'' who begins searching for Daryl in America after losing contact with him.<ref name ="Season 2 Subtitle and Air Date"/>

===Recurring===
* François Delaive as Dr. Lafleur: The lead researcher for ''Pouvoir'' who experiments on walker variants.
* [[Eriq Ebouaney]] as Fallou Boukar: The leader of a small rooftop community in Paris that is part of ''Union de L'Espoir'' (Union of Hope), a resistance network working against ''Pouvoir''.
* Tristan Zanchi as Emile: A young member of Fallou's community who befriends Sylvie.
* Lukerya Ilyashenko as Anna Valery: A Russian singer at Demimonde and Quinn's girlfriend.

===Guest===
* Catherine Arditi as Véronique (season 1): The [[Abbess|Mother Superior]] at an abbey in southern France affiliated with the Union.
* Faustine Koziel as Lily Carriere (season 1): Isabelle's pregnant sister who appears in flashbacks set during the early days of the apocalypse.
* Kim Higelin as Lou (season 1): The de-facto leader of a group of children who live in an abandoned preschool.
* [[Dominique Pinon]] as Antoine (season 1): A member of Fallou's community who cares for a flock of [[Homing pigeon|messenger pigeons]].
* [[Paloma (drag queen)|Paloma]] as Coco: An entertainer at Demimonde.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paloma explains the Drag Race/Walking Dead crossover you never expected to see |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a44945496/daryl-dixon-drag-queen-paloma/ |website=Digital Spy |first=David |last=Opie |date=September 24, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Joel de la Fuente]] as Losang: The American leader of the Union of Hope from their main settlement at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]].



== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2023) ===
{{Episode table |background=#515445 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |viewers= |country=U.S. |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shows A-Z – walking dead, the: daryl dixon on amc |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/walking-dead-daryl-dixon/listings/ |access-date=July 22, 2023 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> |viewersR=<ref name="S1Ratings">{{cite web|url=https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-season-one-ratings/|title=The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon: Season One Ratings|website=TV Series Finale|date=September 12, 2023|access-date=September 12, 2023}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = L'âme Perdue
| RTitle = {{efn|[[French language|French]] for "The Lost Soul"<ref name="FrenchTitles">{{cite web |url=https://undeadwalking.com/2023/07/16/walking-dead-daryl-dixon-spinoff-release-date-more/ |title=Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon spinoff, release date, trailer & more |website=Undead Walking |first=Renee |last=Hansen |date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=September 23, 2023}}</ref>}}
| DirectedBy = [[Daniel Percival (director)|Daniel Percival]]
| WrittenBy = [[David Zabel]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|9|10}}
| Viewers = 0.631
| ShortSummary = [[Daryl Dixon]] washes ashore in [[France]] and sets out to return to America. He suffers an arm wound upon encountering a new walker variant called "burners". Near [[Marseille]], Daryl encounters Maribelle and her grandfather Guillaume. Henri and Michel, soldiers from a [[paramilitary]] group called ''Pouvoir des Vivants'' (Power of the Living), attack them and are killed before Maribelle and Guillaume rob Daryl and flee. The pair are caught by Michel's brother Codron, who kills Guillaume and seeks revenge on Daryl on the assumption he killed Michel. Isabelle, a nun for the ''Union de L'Espoir'' (Union of Hope), finds Daryl and takes him to her [[abbey]] for treatment. She introduces Daryl to Laurent, a young boy the Union believes is the [[Messiah]] destined to revive humanity; she believes Daryl is the messenger who must deliver Laurent to the Union contingent in [[Paris]]. He rejects the idea and leaves. Codron's men attack the abbey, killing most of the nuns, but Daryl returns and helps to fend off the assailants. Daryl agrees to help in exchange for Isabelle leading him to [[Le Havre]]. It's revealed that a ''Pouvoir'' ship transporting walker test subjects took Daryl from America, but he instigated a [[mutiny]], destroyed their research and escaped. Genet, the leader of ''Pouvoir'', orders that Daryl be found.
| LineColor = 515445
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Alouette
| RTitle = {{efn|French for "Lark"<ref name="FrenchTitles"/>}}
| DirectedBy = Daniel Percival
| WrittenBy = Jason Richman & David Zabel
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|9|17}}
| Viewers = 0.564
| ShortSummary = During the initial outbreak, Isabelle, a drug addict and thief, escapes from Paris with her boyfriend Quinn and her pregnant sister Lily; she ultimately abandons Quinn. Lily dies and gives birth as a walker to Laurent via emergency [[C-section]]. In the present, the group loses their mule and are captured by a group of children living in their old preschool with their dying teacher, Madame Dubois. Laurent makes friends with the children, who tell him the nuns are lying to him. Needing a horse, Daryl offers to get medicine for Dubois if one of the children, Lou, helps him raid a nearby castle owned by a man dubbed La Tarasque. Inside, Daryl confronts the man, revealed as an American from [[Texas]] named R.J. Gaines, and rescues a boy he has captured. Gaines falls into his own walker moat and is devoured, while the kids rescue Daryl. Meanwhile, Dubois has died, and Daryl encourages Lou to step up as their leader. Daryl's party leaves, but Laurent expresses frustration over secrets kept from him. Codron returns to the abbey where he finds Daryl's recorded message, a picture of Laurent and a map of the group's route to Paris.
| LineColor = 515445
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Paris Sera Toujours Paris
| RTitle = {{efn|French for "Paris Will Always Be Paris"<ref name="FrenchTitles"/>}}
| DirectedBy = [[Tim Southam]]
| WrittenBy = Coline Abert
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|9|24}}
| Viewers = 0.649
| ShortSummary = After a brief stop in [[Angers]], including a bizarre zombie orchestra performing ''[[Boléro]]'', Daryl's group finally reaches Paris. There, after a poignant encounter with a little girl – now a zombie – who used to be Isabelle's neighbor, they meet a community led by a man named Fallou. With their help, Daryl seeks out information on a ship that can return him to America, which leads the group to the Demimonde nightclub and a reunion with Isabelle's ex-boyfriend Quinn. Quinn reveals that he is Laurent's father and demands that Isabelle and Laurent stay with him in exchange for his help. Daryl rejects the deal and prepares to set out on his own after an argument with Isabelle, leading to Laurent running away after overhearing them. Codron meets with Genet, who agrees to let him lead the search for Daryl while her people continue experimenting with walkers. ''Pouvoir'' attacks Fallou's community and Isabelle searches for Laurent, while Daryl falls through a roof following a brutal fight with Codron.
| LineColor = 515445
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = La Dame de Fer
| RTitle = {{efn|French for "The Lady of Iron"<ref name="FrenchTitles"/>}}
| DirectedBy = Tim Southam
| WrittenBy = Shannon Goss
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|1}}
| Viewers = 0.719
| ShortSummary = Genet begins a search for Laurent, seeking to eliminate him as he is a symbol of hope to people. As part of this, Genet makes a deal with Quinn who seeks Laurent in order to get Isabelle back. After escaping from a flooded building, and having a dream that a praying Laurent is ignored by a mob of walkers, Daryl encounters Antoine who is killed by guerriers, but he helps the dying man to free his pigeons. Reuniting with Isabelle, Daryl tracks Laurent to the ruins of the [[Eiffel Tower]] where the boy nearly falls victim to a herd. During the rescue, Laurent is kidnapped by Quinn's men and taken to Demimonde. With the help of a captive, whom he tortures and later abandons to walkers, Daryl sneaks into the nightclub and rescues Laurent while Fallou and his people create a distraction. Daryl overpowers Quinn while Anna, disgruntled by Quinn's obsession with Isabelle, lets them go. Having fallen in love with Emile, Sylvie decides to stay in Paris with him while Isabelle decides to stay in order to get Quinn to help secure Daryl and Laurent passage out as Genet locks the city down. Daryl and Laurent leave Paris on a boat heading to the Nest, the Union's main base.
| LineColor = 515445
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Deux Amours
| RTitle = {{efn|French for "Two Loves"<ref name="FrenchTitles"/>}}
| DirectedBy = Daniel Percival
| WrittenBy = Jason Richman & David Zabel
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|8}}
| Viewers = 0.628
| ShortSummary = In [[Maine]], Daryl helps to capture walkers in exchange for fuel he needs to get home. He briefly makes contact with [[Carol Peletier|Carol]], who tells him someone has come back. After Juno murders a young man whom Daryl was mentoring, an altercation between the two causes them to be put on the ''Pouvoir'' ship; the two work together to escape, but Juno is torn apart by one of ''Pouvoir's'' test subjects who displays enhanced abilities similar to multiple variants. In the present, Isabelle struggles to adjust to being with Quinn again, even considering killing him with a knife, and receives a hidden message from Sylvie, Fallou, and Emile. Isabelle agrees to join a ''Pouvoir'' celebration with Quinn, only to have a jealous Anna betray them. Daryl, Laurent and Azlan continue their journey to the Nest, but Azlan is killed during a fight with several walkers. Before dying, he reveals that the Nest is at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], but Laurent cuts a rope and lets their boat float off, wishing to go to America with Daryl instead. The two and Quinn are captured by guerriers and Genet coerces Laurent into making a show of support at an event she holds, where Genet pits Daryl in a gladiator fight against one of her enhanced walkers, unaware that Sylvie, Fallou and Emile have infiltrated the event.
| LineColor = 515445
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Coming Home
| DirectedBy = Daniel Percival
| WrittenBy = Jason Richman & Laura Snow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|15}}
| Viewers = 0.688
| ShortSummary = After Daryl kills the walker, Daryl and Quinn, chained together, kill several enhanced walkers in the arena before Fallou kills the guerrier Genet ordered to shoot them. In the chaos that follows, the group escapes, with a bitten Quinn sacrificing himself to buy Daryl time, but he reanimates, forcing Laurent to put his biological father down with Daryl's encouragement. After going their separate ways from Fallou and Emile, Daryl's group resumes journeying towards [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], but are attacked by Genet's men. Unable to kill a child, Codron shoots the other guerriers instead, promising to get revenge on Daryl later. Upon his return, Genet deduces Codron's betrayal and has him tortured for information. Daryl's group finally reaches the Nest where they settle in. Daryl becomes conflicted between staying in France and returning to America. Union of Hope leader Losang arranges passage to Newfoundland for Daryl, who chooses to leave despite Isabelle's comparing his abandoning Laurent to Daryl's abandonment by his own father. At the [[Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial]], Daryl visits the grave of his grandfather, William T. Dixon, who died on [[D-Day]]. On [[Omaha Beach]], Daryl prepares to board a boat, but hesitates when he sees Laurent secretly followed him and has a herd of walkers closing in on him. Near [[Freeport, Maine]], Carol searches for Daryl, finding his motorcycle. After Carol captures its hostile rider, he directs Carol to where he found it.
| LineColor = 515445
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
The first through third episodes were written by Shannon Goss, Keith Staskiewicz, and [[Lisa Zwerling]], respectively; episodes four through six were written by Jason Richman and [[David Zabel]], with Laura Snow receiving story credit for episode six.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon'' |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1241513/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=[[Writers Guild of America West]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced in September 2020 by [[Angela Kang]] and [[Scott M. Gimple]]. Reedus and McBride signed on to reprise their respective roles from the television series.<ref name="SeriesAnnouncement">{{cite web |last=O'Dell |first=Johnny |title=Fourth Walking Dead Series Starring Norman Reedus & Melissa McBride Announced |url=https://www.skybound.com/shows/the-walking-dead/fourth-walking-dead-series-starring-norman-reedus-melissa-mcbride-announced |website=Skybound |date=September 9, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref>

In April 2022, McBride exited the series due to logistical reasons as the show was set to film in mid-2022 in Europe and it wasn't possible for McBride to be with the show with this setup. The series was reworked as a sole Daryl project.<ref name="McBrideExit">{{cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |title=Walking Dead Shocker: Melissa McBride Exits Daryl and Carol-Centric Spinoff |url=https://tvline.com/2022/04/27/melissa-mcbride-leaving-walking-dead-spinoff-daryl-and-carol/ |website=TVLine |access-date=April 27, 2022 |date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Days later, Kang had left the role of showrunner and was replaced by [[David Zabel]]. The deal had reportedly been sealed in recent weeks before McBride's exit from the show.<ref name="ZabelShowrunner">{{cite web |last=Rosy Cordero |first=Dominic Patten |title=Norman Reedus 'Walking Dead' Spinoff Adds David Zabel As New Showrunner; Angela Kang To Remain As EP |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/norman-reedus-walking-dead-spinoff-david-zabel-showrunner-angela-kang-ep-1235013516/ |website=Deadline |access-date=May 1, 2022 |date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> In October, the series was given the title ''Daryl Dixon''.<ref name="DarylDixonSeriesTitle">{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/walking-dead-daryl-spinoff-official-title-revealed/ |title=The Walking Dead's Daryl Spinoff Gets Official Title |website=ScreenRant |last=Laudenbach |first=Sarah |date=October 4, 2022 |accessdate=October 10, 2022}}</ref> In January 2023, it was announced that the series would be titled ''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon'' and premiere later in 2023.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.amcnetworks.com/press-releases/amc-networks-announces-premiere-timing-for-new-series-in-the-walking-dead-universe-and-reveals-first-look-at-fear-the-walking-deads-eighth-and-final-season/ |title=AMC Networks Announces Premiere Timing for New Series in The Walking Dead Universe and Reveals First Look at Fear the Walking Dead's Eighth and Final Season |publisher=AMC |date=January 10, 2023 |access-date=January 10, 2023}}</ref> In July 2023, ahead of the first season's release, the series was renewed for a second season.<ref name="Season 2 Renewal">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/walking-dead-spinoffs-dead-city-daryl-dixon-renewed-amc-1235540906/ |title='Walking Dead' Spinoffs 'Dead City,' 'Daryl Dixon' Renewed at AMC |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |date=July 21, 2023 |access-date=July 21, 2023}}</ref> The second season has the subtitle of ''The Book of Carol''.<ref name="Season 2 Subtitle and Air Date">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/melissa-mcbride-rejoins-walking-dead-spinoff-series-daryl-dixon-1235616914/ |title=Melissa McBride Returns to 'Walking Dead' Spinoff 'Daryl Dixon' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 12, 2023}}</ref> A third season was in development by February 2024.<ref name="Season 3 Set">{{cite web |url=https://bleedingcool.com/tv/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-season-3-set-the-ones-who-live-teaser/ |title='The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon Season 3 Set; "The Ones Who Live" Teaser |website=[[Bleeding Cool]] |first=Ray |last=Flook |date=February 10, 2024 |access-date=February 11, 2024}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
In September 2020, Kang was hired as showrunner after she had helmed the final three seasons of ''The Walking Dead''.<ref name="SeriesAnnouncement" />

In April 2022, Kang stepped down due to other commitments and Zabel took the role. Scripts were already being written by this time but needed to be reworked following McBride's departure.<ref name="McBrideExit" /> In September, in an interview with ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', Reedus explained that the series would be going an opposite direction from the main series having it being a completely different story from what we have already seen with Daryl.<ref name="EWInterviewSeptember2022">{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/tv/walking-dead-norman-reedus-daryl-spinoff/ |title=Norman Reedus says his Walking Dead spin-off will be 'f---ing epic' |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |last=Ross |first=Dalton |date=September 15, 2022 |accessdate=October 10, 2022}}</ref> The following month, Reedus said that there would be familiar faces from the main series in the spin-off.<ref name="FamiliarFaces">{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/the-walking-dead-norman-reedus-daryl-dixon-spinoff-carol-melissa-mcbride-familiar-faces/ |title=Daryl Dixon: Norman Reedus Teases "Familiar Faces" on TWD Spinoff |website=Comicbook.com |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=October 11, 2022 |accessdate=October 13, 2022}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In November 2022, [[Clémence Poésy]] and [[Adam Nagaitis]] were added to the main cast.<ref name="PoésyNagatis">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/walking-dead-daryl-dixon-spinoff-cast-clemence-poesy-adam-nagaitis-1235425380/ |title='Walking Dead's' Daryl Dixon Spinoff Casts Clémence Poésy, Adam Nagaitis |website=[[Variety (website)|Variety]] |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=November 7, 2022 |accessdate=November 8, 2022}}</ref> In February 2023, [[Anne Charrier]], [[Eriq Ebouaney]], Laïka Blanc-Francard, Romain Levi and Louis Puech Scigliuzzi were announced as additional cast members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvline.com/2023/02/10/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-spinoff-full-cast-first-photos/ |title=The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon: AMC Unveils Spinoff's Full Cast |website=TVLine |first=Charlie |last=Mason |date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> In June 2023, ''The Walking Dead'' alum [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]] indicated in a tweet that [[Melissa McBride]] would reprise her role as [[Carol Peletier]] in some capacity.<ref name="McBride">{{Cite web |last=Navarro |first=Meagan |date=June 22, 2023|title=Melissa McBride May Appear in "The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon" After All |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/tv/3766858/melissa-mcbride-may-appear-in-the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-after-all/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=Bloody Disgusting}}</ref> In October 2023, at [[New York Comic Con]], McBride was confirmed to return for the second season, as well as guest starring in the first season finale.<ref name="Season 2 Subtitle and Air Date"/>

In November 2023, [[Manish Dayal]] was confirmed to recur in the second season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=November 9, 2023|title=''Daryl Dixon'': Manish Dayal Joins Season 2 Cast Of Norman Reedus' ''Walking Dead'' Spinoff |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/daryl-dixon-manish-dayal-cast-season-2-norman-reedus-walking-dead-spinoff-1235598399/ |access-date=November 10, 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on October 24, 2022, in [[Paris]], [[France]].<ref name="FilmingStart">{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/norman-reedus-daryl-dixon-the-walking-dead-spin-off-show-begins-filming-paris-france/ |title=TWD: Daryl Dixon Begins Filming in France |website=Comicbook.com |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=October 24, 2022 |accessdate=November 7, 2022}}</ref> Filming on the second season had begun in Europe, continuing during the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]] due to an agreement between AMC and SAG-AFTRA to continue filming on the series.<ref name="SecondSeasonFilming">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/the-walking-dead-spinoffs-interview-with-a-vampire-to-resume-production-sag-aftra-deal-1235533050/ |title='The Walking Dead' Spinoffs & 'Interview With A Vampire' To Resume Production As AMC Networks Strikes Significant Agreements With SAG-AFTRA |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |last1=White |first1=Peter |last2=Rice |first2=Lynette |date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=August 31, 2023}}</ref> Filming for the second season wrapped on December 21, 2023.<ref name="DarylSecondSeasonFilmingWraps">{{cite web |url=https://undeadwalking.com/posts/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-wraps-season-2-cast-post-images |title=The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon wraps season 2, cast post images |website=Undead Walking |first=Renee |last=Hansen |date=December 22, 2023 |accessdate=December 23, 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series premiered on September 10, 2023, on [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] and [[AMC+]].<ref name="PremiereDate">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/walking-dead-daryl-dixon-september-premiere-date-amc-1235670535/ |title='Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon' Sets September Premiere Date at AMC |website=[[Variety (website)|Variety]] |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=July 14, 2023 |accessdate=July 15, 2023}}</ref> The second season, subtitled ''The Book of Carol'', will premiere in 2024.<ref name="Season 2 Subtitle and Air Date"/>

== Reception ==
''The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon'' has received positive reviews from critics, with several calling it the best ''Walking Dead'' content in years, although some noted its similarities to ''[[The Last of Us (TV series)|The Last of Us]]'' television series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/walking-dead-daryl-dixon-reviews-1235582116/ |title='Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon' Critic Reviews Strong Despite 'Last of Us' Comparisons |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=September 5, 2023 |accessdate=September 5, 2023}}</ref> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the first season has an approval rating of 71% based on 38 reviews with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critics consensus is, "Centering Norman Reedus' fan favorite character in a fresh setting, ''Daryl Dixon'' can be a wobbly shot across the crossbow but still gives ''The Walking Dead'' faithful plenty more to chew on."<ref name="RTS1">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_walking_dead_daryl_dixon/s01 |title=The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon (2023) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=November 11, 2023}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{Cite Metacritic|id=the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon|title=The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon|type=tv|season=1|access-date=November 11, 2023|publisher_hide=y}}</ref>

David Opie of ''[[Digital Spy]]'' gave it a 4/5 rating and called it "The best ''Walking Dead'' has been in ages".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a44862052/walking-dead-daryl-dixon-review/ |title=Walking Dead's Daryl Dixon spinoff review: The best Walking Dead has been in ages |website=[[Digital Spy]] |last=Opie |first=David |date=September 5, 2023 |accessdate=September 5, 2023}}</ref> Chase Hutchinson of ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]'' gave it a "B" rating and applauded Norman Reedus' "stoic performance" that has a "renewed energy to the character and making the spin-off worth watching" and that the series "focuses more on character and emotion rather than empty spectacle, giving the story a greater sense of depth."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-review/ |title='The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon' Review: Norman Reedus Gets His Own 'The Last of Us' |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=September 5, 2023 |accessdate=September 5, 2023}}</ref> Aaron Pruner of ''[[TheWrap]]'' gave it a positive review and noted [[Clémence Poésy]]'s "standout performance" and concluded that it "is a surprisingly gorgeous, soul-stirring, and riveting watch. Norman Reedus said they were making art with this show. And you know what? He wasn't lying."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon-review-amc-norman-reedus/ |title='The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon' Review: AMC Spin-Off Could Revive the Stale Franchise |website=[[TheWrap]] |last=Pruner |first=Aaron |date=September 5, 2023 |accessdate=September 5, 2023}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.amc.com/shows/the-walking-dead-daryl-dixon--1060742}}
* {{IMDb title|13062500}}

{{The Walking Dead}}
{{AMC Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon}}
[[Category:2020s American drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s American horror television series]]
[[Category:2023 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:AMC (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:American horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:American television spin-offs]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Horror drama television series]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic television series]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about viral outbreaks]]
[[Category:Television series based on Image Comics]]
[[Category:Television shows based on comics]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in France]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Paris]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in the United States]]
[[Category:Television shows set in France]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Paris]]
[[Category:The Walking Dead (franchise) television series|Daryl Dixon]]
[[Category:The Walking Dead (TV series)|Daryl Dixon]]
[[Category:Zombies in television]]

Colin Jost

2024-03-10T23:12:03Z

174.74.229.81: /* Career */

{{short description|American comedian, actor, and screenwriter}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Colin Jost
| image = Colin Jost at Citi Field, 2015.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Jost at [[Citi Field]] in 2015
| birth_name = Colin Kelly Jost
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|6|29|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| medium = {{hlist|[[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up]]|[[television]]|[[film]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Political satire|Political]]/[[news satire]]|[[observational comedy]]|[[sketch comedy]]|[[blue comedy]]|[[insult comedy]]|[[surreal humor]]}}
| subject = {{hlist|[[Mass media]]/[[news media]]/[[media studies|media criticism]]|[[politics of the United States|American politics]]|[[American culture]]|[[current events]]|[[popular culture|pop culture]]}}
| active = 2003–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Scarlett Johansson]]|October 2020}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|colinjost.com}}

}}

'''Colin Kelly Jost''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|oʊ|s|t}}; born June 29, 1982)<ref name=brownalumni>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/brownalumnimonth838brow/brownalumnimonth838brow_djvu.txt |title=The Classes | first1= Peter |last1=Mandel |first2= Cynthia|last2= Baher |date=May 1983|volume= 83|issue=8|page=58 |magazine=Brown Alumni Monthly |access-date=September 13, 2014|quote=Darnel A. Jost and his wife. Dr. Kerry Kelly '77 M.D., of Staten Island, N.Y., report the birth of their first child, Colin Kelly Jost, on June 29.}}</ref><ref name=tvg>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/colin-jost/642068/|title=Colin Jost|magazine=[[TV Guide]]|archive-date=January 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129003814/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/colin-jost/642068/}}</ref> is an American comedian, writer, and actor. Jost has been a staff writer for the [[NBC]] [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' since 2005, and co-anchor of ''[[Weekend Update]]'' since 2014. He also served as one of the show's co-head writers from 2012 to 2015 and later came back as one of the show's head writers in 2017 until 2022 alongside [[Michael Che]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ben |url=http://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2008/10/profile_colin_jost.html |title=Cover Story: Jost for Laughs |work=AWE |date=October 30, 2008 |access-date=August 19, 2010 |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121042708/https://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2008/10/profile_colin_jost.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/entertainment/snl-head-writer-join-cecily-strong-weekend-update-co-anchor-2D1198195|title='SNL' head writer to join Cecily Strong as 'Weekend Update' co-anchor|first=Gael Fashingbauer|last=Cooper|work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|The Today Show]]|date=January 23, 2014|access-date=January 23, 2014}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Abramovitch|first1=Seth|title=Colin Jost Steps Down as Head Writer at 'Saturday Night Live'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/colin-jost-steps-down-as-833276|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-date=May 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520051956/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/colin-jost-steps-down-as-833276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/12/saturday-night-live-colin-jost-michael-che-co-head-writers-of-nbc-series-1202225574/|title='Saturday Night Live': Colin Jost & Michael Che Named Co-Head Writers Of NBC Show|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=December 12, 2017|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222051516/https://deadline.com/2017/12/saturday-night-live-colin-jost-michael-che-co-head-writers-of-nbc-series-1202225574/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="S48E1">{{cite episode|title=Miles Teller/Kendrick Lamar|series=Saturday Night Live|season=48|number=1|network=NBC|date=October 1, 2022|time=Closing credits}}</ref>

==Early life==
Colin Jost was born and raised in [[New York City]] in the [[Grymes Hill, Staten Island|Grymes Hill]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.silive.com/entertainment/2017/11/colin_jost_was_here_10_classic.html | website = silive.com | title = SNL's Colin Jost before he was famous: 10 classic Staten Island Advance stories | date = November 19, 2017 | accessdate = January 19, 2019 | archive-date = January 19, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230901/https://www.silive.com/entertainment/2017/11/colin_jost_was_here_10_classic.html | url-status = live }}</ref> neighborhood of [[Staten Island]], the elder of two sons.<ref name=TVGuide>Fretts, Bruce (April 7, 2014). "Surely You Jost!". ''[[TV Guide]]''. p. 9.</ref><ref name= BostonGlobe>Zaino, Nick A. III (July 25, 2013). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater-art/2013/07/25/colin-jost-from-harvard-lampoon-saturday-night-live/N0T8TsJ7ZIXqsGtQPBhHEJ/story.html "Colin Jost, from Harvard Lampoon to 'SNL'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025190205/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater-art/2013/07/25/colin-jost-from-harvard-lampoon-saturday-night-live/N0T8TsJ7ZIXqsGtQPBhHEJ/story.html |date=October 25, 2017 }}. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/01/meet-colin-jost-saturday-night-liveweekend-update-new-co-anchor.html |title=Meet Colin Jost, SNL's New 'Weekend Update' Co-Anchor |last=Fox |first=Jesse David |work=Vulture.com |date=January 23, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412160024/https://www.vulture.com/2014/01/meet-colin-jost-saturday-night-liveweekend-update-new-co-anchor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother, Kerry J. Kelly, was the chief medical officer for the [[New York City Fire Department]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2018/03/16/fdny-head-medical-officer-retires-in-thelma-and-louise-style/|title=FDNY head medical officer retires in 'Thelma and Louise' style|date=March 16, 2018|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207053013/https://nypost.com/2018/03/16/fdny-head-medical-officer-retires-in-thelma-and-louise-style/|url-status=live}}</ref> and his father, Daniel A. Jost, is a former teacher at [[Staten Island Technical High School]].<ref>Friedman, Milly (February 24, 2014). [http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/snl-ready-jost-update-article-1.1628506 " 'Saturday Night Live' moves young comic Colin Jost into a 'Weekend Update' anchor chair"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203210547/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/snl-ready-jost-update-article-1.1628506 |date=February 3, 2018 }}. ''[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]'' (New York).</ref><ref>Bailey, Rob (March 1, 2014). [http://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_native_colin_jos_1.html "Staten Island native Colin Jost to make 'Weekend Update' debut on March 1's 'Saturday Night Live'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010060444/http://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_native_colin_jos_1.html |date=October 10, 2017 }}. [[silive.com]].</ref> He has one younger brother, Casey Jost, a writer and a producer of ''[[Impractical Jokers]]''; he also had a role in ''Staten Island Summer''.<ref name="usmagazine.com">{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Colin Jost and Michael Che: 25 Things You Don't Know About Us |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/colin-jost-michael-che-25-things-you-dont-know-about-us-w442445 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002214607/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/colin-jost-michael-che-25-things-you-dont-know-about-us-w442445 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Impractical Jokers' Invite 'SNL's Colin Jost to 'Dinner Party' in Sneak Peek (VIDEO) |date=November 24, 2020 |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/964170/impractical-jokers-dinner-party-colin-jost/ |access-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506030540/https://www.tvinsider.com/964170/impractical-jokers-dinner-party-colin-jost/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Raised [[Roman Catholic]], he attended [[Regis High School (New York City)|Regis High School]] in [[Manhattan]], where he was the editor of the [[school newspaper]] ''The Owl''.<ref name="usmagazine.com"/> He attended [[Harvard University]],<ref name=TVGuide/> majoring in history and literature, with a focus on [[Russian literature]] and [[British literature]], and wrote his senior thesis on [[Vladimir Nabokov]]. Jost graduated ''[[cum laude]]'' from Harvard in 2004.

While at Harvard, he was president of the ''[[Harvard Lampoon]]''.<ref name= BostonGlobe/><ref name= "NYDailyNews1.23.14">Ramisetti, Kirthana (January 23, 2014). [http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/colin-jost-ro-replace-seth-meyers-snl-article-1.1589290 "Colin Jost to replace Seth Meyers as 'Weekend Update' cohost on 'Saturday Night Live'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055027/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/colin-jost-ro-replace-seth-meyers-snl-article-1.1589290 |date=October 10, 2017 }}</ref> He also won $5,250 on a college edition of ''[[Weakest Link (U.S. game show)|Weakest Link]]'', but said he did not think he deserved to win.<ref>Martin, William C. (November 14, 2002). [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/11/14/junior-proves-strength-on-weakest-link/?page=single "Junior Proves Strength on 'Weakest Link'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129061813/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/11/14/junior-proves-strength-on-weakest-link/?page=single |date=November 29, 2021 }}. ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''. Accessed May 14, 2021.</ref>

==Career==
After graduation, Jost worked as a reporter and copy editor for the ''[[Staten Island Advance]]''. He was then hired as a writer for a short-lived Nickelodeon animated show, ''[[Kappa Mikey]]''. After he left that job, he sent in a writing packet to [[National Broadcasting Company|NBC]]'s ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', which gave him a writing position in 2005.<ref name=TVGuide/>

From 2009 to 2012, Jost was ''SNL''{{'}}s writing supervisor. He was co-head writer from 2012 to 2015, and regained that status from 2017 to 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/colin-jost-michael-che-head-writers-saturday-night-live|title=Saturday Night Live Makes Its Most Baffling Move Yet|first=Joanna|last=Robinson|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=December 13, 2017|access-date=January 28, 2018|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032412/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/colin-jost-michael-che-head-writers-saturday-night-live|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="S48E1"/> He often collaborated with fellow ''SNL'' co-head writer Rob Klein.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Brian |url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/tracy-morgan-set-for-id-theft |title=Tracy Morgan Set for ID Theft |publisher=MovieWeb |date=March 5, 2010 |access-date=July 30, 2012 |archive-date=June 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626100513/http://www.movieweb.com/news/tracy-morgan-set-for-id-theft |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the summer hiatus following the 2012–2013 season, executive producer [[Lorne Michaels]] asked Jost if he could do the ''[[Weekend Update]]'' feature<ref name=TVGuide/> because co-anchor [[Seth Meyers]] would soon be leaving to host ''[[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]''. Jost accepted and replaced Meyers on the March 1, 2014, episode.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/snl-names-new-weekend-update-673533 |title='SNL' Names New 'Weekend Update' Co-Anchor |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 23, 2014 |access-date=January 23, 2014}}</ref> Jost later broke Meyers' record for being the longest anchor in the history of the segment on the October 23, 2021 episode hosted by [[Jason Sudeikis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/snl-colin-jost-breaks-seth-meyers-weekend-update-record-1234861329/|title='SNL': Colin Jost Breaks Seth Meyers' Weekend Update Record|first=Peter|last=White|website=Deadline|date=October 24, 2021|accessdate=October 14, 2022|archive-date=October 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015031754/https://deadline.com/2021/10/snl-colin-jost-breaks-seth-meyers-weekend-update-record-1234861329/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jost names [[Norm Macdonald]] as a primary influence for his ''Update'' anchor work. Macdonald's tone was the one Jost grew up with in high school. He also names [[Tina Fey]] as an influence.<ref name=TVGuide/> In addition to ''Weekend Update'', Jost made a brief cameo appearance as [[Governor of Ohio|Ohio Governor]] [[John Kasich]] in a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential debate sketch.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band (cold open)|url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/gop-debate-cold-open/2957155|date=December 19, 2015|series=Saturday Night Live|season=41|website=NBC|access-date=July 2, 2016|language=en|archive-date=July 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705202322/http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/gop-debate-cold-open/2957155|url-status=live}}</ref> He later portrayed his friend [[Pete Buttigieg]] during the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]]<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Woody Harrelson, Billie Eilish (town hall sketch) |url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/dnc-town-hall/4039076 |access-date=October 16, 2021 |series=Saturday Night Live |network=NBC |date=September 28, 2019 |season=45 |language=en |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017040206/https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/dnc-town-hall/4039076 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|title=John Mulaney, David Byrne (cold open)|url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/coronavirus-cold-open/4124993|date=February 29, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2021|series=Saturday Night Live|season=45|network=NBC|language=en|archive-date=October 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017040213/https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/coronavirus-cold-open/4124993|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Roger Goodell]] during the [[2021 NFL season]].<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Rami Malek, Young Thug (cold open)|url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/football-press-conference-cold-open/757125862|access-date=October 17, 2021|series=Saturday Night Live|network=NBC|date=October 16, 2021|season=47|language=en|archive-date=October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018003702/https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/football-press-conference-cold-open/757125862|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jost has worked in multiple roles related to comedy. He has performed as a stand-up comedian, appearing on ''[[Late Night With Jimmy Fallon]]'', [[TBS (U.S. TV channel)|TBS]], and [[HBO]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cavin|first=Cory|url=http://www.latenightwithjimmyfallon.com/blogs/2011/01/check-out-comedian-colin-jost-tonight/|title=Check Out Comedian Colin Jost Tonight!|work=[[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]]|date=January 28, 2011|access-date=July 30, 2012|archive-date=February 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202173743/http://www.latenightwithjimmyfallon.com/blogs/2011/01/check-out-comedian-colin-jost-tonight/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was selected as a "New Face" at the [[Montréal]] [[Just for Laughs]] festival in 2009,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gadino |first=Dylan P. |url=http://www.laughspin.com/2010/07/16/just-for-laughs-feimster-lawrence-jost-impress-at-new-faces/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426110556/http://www.laughspin.com/2010/07/16/just-for-laughs-feimster-lawrence-jost-impress-at-new-faces/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 26, 2013 |title=Just For Laughs: Feimster, Lawrence, Jost impress at New Faces |publisher=LaughSpin |date=July 16, 2010 }}</ref> and has since appeared at the [[Chicago]] Just for Laughs festival in 2011 and 2012 and the Montréal festival again in 2010 and 2012. Jost has published four "Shouts and Murmurs" pieces in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine and has also contributed to ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', ''The Staten Island Advance'' and ''[[Radar (magazine)|Radar]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jost |first=Colin |url=https://www.newyorker.com/humor/2011/04/04/110404sh_shouts_jost |title=Explaining Your Time Warner Bill |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=April 4, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072740/http://www.newyorker.com/humor/2011/04/04/110404sh_shouts_jost |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote the screenplay of and played a minor role in the 2015 comedy film ''[[Staten Island Summer]]'', and he also had a minor role as Paul in the 2016 [[romcom]] feature ''[[How to Be Single]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2016/01/watch_colin_jost_dump_alison_b.html |title=Watch Colin Jost dump Alison Brie in 'How to be Single' trailer |access-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110093636/http://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2016/01/watch_colin_jost_dump_alison_b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2016, Jost opened for comedian Liam McEneaney's album recording at [[The Bell House (New York City)|The Bell House]] in [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-10 |title=Liam McEneaney: The New Album Recording, Colin Jost, Dave Hill, Rob Paravonian, and Support Acts TBA |url=https://donyc.com/events/2016/1/10/liam-mceneaney-the-new-album-recording-rob-paravonian-and-support-acts-tba |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=DONYC}}</ref> In late 2018, Jost and [[Green Bay Packers]] quarterback [[Aaron Rodgers]] appeared in an advertising campaign for [[Izod]].<ref name= "Izod">{{cite news |last=Palmieri |first=Jean E. |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/snl-colin-jost-aaron-rodgers-izod-commercials-1202784499/ |title=Parody Traditional Fashion Ads in New Izod Commercials |work=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=September 28, 2018 |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080056/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/snl-colin-jost-aaron-rodgers-izod-commercials-1202784499/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jost, along with [[Michael Che]], appeared on the March 4, 2019, episode of [[WWE]]'s ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]'', where both were announced as special correspondents for [[WrestleMania 35]]. In the March 4 episode, they got involved in a storyline with wrestler [[Braun Strowman]], which resulted in both Jost and Che becoming participants in the [[André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal]] at WrestleMania.<ref name="Raw03042019">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/03/04/3-4-powells-wwe-raw-tv-review-triple-hs-response-to-batista-attacking-ric-flair-charlotte-flair-wants-vince-mcmahon-to-name-her-the-raw-womens-champion-snl-weekend-update-hosts-appear-final/|title=3/4 Powell's WWE Raw TV Review: Triple H's response to Batista attacking Ric Flair, Charlotte Flair wants Vince McMahon to name her the Raw Women's Champion, SNL Weekend Update hosts appear, final hype for WWE Fastlane|date=March 4, 2019|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=March 5, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043915/https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/03/04/3-4-powells-wwe-raw-tv-review-triple-hs-response-to-batista-attacking-ric-flair-charlotte-flair-wants-vince-mcmahon-to-name-her-the-raw-womens-champion-snl-weekend-update-hosts-appear-final/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raw03252019">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/03/25/3-25-powells-wwe-raw-tv-review-ronda-rousey-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-face-riott-squad-in-beat-the-clock-challenge-matches-kurt-angle-vs-samoa-joe-the-penultimate-edition-before-wrestlem/|title=3/25 Powell's WWE Raw TV Review: Ronda Rousey, Becky Lynch, and Charlotte Flair face Riott Squad in Beat The Clock Challenge matches, Kurt Angle vs. Samoa Joe, the penultimate edition before WrestleMania 35|date=March 25, 2019|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=March 26, 2019|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090327/https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/03/25/3-25-powells-wwe-raw-tv-review-ronda-rousey-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-face-riott-squad-in-beat-the-clock-challenge-matches-kurt-angle-vs-samoa-joe-the-penultimate-edition-before-wrestlem/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the event, Jost and Che went under the ring for the majority of the match and then tried to eliminate Strowman while he was trying to do the same to [[the Hardy Boyz]]. Jost attempted to calm the situation by using his therapist, but Strowman chokeslammed him and eliminated the two comedians in quick succession, winning the battle royal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/wrestlemania-35/andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal-results|title=Braun Strowman won the sixth annual Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal|publisher=WWE|first=Anthony|last=Benigno|date=April 7, 2019|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=April 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409091731/https://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/wrestlemania-35/andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal-results|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2020, Jost released a memoir titled ''A Very Punchable Face: A Memoir''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Very Punchable Face: A Memoir|isbn=978-1101906323|last1=Jost|first1=Colin|year=2020|publisher=Crown }}</ref> The book was well received and appeared on the ''New York Times Bestseller List''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Very Punchable Face|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/74403705-a-very-punchable-face|access-date=August 12, 2020|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Scarlett Johansson & Colin Jost Cannes 2023.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Jost and [[Scarlett Johansson]] in 2023]]
Jost was dormmates with [[United States Secretary of Transportation|Secretary of Transportation]] [[Pete Buttigieg]] while the two lived in [[Leverett House]] at Harvard.<ref name=dorm-mates>{{cite web |last1=Merica |first1=Dan |title=From Harvard to SNL: How Pete Buttigieg and Colin Jost are crossing paths 15 years later |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/26/politics/pete-buttigieg-colin-jost-snl-harvard/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=October 28, 2019 |date=October 26, 2019 |archive-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027172746/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/26/politics/pete-buttigieg-colin-jost-snl-harvard/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Jost donated money to Buttigieg's [[2015 South Bend mayoral election|mayoral reelection campaign]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Buttigieg to be a guest on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" Thursday |url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/politics/buttigieg-to-be-a-guest-on-late-night-with-seth/article_0a7ddd5e-55e9-11e7-9e6d-3388cc8e22ba.html |publisher=South Bend Tribune |access-date=September 7, 2019 |date=June 7, 2017 |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407123233/https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/politics/buttigieg-to-be-a-guest-on-late-night-with-seth/article_0a7ddd5e-55e9-11e7-9e6d-3388cc8e22ba.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blasko |first1=Erin |title=Buttigieg fattens war chest in mayoral campaign |url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/politics/buttigieg-fattens-war-chest-in-mayoral-campaign/article_95bf9424-d415-5016-86d2-ccc38082242d.html |publisher=South Bend Tribune |access-date=September 7, 2019 |date=October 17, 2015 |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921055959/https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/politics/buttigieg-fattens-war-chest-in-mayoral-campaign/article_95bf9424-d415-5016-86d2-ccc38082242d.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, during [[Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign|Buttigieg's presidential campaign]], Jost portrayed Buttigieg in the [[Saturday Night Live (season 45)|45th season of ''SNL'']].<ref name=dorm-mates/><ref>{{cite web |title='Saturday Night Live' jumps right back into politics in season premiere |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/arts/2019/09/29/saturday-night-live-jumps-into-politics-season-premiere |publisher=Boston.co. |access-date=October 7, 2019 |date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007154336/https://www.boston.com/culture/arts/2019/09/29/saturday-night-live-jumps-into-politics-season-premiere |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jost is married to actress [[Scarlett Johansson]], whom he met during one of her many occasions hosting SNL.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-06-12 |title=Scarlett Johansson Reveals the Real Secret Behind Her Happy Marriage to Colin Jost |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a30823727/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-relationship-timeline/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |magazine=Harper's BAZAAR |language=en-US}}</ref> They began a relationship in May 2017<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-red-carpet-photos_us_5a21787be4b0a02abe90d1ee |title=Introducing ScarJost: Scarlett Johansson And Colin Jost Go Public |last=Sieczkowski |first=Cavan |date=December 1, 2017 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=May 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517210100/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-red-carpet-photos_us_5a21787be4b0a02abe90d1ee|archive-date=May 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and in May 2019 the two were engaged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.people.com/movies/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-engaged/ |title=Scarlett Johansson and SNL's Colin Jost Are Engaged After Two Years of Dating |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Karen |last=Mizoguchil |date=May 19, 2019 |access-date=May 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520081855/https://people.com/movies/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-engaged/ |archive-date=May 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> They married in October 2020, at their New York home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-marry-private-ceremony-snl-black-widow-b1432035.html|title=Scarlett Johansson and Colin Jost marry in private ceremony|date=October 29, 2020|first=Clémence|last=Michallon|work=The Independent|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031201501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-wedding-married-ceremony-snl-black-widow-b1432246.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Johansson gave birth to their son in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=VanHoose|first1=Benjamin|last2=Leonard|first2=Elizabeth|url=https://people.com/parents/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-welcome-first-baby-together/|title=Scarlett Johansson and Husband Colin Jost Welcome First Baby Together|work=People|date=August 18, 2021|access-date=August 18, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818211717/https://people.com/parents/scarlett-johansson-colin-jost-welcome-first-baby-together/|archive-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> Jost is also stepfather to Johansson's daughter from a previous marriage.

Jost, along with fellow ''SNL'' comedian [[Pete Davidson]], has also purchased a decommissioned [[Staten Island Ferry]] boat.<ref name="cnn/2023/07/03/davidson-jost-ferry">{{cite news |last1=France |first1=Lisa Respers |title=Pete Davidson jokes he and Colin Jost are in the 'hole' after buying ferry boat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/03/entertainment/pete-davidson-colin-jost-ferry/index.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=CNN |date=3 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713015355/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/03/entertainment/pete-davidson-colin-jost-ferry/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="usatoday/2023/06/15/70326334007">{{cite news |title=Colin Jost says he was 'actually stone-cold sober' when buying ferry with Pete Davidson |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/06/15/colin-jost-shares-ferry-update-bought-with-pete-davidson/70326334007/ |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=USA TODAY |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115954/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/06/15/colin-jost-shares-ferry-update-bought-with-pete-davidson/70326334007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="deadline.com/1235410114">{{cite news |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |title=Pete Davidson Hopes Staten Island Ferry He Bought With Colin Jost "Turns Into A Transformer" So He "Can Stop Paying For It" |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/pete-davidson-staten-island-ferry-bought-colin-jost-turns-into-transformer-1235410114/ |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Deadline.com |date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614235355/https://deadline.com/2023/06/pete-davidson-staten-island-ferry-bought-colin-jost-turns-into-transformer-1235410114/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Staten Island Summer]]''
| Officer Greg Callahan
| Also writer
|-
| 2016
| ''[[How to Be Single]]''
| Paul
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Tom & Jerry (2021 film)|Tom & Jerry]]''
| Ben
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Coming 2 America]]''
| Calvin Duke
|
|-
| N/A
| ''Worst Man''
|
| Also writer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |title=Colin Jost and Pete Davidson to Star in Wedding Comedy 'Worst Man' for Universal (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/colin-jost-pete-davidson-comedy-worst-man-universa-1234637633/ |access-date=March 4, 2021 |work=Variety |date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617220725/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/colin-jost-pete-davidson-comedy-worst-man-universa-1234637633/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Weakest Link (U.S. game show)|Weakest Link]]''
| Himself
| Contestant<ref>{{cite web |last=Kurp |first=Josh |title=Colin Jost Was A Contestant On 'The Weakest Link' In 2002 |url=https://uproxx.com/tv/colin-jost-was-a-contestant-on-the-weakest-link-in-2002/ |website=Uproxx |access-date=March 7, 2019 |date=December 17, 2014 |archive-date=March 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003000/https://uproxx.com/tv/colin-jost-was-a-contestant-on-the-weakest-link-in-2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2005–present
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Himself, Various
| Also writer
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kappa Mikey]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Writer 7 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday]]''
| Himself
| 3 episodes; also writer
|-
| 2018
| ''[[75th Golden Globe Awards]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Writer
|-
| 2018
| ''[[70th Primetime Emmy Awards]]''
| Himself (host)
| TV special
|-
|-
| 2019
|''[[WWE Raw]]''
| Himself
| Special guest (2 episodes)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2019-03-04/article/michael-che-colin-jost-special-guests-monday-night-raw|title=SNL "Weekend Update" hosts Michael Che & Colin Jost to be special guests on Raw|website=WWE|author=|date=March 3, 2019|access-date=March 4, 2019|archive-date=March 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304001939/https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2019-03-04/article/michael-che-colin-jost-special-guests-monday-night-raw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raw03042019"/><ref name="Raw03252019"/>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[WrestleMania 35]]''
| Himself
| Special guest
|-
| 2020
| ''Impractical Jokers: Dinner Party''
| Himself
| Episode: "The Childhood Meals Episode"
|-
| 2021
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''
| Himself
| 1 episode
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Impractical Jokers]]''
| Himself
| 1 episode
|-
| 2022
| ''[[That Damn Michael Che]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Black Mediocrity"
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Kardashians]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Life from New York"
|}

==Bibliography==
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2018}}

* {{cite magazine  |date=April 4, 2011 |title=Explaining your Time Warner bill |department=Shouts & Murmurs |magazine =The New Yorker |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=33 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/humor/2011/04/04/110404sh_shouts_jost }}
* {{cite magazine  |title=A few more bank security questions |department=Daily Shouts |magazine =The New Yorker |date=July 13, 2012 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/humor/daily-shouts/a-few-more-bank-security-questions }}
* {{cite magazine  |title=Olympic story lines to watch |department=Daily Shouts |magazine =The New Yorker |date=July 16, 2012 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/humor/daily-shouts/olympic-story-lines-to-watch }}
* {{cite magazine  |date=January 28, 2013 |title=Automatic reply |department=Shouts & Murmurs |magazine =The New Yorker |volume=88 |issue=45 |pages=30 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/28/automatic-reply }}
* {{cite magazine  |date=February 9, 2015 |title=I will slap you |department=Shouts & Murmurs |magazine =The New Yorker |volume=90 |issue=47 |pages=29 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/will-slap }}
* ''A Very Punchable Face: A Memoir''. Crown. {{ISBN|1101906324}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jost|first=Colin|title=A Very Punchable Face: A Memoir|publisher=Crown|year=2020|isbn=978-1101906323}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 2007
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2006|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2008
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series|Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2008|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Peabody Award]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/from-snl-and-youtube-to-cbs-and-cnn-peabody-awards-handed-out-to-36_b28472 |title=From SNL and YouTube to CBS and CNN: Peabody Awards Handed Out To 36 |publisher=TVNewser |date=May 18, 2009 |access-date=July 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104203555/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/from-snl-and-youtube-to-cbs-and-cnn-peabody-awards-handed-out-to-36_b28472 |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series|Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2009|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2010|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series|Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2011|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2012|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special]]
| ''[[Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday]]''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2014
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2013|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (including talk) series]]<ref name=wga>{{cite press release| title=2014 Writers Guild Awards Winners Announced| url=http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5399| publisher=Writers Guild of America| date=February 1, 2014| access-date=August 7, 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232306/http://wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5399| archive-date=July 1, 2014| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2015
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2014|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series]]<ref name="WGA2015">{{cite news|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='Game of Thrones,' 'True Detective,' 'Transparent' Lead WGA TV Nominations|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/writers-guild-tv-nominations-modern-family-true-detective-game-of-thrones-transparent-1201370582/|access-date=January 7, 2014|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 4, 2014|archive-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226114930/https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/writers-guild-tv-nominations-modern-family-true-detective-game-of-thrones-transparent-1201370582/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2015|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='The Martian,' 'Straight Outta Compton' Land Writers Guild Nominations|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/martian-straight-outta-compton-writers-guild-nominations-1201672993/|access-date=January 6, 2016|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 6, 2016|language=en-US|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107064202/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/martian-straight-outta-compton-writers-guild-nominations-1201672993/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]<ref name="Emmys 16">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-emmys-2016-nominees-winners-list-20160714-snap-story.html|title=Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards|last=Lewis|first=Dave|date=July 14, 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 14, 2016|archive-date=July 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714190232/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-emmys-2016-nominees-winners-list-20160714-snap-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2016|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series]]<ref name="WGA 2017">{{cite web|last1=Petski|first1=Denise|title=WGA TV Nominations: 'The Americans', 'Stranger Things', 'Westworld', 'This Is Us' Among Nominees|url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/wga-tv-nominations-the-americans-stranger-things-this-is-us-westworld-1201864546/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=December 5, 2016|access-date=December 7, 2016|archive-date=December 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206160105/http://deadline.com/2016/12/wga-tv-nominations-the-americans-stranger-things-this-is-us-westworld-1201864546/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]<ref name="Emmys 17">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/2017-emmy-nominees-list-nominations-1202494465/|title=Emmys 2017: Full List of Nominations|author=|date=July 13, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 13, 2017|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626194627/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/2017-emmy-nominees-list-nominations-1202494465/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2017|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series]]<ref name="WGA 2018">{{cite web|last1=Pedersen|first1=Erik|title=WGA Awards: Top TV Noms Include 'Handmaid's Tale', 'Stranger Things', 'The Americans', 'GLOW'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/12/wga-awards-tv-nominations-handmaids-tale-stranger-things-game-of-thrones-veep-curb-your-enthusiasm-1202222045/|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=December 13, 2017|date=December 7, 2017|archive-date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053529/http://deadline.com/2017/12/wga-awards-tv-nominations-handmaids-tale-stranger-things-game-of-thrones-veep-curb-your-enthusiasm-1202222045/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2017|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series]]<ref name="WGA 2018"/>
| ''Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-emmy-nominations-list-see-all-the-nominees-1110785|title=Emmys: Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 12, 2018|access-date=July 12, 2018|archive-date=January 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127050308/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-emmy-nominations-list-see-all-the-nominees-1110785|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2018|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series]]<ref name="WGA 2019">{{cite web|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title=Writers Guild Awards Announces 2019 TV Nominees|url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/awards/writers-guild-awards-tv-nominations-handmaids-tale-succession-1203082582/|website=Variety|date=December 6, 2018|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=December 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221023837/https://variety.com/2018/tv/awards/writers-guild-awards-tv-nominations-handmaids-tale-succession-1203082582/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]]<ref name="Emmys 19">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/arts/television/emmy-nominations-list.html |title=Here's a Full List of the 2019 Emmy Nominations |work=The New York Times |first=Sara |last=Aridi |date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195941/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/arts/television/emmy-nominations-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2020
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2019|Writers Guild of America Award for Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pedersen |first1=Erik |title=WGA Sets Writers Guild Awards 2019–20 Timeline |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/wga-awards-2020-timeline-nominations-72nd-annual-writers-guild-awards-1202650786/ |access-date=July 24, 2019 |publisher=Deadline Hollywood |date=July 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141239/https://deadline.com/2019/07/wga-awards-2020-timeline-nominations-72nd-annual-writers-guild-awards-1202650786/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ''Saturday Night Live''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|1906042}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Saturday Night Live writers|SNL Head Writer]] with [[Seth Meyers]]|before=Seth Meyers|after=himself (with Rob Klein and Bryan Tucker)|years=2012–14}}
{{succession box|title=SNL Head Writer (with Rob Klein and Bryan Tucker)|before=Seth Meyers and himself| after=Rob Klein and Bryan Tucker |years=2014–15}}
{{succession box|title=''[[Weekend Update]]'' anchor with [[Cecily Strong]] |with = Michael Che|before=Seth Meyers and Cecily Strong|after=Incumbent|years=March 1 – May 17, 2014 September 27, 2014 – present}}
{{succession box|title=SNL Head Writer (with [[Michael Che]], [[Bryan Tucker]], and Kent Sublette)|before=Chris Kelly, Sarah Schneider, Bryan Tucker, and Kent Sublette|years=December 16, 2017 – May 19, 2018|after=himself (with Michael Che and Kent Sublette)}}
{{succession box|title=SNL Head Writer (with Michael Che, and Kent Sublette)|before=Himself, Michael Che, Bryan Tucker, and Kent Sublette|years=September 29, 2018 – May 9, 2020|after=Himself (with Michael Che, Kent Sublette, and [[Anna Drezen]])}}
{{succession box|title=SNL Head Writer (with Michael Che, Kent Sublette, and [[Anna Drezen]])|before=Himself, Michael Che, and Kent Sublette|years=October 3, 2020 – December 18, 2021|after=Himself (with Michael Che, Kent Sublette, [[Alison Gates]], and [[Streeter Seidell]])}}
{{succession box|title=SNL Head Writer (with Michael Che, Kent Sublette, [[Alison Gates]], and [[Streeter Seidell]])|before=Himself, Michael Che, Kent Sublette, and Anna Drezen|years=January 15 – May 21, 2022|after= Kent Sublette, Alison Gates, and Streeter Seidell}}

{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jost, Colin}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American comedy writers]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American male television writers]]
[[Category:American sketch comedians]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Comedians from Staten Island]]
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Grymes Hill, Staten Island]]
[[Category:Regis High School (New York City) alumni]]
[[Category:The Harvard Lampoon alumni]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:Writers from Staten Island]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from New York City]]
[[Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners]]

Krist Novoselic

2024-03-09T23:38:03Z

174.74.229.81: /* In other media */

{{short description|American rock musician (born 1965)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office = Member of the Board of the [[Forward Party (United States)|Forward Party]]
| term_start = {{start date|2023|05|30}}
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Leader of the [[Forward Party (United States)|Forward Party]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| term_start1 = May 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Chris Vance (politician)|Chris Vance]]
| successor1 =
| birth_place = [[Compton, California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = {{ubl|[[Forward Party (United States)|Forward]] (since 2023)|[[Independent voter|Independent]] (before 2023)}}
| otherparty =
| spouse = {{Plainlist| *{{marriage|Shelli Hyrkas |1989|1999|end=divorced}} {{marriage|Darbury Stenderu |2004}} }}
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|songwriter|film director|activist}}
| image = Krist Novoselic.jpg
| caption = Novoselic in 2011
| birth_name = Krist Anthony Novoselic
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|5|16}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Washington State University]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Grunge]]
* [[hard rock]]
* [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
* [[alternative rock]]
* [[punk rock]]
* [[hardcore punk]]
* [[post-punk]]
* [[sludge metal]]
* [[cowpunk]]
}}
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Bass guitar
* vocals
* guitar
* accordion
}}
| current_member_of = {{flatlist|
* [[3rd Secret]]
}}
| past_member_of = {{flatlist|
* [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
* [[Sweet 75]]
* [[The No WTO Combo]]
* [[Flipper (band)|Flipper]]
* [[Eyes Adrift]]
* [[Filthy Friends]]
* [[Giants in the Trees]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Krist Anthony Novoselic''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|oʊ|v|oʊ|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|ɪ|k}}; {{Lang-hr|Novoselić}}; born May 16, 1965) is an American [[musician]] and [[activist]]. Novoselic co-founded the [[rock music|rock]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and played bass for the band.

Novoselic and [[Kurt Cobain]] formed the band Nirvana in 1987 along with drummer [[Aaron Burckhard]], whom they recruited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirvana About Nirvana - Official Nirvana Website |url=https://www.nirvana.com/about/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Nirvana |language=en-US |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818221247/https://www.nirvana.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Through the late 1980s, Nirvana established themselves as part of the Seattle [[grunge]] scene. In 1989, the band released its debut album, ''[[Bleach (Nirvana album)|Bleach]]''. Nirvana released their second studio album ''[[Nevermind]]'' in 1991. The band achieved worldwide fame through the success of ''Nevermind'' and the lead track off the album, "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]". The band's third studio album, ''[[In Utero]]'' (1993), was also a major success. Nirvana abruptly ended in 1994 following the [[Suicide of Kurt Cobain|death of Kurt Cobain]]. Novoselic has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Nirvana, and has also received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the band.

After Nirvana disbanded, Novoselic formed [[Sweet 75]] in 1995 and [[Eyes Adrift]] in 2002, releasing one album with each band.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novoselic.com/articles/sweet75.html|title=Life After Nirvana For Krist Novoselic - Page 1|website=www.novoselic.com|access-date=June 1, 2017|archive-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913015313/http://www.novoselic.com/articles/sweet75.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/novoselic-focuses-on-eyes-adrift-20020827|title=Novoselic Focuses on Eyes Adrift|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162141/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/novoselic-focuses-on-eyes-adrift-20020827|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 2006 to 2009, he played in the [[punk rock]] band [[Flipper (band)|Flipper]], and in 2011 he contributed bass and accordion to the song "I Should Have Known" on the [[Foo Fighters]]' studio album ''[[Wasting Light]]''. Since 2017, he has played bass and accordion for the band [[Giants in the Trees]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/giantsinthetrees/about/|title=Giants in the Trees Facebook|publisher=Facebook|access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/foo-fighters-375-1290502|title=Dave Grohl teams up with Nirvana's Krist Novoselic on new Foo Fighters album - NME|date=October 27, 2010|work=NME|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

Outside of music, Novoselic has been active politically. From 2007 through 2010, he wrote a weekly column on music and politics for the ''[[Seattle Weekly]]'' website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/reverb/krist_novoselic/|title=Novoselic's Blog on SeattleWeekly.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180126/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/reverb/krist_novoselic/|archive-date=October 2, 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/reverb/krist_novoselic/|title=Reverb – "Krist Novoselic" Archives – Seattle Weekly|publisher=Blogs.seattleweekly.com|access-date=July 18, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006203927/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/reverb/krist_novoselic/|archive-date=October 6, 2009}}</ref> Novoselic has served on the board of the [[electoral reform]] organization [[FairVote]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://news.asu.edu/20200504-nirvana-co-founder-krist-novoseli%C4%87-named-board-chair-z%C3%B3calo-public-square|title=Nirvana co-founder Krist Novoselić named board chair of Zócalo Public Square|date=May 4, 2020|website=ASU News}}</ref> and has served as its chair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/krist-novoselic-fairvote-proportional-representation-104781|title=Novoselic plays for proportional vote|first=Patrick|last=Gavin|date=March 18, 2014|website=POLITICO}}</ref> In 2020, he became board chair of Zócalo Public Square. He joined the [[Forward Party (United States)|Forward Party]] in 2023 and became the party's leader in Washington after the resignation of [[Chris Vance (politician)|Chris Vance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oxley |first=Dyer |date=2023-05-25 |title=Vance out, Novoselic in: Forward Party gets Washington state switch up |url=https://www.kuow.org/stories/forward-party-gets-some-washington-state-leadership-switchups |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.kuow.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Krist Anthony Novoselic was born in [[Compton, California]], on May 16, 1965, the son of [[Croatian Americans|Croatian]] immigrants Kristo Novaselić and Marija Mustać.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.index.hr/xmag/clanak/krist-novoselic-ne-vjeruje-bushu/114008.aspx|title=Krist Novoselic ne vjeruje Bushu|publisher=index|work=index.hr|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tportal.hr/showtime/glazba/24409/Nirvanin-basist-hrvatskog-porijekla-duboko-u-politici.html|title=Nirvanin basist hrvatskog porijekla duboko u politici|publisher=tportal|work=tportal.hr|language=hr}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.zadarskilist.hr/clanci/17042010/novaselici-nismo-ni-sanjali-da-ce-nam-sin-postati-rock-zvijezda|title=Novaselići: Nismo ni sanjali da će nam sin postati rock zvijezda!|publisher=[[Zadarski list]]|work=zadarskilist.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Kristo was a native of Veli Iž on the [[List of islands of Croatia|island]] of [[Iž]] while Marija originates from [[Privlaka, Zadar County|Privlaka]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zadarski.slobodnadalmacija.hr/zadar-plus/clanak/id/567416/legendarni-glazbenik-o-odrastanju-u-zadru-skolovanju-u-gimnaziji-jurja-barakovica-veloiskim-i-privlackim-korijenima|title=Legendarni glazbenik o odrastanju u Zadru, školovanju u Gimnaziji "Jurja Barakovića", veloiškim i privlačkim korijenima...|publisher=Zadarski.hr|work=zadarski.slobodnadalmacija.hr|language=hr|date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> The original Croatian surname of Novaselić was mistakenly changed to Novoselic by a clerk when Kristo was applying for a passport to go to America.<ref name="auto" /> Novoselic lived in Compton for one year before his parents moved to the ethnically Croatian [[Los Angeles]] neighborhood of [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]]. His first language is [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plitvicetimes.com/krist-novoselic-feel-close-croatian-heritage-im-american/|title=KRIST NOVOSELIĆ I feel close to my Croatian heritage, but I'm an American|date=February 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://serviette.ca/audio/interviews/mp3/media/krist2.mp3 |title=Interview with Krist Novoselic – Audio file |access-date=November 17, 2006 |archive-date=June 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620164033/http://serviette.ca/audio/interviews/mp3/media/krist2.mp3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has a younger brother, Robert (born 1968), and a younger sister, Diana (born 1973). In 1979, his family relocated to [[Aberdeen, Washington]], due to surging real estate costs in California. In 1980, his parents sent him to live with relatives in [[Zadar]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatia]].<ref name="Younger">{{cite web|url=http://www.novoselic.com/younger.php|title=Novoselic Dedication Page|publisher=novoselic.com|access-date=July 18, 2009|archive-date=May 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512160533/http://www.novoselic.com/younger.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> He returned to Aberdeen in 1981. His earliest memory of listening to music is listening to [[Chuck Berry]] with his father. Growing up, he had a severe [[Malocclusion|underbite]], for which he underwent corrective surgery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kristnovoselicescalators.tumblr.com/post/142188663820/novoselic-91-i-had-started-reading-michael|title=Walk on escalators with Krist Novoselic — Novoselic '91 I had started reading Michael...|website=Walk on escalators with Krist Novoselic|date=April 2016|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref>

Novoselic was interested in bands such as [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[The Who]], [[Van Halen]], [[Devo]], and [[Aerosmith]]. He also enjoyed listening to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]] bands such as [[Zabranjeno Pušenje]], [[Prljavo kazalište]] and [[Azra]].<ref name="auto"></ref> He became interested in [[punk rock]], and discovered bands such as the [[Sex Pistols]] and the [[Ramones]] when he lived in Croatia at the age of 14 for one year.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://music.aol.com/artist/krist-novoselic/110291/biography|title=Krist Novoselic Biography – AOL Music|publisher=Music.aol.com|date=May 16, 1965|access-date=July 18, 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goalweb.com/nirvana2/101_random_facts.htm|title=101 Random Facts|website=www.goalweb.com|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> He has cited [[Paul McCartney]], [[Geezer Butler]], [[John Entwistle]], and [[Gene Simmons]] as fundamental influences of his bass playing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Novoselic|first=Krist|url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2008/01/krist_novoselic_my_favorite_ba.php|title=The Daily Weekly: Krist Novoselic: My Favorite Bass Players (Seattle Weekly)|publisher=Blogs.seattleweekly.com|access-date=July 18, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824080836/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2008/01/krist_novoselic_my_favorite_ba.php|archive-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref>

Novoselic's brother Robert introduced him to his friend [[Kurt Cobain]], who had noticed loud music coming from upstairs in the Novoselic household. Robert told Cobain that it was his older brother, who listened to [[punk rock]]. Cobain eventually befriended the older Novoselic, as the pair had similar musical tastes, including a fondness for local band [[Melvins]]. The two had several mutual friends and began hanging out shortly thereafter. Krist attended [[Aberdeen High School (Washington)|Aberdeen High School]] while Kurt attended high school in nearby [[Montesano, Washington|Montesano]]. At one point, Cobain gave Novoselic a [[Demo (music)|demo tape]] of his former band [[Fecal Matter (band)|Fecal Matter]], and asked him to form a band together. After several months, Novoselic finally listened to the tape, liked it, and agreed to start a band with Cobain.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/nirvana/biography|title=Nirvana Biography|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> After high school, Novoselic worked as a painter and decorator but was eventually laid off.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wattpad.com/301062129-nirvana-facts-krist-novoselic|title=Nirvana FACTS - Krist Novoselic - Wattpad|website=www.wattpad.com|access-date=June 11, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Career ==

===Nirvana (1987–1994)===
{{Main|Nirvana (band)}}
Cobain and Novoselic's first band lasted barely a few weeks before it disbanded, leaving the pair to move on. However, the duo eventually discovered that the Melvins could pull $80 a night for one show. Inspired, Cobain and Novoselic started a [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] [[cover band]], in which Cobain played drums and Novoselic sang and played guitar. That band was short-lived as well.<ref>{{cite book|last=Azerrad|first=Michael|title=Come as You are: The Story of Nirvana|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday|year=1993|isbn=0-385-47199-8|pages=54–55}}</ref> Some months later, Cobain and Novoselic met drummer [[Aaron Burckhard]]. While the new band never used the name, it was the first incarnation of Nirvana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nirvanaguide.com/1987.php|title=Nirvana Live Guide - 1987|website=www.nirvanaguide.com|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624091710/http://www.nirvanaguide.com/1987.php|archive-date=June 24, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Burckhard lasted only a few months and Melvins' drummer [[Dale Crover]] filled in until Novoselic and Cobain met [[Chad Channing]]. The trio recorded their debut album ''[[Bleach (Nirvana album)|Bleach]]'', released in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.subpop.com/releases/nirvana/bleach_deluxe_edition|title=Bleach: Deluxe Edition|website=Sub Pop Records|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> Channing left the band in 1990 and was briefly replaced by Crover and [[Mudhoney]] drummer [[Dan Peters]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alternativenation.net/surprising-drummer-reveals-missed-joining-nirvana-twice/|title=Surprising Drummer Reveals How He Missed Out On Joining Nirvana Twice|last=Buchanan|first=Brett|date=January 13, 2018|work=AlternativeNation.net|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/nirvana-chad-channing-no-regrets/|title=Chad Channing Recalls His Time in Nirvana Without Regrets|website=Ultimate Classic Rock|date=April 4, 2018 |language=en|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> Novoselic contributed to the writing of various songs, providing ideas for Cobain.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/krist-novoselic-on-kurts-writing-process-and-the-in-utero-aesthetic-20131003|title=Krist Novoselic on Kurt Cobain's Writing Process|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 13, 2018|archive-date=June 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021242/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/krist-novoselic-on-kurts-writing-process-and-the-in-utero-aesthetic-20131003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Later in 1990, Melvins' singer-guitarist [[Buzz Osborne]] encouraged Novoselic and Cobain to check out a punk band called [[Scream (band)|Scream]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-scream-mn0001287850|title=The Scream {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> The pair were impressed by their drummer, [[Dave Grohl]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://consequence.net/2018/03/dave-grohls-first-band-scream-to-reissue-1988-album-no-more-censorship/|title=Dave Grohl's first band, Scream, to reissue 1988 album No More Censorship|date=March 29, 2018|work=Consequence of Sound|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> A few weeks later, Scream disbanded, and Grohl placed a call to Osborne for advice. Osborne gave him Novoselic's phone number, and Novoselic invited Grohl up to Seattle (from San Francisco, where Scream broke up). Grohl passed the audition and joined Nirvana. Grohl was Nirvana's fifth and final drummer. Novoselic spent the following months with Nirvana traveling to various labels as the band shopped for a deal, eventually signing with [[DGC Records]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hardrock.com/rpm/nirvana-signs-to-a-major-or-how-kim-gordon-saved-the-world/|title=NIRVANA SIGNS TO A MAJOR (or how Kim Gordon saved the world)|work=Hard Rock presents Revolutions Per Minute|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143954/http://www.hardrock.com/rpm/nirvana-signs-to-a-major-or-how-kim-gordon-saved-the-world/|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the spring of 1991, the band entered [[Sound City Studios]] in Los Angeles to record ''[[Nevermind]].'' Novoselic helped write the song "[[Polly (Nirvana song)|Polly]]". Upon its release, ''Nevermind'' (1991) exceeded all expectations and became a worldwide commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://observer.com/2016/09/howling-in-the-abyss-the-improbable-success-of-nirvanas-nevermind/|title=Howling in the Abyss: The Improbable Success of Nirvana's 'Nevermind'|date=September 23, 2016|work=Observer|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/nevermind-at-25-how-nirvanas-1991-album-changed-the-cultural-lan/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/nevermind-at-25-how-nirvanas-1991-album-changed-the-cultural-lan/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Nevermind at 25: how Nirvana's 1991 album changed the cultural landscape|last=Hall|first=James|date=September 24, 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>'' Nevermind'' had launched the band as a worldwide phenomenon with their hit single "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/nirvana-debuted-smells-like-teen-spirit-22-years-ago-tonight-20130417|title=Watch Nirvana Debut 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' Live in 1991|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141550/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/nirvana-debuted-smells-like-teen-spirit-22-years-ago-tonight-20130417|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the [[1992 MTV Video Music Awards]], Nirvana would win awards for [[MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist in a Video]] and [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video|Best Alternative Video]] for "Smells Like Teen Spirit." At the show, Nirvana performed "[[Lithium (Nirvana song)|Lithium]]". When Novoselic started playing the opening bass riff, he signaled that he could not hear his bass. Instead of continuing to play, Novoselic threw his bass guitar in the air, to perform a "Bass Toss." He failed to catch it, later stating that he misjudged the height; he further stated that he "faked like he was knocked out." Musician [[Brian May]] ran to give him medical attention; he did not suffer any injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2013/10/nirvanas-eight-most-rock-n-roll-moments.html|title=Paste Magazine|website=pastemagazine.com|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2018|date=October 17, 2013|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140522/https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2013/10/nirvanas-eight-most-rock-n-roll-moments.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nirvana-181-1336070|title=Nirvana bassist reveals Brian May helped him after bass-throwing injury - NME|date=November 20, 2008|work=NME|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/nirvanas-novoselic-relives-failed-1992-vma-bass-toss-20081120|title=Nirvana's Novoselic Relives Failed 1992 VMA Bass Toss|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142017/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/nirvanas-novoselic-relives-failed-1992-vma-bass-toss-20081120|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1992, Novoselic and the rest of Nirvana released a compilation album named ''[[Incesticide]]''. Novoselic helped write lyrics for the songs "[[Dive (Nirvana song)|Dive]]", "[[Hairspray Queen]]", and "[[Incesticide|Aneurysm]]" on the album. This album was produced by a joint venture between [[DGC Records|DGC]] and [[Sub Pop]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/incesticide-19930121|title=Review: Nirvana's 'Incesticide' Delivers Emotional Honesty|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=September 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918043124/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/232758/incesticide|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Nirvana around 1992.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Novoselic (left) playing bass alongside singer [[Kurt Cobain]] (right) in 1992.]]
During Nirvana's 1992 [[Reading and Leeds Festivals|Reading]] concert, Novoselic sang Oakland punk band 'Fang's' "The Money Will Roll Right In" with Cobain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livenirvana.com/digitalnirvana/songguide/bodyd9ac.html?songid=179|title=The Money Will Roll Right In|website=www.livenirvana.com|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> Novoselic was an occasional vocalist and backing vocalist in Nirvana, occasionally singing "[[Scoff (song)|Scoff]]" and "[[Rape Me]]" at live shows. Novoselic stated that "I kind of discovered my voice for the first time, and the more I did it, the better it got."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novoselic.com/adrift/articles/guitar.php|title=The Krist Novoselic Dedication Page - www.novoselic.com|website=www.novoselic.com|access-date=June 13, 2018|archive-date=June 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614000736/http://www.novoselic.com/adrift/articles/guitar.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 1993, Nirvana's third album [[In Utero (album)|''In Utero'']], debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/nirvana/chart-history/tlp/|title=Nirvana In Utero Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> However, the recording sessions mixed by [[Steve Albini]] were criticized by the band members, saying some songs "didn't sound perfect", as well as the band agreeing that Novoselic's bass lines sounded "too low". ''In Utero'' sold 3.5 million copies in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/5b8c/|title=BBC - Music - Review of Nirvana - In Utero|last=Stack|first=Eamonn|language=en-GB|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/in-utero-19930916|title=In Utero|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507012904/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/in-utero-19930916|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November of that year, Nirvana performed on [[MTV Unplugged]] with [[Lori Goldston]] playing [[cello]], the introduction of guitarist [[Pat Smear]], and Novoselic playing acoustic bass guitar, accordion, and acoustic rhythm guitar. This live performance was released a year later as an album, named ''[[MTV Unplugged in New York]],'' which earned a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album|Best Alternative Music Performance.]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-nineties-20110427/nirvana-mtv-unplugged-in-new-york-20110517|title=100 Best Albums of the '90s|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=November 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108105650/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-nineties-20110427/nirvana-mtv-unplugged-in-new-york-20110517|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loudwire.com/nirvana-mtv-unplugged-in-new-york-album-anniversary/|title=23 Years Ago: 'Nirvana: MTV Unplugged in New York' Released|website=Loudwire|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/deep-10-nirvanas-mtv-unplugged-new-york|title=Deep 10: Nirvana's MTV Unplugged In New York|date=November 3, 2016|work=GRAMMY.com|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Prior to their 1994 European tour, the band scheduled session time at [[Robert Lang Studios]] in Seattle to work on demos. For most of the three-day session, Cobain was absent, so Novoselic and Grohl worked on demos of their own songs. The duo completed several songs, including "Exhausted", "[[Big Me]]", "[[February Stars]]", and "Butterflies".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2013/09/09/220657501/dave-grohl-and-krist-novoselic-share-memories-unreleased-tracks-from-in-utero|title=Dave Grohl And Krist Novoselic Share Memories, Unreleased Tracks From 'In Utero'|work=NPR.org|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref> On the third day of the session, Cobain finally arrived. The song "[[You Know You're Right]]" was the band's final studio recording.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerrang.com/features/krist-novoselic-on-nirvanas-rise-traumatic-end-and-his-future-with-giants-in-the-trees/|title=Krist Novoselic On Nirvana's Rise, Traumatic End And His Future With Giants In The Trees — Kerrang!|website=Kerrang!|language=en-US|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>

Nirvana ended abruptly in April 1994 following [[Suicide of Kurt Cobain|Cobain's death]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loudwire.com/krist-novoselic-kurt-cobain-clear-mind-wouldnt-have-killed-himself/|title=Krist Novoselic Discusses Kurt Cobain's Suicide|website=Loudwire|date=June 20, 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> For most of the rest of that year, Novoselic retreated from the spotlight. One of a few public appearances came that September at the [[1994 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award]]s, where the video for Nirvana's "[[Heart-Shaped Box]]" was awarded [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video|Best Alternative Video]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1994/mtvvmas.htm|title=Rock On The Net: 1994 MTV Video Music Awards|website=www.rockonthenet.com|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> Novoselic took the opportunity to pay tribute to Cobain.

On April 10, 2014, Novoselic was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Nirvana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/nirvana|title=Nirvana - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|website=rockhall.com|access-date=December 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/nirvana-inducted-into-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/|title=Nirvana inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|date=April 11, 2014|website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> Novoselic spoke at the band's induction ceremony.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/59471/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-induction-recap/|title=Nirvana Reunite, KISS Show Up to Star-Studded 2014 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductions|date=April 11, 2014|magazine=TIME}}</ref> On February 4, 2023, Nirvana received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award; Novoselic was on hand, along with Dave Grohl and [[Pat Smear]], to receive the award.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/2023-grammy-awards-special-merit-award-nirvana-heart-supremes-1234673887/|title=Nirvana ], the Supremes, Heart Honored at Grammy Special Merit Awards: 'Keep On Rockin''|magazine=Rolling Stone|first=Charisma|last=Madarang|date=February 5, 2023}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Post-Nirvana (1995–present)===
After Cobain's death, Novoselic continued to dabble in musical endeavors. He co-formed the band [[Sweet 75]] with Venezuelan musician Yva Las Vegass in 1995, releasing a single [[Sweet 75 (album)|self-titled album]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/krist-novoselics-ecelctic-new-sound-19970911|title=Krist Novoselic's Ecelctic New Sound|date=September 11, 1997|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=July 24, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=February 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203185823/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/krist-novoselics-ecelctic-new-sound-19970911|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novoselic.com/sweet75/info.html|title=The Krist Novoselic Dedication Page - www.novoselic.com -|website=www.novoselic.com|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403133153/http://www.novoselic.com/sweet75/info.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1996, Novoselic joined singer [[Johnny Cash]], guitarist [[Kim Thayil]] of [[Soundgarden]] and drummer [[Sean Kinney]] of [[Alice in Chains]] to record a cover of [[Willie Nelson]]'s "[[Red Headed Stranger|Time of the Preacher]]", for the tribute album ''Twisted Willie'', released in January 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1996-01-27/entertainment/ca-29172_1_willie-nelson |title=ALBUM REVIEWS / POP : 'Twisted Willie' Gives Nelson Grunge Honors Treatment |last=Hochman |first=Steve |date=January 27, 1996 |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> In 1998, Novoselic directed his first movie, ''[[L7 (band)|L7]]: [[The Beauty Process: Triple Platinum|The Beauty Process]]'', a [[pseudo-documentary]] that utilizes concert footage taped in 1997 in three American cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://clatsopnews.com/2017/09/28/kris-novoselic/|title=Krist Novoselic: Famous Rock Star Lives Among Us - ClatsopNews|last=Publisher|first=ClatsopNews|date=September 28, 2017|work=ClatsopNews|access-date=July 24, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novoselic.com/l7.php|title=The Krist Novoselic Dedication Page - www.novoselic.com|website=www.novoselic.com|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183700/http://www.novoselic.com/l7.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Novoselic|first=Krist|title=L7: The Beauty Process|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213788/|others=Bryan Lee Brown, Suzi Gardner, Gail Greenwood|access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> In 1999, he joined [[Jello Biafra]] and [[Soundgarden]] guitarist [[Kim Thayil]] in the [[No WTO Combo]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/569932/correction-novoselic-biafra-were-in-no-wto-combo/|title=CORRECTION: Novoselic, Biafra Were In No-WTO Combo|work=MTV News|access-date=July 24, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://alternativetentacles.com/artists/no-wto-combo/|title=Alternative Tentacles Records|date=January 19, 2018|access-date=July 24, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=May 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529084835/https://alternativetentacles.com/artists/no-wto-combo/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Krist Novoselic, 2007.jpg|thumb|Novoselic in 2007]]
In 2002, Novoselic performed uncredited background vocals on Foo Fighters' song "Walking a Line", written as a tribute to Cobain, during the ''[[One by One (Foo Fighters album)|One by One]]'' album sessions. The track is included on the ''One by One'' bonus DVD, as well as being a bonus track to the album. He then joined former [[Meat Puppets]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themeatpuppets.com/|title=Meat Puppets|website=www.themeatpuppets.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> front man [[Curt Kirkwood]] and former [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]] drummer [[Bud Gaugh]] to form [[Eyes Adrift]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/novoselic-focuses-on-eyes-adrift-20020827|title=Novoselic Focuses on Eyes Adrift|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 1, 2017|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162141/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/novoselic-focuses-on-eyes-adrift-20020827|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Australia, there was another group called "Eyes Adrift", and rather than pay to license that name, the trio called the band and album "Bud, Curt & Krist" in this nation. Eyes Adrift released a self-titled album with twelve songs, with the Japanese version including two extras. Eyes Adrift was the first official release in Krist's career where he sang [[Lead vocalist|lead vocals]], singing lead on "Inquiring Minds", "Dottie Dawn & Julie Jewel" and "Pasted".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/novoselic-focuses-on-eyes-adrift-251464/|title=Novoselic Focuses on Eyes Adrift|last=Luerssen|first=John D.|date=August 27, 2002|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=July 24, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> They also released a single named ''Alaska''. He also took a highly active role in the songwriting process, co-writing several songs with Kirkwood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/85rg/|title=BBC - Music - Review of Eyes Adrift - Eyes Adrift|last=O'Callaghan|first=Bren|language=en-GB|access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/jan/10/popandrock.artsfeatures2|title=CD review: Eyes Adrift, Eyes Adrift|last=Simpson|first=Dave|date=January 10, 2003|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> They toured mostly around the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/eyes-adrift-announce-u-s-tour/|title=EYES ADRIFT Announce U.S. Tour|date=August 22, 2002|work=BLABBERMOUTH.NET|access-date=July 24, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The group disbanded in 2003.

Following the end of Eyes Adrift, Novoselic announced that he was quitting the music business, noting that he disliked the process of building up publicity for new records. However, in 2005, Novoselic had occasionally worked on music for a possible solo album, noting, "Right now, I'm just doing it for myself, and that's what it's all about."<ref>Jasmin, Earnest. "Novoselic drops hint of making solo album". ''[[The News Tribune]]'' January 10, 2005.</ref>

In November 2006, it was announced that Novoselic would join [[Flipper (band)|Flipper]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flipperrules.com/|title=FLIPPER|website=FLIPPER|language=en-US|access-date=June 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314130805/http://www.flipperrules.com/|archive-date=March 14, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> replacing Bruno DeSmartas on bass, for a tour of the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.thenewstribune.com/ej/?title=krist_novoselic_to_play_with_flipper&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |title=Bring the Noise – Krist Novoselic to play with Flipper |publisher=Blogs.thenewstribune.com |access-date=July 18, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108151157/http://blogs.thenewstribune.com/ej/?title=krist_novoselic_to_play_with_flipper&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=January 8, 2009 }}</ref> He was a full-time member of the band and had been working on their new album.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046909/flipper-drafts-novoselic-for-new-album|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107072421/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046909/flipper-drafts-novoselic-for-new-album|url-status=dead|title=Flipper Drafts Novoselic For New Album|date=January 4, 2008|archive-date=November 7, 2015|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> On September 22, 2008, because of responsibilities at home, Novoselic announced his departure from the band.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exiting the Flipper Universe|url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2009/06/exiting_the_flipper_universe.php|access-date=June 18, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619055734/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2009/06/exiting_the_flipper_universe.php|archive-date=June 19, 2009}}</ref> As a result, the band canceled the remainder of the tour. Rachel Thoele then replaced Novoselic.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/09/22/news-ticker-radiohead-aerosmith-war-child-and-flipper/ "News Ticker: Radiohead, Aerosmith, War Child and Flipper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208030313/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/09/22/news-ticker-radiohead-aerosmith-war-child-and-flipper/ |date=February 8, 2010 }}. rollingstone.com. September 22, 2008.</ref>

In 2009, Novoselic played a newspaper vendor in the movie ''[[World's Greatest Dad]]'' starring [[Robin Williams]]. In October 2010, [[Dave Grohl]], former [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] bandmate of Novoselic, announced live on [[BBC]] [[radio]], that Novoselic would be joining [[Foo Fighters]] as a bassist and accordionist on their next album, ''[[Wasting Light]]'', which was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/952506/foo-fighters-return-dave-grohl-recruits-krist-novoselic |title=Foo Fighters Return, Dave Grohl Recruits Krist Novoselic |magazine=Billboard |date=September 14, 2009 |access-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref> Novoselic also played bass on children's music artist [[Caspar Babypants]]' 2010 album ''This Is Fun!'', for a cover of the Nirvana song "[[Sliver (song)|Sliver]]".<ref>{{cite web|author=harms blog on|url=http://blogs.1077theend.com/aharms/2010/12/09/krist-novoselic-help-caspar-babypants-cover-sliver/|title=107.7 The End » Krist Novoselic Helps "Caspar Babypants" Cover "Sliver"|publisher=Blogs.1077theend.com|date=December 9, 2010|access-date=July 18, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007202416/http://blogs.1077theend.com/aharms/2010/12/09/krist-novoselic-help-caspar-babypants-cover-sliver/|archive-date=October 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/kir/lifestyle/110000669.html|title=Caspar Babypants to rock Kirkland's socks off – Kirkland Reporter|publisher=Pnwlocalnews.com|date=November 22, 2010|access-date=July 18, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201192046/http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/kir/lifestyle/110000669.html|archive-date=December 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, he performed "[[On a Plain]]" and "Sliver" with the band at the ''Nevermind'' 20th anniversary celebration in [[Seattle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2011/09/nevermind-tribute-show-celebrates-nirvana/|title='Nevermind' Tribute Show Celebrates Nirvana|date=September 21, 2011|website=Spin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/see-nirvana-bassist-krist-novoselic-talk-nevermind-at-25-w447698|title=See Nirvana Bassist Talk 'Nevermind' at 25, Band's 'Bash It Up' Approach|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 1, 2017|archive-date=June 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616020647/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/see-nirvana-bassist-krist-novoselic-talk-nevermind-at-25-w447698|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:KristNovoselic2011.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=0.75|Novoselic performing in 2011]]
In 2012, Novoselic and Grohl partnered with [[Paul McCartney]] on the song "[[Cut Me Some Slack]]", which was composed specially for [[Sound City: Real to Reel|the soundtrack of the documentary]] ''[[Sound City (film)|Sound City]]'', directed by Grohl. The song was first shown on December 12, 2012, at the [[12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief|12-12-12 festival]], which brought together music stars for the victims of [[Hurricane Sandy]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/paul-mccartney-playing-with-nirvanas-surviving-members-was-powerful-20130722|title=McCartney: Playing With Nirvana's Surviving Members Was 'Powerful'|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=February 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228014112/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/paul-mccartney-playing-with-nirvanas-surviving-members-was-powerful-20130722|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song was received well by critics. Allmusic called it a "tune with an immediate hook [and] melody".<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/sound-city-real-to-reel-mw0002480578 |title=Sound City: Real to Reel |website=[[AllMusic]] |date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=April 10, 2016|author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }}</ref> The song won the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Song|Grammy award for Best Rock Song]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/rocksong.htm |title=Grammy Awards: Best Rock Song |publisher=Rock On The Net |access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref> The partnership was referred to as "''Sirvana''" by Novoselic, referring to "Sir Paul McCartney".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruthblatt/2013/07/23/the-resurrection-of-nirvana-as-sirvana-with-paul-mccartney/|title=The Resurrection Of Nirvana As 'Sirvana' With Paul McCartney|last=Blatt|first=Ruth|work=Forbes|access-date=June 12, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

On April 17, 2016, Novoselic performed "[[Helter Skelter (song)|Helter Skelter]]" with [[Paul McCartney]] in Seattle as part of the [[One on One (tour)|One on One]] tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/64889-paul-mccartney-brings-out-krist-novoselic-for-helter-skelter/|title=Paul McCartney Brings Out Krist Novoselic for "Helter Skelter" - Pitchfork|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> In November 2016, Novoselic confirmed that he was in the process of writing new music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KristNovoselic/status/796587589503426560|title=Krist Novoselić on Twitter}}</ref> His current band is [[Giants in the Trees]], formed in 2017, with band members Jillian Raye, Erik Friend and Ray Prestegard.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.axs.com/uk/nirvana-s-krist-novoselic-unveils-new-band-giants-in-the-trees-with-ne-121553|title=Nirvana's Krist Novoselic unveils new band Giants in the Trees with new single|work=AXS|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article174210351.html|title=Grange Grunge? Former Nirvana bassist brings new band to Tacoma|work=thenewstribune|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref> He is also in the band [[Filthy Friends]], playing bass and accordion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://giantsinthetrees.com/|title=Giants in the Trees|website=giantsinthetrees.com|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> He also collaborates with [[Lepidopterist]] and author Robert Michael Pyle with the musical project Butterfly Launches from Spar Pole. In late July 2017, Giants in the Trees released their first song, "Sasquatch", which features a music video Novoselic joked as "costing over 2 million U.S. dollars to produce".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-krist-novoselics-debut-song-with-new-band-giants-in-the-trees-w495132|title=Hear Krist Novoselic's Debut Song With New Band Giants in the Trees|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 13, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145521/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-krist-novoselics-debut-song-with-new-band-giants-in-the-trees-w495132|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wweek.com/music/2017/08/08/nirvana-bassist-krist-novoselics-new-band-is-playing-portland/|title=Nirvana Bassist Krist Novoselic's New Band is Playing Portland|work=Willamette Week|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Giants in the Trees' first album was released in late 2017.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-krist-novoselics-debut-song-with-new-band-giants-in-the-trees-w495132|title=Hear Krist Novoselic's Debut Song With New Band Giants in the Trees|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145521/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-krist-novoselics-debut-song-with-new-band-giants-in-the-trees-w495132|url-status=dead}}</ref> Giants In The Trees' second album, ''[[Volume 2 (Giants in the Trees album)|Volume 2]]'', was released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northwestmusicscene.net/giants-in-the-trees-return-with-volume-2/|title = Giants in the Trees return with "Volume 2"|date = May 14, 2019}}</ref>

Novoselic has been currently working with musicians such as [[Soundgarden]]'s [[Kim Thayil]], alongside [[Matt Cameron]], with production being handled by [[Jack Endino]], as a new band, called [[3rd Secret]]. A self-titled album was released in April 2022, with eleven songs recorded at The Bait Shop, in Ballard, Washington, as well as Novoselic's home.<ref name="Deep River Dispatch">{{Cite web|url=https://deepriverdispatch.com/news/index.html|title=Deep River Dispatch|website=deepriverdispatch.com}}</ref>

===Performance and recording with Foo Fighters===
In 1994, Grohl founded a new band, [[Foo Fighters]]. Grohl and his bandmates decided against Novoselic joining; Grohl said it would have felt "really natural" for them to work together again, but would have been uncomfortable for the other band members and placed more pressure on Grohl.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mundy|first=Chris|date=October 5, 1995|title=Invasion of the Foo Fighters|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/invasion-of-the-foo-fighers-19951005|url-status=live|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220011937/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/invasion-of-the-foo-fighers-19951005|archive-date=December 20, 2014}} Excerpt only; subscription required for full article.</ref>

During the encore of the Foo Fighters' show on August 29, 1997, at [[Memorial Stadium (Seattle)|Memorial Stadium]] as part of the [[Bumbershoot]] festival, Novoselic played bass on covers of "[[Purple Rain (song)|Purple Rain]]" and "[[Communication Breakdown]]".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bendersky|first=Ari|title=Semi-Nirvana Reunion at Bumbershoot|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=September 5, 1997|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/semi-nirvana-reunion-at-bumbershoot-19970905|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=September 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035238/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/semi-nirvana-reunion-at-bumbershoot-19970905|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2002, Novoselic performed backing vocals for a non-album Foo Fighters track titled "Walking a Line", later released on a special edition of their album ''[[One by One (Foo Fighters album)|One by One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loudwire.com/nirvana-bassist-krist-novoselic-secretive-musical-project-dave-grohl/|title=Nirvana Bassist Krist Novoselic Talks About Secretive Musical Project With Dave Grohl|website=Loudwire|date=August 2, 2012 |language=en|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

During the encore of Foo Fighters' secret show at Paladino's in [[Tarzana, California]] on December 22, 2010, the band, with Grohl on drums, was joined onstage by Novoselic and the band's live guitarist [[Pat Smear]] for a version of Nirvana's "[[Marigold (Dave Grohl song)|Marigold]]", a 1992 Grohl original, which was a [[B-side]] on Nirvana's "[[Heart-Shaped Box]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Grierson|first=Tim|title=Foo Fighters Secret Show Becomes Nirvana Reunion|publisher=[[About.com]]|date=December 22, 2010|access-date=January 15, 2011|url=http://rock.about.com/b/2010/12/22/foo-fighters-secret-show-becomes-nirvana-reunion.htm|archive-date=January 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101104127/http://rock.about.com/b/2010/12/22/foo-fighters-secret-show-becomes-nirvana-reunion.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Novoselic also recorded bass and accordion for the song "[[I Should Have Known (Foo Fighters song)|I Should Have Known]]", appearing on Foo Fighters' seventh studio album ''[[Wasting Light]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grierson|first=Tim|title=New Foo Fighters Album Will Be a Nirvana Reunion|publisher=[[About.com]]|date=October 28, 2010|access-date=January 15, 2011|url=http://rock.about.com/b/2010/10/28/new-foo-fighters-album-will-be-a-nirvana-reunion.htm|archive-date=November 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106100217/http://rock.about.com/b/2010/10/28/new-foo-fighters-album-will-be-a-nirvana-reunion.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On December 5, 2017, Novoselic joined Foo Fighters on stage at [[Matthew Knight Arena]] in [[Eugene, Oregon]], to play bass guitar on "[[Big Me]]", a song from the Foo Fighters' debut album ''[[Foo Fighters (album)|Foo Fighters]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-surviving-nirvana-members-reunite-at-foo-fighters-show-w513601|title=See Surviving Nirvana Members Reunite at Foo Fighters Show|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=February 20, 2018|archive-date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035539/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-surviving-nirvana-members-reunite-at-foo-fighters-show-w513601|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ten months later, on October 6, 2018, Novoselic joined the band during an encore to play several Nirvana songs, with Grohl on drums, Pat Smear on guitar, and John J. McCauley and [[Joan Jett]] filling in as their lead singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/foo-fighters/2018/glen-helen-regional-park-san-bernardino-ca-23e97023.html|title=Foo Fighters Setlist at Glen Helen Regional Park, San Bernardino, CA, USA |website=setlist.fm|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref>

==Political and social activism==
[[File:Krist Novoselic 15A.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Novoselic in 2008]]
Novoselic was interested in politics--including the [[The Troubles|Northern Ireland conflict]] between [[Irish nationalism|Irish Nationalists]] and [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists]]--at a young age.<ref>{{Citation|last=garyalexw|title=Nirvana in Belfast - MTV News| date=November 7, 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_whyVYQvQPk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/_whyVYQvQPk| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/nirvana/1992/kings-hall-belfast-northern-ireland-63d67e4f.html|title=Nirvana Setlist at King's Hall, Belfast|website=setlist.fm|access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref>

In 1992, the [[Washington State Legislature]] attempted to pass a bill called the Erotic Music Law. The law would have allowed courts to declare certain albums "erotic" due to their content and would have made it illegal to sell those albums to anyone under the age of 18. Novoselic and Nirvana actively campaigned against the bill and performed a benefit concert for an organization that opposed it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.clashmusic.com/news/nirvana-bassist-turns-politician|title=Nirvana Bassist Turns Politician|work=Clash Magazine|access-date=June 1, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Novoselic appeared on [[KOMO-TV]]{{'}}s ''Town Meeting'' as part of the campaign against this bill.<ref>{{Citation|last=RareNirvana|title=Krist Novoselic on Komo TV's "Town Meeting" Show in 1992|date=June 14, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDrog9H-Yd0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pDrog9H-Yd0| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 1995, the Erotic Music Law was reintroduced to the [[Washington State Legislature]] as the Matters Harmful to Minors bill.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/senator-krist-19960208|title=Senator Krist: An Interview With Krist Novoselic|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143214/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/senator-krist-19960208|url-status=dead}}</ref> Noting that the music industry had serious clout in Seattle given the success of the grunge scene, Novoselic proposed creating a [[political action committee]], which was named JAMPAC (Joint Artists and Musicians Political Action Committee).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/then-now-krist-novoselic-musician-1.608822|title=Then & now Krist Novoselic, musician|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Over the next several years, JAMPAC fought a number of different issues, including the [[Teen Dance Ordinance]], a 1985 law that strictly limited the ability of minors to attend shows. With JAMPAC, Novoselic began to turn his focus more and more towards politics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://consequence.net/2011/05/icons-of-rock-krist-novoselic/|title=Icons Of Rock: Krist Novoselic|date=May 1, 2011|work=Consequence of Sound|access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

Novoselic has advocated for [[electoral reform]] (especially [[instant-runoff voting]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://0-ic.galegroup.com.ignacio.usfca.edu/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Magazines&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=OVIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CA126653168&mode=view|title=Krist Novoselic: Smells Like Governance|author=Katherine Turman|publisher=Opposing Viewpoints|issue=January–February 2005|work=Mother Jones|access-date=November 3, 2011}}</ref> and [[proportional representation]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fixour.us/|title=Wahkiakum Democrats Precinct Caucus|publisher=Fixour.us|access-date=July 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621012610/http://www.fixour.us/|archive-date=June 21, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> He considered a 2004 run for [[Lieutenant governor|Lieutenant Governor]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] as a [[U.S. Democratic Party|Democrat]], challenging an incumbent of the same party, but ultimately decided against it. He also joined the board of [[FairVote]] (then the Center for Voting and Democracy) and was appointed chair in January 2008.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Kornelis|first=Chris|url=http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/blogs/dailyweekly/2007/11/smells_like_a_new_blogger_kris.php|title=The Daily Weekly: Smells Like a New Blogger: Krist Novoselic (Seattle Weekly)|newspaper=Seattle Weekly|access-date=July 19, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907194917/http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/blogs/dailyweekly/2007/11/smells_like_a_new_blogger_kris.php|archive-date=September 7, 2008}}</ref> In 2020, Novoselic became board chair of Zócalo Public Square.<ref name="auto1"/>

Novoselic's first book, ''[[Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy]]'', was published in October 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/books/chapters/of-grunge-and-government.html|title=Of Grunge and Government|last=Novoselic|first=Krist|work=The New York Times |date=October 17, 2004 |access-date=June 11, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/topic/of-grunge-and-government-let-s-fix-this-broken-democracy|title=Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144159/https://www.rollingstone.com/topic/of-grunge-and-government-let-s-fix-this-broken-democracy|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It covers Novoselic's musical past, including Nirvana's worldwide popularity in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-267813870.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206075936/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-267813870.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 6, 2016|title= Recalling the spirit of '91 |work=The New Zealand Herald | date=September 24, 2011|access-date=November 10, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:KristNovoselicpodium.jpg|thumb|Novoselic giving a speech in 2009]]

Novoselic supported [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Senator [[Barack Obama]] in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2008/02/krist_novoselic_presidential_p.php/ |title=Presidential Pick-A-Problem Primary |publisher=Blogs.seattleweekly.com |access-date=February 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102131705/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2008/02/krist_novoselic_presidential_p.php |archive-date=November 2, 2010 }}</ref> and in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 general election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2008/02/barack_obama_for_president.php/ |title=Barack Obama For President |publisher=Blogs.seattleweekly.com |access-date=August 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130232930/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2008/02/barack_obama_for_president.php/ |archive-date=January 30, 2012 }}</ref> He later broke with the Democratic Party, stating that "it's a top-down structure" averse to reform from its grassroots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reason.com/reasontv/2014/06/19/krist-novoselic?%20Run%20blog))|title=Nirvana's Krist Novoselic on Punk, FairVote, Dumping the Dems, & Why the GOP Should Embrace Anarchy|date=June 19, 2014 |publisher=Reason.com|author1=Nick Gillespie|author2=Meredith Bragg}}</ref>

In 2009, Novoselic ran for [[county clerk]] of [[Wahkiakum County, Washington]], but later withdrew his candidacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2009/06/why_im_dropping_out_the_grange.php| access-date=June 12, 2009 | title=Why I'm Dropping Out: The Grange Party Debacle Pt.6 | author=Krist Novoselic|url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619090427/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2009/06/why_im_dropping_out_the_grange.php|archive-date=June 19, 2009}}</ref> He had sought the office as a candidate of the "Grange Party" (a reference to his membership in the [[National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyle |first=Robert Michael |title=Sky Time in Gray's River |publisher=Counterpoint |year=2007 |isbn=9780618919796 |pages=155}}</ref>) although no such party exists. His campaign was intended as a protest against Washington State's party system, in which a candidate can claim any party (real or fictional) as their own without consent or support from the party.<ref>{{cite web|author=Times|url=http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/olympia/2009/jun/04/former-nirvana-bassist-krist-novoselic-running-wahkiakum-county-clerk/|title=The Spokesman Review, Former Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic running for Wahkiakum County clerk… . Ret. June 5, 2009|publisher=Spokesman.com|access-date=July 18, 2009}}</ref> Novoselic explained his support for fair voting reforms on [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[Washington Journal]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?309013-5/krist-novoselic-electoral-reforms|title=Krist Novoselic on Electoral Reforms |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref>

In an interview for ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason TV]]'', Novoselic was asked how he described his political views. He responded, "I'm an [[anarcho-capitalist]], [[Socialism|socialist]], moderate... I don't know" and continued to say that while his political views couldn't be easily categorized, he finds fault in the political philosophies of both the [[Left-wing politics|left]] and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]].<ref>{{cite video|url=http://reason.com/reasontv/2014/06/19/krist-novoselic|time=11:30|title=Nirvana's Krist Novoselic on Punk, FairVote, Dumping the Dems, & Why the GOP Should Embrace Anarchy|publisher=reason.com|author1=Nick Gillespie|author2=Meredith Bragg}}</ref> In 2015, he supported [[Lawrence Lessig presidential campaign, 2016|Lawrence Lessig's presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Novoselic |first=Krist |url=http://kristnovoselic.blogspot.com/2015/08/real-election-reform-enters-2016.html |title=This Is Krist Novoselić: Real Election Reform Enters The 2016 Race |publisher=Kristnovoselic.blogspot.com |date=August 12, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116101618/http://kristnovoselic.blogspot.com/2015/08/real-election-reform-enters-2016.html |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, Novoselic supported and campaigned for [[Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign|Libertarian presidential candidate Gary Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch Nirvana's Krist Novoselic Discuss Support for Libertarian Gary Johnson, New Voting System|author=Matthew Strauss|website=Pitchfork|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/69117-watch-nirvanas-krist-novoselic-discuss-support-for-libertarian-gary-johnson-new-voting-system/?verso=true|date=October 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/libertarian-gary-johnson-to-greet-supporters-in-seattle-today/ | title="It's a rigged game, man": Libertarian Gary Johnson, in Seattle, invokes a Trumpism |date=September 16, 2016|author=David Gutman|newspaper=Seattle Times|quote=Johnson was joined in Seattle by his running mate, Bill Weld, a former Republican governor of Massachusetts, as well as by two celebrities with local ties — former Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Drew Carey, comedian, actor and an owner of the Seattle Sounders.}}</ref>

In June 2020, Novoselic made a [[Facebook]] post discussing [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]]'s speech in response to unrest following the [[murder of George Floyd]]. He called Trump "strong and direct" but added that he "should not be sending troops into states". Following criticism, Novoselic made his Facebook page private and deleted his [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Krist Novoselic praises Trump for "strong and direct" law and order speech|url=https://consequence.net/2020/06/krist-novoselic-donald-trump-speech/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=[[Consequence of Sound]]|language=en-US}}</ref> After receiving backlash for the original post, Novoselic clarified: "As an avowed independent, I don't endorse a [[major party]] or candidate. And it feels insane to have to say this, but I don't support [[fascism]], and I don't support an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] state. I believe in a civilized society and that we all have to work toward that".<ref name="the Guardian">{{cite news |title=Nirvana: Krist Novoselic praises Trump's 'strong and direct' protest speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jun/03/nirvana-krist-novoselic-praises-trumps-strong-and-direct-protest-speech |work=the Guardian |date=3 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==In other media==
In 2004, Novoselic published ''[[Of Grunge and Government|Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy!]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=MARSHALL |first=JOHN |date=2004-09-17 |title=Novoselic's political beat goes on in the cause of electoral reform |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/entertainment/books/article/Novoselic-s-political-beat-goes-on-in-the-cause-1154315.php |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2007, Novoselic started writing blogs for the [[Seattle Weekly]] website.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.seattleweekly.com/home/925562-129/kristnovoselic|title=Krist Novoselic: Kurt Cobain, Alexander McQueen, and Making Sense of It All|work=Seattle Weekly|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034043/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/home/925562-129/kristnovoselic|archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He stopped writing for Seattle Weekly in September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/music/krist-novoselics-column-debuted-on-the-daily-weekly-on-november-7-2007/|title = Krist Novoselic's column debuted on the Daily Weekly on November 7, 2007|date = September 21, 2010}}</ref>

Novoselic has been the [[Disc jockey|DJ]] numerous times for [[Coast (radio station)|Coast radio]] on [[KMUN]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdn.com/news/krist-novoselic-no-more-unreleased-nirvana-songs/article_a6db71cd-812c-5efd-973c-6c6ecd8ae7bd.html|title = Krist Novoselic: No more unreleased Nirvana songs| date=March 7, 2009 }}</ref>

In 2014, ahead of Nirvana's induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], Novoselic and Dave Grohl made guest appearances on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/54722-nirvanas-dave-grohl-and-krist-novoselic-introduce-jimmy-fallon-and-stevie-nicks-performance/|title=Nirvana's Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic Introduce Jimmy Fallon and Stevie Nicks Performance {{!}} Pitchfork|website=pitchfork.com|date=April 10, 2014|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref>

Novoselic has a [[blog]] titled "Dream Journal".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deepriverdispatch.com/index.php/2017/04/28/dream-journal-1/|title=Dream Journal #1 – Deep River Dispatch|website=deepriverdispatch.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 1, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606122311/http://deepriverdispatch.com/index.php/2017/04/28/dream-journal-1/|archive-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1989, Novoselic married Shelli Hyrkas, whom he had dated in high school. They divorced in 1999.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theolympian.com/news/local/article26142898.html|title=Former wife of Nirvana bassist shares personal photos|work=theolympian|access-date=June 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref> In early 2004, he married American artist Darbury Ayn Stenderu. Together they have two children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bleznak |first=Becca |title=Krist Novoselic age, height, weight, net worth 2022, wife, kids, gay, girlfriend, biography, wiki {{!}} MD Daily Record |url=https://mddailyrecord.com/krist-novoselic-net-worth-girlfriend-wife-kids-height-weight-age-gay-bio-2021-2022-2023 |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> They reside on a farm near [[Deep River, Washington]], where they grow their own food. Novoselic stated, "I live out in the country now and it's quiet and it's a place where I can think a lot."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/krist_novoselic|title=Krist Novoselic Quotes - BrainyQuote|work=BrainyQuote|access-date=May 4, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Novoselic is an [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]-licensed pilot, earning a single-engine land rating after passing his flight test in April 2002. He went on to earn a multi-engine pilot certificate in February 2018. He has a strong interest in animals, geology, nature, and other sciences.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/krist-novoselic-talks-nirvana-backing-beck-new-bands-20160401|title=Krist Novoselic Talks Nirvana Backing Beck, New Projects|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 13, 2018|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235126/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/krist-novoselic-talks-nirvana-backing-beck-new-bands-20160401|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, Novoselic earned a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in social sciences from [[Washington State University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/krist-novoselic-finds-post-nirvana-nirvana-on-his-quiet-farm-and-with-his-band-giants-in-the-trees/|title=Krist Novoselić finds post-Nirvana nirvana on his quiet farm and with his band Giants in the Trees|date=August 16, 2019|website=The Seattle Times |last=Rietmulder |first=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/jul/19/concert-preview-for-krist-novoselic-music-remains-/|title=Concert preview: For Krist Novoselic, music remains a habit that’s hard to break |website=www.spokesman.com |last=Lamberson |first=Carolyn |date=July 20, 2017}}</ref>

==Discography==
===With Nirvana===

{{main|Nirvana discography}}

* [[Bleach (Nirvana album)|''Bleach'']] (1989)
* ''[[Nevermind]]'' (1991)
* ''[[In Utero]]'' (1993)

===With Sweet 75===
* ''[[Sweet 75 (album)|Sweet 75]]'' (1997)

===With the No WTO Combo===
* ''[[Live from the Battle in Seattle]]'' (2000)

===With Eyes Adrift===
* ''[[Eyes Adrift]]'' (2002)

===With Flipper===
* ''[[Love (Flipper album)|Love]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Fight (Flipper album)|Fight]]'' (2009)

===With Filthy Friends===
* ''[[Invitation (Filthy Friends album)|Invitation]]'' (2017)

===With Giants in the Trees===
* ''[[Giants in the Trees (album)|Giants in the Trees]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Volume 2 (Giants in the Trees album)|Volume 2]]'' (2019)

===With Butterfly Launches From Spar Pole===
* ''Butterfly Launches From Spar Pole'' (2019)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://magazine.wsu.edu/web-extra/qa-with-robert-michael-pyle/ | title=Q&A with Robert Michael Pyle | Washington State Magazine | Washington State University }}</ref>

===With 3rd Secret===
* ''3rd Secret'' (2022)
* ''2nd 3rd Secret'' (2023)

===Collaborations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! width="155"|Artist
! width="195"|Release
! Additional information
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 1990
| [[Mark Lanegan]]
| ''[[The Winding Sheet]]''
|Bass on "[[Where Did You Sleep Last Night]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livenirvana.com/sessions/studio/august-1989.php|title=Live Nirvana {{!}} Sessions History {{!}} Studio Sessions {{!}} (The Jury) August 20 & 28, 1989 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA, US|last=Roberts|first=Alex|website=www.livenirvana.com|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 1995
|[[Mike Watt]]
|''[[Ball-Hog or Tugboat?]]''
|[[Organ (music)|Organ]] on "Against The 70's"<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/dave-grohls-guest-list-15-amazing-musical-cameos-20141119/mike-watt-ball-hog-or-tugboat-1995-20141119|title=Dave Grohl's Guest List: 21 Amazing Musical Cameos|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144144/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/dave-grohls-guest-list-15-amazing-musical-cameos-20141119/mike-watt-ball-hog-or-tugboat-1995-20141119|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Stinky Puffs]]
|''[[A Little Tiny Smelly Bit of...the Stinky Puffs]]''
|Bass on "Buddies Aren't Butts" (live), "Menendez' Killed Their Parents" (live), "I'll Love You Anyway" (live), and "I Am Gross/ No You're Not" (live)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sonic.net/~esoteric/stinky/stinky.html|title=The Stinky Puffs|website=www.sonic.net|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 1996
|[[Johnny Cash]]
|''Twisted Willie''
|Bass on "Time of the Preacher"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/danko-jones/johnny-cash-in-canada_b_4723103.html|title=The Day I Met Johnny Cash (and Sold Him a Nirvana Record)|date=February 4, 2014|work=HuffPost Canada|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Twisted-Willie/release/1562651 |title=Various – Twisted Willie |website=Discogs |date=January 30, 1996 |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 1997
|[[Sky Cries Mary]]
|''[[Moonbathing on Sleeping Leaves]]''
|Acoustic Bass on "Gliding"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skycriesmary.com/?page_id=139|title=Hot of the Presses {{!}} Sky Cries Mary|website=www.skycriesmary.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 2002
|[[Aya (Japanese singer)|Aya]]
|''[[Senjou no Hana]]''
|Bass on "Prisoner"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adamsparty.com/yme/artist/Aya
|title=Aya {{!}} Adams Party|last=Jodacame|website=adamsparty.com|language=en
|access-date=June 24, 2018
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232758/http://adamsparty.com/yme/artist/Aya
|archive-date=June 24, 2018
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Foo Fighters]]
|''[[One by One (Foo Fighters album)|One by One]]''
|Backing vocals on "Walking a Line"<ref name=kerrang>{{cite journal|first=Ian|last=Winwood|title=Courtney. Kurt. Drugs. Rehab.|date=March 2002|journal=[[Kerrang!]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 2010
|''[[Wasting Light]]''
|Bass and accordion on "[[I Should Have Known (Foo Fighters song)|I Should Have Known]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/people/foo-fighters-recording-wasting-light|title=Foo Fighters: Recording Wasting Light {{!}}|website=www.soundonsound.com|language=en-gb|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/foo-fighters-311-1279029|title=Dave Grohl in studio with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and 'Nevermind' producer Butch Vig - NME|date=April 16, 2012|work=NME|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 2012
|[[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] with [[Paul McCartney]]
|''[[Sound City: Real to Reel]]''
|Bass on "[[Cut Me Some Slack]]"<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/no-apologies-all-102-nirvana-songs-ranked-20150408/cut-me-some-slack-20150408|title=No Apologies: All 102 Nirvana Songs Ranked|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145519/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/no-apologies-all-102-nirvana-songs-ranked-20150408/cut-me-some-slack-20150408|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-paulmccartney-project.com/song/cut-me-some-slack/|title=Cut Me Some Slack (song)|website=The Paul McCartney project|language=en-US|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 2014
|[[Kultur Shock]]
|''IX''
|Bass and accordion on "S One Strane Plive"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/ae/music/article/Former-Bosnian-rock-star-takes-the-stage-with-1086033.php|title=Former Bosnian rock star takes the stage with Kultur Shock|work=seattlepi.com|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 2015
|[[Peter Buck]]
|''[[Warzone Earth]]''
|Bass on "Long Time Dead"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/61416-rems-peter-buck-announces-new-album-warzone-earth-featuring-jeff-tweedy-and-krist-novoselic/|title=R.E.M.'s Peter Buck Announces New Album Warzone Earth Featuring Jeff Tweedy and Krist Novoselic {{!}} Pitchfork|website=pitchfork.com|date=September 29, 2015|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"| 2016
|[[Melvins]]
|''[[Basses Loaded]]''
|Bass and accordion on "Maybe I Am Amused"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nirvanas-krist-novoselic-guests-on-melvins-basses-loaded-album/|title=NIRVANA's KRIST NOVOSELIC Guests On MELVINS' 'Basses Loaded' Album|date=March 7, 2016|work=BLABBERMOUTH.NET|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 2017
| rowspan="2"|[[Filthy Friends]]
|''Any Kind Of Crowd'' (single)
|Bass on "Editions of You"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filthyfriends.bandcamp.com/album/any-kind-of-crowd|title=Any Kind of Crowd, by Filthy Friends|website=Filthy Friends|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''Invitation''
|Bass on "Brother" and "Makers"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filthyfriends.bandcamp.com/track/editions-of-you|title=Editions of You, by Filthy Friends|website=Filthy Friends|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
* Bloch-Garcia, Peter. "Kick Out the Jams". ''Real Change News''. 2000.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Best of Nirvana: A Step-by-Step Breakdown of the Bass Styles & Techniques of Chris Novoselic'' (July 2003) {{ISBN|9780634057052}}
* ''Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy'' (January 2004) {{ISBN|9780971920651}}
* ''Taboo Tunes: A History of Banned Bands & Censored Songs'' (April 2004) {{ISBN|9780879307929}}
* ''Nirvana: The Biography'' (March 2007) {{ISBN|9780306815546}}
* ''Kurt Cobain and Nirvana - Updated Edition: The Complete Illustrated History'' (September 2016) {{ISBN|9780760351789}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{discogs artist}}
* [https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/krist-novoselic/5850 Grammy Awards profile]
* {{IMDb name|0637218}}
* {{C-SPAN|1011870}}
* [https://www.fairvote.org/krist_novoselic FairVote profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019102438/http://www.fairvote.org/krist_novoselic |date=October 19, 2017 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJKIul48mK8 Audio interview "Krist Novoselic Talks About Nirvana, Flipper, Bomb, and His Ideas On Changing Democracy" ]

{{Nirvana (band)}}
{{Flipper}}
{{Filthy Friends}}
{{2014 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Novoselic, Krist}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:American accordionists]]
[[Category:Acoustic guitarists]]
[[Category:American alternative rock musicians]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American democracy activists]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Croatian descent]]
[[Category:American punk rock bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American rock bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American male guitarists]]
[[Category:Background artists]]
[[Category:Flipper (band) members]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grunge musicians]]
[[Category:Guitarists from California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Seattle]]
[[Category:Nirvana (band) members]]
[[Category:American organists]]
[[Category:American male organists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Greater Los Angeles]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen, Washington]]
[[Category:People from Compton, California]]
[[Category:Politicians from Seattle]]
[[Category:Sub Pop artists]]
[[Category:Washington (state) Independents]]
[[Category:American social scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century accordionists]]
[[Category:People from Wahkiakum County, Washington]]
[[Category:American male bloggers]]
[[Category:21st-century organists]]
[[Category:Eyes Adrift members]]
[[Category:American libertarians]]
[[Category:Filthy Friends members]]
[[Category:3rd Secret members]]
[[Category:Members of the Forward Party (United States)]]

Miles Taylor (security expert)

2024-03-05T03:20:20Z

174.74.229.81: "entitle" means to deserve, "title" means to be named

{{Short description|American government official (born 1986/1987)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Miles Taylor
| image = Miles Taylor (cropped).jpg
| office = Chief of Staff of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
| president = [[Donald Trump]]
| term_start = February 8, 2019
| term_end = September 2019
| predecessor = [[Chad Wolf]]
| successor = Chad Mizelle (acting)
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|33|2020|10|28}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Forward (United States)|Forward]] (2022–present)
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022) [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (until 2022)
| education = [[Indiana University Bloomington]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[New College, Oxford]] ([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]])
}}
'''Miles Taylor''' is an American government official who served in the administrations of [[George W. Bush]] and [[Donald Trump]]. In the administration of [[Trump administration|the latter]], he was an appointee who served in the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) from 2017 to 2019, including as [[chief of staff]] of the DHS.<ref name=Palmer/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/12/politics/chad-mizelle-department-of-homeland-security/index.html |title=Stephen Miller Ally Tapped as Top Homeland Security Attorney |first=Geneva |last=Sands |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> He was first recruited into the department by former DHS Secretary and White House Chief of Staff [[John F. Kelly]], serving as his senior advisor.

In 2018, Taylor wrote an [[op-ed]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' under the pen-name "Anonymous" that was titled, "[[I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration]]", which drew widespread attention for its criticism of Trump. Several months after quitting the administration, again under the pen name "Anonymous," he published a book in November 2019 titled, ''[[A Warning (book)|A Warning]]''.<ref name="reveals">{{Cite news |last=Shear |first=Michael D. |date=October 28, 2020 |title=Miles Taylor, a Former Homeland Security Official, Reveals He Was 'Anonymous' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/politics/miles-taylor-anonymous-trump.html |access-date=November 3, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In October 2020, he revealed that he was "Anonymous" while campaigning against Trump's reelection.<ref name="statement">{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Miles|date=October 28, 2020|title=A Statement|url=https://milestaylor.medium.com/a-statement-a13bc5173ee9|access-date=November 6, 2020|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last1=Tapper|first1=Jake|last2=Herb|first2=Jeremy|date=October 28, 2020|title=Author of 2018 'Anonymous' op-ed critical of Trump revealed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/28/politics/anonymous-new-york-times-oped-writer/index.html|access-date=October 28, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> He was the first former Trump administration official to endorse Joe Biden and launched a group of ex-officials to oppose Trump's re-election.<ref name=bws>{{Cite web|last=Woodruff Swan|first=Betsy |date=August 19, 2020|title=Ex-DHS official: Trump appeared to side with Team Russia|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/miles-taylor-dhs-trump-russia-election-398414|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=Politico|language=en|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120081923/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/miles-taylor-dhs-trump-russia-election-398414|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> CNN's [[Jake Tapper]] referred to the dissenters as the largest-ever group of "former top U.S. government officials warning about the president for whom they once worked."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Transcripts |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/csr/date/2020-10-18/segment/01 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=transcripts.cnn.com}}</ref>

Taylor is a regular commentator in the news media on national security and public policy, a best-selling author, university lecturer, and founder of several civic groups.<ref name="piw.sas.upenn.edu">{{Cite web |title=Faculty: Miles Taylor {{!}} Penn in Washington |url=https://www.piw.sas.upenn.edu/faculty/faculty-miles-taylor/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.piw.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Taylor grew up in [[La Porte, Indiana]], where he was an Indiana state debate champion, and one of the [[valedictorian]]s of his class at [[LaPorte High School (Indiana)|La Porte High School]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite book |title=2006--El Pe 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=La Porte High School |page=21|url=https://cdm17005.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/lphsyearbooks/id/17661 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2006|title=LaPorte's Taylor named Wells Scholar at IU|url=https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/3843.html|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=IU News Room|publisher=Indiana University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=David|date=October 28, 2020|title='Anonymous' revealed: LaPorte native and ex-Trump aide says he wrote scathing opinion piece|url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/story/news/local/2020/10/28/anonymous-revealed-laporte-native-and-ex-trump-aide-says-he-wrote-scathing-opinion-piece/43913733/|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=South Bend Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> While in high school, he served as a [[Congressional page|page]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lanard|first=Noah|date=December 28, 2020|title=Monsters of 2020: Miles Taylor|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/12/monsters-of-2020-miles-taylor/|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US}}</ref> He received a bachelor of arts degree in international security studies from [[Indiana University Bloomington]], which he attended as a [[Harry S. Truman Scholarship|Harry S. Truman Scholar]] and [[Herman B Wells#Tributes|Herman B. Wells Scholar]].<ref name="ned">{{Cite web|date=September 22, 2015|title=Miles Taylor|url=https://www.ned.org/fellows/miles-taylor/|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=[[National Endowment for Democracy]]|language=en-US}}</ref> As a senior, he received IU's inaugural Presidential Student Internship <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=September 23, 2009|title=LaPorte student who served in Cheney office named IU intern|url=https://www.nwitimes.com/laporte-student-who-served-in-cheney-office-named-iu-intern/article_6fe67ad8-d3cc-5f5a-9266-dda8474a063c.html|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=Northwestern Indiana Times|language=en}}</ref> and was a recipient of the Elvis J. Stahr Award awarded to the university's top few graduating seniors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2010|title=IU honors students with senior awards; students honor faculty with Student Choice Awards: IU News Room: Indiana University|url=https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/14422.html|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=IU News Room|publisher=Indiana University}}</ref>

Taylor received an [[Master of Philosophy#United Kingdom|MPhil]] in International Relations from [[New College, Oxford]], which he attended as a 2012 [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholar]].<ref name="ned" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=IU students, alumna named 2012 Marshall Scholars: IU News Room: Indiana University|url=https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/20517.html|access-date=January 28, 2021|website=newsinfo.iu.edu}}</ref>

== Career ==
Taylor's decision to have a career in government was largely motivated by the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001. He later said that he "wanted to focus my entire professional life on making sure a day like that wouldn't happen again, and dedicating my career to, what I thought, was the mission of this country, and that's the advancement of human freedom."<ref name="TLP">{{Cite AV media|author=The Lincoln Project|author-link=The Lincoln Project|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kX4fU9qr5Dw|title=LPTV: The Breakdown – September 23, 2020|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google LLC|date=September 23, 2020|access-date=November 13, 2020|time=23:12; 31:29}}</ref>

In 2007, while in college, Taylor interned in the office of the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] and the office of Vice President [[Dick Cheney]].<ref name=":4" /> In 2008, he worked as the briefing book coordinator at the Department of Homeland Security for Secretary [[Michael Chertoff]] and Deputy Secretary [[Paul A. Schneider]].<ref name=":4" /> In 2009, he served as a regional policy intern for the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].<ref name=":4" />

Taylor was a [[political appointments in the United States|political appointee]] in the administration of [[Administration of George W. Bush|George W. Bush]].<ref name="ned" /> He was a staffer for the [[House Appropriations Committee]] and then the [[Homeland Security Committee Task Force|Committee on Homeland Security]], where he served on Chairman [[Michael McCaul]]'s staff.<ref name="ned" /> Taylor was McCaul's chief speechwriter and national security advisor on counterterrorism and foreign policy. He also served as the majority staff lead for the congressional [[Final Report of the Task Force on Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel|Task Force on Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel]].<ref name="ned" /> In 2015, he was named a Penn Kemble Fellow by the [[National Endowment for Democracy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015-2016 Penn Kemble Fellows|url=https://www.ned.org/fellowships/penn-kemble-forum-on-democracy/2015-2016-penn-kemble-fellows/|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=[[National Endowment for Democracy]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Department of Homeland Security ===
[[File:Nielsen & Taylor - 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Taylor (right) with then-Secretary Nielsen in 2018]]
Taylor joined the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) in February 2017,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Rothman|first=Noah|date=October 30, 2020|title=Liberal obsession with GOP converts like "Anonymous" is ripe for exploitation|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/trump-resistance-loves-gop-collaborators-miles-taylor-who-s-playing-ncna1245508|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> when John Kelly, later [[White House Chief of Staff]], was [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Romo|first=Vanessa|date=October 28, 2020|title=Ex-Homeland Security Official Outs Himself As 'Anonymous' Anti-Trump Author|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/28/928816691/ex-homeland-security-official-outs-himself-as-anonymous-anti-trump-author|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref> Taylor served as DHS deputy chief of staff and senior advisor to Kelly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Niedzwiadek|first=Nick|date=October 28, 2020|title=Former DHS official Miles Taylor reveals himself as Anonymous, who wrote critically of Trump|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/28/anonymous-ex-dhs-official-miles-taylor-433363|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=Politico|language=en}}</ref> He later served as chief of staff of DHS toward the end of the tenure of Secretary [[Kirstjen Nielsen]] and the beginning of Acting Secretary [[Kevin McAleenan]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine|last=Gessen|first=Masha|date=October 31, 2020|title=If We Are Going to Recover from Trumpism, We Must Deny Charity to Trump's Henchmen|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/if-we-are-going-to-recover-from-trumpism-we-must-deny-charity-to-trumps-henchmen|access-date=August 17, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> Taylor described a version of the [[Trump travel ban|Trump administration's travel restrictions]] as "tough" but "tailored".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zapotosky|first=Matt|date=September 22, 2017|title='Tough' but 'tailored' entry restrictions await Trump's approval|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tough-but-tailored-travel-restrictions-await-trumps-approval/2017/09/22/6ace7ad2-9fb4-11e7-9083-fbfddf6804c2_story.html|access-date=August 17, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> He reportedly clashed with other officials to try to limit the number of countries affected by it.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Roig-Franzia|first=Manuel|date=December 1, 2020|title=Miles Taylor spoke out against Trump as 'Anonymous.' Now he's gone public and is hiding out.|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/miles-taylor-anonymous-trump-profile/2020/11/30/ece1d5c0-28df-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html|access-date=August 17, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> He was also involved in debates regarding Trump administration immigration policies. He later described the [[Trump administration family separation policy]] as a "sickening display of bad judgment".<ref name=":5" /> Taylor cited the "train wreck" policy as one of his reasons for quitting the Trump Administration in protest, calling it "one of the most disheartening and disgusting things I've ever experienced in public service."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former DHS official now backing Biden warns Trump others will speak out |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-dhs-official-backing-biden-warns-trump-speak/story?id=72440281 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

=== "Anonymous" ===
Taylor authored a September 2018 ''[[The New York Times]]'' op-ed titled, "[[I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration]]" under the name "Anonymous".<ref name="reveals" /><ref name=":6" /> He said that, in April 2019, he had personally witnessed President Trump offer Homeland Security staff [[Federal pardons in the United States|federal pardons]] for any criminal prosecution arising from their actions in stopping [[illegal immigration to the United States]], and it was at that point that Taylor decided to resign from the department.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=August 26, 2020|title=Miles Taylor's very serious allegations against Trump, explained|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/26/miles-taylors-very-serious-allegations-against-trump-explained/|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref><ref name="pardon">{{Cite news|last=Solender|first=Andrew|date=August 25, 2020|title='If You Get In Trouble I'll Pardon You': Ex-DHS Official Miles Taylor Says Trump Promised Protection For Illegal Policies|website=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/25/if-you-get-in-trouble-ill-pardon-you-ex-dhs-official-miles-taylor-says-trump-promised-protection-for-illegal-policies/|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> He left DHS in June 2019,<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> and anonymously released a follow-up book titled, ''[[A Warning (book)|A Warning]]'' (November 2019), which included an account of the instability inside the Trump White House and administration.<ref name="reveals" /><ref name=":6" /> ''[[USA Today]]'' called the book "a scathing portrait of a president and administration in chaos,"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Page|first=Susan|date=November 12, 2019|title=From 'Anonymous,' key excerpts from inside Trump White House on Putin, Hillary|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/11/12/anonymous-book-excerpts-trump-putin-pence-hillary-migrants/2576958001/|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that the book had "no modern historical parallel for a firsthand account of a sitting president written in book form by an anonymous author".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rucker|first=Phillip|date=October 22, 2019|title=Anonymous author of Trump 'resistance' op-ed to publish a tell-all book|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/anonymous-author-of-trump-resistance-op-ed-to-publish-a-tell-all-book/2019/10/22/b9ea2f42-f45a-11e9-ad8b-85e2aa00b5ce_story.html|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> It reached number one on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]].<ref name="Jordan">{{Cite news|last=Jordan|first=Tina|date=November 27, 2019|title='A Warning,' by Anonymous, Cracks the Best-Seller List|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/books/review/warning-anonymous-best-seller.html|access-date=August 17, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Taylor initially denied being "Anonymous" in a number of interviews. After he acknowledged that he was "Anonymous", he said he owed a ''mea culpa'' to those journalists, but noted that, as "Anonymous", he always had said that he "would ultimately come out under my own name".<ref>{{cite news|date=October 28, 2020|title=Miles Taylor says he owes Anderson Cooper a beer for lying about being "Anonymous"|language=en|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/miles-taylor-says-he-owes-anderson-cooper-beer-lying-about-being-anonymous-1543089}}</ref> In an online discussion after the release of ''A Warning'', he had answered questions anonymously and said he would reveal his identity in the coming months before the 2020 election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nguyen|first=Tina|date=November 27, 2019|title='Anonymous' vows to unveil identity as 2020 heats up|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/27/anonymous-author-identity-074189|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=Politico|language=en}}</ref> He also pledged to donate the bulk of the proceeds from the book to nonprofit organizations such as the [[White House Correspondents' Association]].<ref name="reveals" /> Of his decision not to reveal his identity, Taylor said in October 2020:  "Issuing my critiques without attribution forced the President to answer them directly on their merits or not at all, rather than creating distractions through petty insults and name-calling. I wanted the attention to be on the arguments themselves."<ref name=":6" />

=== Google ===
In September 2019, Taylor was hired by [[Google]] as a government affairs and public policy manager with a title of head of national security policy engagement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Hired A Former Top DHS Staffer Who Once Defended The Travel Ban|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/google-miles-taylor-dhs-muslim-travel-ban-nielsen|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=BuzzFeed News|date=October 22, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Palmer>{{Cite web|last1=Palmer|first1=Anna|last2=Sherman|first2=Jake|title=Politico Playbook: Behind the president's struggles with impeachment|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2019/10/03/behind-the-presidents-struggles-with-impeachment-484710|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=Politico|date=October 3, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He was later promoted to lead Google's advanced technology and security strategy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shear|first=Michael D.|date=October 28, 2020|title=Who Is Miles Taylor?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/politics/anonymous-miles-taylor.html|access-date=August 17, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Around the same time, he also became a senior fellow at the [[Auburn University]] McCrary Center for Cyber and Critical Infrastructure Security and a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miles Taylor|url=http://mccrary.auburn.edu/senior-fellows/taylor-miles.html|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=mccrary.auburn.edu|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053352/http://mccrary.auburn.edu/senior-fellows/taylor-miles.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Public opposition to the Trump administration ===
In August 2020, Taylor took a leave of absence from Google to support [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|Joe Biden's presidential campaign]].<ref name="takesleave">{{Cite web|last=Elias|first=Jennifer|date=August 18, 2020|title=Former Trump staffer who joined Google is now on leave to support Biden|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/18/miles-taylor-former-trump-staffer-who-backed-biden-takes-leave-from-google.html|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> He made an advertisement for [[Republican Voters Against Trump]], denouncing Trump and endorsing [[Joe Biden|Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref name="takesleave" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Diamond|first1=Jeremy|last2=Tapper|first2=Jake|last3=Warren|first3=Michael|date=August 17, 2020|title=Former senior Trump administration official endorses Joe Biden|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/17/politics/miles-taylor-trump-joe-biden-endorse/index.html|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> That same month, Taylor also wrote an opinion piece for ''The Washington Post''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Miles|title=At Homeland Security, I saw firsthand how dangerous Trump is for America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/at-homeland-security-i-saw-firsthand-how-dangerous-trump-is-for-america/2020/08/17/f10bb92e-e0a3-11ea-b69b-64f7b0477ed4_story.html|access-date=August 20, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> Columnist [[Jennifer Rubin (columnist)|Jennifer Rubin]] said the op-ed added "detail to what we could have only surmised was the story behind chaotic policy rollouts" and that the advertisement he released "may be the most compelling of the 2020 election cycle".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rubin|first=Jennifer|date=August 18, 2020|title=A former DHS official is putting other Trump insiders to shame|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/08/18/putting-other-trump-insiders-shame/|access-date=August 20, 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118161723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/08/18/putting-other-trump-insiders-shame/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, Taylor appeared on multiple news and analysis shows saying that other former members of the Trump administration were considering speaking out similarly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Faulders|first=Katherine|date=August 18, 2020|title=Former DHS official now backing Biden warns Trump others will speak out|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-dhs-official-backing-biden-warns-trump-speak/story?id=72440281|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> On August 24, Taylor confirmed to [[NBC News]] that he was co-founding, with two other unnamed Republican officials, the [[Republican Political Alliance for Integrity and Reform]] (REPAIR), a group that aimed to oppose reelection of Trump and to reform the Republican Party after the 2020 election.<ref name=":9">{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=Hallie|last2=Shabad|first2=Rebecca |title=Miles Taylor, other former and current admin officials form anti-Trump group|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/miles-taylor-other-former-current-admin-officials-form-anti-trump-n1237986|access-date=November 13, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|publisher=[[NBC Universal]]|date=August 25, 2020|location=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]}}</ref>

Journalist [[Judy Woodruff]] asked Taylor in a ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'' interview why he had spoken out when he did rather than immediately after leaving the administration. Taylor responded,
{{Blockquote|text=If I had come out and talked about Donald Trump a year ago, when I left the administration, he's a master of distraction. He would have buried it within a day, and it wouldn't have mattered to voters. But, right now, American voters are reviewing the president's resume...so, I think there's no more important time for me or other ex-Trump officials to come out and actually talk about what the experience was inside the administration and what kind of man sits behind the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=August 18, 2020|title=Why this former DHS official under Trump is endorsing Biden|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-this-former-dhs-official-under-trump-is-endorsing-biden|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us}}</ref>}}

Taylor's attacks against Trump were extensive. Among other anecdotes, he revealed that Trump was too distracted to pay attention to intelligence briefings,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodruff Swan|first=Betsy |date=August 19, 2020|title=Ex-Aide: Trump told DHS secretary, 'Get your ass to the border'|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dhs-kirstjen-nielsen-trump-border-398416|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=Politico|language=en}}</ref> that Trump refused internal recommendations to punish Moscow for interference in U.S. affairs,<ref name=bws /> and that Trump wanted to "swap" Puerto Rico for Greenland because it was "dirty and the people were poor".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blum|first=Jeremy|date=August 19, 2020|title=Former DHS Chief: Trump Wanted To Swap 'Poor' And 'Dirty' Puerto Rico For Greenland|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-greenland-puerto-rico_n_5f3da972c5b609f4f6742c44|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> Taylor also said that Trump tried to block emergency aid for California wildfire victims because it was a Democratic state,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bierman|first1=Noah|last2=Stokols|first2=Eli|date=August 17, 2020|title=Trump sought to withhold California fire aid because of politics, former official says|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-08-17/trump-sought-to-withhold-california-fire|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> and that Trump told his [[homeland security]] secretary to take marching orders from cable talk-show host [[Lou Dobbs]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Papenfuss|first=Mary|date=August 21, 2020|title=Trump Told Homeland Security To Take Its Orders From Lou Dobbs, Former Official Says|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miles-taylor-trump-lou-dobbs-fox-marching-orders-homeland-security_n_5f4066aec5b697824f98b023|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Taylor, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defendingdemocracytogether.org/national-security/ |title=Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden |date=20 August 2020 |website=Defending Democracy Together |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

In September 2020, Taylor revealed to [[The Lincoln Project]] that, before he resigned from the DHS, a senior presidential adviser told him about a list of executive orders that has been prepared in case President Trump would win a second term, which Taylor alleged were orders deemed unacceptable during a first term presidency because they could harm the president's chances of reelection.<ref name="TLP" /> Later, [[BuzzFeed]] reporter Hamed Aleaziz concluded that Taylor was implying [[Stephen Miller (political advisor)|Stephen Miller]] was that senior presidential adviser, with ''[[The Guardian]]'' reiterating this claim and reporting that Miller's biographer Jean Guerrero warned about a "wishlist" of his relating to immigration policy under a Trump second term.<ref>{{cite news|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|title=Trump aide Stephen Miller preparing second-term immigration blitz|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/28/stephen-miller-trump-second-term-immigration-blitz|access-date=November 25, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited|date=October 28, 2020|location=[[New York (state)|New York]]}}</ref>

Taylor also told news organizations that Trump ordered officials to have American flags raised back up when they were lowered in honor of Senator [[John McCain]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karni|first=Annie|date=2020-09-04|title=The White House tried to rescind an order to lower flags to half-staff after John McCain died, a former official says|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/09/04/us/trump-vs-biden|access-date=2021-08-20|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and that Trump deliberately ignored warnings about the rise of [[domestic terrorism]] for political reasons.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=2020-09-08|title="He Is Throwing Gasoline on a Fully Raging Fire": Trump's Kid-Glove Handling of White Supremacists Could Create a Homegrown Crisis|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/09/donald-trump-domestic-terrorism-threat|access-date=2021-08-20|magazine=Vanity Fair|language=en-US}}</ref> Taylor was also among those who appeared on a special that aired on CNN in October 2020, titled, "The Insiders: A Warning from Former Trump Officials".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hall|first=Louise|date=2020-10-16|title=John Kelly called Trump's dishonesty 'astounding' and 'pathetic,' report claims|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-john-kelly-chief-of-staff-white-house-dishonesty-b1084832.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-john-kelly-chief-of-staff-white-house-dishonesty-b1084832.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-20|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tapper|first=Jake|date=October 16, 2020|title=Former White House chief of staff tells friends that Trump 'is the most flawed person' he's ever met|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/16/politics/donald-trump-criticism-from-former-administration-officials/index.html|access-date=2021-08-20|website=CNN}}</ref> During the special, Taylor criticized Trump's singular focus on immigration, especially the border wall, saying that his "wall-or-nothing approach to governing meant the president ignored some of the most critical [[homeland security]] threats to our country, cybersecurity challenges, counterterrorism, manmade and natural disasters, and foreign interference in our democracy."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tapper|first=Jake|date=October 18, 2020|title=The Insiders, A Warning from Former Trump Officials|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/csr/date/2020-10-18/segment/01|access-date=2021-08-20|website=CNN}}</ref>

In an interview with [[MSNBC]] in June 2021, Taylor stated that "the number one [[national security]] threat I've ever seen in my life to this country's democracy is the party that I'm in — the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. It is the number one national security threat to the [[United States of America]]," ranking his party above "[[ISIS]], [[al-Qaeda]], and Russia". He also stated that if [[House Minority Leader]] [[Kevin McCarthy]] (a Republican) became [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]], it would represent "[[Donald Trump|Trump's]] hand on that Speaker's gavel."<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Jordan |date=July 16, 2021 |title=Ex-Trump official: 'No. 1 national security threat I've ever seen' is GOP |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/563404-ex-trump-official-number-one-national-security-threat-ive-ever-seen |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lemon |first=Jason |date=July 16, 2021 |title=Ex-Trump Official Says GOP Greater National Security Threat to U.S. Than ISIS, Al Qaeda |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ex-trump-official-says-gop-greater-national-security-threat-us-isis-al-qaeda-1610470 |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Haltiwanger |first=John |date=July 16, 2021 |title=Former Trump official says the GOP is the 'number 1 national security threat' to the US, bigger than ISIS or Russia |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ex-trump-official-says-gop-number-1-national-security-threat-2021-7 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mazza |first=Ed |date=July 16, 2021 |title=Ex-Trump Official Calls The GOP America's 'Number One National Security Threat' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miles-taylor-republican-threat_n_60f13006e4b00ef8761ad87a |work=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref> On his stand against the rightward trajectory of the GOP, Taylor told an interviewer at the [[Salzburg Global Seminar]] in December 2022: “I don't consider myself…courageous. I consider a lot of the people that were in the Republican Party with me as cowardly.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leung |first=Douglass |date=December 2022 |title=Part of the "Resistance Inside the Trump Administration": Miles Taylor is Now Moving Forward |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/news/latest-news/article/part-of-the-resistance-inside-the-trump-administration-miles-taylor-is-now-moving-forward |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=Salzburg Global Seminar}}</ref>

=== Civic activity ===
In the wake of the May 2021 decision by House Republicans to remove Representative [[Liz Cheney]] as [[House Republican Conference#Conference chairs|conference chair]] because of her opposition to Trump, Taylor and [[Evan McMullin]] organized a group of more than 150 Republicans—including former governors, senators, congressmen, cabinet secretaries, and party leaders—to issue "A Call for American Renewal" threatening to form a third party if the Republican Party did not reform itself.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cathey|first=Libby|date=May 13, 2021|title=Over 100 Republicans sign letter threatening to form third party|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/100-republicans-sign-letter-threatening-form-party/story?id=77665734|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniella|first=Diaz|date=May 13, 2021|title=More than 150 Republicans launch new political movement questioning Trump's role in GOP|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/13/politics/republican-political-movement-trump/index.html|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref>

In June 2021, Taylor and McMullin launched a new organization, the Renew America Movement (RAM). The organization's stated goal was to recruit candidates in the 2022 elections to challenge candidates who continue to support Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Niquette|first1=Mark|last2=Bill|first2=Allison|date=June 24, 2021|title=Anti-Trump Republicans Launch New Group to Impact Midterms|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-24/disaffected-republicans-launch-new-group-to-impact-2022-midterms|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=Bloomberg}}</ref> In October 2021, Taylor and former New Jersey Governor [[Christine Todd Whitman]] published an opinion piece in ''The New York Times'' announcing that RAM would be supporting "rational" Republicans and moderate Democrats in the 2022 midterm elections, with the goal of steering power away from members of the GOP who are pro-Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Miles|last2=Whitman|first2=Christine Todd|date=2021-10-11|title=Opinion {{!}} We Are Republicans. There's Only One Way to Save Our Party From Pro-Trump Extremists.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/11/opinion/2022-house-senate-trump.html|access-date=2021-10-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Taylor's group subsequently released a statement that they planned to raise "tens of millions" of dollars to defend a designated slate of House and Senate candidates in order to counter Donald Trump's hold on the Republican Party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Axelrod|first=Tal|date=2021-10-14|title=Anti-Trump Republicans endorsing vulnerable Democrats to prevent GOP takeover|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/576762-anti-trump-republicans-endorsing-vulnerable-democrats-to-prevent-gop|access-date=2021-10-15|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, Taylor merged his organization—[[Renew America Movement]]—with several others to launch a new political party in the United States, alongside former nationally known Democrats, Independents, and Republicans.<ref name="Reid">{{Cite news |last=Reid |first=Tim |date=2022-07-28 |title=Former Republicans and Democrats form new third U.S. political party |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/exclusive-former-republicans-democrats-form-new-third-us-political-party-2022-07-27/ |access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref> In announcing the new [[Forward (United States)|Forward Party]], Taylor told Reuters: "The fundamentals have changed. When other third party movements have emerged in the past it’s largely been inside a system where the American people aren’t asking for an alternative. The difference here is we are seeing an historic number of Americans saying they want one."<ref name="Reid"/>

=== News commentary and writing ===

Taylor became a CNN contributor in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=October 29, 2020 |title=Miles Taylor Outs Himself As 'Anonymous' Administration Official Who Warned Of Donald Trump |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/miles-taylor-donald-trump-anonymous-1234605072/ |access-date=August 20, 2021 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Following Trump's loss to Biden, Taylor stepped down from his role at Google.<ref name=":5" /> Taylor regularly appears on [[CNN]], [[MSNBC]], [[BBC]], and other news outlets on issues related to national security, technology, and public policy.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ex-DHS official calls Marjorie Taylor Greene's committee assignments 'extremely alarming' {{!}} CNN Politics |date=2023-01-18 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2023/01/18/marjorie-taylor-greene-miles-taylor-trump-homeland-security-committee-cnntm-vpx.cnn |access-date=2023-04-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=AI: What is the future of artificial intelligence? - BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK5j3pp0Too |access-date=2023-04-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Capehart |first=Jonathan |date=April 2, 2023 |title="The concern to me is less about the immediate arraignment in New York City, and more about other aspects of violence that could occur across the United States..." @MilesTaylorUSA on security fears around the upcoming arraignment of Trump #SundayShow |url=https://twitter.com/weekendcapehart/status/1642525572071841794?s=20 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> He has been a vocal commentator on the economic and geopolitical implications of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[quantum computing]].<ref name="youtube.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commentary: U.S.-China tech race: A quantum failure |url=https://fortune.com/2022/01/18/a-quantum-failure-us-china-tech-research-investing-congress-biden-xi-stimulus-international-politics/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Taylor is also a part-time faculty member at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name="piw.sas.upenn.edu"/>

In addition to the number-one [[New York Times best seller]] ''[[A Warning (book)|A Warning]]'' ([[Hachette Book Group|Hachette]], 2019), Taylor is the author of the forthcoming book ''Blowback'' ([[Simon & Schuster]]) set to be released on July 18, 2023.<ref name="Jordan"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Blowback/Miles-Taylor/9781668015988 |title=Blowback |date=2023-07-18 |isbn=978-1-6680-1598-8 |language=en |last1=Taylor |first1=Miles |publisher=Atria Books }}</ref> On social media in April 2023, he published voice messages purporting to show the threats he received in advance of the book's release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Miles |date=April 18, 2023 |title=These are the messages I've been getting. A snapshot of how dissent is treated in America. No matter how many MAGA diehards threaten us, I'm still releasing Blowback on July 18. |url=https://twitter.com/MilesTaylorUSA/status/1648286242793037824?s=20 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

== Havana syndrome incidents ==
In a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' interview in February 2022, Taylor recounted that he had two experiences that matched the [[Havana syndrome]] symptoms. Taylor also indicated that he was aware of a [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet]]-level official who had similar episodes.<ref name="Pelley 2022">{{cite web |last=Pelley |first=Scott |title=Havana Syndrome: High-level national security officials stricken with unexplained illness on White House grounds |series=60 Minutes |website=CBS News |date=2022-02-20 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/havana-syndrome-white-house-cabinet-60-minutes-2022-02-20/}}</ref>

== Political affiliations ==
Although Taylor was a lifelong member of the Republican Party,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 18, 2020|title='Second term would be more dangerous:' Lifelong Republican Miles Taylor blasts Trump, endorses Biden|url=https://abc7chicago.com/6375778/|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=ABC7 Chicago|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ex-Trump official shares his prediction if Trump loses 2020|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/08/20/miles-taylor-trump-election-concerns-newday-vpx.cnn|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> he donated to the [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Barack Obama campaign]] in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]]. He has said that he was "gunning for [[John McCain]]... [but] wanted to be able to tell [his] kids that... [he] supported the first Black president of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jacobs|first1=Ben|title=Miles Taylor Is Sick of Hearing About the Deep State|url=https://gen.medium.com/miles-taylor-is-sick-of-hearing-about-the-deep-state-3ed270046083|website=Medium|language=en|date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>

In May 2022, Taylor announced he was leaving the Republican Party over what he claimed was its espousal of "[[great replacement theory]]" rhetoric, especially in the wake of the [[2022 Buffalo shooting|Buffalo shooting]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Miles|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/buffalo-shooting-replacement-theory-trump-gop-stefanik-rcna29266|title=After Buffalo, saving the GOP means leaving the GOP|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=May 17, 2022|access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> He stated that "it's become glaringly obvious that my party no longer represents conservative values but in fact poses a threat to them—and to America."<ref>[[Richardson, Heather Cox]], ''[https://heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/p/may-17-2022 Letters from an American]'', [[Substack]], May 17, 2022</ref> Taylor is now a member of [[Forward (United States)|The Forward Party]].<ref name="Reid"/>

== See also ==
*[[List of former Trump administration officials who endorsed Joe Biden]]

== Writings ==
* {{Cite news|title=[[I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration]]|date=September 5, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 5, 2018|title=I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/opinion/trump-white-house-anonymous-resistance.html|access-date=November 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* Anonymous (2019), ''[[A Warning (book)|A Warning]]''. New York: Hachette {{ISBN|978-1-5387-1846-9}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anonymous|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyqzDwAAQBAJ|title=A Warning|date=November 19, 2019|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-1-5387-1847-6|language=en}}</ref>
* "Why I'm no longer 'Anonymous'". ''Medium''. October 28, 2020.<ref name="statement" />
* Miles Taylor (2023), ''Blowback: A Warning to Save Democracy''. New York: Simon & Schuster {{ISBN|9781668015988}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=TAYLOR |first=MILES |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1347429569 |title=Blowback: a warning to save democracy from the next Trump. |date=2023 |publisher=Atria Books |isbn=978-1-6680-1598-8 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1347429569}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Miles}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:American whistleblowers]]
[[Category:Auburn University faculty]]
[[Category:Criticism of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Google people]]
[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni]]
[[Category:Marshall Scholars]]
[[Category:Members of the Forward Party (United States)]]
[[Category:Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:United States Department of Homeland Security officials]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Seth Bogart

2024-03-02T23:57:54Z

174.74.229.81:

{{short description|American artist}}
{{for|the album|Seth Bogart (album){{!}}''Seth Bogart'' (album)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seth Bogart
| image = Seth Bogart Performing in New York City.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Bogart in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|2|28}}<ref name="mier">{{cite web|url=https://miergallery.com/sethbogartlick/|website=Nino Mier Gallery|title=Seth Bogart – Lick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B9H_DzUHr5T/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B9H_DzUHr5T |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|website=Instagram|title=It's my bday...|author=@sethbogartofficial|date=February 28, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_place = Tucson, AZ<ref name="vogue">{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/seth-bogart-hunx-and-his-punx-artist-los-angeles|website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|title=Don't Ever Call Seth Bogart an Influencer|first=Bridget|last=Read|date=February 5, 2019}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2000 - present
| known_for = [[Music]], [[painting]], [[ceramics]]
| notable_works =
| website = {{url|sethbogart.com}}
| signature = Seth Bogart signature.svg
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|*[[Gravy Train!!!!]]
*[[Hunx and His Punx]]}}
| label =
| instrument =
| genre = [[garage punk (fusion genre)|Garage punk]], [[queercore]], [[indie rock]], [[electroclash]]
| alias = Hunx
}}
}}
'''Seth Davis Bogart'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/885588683 |title=BAD SKIN |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |access-date=November 11, 2023}}</ref> (born February 28, 1980) is an American multidisciplinary artist.<ref name="office" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/d3v5v7/hunx-and-his-punx-frontman-seth-bogart-closes-his-la-art-show-with-a-bang|journal=[[i-D]]|first=John|last=Tuite|date=October 2, 2015|title=Hunx and His Punx Frontman Seth Bogart Closes His L.A. Art Show with a Bang}}</ref> As a musician, he is known for his solo career, as well as [[Hunx and His Punx]] and [[Gravy Train!!!!]]. As a visual artist, Bogart's paintings and sculptures have been exhibited in galleries throughout the United States, and he has created the [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]] web series ''Feelin' Fruity''. He also runs the [[streetwear]] line Wacky Wacko.

''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' named Bogart the "New King of [[Camp (style)|Camp]]" in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1025-new-king-of-camp-seth-bogart-on-turning-pop-music-into-pop-art/|title=New King of Camp Seth Bogart on Turning Pop Music Into Pop Art|first=Quinn|last=Moreland|date=February 17, 2016|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|2}}

== Early life and career ==
Bogart grew up in Tucson, Arizona, where his father was a lawyer and his mother was a nurse.<ref name="out" /> In high school, he started playing the guitar<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://vmagazine.com/article/city-of-angels-seth-bogart/|title=City of Angels: Seth Bogart|date=March 10, 2016|first=Patrik|last=Sandberg|journal=[[V (American magazine)|V]]|access-date=July 5, 2019|archive-date=July 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719190757/http://vmagazine.com/article/city-of-angels-seth-bogart/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sfweekly">{{cite web|url=https://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/all-the-sweet-stuff/Content?oid=2163221|title=All the Sweet Stuff|first=Dan|last=Strachota|date=July 4, 2007|website=[[SF Weekly]]|access-date=July 5, 2019|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025173332/https://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/all-the-sweet-stuff/Content?oid=2163221|url-status=dead}}</ref> and created the [[punk zine]] ''Puberty Strike''.<ref name="latimeswacky" /><ref name="saic" /><ref name="smith" /><ref name="sellingthis" /> He later produced the zine ''Psycho No. 1 Fan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/sideshow-your-angst-ridden-youth-library-zines/|title=Your Angst-Ridden Youth is Now in a Library|website=[[WNYC]]|date=November 4, 2015|first=Khrista|last=Rypl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Entity/Show/entity_id/184|website=[[Queer Zine Archive Project]]|title=Individual: Seth Bogart}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.qzap.org/v5/gallery/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=1338|title=Psycho No. 1 Fan|first=Seth|last=Bogart|website=Queer Zine Archive Project|access-date=July 5, 2019|archive-date=May 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520224123/http://www.qzap.org/v5/gallery/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=1338|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When Bogart was 18, his father committed suicide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.out.com/2012/02/20/seth-bogart-hunx-and-punx-music|website=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|title=The indie punk's alter ego, Hunx, takes a somber turn|first=Adam|last=Rathe|date=February 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BcN5Bh-B1Kv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BcN5Bh-B1Kv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|website=Instagram|author=@sethbogartofficial|date=December 2, 2017|title=20 years ago I️ found my father's suicide note locked inside his desk, in an unusually dark and quiet house}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He moved to [[Oakland, California]] shortly thereafter.<ref name="out" /> At 19, he studied cosmetology at [[Laney College]],<ref name="vogue" /><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/t-magazine/seth-bogart.html|title=The Artist and Musician Conjuring a World of Queer Fantasy|first=Jenn|last=Pelly|date=October 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/seth-bogart-of-hunx-and-his-punx-on-being-a-gay-punk-and-jay-reatard-giving-him-a-foot-massage/|website=[[LA Weekly]]|title=Seth Bogart of Hunx and His Punx on Being a Gay Punk and Jay Reatard Giving Him a Foot Massage|first=Kai|last=Flanders|date=March 15, 2012}}</ref><ref name="stereogum" /> and later, in 2006, he co-founded the salon and vintage clothing store Down at Lulu's on [[Telegraph Avenue]] in Oakland.<ref name="office" /><ref name="stereogum">{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/638302/quit-your-day-job-hunx-and-his-punx/franchises/quit-your-day-job/|title= Quit Your Day Job: Hunx And His Punx|first=Brandon|last=Stosuy|date=February 14, 2011|website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Seth-Bogart-of-Hunx-and-His-Punx-2388192.php|title=Seth Bogart of Hunx and His Punx|first=Aidin|last=Vaziri|date=March 25, 2011|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Gravy Train!!!!|Hunx and His Punx}}

As a teenager in the mid-1990s, Bogart created the record label Heroes for Today, which put out albums by indie bands and distributed zines.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bender.perso.libertysurf.fr/labels.html | title=100% Fret Free Records }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/roctober-18/page/24/|title=Roctober #18|year=1997}}</ref> In the late 1990s, Bogart created the record label Super Eight Underground, which put out albums both by and featuring indie bands such as [[The Causey Way]], [[Allison Wolfe#Deep Lust|Deep Lust]], [[The Mooney Suzuki]], [[The Rondelles]], [[Scared of Chaka]], and [[Skinned Teen]].<ref name="ts8"/> He closed the label in 2000.<ref name="ts8">{{cite web |url=http://www.thesuper8.com/ |title=Thank You |website=www.thesuper8.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001204182500/http://www.thesuper8.com/ |archive-date=4 December 2000 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bogart joined Oakland-based electroclash band [[Gravy Train!!!!]] as a backup dancer under the name Hunx shortly after its inception in the early 2000s. He soon began writing songs for the band and performing as the band's singer and guitarist.<ref name="sfweekly" />

In 2008, he founded [[Hunx and His Punx]],<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2011/09/01/a_bubblegum_twist_hunx_and_his_punx/|title=A Bubblegum Twist: Hunx and His Punx|first=Kristina|last=Gray|date=August 31, 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> a garage punk band,<ref>{{cite web | url = {{AllMusic|artist|hunx-his-punx-mn0002491720|pure_url=yes}} | title = Hunx & His Punx| work = [[AllMusic]] | publisher = [[All Media Network]] | first =Jason| last = Lymangrover}}</ref> which changed its lineup in 2010 and was renamed to Hunx and His Punkettes. After this lineup disbanded in 2011, Bogart sold Down at Lulu's.<ref name="ebart">{{cite web|url=https://www.ebar.com/arts_&_culture/music/261812|title=Second coming of Hunx and His Punx|first=Elle|last=Carroll|date=June 27, 2018|website=[[Bay Area Reporter]]}}</ref>

In 2012, Bogart released a solo album as Hunx titled ''Hairdresser Blues'',<ref name="laweeklywacky" /> and, in 2015, Bogart came out with an [[Seth Bogart (album)|eponymous solo album]] under his own name.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/t-magazine/entertainment/hunx-seth-bogart-debut-album.html|first=Kevin|last=McGarry|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=March 7, 2016|title=A Queer Pop-Punk Cult Hero Strikes Out on His Own}}</ref> 2020 saw the release of his "Boys Who Don't Wanna Be Boys"<ref name="newyorkerboys">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/night-life/seth-bogart-men-on-the-verge-of-nothing|first=Jay|last=Ruttenberg|title=Night Life|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> and a remix version of the same album.

== Clothing ==
Bogart relocated to Los Angeles in 2013,<ref name="ebart" /> and, in 2014, he started streetwear label Wacky Wacko.<ref name="office">{{cite web|url=http://officemagazine.net/feelin-fruity-seth-bogart|first=Cassidy|last=George|title=Feelin' Fruity with Seth Bogart|date=May 8, 2018|website=Office Magazine}}</ref> Initially, it was to be a record label, until he lost interest in that idea.<ref name="latimeswacky" /><ref name="laweeklywacky" /> The line grew in popularity, and could be seen on [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Tavi Gevinson]], and [[Kathleen Hanna]].<ref name="slimanes">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2014/08/slimanes-latest-muse-loves-miley-tampon-tees.html|date=August 18, 2014|title=Saint Laurent's Latest Collaborator Loves Miley, Designs Tampon Tees|first=Véronique|last=Hyland|website=The Cut|publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York magazine]]}}</ref> From 2014 to 2017, the label had a store on [[Sunset Boulevard]] in [[Echo Park, Los Angeles|Echo Park]].<ref name="latimeswacky">{{cite news|title=Seth Bogart is poised to make a splash with his new album and Wacky Wacko pop-up store|date=March 11, 2016|first=August|last=Brown|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-ca-ms-seth-bogart-wacky-wacko-20160313-story.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/sAwVADxrcx/|title=OPENING TOMORROW|date=August 22, 2014|website=Instagram|author=@wackywacko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BVX6_wGlZqi/|title=BIG NEWS: Wacky Wacko's LA SHOP is closing on June 26 2017 (new location might happen later this year – if anyone has any dream spots get in touch )|date=June 15, 2017|author=@wackywacko|website=Instagram}}</ref> During this time, his work was imitated by fast fashion retailer [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/10/128088/wacky-wacko-pop-up-shop-zara-fast-fashion-knockoffs|website=Refinery29|title=Two Artists Opened a Pop-Up Shop Filled with Fast-Fashion Rip-Offs|first=Ana|last=Colon|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

Bogart has also collaborated with fashion house [[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|Saint Laurent]].<ref name="vogue" /><ref name="w">{{cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/hunx-seth-bogart-saint-laurent|website=[[W (magazine)|W]]|title=Hunx Goes High-End|first=Sue|last=Williamson|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Director [[Hedi Slimane]] was a fan of Bogart's work,<ref name="slimanes" /> and used his drawings in a Saint Laurent fabric pattern<ref name="w" /> entitled "Hunx notebook,"<ref name="vogue" /> and a song by [[Hunx and His Punx]] in a promotional video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ysl.com/us/saint-laurent/shop-product/unisex/mss14campaign_section|title=Spring/Summer 2014|website=Saint Laurent|access-date=July 5, 2019|archive-date=July 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705192227/https://www.ysl.com/us/saint-laurent/shop-product/unisex/mss14campaign_section|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Video ==
In 2011, Bogart and collaborator Brande Bytheway launched a [[Kickstarter]] campaign to fund a TV show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/hollywoodnails/hollywood-nails-tv-show-make-your-dreams-come-true|website=Kickstarter|title=Hollywood Nails TV Show – Make Your Dreams Come True!}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://fuckyeahsethbogart.tumblr.com/image/24107839858|journal=[[Hardly Art|Hardly Art Magazine]]|volume=3|date=2012|title=King Tuff vs. Hunx|page=10}}</ref> ''Hollywood Nailz'' launched as a web series in November 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/check-out-seth-bogart-and-brande-bytheways-hollywood-nailz-paper-premi-1426664920.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116004813/http://www.papermag.com/check-out-seth-bogart-and-brande-bytheways-hollywood-nailz-paper-premi-1426664920.html|archive-date=January 16, 2021|title=Check Out Seth Bogart and Brande Bytheway's Hollywood Nailz (Paper Premiere)|date=November 14, 2012|website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]}}</ref> and was likened to a "bizarro '80s Public Access-style variety show".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/seth-bogart-forgotten-fantazy-1539801278.html|title=Premiere: Listen to Seth Bogart's New Track, "Forgotten Fantazy"|first=Abby|last=Schreiber|date=January 5, 2016|website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]}}</ref>

In May 2018, [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]] launched the web series ''Feelin' Fruity'', a variety show which starred Bogart,<ref name="office" /> and was inspired by [[Disneyland]]'s [[Mickey's Toontown|Toontown]] and ''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse]]''.<ref name="vulture" /> It featured such guests as [[Alice Bag]], [[Kate Berlant]], [[Tammie Brown]], [[John Early (comedian)|John Early]], [[Cole Escola]], [[Manila Luzon]], and [[Allison Wolfe]].<ref name="vulture">{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/seth-bogart-feelin-fruity-brings-a-punk-aesthetic-to-tv.html| date=July 20, 2018|title=Seth Bogart's Feelin' Fruity Is Bringing a Punk Aesthetic to TV|first=Angella|last=d'Avignon|website=Vulture|publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldofwonder.vhx.tv/feelin-fruity|title=Feelin' Fruity|website=WOW Presents Plus|publisher=World of Wonder}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=WorldOfWonder |number=993642935471124481 |date=May 7, 2018 |title=Are you Feeling Fruity?!? Coming to WOW Presents Plus tomorrow is our new show with @SethBogartOK featuring guest stars like @thetammiebrown, @bejohnce, @kateberlant, @manilaluzon, @ColeEscola & a bunch of others! Watch the trailer on @them! }}</ref>

Bogart has also worked on music videos for other musicians. He directed [[Tegan and Sara]]'s "[[Love You to Death (album)|U-Turn]]" (2016)<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/article/2016/05/04/tegan-sara-uturn/ | title=Watch Tegan & Sara's new 'U-Turn' music video | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> and was the set designer for [[Trixie Mattel]]'s "Yellow Cloud" (2019).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwaHeZwfGB0 | title=Trixie Mattel - Yellow Cloud (Official Music Video) | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

== Sculpture and paintings ==
Bogart began taking classes at [[ArtCenter College of Design]] in 2013,<ref name="laweeklywacky">{{cite web|title=The Leader of Hunx and His Punx, Seth Bogart, Has a Wacky New Art Show|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/the-leader-of-hunx-and-his-punx-has-a-wacky-new-art-show-5981696|date=September 2, 2015|website=[[LA Weekly]]|first=Liz|last=Ohanesian}}</ref> and began selling ceramic versions of familiar objects—including perfume bottles and grooming supplies—at the Wacky Wacko store shortly thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/seth-bogart|title=Seth Bogart's sleazy ceramic homages to salon life|first=Billie|last=Muraben|date=February 2, 2015|website=It's Nice That}}</ref>

In 2014, Los Angeles art gallery 365 Mission included a painting by Bogart in a group show,<ref name="mission2014" /> and, in 2015, 365 Mission gave him a solo show, in which he transformed the gallery space into ''The Seth Bogart Show'', an immersive experience that displayed sculpture, paintings, ceramics, and video, as well as served as a performance venue.<ref name="mission2015" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://nylon.com/articles/seth-bogart|journal=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]|title=Seth Bogart Makes Pop Where Life Imitates Art|first=Dana|last=Guth|date=February 22, 2016}}</ref>

Nino Mier gave Bogart a show in their Los Angeles gallery in 2018. Entitled ''Lick'', it transformed the space into a [[sex shop]], and included paintings and ceramic pieces by Bogart.<ref name="mier" />

In 2019, Chicago's Soccer Club Club gallery hosted ''100 Toothbrushes'', a solo exhibit of 100 ceramic toothbrushes by Bogart.<ref name="soccerclubclub" />

In 2020 and 2021, he crafted ceramic sculptures of books with significance in the LGBTQ+ community.<ref name="smutty">{{cite web|title=Artist Seth Bogart's Smutty Punk Reading List|first=Coco|last=Romack|date=October 29, 2020|website=Interview magazine|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/artist-seth-bogart-smutty-punk-reading-list}}</ref><ref name="theguardian">{{cite web|title=Counterculture books modelled in clay – in pictures|first=Alice|last=Fisher|date=7 Nov 2020|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/nov/07/counterculture-books-modelled-in-clay-seth-bogart-in-pictures|website=The Guardian}}</ref> These works were exhibited at New York City's Fierman Gallery<ref name="smutty"/> and Jeffrey Deitch Gallery,<ref name="deitch"/> and received international press.<ref name="theguardian" />

== Personal life ==
Bogart is openly gay.<ref name="out">{{Cite web|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2010/06/16/need-know-seth-bogart|title=Need to Know: Seth Bogart|date=2010-06-16|website=www.out.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-06|last=Gopalan|first=Nisha}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost" /> He came out to his friends while in high school, and to his mother when he was age 18.<ref name="out" /> In the early 2010s, Bogart dated fellow musician Daniel Pitout of [[Nü Sensae]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beat.com.au/hunx-hairdresser-blues/ | title=Hunx : Hairdresser Blues | date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://soundcloud.com/interviewshow/the-interview-show-with-nu-sensae-2011-22 | title=The Interview Show with Nu Sensae #77 }}</ref> the suspected true identity of country star [[Orville Peck]].

== Discography ==
=== As Hunx and His Punx ===
==== Studio albums ====
* ''[[Too Young to Be in Love]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Street Punk]]'' (2013)

==== Compilations ====
* ''Gay Singles'' (2010)

=== As Hunx ===
==== Studio albums ====
* ''Hairdresser Blues'' (2012)

=== As H.U.N.X. ===
==== Singles ====
* ''I Vant to Suck'' (2012)

=== As Seth Bogart ===
==== Studio albums ====
* ''[[Seth Bogart (album)|Seth Bogart]]'' (2016)
* ''Men on the Verge of Nothing'' (2020)

==== Singles ====
* "Eating Makeup" (2015) featuring [[Kathleen Hanna]]
* "Club with Me" (2016)
* "Boys Who Don't Wanna Be Boys" (2020)<ref name="newyorkerboys" />
* "Boys Who Don't Wanna Be Boys – The Remixes" (2020)

=== As S.L.I.N.K. ===
==== Singles ====
* "Pink Christmas" (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2014/12/10/slink-pink-christmas|title=SSION, Hunx and His Punx, and Samantha Urbani Wish You a 'Pink Christmas'|first=Ruth|last=Saxelby|date=December 10, 2014|website=Fader}}</ref>

== Published works ==
=== Zines ===
* {{cite book|title=Puberty Strike|publisher=Heroes for Today}} (c. 1996–98)<ref name="saic">{{cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.saic.edu/islandora/object/islandora%3A30568|title=Puberty strike|website=SAIC Digital Collections}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite web|url=https://libex.smith.edu/omeka/items/show/497|title="Puberty Strike," January 1997|website=Smith College Libraries}}</ref><ref name="sellingthis">{{cite web|url=https://deardiaryzinefest.tumblr.com/post/182388468220/selling-this-collectors-item-from-1998-to-raise|title=selling this collectors item from 1998 to raise money for the fest|website=DEAR DIARY|date=January 28, 2019}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Psycho No. 1 Fan}} (undated; after ''Puberty Strike'')
* {{cite book|title=Wacky Wacko Magazine|publisher=Youth in Decline|volume=1|date=2015|oclc=950976487}}
* {{cite book|title=Wacky Wacko Magazine|publisher=Youth in Decline|volume=2|date=2016}}

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|title=Seth Bogart: Ceramics 2014–2016|date=2017|publisher=Brain Dead Books}}
* {{cite book|title=100 Toothbrushes|date=2019|publisher=Drag City}}

== Exhibitions ==
=== Solo ===
* 2015 – ''The Seth Bogart Show'', 356 Mission, Los Angeles<ref name="mission2015">{{cite web|url=http://356mission.com/item/the-seth-bogart-show/|title=The Seth Bogart Show – September 3 – October 2, 2015|website=356 Mission}}</ref>
* 2018 – ''LICK'', Nino Mier Gallery, Los Angeles<ref name="mier" />
* 2019 – ''100 Toothbrushes'', Soccer Club Club, Chicago<ref name="soccerclubclub">{{cite web|url=http://soccerclubclub.com/|archive-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522224612/http://soccerclubclub.com/|title=Soccer Club Club}}</ref>
* 2021 – ''Library Fantasy Volume 1'', Fierman Gallery, New York City<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fierman.nyc/seth-home|title=Seth Bogart|website=Fierman Gallery}}</ref>

=== Group ===
* 2010 – ''Total Trash'', A440 Gallery, San Francisco<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2pj1pCywZU|website=YouTube|title=Total Trash @ A440 Gallery, San Francisco:August September 2010|date=Aug 24, 2010}}</ref>
* 2014 – ''Another Cats Show'', 356 Mission, Los Angeles<ref name="mission2014">{{cite web|url=http://356mission.com/item/another-cats-show/|title=Another Cats Show – August 16 – September 14, 2014|website=356 Mission}}</ref>
* 2014 – ''You're My Playground Love'', KK Gallery, Los Angeles<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=January 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127033213/http://www.kklosangeles.com/gallery/kk-outlet-exhibitions/youre-my-playground-love|url=http://www.kklosangeles.com/gallery/kk-outlet-exhibitions/youre-my-playground-love|title=You're My Playground Love|website=KK Gallery}}</ref>
* 2014 – ''Perfume Mania Installation'', [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles#The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA|The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA]], Los Angeles
* 2016 – ''Volatile! A Poetry and Scent Exhibition'', [[Poetry Foundation]], Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/exhibitions/74560/volatile-a-poetry-and-scent-exhibition|title=''Volatile!'' A Poetry and Scent Exhibition|website=Poetry Foundation|date=April 14, 2022}}</ref>
* 2016 – ''THINGS: A Queer Legacy of Graphic Art & Play'', ONE Archives, Los Angeles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://one.usc.edu/exhibition/things-queer-legacy-graphic-art-and-play|title=THINGS: A Queer Legacy of Graphic Art & Play – September 17, 2016 to December 11, 2016|website=ONE Archives at the USC Libraries}}</ref>
* 2016 – ''THINGS: A Queer Legacy of Graphic Art & Play'', Participant Inc., New York City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://participantinc.org/seasons/season-14/things|title=Curt McDowell, Tom Rubnitz, Robert Ford, Seth Bogart, Rafa Esparza, Aimee Goguen, Brontez Purnell – THINGS – Curated by Bradford Nordeen – Jul 17–Aug 21, 2016|website=PARTICIPANT INC}}</ref>
* 2017 – ''Last'', Artist Curated Projects, Los Angeles
* 2018 – ''Tom House'', Mike Kelley Mobile Homestead, [[Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit]], Detroit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mocadetroit.org/tom-house/|title=Mike Kelley's Mobile Homestead – Tom House: The Life and Work of Tom of Finland|website=[[Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit]]}}</ref>
* 2019 – ''Circus of Books'', Fierman Gallery, New York City<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fierman.nyc/circus-of-books|title=Circus of Books|website=Fierman Gallery}}</ref>
* 2020 – ''Heaven and Hell'', Tom of Finland Foundation, Los Angeles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tomoffinland.org/events/heaven-and-hell/|title=Heaven and Hell|website=Tom of Finland Foundation}}</ref>
* 2020 – ''Circus of Books: Blowout'', Fierman Gallery, New York City<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fierman.nyc/cob|title=Circus of Books: Blowout|website=Fierman Gallery}}</ref>
* 2021 – ''Clay Pop'', Jeffrey Deitch, New York City<ref name="deitch">{{cite web|url=https://deitch.com/new-york/exhibitions/clay-pop|title=Clay Pop|website=Jeffrey Deitch}}</ref>
* 2023 – ''WARES! Extraordinary Ceramics and the Ordinary Home'', Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara<ref name="sbma">{{cite web|url=https://www.sbma.net/exhibitions/wares|title=WARES! Extraordinary Ceramics and the Ordinary Home|website=Santa Barbara Museum of Art}}</ref>

=== Curator ===
* 2021 – ''Wild Frontiers'', The Pit, Los Angeles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-pit.la/wild-frontiers|title=Wild Frontiers|website=The Pit}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|sethbogart.com}}
* {{IMDb name|7490610}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bogart, Seth}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:American video artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Arizona]]
[[Category:Hardly Art artists]]
[[Category:American LGBT singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Painters from Arizona]]
[[Category:Artists from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:Sculptors from Arizona]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Arizona]]
[[Category:American punk rock musicians]]
[[Category:Queercore musicians]]
[[Category:American indie rock musicians]]
[[Category:American contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Laney College alumni]]

This Is America (song)

2024-02-25T05:13:10Z

174.74.229.81: /* Cover versions, adaptations, and in popular culture */ "entitle" means to deserve, "title" means to be named

{{Short description|2018 single by Childish Gambino}}
{{about|the 2018 Childish Gambino song|other uses|This Is America (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox song
| name = This Is America
| cover = This Is America (single cover) 2018.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Donald Glover|Childish Gambino]]
| album =
| released = {{Start date|2018|5|6}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip Hop music|Hip Hop]]<ref name="NPR">{{cite web|last1=Cornish|first1=Audie|title=Donald Glover's 'This Is America' Holds Ugly Truths To Be Self-Evident|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/05/07/609150167/donald-glovers-this-is-america-holds-ugly-truths-to-be-self-evident|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 7, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2018}}</ref>|[[Afrobeats]]<ref name="Jenkins">{{cite web|last1=Jenkins|first1=Craig|title=The Internet Has Already Devoured 'This Is America'|url=http://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-internet-has-already-devoured-this-is-america.html|website=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]|access-date=May 20, 2018|date=May 17, 2018|quote=The same night he dropped off the video for "This Is America," a combination trap and afrobeat banger with a beguiling message about race and gun violence.}}</ref>|[[Trap music|Trap]]<ref name="forbes"/> |[[ Political Hip Hop|Progressive Rap]] }}

| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=45}}
| label = {{hlist|mcDJ|[[RCA Records|RCA]]}}
| writer = {{hlist|[[Donald Glover]]|[[Ludwig Göransson]]|[[Young Thug|Jeffery Lamar Williams]]<ref name="tidal"/>}}
| producer = {{hlist|Donald Glover|Ludwig Göransson}}
| prev_title = [[Terrified (song)|Terrified]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Summertime Magic]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|VYOjWnS4cMY|"This Is America"}}}}
}}

"'''This Is America'''" is a song by American rapper [[Childish Gambino]]. Written and produced by Gambino and [[Ludwig Göransson]], with additional writing credits going to American rapper [[Young Thug]],<ref>{{cite web |title=61st Annual GRAMMY Awards |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/61st-annual-grammy-awards#category-140 |website=GRAMMY.com |language=en |date=6 December 2018}}</ref> it was released on May 6, 2018 at the same time that Gambino was hosting an episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''. The song features background vocals from Young Thug alongside fellow American rappers [[Slim Jxmmi]] of Rae Sremmurd, [[BlocBoy JB]], [[Quavo]] of [[Migos]], and Atlanta-based rapper [[21 Savage]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spin.com/2018/05/childish-gambino-this-is-america-snl-debut-youtube-watch/|title=Childish Gambino Debuts Politically-Charged New Song "This is America" on SNL: Watch|last=Arcand|first=Rob|date=May 6, 2018|work=Spin|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Vulture">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vulture.com/2018/05/what-it-means-when-childish-gambino-says-this-is-america.html|title=What It Means When Childish Gambino Says 'This Is America'|last=Guan|first=Frank|date=May 7, 2018|work=Vulture|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> The lyrics and accompanying [[music video]], reflecting the core of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, confront issues of ongoing [[systemic racism]], including [[prejudice]], [[racial violence]], the [[ghetto]], and [[law enforcement in the United States]], as well as the wider issues of [[mass shootings]] and [[gun violence in the United States]]. Originally, Gambino intended it to be a [[diss record]] towards fellow rapper [[Drake (musician)|Drake]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://hiphopdx.com/news/donald-glover-this-is-america-drake-diss-record|title= Donald Glover's 'This Is America' Was Originally A Drake Diss Record|last= Oatman|first= Alexis|date= April 4, 2023|website= hiphopdx.com|publisher= HipHopDX |access-date= |quote= “It started as a Drake diss, to be honest, as like a funny way of doing it. But then I was like, this shit sounds kind of hard though. So I was like, let me play with it.”}}</ref>

The song's accompanying music video was directed by filmmaker [[Hiro Murai]], a frequent Gambino collaborator.<ref>
*{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8454700/childish-gambino-donald-glover-this-is-america-reactions-social-media-kanye-west|title=Childish Gambino 'This Is America' Reactions: The Good, The Bad & The Kanye Bashing|last=Mitchell|first=Peters|date=May 6, 2018|magazine=Billboard|access-date=May 7, 2018}}
*{{Cite news|url=http://junkee.com/childish-gambino-this-is-america/157118|title=Hello, Childish Gambino Just Dropped The Music Video Of The Year|last=Lefevre|first=Jules|date=May 7, 2018|work=Junkee|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Atlantic">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/05/donald-glover-this-is-america-childish-gambino/559805|title=Donald Glover Is Watching You Watch Him|last=Kornhaber|first=Spencer|date=May 7, 2018|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> "This Is America" became the 31st song to [[List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones#Number-one debuts|debut at number one]] on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becoming both Gambino's first number one and top ten single in the country. It has also topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. The song won in all four of its nominated categories at the [[61st Annual Grammy Awards]]: [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance|Best Rap/Sung Performance]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Music Video]]. This made Gambino the first hip-hop artist to win Record of the Year and Song of the Year, and "This Is America" the first rap song to win these awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2019-grammy-awards-complete-nominations-list|title=2019 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominations List|date=7 December 2018|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

==Composition==
The song features a [[Gospel music|gospel]]-style choir and background contributions from various American rappers. [[Young Thug]], [[Rae Sremmurd|Slim Jxmmi]], [[BlocBoy JB]], [[21 Savage]] and [[Quavo]] each deliver an [[ad-lib]].<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="Complex2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2018/05/childish-gambino-this-is-america-ad-lib-list|title=Here Are the Rappers Who Contributed to Childish Gambino's "This Is America"|last=Espinoza|first=Joshua|date=May 6, 2018|website=Complex|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> Young Thug returns to supply the song's [[Conclusion (music)|outro]].<ref name="Vulture" /> The lyrics primarily address [[African-American culture|black culture in the United States]] and [[gun violence in the United States|gun violence in the country]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/2018/05/06/childish-gambino-donald-glover-this-is-america/#XHmh8LIO9sqw|title=Donald Glover tackles gun violence in powerful video for 'This Is America,' his new single|last=Tesema|first=Martha|date=May 6, 2018|work=Mashable|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> It also touches on the subject of [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]] and misconduct.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ab99774f8b5c4b9cbb803e6900c75fe5|title='This Is America' seals Glover's rep as protest artist|last=Holland|first=Jesse J.|date=May 9, 2018|work=AP News|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/07/entertainment/childish-gambino-this-america-video/index.html|title='This Is America': The Childish Gambino video explained|last=France|first=Lisa Respers|date=May 7, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> [[Pitchfork (website)|''Pitchfork'']]'s Stephen Kearse described the song as a representation of the "tightrope of being black", with the song "built on the sharp contrast between jolly, syncretic melodies and menacing [[trap music|trap]] cadences".<ref name="Pitchfork">{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/childish-gambino-this-is-america/|title="This Is America" by Childish Gambino Review {{!}} Pitchfork|website=pitchfork.com|access-date=May 11, 2018}}</ref> Bryan Rolli of ''[[Forbes]]'' calls it "a vicious, urgent take on modern [[trap music]], as Glover adopts the clipped, percussive flow of his contemporaries atop crackling [[Roland TR-808|808s]] and rumbling [[Bass (sound)|bass]]."<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |last1=Rolli |first1=Bryan |title='This Is America' Is Childish Gambino's Most Authentic Musical Evolution Yet |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bryanrolli/2018/05/09/this-is-america-childish-gambino-most-authentic-musical-evolution-yet/ |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=10 November 2020 |date=May 9, 2018}}</ref>

Media outlets reported that a number of listeners accused Gambino of plagiarism over "This Is America", pointing out the similarities between the song and "American Pharaoh" by [[Jase Harley]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/childish-gambino-collaborator-denies-this-is-america-plagiarism-allegations/ |title=Childish Gambino Collaborator Denies "This Is America" Plagiarism Allegations |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=June 25, 2018 |work=Pitchfork |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2018/06/childish-gambino-accused-of-ripping-this-song-for-this-is-america/ |title=Childish Gambino Accused of Ripping Song for "This Is America" |last=Miller |first=Kai |date=June 25, 2018 |work=XXL |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> [[CBS News]] stated, "The tracks have a similar sound, and share similar themes in the lyrics." Harley stated that he felt "This Is America" was influenced by his song. At the time, he did not have an issue with this.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestranger.com/music/2018/06/26/28262793/genius-donald-glovers-this-is-america-sounds-like-a-rip-off-of-jase-harleys-american-pharaoh|title=Genius Donald Glover's This Is America Sounds Like a Rip-Off of Jase Harley's American Pharaoh|last=Mudede|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Mudede|date=June 26, 2018|website=The Stranger (newspaper)|access-date=January 18, 2023}}</ref> However, when Gambino did not acknowledge him at the Grammys, Harley was upset and called Gambino a "[[house slave]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theroot.com/this-is-shots-fired-jase-harley-calls-childish-gambino-1832566037|title=Jase Harley Criticizes Childish Gambino After Grammy Win|last=Stidhum|first=Tonja Renée|date=February 12, 2019|website=The Root|access-date=January 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2019/02/12/childish-gambino-house-slave-jase-harley-grammy-win-this-is-america/|title=Childish Gambino Dubbed a 'House Slave' by Jase Harley After Grammy Win|date=February 12, 2019|website=[[TMZ]]|access-date=January 18, 2023}}</ref> Glover's manager, Fam Rothstein, denied any plagiarism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/childish-gambino-accused-plagiarism-this-is-america-Jase-Harley-american-pharaoh-2018-06-26/ |title=Childish Gambino's manager denies accusation of plagiarism over "This is America" |last=Park |first=Andryea |date=June 26, 2018 |work=[[CBS News]] |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> Childish Gambino was sued by Kidd Wes over substantial similarities with the song Made in America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Legal |title=Childish Gambino’s ‘This Is America’ Caught In Wave Of Music Copyright Lawsuits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/legalentertainment/2021/05/17/childish-gambinos-this-is-america-caught-in-wave-of-music-copyright-lawsuits/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==Music video analysis==
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Jimcrow.jpg|thumb|180px|right|In the music video, Gambino assumes a stance similar to the [[Jim Crow (character)|Jim Crow]] caricature]]
The music video was directed by [[Hiro Murai]] and released on [[YouTube]] simultaneously with Gambino's performance of the song on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''. The video received about 12.9 million views in 24 hours,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/05/09/childish-gambinos-this-is-america-breaks-youtube-record/|title=Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Clocks 55 Million Views In Just Four Days|last=Klein|first=Jessica|date=May 9, 2018|website=www.tubefilter.com|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> and has over 880+ million views as of June 2023.<ref>{{Citation|last=ChildishGambinoVEVO|title=Childish Gambino - This Is America (Official Music Video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', Murai discussed his upcoming season for ''[[Atlanta (TV series)|Atlanta]]'', a show created by and starring Glover. He stated: "There's sort of a world-weariness in both this season and the music video. They're both reactions to what's happening in the world."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/arts/hiro-murai-Atlanta-finale-this-is-america-interview.html|title=Hiro Murai on the 'Atlanta' Finale and 'This Is America' Video|last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=2018-05-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-08|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The video contains many scenes involving violence. It starts off with a shirtless Gambino dancing through a warehouse, interacting with a series of chaotic scenes. According to Murai, the video was inspired by the films ''[[Mother!]]'' and ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]''. Prettyman states "The video tests us, taunting us to keep pace as we try to decode every gesture and calculation".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Prettyman|first=Michele|date=2020|title=The Persistence of 'Wild Style': Hip-Hop and Music Video Culture at the Intersection of Performance and Provocation|journal=Journal of Cinema and Media Studies|language=en|volume=59|issue=2|pages=151–157|doi=10.1353/cj.2020.0008|s2cid=214502969|issn=2578-4919}}</ref> Choreographed by [[Sherrie Silver]], Gambino and his entourage of young dancers perform several viral dance moves including the [[South Africa]]n ''[[Gqom#Gwara gwara|Gwara gwara]]'' and "Shoot" popularized by [[BlocBoy JB]], who is one of the ad-lib contributors on the song. Gambino's dancing is contrasted against moments of violence. Only 53 seconds into the video, Gambino shoots a man in the back of the head with a [[handgun]], while assuming a comical stance similar to a [[Jim Crow (character)|Jim Crow]] caricature. The first person depicted as being shot in the video, a guitarist who had been accompanying Gambino's singing up to that point, was musician Calvin the Second. This first shooting also marks a transition in the music, from an African "folk-inspired melody" to "dark, pulsing [[Trap music|trap]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amoako |first1=Aida |title=Why the Dancing Makes 'This Is America' So Uncomfortable to Watch |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/05/this-is-america-childish-gambino-donald-glover-kinesthetic-empathy-dance/559928/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=6 February 2019 |date=2018-05-08}}</ref> At a later point, Childish Gambino uses a [[Kalashnikov rifle|Kalashnikov patterned]] [[automatic weapon]] to gun down a church choir.

In both scenes a child appears from off-screen holding a red cloth, on which Gambino gently lays the weapon used, while the bodies are simply dragged away. A group of children in school uniforms join Gambino in dancing, only to panic and scatter when the music imitates the sound of gunfire and Gambino positions his arms as if firing a gun, after which he lights a joint. Other schoolchildren are seen on a catwalk above, using their cell phones to record the chaos happening in the video as Gambino sings the lyrics "This a [[wikt:celly|celly]] / That's a tool". Martha Tesema, writer for website [[Mashable]], stated that "cell phones have been used as tools to broadcast police shooting, rioting against, or choking black people in this country". Throughout the video, numerous vehicles from several decades ago are featured, many of them with their hazard lights flashing and the driver's side door ajar. American singer [[SZA (singer)|SZA]] makes a [[cameo appearance]] towards the end of the video, seated atop one of these vehicles. The video ends with Gambino in a darkened portion of the warehouse, fearfully running towards the camera while being chased by several white people.

The dance moves were choreographed by [[Rwanda]]n-born [[Sherrie Silver]] based on various [[African dance]]s such as the Ghanaian [[Azonto]], [[Nigeria]]n Shoki, and the [[South Africa]]n ''Gwara gwara'', as well as gyration or walking moves from [[Angola]] and [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qz.com/africa/1280777/childish-gambinos-african-pop-dance-moves-were-created-by-this-rwandan-choreographer/amp/|title=The choreographer who brought Africa to Childish Gambino's 'This is America' had a clear message|first=Lynsey|last=Chutel|date=17 May 2018 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The music video received widespread critical acclaim. Spencer Kornhaber of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' described the initial reaction on [[Twitter]] as "a gushing river of well-deserved praise" and the video as "the most talked-about music video of recent memory."<ref name="Atlantic" /> Daniel Kreps of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' commented that the video "is a surreal, visceral statement about gun violence in America".<ref name="rolling stone">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-childish-gambinos-caustic-new-video-this-is-america-w519862|title=Watch Childish Gambino's Caustic Video for New Song 'This Is America'|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|date=May 6, 2018|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' awarded the song the distinction of "Best New Track".<ref name="Pitchfork"/> ''Billboard'' critics ranked it 10th among the "greatest music videos of the 21st century."<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8466543/100-greatest-music-videos-of-the-21st-century |title=The 100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century: Critics' Picks |date=July 24, 2018 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> Mahita Gajanan of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' quoted music history professor Guthrie Ramsey at the University of Pennsylvania:

{{Blockquote|text=He's talking about the contradictions of trying to get money, the idea of being a black man in America. It comes out of two different sound worlds. Part of the brilliance of the presentation is that you go from this happy [[major mode]] of choral singing that we associate with South African choral singing, and then after the first gunshot it moves right into the trap sound.<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5267890/childish-gambino-this-is-america-meaning/|title=An Expert's Take on the Symbolism in Childish Gambino's Viral 'This Is America' Video|last=Gajanan|first=Mahita|date=May 7, 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref>}}

[[Will Gompertz]], arts editor of the [[BBC]], asserted that "This Is America" was a "powerful and poignant allegorical portrait of 21st Century America, which warrants a place among the canonical depictions of the USA from [[Grant Wood]]'s ''[[American Gothic]]'' to [[Edward Hopper]]'s ''[[Nighthawks (painting)|Nighthawks]]'', from [[Emanuel Leutze]]'s ''[[Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 painting)|Washington Crossing the Delaware]]'' to ''America the Beautiful'' by [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]]".<ref name="Gompertz">{{cite news|title=Will Gompertz reviews Childish Gambino's This is America video |newspaper=BBC News|first=Will|last=Gompertz|author-link=Will Gompertz|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-44062444|date=12 May 2018|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

In December 2018, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' ranked "This Is America" as the 6th best song of the year.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/year-in-music-2018/8489483/best-songs-2018-staff-picks|title=Billboard's 100 Best Songs of 2018: Critics' Picks|magazine=Billboard|date=December 11, 2018| access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>

The music video won the [[International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage]] Award for Best Cinematography in a Music Video,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://camerimage.pl/en/laureaci-energacamerimage-2018/|title=EnergaCAMERIMAGE 2018 WINNERS – Camerimage 2018|website=camerimage.pl|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> as well as the [[Grammy Award for Best Music Video]] at the [[61st Annual Grammy Awards|61st Grammy Awards]].

== Media appearances==
Glover hosted the May 5 episode of [[Saturday Night Live (season 43)|the 43rd season of ''Saturday Night Live'']], and performed two new songs as Childish Gambino on the same episode, the second of which was "This Is America". [[Daniel Kaluuya]], best known as the star of the film ''Get Out'' which the music video reportedly references, introduced the song's performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2018/05/06/snl-childish-gambino-performs-this-is-america-video-watch/|title='SNL': Childish Gambino Delivers 'This Is America' With Intro By 'Get Out's Daniel Kaluuya|first=Scott|last=Baumgartner|date=May 6, 2018|work=Hollywood Life|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/this-is-america-breaking-down-childish-gambino-s-powerful-new-music-video-20180510-p4zee0.html|title=This Is America: Breaking down Childish Gambino's powerful new music video|date=May 9, 2018|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

==Cover versions, adaptations, and in popular culture ==
Several artists attracted attention and millions of views for creating covers of the song and music video with altered lyrics and themes, retaining the song's instrumental and the general structure of its music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-44140500|title=YouTuber defends Gambino 'women's edit'|date=May 16, 2018|publisher=BBC|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/may/17/nicole-arbours-feminist-makeover-of-childish-gambi/|title=Nicole Arbour's feminist makeover of Childish Gambino's 'This is America' sparks backlash|last=Ernst|first=Douglas|publisher=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

Bay Area rapper [[Lil B]] featured a remix of his own on his ''Options'' mixtape titled "This Is the BasedGod" in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen to Lil B's New Mixtape and "This Is America" Cover|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/598eyn/listen-to-lil-bs-new-mixtape-and-this-is-america-cover|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-17|title=Lil B Drops New Mixtape Options: Listen|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/lil-b-drops-new-mixtape-options-listen/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lil B Reworks Childish Gambino's "This Is America" on New 'Options' Mixtape|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2018/10/lil-b-options-mixtape-stream|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Complex|language=en}}</ref>

The music video also spawned popular [[Internet meme]]s, particularly those in which the audio was replaced so that Childish Gambino appeared to be dancing in time to another song. Versions using [[Carly Rae Jepsen]]'s "[[Call Me Maybe]]", [[Earth, Wind & Fire]]'s "[[September (Earth, Wind & Fire song)|September]]" and [[Banda Blanca]]'s "[[Sopa de Caracol]]" were some of the most viewed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2018/05/13/childish-gambino-this-is-america-carly-rae-jepsen/#47v_x1Y30aq2|title=You can't shut down 'This Is America' memes. That's what 'This Is America' is about.|first=Adam|last=Rosenberg|date=13 May 2018 |publisher=Mashable|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/this-is-america-call-me-maybe-parody/|title=Childish Gambino's "This is America" x "Call Me Maybe" Mashup|date=June 4, 2018|work=Highsnobiety|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-44198683|title=Watanegui consupu: qué significa realmente el estribillo de Sopa de Caracol, el éxito musical de Honduras que dio la vuelta al mundo|trans-title=Watanegui consupu: what does the chorus of Sopa de Caracol, the Honduran musical hit that went around the world, really mean?|language=es|date=May 24, 2018|work=BBC Mundo|access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref>


The song is interpolated into a scene in the film ''[[Guava Island]]'' (released 2019), which was directed by Hiro and features Glover and [[Rihanna]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Guava Island: Fans respond to Donald Glover and Rihanna's new film | website=BBC News | date=14 April 2019 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-47925954 | access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

===Other countries===
Covers and parodies of the song were generated around the world, including:
* "[[This Is Nigeria]]" was released by Nigerian rapper [[Falz]] released on May 25, 2018, highlighting the nation's issues with [[Corruption in Nigeria|corruption]] and [[organized crime in Nigeria]], among other themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1292249/this-is-nigeria-by-falz-explains-africas-largest-economy-like-childish-gambino-on-america/|title=The hit "This is Nigeria" video tackles the country's worst problems one reference at a time|date=30 May 2018 |publisher=QZ|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/06/01/615805868/a-nigerian-rappers-take-on-donald-glover-s-this-is-america|title=Nigerian Rapper Goes Viral With His Take On 'This Is America'|website=NPR |date=June 2018 |access-date=June 4, 2018|last1=Unah |first1=Linus }}</ref>
* "This Is Sierra Leone" (June 2018)<ref>{{YouTube|VChKR1RmtcA|"This Is Sierra Leone" - Xzu B (Childish Gambino - This Is America) Cover}}. Published June 7, 2018.</ref>
* "This Is Barbados" (June 2018)<ref>{{YouTube|rTbfYj8ONuc|"Jabari Browne - This is Barbados (Official This is America "Bajan" Remix) by CROWD response}}. Published June 1, 2018.</ref>
* "This Is Malaysia" (June 2018)<ref>{{YouTube|q6XwJfF_IKA|Chinese Gambino - "This is Malaysia" (Parody)}} Published 13 June 2018.</ref>
* "This Is Iraq" (January 2019) parodies the US-led [[invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{YouTube|EwBYKYmOraE|"This is Iraq"}}. Published by [[Middle East Eye]], January 19, 2019.</ref>
* "This is The Philippines" (August 2018)<ref>{{YouTube|ALnW-6PzjaI}}</ref> by [[Mikey Bustos]]
* "[[This Is Not America (Residente song)|This Is Not America]]" (March 2022) by [[Residente]] ft. [[Ibeyi]]
* "This Is Australia" (January 2023), by Australian dance company [[Marrugeku]], with vocals led by [[Noongar]] rapper [[Beni Bjah]], features many local references, and criticises Australia's treatment of refugees, [[Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander]] people, and migrants.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cain | first=Sian | title=This Is Australia: First Nations dancers remake Childish Gambino's This Is America | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=17 January 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-is-australia-first-nations-dancers-remake-childish-gambinos-this-is-america | access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
"This Is America" debuted at number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart's history. It debuted with 78,000 downloads sold and 65.3 million US streams in the first week. Its music video accounted for 68% of the song's streaming total. "This Is America" is also Gambino's first top 10; he previously reached number 12 in August 2017 with "[[Redbone (song)|Redbone]]". "This Is America" overtook [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]]'s "[[Nice for What]]" from the top position for two weeks. Gambino is also the second [[Emmy Award]]-winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100, the first being [[Justin Timberlake]], who topped the chart with "[[Can't Stop the Feeling!]]" in 2016.<ref name="No. 1">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8455823/childish-gambino-this-is-america-no-1-hot-100|title=Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Is No. 1 On The Billboard Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=May 14, 2018|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref> It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks, and left the top ten after five weeks.

==Credits and personnel==
Credits are adapted from [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]].<ref name="tidal">{{Cite web|url=https://listen.tidal.com/album/88432758|title=This Is America / Childish Gambino|website=Tidal|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref>

{{Div col}}
* [[Donald Glover]] – lead vocals (as Childish Gambino), production, composition
* [[Young Thug|Jeffery Lamar Williams]] – composition, backing vocals (as Young Thug)
* [[Quavo]] – background vocals
* [[21 Savage]] – backing vocals
* [[Slim Jxmmi]] – backing vocals
* [[BlocBoy JB]] – backing vocals
* [[Ludwig Göransson]] – production, composition, recording engineer
* [[Alex Tumay]] – recording engineer
* [[Battle Tapes|Riley Mackin]] – recording engineer
* Kesha "K.Lee" Lee – recording engineer
* [[Dru Castro]] – recording engineer
* Dacota G. Fresilli – recording engineer
* Zak Menebhi – recording engineer
* [[Derek Ali|Derek "MixedByAli" Ali]] – mixing engineer
* [[Mike Bozzi]] – mastering engineer
{{Div col end}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2018)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Australia|1|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=May 19, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Austria|20|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=May 23, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|30|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=June 1, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Wallonia Tip|7|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=June 1, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Canada|1|artist=Childish Gambino|rowheader=true|access-date=May 15, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Czechdigital|8|year=2018|week=21|rowheader=true|access-date=May 21, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| Denmark ([[Tracklisten]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=20&y=2018&list=t40|title=Track Top-40 Uge 20, 2018|publisher=[[Hitlisten]]|access-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref>
| 13
|-
! scope="row"| Dominican Republic ([[:it:SodinPro|SODINPRO]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sodinpro.org/las-mas-sonadas/|title=Top Semanal: 04/08/2018 - 11/08/2018|access-date=January 3, 2020|publisher=[[:it:SodinPro|SODINPRO]]|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903035333/http://sodinpro.org/las-mas-sonadas/|archive-date=September 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 46
|-
{{single chart|France|19|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=May 19, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Germany|39|songid=1758985|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=May 18, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Hungarysingle|9|year=2018|week=19|rowheader=true|access-date=May 20, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Hungarystream|3|year=2018|week=20|rowheader=true|access-date=May 26, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=May 19, 2018}}</ref>
| 2
|-
! scope="row"| Japan ([[Japan Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/childish-gambino/chart-history/jpn/|title=Japan Hot 100|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref>
| 24
|-
! scope="row"| Italy ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:digital/id:2686|title=Top Singoli – Classifica settimanale WK 20|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=it|access-date=May 19, 2018}}</ref>
| 49
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|21|year=2018|week=21|rowheader=true|access-date=May 26, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|19|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=May 18, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand ([[Recorded Music NZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4482|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 21, 2018|access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Norway ([[VG-lista]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vglista.no/topplister/topp-20-single-2018-20/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 20, 2018|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=May 19, 2018}}</ref>
| 10
|-
{{single chart|Portugal|2|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=June 6, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Scotland|11|date=20180511|rowheader=true|access-date=May 12, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Slovakdigital|3|year=2018|week=20|rowheader=true|access-date=May 21, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semana/3730-canciones-semana-20-2018|title=Top 100 Canciones – Semana 20: del 11.05.2018 al 17.05.2018|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|access-date=May 23, 2018|language=es|format=PDF}}</ref>
| 46
|-
! scope="row"| Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref>
| 9
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|16|artist=Childish Gambino|song=This Is America|rowheader=true|access-date=May 21, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|6|date=20180518|rowheader=true|access-date=May 19, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Childish Gambino|rowheader=true|access-date=June 2, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|1|artist=Childish Gambino|rowheader=true|access-date=June 2, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|9|artist=Childish Gambino|rowheader=true|access-date=June 26, 2018}}
|}

{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2018)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2018/singles-chart|title=ARIA End of Year Singles 2018|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>
| 88
|-
! scope="row"| Canada (Canadian Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2018/canadian-hot-100|title=Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2018|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 4, 2018}}</ref>
| 35
|-
! scope="row"| Estonia (IFPI)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ekspress.delfi.ee/areen/eesti-tipp-100-muusikas-neid-artiste-ja-lugusid-kuulati-moodunud-aastal-eestis-koige-rohkem?id=85021911|title=EESTI TIPP-100 MUUSIKAS Neid artiste ja lugusid kuulati möödunud aastal Eestis kõige rohkem|date=January 18, 2019|access-date=January 19, 2019|work=[[Eesti Ekspress]]|language=et}}</ref>
| 95
|-
! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2018/hot-100-songs|title=Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2018|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 4, 2018}}</ref>
| 51
|-
! scope="row"| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2018|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2018/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 5, 2018}}</ref>
| 26
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=2018|certyear=2021|access-date=April 25, 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=2018|certyear=2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|award=Gold|id=12168|relyear=2018|certyear=2023|access-date=February 28, 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=France|type=single|award=Gold|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|relyear=2018|certyear=2020|access-date=August 18, 2020}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Mexico|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|type=single|relyear=2018|relmonth=5|award=Platinum|certyear=2021|access-date=2 October 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2018|relmonth=5|id=4488|certyear=2018|access-date=June 15, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Poland|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=2018|certyear=2019|access-date=October 7, 2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Portugal|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2018|certyear=2022|id=file_2022-05-13-15-04-29.pdf|access-date=May 23, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|award=Platinum|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|relyear=2018|certyear=2022|id=15042-4249-1|access-date=September 24, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|award=Platinum|number=5|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|relyear=2018|certyear=2019|access-date=December 20, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Separator|title=Streaming}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Sweden|artist=Childish Gambino|title=This Is America|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2018|certyear=2018|source=artist|access-date=September 3, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|streaming=true|noshipments=true|streamsonly=true}}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| Various
| May 5, 2018
| [[Music download|Digital download]]
| rowspan="2"| {{hlist|mcDJ|[[RCA Records|RCA]]}}
| <ref name="RCA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rcarecords.com/news/childish-gambino-releases-new-song-and-video-this-is-america/|title=Childish Gambino Releases New Song And Video "This Is America" - RCA Records|date=May 6, 2018|work=RCA Records|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Paste">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/05/childish-gambino-this-is-america-saturday.html|title=Childish Gambino Makes His Triumphant Return with "This Is America," "Saturday"|last=Russell|first=Scott|date=May 6, 2018|work=Paste Magazine|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| United States
| May 15, 2018
| [[Rhythmic contemporary|Rhythmic contemporary radio]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|title=Top 40/Rhythmic|publisher=All Access Music Group}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of number-one singles of 2018 (Australia)]]
* [[List of number-one urban singles of 2018 (Australia)]]
* [[List of number-one streaming tracks of 2018 (Australia)]]
* [[List of top 10 singles in 2018 (Australia)]]
* [[List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2018]]
* [[List of number-one singles from the 2010s (New Zealand)]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2018]]
* [[List of number-one R&B/hip-hop songs of 2018 (U.S.)]]
* [[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2018]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY Audio] at [[YouTube]]

{{Childish Gambino}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for "This Is America"
|titlestyle = background: lightblue
|list1 =
{{BET Award for Video of the Year}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year}}
{{Grammy Award for Song of the Year}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Melodic Rap Performance}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Music Video}}
{{MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video}}
}}
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2018 songs]]
[[Category:2018 singles]]
[[Category:Donald Glover songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:RCA Records singles]]
[[Category:Songs involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Songs written by Donald Glover]]
[[Category:Songs written by Ludwig Göransson]]
[[Category:Songs about the United States]]
[[Category:Songs against racism and xenophobia]]
[[Category:Trap music songs]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Record of the Year]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Song of the Year]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]
[[Category:MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction]]
[[Category:MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message]]
[[Category:Political rap songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Young Thug]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Songs about violence]]
[[Category:Works about gun politics in the United States]]

Miguel Díaz-Canel

2024-02-10T18:06:48Z

174.74.229.81: /* Personal life */ "entitle" means to deserve, "title" means to be named

{{Short description|First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba and 17th president of Cuba}}
{{Family name hatnote|Díaz-Canel|Bermúdez|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Miguel Díaz-Canel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|4|20}}
| birth_place = [[Placetas]], [[Villa Clara Province]], [[Cuba]]
| order =
| image = 24.01.2023 - Encontro com o Presidente da República de Cuba, Miguel Díaz-Canel - 52647526820 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Díaz-Canel in 2023
| office = [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 19 April 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Raúl Castro]]
| successor =
| office1 = 17th [[President of Cuba]]
| termstart1 = 10 October 2019
| vicepresident1 = [[Salvador Valdés Mesa]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manuel Marrero Cruz]]
| predecessor1 = Raúl Castro
| office2 = President of the [[Council of State (Cuba)|Council of State]] and the [[Council of Ministers (Cuba)|Council of Ministers]]
| vicepresident2 = Salvador Valdés Mesa
| termstart2 = 19 April 2018
| termend2 = 10 October 2019
| predecessor2 = Raúl Castro
| successor2 = Himself (as President of Cuba) Manuel Marrero Cruz (as Prime Minister of Cuba)
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes
|Additional positions |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office3 = Vice President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers
| termstart3 = February 24, 2013
| termend3 = April 19, 2018
| predecessor3 = José Ramón Machado Ventura
| successor3 = Salvador Valdés Mesa
| office4 = Minister of Education
| termstart4 = May 8, 2009
| termend4 = March 21, 2012
| preceded4 = Juan Vela Valdés
| succeeded4 = Rodoldo Alarcón Ortíz
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| party = [[Communist Party of Cuba]]
| spouse = [[Lis Cuesta Peraza]]
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas|University of Las Villas]]
| signature = Miguel Díaz-Canel signature.svg
}}

'''Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel y Bermúdez''' ({{IPA-es|mi.ˈɣel ˈdi.as kaˈnel|lang}}; born 20 April 1960) is a Cuban [[politician]] and [[engineer]] who is the 3rd and current [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of Cuba]]. As First Secretary, he is the most powerful person in the Cuban government. Díaz-Canel succeeds the brothers [[Fidel Castro|Fidel]] and [[Raúl Castro]], making him the first non-Castro leader of Cuba since the [[Cuban revolution|revolution]].

Díaz-Canel has been a member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|Politburo of the Communist Party]] since 2003, and served as Minister of Higher Education from 2009 to 2012. He was promoted to the post of Vice President of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime Minister) in 2012. A year later, in 2013, he was elected as [[Vice President of Cuba|First Vice President]] of the [[Council of State (Cuba)|Council of State]]. He succeeded Raúl Castro as the President of the Council of State in 2018; in December 2019 the office would evolve into [[President of Cuba|President of the Republic]]. On 19 April 2021 Díaz-Canel assumed the reins of the Communist Party of Cuba, when he replaced Raúl Castro as First Secretary.

==Early life==
Díaz-Canel was born on 20 April 1960 in [[Placetas]], [[Villa Clara province|Villa Clara]], to Aída Bermúdez, a schoolteacher, and Miguel Díaz-Canel, a [[mechanical plant]] worker in [[Santa Clara, Cuba]].<ref name=marti>{{cite news|title=Díaz-Canel no es un relevo histórico|url=http://www.martinoticias.com/content/article/19844.html|access-date=10 January 2016|agency=Martinoticias|date=25 February 2013|archive-date=1 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301014406/http://www.martinoticias.com/content/article/19844.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/world/americas/miguel-diaz-canel-bermudez-cuba.html|title=Who Is Miguel Díaz-Canel, Cuba's New President?|last1=Ahmed|first1=Azam|last2=Robles|first2=Frances|date=19 April 2018|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419231310/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/world/americas/miguel-diaz-canel-bermudez-cuba.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is of direct paternal Spanish ([[Asturians|Asturian]]) descent; his great-grandfather Ramón Díaz-Canel left [[Castropol, Asturias]] (Spain) for Havana in the late 19th century.<ref>[http://www.ileon.com/politica/084986/cuba-ya-tiene-un-nuevo-presidente-de-ascendencia-asturiana Cuba ya tiene un nuevo presidente, de ascendencia asturiana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127205006/https://www.ileon.com/politica/084986/cuba-ya-tiene-un-nuevo-presidente-de-ascendencia-asturiana |date=27 November 2021 }} – ileon</ref><ref>[http://www.elcomercio.es/asturias/occidente/ruta-turistica-raices-20180420162743-nt_amp.html De ruta por las raíces asturianas de Miguel Díaz-Canel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520055158/http://www.elcomercio.es/asturias/occidente/ruta-turistica-raices-20180420162743-nt_amp.html |date=20 May 2018 }} – El Comercio</ref>

He graduated from [[University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas|Central University of Las Villas]] in 1982 as an [[electronics engineer]] and thereupon joined the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]].<ref name="nytimes">Damien Cave, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/world/americas/raul-castro-to-step-down-as-cubas-president-in-2018.html Raúl Castro Says His Current Term as President of Cuba Will Be His Last] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216031001/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/world/americas/raul-castro-to-step-down-as-cubas-president-in-2018.html |date=16 December 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 February 2013</ref> Beginning in April 1985, he taught engineering at his alma mater.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuban president highlights Fidel Castro's thoughts about education|url=https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/199245-cuban-president-highlights-fidel-castros-thoughts-about-education|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.radiohc.cu|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714173325/https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/199245-cuban-president-highlights-fidel-castros-thoughts-about-education|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1987, he completed an international mission in [[Nicaragua]] as First Secretary of the [[Young Communist League (Cuba)|Young Communist League]] of [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Al Jazeera Staff|title=Miguel Diaz-Canel: Cuba's post-Castro president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/11/miguel-diaz-canel-cubas-post-castro-president|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820182916/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/11/miguel-diaz-canel-cubas-post-castro-president|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1993, Díaz-Canel started work with the [[Communist Party of Cuba]] and a year later was elected First Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee of [[Villa Clara Province]] (a top position higher than a governor).<ref name="nytimes"/><ref name=guardian_pres_select/> He gained a reputation for competence in this post,<ref name=guardian_pres_select/> during which time it is reported that he supported [[LGBT rights in Cuba|LGBT rights]] at a time when many in the province frowned upon [[LGBT rights in Cuba|homosexuality]].<ref name="guardian_obscurity">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/18/raul-castro-cuba-step-down-leader-miguel-diaz-canel|title=After six decades of Castro rule, Cubans greet end of era with a shrug|last1=Augustin|first1=Ed|date=18 April 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815101345/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/18/raul-castro-cuba-step-down-leader-miguel-diaz-canel|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, he was elected to the same position in [[Holguín Province]].<ref name="nytimes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubaheadlines.com/es/2009/05/08/17064/en_sustitucion_de_juan_vela_es_designado_miguel_diaz_canel_ministro_de_educacion_superior.html|title=En sustitución de Juan Vela es designado Miguel Díaz Canel ministro de Educación Superior|work=cubaheadlines.com|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-date=28 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228233648/http://www.cubaheadlines.com/es/2009/05/08/17064/en_sustitucion_de_juan_vela_es_designado_miguel_diaz_canel_ministro_de_educacion_superior.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, he was [[co-opt]]ed as a member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan Villarreal|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/sustaining-system-cubas-new-vp-diaz-canel-marks-ascent-younger-generation-1104628|title=Sustaining The System: Cuba's New VP Diaz-Canel Marks Ascent Of Younger Generation|work=International Business Times|date=26 February 2013|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-date=5 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405045900/https://www.ibtimes.com/sustaining-system-cubas-new-vp-diaz-canel-marks-ascent-younger-generation-1104628|url-status=live}}</ref>

Díaz-Canel was appointed Minister of Higher Education in May 2009, a position that he held until 22 March 2012, when he became Vice President of the [[Council of Ministers (Cuba)|Council of Ministers]] (deputy prime minister).<ref name="nytimes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.granma.cu/granmad/2012/03/22/nacional/artic03.html|title=Nota oficial|date=22 March 2012|work=Diario Granma|access-date=31 March 2019|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227115655/http://www.granma.cu/granmad/2012/03/22/nacional/artic03.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 he additionally became [[Vice President of Cuba|First Vice President]] of the [[Council of State (Cuba)|Council of State]].<ref name="nytimes"/> As First Vice President of the Council of State, Díaz-Canel acted as deputy to the President, [[Raúl Castro]].

==Leadership of Cuba==
In 2018, the 86-year-old Castro stepped down from the position as president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, though he retained the most powerful position of [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amp.france24.com/en/20180419-raul-castro-leadership-cuba-communist-party-2021-diaz-canel|title=Raul Castro to lead Cuba's Communist Party until 2021|publisher=FRANCE 24|date=19 April 2018|quote='I confirm to this assembly that Raul Castro, as First Secretary of the Communist Party, will lead the decisions about the future of the country,' Diaz-Canel said.|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718003647/https://amp.france24.com/en/20180419-raul-castro-leadership-cuba-communist-party-2021-diaz-canel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="babysaur">{{cite web|url= http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/andres-oppenheimer/article209446674.html|title= Cuba's new 'babysaur' to replace a dinosaur is no cause of celebration—it's shameful!|author= Andrés Oppenheimer|date= 20 April 2018|work= Miami Herald|access-date= 23 April 2018|archive-date= 22 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053351/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/andres-oppenheimer/article209446674.html|url-status= live}}</ref> On 18 April 2018, Díaz-Canel was selected as the only candidate to succeed Castro as president.<ref name=guardian_pres_select/> He was confirmed by a vote of the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]] on 19 April<ref name=guardian_pres_select>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Miguel Díaz-Canel: Cuba selects first non-Castro president since Fidel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/miguel-diaz-canel-cuba-selects-first-non-castro-president-in-60-years|access-date=19 April 2018|work=The Guardian|date=19 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105161716/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/miguel-diaz-canel-cuba-selects-first-non-castro-president-in-60-years|url-status=live}}</ref> and sworn in on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43823287|title=Cuba's Raúl Castro hands over power to Miguel Díaz-Canel|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=19 April 2018|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419145233/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43823287|url-status=live}}</ref> Policy experts expected that he would pursue cautious reform of his predecessors' [[communism|communist]] economic policies, while preserving the country's social structure.<ref name="babysaur"/> He is the first president born after the 1959 [[Cuban Revolution]] and the first since 1976 not to be a member of the Castro family.<ref name=guardian_obscurity/>

He received a visit from Venezuelan President [[Nicolás Maduro]] just two days after his inauguration. He met with Maduro again in May 2018 in [[Caracas]], during his first official foreign visit as head of state. In his first multinational political trip since becoming president, Díaz-Canel traveled in November 2018 to visit all of Cuba's Eurasian allies. Diplomatic meetings were held in Russia, North Korea, China, Vietnam, and Laos. Brief stopovers in the United Kingdom and France also included meetings with British parliamentarians and French leaders. In March 2019, Díaz-Canel and his wife hosted [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]] in Havana as the first British royals to visit the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47688610|title=Charles and Camilla make history in Cuba|date=25 March 2019|via=www.bbc.com|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402091019/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47688610|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2019, Diaz-Canel became the President of the Republic of Cuba, an office that was recreated that February after a series of [[Constitution of Cuba|constitutional reforms]] were approved in a [[2019 Cuban constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]].<ref>[https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=136317 Cuba’s Reformed Constitution, a Democratic and Participatory Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309124808/https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=136317 |date=9 March 2019 }} [[Havana Times]], 23 July 2018</ref> This office replaced the one he had held since April of the previous year, which was the President of the [[Council of State (Cuba)|Council of State]], which was previously the head of state of Cuba. The position of President of the Council of State became a less important position and is now carried out by [[Esteban Lazo Hernández]] in his authority as the President of the [[National Assembly of People's Power]]. Diaz-Canel's reforms among other things, limited the presidency to two consecutive five-year terms and banned discrimination based on [[Sexism|gender]], [[gender identity]] or [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-explainer/explainer-what-is-old-and-new-in-cubas-proposed-constitution-idUSKCN1QA273|title=Explainer: What is old and new in Cuba's proposed constitution|author=Marc Frank|work=Reuters|date=21 February 2019|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729110641/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-explainer/explainer-what-is-old-and-new-in-cubas-proposed-constitution-idUSKCN1QA273|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Cuba-expands-rights-but-rejects-radical-change-in-updated-constitution/1601551276671/|title=Cuba expands rights but rejects radical change in updated constitution|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401054305/https://www.upi.com/Cuba-expands-rights-but-rejects-radical-change-in-updated-constitution/1601551276671/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mega|first=Emiliano Rodríguez|date=8 March 2019|title=Cuba acknowledges climate change threats in its constitution|journal=Nature|volume=567|issue=7747|pages=155|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00760-3|pmid=30862928|doi-access=free}}</ref> His government also reformed the country's Family Code in 2022, after a [[2022 Cuban Family Code referendum|referendum]] was approved, which, among other things, legalised [[same-sex marriage]], [[same-sex adoption]] and altruistic [[surrogacy]]. These policies have been described as the "most progressive" in [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuba approves same-sex marriage in historic turnabout |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/24/cuba-same-sex-marriage-referendum/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927002515/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/24/cuba-same-sex-marriage-referendum/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

His administration has suppressed dissent, particularly surrounding the [[2021 Cuban protests]] triggered by the worsening of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], suggested combatting the country's [[food crisis]] with [[pizza]], [[Guarapo (drink)|guarapo]] and [[lemonade]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-26|title=Miguel Díaz-Canel: "La limonada es la base de todo"|publisher=Noticias Cubanet|url=https://www.cubanet.org/noticias/miguel-diaz-canel-la-limonada-es-la-base-de-todo/amp/|language=es|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120202916/https://www.cubanet.org/noticias/miguel-diaz-canel-la-limonada-es-la-base-de-todo/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pentón |first=Mario J. |date=2020-05-26 |title=Limonada y guarapo, las nuevas propuestas del gobernante Díaz-Canel para la escasez en Cuba |url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/america-latina/cuba-es/article242998311.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=El Nuevo Herald |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204153806/https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/america-latina/cuba-es/article242998311.html |url-status=live }}</ref> changed the [[Cuban peso|currency system]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=Day Zero: how and why Cuba unified its dual currency system {{!}} LSE Latin America and Caribbean|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2021/02/10/day-zero-how-and-why-cuba-unified-its-dual-currency-system/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean blog|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207160439/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2021/02/10/day-zero-how-and-why-cuba-unified-its-dual-currency-system/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the protests, he said: "The order of combat has been given - into the streets, revolutionaries!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Público|date=2021-07-12|title=El presidente de Cuba: "La orden de combate está dada, a la calle los revolucionarios"|url=http://www.publico.es/internacional/presidente-cuba-orden-combate-dada-calle-revolucionarios.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Público|language=es|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120122213/https://www.publico.es/internacional/presidente-cuba-orden-combate-dada-calle-revolucionarios.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 April 2021, he officially became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary of the Communist Party]] following the resignation of [[Raúl Castro]]. This made him the leader of Cuba in fact as well as in name. It had been understood that Raúl retained the real power after ceding the presidency to Diaz-Canel in 2018. Diaz-Canel is the first non-Castro to lead the party since the [[Cuban revolution]] of 1959. [[BBC News]] stated that Díaz-Canel is loyal to the Castros' ideologies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title=Cuba leadership: Díaz-Canel named Communist Party chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56802129 |via=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141146/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56802129 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the Cuban government blamed the United States for the crisis in Ukraine and backed Russia's right to "self-defense" against [[NATO]] expansion, but did not endorse the invasion, saying the conflict should be resolved diplomatically.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuba blames U.S. for the crisis in Ukraine, but stops short of endorsing Putin's invasion |work=[[Miami Herald]] |first=Nora |last=Gámez Torres |date=23 February 2022 |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article258694343.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164140/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article258694343.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Díaz-Canel visited [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow in November 2022, and the two leaders criticized Western sanctions against Cuba and Russia. They also opened a monument to Fidel Castro in one of the Moscow's districts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/russian-cuban-presidents-meet-in-moscow-decry-unfair-sanctions/2745382 |title=Russian, Cuban presidents meet in Moscow, decry 'unfair' sanctions |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327021752/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/russian-cuban-presidents-meet-in-moscow-decry-unfair-sanctions/2745382 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 April 2023, Díaz-Canel was re-elected by the National Assembly for a second five-year term as president, along with [[Salvador Valdés]] as vice president. Despite the difficult economic conditions facing the country, his re-election was widely expected and received widespread support from the Assembly members, with 97.66% backing Diaz-Canel's proposal and 93.4% supporting Valdés. The president was praised by the Assembly members for his leadership in difficult circumstances and for prioritizing collective work, innovation, and science.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Reelecto Miguel Díaz-Canel presidente de la República de Cuba - Prensa Latina |url=https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/04/19/electo-miguel-diaz-canel-presidente-de-la-republica-de-cuba |access-date=2023-04-19 |language=es |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419212603/https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/04/19/electo-miguel-diaz-canel-presidente-de-la-republica-de-cuba |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oppmann |first=Patrick |date=2023-04-19 |title=Cuba's President Miguel Diaz-Canel wins a second term |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/19/americas/cuba-relection-president-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204153756/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/19/americas/cuba-relection-president-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==State visits==
===As First Vice-President===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:120px;"|Country
! style="width:100px;"|Areas visited
! style="width:90px;"|Date(s)
! style="width:550px;"|Notes
|-
|{{Flagicon|South Africa}} South Africa
|[[Pretoria]]
|16 March 2015
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youthandeldersja.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/diaz-canel-reaffirms-cubas-unconditional-support-for-the-african-cause/|title=Díaz-Canel reaffirms Cuba's unconditional support for the African cause|last=Russell|date=23 March 2015|website=Youthandeldersja.wordpress.com|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401165919/https://youthandeldersja.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/diaz-canel-reaffirms-cubas-unconditional-support-for-the-african-cause/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Angola}} [[Angola]]
|[[Luanda]]
|17 March 2015
|40 years of independence of Angola and the establishment of relations between Cuba and Angola.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youthandeldersja.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/diaz-canel-we-come-to-angola-to-confirm-our-friendship-our-brotherhood/|title=Diaz-Canel: We come to Angola to confirm our friendship, our brotherhood|date=23 March 2015|website=Youthandeldersja.wordpress.com|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401171300/https://youthandeldersja.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/diaz-canel-we-come-to-angola-to-confirm-our-friendship-our-brotherhood/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibia]]
|[[Windhoek]]
|20 March 2015
|25th anniversary of Namibian independence <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/show/articles/21867:cubas-first-vice-president-attends-inauguration-of-namibian-president/|title=Cuba´s First Vice-president Attends Inauguration of Namibian President|website=Cadenagramonte.cu|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225212741/http://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/show/articles/21867:cubas-first-vice-president-attends-inauguration-of-namibian-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Angola}} [[Angola]]
|[[Luanda]]
|26 September 2017
|Inauguration of Angolan President<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/142396-miguel-diaz-canel-heading-cuba%27s-delegation-to-new-angolan-president%27s-inauguration|title=Radio Havana Cuba – Miguel Diaz-Canel Heading Cuba's Delegation to New Angolan President's Inauguration|website=Radiohc.cu|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151426/http://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/142396-miguel-diaz-canel-heading-cuba%27s-delegation-to-new-angolan-president%27s-inauguration|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===As leader of Cuba===
{{Main|List of international trips made by Miguel Díaz-Canel}}
<gallery>
Miguel Díaz-Canel and Narendra Modi.jpg|Díaz-Canel with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], in New Delhi on 23 March 2015
File:Ilham Aliyev met with President of Cuba Miguel Diaz-Canel 02.jpg|Diaz-Canel and President of [[Azerbaijan]] [[Ilham Aliyev]]
File:Russian-Cuban talks 01.jpg|Díaz-Canel with [[Vladimir Putin]] in the [[Kremlin]], 2 November 2018
File:Vladimir Putin and Miguel Díaz-Canel (29-10-2019) 06.jpg|Diaz-Canel and [[Vladimir Putin]] at [[Novo-Ogaryovo]], 29 October 2019
</gallery>

==Awards==
* {{flag|Angola}}
**[[File:ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg|25px]] Dr. António Agostinho Neto Order (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Cuba. Condecoran a Raúl Castro y Díaz-Canel con la orden Agostinho Neto |trans-title=Cuba. Raúl Castro and Díaz-Canel are awarded the Agostinho Neto order |url=https://www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2019/07/02/cuba-condecoran-a-raul-castro-y-diaz-canel-con-la-orden-agostinho-neto-fotos/ |agency=Resúmen Latinoamericano |date=2 July 2019 |language=Spanish |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604055225/https://www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2019/07/02/cuba-condecoran-a-raul-castro-y-diaz-canel-con-la-orden-agostinho-neto-fotos/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Venezuela}}:
**[[File:VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png|25px]] Collar of the [[Order of the Liberator]] (2018)<ref>[http://www.artemisaradioweb.icrt.cu/sitenglish/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8730:cuban-president-conferred-venezuela-s-highest-distinction&catid=11:artemisa&Itemid=181&lang=en Cuban President Diaz Canel awarded Libertadores Order in Venezuela.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617143646/http://www.artemisaradioweb.icrt.cu/sitenglish/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8730:cuban-president-conferred-venezuela-s-highest-distinction&catid=11:artemisa&Itemid=181&lang=en |date=17 June 2020 }} Radio Artemisa. Published: Thursday, 31 May 2018 10:45</ref>
* {{flag|Vietnam}}:
** [[File:Vietnam_Hochiminh_Order_ribbon.png|25px]] [[Order of Ho Chi Minh]] (2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam condecora a Miguel Díaz-Canel con la Orden de Ho Chi Minh |trans-title=Vietnam honors Miguel Díaz-Canel with the Order of Ho Chi Minh |url=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2018/11/09/vietnam-condecora-a-diaz-canel-con-la-orden-de-ho-chi-minh/ |agency=Cuba Debate |date=9 November 2018 |language=Spanish |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603072003/http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2018/11/09/vietnam-condecora-a-diaz-canel-con-la-orden-de-ho-chi-minh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Mexico}}:
** [[File:MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Collar_BAR.svg|25px]] Collar of the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez on Twitter: "Un altísimo honor recibir la Orden Mexicana del Águila Azteca, condecoración que simboliza el origen, la identidad y la fortaleza de esta entrañable nación. La recibo con humildad e infinito agradecimiento, consciente de que el auténtico merecedor es el heroico pueblo cubano.|url=https://twitter.com/diazcanelb/status/1624508924513734658 |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212045331/https://twitter.com/diazcanelb/status/1624508924513734658 |archive-date=2023-02-12 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Portugal}}:
** [[File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg|25px]] Grand Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/07/14/fruitful-meeting-between-presidents-of-cuba-and-portugal/|title=Fruitful meeting between presidents of Cuba and Portugal|newspaper=Presna Latina|date=2023-07-14|access-date=2023-11-01|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101083645/https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/07/14/fruitful-meeting-between-presidents-of-cuba-and-portugal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Díaz-Canel has two children from his marriage to his first wife, Marta Villanueva, which ended in divorce. He currently resides with his second wife, Lis Cuesta.<ref name="diariopopular.com.ar">{{cite web|title=Quién es Miguel Díaz-Canel, el sucesor de Fidel y Raúl Castro|url=http://www.diariopopular.com.ar/notas/147716-quien-es-miguel-diaz-canel-el-sucesor-fidel-y-raul-castro|access-date=12 June 2015|date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214952/http://www.diariopopular.com.ar/notas/147716-quien-es-miguel-diaz-canel-el-sucesor-fidel-y-raul-castro|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 23 March 2021, Díaz-Canel obtained a PhD in technical sciences, defending a thesis titled "Government Management System Based on Science and Innovation for Sustainable Development in Cuba."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cubanoticias360.com/califican-de-totalmente-espectacular-tesis-doctoral-del-presidente-cubano-miguel-diaz-canel/|title="Totalmente espectacular" tesis de Díaz- Canel | Cuba Noticias 360|date=23 March 2021|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820043933/https://www.cubanoticias360.com/califican-de-totalmente-espectacular-tesis-doctoral-del-presidente-cubano-miguel-diaz-canel/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Cuba}}
* [[List of international trips made by Miguel Díaz-Canel]]
* [[List of presidents of Cuba]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Cuba]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Miguel Díaz-Canel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/es/presidencia/ Official web-site of the President's Administration] (in Spanish)
* [https://twitter.com/DiazCanelB Official Twitter account]
* [https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/cuba/miguel_diaz_canel_bermudez Biography by CIDOB] (in Spanish)
* {{youTube|id=gKv36mtXiDY|title=First speech as President of the Council of State}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Raúl Castro]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]]|years=2021–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-off}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Cuba]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Raúl Castro]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Cuba|President]] of the [[Council of State (Cuba)|Council of State of Cuba]]|years=2018–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Esteban Lazo Hernández]] (''not head of state'')}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Cuba|President]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Cuba)|Council of Ministers of Cuba]]|years=2018–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manuel Marrero Cruz]] (''as Prime minister'')}}
{{s-bef|before=[[José Ramón Machado Ventura]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of Cuba|First Vice President]] of the [[Council of State (Cuba)|Council of State of Cuba]]|years=2013–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Salvador Valdés Mesa]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Currentcommunistrulers}}
{{Communist Party of Cuba}}
{{CubanPres}}
{{CubanPMs}}
{{Current ALBA leaders}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diaz-Canel, Mario}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Placetas]]
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]
[[Category:Cuban politicians]]
[[Category:Cuban communists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Cuba politicians]]
[[Category:First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Cuba]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cuba]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Cuba]]
[[Category:Higher education ministers of Cuba]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Cuba]]
[[Category:Cuban people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Cuban people of Asturian descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ho Chi Minh]]
[[Category:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry]]

Colin Adams (mathematician)

2024-02-03T22:35:52Z

174.74.229.81: /* Academic career */ "entitle" means to deserve, "title" means to be named

{{short description|American mathematician}}
{{ Infobox scientist
| name = Colin Adams
| image = ColinAdamsphoto.jpg
| birth_date = October 13, 1956
| nationality = American
| fields = [[Mathematics]]
| workplaces = [[Williams College]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[James W. Cannon]]
}}
{{About|the mathematician|the TV executive|Colin Adams (executive)}}
'''Colin Conrad Adams''' (born October 13, 1956) is a [[mathematician]] primarily working in the areas of [[hyperbolic 3-manifold]]s and [[knot theory]]. His book, ''The Knot Book'', has been praised for its accessible approach to advanced topics in [[knot theory]]. He is currently [[Francis Christopher Oakley]] Third Century Professor of Mathematics at [[Williams College]], where he has been since 1985. He writes "Mathematically Bent", a column of math for the ''[[Mathematical Intelligencer]]''. His nephew is popular American singer Still Woozy.

== Academic career ==
Adams received a [[B.Sc.]] from [[MIT]] in 1978 and a [[Ph.D.]] in [[mathematics]] from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in 1983. His dissertation was titled "Hyperbolic Structures on Link Complements" and supervised by [[James W. Cannon|James Cannon]].

In 2012 he became a fellow of the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref>[https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society], retrieved 2012-11-03.</ref>

==Work==
Among his earliest contributions is his theorem that the [[Gieseking manifold]] is the unique cusped [[hyperbolic 3-manifold]] of smallest volume. The proof utilizes [[horoball]]-packing arguments. Adams is known for his clever use of such arguments utilizing horoball patterns and his work would be used in the later proof by Chun Cao and G. Robert Meyerhoff that the smallest cusped orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds are precisely the [[figure-eight knot (mathematics)|figure-eight knot]] [[knot complement|complement]] and its sibling manifold.

Adams has investigated and defined a variety of geometric invariants of [[hyperbolic link]]s and hyperbolic 3-manifolds in general. He developed techniques for working with volumes of special classes of hyperbolic links. He proved augmented alternating links, which he defined, were hyperbolic. In addition, he has defined almost alternating and toroidally alternating links. He has often collaborated and published this research with students from SMALL, an undergraduate summer research program at Williams.

== Books ==
* C. Adams, ''The Tiling Book: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Tilings.'' American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2022. {{ISBN|1470468972}}
* C. Adams, ''The Math Museum: A Survival Story”, MAA Press, 2022. {{ISBN|1470468581}}
* C. Adams, ''The Knot Book: An elementary introduction to the mathematical theory of knots.'' Revised reprint of the 1994 original. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2004. xiv+307 pp. {{ISBN|0-8218-3678-1}}
* C. Adams, [[Joel Hass|J. Hass]], [[Abigail Thompson|A. Thompson]], ''How to Ace Calculus: The Streetwise Guide.'' W. H. Freeman and Company, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7167-3160-6}}
* C. Adams, [[Joel Hass|J. Hass]], [[Abigail Thompson|A. Thompson]], ''How to Ace the Rest of Calculus: The Streetwise Guide.'' W. H. Freeman and Company, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7167-4174-1}}
* C. Adams, ''Why Knot?: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Knots.'' Key College, 2004. {{ISBN|1-931914-22-2}}
* C. Adams, R. Franzosa, "Introduction to Topology: Pure and Applied." Prentice Hall, 2007. {{ISBN|0-13-184869-0}}
* C. Adams, "Riot at the Calc Exam and Other Mathematically Bent Stories." American Mathematical Society, 2009. {{ISBN|0-8218-4817-8}}
* C. Adams,"Zombies & Calculus." Princeton University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0691161907}}
* C. Adams, J. Rogawski, "Calculus." W. H. Freeman, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1464125263}}

== Selected publications ==
* C. Adams, ''Thrice-punctured spheres in hyperbolic $3$-manifolds.'' Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 287 (1985), no. 2, 645—656.
* C. Adams, ''Augmented alternating link complements are hyperbolic.'' Low-dimensional topology and Kleinian groups (Coventry/Durham, 1984), 115—130, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., 112, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986.
* C. Adams, ''The noncompact hyperbolic $3$-manifold of minimal volume.'' Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 100 (1987), no. 4, 601—606.
* C. Adams and A. Reid, ''Systoles of hyperbolic $3$-manifolds.'' Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 128 (2000), no. 1, 103—110.
* C. Adams; A. Colestock; J. Fowler; W. Gillam; E. Katerman. ''Cusp size bounds from singular surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds.'' Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 358 (2006), no. 2, 727—741
* C. Adams; O. Capovilla-Searle, J. Freeman, D. Irvine, S. Petti, D.Vitek, A. Weber, S. Zhang. ''Bounds on Ubercrossing and Petal Number for Knots.'' Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, vol. 24, no. 2 (2015) 1550012 (16 pages).

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1998-02/WC-MPWD-120298.php Math Prof. Wins Distinguished Teaching Award]

== External links ==
* [http://sites.williams.edu/cadams/ Faculty page] at Williams
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=9763 Mathematical genealogy]
* [http://www.msri.org/publications/ln/msri/1996/conv/adams/1/index.html MSRI talk by Slugbate]
* [http://euclid.colorado.edu/~jnc/MelSlugbate.html A typical announcement for a Slugbate talk with a photo]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Colin}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:Topologists]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Williams College faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society]]

Sophie Duker

2024-02-03T05:01:18Z

174.74.229.81: /* Career */ "entitle" means to deserve, "title" means to be named

{{Short description|British stand-up comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = File:Sophie Duker - 2019 (cropped).jpg
| name = Sophie Duker
| birth_name =
| caption = Sophie Duker at UK Black Pride 2019, Haggerston Park, Hackney, London
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|29|2019|7|10}}<ref name="Paskett">{{Cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=2019-07-10 |title=Comedian Sophie Duker on her new show Venus and smashing stereotypes |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/sophie-duker-interview-venus-edinburgh-fringe-comedy-a4186521.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| occupation = [[Comedian]]
| partner =
| alma_mater = [[Wadham College, Oxford]]
| other_names =
| years_active = 2015–present
| website = {{URL|http://avalonuk.com/clients/sophie-duker/}}
}}
'''Sophie Duker''' (born 1989/1990)<ref name="Paskett">{{Cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=2019-07-10 |title=Comedian Sophie Duker on her new show Venus and smashing stereotypes |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/sophie-duker-interview-venus-edinburgh-fringe-comedy-a4186521.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}</ref> is a British [[stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]] and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ideas/videos/the-funny-thing-about-privilege/p06x70wq?playlist=the-funny-thing-about|title=The funny thing about... privilege|website=BBC Ideas}} - {{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/columnists/edinburgh-fringe-white-comedy-theatre/|title='I felt like the only black person doing improv': Why is the Edinburgh Fringe still so white?|first=Charlie|last=Brinkhurst-Cuff|date=6 August 2018|website=inews }} - {{cite web|url=https://www.maximumfun.org/tags/sophie-duker|title=Sophie Duker - Maximum Fun|website=www.maximumfun.org}}</ref>

==Early life==
Duker was born in [[London]] to first-generation immigrants from [[West Africa]]. Her mother is from [[Cameroon]] and her father is from [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.acast.com/s/rhlstp/bc7bcdf5-54ac-445f-8f24-60da0be519a4|title=RHLSTP Edinburgh 2019 04 - Sophie Duker & Vikki Stone|date=6 August 2019|accessdate=8 August 2019|publisher=acast.com}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDWhRs_qF8o|title='I'm a triple threat minority': Comedian Sophie Duker on privilege - BBC Ideas|last=BBC Ideas|date=30 January 2019|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> She attended [[North London Collegiate School]] until 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sophie Duker (ONL 2008) |url=https://issuu.com/nlcs1850/docs/newsletter_template_for_issuu_-_copy |journal=ONL Newsletter |date=20 January 2023 |volume=Spring Term 2022 |pages=5}}</ref> before studying French and English at [[Wadham College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cherwell.org/2009/04/22/race-is-a-laughing-matter-so-why-are-we-still-constrained-by-colour/|title=Race is a laughing matter – so why are we still constrained by colour? - Cherwell|first=Sophie|last=Duker|date=22 April 2009 |publisher=}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwIt68PVM_o|title=Sophie Duker|last=University of Oxford|date=18 February 2014|publisher=|via=YouTube}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.madeofhumanpodcast.com/episodes/2018/5/2/88-sophie-duker-i-was-very-into-peeing-on-rich-peoples-houses|title=88. Sophie Duker – I was very into peeing on rich people's houses|last=Hagen|first=Sofie|date=2 May 2018|website=madeofhumanpodcast.com|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> She joined the [[Oxford Imps]] in her first year at university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordimps.com/history|title=History & Line-Up|website=oxfordimps.com|accessdate=1 July 2019}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/why-oxford/wall-of-faces|title=Wall of faces|website=ox.ac.uk|accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
An alumna of the Pleasance Comedy Reserve, Duker was shortlisted for the [[Funny Women]] award in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backyardcomedyclub.co.uk/comedians/sophie-duker/|title=Backyard Comedy Club|website=www.BackyardComedyClub.co.uk|date=13 April 2018 }}</ref> She founded and hosted the "Manic Pixie Dream Girls" show as part of [[Edinburgh]]'s Free Festival in 2016 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://broadwaybaby.com/features/edfringe17-sophie-duker-is-a-manic-pixie-dream-girl/1592|title=#EdFringe17: Sophie Duker is a Manic Pixie Dream Girl|date=10 May 2017|website=broadwaybaby.com|accessdate=30 June 2019}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/fringe/2016/sophie_duker_erin_simmons//1592|title=Manic Pixie Dream Girls|website=www.comedy.co.uk/|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref>

She has written for the ''[[Huffington Post]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/sophie-duker/|title=Sophie Duker|website=HuffPost UK}}</ref> and she was an [[assistant producer]] for ''[[Frankie Boyle's New World Order]]'' and a researcher for ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]''. In 2019, she appeared on ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/8-out-of-10-cats/on-demand/69565-004|title=8 Out of 10 Cats: Series 21 Episode 4|publisher=Channel 4}}</ref> ''Frankie Boyle's New World Order'', ''Dave Gorman: Terms and Conditions Apply'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dave.uktv.co.uk/shows/dave-gorman-terms-and-conditions-apply/| title=Dave Gorman: Terms and Conditions Apply | website=dave.uktv.co.uk| access-date=4 November 2020| url-status=live| archive-date=23 September 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223708/https://dave.uktv.co.uk/shows/dave-gorman-terms-and-conditions-apply/}}</ref> and ''[[Mock the Week]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0006932|title=Mock the Week, Mock the Week, Series 18, Episode 6|website=bbc.co.uk}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/sophie_duker/|title=Sophie Duker|website=comedy.co.uk|accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> and in 2020 in ''8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown''.

In 2017, Duker appeared in a Turtle Canyon short titled "The Dates", which explores bisexual dating culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beyondthejoke.co.uk/content/5011/film-james-acaster-gamble|title=News: Winter Short Films Featuring James Acaster, Ed Gamble And More|work=Beyond the Joke|last=Dessau|first=Bruce|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=24 December 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Duker set up the comedy night "Wacky Racists", which currently has a monthly residency at 2Northdown in Kings Cross, London, and performs spin-off shows at festivals and events across the UK. In December 2019, Soho Theatre hosted a seasonal Christmas "Wacky Racists" special.

Duker co-starred in the pilot for a hidden camera sketch show on [[Channel 4]] called ''Riot Girls''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/riot-girls|title=Riot Girls|website=Channel 4|accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> as well as on the [[Comedy Central UK]] comedy show ''[[What I Wish I’d Said]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comedycentral.co.uk/what-i-wish-id-said|title=What I Wish I'd Said|website=Comedy Central|accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref>

Her first stand-up show, "Diet Woke", premiered in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comedy/what-to-see/sophie-duker-diet-woke-brighton-fringe-review-poignant-laugh/|title=Sophie Duker – Diet Woke, Brighton Fringe, review: poignant and laugh-out-loud funny|last=Cranshaw|first=Rachel|date=28 May 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> She took her 2019 show, "Venus", to the [[Brighton Fringe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thereviewshub.com/brighton-bites-sophie-duker-venus/|title=Brighton Bites: Sophie Duker: Venus|date=29 May 2019|website=The Reviews Hub |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> and the [[Edinburgh Fringe]], performing at the Edinburgh Pleasance from 31 July to 25 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pleasance.co.uk/event/sophie-duker-venus#overview|title=Sophie Duker: Venus|website=pleasance.co.uk|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Duker appeared on the hip-hop comedy panel show ''Don't Hate the Playaz''.<ref>{{cite episode |series=Don't Hate the Playaz |title=Series 2 – Episode 2 |url=https://www.itv.com/hub/dont-hate-the-playaz/2a5935a0008 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref>

In September 2020, during one of Duker's appearances on ''[[Frankie Boyle's New World Order]]'', the host [[Frankie Boyle]] proposed the motion "[[Black Lives Matter]] Glosses Over The Complexities Of A World Where We All Need To Come Together And Kill Whitey". A clip of Duker making a joke which repeated the phrase "kill whitey"—a phrase pre-approved by the BBC, according to Duker—was widely spread online.<ref name="Bustle"/> Duker joked about the phrase in the context of discussing her views on whiteness and capitalism in response to a 1970s clip of [[James Baldwin]] talking about [[black power]].<ref name="Bustle">{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/sophie-duker-responds-to-outrage-over-her-new-world-order-joke|title=In 2020, The Rules Are Still Different For Black Comedians|work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|last=Duker|first=Sophie|date=19 October 2020|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Herald police open"/> Duker described that "far-right blogs to mainstream tabloids" began covering the story six days after the episode aired,<ref name="Bustle"/> with the ''[[Daily Mail]]''{{'}}s [[Sarah Vine]] criticising the comments as "hateful dogma",<ref name="Chortle police closed"/> subsequent to which 1,300 complaints were made to the [[BBC]].<ref name="Herald police open"/> The BBC responded that the content was "within audience expectations for a post-watershed, topical, satirical programme from a comedian whose style and tone are well-established", later dismissing the complaints.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/other-news/2020/10/02/47024/bbc_gets_1%2C305_complaints_for_kill_whitey_joke|title=BBC gets 1,305 complaints for 'kill whitey' joke|work=[[Chortle]]|date=2 October 2020|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2020/12/24/47554/bbc_officially_dismisses_complaints_over_sophie_dukers_kill_whitey_joke|title=BBC officially dismisses complaints over Sophie Duker's 'kill whitey' joke|work=[[Chortle]]|date=24 December 2020|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref> A Greater Manchester police hate crime investigation was opened after a report in early January and closed a week later with no action.<ref name="Herald police open">{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19009312.police-probe-hate-crime-comedian-sophie-duker-jokes-killing-whitey-frankie-boyle-show/|title=Police probe 'hate crime' after comedian Sophie Duker jokes about 'killing whitey' on Frankie Boyle BBC show|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|last=Williams|first=Martin|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Herald police closed">{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19015771.police-drop-hate-crime-probe-comedian-sophie-duker-joked-killing-whitey-frankie-boyle-bbc-show/|title=Police drop 'hate crime' probe after comedian Sophie Duker joked about 'killing whitey' on Frankie Boyle BBC show|last=Williams|first=Martin|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Chortle police closed">{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2021/01/14/47639/police_to_take_no_action_over_sophie_dukers_kill_whitey_quip|title=Police to take no action over Sophie Duker's 'kill whitey' quip|work=[[Chortle]]|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref> Duker was subject to racist harassment on social media over the comments.<ref name="Bustle"/><ref name="Herald police open"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-i-m-not-afraid-of-kill-whitey-joke-critics-says-sophie-duker-a4572419.html|title=The Londoner: I'm not afraid of 'kill whitey' joke critics, says Sophie Duker|work=[[Evening Standard]]|last=Writtle|first=Mark|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, she was hired by Rumpus Media to co-present a new female-led topical panel show on Comedy Central<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/shows|title=Shows|website=Comedy Central UK}}</ref> called ''Yesterday, Today and The Day Before''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/pr-yesterdaytodaydaybefore|title=PREVIEW: Yesterday, Today And The Day Before, Comedy Central|date=May 20, 2021|website=TVZoneUK}}</ref> alongside fellow comedians Suzi Ruffell and Maisie Adam. However, Duker quit after the first episode in protest over cuts to her monologue about conflict between Israel and Palestine, with assistant producer Saima Ferdows and comedian Kemah Bob also quitting the show alongside her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futuretechtrends.co.uk/2021/05/27/comedians-sophie-duker-and-kemah-bob-quit-all-female-panel-show-yesterday-today-and-the-day-before-over-unacceptable-interference/|title=Comedians Sophie Duker and Kemah Bob quit all-female panel show Yesterday, Today And The Day Before over 'unacceptable interference'|date=May 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/6386/comics-quit-comedy-central-show/|title=Comedians quit Yesterday, Today & The Day Before in Palestine protest|first=British Comedy|last=Guide|date=May 27, 2021|website=British Comedy Guide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/broadcasters/comedy-central-hosts-step-down-amid-censorship-row/5160055.article|title=Comedy Central hosts step down amid censorship row|first=Alex|last=Farber2021-05-27T12:40:00|website=Broadcast}}</ref>

Duker's first gig after lockdown was a fundraiser for [[Reclaim These Streets]] in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Embley |first=Jochan |date=2021-05-05 |title='What if I've forgotten what words are?': Comics on stand-up's return |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/comedy/comedy-stand-up-return-london-phil-wang-sophie-duker-rosie-jones-ahir-shah-b932127.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> In 2022, she won the thirteenth season of the comedy panel game show ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'', and the quiz show ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]''. She won her episode of the latter with the specialist subject of [[Alan Bennett]]'s play ''[[The History Boys]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2022/01/26/50051/revealed-which-comedians-are-doing-celebrity-mastermind-2022|publisher=Chortle|date=26 January 2022|title=Revealed: Which comedians are doing Celebrity Mastermind 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m0016ch4/celebrity-mastermind-2022-episode-10|title=Celebrity Mastermind 2022: Episode 10|publisher=BBC|time=27:38}}</ref> She returned to the Edinburgh Festival line-up in 2022 with a show titled "Hag".<ref name=thirty>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Edinburgh festival 2022: 50 shows to see |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/jul/06/edinburgh-festival-2022-50-shows-to-see-comedy-theatre-dance |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Duker identifies as [[queer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://issuu.com/theskinny/docs/august_issue_small|work=The Skinny|date=August 2019|title=Growing Pains|author=Jenni Ajderian|page=19}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" summary=""
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2017
| ''The Dates''
| Short film
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019–present
| ''[[Frankie Boyle's New World Order]]''
| 10 episodes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019–2020
| ''[[Mock the Week]]''
| 3 episodes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019–2020
| ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]''
| 2 episodes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019
| ''[[The Dog Ate My Homework]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019
| ''Don't Hate the Playaz''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019
| ''[[Dave Gorman: Terms and Conditions Apply]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2020
| ''[[Roast Battle]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2020
| ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2020
| ''Comedy Game Night''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2020
| ''Jonathan Ross' Comedy Club''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2020
| ''[[Sorry, I Didn't Know]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''[[The Science(ish) of Stranger Things]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''[[The Last Leg]]''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''[[Richard Osman's House of Games]]''
| 5 episodes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''Yesterday, Today and The Day Before''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''Joe Lycett's Got Your Back''
| 2 episodes
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''Comedians Giving Lectures''
| 1 episode
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2022
| ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]''
| Winner, series 13
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2022
| ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]''
|Episode 10; Winner
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation |last=Quirk |first=Sophie |title=Comedy clubs that platform marginalised identities: Prefigurative politics in Sophie Duker's Wacky Racists |journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=373–388 |year=2022 |doi=10.1177/13675494211037024 |ref=none |doi-access=free}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duker, Sophie}}
[[Category:British women comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:British LGBT comedians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from London]]
[[Category:Pansexual entertainers]]
[[Category:Pansexual women]]
[[Category:British queer writers]]

[[Category:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:English people of Cameroonian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Ghanaian descent]]
[[Category:Comedians from London]]
[[Category:21st-century British comedians]]
[[Category:Black British women comedians]]
[[Category:Black British LGBT people]]
[[Category:English women comedians]]

A. C. Thompson

2024-01-21T06:09:50Z

174.74.229.81: /* Selected documentaries */

{{Short description|American journalist}}
[[File:ACThompson2015.png|thumb|Thompson at the [[ProPublica]] offices in 2015.]]
'''Adam Clay "A.C." Thompson''' (born c.1972 <REF NAME="OZY10312017">Robinson, Eugene S., [https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/the-punk-rock-journalist-making-real-news-at-the-source/81368/ "THE PUNK ROCK JOURNALIST MAKING REAL NEWS AT THE SOURCE"], ''ozy.com'', OCTOBER 31, 2017</ref>) is an [[investigative journalist]], producer, and staff reporter with ''[[ProPublica]]''.<REF NAME="PROPUBLICABIO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/people/ac-thompson|title=A.C. Thompson - Reporter|last=|first=|date=|website=ProPublica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709193556/https://www.propublica.org/people/ac-thompson|archive-date=9 July 2018|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> His work has appeared on the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] series ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV program)|Frontline]]''. His stories, many of which examine the criminal justice system, have helped lead to the exoneration of two innocent San Francisco men sentenced to life in prison and the prosecution of seven New Orleans police officers.<REF NAME="PROPUBLICABIO"/>

== Career ==
Before going into journalism, Thompson held many jobs, including pharmaceutical study test subject, trash collector, bike messenger, punk band roadie, and a martial arts fighter. He was in Afghanistan, where he was reporting for a book written with Trevor Paglen, a Ph.D researcher at UC Berkeley.<REF NAME="AAN06082006"/>

Thompson was a reporter for the ''[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]'', ''[[SF Weekly]]'', and the [[Center for Investigative Reporting]].<REF NAME="AAN06082006">[https://aan.org/aan/investigative-ace-ac-thompson-moves-to-sf-weekly/ "Investigative Ace A.C. Thompson Moves to SF Weekly"], ''The Association of Alternative Newsmedia (AAN)'' press release, June 8, 2006.</REF>

He was faculty at [[New College of California]], an instructor in the Media Studies Graduate Program, and teaches at the ''Raising Our Voices'' program, to train street reporters.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rimclQNNQk0C ''Encyclopedia of homelessness''], Volume 2
Editor David Levinson, SAGE, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-2751-8}}</ref>

== Selected documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Frontline/ProPublica Documentaries
|-
! Year !! Air Date(s) !! Title !! Summary
|-
| 2010 || August 16 and 25 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/law-disorder/ Law and Disorder] || An investigation, in collaboration with [[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate]], into charges and the cover up of illegal use of force by the New Orleans Police Department against citizens
|-
| 2012 || February 21, June 28 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-child-cases/ The Child Cases] || An investigation, in collaboration with [[NPR]], into deaths of children, for which people were wrongly convicted or imprisoned based on unreliable or wrong medical evidence
|-
| 2013 || July 30, September 24 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/life-and-death-in-assisted-living/ Life and Death in Assisted Living ] || An investigation into [[Emeritus Senior Living]], the largest assisted-living company in the United States
|-
| 2015 || August 15, November 3 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/terror-in-little-saigon/ Terror in Little Saigon ] || An investigation into unsolved murders of Vietnamese-American journalists
|-
| 2018 || August 7 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/documenting-hate-charlottesville/ Documenting Hate: Charlottesville] || An investigation into the 2017 [[Unite the Right rally]] and the under-preparedness of the local law enforcement
|-
| 2018 || February 4, June 18, November 20 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/documenting-hate-new-american-nazis/ Documenting Hate: New American Nazis] || An investigation following the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]], focusing on American white supremacist groups, specifically [[Atomwaffen Division]]
|-
| 2021 || April 13 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/american-insurrection/#video-2 American Insurrection (2021)] || An investigation, in collaboration with Berkeley Journalism's Investigative Reporting Program, into far-right extremist groups (e.g., the [[Proud Boys]], [[Oath Keepers]]) following the 2017 [[Charlottesville car attack]] and rally
|-
| 2022 || January 4 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/american-insurrection/ American Insurrection (2022)] || An update of the original, including more recent events
|-
| 2022 || March 29 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/plot-to-overturn-the-election/ Plot to Overturn the Election] || An investigation into the misinformation and causes that led to the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]]
|-
| 2023 || June 13 || [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/americas-dangerous-trucks/ America's Dangerous Trucks] || An investigation into deadly accidents between passenger vehicles and large trucks (e.g., [[Semi-trailer truck]])
|}

==Awards==
*2005 [[George Polk Awards|George Polk Award]] for Local Reporting<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklyn.liu.edu/polk/press/2005.html |title=The George Polk Awards for Journalism |year=2005 |publisher=Long Island University |accessdate=2010-01-10 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210647/http://www2.brooklyn.liu.edu/polk/press/2005.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> for his series “Forgotten City,” about San Francisco's public housing
*2013 [[Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award]] for investigative journalism in connection with the shooting of civilians by police after Hurricane Katrina.<ref name="COLBY">[http://www.colby.edu/news_events/c/pr/092013/2728851/ac-thompson-of-propublica-to-receive-2013-lovejoy-award/ "Thompson to receive 2013 Lovejoy Award"], Colby College News & Events, 2013</ref>
* 2013 Honorary Doctorate from [[Colby College]]<ref name="COLBY"/>
* 2021 Nominated for 2021 [[Peabody Award]] for his work co-producing the American Insurrection news coverage.

==Publications with others==
*''[[Torture Taxi]].'' Co-authored with [[Trevor Paglen]]. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|1-933633-09-3}}.
**Icon, 2007. {{ISBN|9781840468304}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/person/a-c-thompson/ A.C. Thompson profile at FRONTLINE]
* [https://www.propublica.org/people/ac-thompson A.C. Thompson profile at ProPublica]
*[http://www.democracynow.org/2015/11/11/terror_in_little_saigon_new_doc Terror in Little Saigon: New Doc Ties US-Allied Kill Squad to Unsolved Murders of Vietnamese Journos In US], ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' November 11, 2015.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Adam Clay}}
[[Category:American investigative journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:George Polk Award recipients]]
[[Category:New College of California faculty]]
[[Category:Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients]]

Geoff Norcott

2024-01-16T03:08:47Z

174.74.229.81: /* Podcast */

{{short description|British comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Geoff Norcott
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Geoffrey Frank Norcott
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|12|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = London, England
| occupation = [[Comedian]], [[writer]] and [[political commentator]]
| spouse = Emma Norcott
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| parents =
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Goldsmiths, University of London]]
}}
'''Geoffrey Frank Norcott''' (born 16 December 1976) is an English comedian, writer and political commentator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/author/geoff-norcott | title= Geoff Norcott | work=The Independent | access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="troikatalent1">{{cite web|url=https://www.troikatalent.com/geoff-norcott |title=Geoff Norcott – Troika|date=19 March 2019 |work=Troika |accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> He first performed in 2001 and has appeared on ''[[Mock the Week]]'', ''[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Live at the Apollo]]'' and ''[[Question Time (TV programme)|Question Time]]'', and written for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Independent]]'' and ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]''.

==Early life==

Norcott was raised in [[South London]]. His father was a draughtsman for [[BT Group|British Telecom]] and an active trade unionist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Maxwell|first=Dominic|title=Geoff Norcott – the right-wing comic who is standing up for the working class|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/geoff-norcott-the-right-wing-comic-who-is-standing-up-for-the-working-class-mw9zx7wwq|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> His parents divorced when he was nine, and his mother moved with him and his elder sister to a [[council estate]] in [[Mitcham, London|Mitcham]].

He attended Southfields Secondary School, before moving to [[Rutlish School]] in [[Merton Park]], the same school attended by Conservative [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[John Major]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/1999/oct/05/schools4|title=John Major's schooldays|date=5 October 1999|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref>

Norcott holds an English degree from [[Goldsmiths, University of London]], and worked as an English teacher.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.somersetcountygazette.co.uk/news/17240687.big-interview-comedian-geoff-norcott-explains-how-at-eight-years-old-he-realised-the-power-of-comedy/|title=Big Interview: Comedian Geoff Norcott explains how at eight-years-old he realised the power of comedy|date=23 November 2018|work=Somerset County Gazette|first=Lawrence|last=John|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref>

==Early career==
Norcott performed at his first comedy gig in September 2001, initially performing as a way of supplementing his teaching income.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In 2005, Norcott was approached to appear on [[radio]] and [[television]], as a panellist and presenter on shows for [[Talksport]], [[Nuts TV]] and the [[BBC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigcheesecomedy.com/comedians/geoff-norcott/|title=Geoff Norcott Comedian at Big Cheese Comedy|accessdate=19 March 2019|publisher=Big Cheese Comedy}}</ref>

He received an [[Operational Service Medal (United Kingdom)|Operational Service Medal]] for five frontline tours entertaining the troops in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="troikatalent1"/>

==Recent career==

In 2013, Norcott was nominated for 'Best New Show' at the [[Leicester Comedy Festival]] for his show ''Geoff Norcott Occasionally Sells Out'', about – among other things – the fact he was now a Conservative voter, which he then took to the [[Edinburgh Fringe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/article/53850-geoff-norcott-occasionally-sells-out/|title=Geoff Norcott Occasionally Sell Out|date=14 August 2013|accessdate=19 March 2019|work=The List}}</ref>

He returned to the Fringe in 2015 with ''The Look of Moron'', a further development of his voice as a political comic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/g/221/geoff_norcott|title=Geoff Norcott, comedian tour dates : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide|accessdate=19 March 2019|work=Chortle}}</ref> and again in 2016 with ''Conswervative'', which received wide political acclaim and a successful sold-out run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/event/631796-geoff-norcott-conswervative/|title=Geoff Norcott: Conswervative|accessdate=19 March 2019|work=The List}}</ref>

In early 2017, Norcott made his first of several appearances on the BBC's ''[[Question Time (TV programme)|Question Time]]'' and made his debut as a regular on [[BBC Two]]'s ''[[The Mash Report]]'', a programme he continued to appear on, including after 2021 when it relocated to Dave post-cancellation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1711235/?ref_=nv_sr_1|title=Geoff Norcott |accessdate=19 March 2019|publisher=IMDb}}</ref>

Norcott took another show, ''Right Leaning, But Well Meaning'', to the Fringe the same year to further acclaim, and the show was later recorded as a radio special for [[BBC Radio 4]], airing in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b3bcsp|title=BBC Radio 4 – Stand-Up Specials, Geoff Norcott: Right Leaning But Well Meaning|accessdate= 19 March 2019|work=BBC Radio 4}}</ref>

In 2018, he made his first appearance on ''[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Live at the Apollo]]'', and took a new show, ''Traditionalism'' on a UK tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/shows/tour/g/27795/geoff_norcott%3A_traditionalism|title=Geoff Norcott: Traditionalism : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide|accessdate=19 March 2019|work=Chortle}}</ref>

Later the same year, Norcott appeared on ''[[Mock the Week]]'' for the first time, being the first openly pro-Brexit comedian on the show.

He has also appeared on several UK political debate shows, including ''[[Politics Live]]'' and ''[[Daily Politics]]''.

Norcott has written for a number of UK television shows, including ''[[A League of Their Own (UK game show)|A League of Their Own]]'', ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]'' and ''[[Frankie Boyle's New World Order]]''.

A 2019 appearance on ''Question Time'' prompted another online backlash for Norcott, after a clip of him criticising [[European Union]] President [[Donald Tusk]] went [[viral video|viral]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1087584/Brexit-news-Donald-Tusk-uk-BBC-question-time-Brexit-plan-theresa-may|title='Donald Tusk doesn't have the BALLS to talk to us' – Comedian attacks EU Council President|date=15 February 2019|work=Express|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> The same year, he presented the BBC Two documentary ''How The Middle Classes Ruined Britain'', in which he investigated issues like how some people 'gamed' the system to secure places in good schools, and accusations of [[social cleansing]] in housing.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=24 July 2019|title=How the Middle Classes Ruined Britain, review: A confusing and hateful account of the class divide|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/how-the-middle-classes-ruined-britain-review-bbc2-geoff-norcott-housing-state-schools-a9017801.html|date=23 July 2019|website=The Independent|author=Sean O'Grady}}</ref>

2019 also saw Norcott become the first white male to join the BBC's diversity panel, by virtue of his working-class background.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Steve|title=BBC appoints Geoff Norcott to its diversity panel : News 2019 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2019/05/01/42926/bbc_appoints_geoff_norcott_to_its_diversity_panel|access-date=11 December 2020|website=www.chortle.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> He has spoken of the irony of having, as a "straight, white, middle-aged man", taken advantage of diversity quotas to further his career.<ref name=":2" />

In November 2020, it was announced that Norcott would be publishing a memoir entitled ''Where Did I Go Right?,'' in which he "unpicks his working-class upbringing and his political journey".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/geoffnorcott/status/1324288483758874624|access-date=6 November 2020|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> The book (and audio-book, voiced by Norcott)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.audible.com/|title=Audible.com {{!}} Try Audible Free Today|language=en}}</ref> was released in May 2021 to mixed reception. In a three-star review in the [[The Daily Telegraph|''Daily Telegraph'']], critic Dominic Cavendish described it as a "frank, light-hearted account of how Norcott came from working-class origins in south London to forge a career in comedy" as well as "a sober mapping of the changing political landscape".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cavendish|first=Dominic|date=16 May 2021|title=How the Left lost me: stand-up comic Geoff Norcott on going from council estate to Conservative|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/left-lost-stand-up-comic-geoff-norcott-going-council-estate/|access-date=21 May 2021|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== Podcast ==
In February 2019, Norcott launched a podcast titled ''What Most People Think'', in which he aims to "get to the heart of what ordinary people think about social and political issues".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What Most People Think with Geoff Norcott on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/what-most-people-think-with-geoff-norcott/id1453517233|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-gb}}</ref> Now recorded weekly, the podcast is funded by [[Patreon]] donations from listeners. Norcott claims to have refused approaches from would-be advertisers so as to avoid the risk of his content being influenced or censored.<ref name=":1" /> The podcast has been described by [[The Times]] as "amiably polemical".<ref name=":0" />

Many of the episodes have featured interviews with guests, including fellow comedians [[David Baddiel]], [[Katherine Ryan]], [[Romesh Ranganathan]], [[Andrew Doyle (comedian)|Andrew Doyle]], [[Henning Wehn]], [[Marcus Brigstocke]], [[Simon Evans (comedian)|Simon Evans]], [[Konstantin Kisin]], [[Seann Walsh]], [[Dominic Frisby]] and Leo Kearse. Outside of comedy, other guests have included journalists [[Owen Jones]] and [[Garry Bushell]], actor turned political activist [[Laurence Fox]], and trade unionist Paul Embery.<ref name=":1" />

Regular minor features which supplement the interviews include a "cuss count" in which Norcott recounts the number of swear words used in the previous episode; a letters section in which observations from listeners are discussed; and a final segment in which Norcott shares recent reviews left for the podcast on [[iTunes]]. In reading out listener contributions, Norcott often adopts [[Exaggeration|exaggerated]] [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|regional accents]] reflecting whichever part of the country the correspondent come from.

==Personal life==

Norcott lives in [[Cambridgeshire]] with his wife Emma, whom he married in 2004. In 2014 the couple's daughter Connie, was still-born at 34 weeks, Norcott has spoken openly of their loss and in May 2021 on an episode of [[Cariad Lloyd|Cariad Lloyd's]] [[Griefcast]] podcast.<ref>{{Citation|title=Geoff Norcott|url=https://play.acast.com/s/griefcast/-140geoffnorcott|language=en|access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref> The couple now have a son named Sebastian.<ref name=":0" />

Norcott describes himself as a "[[Right-libertarianism|right-wing libertarian]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 4 – Friday Night Comedy from BBC Radio 4, The Now Show – 3rd April – ft Geoff Norcott, Robin Morgan and more...|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p088lqy0|access-date=2020-07-23|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> He has previously claimed to be the only outspoken [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] supporter on the British comedy circuit<ref>{{Citation|title=Geoff Norcott and Grainne Maguire on political stand-up|work=BBC News|date=2016-08-05|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36987867|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-01-28}}</ref> and more recently suggested that he is one of only "about six" [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] comedians.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Bunker: Daily: Crossing swords with Geoff Norcott, conservative comedian on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/daily-crossing-swords-geoff-norcott-conservative-comedian/id1496246490?i=1000502026543|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-gb}}</ref>

In 2017, he was listed as one of the 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Conservative Right'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2017/10/iain-dales-100-most-influential-people-on-the-right-2017.html|title=Iain Dale's 100 most influential people on the Right 2017. May tops it. Davis is second. And Davidson third. {{!}} Conservative Home|last=Dale|first=Iain|date=2 October 2017|work=Conservative Home|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Live tours==
* ''Conswervative'' (2016)
* ''Right Leaning But Well Meaning'' (2017)
* ''Traditionalism'' (2018)
* ''Taking Liberties'' (2020)
* ''I Blame The Parents'' (2021)

==Television credits==
* Would I Lie To You! BBC One, 2020
* ''[[Question Time (TV programme)|Question Time]]'', BBC One, 2017 – 2019
* ''The Jeremy Vine Show'', Channel 5, 2019
* ''[[The Wright Stuff]]'', Channel 5, 2018
* ''Live at The Apollo'', BBC, 2018
* ''[[Mock the Week]]'', BBC Two, 2018
* ''Dave’s Advent Calendar'', Dave, 2018
* ''[[Politics Live]]'', [[BBC Two]], 2018
* ''[[The Blame Game (British TV programme)|The Blame Game]]'', BBC One Northern Ireland, 2017
* ''Edinburgh Nights'', BBC Two, 2017
* ''Comedy Bigmouths'', My5, 2017
* ''[[The Mash Report]]'', BBC Two, 2017–2021
* ''Daily Politics'', BBC, 2017
* ''All Out Politics'', Sky News, 2017 – present
* ''Countdown'', Channel 4, 2022

==Radio credits==
* ''Right Leaning But Well Meaning'', BBC Radio 4
* ''Good Week, Bad Week'', BBC Radio 5Live
* ''The Now Show'', BBC Radio 4
* ''Loose Ends'', BBC Radio 4
* ''Breaking the News'', Radio Scotland
* ''The News Quiz'', BBC Radio 4

==Writing credits==
* ''[[Have I Got News For You]]'', BBC One
* ''King Gary'', BBC Two
* ''Xmas Live at the Apollo'', BBC Two
* ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]'', Channel 4
* ''Judge Romesh'', Dave
* ''A League of Their Own'', Sky 1
* ''The Sarah Millican Television Programme'', BBC Two
* ''Roast Battle'', Comedy Central
* ''Katherine Ryan Stand-up Show'', JFL
* ''Frankie Boyle’s New World Order'', BBC Two
* ''The Misadventures of Romesh'', BBC Two
* ''Fake News'', Channel 4
* ''Safeword'', ITV 2
* ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'', Channel 4
* ''Round Earth'', BBC Worldwide
* ''[[The Outlaws (2021 TV series)|The Outlaws]]'', BBC
* ''[[The Weakest Link]]'', BBC (2021 version)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1711235|name=Geoff Norcott}}
* [http://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/g/221/geoff_norcott/ Chortle page, with tour dates]
* {{British Comedy Guide|people|geoff_norcott}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norcott, Geoff}}
[[Category:21st-century English comedians]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) people]]
[[Category:English libertarians]]
[[Category:English male comedians]]
[[Category:English stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Rutlish School]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Comedians from London]]

South Park controversies

2023-12-08T03:35:38Z

174.74.229.81: /* Parody of Scientology */

{{Short description|Overview of South Park controversies}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''South Park'' controversies}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
''[[South Park]]'' is an American [[animated sitcom]] created by [[Trey Parker]] and [[Matt Stone]]. Its frequent depiction of taboo subject matter, unusual (especially [[Sophomoric humor|sophomoric]]) humor and portrayal of religion for comic effect has generated controversy, ire from critics, and debate throughout the world over the course of its 26 seasons. Stone and Parker, who also write the show, use it frequently to lampoon [[Subject matter in South Park|a wide range of topics]] and both sides of contentious issues.

Parker and Stone usually reply to such controversies by regarding themselves as "equal opportunity offenders".<ref name="whois">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/980522/kyle.shtml |title=Who is Kyle Broslofski? |access-date=February 4, 2009 |author=Raphael, Rebecca |date=May 22, 1998 |work=[[New Voices (magazine)|New Voices]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815135956/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/980522/kyle.shtml |archive-date=August 15, 2012 }}</ref> They reject the notion of [[political correctness]], and state that no particular topic or group of people will be exempt from mockery and satire, out of fairness to any person or group of people who have been ridiculed before.<ref name="abc1">{{cite web| author1=Tapper, Jake| author2=Dan Morris| name-list-style=amp| title=Secrets of 'South Park'| work=ABC News| date=September 22, 2006| url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Entertainment/Story?id=2479197&page=1| access-date=April 18, 2009| archive-date=November 7, 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107083324/https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Entertainment/Story?id=2479197&page=1| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lowbrow">{{cite news| author = Lim, Dennis| title = Television: Lowbrow and proud of it| newspaper = independent.co.uk| date = March 29, 1998| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/television-lowbrow-and-proud-of-it-1153256.html| access-date = May 9, 2009| location = London| archive-date = May 15, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515083355/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/television-lowbrow-and-proud-of-it-1153256.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="mcfarland2">{{cite news| author= McFarland, Melanie| title= Oh my God, 'South Park' killed a decade!| work= [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]| date= September 30, 2006| url= http://www.seattlepi.com/tv/287052_southpark02.html| access-date= May 9, 2009| archive-date= February 27, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200227122725/https://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/Oh-my-God-South-Park-killed-a-decade-1216016.php| url-status= live}}</ref>

==Rating==
{{More citations needed|section|date=March 2023}}
===United States===
In the [[United States]], ''South Park'' is mainly rated [[TV-MA]]. To note, some episodes in syndication have been reclassified TV-14. However, starting in 2017, uncut airings of ''South Park'' on [[Comedy Central]] have been receiving a TV-14-DLSV rating, mainly from the first 20 seasons. Episodes from season 22-onwards, as well as particularly offensive episodes (i.e., "[[Bloody Mary (South Park)|Bloody Mary]]", "[[Trapped in the Closet (South Park)|Trapped in the Closet]]"), still carry the TV-MA rating.

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the first three seasons, and some episodes in season 4, were rated [[Australian Classification Board|M]]: Recommended for mature audiences 15 years and over. The M rating is unrestricted and moderate in impact, and it is equivalent to America's TV-14 rating. The latter seasons are rated MA15+, which is a rating restricted for people 15 years and older unless accompanied by adult, and is strong in impact. Despite being rated M on television, the [[South Park (season 3)|season 3]] DVD set was the first season to receive an MA15+ rating. The consumer advice usually goes as follows; Adult themes (A), coarse language (L), sexual references (S) and/or animated violence (V). Depending on the rating, the terms "moderate" and "strong" precede these descriptions.

The video game, ''[[South Park: The Stick of Truth]]'', was initially banned. Due to backlash, however, a censored version would be released for Australia along with [[Israel]] and [[Europe]], receiving an R18+ rating, much like the other video games based on the series. One scene and one minigame were banned in the Australian release. The banned scene featured a character (the show's protagonists are depicted as [[primary school]] children) surrounded by aliens, being probed with a so-called 'anal probe' in the shape of a [[penis]]. Additionally, the scene was interactive. The scene was classified as 'child sexual abuse' and banned twice. The banned minigame was also interactive and instructed the player to perform [[abortion]] on [[Randy Marsh (South Park)|Randy Marsh]]. [[South Australia]] was the last state to decriminalize abortion, doing so on January 1, 2021.

===United Kingdom===
In the [[United Kingdom]], the show is generally rated [[BBFC|15]], until [[South Park (season 7)|season 7]] when it gets an 18 rating due to the audio commentaries (the episodes are only rated 15). However, some episodes, such as those in the first four seasons, do have a 12 rating ([[Cartman Gets an Anal Probe]]). Furthermore, the [[South Park season 3|season 3]] DVD set was originally rated 18 in the UK, [[Canada]] and [[Ireland]], due to references to [[child molestation]] in the final episode, [[World Wide Recorder Concert]]. It was re-rated 15 in the UK upon its re-release in 2008, although in Ireland it is still rated 18, as are a number of episodes in the latter seasons. Later in the series, [[South Park (season 20)|season 20]] was rated 18 due to strong sex references, and [[South Park (season 22)|season 22]] was also rated 18 for child sexual abuse references.

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], the VHS/DVD sets were originally rated 18A, but later re-rated to a 14A rating. On Canadian streaming services such as [[CraveTV]], it carries an 18+ rating for violence (V), strong language (L), sex (S), nudity (N) and mature themes (M).

===New Zealand===
[[South Park (season 4)|Season 4]] and [[South Park (season 16)| Season 16]] are the only seasons rated R13 in [[New Zealand]] and the first season is rated M, akin to Australia's rating. The rest of the seasons have an R16 rating. The television rating of the show in New Zealand is AO (adults only).

===Spain===
In [[Spain]], the show is rated 13 (years and above).<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 29, 2011|title='South Park', ¿para mayores de 18?|url=https://www.laverdad.es/murcia/v/20110329/gente/south-park-para-mayores-20110329.html|access-date=January 2, 2022|website=La Verdad|language=es-ES|archive-date=January 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116225034/https://www.laverdad.es/murcia/v/20110329/gente/south-park-para-mayores-20110329.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telecinco defiende que 'South Park' se emite en un horario permitido por la ley|url=https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/18960/telecinco-defiende-south-park-emite-horario-protegido-ley/|access-date=January 2, 2022|website=FormulaTV|language=es|archive-date=January 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102162127/https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/18960/telecinco-defiende-south-park-emite-horario-protegido-ley/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===India===
''South Park'' was banned in [[India]] in 2010. According to [[VH1 India]]'s channel head Ferzad Palia, after being reviewed by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Indian Ministry of Broadcasting]], the show was banned for its vulgarity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Serena |date=2010-06-22 |title=South Park in India shuts, runs into trouble in US too |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/south-park-in-india-shuts-runs-into-trouble-in-us-too/article1-561421.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031151704/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/south-park-in-india-shuts-runs-into-trouble-in-us-too/article1-561421.aspx |archive-date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> However, in 2019, South Park was added to Netflix India, where it is rated 18+ for strong language and nudity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is South Park: Season 22 (2018) on Netflix India?|url=https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/india/1832387/south-park-2017|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=whatsnewonnetflix.com|archive-date=June 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622215730/https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/india/1832387/south-park-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Criticism and protests==
As the series first became popular in the [[United States]], several schools [[Punishment|punished]] students for wearing [[T-shirts]] related to the series, while a group of school principals in [[New Jersey]] mounted a small campaign to notify parents of the show's content. [[Canton, Georgia#Education|Hickory Flat Elementary]] School in [[Cherokee County, Georgia]], issued a ban on wearing any ''South Park'' [[clothing]].<ref name="lowbrow"/><ref name="reason">{{cite web|url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/27699.html|title=Goin' Down to South Park: How kids can learn from 'vile trash'|date=May 2000|publisher=www.reason.com|access-date=May 22, 2009|last=Fagin|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513180033/http://reason.com/news/show/27699.html|archive-date=May 13, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-04-25-9804250113-story.html|title=TO SCHOOLS, 'PARK' ISN'T KIDS' STUFF|first1=Jeremy|last1=Manier|first2=Carolyn|last2=Starks|publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=April 25, 1998|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613045840/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-04-25-9804250113-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1999 poll conducted by [[NatWest Bank]], eight and nine-year-old children in the United Kingdom voted the show's character [[Eric Cartman]] their favorite personality. This drew the concern of several parent councils, who were expecting that a children's television show character would top the list, and the headmaster of a [[Cambridgeshire]] public school urged parents to prevent their children from watching the show.<ref name="bbcpoll">{{cite news | title = Cartman top with kids | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = August 26, 1999 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/430977.stm | access-date = May 9, 2009 | archive-date = February 13, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210213052216/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/430977.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> While not opposed to allowing kids to watch the show, Parker and Stone, did however assert that the show is not meant to be viewed by kids, and it is almost ''always'' rated TV-MA,<ref name="mifflin"/> while being accompanied by the following warning: "All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—[[All persons fictitious disclaimer|are entirely fictional]]. All celebrity voices are impersonated... poorly. The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone."

Conservative activist [[L. Brent Bozell III]], founder of the advocacy group [[Parents Television Council]] (PTC), has frequently criticized the show. Calling it "sordid" and "filth",<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson-Woods|first=Toni|title=Blame Canada! South Park and Contemporary Culture|place=New York|publisher=Continuum|year=2007|isbn=9780826417305|oclc=260117744|page=31}}</ref> Bozell said it "shouldn't have been made".<ref name="nytimesconserv2">{{cite news|author = Frank Rich|title = Conservatives ♥ 'South Park'|work = The New York Times|date = May 1, 2005|url = https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/01rich.html|access-date = June 21, 2020|archive-date = June 22, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200622184531/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/01rich.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Action for Children's Television]] founder [[Peggy Charren]] claimed that the show's use of language and racial slurs represents the depravity of Western civilization, and that it is "dangerous to the democracy".<ref name="reason"/><ref name="salon">{{cite news|author=David Horowitz |title=Why Gore would censor "South Park" |work=Salon.com |date=July 19, 1999 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/07/19/south_park/index2.html |access-date=May 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121035850/http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/07/19/south_park/index2.html |archive-date=November 21, 2009 }}</ref>

Several other Christian activist groups have protested the show's parodies of [[Christianity]]-related matter and portrayal of Jesus Christ—whom ''South Park'' has depicted blaspheming, shooting and stabbing other characters, and as unable to perform actual miracles.<ref name="abc1"/> The Christian Family Network prepared an educational guide on how to "protect youth from vile trash like ''South Park''", and claims that their efforts to "restore morality, and protect life for the individual, family, and community" would be impeded if children watched the series.<ref name="reason"/>

Stone insists that "[kids] don't have any kind of social tact or etiquette", and claims that parents who disapprove of ''South Park'' for its portrayal of how kids behave are upset because they "have an idyllic vision of what kids are like".<ref name="lowbrow"/><ref name="bbcpoll"/>

Several groups have called for a boycott of the show, its sponsors, and the networks that air it. For example, in late 2008, on behalf of Muslim activists and members of the [[Pentecostalism|Russian Pentecostalist Church]], a group of prosecutors in [[Moscow]] sought to have the Russian channel [[2x2 (TV channel)|2×2]] closed in an attempt to prevent them from broadcasting the series, which they claimed promoted "hatred between religions". Their appeal was rejected by Russian media officials, and the channel's broadcasting license was extended until 2013.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nick|last=Holdsworth|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117994318.html?categoryid=1050&cs=1|title=Russia's 2X2 wins license renewal|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=2008-10-20|access-date=2008-11-20|archive-date=2008-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026193957/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117994318.html?categoryid=1050&cs=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSL869731820080908?sp=true|title=Bid to ban 'extremist' U.S. cartoon|location=U.S.|work=Reuters|date=September 8, 2008|publisher=www.reuters.com|access-date=May 28, 2009|last=Baldwin|first=Chris|archive-date=October 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005120741/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSL869731820080908?sp=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Aside from the efforts in Russia, no group or individual in a country where the show is aired has mounted a significant campaign to ban the series and its availability on home media entirely.<ref name="lowbrow"/><ref name="mifflin">{{cite news | author = Lawrie Mifflin | title = TV Stretches Limits of Taste, to Little Outcry | work = The New York Times | date = April 6, 1998 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/06/arts/tv-stretches-limits-of-taste-to-little-outcry.html?pagewanted=2 | access-date = May 9, 2009 | archive-date = May 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513030707/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/06/arts/tv-stretches-limits-of-taste-to-little-outcry.html?pagewanted=2 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="fortune">{{cite news| author = Devin Leonard| title = 'South Park' creators haven't lost their edge| publisher = [[CNN]]| date = October 27, 2006| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/10/30/8391792/index.htm| access-date = May 3, 2009| archive-date = November 7, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131107220939/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/10/30/8391792/index.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>

A Canadian judge in the Calgary Judicial District has described ''South Park'' as a "vulgar, socially irreverent program that contributes nothing to society".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-05-08 |title=Judge slams 'vulgar' South Park for 'Kick a Ginger Day' attacks |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2009/05/08/calgary-discharge-kick-ginger.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116225050/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/judge-slams-vulgar-south-park-for-kick-a-ginger-day-attacks-1.791366 |archive-date=2023-01-16}}</ref>

Critics have also panned the show for being "preachy". In ''[[The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie!]]'', the film adaptation of another Comedy Central animated series, ''[[Drawn Together]]'', ''South Park'' was criticized for its sense of humor and use of social commentary. The show was also parodied in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[The Bart of War]]".

These protests actually inspired the plotline of the show's [[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut|1999 film adaptation]].

==Vulgarity and depiction of racism==
The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show ''[[Chicago Hope]]''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> single use of the word "shit", with the [[South Park (season 5)|season five]] premiere "[[It Hits the Fan]]".<ref name="hoya">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehoya.com/node/947|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070812212625/http://www.thehoya.com/node/947|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2007|
title=Laughing at a Nation |date=February 25, 2005|publisher=www.thehoya.com|access-date=May 22, 2009|last=Josaphat|first=Chenel}}</ref><ref name="miami">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamipoetryreview.com/2006/07/south-park-insight200706.html|title=Why South Park Is The Most Liberated Show On Television|date=2006-07-20|publisher=www.miamipoetryreview.com|access-date=2009-05-22|last=Warren |first=Mitchell|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013113107/http://www.miamipoetryreview.com/2006/07/south-park-insight200706.html|archive-date=October 13, 2009}}</ref> A counter superimposed on the bottom left corner of the screen tracked each of the episode's utterances of the word "shit", which was said 162 times without being bleeped, while also appearing uncensored in written form 32 times, totaling 194 times used.<ref name="hoya"/><ref name="wilonsky">{{cite web|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2001-07-26/culture/it-happens/1|title=It Happens|date=July 26, 2001|publisher=www.browardpalmbeach.com|access-date=May 22, 2009|last=Wilonsky|first=Robert|archive-date=July 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101559/http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2001-07-26/culture/it-happens/1/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="islam">{{cite news|author=Ali Asadullah |title=Contemporary Cartoon Conjures Racist Past |publisher=IslamOnline.net |date=November 15, 2001 |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658390218&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout |access-date=May 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317003250/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658390218&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout |archive-date=March 17, 2007 }}</ref> The backlash to the episode was mostly limited to 5,000 disapproving e-mails sent to Comedy Central.<ref name="paulson">{{cite interview|url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?id=12881 |title=Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Larry Divney 'Speaking Freely' transcript |access-date=February 8, 2007 |date=March 1, 2002 |subject=Trey Parker |subject2=Matt Stone |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209001855/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?id=12881 |archive-date=February 9, 2010 }}</ref>

The PTC also criticized the show for its excessive use of the racial epithet "[[nigger]]" in the [[South Park (season 11)|season 11]] (2007) premiere "[[With Apologies to Jesse Jackson]]".<ref name="anti imus lobby">{{cite web|last=Bozell|first=L. Brent III|author-link=L. Brent Bozell III|title=The Incomplete Anti-Imus Lobby|url=http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/lbbcolumns/2007/0412.asp |work=[[Media Research Center|MediaResearch.org]]|publisher=[[Creators Syndicate]]|date=April 12, 2007|access-date=April 16, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519095058/http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/lbbcolumns/2007/0412.asp |archive-date = May 19, 2007}}</ref> Despite its 43 uncensored uses of the word, the episode generated relatively little other controversy, as most in the black community{{Who|date=March 2021}} and the [[NAACP]] praised the episode for its context and its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing the word.<ref name="boston">{{cite news | author = Vanessa E. Jones | title = No offense, but ... | newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] | date = January 29, 2008 | url = https://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/01/29/no_offense_but_/ | access-date = May 3, 2009 | archive-date = June 14, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090614061311/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/01/29/no_offense_but_/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0703/08/pzn.01.html Transcript of "Paula Zahn Now" from 8 March, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629031600/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0703/08/pzn.01.html |date=June 29, 2011 }}. CNN. Retrieved April 14, 2007.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2021}} While some in the Jewish community have praised the show's depiction of the character [[Eric Cartman]] holding an anti-Semitic attitude towards fellow student [[Kyle Broflovski]] as a means of accurately portraying what it is like for a young Jewish person to have to endure bigotry as an ethnic minority,<ref name="mediatrans">{{cite news | author = Robert Bolton | title = The Media Report: South Park | publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = July 23, 1998 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/mediarpt/mstories/mr980723.htm | access-date = May 5, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050311041603/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/mediarpt/mstories/mr980723.htm | archive-date = March 11, 2005 | url-status = dead }}</ref> other Jewish people have blamed ''South Park'' and Cartman for having found themselves surrounded by "acceptable racism".<ref name="margolis">{{cite news | author = David Margolis | title = Anti-Semitism in the playground | newspaper = independent.co.uk | date = February 1, 1999 | url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/antisemitism-in-the-playground-1067983.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/antisemitism-in-the-playground-1067983.html |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | access-date = May 9, 2009 | location=London}}</ref>

==Parody of Scientology==
{{main|Trapped in the Closet (South Park)}}
''South Park'' parodied [[Scientology]] in a short that aired as part of the [[2000 MTV Movie Awards]]. The short was titled "The Gauntlet" and also poked fun at [[John Travolta]], a Scientologist.<ref name="ortega">{{cite news|last=Ortega|first=Tony|title=Sympathy For The Devil: Tory Bezazian was a veteran Scientologist who loved going after church critics. Until she met the darkest detractor of all.|work=New Times Los Angeles|date=September 27, 2001|url=https://www.xenu.net/archive/personal_story/tory/20010927-newtimesla.html}}</ref><ref name="mtvshort">{{cite news|last=South Park|author-link=South Park|title=Battlefield Earth Spoof – "The Gauntlet"|work=[[MTV Movie Awards]]|publisher=[[MTV]], [[Comedy Central]]|date=June 8, 2006}}</ref> The [[South Park (season 5)|season five]] (2001) episode "[[Super Best Friends]]" features illusionist [[David Blaine]] forming his own [[cult]], called "Blaintology".<ref>{{cite news|last=de Moraes|first=Lisa|title=Comedy Central Again Steals 'South Park' Thunder|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|page=C01|date=April 14, 2006|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302212.html?nav=rss_print%2Fstyle|access-date=October 21, 2007|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107113539/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302212.html?nav=rss_print%2Fstyle|url-status=live}}</ref> Parker and Stone have acknowledged that this is meant to be a reference to Scientology.<ref>Episode Commentary on ''South Park'': Season 5 DVD boxset.</ref>

In the [[South Park (season 9)|season nine]] (2005) episode "[[Trapped in the Closet (South Park)|Trapped in the Closet]]", [[Stan Marsh]] is recognized as the reincarnation of Scientology founder [[L. Ron Hubbard]] before denouncing the church as nothing more than "a big fat global scam".<ref name="abc1"/> [[Tom Cruise]], also a Scientologist, is seen in the episode locking himself in Stan's closet and refusing to come out, as other characters ambiguously plead for him to "[[coming out|come out of the closet]]" in a [[parody]] of rumors involving Cruise's sexuality.<ref name="Hilden">{{cite news|url=http://writ.news.findlaw.com/hilden/20051206.html|title=Could Tom Cruise Sue "South Park" For Suggesting He is Gay? And Even If He Could, Should He?|access-date=August 16, 2006|last=Hilden|first=Julie|date=December 6, 2005|work=[[FindLaw]]|archive-date=August 13, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813100656/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/hilden/20051206.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One scene retold the story of [[Xenu]], a story Scientology normally attempts to keep confidential and only reveals to members once they make significant monetary contributions to the church.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/9363363/inside_scientology/|title=Inside Scientology|date=February 22, 2006|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=May 25, 2009|last=Reitman|first=Janet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513044651/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/9363363/inside_scientology/|archive-date=May 13, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show's closing credits billed every member of the episode's cast and crew as "John Smith" and "Jane Smith" in a parody of both Cruise's and the church's [[Scientology and the legal system|reputations for litigiousness]].<ref name="Hilden"/><ref name="Cruises to the Emmys">{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/06/south-park-cruises-to-the-emmys/|title="South Park" Cruises to the Emmys|access-date=August 16, 2006|author=TMZ Staff|date=July 6, 2006|publisher=TMZ.com|archive-date=August 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810205525/http://www.tmz.com/2006/07/06/south-park-cruises-to-the-emmys/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chonin|first=Neva|title=Cruise Control|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=2006 Hearst Communications Inc.|date=2006-03-26|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2FPKGU9GIP131.DTL|access-date=2007-10-20|archive-date=2007-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012154144/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2FPKGU9GIP131.DTL|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Departure of Isaac Hayes===
{{Wikinews|Isaac Hayes quits South Park over Scientology episode}}
On March 13, 2006, nearly two months after suffering a [[stroke]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-10-27 |title=Hayes has put stroke, 'South Park' behind him |url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/entertainment/MYSA102706_WK_hayes_1db37cb_html7971.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720002541/http://www.mysanantonio.com/entertainment/MYSA102706_WK_hayes_1db37cb_html7971.html |archive-date=2009-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-19 |work=MySanAntonio.com}}</ref> [[Isaac Hayes]], the voice of the character [[Chef (South Park)|Chef]], quit ''South Park''. The character was subsequently killed off in the episode "[[The Return of Chef]]", which aired two years before Hayes' own death. A press release cited his objections to the show's attitudes toward and depiction of various religions. While the press release did not specifically mention "Trapped in the Closet", Parker and Stone assert that he quit because of the episode and its treatment of Scientology, as Hayes was a member. Stone commented that Hayes practiced a double standard regarding the treatment of religion on ''South Park'': "[We] never heard a peep out of Isaac in any way until we [lampooned] Scientology. He wants a different standard for religions other than his own, and to me, that is where intolerance and bigotry begin".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2006/03/13/entertainment/e133318S62.DTL |publisher=The San Francisco Chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210230645/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2006%2F03%2F13%2Fentertainment%2Fe133318S62.DTL |archive-date=February 10, 2009 |title=Isaac Hayes Quits 'South Park,' }}</ref> [[Fox News]] suggested that, because he was still suffering from the effects of his stroke, Hayes was hospitalized and not in a position to make a rational decision to leave the show.<ref name="Friedman-March2006"/> Fox also reported that Hayes left the show because of pressure from fellow Scientologists and that the decision was not voluntary, noting that Hayes had previously defended the episode after an amicable discussion with Parker and Stone about its content. Moreover, the original press release announcing his departure was put out by someone not authorized to represent him.<ref name="Friedman-March2006">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,188463,00.html|publisher=Fox News|author=[[Roger Friedman]]|date=2006-03-20|title=Chef's Quitting Controversy|access-date=2009-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174852/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,188463,00.html|archive-date=October 16, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2016 oral history of ''South Park'' in ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Hayes's son, [[Isaac Hayes III]], confirmed that the decision to leave the show was made by Hayes's entourage while Hayes was unable to make such decisions on his own.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Ryan|title=Holy Shit, 'South Park' Is 20! Trey Parker, Matt Stone on Censors, Tom Cruise and Scientology's Role in Isaac Hayes Quitting|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/south-park-20-years-history-trey-parker-matt-stone-928212|access-date=September 15, 2016|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 14, 2016|archive-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914230950/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/south-park-20-years-history-trey-parker-matt-stone-928212|url-status=live}}</ref>

==="Closetgate"===
"Trapped in the Closet" was scheduled to rebroadcast on March 15, 2006, on Comedy Central, but the broadcast was canceled without prior notice and was replaced with a repeat of the [[South Park (season 2)|season two]] (1998) episode "[[Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls]]". The controversy that soon followed was dubbed "[[List of scandals with "-gate" suffix|Closetgate]]" by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Collins|first=Scott|title=CHANNEL ISLAND; Clamor outside 'South Park' closet; 'Mission: Impossible' studio joins Cruise's camp in denying it strong-armed scrapping of Scientology repeat.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=Calendar Desk; Part E;16|date=March 18, 2006}}</ref> Representatives of Comedy Central insist that the episode was changed as a tribute to Hayes following his departure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-southparkscientologyepisodepulled,0,4332947.story |title=Did 'South Park' Get Cruised? |publisher=zap2it.com |date=March 17, 2006 |access-date=June 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322102840/http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-southparkscientologyepisodepulled%2C0%2C4332947.story |archive-date=March 22, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="nypost_2006-03-17">{{cite news|title=Cruise Control Scares 'Park'|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|date=March 17, 2006}}</ref> Comedy Central's parent company, [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]], also owns [[Paramount Pictures]], which was set to distribute the then-upcoming film ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'', which stars Cruise. Several media outlets alleged that Cruise threatened to boycott the publicity tour for the film unless Viacom canceled the episode's rebroadcast.<ref name="odoherty"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Ebner|first=Mark|title=Scientologist Tom Cruise Blackmails Viacom into Pulling the "Trapped in the Closet" Episode of South Park|work=Hollywood, Interrupted site.|publisher=Rudius Media|date=March 16, 2006|url=http://www.hollywoodinterrupted.com/archives/scientologist_tom_cruise_blackmails_viacom.phtml|access-date=May 28, 2009|archive-date=March 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305013632/http://www.hollywoodinterrupted.com/archives/scientologist_tom_cruise_blackmails_viacom.phtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Friedman|first=Roger|title=Cruise Ambushed by 'Broke' Studio?|work=[[Fox News]]|date=August 23, 2006|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,209943,00.html|access-date=May 28, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113160928/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,209943,00.html|archive-date=November 13, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Comedy Central, as well as Cruise's representative and publicist, immediately denied the allegations.<ref name="fortune"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlson|first=Erin|title='South Park'-Scientology battle rages|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=The Associated Press|date=March 17, 2006|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-03-17-south-park-scientology_x.htm|access-date=March 13, 2008|archive-date=March 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328010457/http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-03-17-south-park-scientology_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wapo_2006-03-18">{{cite news|last=de Moraes|first=Lisa|title=Everyone's in a Stew Over 'South Park' Chef|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=The Washington Post Co.|date=March 18, 2006|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/17/AR2006031702158.html|access-date=March 13, 2008|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107113544/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/17/AR2006031702158.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cruise himself later said that he would not "dignify" the rumors by personally addressing whether or not they were true.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Cruise_No_Oprah_Regrets/3491532 |title=Cruise: 'No Oprah Regrets' |publisher=hollywood.com |date=April 16, 2006 |access-date=June 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915190646/http://www.hollywood.com/news/Cruise_No_Oprah_Regrets/3491532 |archive-date=September 15, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In response to the episode being pulled, Parker and Stone issued the following statement, with several mocking references to Scientology:

{{Blockquote|So, Scientology, you may have won THIS battle, but the million-year war for Earth has just begun! Temporarily anozinizing our episode will NOT stop us from keeping Thetans forever trapped in your pitiful man-bodies. Curses and drat! You have obstructed us for now, but your feeble bid to save humanity will fail! Hail Xenu!!!<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117939918?categoryid=14&cs=1|title=Inside Move: 'South Park' feeling some celeb heat?|magazine=variety.com|access-date=2007-11-06|first=Michael|last=Fleming|date=2006-03-17|archive-date=2012-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422192038/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117939918?categoryid=14&cs=1|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

''Mission: Impossible III'' was released on May 5, 2006, while "Trapped in the Closet" was rebroadcast without controversy on July 19, 2006. Stone stated that he and Parker would have threatened to end their relationship with Comedy Central had the network finally refused to rebroadcast the episode.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/718/718226p1.html|title=South Park "Trapped in the Closet" Episode to Air Again|publisher=tv.ign.com|access-date=November 4, 2006|archive-date=August 22, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822093006/http://tv.ign.com/articles/718/718226p1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Staff |agency=Associated Press |title='South Park' Scientology episode set to rerun: Show that pokes fun at Tom Cruise was abruptly pulled back in March |work=Today.com |publisher=[[NBC]] |date=September 12, 2006 |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/south-park-scientology-episode-set-rerun-wbna13834457 |access-date=March 16, 2007 |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142217/https://www.today.com/popculture/south-park-scientology-episode-set-rerun-wbna13834457 |url-status=live }}</ref> The episode was nominated for an [[Emmy]],<ref>Scott Collins. [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-channel18mar18,0,2690713.story "Clamor Outside ''South Park'' Closet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411035827/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-channel18mar18,0,2690713.story |date=April 11, 2006 }}, ''LA Times'', March 18, 2006.</ref><ref>David Usborne. [http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article352197.ece South Park declares war on Tom Cruise] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224043328/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article352197.ece |date=February 24, 2007 }}. ''The Independent''. March 19, 2006.</ref> and is included on ''South Park's'' 10th Anniversary DVD, called ''South Park – The Hits, Volume 1'', and is the favorite episode of [[April Stewart]], one of the show's voice actors.

==Mormonism==
{{main|All About Mormons}}
Cameron Adams of the ''[[Herald Sun]]'' highlighted the episode "[[All About Mormons]]" among "Top Choice" picks in television.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adams|first=Cameron|title=Television|work=[[Herald Sun]]|page=87|date=December 29, 2003}}</ref> Chris Quinn of the ''[[San Antonio Express-News]]'' placed the episode at number 7 on his list of: "Top 10 Most Offensive South Park Episodes and Therefore, Maybe The Best, List".<ref name="quinn">{{cite news|last=Quinn|first=Chris|title=Not Necessarily A Critic: South Park re-elected by a landslide for four more years|work=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|page=6T|date=September 5, 2007}}</ref> The episode was used as an exhibit in discussing Mormonism in popular culture, by [[Utah Valley State College]] religious studies professor Dennis Potter, in a presentation titled: "The Americanization of Mormonism Reflected in Pop Culture".<ref>{{cite news|last=Stack|first=Peggy Fletcher|author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack|title=Once-radical Mormons move to mainstream|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=August 10, 2006|url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4163756&itype=NGPSID|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093713/https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4163756&itype=NGPSID|archive-date=June 1, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|The LDS Church]] called the episode a gross portrayal of Church history, but contended that "it inflicted no perceptible or lasting damage to [the] church", and that such portrayals are distractions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Official Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|title=The Publicity Dilemma|work=Newsroom|publisher=Intellectual Reserve, Inc.|date=March 9, 2009|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/commentary/the-publicity-dilemma|access-date=March 12, 2009|archive-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709164726/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/commentary/the-publicity-dilemma|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Depiction of the Virgin Mary==
{{main|Bloody Mary (South Park)}}
{{Wikinews|35 South Park complaints not upheld, New Zealand}}
Several [[Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] took offense at the [[South Park (season 9)|season nine]] (2005) finale "[[Bloody Mary (South Park)|Bloody Mary]]".<ref name="rs1">{{cite magazine
|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/9519810/park_life?rnd=1143245769446&has-player=true
|title=Park Life|date=2006-03-24|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=2009-05-02|last=Hancock
|first=Noelle}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the episode, a statue of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] is portrayed as releasing copious amounts of actual blood while undergoing [[menstrual cycle|overt menstruation]]; characters had declared the phenomenon a miracle when they initially thought the blood was flowing from her rectum. Another scene features [[Pope Benedict XVI]] closely inspecting the anal and vaginal regions of the statue and being sprayed with blood. The [[Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights]] demanded an apology from Comedy Central and unsuccessfully campaigned to have the episode both removed permanently from the network's rotation and never be made available on DVD.<ref name="odoherty"/><ref name="rs1"/><ref>
{{cite press release|title=Virgin Mary defiled on "South Park"|publisher=Catholic League (U.S.)|date=December 8, 2005|url=http://www.catholicleague.org/05press_releases/quarter%204/051208_south_park.htm |access-date=July 6, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718164613/http://www.catholicleague.org/05press_releases/quarter%204/051208_south_park.htm|archive-date=July 18, 2007 }}</ref> Viacom board member [[Joseph A. Califano Jr.]] and the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] issued formal complaints with then-Viacom CEO [[Tom Freston]].<ref name="abc1"/><ref name="fortune"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cathnews.com/news/512/119.php |title=Bishops' president blasts ''South Park'' episode |date=December 21, 2005 |publisher=Church Resources |access-date=July 6, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626232709/http://www.cathnews.com/news/512/119.php |archive-date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>

In February 2006, leaders of the [[Catholicism in New Zealand|New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference]], the [[Council of Christians and Muslims]], and other religious groups together lobbied media conglomerate [[CanWest Global Communications|CanWest]] to stop the episode's debut airing and potential rebroadcasts in [[New Zealand]] on the music channel [[C4 (New Zealand)|C4]], while protesters condemned the lobby for attempting to take advantage of the [[New Zealand|New Zealand people]]'s lack of a guaranteed right to the [[freedom of speech]]. The network rejected the plea, and was allowed to air the episode, doing so ahead of schedule to take advantage of the media attention surrounding the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3570043a1869,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070103014218/http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3570043a1869,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-01-03|title=South Park controversy continues|date=2006-02-13|author=Kristian South|publisher=[[Sunday News (New Zealand)|Sunday News]]|access-date=2006-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=100&ObjectID=10369212|title=TV chief rejects bishops' boycott call over 'tasteless' cartoon|date=2006-02-20|author=Martin Johnston|author2=Errol Kiong |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=2006-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10369285|title=Readers' Views: South Park|date=2006-02-21|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=2009-05-25|archive-date=2012-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020163048/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10369285|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Censorship of the depiction of Muhammad==
{{main|Super Best Friends|Cartoon Wars Part I|Cartoon Wars Part II|200 (South Park)|201 (South Park)}}
{{See also|Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Everybody Draw Mohammed Day}}

The [[South Park (season 10)|season 10]] episodes "[[Cartoon Wars Part I]]" and "[[Cartoon Wars Part II]]" feature a plot in which the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox network]] plans to air an episode of the animated show ''[[Family Guy]]'' that contains an uncensored cartoon depiction of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]. Residents of South Park panic, fearing violent responses similar to those that occurred worldwide after some Muslims regarded [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|cartoon depictions of Muhammad in Danish newspaper ''Jyllands-Posten'']] as insulting. The first episode had a cliffhanger ending instructing viewers to watch part two to find out whether the image of Muhammad would be shown uncensored. In the second episode, Kyle persuades a Fox executive to air the ''Family Guy'' with the image uncensored, while echoing Parker and Stone's sentiments regarding what should or should not be censored of "[either] it's got to all be OK or none of it is".<ref name="abc1"/> Within the universe of the episode, the ''Family Guy'' episode is aired uncensored, despite a retaliation threat from [[Al-Qaeda]]. When the episode aired on [[Comedy Central]], the channel censored the scene with a title card reading "Comedy Central has refused to broadcast an image of Mohammed on their network" instead of the scene containing Muhammad's depiction, which Parker and Stone say was neutral and not intended to insult Muslims.<ref name="abc1"/><ref name="miami"/>

Parker and Stone note the contradiction in being allowed to feature a profane depiction of [[Jesus of Nazareth|Jesus]], while being forbidden to feature a purely benign depiction of Muhammad, but claim they harbor no hard feelings toward Comedy Central for censoring the scene, since the network confessed to being "afraid of getting blown up" rather than claim "religious tolerance" like other networks.<ref name="abc1" /><ref name="odoherty" /> Parker and Stone claim the only regrets they have over the incident was that their mocking of the show ''Family Guy'' in the episode generated more attention than its commentary on the ethics of censorship.<ref name="growsup2">{{cite magazine|author=Jaime J. Weinman |title=South Park grows up |magazine=Maclean's |date=March 12, 2008 |url=http://www.macleans.ca/culture/entertainment/article.jsp?content=20080312_115131_115131&page=2 |access-date=April 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802210052/http://www.macleans.ca/culture/entertainment/article.jsp?content=20080312_115131_115131&page=2 |archive-date=August 2, 2009 }}</ref> Previously, Muhammad was depicted uncensored and portrayed in a heroic light in the [[South Park (season 5)|season five]] (2001) episode "[[Super Best Friends]]", which resulted in virtually no controversy.<ref name="abc1" /> Muhammad also appears among the large crowd of characters gathered behind the main characters and "South Park" sign in some of the show's previous opening sequences.<ref>{{cite web|title= South Park's been showing Muhammad all season!|url= http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/04/15/south-parks-been-showing-muhammad-all-season|author= Ryan J. Budke|date= April 15, 2006|publisher= TVSquad.com|access-date= May 25, 2009|archive-date= May 2, 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110502033153/http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/04/15/south-parks-been-showing-muhammad-all-season/|url-status= live}}</ref>

Parker and Stone repeated this plot for the 200th episode, "[[200 (South Park)|200]]". Again, the depiction was censored throughout the episode. After the episode aired, a leader of [[Revolution Muslim]], an obscure New York-based radical Muslim organization, targeted ''South Park''{{'}}s creators for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of Muhammad. The author of the post, [[Zachary Adam Chesser]]<ref name="adl.org">Anti-Defamation League: [http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/abu_talhah.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_1 "Abu Talhah Al-Amrikee: An Extensive Online Footprint"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807102736/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/abu_talhah.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_1 |date=August 7, 2010 }} April 22, 2010</ref> who went by the username Abu Talhah Al-Amrikee, wrote on Twitter that he prayed for Allah to kill the show's creators and "burn them in Hell for all eternity".<ref>Anti-Defamation League: [http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/revolution_muslim.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_1 "Backgrounder: Revolution Muslim"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203095005/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/revolution_muslim.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_1 |date=December 3, 2010 }} April 22, 2010</ref> He also posted a similar entry on his blog and on the Revolution Muslim website. The post included a picture of the assassination of Dutch filmmaker [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo Van Gogh]] by a Muslim extremist in 2004, with the caption: "Theo Van Gogh – Have Matt Stone And Trey Parker Forgotten This?" He also noted: "We have to warn Matt and Trey that what they are doing is stupid and they will probably wind up like Theo Van Gogh for airing this show. This is not a threat, but a warning of the reality of what will likely happen to them."<ref name="adl.org" />

Following the airing of this episode, Malaysia's conservative [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) demanded that the makers of ''South Park'' apologize to Muslims around the world for its portrayal of Muhammad dressed as a bear, though it was later shown that it was actually Santa inside the suit. "Even though they have added the audio bleeps, ''South Park''{{'}}s producer and broadcaster should apologize to the Muslims, as this is a sensitive issue", said PAS vice-president [[Mahfuz Omar]]. "The show itself spells of bad intention, and the depiction of the Prophet is provocative. It creates religious tension."<ref>"[http://forum.bcdb.com/forum/Malaysian_Islamists_want_apology_from_South_Park_P108414/ Malaysian Islamists want apology from "South Park" ] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120708011903/http://forum.bcdb.com/forum/Malaysian_Islamists_want_apology_from_South_Park_P108414/ |date=2012-07-08 }}". ''forum.bcdb.com'', April 25, 2010</ref>

The following episode, "[[201 (South Park)|201]]", censored the word "Muhammad" throughout the episode, as well as several lines from the "Super Best Friends" during the final act. According to the South Park Studios webpage, episode "201" was censored by Comedy Central after the studio delivered the episode, but before it was aired. The studio advises that the episode is not available online because they do not have network clearance to air the uncensored episode. A user on the imageboard website [[4chan]] later discovered a partially uncensored version of the episode on the official website's RTMP web server, and it has since been distributed across the Internet.<ref>{{Citation|title=201 (South Park)|date=August 1, 2019|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=201_(South_Park)&oldid=908917051|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=August 11, 2019|archive-date=January 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116225036/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=201_%28South_Park%29&oldid=908917051|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the controversies, the episode "201" was removed from the British Comedy Central TV schedule, and replaced with a repeat of "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs", and the repeat of "200" was replaced with a repeat of "Sexual Healing". The episode "Super Best Friends", previously available via the South Park Studios website has been made unavailable. Additionally, the Netflix streaming version of the episode, also previously available, has been changed to "Disc Only".<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2010/04/puss-tv-update-2.html | author=Andrew Sullivan | title=Puss TV Update – The Daily Dish | date=April 24, 2010 | access-date=April 24, 2010 | magazine=The Atlantic | archive-date=January 29, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129134512/http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2010/04/puss-tv-update-2.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> "Super Best Friends" was also removed from the [[iTunes Store]] as well as the [[Xbox Live]] Video Marketplace. When the series was added to [[HBO Max]], "Super Best Friends", both parts of "Cartoon Wars", "200", and "201" were all skipped over.

Despite the controversies, "200" and "201" are available on the region 1 release of ''South Park – The Complete Fourteenth Season'' disc. The episodes were censored and so were the commentaries regarding the episodes. The regions 2 and 4 releases of ''South Park – The Complete Fourteenth Season'' had both "200" and "201" removed for undisclosed reasons, despite the packaging claiming that all fourteen episodes are included in the set.

In the [[chalkboard gag]] of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode, "[[The Squirt and the Whale]]", [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] pokes fun at the death threats Parker and Stone received by writing "South Park, We'd Stand Beside You If We Weren't So Scared."

==Depiction of Steve Irwin==
{{main|Hell on Earth 2006}}
Several viewers criticized the [[South Park (season 10)|season 10]] (2006) episode "[[Hell on Earth 2006]]" for its depiction of [[Steve Irwin]] with a [[stingray]] stuck in his chest.<ref name="odoherty">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/unsorted/features/how-kenny-survived-10-years-of-south-park-68126.html|title=How Kenny survived 10 years of South Park|date=November 10, 2006|publisher=www.independent.ie|access-date=May 22, 2009|last=O'Doherty|first=Ian|archive-date=September 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905143644/http://www.independent.ie/unsorted/features/how-kenny-survived-10-years-of-south-park-68126.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The episode originally aired seven weeks after Irwin, an internationally popular Australian TV personality and wildlife expert, died when his heart was pierced by a stingray barb. Several groups and even devout fans of the show derided the scene and its timing as "grossly insensitive" and "classless", while Irwin's widow [[Terri Irwin]] expressed concern that her children could one day see the episode.<ref>{{cite news|title=To hell with Irwin, says South Park|newspaper=[[The Herald Sun]]|author1=Kent, Paul|author2=Gee, Steve|name-list-style=amp|date=October 28, 2006|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20658735-661,00.html|access-date=January 9, 2009|archive-date=May 26, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526213018/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/to-hell-with-irwin-says-south-park/story-e6frf7jo-1111112431480|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6093802.stm|title=South Park defends Irwin sketch|work=[[BBC News]]|author=Staff|date=October 28, 2006|access-date=January 9, 2009|archive-date=February 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203174649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6093802.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="entertainmentwise">{{cite news|url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news?id=24176|title=Steve Irwin's Wife "Devastated" By ''South Park'' Lampooning|publisher=Entertainment Wise|author=Taylor, Chris|date=October 29, 2006|access-date=March 26, 2007|archive-date=July 31, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news?id=24176|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Mexican flag==
{{main|Pinewood Derby (South Park)}}
In the 2009 episode "[[Pinewood Derby (South Park)|Pinewood Derby]]" several world leaders were depicted, including Mexican President [[Felipe Calderón]], failing to successfully deal with an international crisis. [[MTV]] withdrew the episode in Mexico, causing controversy amongst [[Mexico]]'s ''South Park'' fans, who felt it was censorship; MTV denied this, claiming they had just failed to get permission in time to show the Mexican flag on TV.<ref>{{cite news|title=MTV under fire as it pulls South Park episode in Mexico|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=February 10, 2010|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8507514.stm|access-date=February 10, 2010|first=Julian|last=Miglierini|archive-date=November 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122065043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507514.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Post Paris attacks==
{{main|Sponsored Content (South Park)}}
[[Comedy Central (Netherlands)]] chose temporarily not to broadcast some scenes from several shows following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]]. While no specifics were given, it included a scene in the 2015 episode "[[Sponsored Content (South Park)|Sponsored Content]]" where presidential candidate [[Mr. Garrison]] states that he knows there is only one way how to deal with Syrian refugees, and the crowd shouts "fuck them all to death".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-24 |title=Comedy Central schrapt scène South Park na aanslagen Parijs |trans-title=Comedy Central discards South Park scene after Paris attacks |url=http://www.nu.nl/media/4170891/comedy-central-schrapt-scene-south-park-aanslagen-parijs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125045701/http://www.nu.nl/media/4170891/comedy-central-schrapt-scene-south-park-aanslagen-parijs.html |archive-date=2015-11-25 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Nu.nl |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-24 |title=Reactie Comedy Central South Park scène |trans-title=Comedy Central reacts to South Park scene |url=http://news.smart.pr/viacom/reactie-comedy-central-south-park-scene |website=Smart.pr |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125070851/http://news.smart.pr/viacom/reactie-comedy-central-south-park-scene |archive-date=2015-11-25 |access-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dumpert.nl/embed/6698462/a61bfe4e/ Broadcast with and without the scene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124045906/https://www.dumpert.nl/embed/6698462/a61bfe4e/ |date=November 24, 2015 }}, dumpert.nl</ref>

==Climate change denial==
South Park has repeatedly mocked the concept of "[[climate change]]" and pushed forward "[[climate change denial]]ist talking points". This happened most prominently in the 2006 episode "[[ManBearPig]]", which made fun of US presidential candidate [[Al Gore]] and his climate change activism by comparing it to alarmism about a mythical monster. For this the series has been repeatedly criticized by the general media, which called this approach by the popular show as "irresponsible". Twelve years later, in "[[Time to Get Cereal]]" as well as "[[Nobody Got Cereal?]]", the show tried to reverse its previous stance by depicting its stand-in allegory as an actual real issue and showed the protagonists making (forced) apologies to Al Gore.<ref name=salongore>{{cite web|title=South Park apologizes to Al Gore and admits it was wrong about global warming|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|date=November 8, 2018|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/11/08/south-park-apologizes-to-al-gore-and-admits-it-was-wrong-about-global-warming/|access-date=September 25, 2010|first=Matthew|last=Rozsa|archive-date=November 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108183157/https://www.salon.com/2018/11/08/south-park-apologizes-to-al-gore-and-admits-it-was-wrong-about-global-warming/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=vox>{{cite web|title=12 years after mocking Al Gore's fight against climate change, South Park reconsiders|publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=November 14, 2018|url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/11/14/18080758/south-park-time-to-get-cereal-recap-season-22-al-gore-global-warming-manbearpig|access-date=September 25, 2010|first=Emily|last=VanDerWerff|archive-date=November 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114175340/https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/11/14/18080758/south-park-time-to-get-cereal-recap-season-22-al-gore-global-warming-manbearpig|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite web|title=South Park's Al Gore apology contains an inconvenient truth: it's funny|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 11, 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/nov/11/south-park-al-gore-apology-climate-change-manbearpig|access-date=September 25, 2010|first=Sam|last=Wolfson|archive-date=November 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111150522/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/nov/11/south-park-al-gore-apology-climate-change-manbearpig|url-status=live}}</ref>

The show's turnaround on the issue garnered generally positive reactions from the press, praising the episodes for their humor, braveness and honesty. However, others pointed out that even this depicted reversal was just a "mild repudiation" and a "half-apology"; with this change of heart just being part of what seems to be increased concerns of the creators for the legacy of their long-running show.<ref name=salongore/><ref name=vox/><ref name=guardian/>

==Controversies unrelated to the show's content==
===April Fools' Day prank===
{{main|Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus}}
One of Parker and Stone's earliest responses to the show being condemned as "nothing but bad animation and fart jokes" was creating a show-within-the-show about two even-more-crudely-drawn characters named [[Terrance and Phillip]] who do little else but [[flatulence|pass gas]] around each other.<ref>{{cite news | title = South Park Studios Chat with Matt and Trey | publisher = spscriptorium.com | date = May 10, 2001 | url = http://www.spscriptorium.com/SPinfo/010510SPStudiosChatWithMattAndTrey.htm | access-date = January 30, 2009 | archive-date = February 4, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204085615/http://www.spscriptorium.com/SPinfo/010510SPStudiosChatWithMattAndTrey.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The child characters on the show find Terrance and Phillip, who debuted in the [[South Park (season 1)|season one]] (1997) episode "[[Death (South Park)|Death]]", to be hysterical, while their parents find them to be horribly offensive.<ref name="tvamerica">{{cite news| author = Randy Fallows| title = The Theology of South Park| publisher = The Institute for the Study of American Popular Culture| date = January 2002| url = http://www.americanpopularculture.com/archive/tv/theology_southpark.htm| access-date = May 3, 2009| archive-date = May 13, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513135108/http://www.americanpopularculture.com/archive/tv/theology_southpark.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> An [[Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus|entire episode]] featuring the duo aired on [[April Fools' Day|April 1]], 1998 in lieu of an episode that was supposed to continue from the show's previous episode from four weeks earlier, which ended with a cliffhanger promising to reveal the identity of Cartman's father in the show's next airing. Several fans were angered by the April Fools' Day prank, to which Comedy Central received 2,000 email complaints. Following this, Comedy Central moved the planned air date of the next show up a month so that fans could sooner watch the actual show they originally expected to see.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/not-eternity-cartman-paternity-article-1.792738|title=NOT AN ETERNITY TO CARTMAN PATERNITY|date=April 9, 1998|newspaper=www.nydailynews.com|access-date=May 24, 2009|last=Huff|first=Richard|location=New York|archive-date=May 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115236/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/not-eternity-cartman-paternity-article-1.792738|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Michael Moore===
[[Michael Moore]] interviewed Matt Stone for his 2002 film ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]''. Stone discussed his experiences growing up in the [[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]] area and the social alienation that might have contributed to the [[Columbine High School massacre]]. Stone, who is a gun owner himself, said that Moore's presentation of their interview was fair, but he criticized the director for a short animated segment that followed the interview. The cartoon, which is about the history of guns in the United States, implies that there is a connection between the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and the establishment of the [[National Rifle Association of America]]. Matt Stone, who did not have anything to do with that short cartoon, criticized Moore for making the cartoon "very ''South Park''-esque" and argued that Moore deliberately sought to give viewers the incorrect impression that he and Trey Parker had produced the animation, by playing these two completely separate segments consecutively. "We have a very specific beef with Michael Moore. I did an interview, and he didn't mischaracterize me or anything I said in the movie. But what he did do was put this cartoon right after me that made it look like we did that cartoon."<ref name="msnbc">[https://www.today.com/popculture/team-america-takes-moviegoers-wbna6228221 'Team America' takes on moviegoers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170848/https://www.today.com/popculture/team-america-takes-moviegoers-wbna6228221 |date=September 21, 2020 }} msnbc.com, October 15, 2004.</ref> Stone called it "a good reference to what Michael Moore does in films [...] he creates meaning where there is none by cutting things together".<ref name=indie>"[http://www.indielondon.co.uk/film/team_america_stoneQ&A.html Team America: World Police – Matt Stone Q&A] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165521/http://www.indielondon.co.uk/film/team_america_stoneQ%26A.html |date=2016-03-03 }}", ''IndieLondon''</ref> The pair responded by depicting Moore in an unflattering light before having his character [[Suicide bombing|blow himself up]] in their 2004 film ''[[Team America: World Police]]''.<ref name="msnbc" />

== Chinese ban ==
{{main|Band in China}}
{{see also|Censorship in China}}
Due to the references to many forbidden topics such as [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], [[Winnie-the-Pooh#Censorship in China|Winnie-the-Pooh]] and [[Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China|organ transplants]] in the [[South Park (season 23)|season 23]] (2019) episode "[[Band in China]]", since the episode's broadcast, ''South Park'' has been entirely banned in China: the series' [[Baidu Baike]] article, [[Baidu Tieba]] forum, [[Douban]] page, [[Zhihu]] page and [[Bilibili]] videos have been deleted or inaccessible to the public. In addition to this fact, all related keywords and topics have been prohibited from being searched and discussed on China-based search engines and social media sites including [[Baidu]], [[Sina Weibo]], [[WeChat]] public platform (微信公众号), etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=諷刺迫害人權喜劇動畫《南方四賤客》遭中國封殺 |url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/2936373 |website=[[Liberty Times]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 |date=October 4, 2019 |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207192231/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/2936373 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RFI0">{{cite news |title=美《衰仔樂園》涉小熊維尼佩奇人權及教育營最敏感而在華遭全面封殺 |url=http://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20191005-%E8%A1%B0%E4%BB%94%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%92%E6%B6%89%E5%B0%8F%E7%86%8A%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%A9%E5%A5%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%87%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%80%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E8%80%8C%E9%81%AD%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%B0%81%E6%AE%BA |website=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] |access-date=October 6, 2019 |date=October 5, 2019 |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207202650/https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20191005-%E8%A1%B0%E4%BB%94%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%92%E6%B6%89%E5%B0%8F%E7%86%8A%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%A9%E5%A5%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%87%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%80%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E8%80%8C%E9%81%AD%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%B0%81%E6%AE%BA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Brzeski|first1=Patrick|title='South Park' Scrubbed From Chinese Internet After Critical Episode|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-park-banned-chinese-internet-critical-episode-1245783|access-date=October 7, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 7, 2019|archive-date=October 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010152035/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-park-banned-chinese-internet-critical-episode-1245783|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|United States|Colorado|Television|Cartoon|Humor}}
*[[South Park (Park County, Colorado)]]
*[[South Park City]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=Brandon|title=The Libertarian Lessons of South Park: An Analysis of Libertarianism in South Park, How Ron Paul, Gary Johnson & South Park Created a New Generation of Libertarians & South Park Conservatives |date= 2013|publisher=Small Town Press|location=Dry Ridge, KY|isbn=978-0981646664| oclc=844727134 }}
* {{cite book|author1=Arp, Robert |author-link1=Robert Arp|author2=Decker, Kevin S.|author3=Irwin, William|title=The Ultimate South Park and Philosophy: Respect My Philosophah!|date=2013|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1118386569|oclc=940807046}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|South Park|auto=yes}}
{{South Park}}
{{Criticism of religion}}

[[Category:South Park|Controversies]]
[[Category:Television controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Animation controversies in television]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in animation]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Rating controversies in television]]
[[Category:Political controversies in television]]
[[Category:20th-century controversies]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies about specific works]]

Operation Carthage

2023-09-22T03:59:31Z

174.74.229.81: /* The Jeanne d'Arc School Casualties */ proper word choice

{{Short description|1945 British air raid on Copenhagen, Nazi-occupied Denmark, during WWII}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict= Operation Carthage
|partof= the [[Second World War]]
|image=Shellhuset12.jpg
|image_size=250px
|caption=The air raid on the ''Shellhus''
|date= 21 March 1945
|place= [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]
|coordinates= {{coord|55.6778|N|12.5617|E|source:kolossus-nowiki|display=inline}}
|result= British victory
|combatant1= {{flagicon|Australia}} [[RAAF]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Royal Air Force]] {{flagicon|NZ}} [[RNZAF]]
|combatant2= [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Gestapo]] [[File:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|22px]] [[Kriegsmarine]]
|strength1= 20 bombers, 30 fighters
|strength2= Various antiaircraft defences
|casualties1= 6 aircraft destroyed 9 aircrew killed 1 aircrew captured
|casualties2= The Danish headquarters of the Gestapo destroyed 55 German soldiers and 47 Danish employees of the Gestapo killed
|casualties3= 125 Danish civilians killed, including 86 schoolchildren 8 Danish prisoners of the Gestapo killed
|notes=
}}

'''Operation Carthage''', on [[1945 in Denmark|21 March 1945]], was a British air raid on [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark in World War II|Denmark]] during the [[Second World War]] which caused significant [[collateral damage]]. The target of the raid was the ''Shellhus'', used as [[Gestapo]] headquarters in the city centre. It was used for the storage of dossiers and the torture of Danish citizens during interrogations. The [[Danish Resistance]] had long asked the British to conduct a raid against the site. The building was destroyed, 18 prisoners were freed and Nazi anti-resistance activities were disrupted. One online documentary includes footage taken by the RAF and interviews with those involved <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOy00V5N-pk</ref> Part of the raid was mistakenly directed against a nearby school; the raid caused 125 civilian deaths (including 86 schoolchildren and 18 adults at the school). A similar [[Aarhus Air Raid|raid against the Gestapo headquarters in Aarhus]], on 31 October 1944, had succeeded.

==Background==
[[File:Shellhuset from KB.jpg|thumb|left|Shell House before the bombing. At the time of the bombing it was painted in camouflage colours.]]
[[File:Institut Jeanne d'Arc 1924 by Stender.jpg|left|thumb|[[Institut Jeanne d'Arc]], a [[Roman Catholic]] girl school in ''Frederiksberg Allé'', [[Frederiksberg]], Copenhagen. Established in 1924, bombed by accident by the RAF 21 March 1945 and demolished.]]
The raid was requested by members of the [[Danish resistance movement]] to free imprisoned members and to destroy the records of the Gestapo, to disrupt their operations. The [[RAF]] initially turned down the request as too risky, due to the location in a crowded city centre and the need for low-level bombing but they approved the raid in early 1945 after repeated requests. Once approval had been given, planning for the raid took several weeks; scale models of the target building and the surrounding city were built for use by pilots and navigators in preparation for a very low-level attack.

==Raid==
The attacking force consisted of [[Royal Air Force]] [[de Havilland Mosquito]] F.B.VI [[fighter-bomber]]s of [[No. 140 Wing RAF]], comprising [[No. 21 Squadron RAF]], [[No. 464 Squadron RAAF]], and [[No. 487 Squadron RNZAF]]. The aircraft flew in three waves of six aircraft, with two reconnaissance Mosquito B.IVs from the [[Royal Air Force Film Production Unit]] to record the results of the attack. There is a short film taken by the RAF, which is used in other online documentaries and the cited version is from a danish newspaper today <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/kultur/historie/ny-film-om-fejlbombningen-af-den-franske-skole-aegte-optagelser-viser#!/|title=NY film om fejlbombningen af den Franske Skole. Ægte optagelser viser angrebet fra piloternes perspektiv|date=28 October 2021}}</ref> Thirty RAF [[North American P-51 Mustang|Mustang]] fighters gave air cover from German aircraft and these also attacked [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]] during the raid.

The force left [[RAF Fersfield]] in the morning and it reached Copenhagen after 11:00. The raid was carried out at rooftop level and during the first attack, a Mosquito hit a lamp post, damaging its wing and the aircraft crashed into the [[Institut Jeanne d'Arc|Jeanne d'Arc School]], about {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the target, setting it on fire. Several bombers in the second and third wave attacked the school, mistaking it for their target.<ref name=info2012>{{cite web|url= http://www.information.dk/296555|title= Bombningen af Den Franske Skole blev redigeret ud af erindringen|publisher= [[Dagbladet Information]]|first= Anita Brask|last= Rasmussen|date= 21 March 2012|access-date= 4 December 2014|trans-title= The bombing of the French School was edited out of the remembrance|language= da}}</ref>
[[File:Shellhuset 210345.jpg|thumb|Shell House burning after the bombing raid]]

==Results==
[[File:Shell-Huset-mosquito.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Gestapo]] headquarters in the Shellhus, Copenhagen, in March 1945 during Operation Carthage. A [[de Havilland Mosquito|Mosquito]] pulling away from its bombing run is visible on the extreme left, centre.]]
[[File:Ruins of Shellhaus in Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|Aftermath: ruins of the Shell House]]
On the following day, a [[reconnaissance plane]] surveyed the target to assess the results. The damage was severe, with the west wing of the six-storey building reduced nearly to ground level. The Danish underground supplied a photograph showing the building burning from end to end.

The raid had destroyed the Gestapo headquarters and records, severely disrupting Gestapo operations in Denmark, as well as allowing the escape of 18 prisoners. Fifty-five German soldiers, 47 Danish employees of the Gestapo and eight prisoners died in the headquarters building. Four [[Mosquito bomber]]s and two [[Mustang fighter]]s were lost and nine airmen died on the Allied side.

On 14 July 1945, remains of an unidentified male casualty were recovered from the ruins of the Shellhus and transferred to the Department of Forensic Medicine of the [[University of Copenhagen]]. This happened again four days later and the two casualties were buried in [[Bispebjerg Cemetery]] on 4 and 21 September, respectively.<ref name=sktjohannes1945>{{cite book|author=|title= Kirkebog|location= [[St. John's Church, Copenhagen|Skt. Johannes]]| series= 1930-1946| chapter=Døde Mandkøn|page= 372|year= 1945| quote= Ukendt Mand. (Ligrester). Fundet død i Shellhusets Ruiner. Ført til Retsmedicinsk Institut|trans-chapter= Deceased Males|trans-title= [[Parish Register]]|language= da}}</ref>

== The Jeanne d'Arc School Casualties ==
The operation has nevertheless tragic consequences. One of the [[Mosquito bomber|Mosquito]] in the first of three waves hit a tall lamppost, causing it to crash into a garage close to the school, roughly 1.6 km (1 mi) to the west-southwest of the ''Shellhuset''. Two of the [[Mosquito bomber|Mosquitos]] in the second wave mistook the burning structure as having been successfully bombed by the first wave, and dropped their bombs on the [[Institut Jeanne d'Arc|Jeanne d'Arc School]] killing 86 children and 18 adults (10 nuns, 2 firemen, 4 civil teachers and 2 fathers who tried to save their children) as well as wounding 67 children and 35 adults.

After the incident, the school never reopened. Most of the surviving children were transferred to another school, [[Institut Sankt Joseph Copenhagen|Institut Sankt Joseph]]. A monument in place of the school was inaugurated on March 23rd 1953 to remember the children and adult civilians who died on the day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23 mars 1953: Memorial inauguré...|url=https://www.alamyimages.fr/23-mars-1953-memorial-inaugure-a-l-occasion-de-la-r-a-f-accidentelle-bombardement-de-l-ecole-francaise-a-copenhague-un-memorial-a-ete-inaugure-a-copenhague-sur-les-huit-ans-de-l-bombardement-accidentel-de-l-ecole-jeanne-d-arc-l-ecole-francaise-de-copenhague-c-est-un-memorial-pour-les-86-enfants-et-13-adultes-et-a-ete-construit-sur-le-site-de-l-ecole-et-le-travail-est-il-fo-le-sculpteur-danois-max-andersen-le-monument-represente-une-religieuse-avec-deux-jeunes-eleves-la-photo-montre-la-vue-generale-lors-de-la-ceremonie-d-inauguration-a-copenhague-image69282555.html|website=[[Alamy]]|language=fr}}</ref>

The pilots involved in the operation were only told after victory in Europe the true consequences of the raid.

A movie [[The Shadow in My Eye|The Shadow in my Eye]] (also knows as [[The Shadow in My Eye|The Bombardment]] as Netflix) was released in 2021 telling the stories of those children.

==See also==
* [[Aarhus Air Raid]], a similar attack on Gestapo headquarters in Aarhus, Denmark
* [[Operation Jericho]], a similar attack on Amiens Prison in France
* [[Oslo Mosquito raid]], a similar attack on Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, Norway

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{citation|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/bombercommandattackongestapoheadquarterscopenhagen.cfm|title=Attack on Gestapo Headquarters, Copenhagen, 21 March 1945|work=RAF History Site: Bomber Command Famous Raids|access-date=14 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135429/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/bombercommandattackongestapoheadquarterscopenhagen.cfm|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=dead }}
* Matthias Bath: ''Danebrog gegen Hakenkreuz, Der Widerstand in Dänemark 1940–1945'', Wachholtz 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-529-02817-5}}

==External links==
* (DK in English) On the entire event [http://milhist.dk/slaget/the-bombing-of-the-shellhus/]
* (DK in Danish, encyclopaedic) On the French School (encyclopedic) [http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1849-1945/Den_Franske_Skole]
* (DK in Danish, encyclopedic) On the Shell office building (encyclopedic) [http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1849-1945/Den_Franske_Skole]
* (DK in Danish) On the bombing of the French School [https://www.information.dk/kultur/2012/03/bombningen-franske-skole-redigeret-erindringen]
{{Commons category|Operation Carthage}}
* {{cite web|url= http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/bombercommandattackongestapoheadquarterscopenhagen.cfm|publisher= [[Royal Air Force]]|title= RAF - Attack on Gestapo Headquarters|access-date= 21 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135429/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/bombercommandattackongestapoheadquarterscopenhagen.cfm|archive-date= 1 January 2018|url-status= dead }}
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80010764 IWM Interview with RAF officer Edward Sismore, who participated in the raid]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html|title= The Bombing of the Shellhus on March 21, 1945|website= milhist.dk|first= Klaus|last= Velschow|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023949/http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html|archive-date= 10 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date= 21 April 2015}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Carthage]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1945]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II]]
[[Category:1945 in Denmark]]
[[Category:History of Copenhagen]]
[[Category:De Havilland Mosquito]]
[[Category:March 1945 events]]
[[Category:1940s in Copenhagen]]

Jonathan Levit

2023-09-18T03:35:14Z

174.74.229.81:

{{Advert|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|American magician}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jonathan Levit
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1971|4|20}}
| birth_place = [[Orange, New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| occupation = [[Illusionist|Magician]], [[Actor]], [[Theatrical producer]]
| website = http://www.jonathanlevit.com/
}}
'''Jonathan Levit''' (born April 20, 1971) is an American [[Illusionist|magician]], [[actor]], [[television host]] and [[theatrical producer]]. He has appeared in quite a number of movies and television series, and was the host of [[VH1]]'s reality series, ''[[Celebracadabra]]''. Jonathan also performs frequently at the World Famous [[Magic Castle]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
At the age of 3, Levit experienced life as a world traveler, moving with his family to [[Iran]] for several years. During those years, he would take in the culture from all over [[Europe]] and the world.

At the age of 8, Levit was bitten by the performing bug, and his life was never same. While back in [[United States|America]], Levit happened upon some old magic tricks in the basement of his home, which belonged to his father. Jonathan first set foot on stage to perform his first magic act at the age of 12. That same year, Levit appeared on ''[[The Sally Jessy Raphael Show]]'' along with [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] as a guest.

Levit continued his training as a magician, studying with some of the top minds in the art, honing his sleight of hand and performance skills, at the same time receiving numerous awards in close up, stage and street performing competitions.

Producing grabbed Levit's interest while in college at [[Syracuse University]] in [[New York (state)|New York]]. Levit would produce a variety of sold out shows on and off campus during his academic career, casting many performers that have gone on to become forces of their own in the entertainment fields.

Before leaving Syracuse, Levit was sent the inspiration he needed and would look back on to give him the push to pursue his true interest. [[Bob Costas]] wrote Levit a note telling him to "follow your dreams...you can't go wrong." He still holds that note from time to time as a reminder. This was the spark Levit needed, as he loaded up his car and set out for [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref name="June 5, 2008">Official Website | http://www.jonathanlevit.com, June 5, 2008</ref>

=== Career ===
Upon moving to [[Los Angeles]], Levit immediately dived into training at various acting studios. It didn't take long for him to get into his groove once again. His first appearance on television came in the form of a starring role, opposite [[Ricky Jay]], on ''[[The X-Files]]''.<ref>IMDb profile, June 5, 2008</ref> This role would pave the way for an adventurous and successful life as an actor and television host. Appearing in starring roles in top-rated television shows and commercial films, Jonathan has enjoyed a constant journey forward. As a television host, Levit has been swept all over the world, exploring some of the most intriguing and exciting stories imaginable.

While at home in Los Angeles, Levit continues to work as an actor, television host and voiceover artist and is often a welcomed performer at the [[Magic Castle]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]. Here, he has the opportunity to hone his other lifelong passion of performing magic. It's this balance of acting and magic that keeps Levit sharp - "both arts enhance each other."<ref name="June 5, 2008"/>

== Filmography ==
<div style="font-size: 95%">
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#99FFFF"
! Year !! width="200" | Film !! width="200" | Role !! Other notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Bellyfruit]]'' || Roger ||  
|-
| rowspan=2|2000 || ''[[The X-Files]]'' || Billy LaBonge || "[[The Amazing Maleeni]]" episode
|-
| ''[[The Others (TV series)|The Others]]'' || Movie Producer ||  
|-
| rowspan=2|2001 || ''Double Deception'' || Frank Ford || a.k.a. ''24 Hours to Die''
|-
| ''[[The Huntress (TV series)|The Huntress]]'' || Danny Blaze || "Now You See Him" episode
|-
| 2002 || '' [[Unspeakable (2002 film)|Unspeakable]]'' || Kenny ||  
|-
| rowspan=2|2004 || ''Michael Blanco'' || The Manager ||  
|-
| ''Miracle Hunters'' || Himself - Host || TV series
|-
| 2005 || ''Val/Val'' || Trevor ||  
|-
| rowspan=2|2006 || ''[[The Bold and the Beautiful]]'' || Robert - Applicant #2 || Episode #1.4716
|-
| ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired NextFest]]'' || Himself - Host ||  
|-
| rowspan=3| 2007 || ''[[Tortilla Heaven]]'' || Dr. Webman ||  
|-
| ''Never Say Macbeth'' || Radio Announcer (voice) ||  
|-
| ''Green Wheels'' || Himself - Host || TV series
|-
| rowspan=4| 2008 || ''[[Green With Envy]]'' || Himself - Host || TV series (Fine Living)
|-
| ''[[Celebracadabra]]'' || Himself - Host || TV series (VH1)
|-
| ''Paranormal U.S.A.'' || Himself - Host || TV series (Biography)
|-
| ''[[War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave]]'' || Yates Gorman|| Sequel to [[The Asylum]]'s [[H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds (David Michael Latt film)|adaptation]] of [[H. G. Wells]]' novel ''[[The War of the Worlds]]''
|-
|}
</div>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jonathanlevit.com/ Jonathan Levit's Official Website]
*{{IMDb name|id=0004411|name=Jonathan Levit}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Levit, Jonathan}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American magicians]]

Christopher Hitchens

2023-08-13T08:41:36Z

174.74.229.81: /* American writings (1981–2011) */ "entitle" means to deserve, "title" means to be named

{{Short description|English American author and journalist (1949–2011)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{infobox philosopher
|name = Christopher Hitchens
|image = Christopher Hitchens crop 2.jpg
|caption = Hitchens in 2007
|alt = Hitchens speaking from a lectern
|birth_name = Christopher Eric Hitchens
|birth_date = {{birth date|1949|4|13|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Portsmouth]], Hampshire, England
|death_date = {{death date and age|2011|12|15|1949|4|13|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Houston]], Texas, U.S.
|spouse = {{ Unbulleted list
|{{marriage|Eleni Meleagrou|1981|1989|end=div}}
|{{marriage|Carol Blue|1991}}<ref name="LAT_obit">{{Cite news |last=Woo |first=Elaine |title=Christopher Hitchens dies at 62; engaging, enraging author and essayist |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/15/local/la-me-christopher-hitchens-20111216/2 |access-date=27 January 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=15 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111194538/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/15/local/la-me-christopher-hitchens-20111216/2 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
|children = 3
|relatives = {{plain list|
* [[Peter Hitchens]] (brother)
* [[Dan Hitchens]] (nephew)
}}
|era = Contemporary
|education = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|notableworks =
|school_tradition = [[New Atheism]]<ref name=IEP>{{Cite IEP |url-id=n-atheis |title=The New Atheists |first=James E. |last= Taylor}}: "In spite of their different approaches and occupations (only Dennett is a professional philosopher), the New Atheists tend to share a general set of assumptions and viewpoints. These positions constitute the background theoretical framework that is known as the New Atheism. The framework has a metaphysical component, an epistemological component, and an ethical component. ... Hitchens includes chapters entitled "The Metaphysical Claims of Religion are False" and "Arguments from Design," but his more journalistic treatment of the cases for and against God's existence amounts primarily to the claim that the God hypothesis is unnecessary since science can now explain what theism was formerly thought to be required to explain, including phenomena such as the appearance of design in the universe."</ref>
|influences = [[Thomas Paine]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: A Biography |year=2008 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0802143839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SKFXdyu8NoC |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106045019/https://books.google.com/books?id=0SKFXdyu8NoC&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Thomas Jefferson]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Thomas Jefferson: Author of America |date=13 October 2009 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0061753978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piGlW1OyEmAC |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106045024/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Thomas_Jefferson/piGlW1OyEmAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mark Twain]],<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever |year= 2007 |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=978-0306816086 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFY18Bep5ygC |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106045031/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Portable_Atheist/UFY18Bep5ygC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]],<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything |year= 2007 |publisher=Grand Central |isbn=978-0446195348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOS9wTxSjsMC}}</ref> [[George Orwell]],<ref>{{Cite web |first=Andrew |last=Marr |url=http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-hitchens.htm |title=Christopher Hitchens on George Orwell |work=BBC |publisher=NetCharles.com |date=24 June 2002 |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217025604/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-hitchens.htm |archive-date=17 December 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |year=2008 |title=Christopher Hitchens and his Critics |url=https://archive.org/details/christopherhitch00thom |url-access=registration |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0814716878 |page=[https://archive.org/details/christopherhitch00thom/page/264 264]}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]],<ref name="auto3"/> [[Karl Marx]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=The Revenge of Karl Marx |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/04/the-revenge-of-karl-marx/307317/ |website=The Atlantic |date=April 2009 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111001922/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/04/the-revenge-of-karl-marx/307317/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Friedrich Engels]],<ref name="auto"/> [[Vladimir Lenin]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Lenin's Moscow |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj/1972/no051/hitchens.htm |website=Marxists Internet Archive |publisher=International Socialism |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226164810/http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj/1972/no051/hitchens.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Leon Trotsky]],<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Great Lives, Series 10, Leon Trotsky |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076zht |website=BBC Radio 4 |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225532/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076zht |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rosa Luxemburg]],<ref name="auto2"/> [[Emma Goldman]],<ref name="auto1"/> [[Richard Llewellyn]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Christopher Hitchens: 6 influential books |url=https://theweek.com/articles/493701/christopher-hitchens-6-influential-books |website=The Week |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610092157/https://theweek.com/articles/493701/christopher-hitchens-6-influential-books |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aldous Huxley]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huxley |first1=Aldous |title=Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited |year=2005 |page=vii |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0060776091 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h9eNAyQWzAC}}</ref> [[P. G. Wodehouse]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Buckley |first1=Christopher |title=Postscript: Christopher Hitchens, 1949–2011 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/postscript-christopher-hitchens-1949-2011 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126214713/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/postscript-christopher-hitchens-1949-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Evelyn Waugh]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=The Permanent Adolescent |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/05/the-permanent-adolescent/302717/ |website=The Atlantic |date=May 2003 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314175011/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/05/the-permanent-adolescent/302717/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paul Scott (novelist)|Paul Scott]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=And Yet...: Essays |year=2015 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1476772080 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bbb_BgAAQBAJ}}</ref> [[James Joyce]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Joyce in Bloom |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2004/06/hitchens-200406 |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=April 2011 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616145817/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2004/06/hitchens-200406 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Albert Camus]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Hitch 22: A Memoir |year= 2010 |publisher=Grand Central |isbn=978-0446568968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3x29UP5gnsC}}</ref> [[Oscar Wilde]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=The Wilde Side |url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/1995/5/the-wilde-side |magazine=Vanity Fair |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610092156/https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/1995/5/the-wilde-side |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Conor Cruise O'Brien]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=The Cruiser |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v18/n04/christopher-hitchens/the-cruiser |journal=London Review of Books |date=22 February 1996 |volume=18 |issue=4 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302055036/https://lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v18/n04/christopher-hitchens/the-cruiser |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bertrand Russell]],<ref name="auto3"/> [[Chapman Cohen]],<ref name="auto1"/> [[Israel Shahak]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Israel Shahak, 1933–2001 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/israel-shahak-1933-2001/ |website=The Nation |date=12 July 2001 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225040154/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/israel-shahak-1933-2001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jorge Luis Borges]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitch-22: A Memoir |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |publisher=Twelve |year=2011 |isbn=978-0446540346 |pages=198}}</ref> [[William F. Buckley]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=A Man of Incessant Labor |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/a-man-of-incessant-labor |website=Washington Examiner |date=10 March 2008 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220051913/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/a-man-of-incessant-labor |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Edward Said]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=My Friend Edward |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/28/highereducation.israelandthepalestinians |website=The Guardian |date=28 September 2003 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213221445/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/28/highereducation.israelandthepalestinians |url-status=live }}</ref>
|influenced = [[Martin Amis]],<ref>{{Cite news |first=Alexandra |last=Alter |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704250104575238560552578150 |title=A Friendship for the Pages |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 May 2010 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507151319/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704250104575238560552578150 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sam Harris]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[James Fenton]], [[Hans Teeuwen]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Lange |first1=Remke |title=Hans Teeuwen: Maar goed dat leven eindig is |url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/hans-teeuwen-maar-goed-dat-leven-eindig-is~b7c19d1c/ |website=Trouw |date=31 July 2013 |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref> [[Gad Saad]]<ref>{{Cite web |first=Gad |last=Saad |title=Christopher Hitchens: The Personification of Intellectual Courage |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/homo-consumericus/201112/christopher-hitchens-the-personification-intellectual-courage |date=17 December 2011 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=Psychology Today |language=en}}</ref>
|notable_ideas = [[Hitchens's razor]]
|signature = Christopher Hitchens signature.svg
|website = {{URL|https://christopherhitchens.net}}
|module = {{infobox person
|embed = yes
|citizenship = {{unbulleted list|United Kingdom|United States (from 2007)}}
|party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (1965–1967) [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)|International Socialists]] (1967–1971)
}}
}}
'''Christopher Eric Hitchens''' (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an English-American author and journalist who is widely regarded as one of the most influential [[Atheism|atheists]] of the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nymag.com/arts/books/features/31244/ | title='God is Not Great' Author Christopher Hitchens on Religion, Iraq, and His Own Reputation – New York Magazine – Nymag | date=26 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-hitchens-idUSN0726901520070618 | title=Author Christopher Hitchens targets God and faith | newspaper=Reuters | date=18 June 2007 }}</ref> Author of [[Christopher Hitchens bibliography|18 books]] on faith, culture, politics, and literature, he was born and educated in Britain, graduating in the 1970s from [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. In the early 1980s, he emigrated to the United States and wrote for ''[[The Nation]]'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. Known as one of the [[New Atheism#"Four Horsemen"|''four horsemen'']] of [[New Atheism]], he gained prominence as a columnist and speaker. His epistemological [[Hitchens's razor|razor]], which states that "what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence", is still of mark in philosophy and law.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/what-does-hitchens-razor-means-in-philosophy/article21827514.ece/amp/ | title=What does 'Hitchens' razor' means in Philosophy? | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001/q-oro-ed4-00004248 |title=Oxford Essential Quotations: Facts |date=2016 |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191826719 |editor-last=Ratcliffe |editor-first=Susan |edition=4 |quote=What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

Hitchens's political views evolved greatly throughout his life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pallardy |first=Richard |date=9 April 2022 |title=Christopher Hitchens |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Hitchens |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en |quote=After the September 11 attacks of 2001, Hitchens was widely perceived as having migrated to the right on the political spectrum, actively campaigning for the invasion of Iraq and deposal of Saddam Hussein and endorsing George W. Bush in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Hitchens dropped his column for The Nation in 2002. He maintained that the shifts in his political allegiances were motivated by the right's stronger and more-interventionist stance against what he deemed "fascism with an Islamic face."}}</ref> Originally describing himself as a [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Christopher Hitchens – Charlie Rose|url=https://charlierose.com/videos/5386|language=en-US|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142014/https://charlierose.com/videos/5386|url-status=live}}</ref> he was a member of various socialist organisations in his early life, including the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[International Socialists (UK)|International Socialists]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seymour|first1=Richard|date=27 March 2012|title=The late Christopher Hitchens|url=http://isj.org.uk/the-late-christopher-hitchens/|journal=[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]|issue=134|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120052603/http://isj.org.uk/the-late-christopher-hitchens/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was [[Criticism of United States Foreign Policy|critical]] of aspects of [[American foreign policy]], including its involvement in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|Chile]] and [[East Timor genocide|East Timor]]. However, he also supported the United States in the [[Kosovo War]]. Hitchens has emphasized the centrality of the [[American Revolution]] and [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]] to his political philosophy.<ref>Hitchens, Christopher (2002), ''[[Why Orwell Matters]]'', [[Basic Books]], pg 105</ref> Hitchens held [[Abortion debate|complex views on abortion]]; being ethically opposed to it in most instances, and believing that a [[fetus]] was entitled to [[personhood]], while holding ambiguous, changing views [[Abortion law|on its legality]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |date=5 December 2019 |title=A Left-Wing Atheist's Case Against Abortion |url=https://www.crisismagazine.com/opinion/a-left-wing-atheists-case-against-abortion |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=Crisis Magazine |publisher=[[Sophia Institute Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He allegedly supported [[Right to keep and bear arms|gun rights]] and supported [[same-sex marriage]], while opposing the [[war on drugs]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Graydon |date=17 December 2021 |title=Christopher Hitchens Was Fearless |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/12/christopher-hitchens-was-fearless/621020/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |quote=..., I asked him if he'd be up for writing a column on gun control. He told me that he'd love to. But he wanted to let me know up front that he was opposed to controls.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |date=12 October 2009 |title=Legalize It |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/12/legalize-it/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Beginning in the 1990s, and particularly after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], his politics were widely viewed as drifting to [[Conservatism in the United States|the right]], but Hitchens objected to being called conservative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Andrew |date=17 September 2005 |title=The big showdown |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/sep/18/otherparties.iraq |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=13 December 2021 |title=Why Christopher Hitchens Still Matters |url=https://areomagazine.com/2021/12/13/why-christopher-hitchens-still-matters/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Areo |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 2000s, he argued for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasions of Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], endorsed [[George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign|the re-election campaign]] of [[George W. Bush]] in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], and viewed [[Islamism]] as the principal threat to the Western world.<ref name="newyorker.com">{{cite magazine |last=Parker |first=Ian |date=16 October 2006 |title=He Knew He Was Right: How a former socialist became the Iraq war's fiercest defender. |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/16/he-knew-he-was-right-2 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |date=31 October 2004 |title=Christopher Hitchens: Why I'm voting for Bush (but only just) |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/31/uselections2004.comment2 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

Hitchens described himself as an [[Antitheism|anti-theist]] and saw all religions as false, harmful and authoritarian.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |year=2005 |title=Letters to a Young Contrarian |publisher=Basic Books |pages=55, 57 |isbn=0465030335 |quote=I am [not a] part of the generalised agnosticism of our culture. I am not even an atheist so much as I am an anti-theist... all religions are versions of the same untruth... the influence of churches, and the effect of religious belief, is positively harmful... cradle-to-grave divine supervision; a permanent surveillance and monitoring... I am [not] privy to the secrets of the universe or its creator... even [the best of the theisms] are complicit in this quiet and irrational authoritarianism.}}</ref> He argued for free expression, scientific discovery, and the [[separation of church and state]], arguing that they were superior to religion as an ethical code of conduct for human civilisation. The dictum "What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence" has become known as [[Hitchens's razor|Hitchens' razor]].<ref name="Slate">{{Cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html |title=Mommie Dearest |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |work=Slate |date=20 October 2003 |access-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074427/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html |archive-date=12 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Cillian |last=McGrattan |title=The Politics of Trauma and Peace-Building: Lessons from Northern Ireland |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |page=2 |isbn=978-1138775183}}</ref> Hitchens notably wrote critical biographies of Catholic nun [[Mother Teresa]] in [[The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice|''The Missionary Position'']], President [[Bill Clinton]] in [[No One Left to Lie To|''No One Left To Lie To'']], and American diplomat [[Henry Kissinger]] in ''[[The Trial of Henry Kissinger]]''. Hitchens died from complications related to [[esophageal cancer|oesophageal cancer]] in December 2011, at the age of 62.<ref name="Video 1995">{{YouTube|RrK-8Pvs0Vs|Video: Christopher Hitchens (14 August 1995) appearance on C-SPAN}}</ref>

==Life and career==
===Early life and education===
Hitchens was born in [[Portsmouth]], Hampshire, the elder of two boys; his brother, [[Peter Hitchens|Peter]], became a [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] journalist.<ref name=GuardCH /> Their parents, Eric Ernest Hitchens (1909–1987) and Yvonne Jean Hitchens (née Hickman; 1921–1973), met in Scotland when serving in the [[Royal Navy]] during World War II.<ref name=Slate2June2010/> His mother had been a Wren, a member of the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]].<ref name="Hitch-22 Independent">{{cite news |first=John |last=Walsh |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/hitch22-a-memoir-by-christopher-hitchens-1984845.html |title=Hitch-22: a memoir by Christopher Hitchens |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=28 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530030603/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/hitch22-a-memoir-by-christopher-hitchens-1984845.html |archive-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was of Jewish origin (Christopher and his brother were 1/32 ethnically Jewish), something Hitchens discovered when he was 38; he came to identify as a Jew.<ref name="The Boy Can't Help It">{{cite web |first=Meryl |last=Gordon |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/868/ |title=The Boy Can't Help It |work=NYMag.com |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001172127/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/868/ |archive-date=1 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tabletmag.com">{{cite web |first=Marc |last=Tracy |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/86541/the-tenth-man-2 |title=On Christopher Hitchens's Jewishness |work=Tablet Magazine |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528063356/http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/86541/the-tenth-man-2 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="guardianjewish">{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=Barber |author-link=Lynn Barber |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,683899,00.html |title=Look who's talking |work=The Observer |date=14 April 2002 |access-date=1 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231024108/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,683899,00.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hitchens often referred to Eric simply as 'the commander'. Eric was deployed on {{HMS|Jamaica|44|6}}, which took part in the sinking of the {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2|up=yes}} in the [[Battle of the North Cape]] on 26 December 1943. He paid tribute to his father's contribution to the war: "Sending a Nazi convoy raider to the bottom is a better day's work than any I have ever done." Eric's naval career required the family to move from base to base throughout Britain and its colonies, including to [[Malta]], where Peter Hitchens was born in [[Sliema]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/14656/hitchens-death-and-the-malta-connection|title=Hitchens, death and the Malta connection|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403092229/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/14656/hitchens-death-and-the-malta-connection|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eric later worked as a bookkeeper for boatbuilders, speedboat-manufacturers, and a prep school.<ref name=Slate2June2010>{{cite web|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/features/2010/hitch22/the_commander_my_father_eric_hitchens.html|title=The Commander: My Father, Eric Hitchens|publisher=Slate.com|date=2 June 2010|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415061656/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/features/2010/hitch22/the_commander_my_father_eric_hitchens.html|archive-date=15 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yglesias|first=Matthew|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2255781/entry/2255782|title=The Commander: My Father, Eric Hitchens|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=20 October 2003|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816133539/http://www.slate.com/id/2255781/entry/2255782/|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hitchens attended two independent schools—[[Mount House School, Tavistock|Mount House School]], [[Tavistock, Devon|Tavistock]], Devon, from the age of eight, and the [[The Leys School|Leys School]] in [[Cambridge]].<ref name=Barber-2002/> Hitchens was admitted to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] in 1967 where he read [[Philosophy, Politics and Economics]] and was tutored by [[Steven Lukes]] and [[Anthony Kenny]]. He graduated in 1970 with a [[third-class degree]].<ref name=GuardCH /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-16214335|title=Obituary: Christopher Hitchens|publisher=BBC|date=16 December 2011|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727185452/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-16214335|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In his adolescence, he was "bowled over" by [[Richard Llewellyn]]'s ''[[How Green Was My Valley]]'', [[Arthur Koestler]]'s ''[[Darkness at Noon]],'' [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]'s ''[[Crime and Punishment]]'', [[R. H. Tawney]]'s critique on ''Religion and the Rise of Capitalism'', and the works of [[George Orwell]].<ref name="Hitch-22 Independent"/> In 1968, he took part in the TV quiz show ''[[University Challenge]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=[[Hitch-22]]|quote=What she [Yvonne] wanted was to see me represent Balliol on the University Challenge team, where I did actually make my first-ever television appearance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Blake |last=Morrison |author-link=Blake Morrison |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/may/29/hitch-22-christopher-hitchens-review |title=I contain multitudes |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 May 2010 |access-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306044618/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/may/29/hitch-22-christopher-hitchens-review |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1960s Hitchens joined the political left, drawn by disagreement over the [[Vietnam War]], nuclear weapons, racism and oligarchy, including that of "the unaccountable corporation".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christopher Hitchens and His Critics : Terror, Iraq, and the Left|year=2008|publisher=New York University Press|editor1=[[Simon Cottee]]|editor2=Thomas Cushman|isbn=978-0814716861|location=New York, London|page=168|oclc=183392372}}</ref> He expressed affinity with the politically charged countercultural and protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He avoided the recreational drug use of the time, saying "in my cohort we were slightly anti-hedonistic ... it made it very much easier for police provocation to occur, because the planting of drugs was something that happened to almost everyone one knew."<ref name="hoover.org">{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Robinson |url=http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/3420306.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915092414/http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/3420306.html|archive-date=15 September 2007|publisher=Hoover Institution |title=You said you wanted a revolution: 1968 and the Counter-Counterculture (Peter Robinson interview with William Buckley Jr and Christopher Hitchens)|work=web.archive.org |date=15 September 2007|access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Hitchens was inspired to become a journalist after reading a piece by [[James Cameron (journalist)|James Cameron]].<ref name=Barber-2002>{{cite news|last=Barber|first=Lynn|author-link=Lynn Barber|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/14/politics|title=Look who's talking|work=The Observer|date=14 April 2002|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410124847/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/14/politics|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hitchens was [[bisexuality|bisexual]] during his younger days, and joked that as he aged, his appearance "declined to the point where only women would go to bed with [him]."<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|first=Decca|last=Aitkenhead|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/may/22/christopher-hitchens-decca-aitkenhead|publisher=The Guardian|title=Christopher Hitchens: 'I was right and they were wrong'|work=Decca Aitkenhead|date=21 May 2010|access-date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624142037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/may/22/christopher-hitchens-decca-aitkenhead|archive-date=24 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He said he had sexual relations with two male students at Oxford who would later become [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] ministers during the [[premiership of Margaret Thatcher]], although he would not reveal their names publicly.<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

Hitchens joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 1965, but along with the majority of the [[Labour Students|Labour students' organisation]] was expelled in 1967, because of what Hitchens called "Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]]'s contemptible support for the war in Vietnam."<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2117328/ |title=Long Live Labor – Why I'm for Tony Blair |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=25 April 2005 |access-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831133955/http://www.slate.com/id/2117328/ |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the influence of [[Peter Sedgwick]], who translated the writings of Russian revolutionary and Soviet dissident [[Victor Serge]], Hitchens forged an ideological interest in [[Trotskyism]] and [[Anti-Stalinist left|anti-Stalinist]] socialism.<ref name="Hitch-22 Independent"/> Shortly after, he joined "a small but growing post-Trotskyist [[Luxemburgism|Luxemburgist]] sect".<ref name=PBSinterview>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Hithens |url=https://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/interviews_hitchens.html |title=Heaven on Earth – Interview with Christopher Hitchens |publisher=PBS |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=1 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612210516/http://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/interviews_hitchens.html |archive-date=12 June 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Journalistic career in the UK (1971–1981)===
Early in his career Hitchens began working as a correspondent for the magazine ''[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj/1972/no051/hitchens2.htm |title=International Socialism: Christopher Hitchens "Workers' Self Management in Algeria" (1st series) |issue=51, April–June 1972 |page=33 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Trotskyism |date=1 April 1972 |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716033112/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj/1972/no051/hitchens2.htm |archive-date=16 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> published by the International Socialists, the forerunners of today's British [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)|Socialist Workers Party]]. This group was broadly Trotskyist, but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as "workers' states". Their slogan was "Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism".

In 1971 after spending a year travelling the United States on a scholarship, Hitchens went to work at the ''[[Times Higher Education|Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' where he served as a social science correspondent.<ref name="farndale">{{cite news |last1=Farndale |first1=Nigel |title=An audience with Christopher Hitchens |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7778346/An-audience-with-Christopher-Hitchens.html |access-date=25 September 2019 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925125238/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7778346/An-audience-with-Christopher-Hitchens.html |archive-date=25 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hitchens was fired after six months in the job.<ref name="farndale"/> Next he was a researcher for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]'s ''[[Weekend World]]''.<ref name=NewStatesman2012>{{cite web |last=Eaton |first=George |author-link=George Eaton (journalist) |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/magazines/2012/01/hitchens-write-editor-fenton |title=Christopher Hitchens: the New Statesman years |work=The New Statesman |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423171507/http://www.newstatesman.com/magazines/2012/01/hitchens-write-editor-fenton |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1973 Hitchens went to work for the ''[[New Statesman]]'', where his colleagues included the authors [[Martin Amis]], whom he had briefly met at Oxford, as well as [[Julian Barnes]] and [[James Fenton]], with whom he had shared a house in Oxford.<ref name=NewStatesman2012/> Amis described him at the time as, "handsome, festive [and] gauntly left-wing".<ref name="Amis2010">{{cite book|author=Martin Amis|title=Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biWjc8p2pzcC|year=2010|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1446401453|page=26}}</ref> Around that time, the Friday lunches began, which were attended by writers including [[Clive James]], [[Ian McEwan]], [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Terence Kilmartin]], [[Robert Conquest]], [[Al Alvarez]], [[Peter Porter (poet)|Peter Porter]], [[Russell Davies]] and [[Mark Boxer]]. At the ''New Statesman'' Hitchens acquired a reputation as a left-winger while working as a [[war correspondent]] from areas of conflict such as Northern Ireland, Libya, and Iraq.<ref name=NewStatesman2012 />

In November 1973, while in Greece, Hitchens reported on the constitutional crisis of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|military junta]]. It became his first leading article for the ''New Statesman''.<ref name=Barber-2002/> In December 1977 Hitchens interviewed Argentine dictator [[Jorge Rafael Videla]], a conversation he later described as "horrifying".<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/12/hitchens200412 |title=Kissinger Declassified |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=17 October 2006 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419154714/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/12/hitchens200412 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1977, unhappy at the ''New Statesman'', Hitchens defected to the ''[[Daily Express]]'' where he became a foreign correspondent. He returned to the ''New Statesman'' in 1978 where he became assistant editor and then foreign editor.<ref name=NewStatesman2012/>

===American writings (1981–2011)===
[[File:Christopher Hitchens, ATF Party 2005.JPG|thumb|Hitchens in 2005]]

Hitchens went to the United States in 1981 as part of an editor exchange programme between the ''[[New Statesman]]'' and ''[[The Nation]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/165318/remembering-hitchens |title=Remembering Hitchens |first=Victor |last=Navasky |author-link=Victor Navasky |work=[[The Nation]] |date=21 December 2011 |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315045246/http://www.thenation.com/article/165318/remembering-hitchens |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> After joining ''The Nation'', he penned vociferous critiques of [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]] and American foreign policy in South and Central America.<ref name="The Boy Can't Help It"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/51559-1/Christopher+Hitchens.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117155612/http://booknotes.org/Watch/51559-1/Christopher%2BHitchens.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2010 |title=For the Sake of Argument by Christopher Hitchens |first=Brian |last=Lamb |author-link=Brian Lamb |date=17 October 1993 |access-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Reason2001>{{cite web|url=http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/01/free-radical|title=Free Radical|last=Southan|first=Rhys|work=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|date=November 2001|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324224737/https://reason.com/archives/2001/11/01/free-radical|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/christopher-hitchens/ |title=Christopher Hitchens |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506021625/https://www.theatlantic.com/author/christopher-hitchens/ |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=GuyRaz>{{cite web |first=Guy |last=Raz |author-link=Guy Raz |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5498172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101010101/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5498172 |title=Christopher Hitchens, Literary Agent Provocateur |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=21 June 2006 |access-date=10 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="left-to-right">{{cite magazine |magazine=The New Yorker |title=He Knew He Was Right |first=Ian |last=Parker |date=16 October 2006 |access-date=10 June 2007 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/16/061016fa_fact_parker?currentPage=all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407065449/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/16/061016fa_fact_parker?currentPage=all |archive-date=7 April 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hitchens became a contributing editor of ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' in 1992,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/contributors/christopher-hitchens |title=Christopher Hitchens – Contributing Editor |magazine=Vanity Fair |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222152010/http://www.vanityfair.com/contributors/christopher-hitchens |archive-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> writing ten columns a year. He left ''The Nation'' in 2002 after profoundly disagreeing with other contributors over the Iraq War.<ref>[https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/taking-sides/ Taking Sides], ''[[The Nation]]'', Christopher Hitchens, 26 September 2002. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</ref>

There is speculation that Hitchens was the inspiration for [[Tom Wolfe]]'s character Peter Fallow in the 1987 novel ''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities]]'',<ref name=Reason2001/> but others—including Hitchens—believe it to be ''[[Spy Magazine]]''{{'}}s "Ironman Nightlife Decathlete", [[Anthony Haden-Guest]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Timothy |last=Noah |author-link=Timothy Noah |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2002/01/meritocracys_lab_rat.html |title=Meritocracy's lab rat |work=Slate |date=9 January 2002 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806025424/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2002/01/meritocracys_lab_rat.html |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, Hitchens's father died from [[esophageal cancer|cancer of the oesophagus]], the same disease that would later claim his own life.<ref name="Topic of Cancer">{{cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/09/hitchens-201009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217040857/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/09/hitchens-201009%23 |archive-date=17 December 2011 |title=Topic of Cancer |work=[[Vanity Fair magazine|Vanity Fair]] |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2007, Hitchens became a US citizen; he later stated that he saw himself as Anglo-American.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Morrow, Julian (Producer) |date=7 June 2010 |title=Christopher Hitchens: "Hitch-22" |medium=Audio-visual recording |language=en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWXwKk-9YNA |access-date=6 August 2016 |format=Interview |location=Sydney Writer's Festival, Sydney, Australia |publisher=ABC |quote=Julian Morrow: "How do you identify yourself now?" Christopher Hitchens: "Anglo-American. I mean I didn't move to the United States until I was about 30, so it would be silly to say I'd left everything behind." Audience member:"If you had to give up one, which passport would it be? The British or the American?" Christopher Hitchens: "That's a waste of a question." Audience member:<embarrassed groan> Christopher Hitchens:<adamantly>"Anglo-American" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207235247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWXwKk-9YNA |archive-date=7 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He became a media fellow at the [[Hoover Institution]] in September 2008.<ref>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://www.politicalarticles.net/blog/2009/12/18/christopher-hitchens-on-sarah-palin-a-disgraceful-opportunist-and-moral-coward/ |title=Christopher Hitchens on Sarah Palin: 'A Disgraceful Opportunist and Moral Coward' |publisher=PoliticalArticles.NET |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=26 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004329/http://www.politicalarticles.net/blog/2009/12/18/christopher-hitchens-on-sarah-palin-a-disgraceful-opportunist-and-moral-coward/ |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> At ''Slate'', he usually wrote under the news-and-politics column ''Fighting Words''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words.html |title=Fighting Words |work=Slate |access-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401131328/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words.html |archive-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hitchens spent part of his early career in journalism as a foreign correspondent in [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Heather |last=Christie |url=http://www.shedoesthecity.com/at_the_rom_three_new_commandments |title=At the ROM: Three New Commandments |website=She Does The City |date=30 April 2009 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024540/http://www.shedoesthecity.com/at_the_rom_three_new_commandments |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Through his work there he met his first wife Eleni Meleagrou, a [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]], with whom he had two children, Alexander and Sophia. His son, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, born in 1984, has worked as a policy researcher in London. Hitchens continued writing essay-style correspondence pieces from a variety of locales, including [[Chad]], Uganda<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/01/hitchens200601 |title=Childhood's End |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=September 2006 |access-date=1 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412232442/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/01/hitchens200601 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Darfur]] region of [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2129657/ |title=Realism in Sudan |work=Slate |date=7 November 2005 |access-date=1 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826222014/http://www.slate.com/id/2129657/ |archive-date=26 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1991, he received a [[Lannan Literary Awards#Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction|Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lannan.org/lf/bios/detail/christopher-hitchens/ |title=Detailed Biographical Information – Christopher Hitchens |access-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114040751/http://www.lannan.org/lf/bios/detail/christopher-hitchens/ |archive-date=14 November 2004 |publisher= Lannan Foundation}}</ref>

Hitchens met Carol Blue in Los Angeles in 1989 and they married in 1991. Hitchens called it love at first sight.<ref>{{cite web |first=Carol |last=Blue |url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/an-afterword-to-the-life-of-christopher-hitchens-v2/4305582 |title=An afterword to the life of Christopher Hitchens – Late Night Live – ABC Radio National (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |work=Radio National |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007090735/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/an-afterword-to-the-life-of-christopher-hitchens-v2/4305582 |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1999, Hitchens and Blue, both harsh critics of President Clinton, submitted an affidavit to the trial managers of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the [[impeachment of Bill Clinton]]. Therein they swore that their then-friend [[Sidney Blumenthal]] had described [[Monica Lewinsky]] as a stalker. This allegation contradicted Blumenthal's own sworn deposition in the trial,<ref name="salon1999">{{cite web |first=Joshua Micah |last=Marshall |author-link=Josh Marshall |url=http://www.salon.com/1999/02/09/newsa_35/ |title=Salon Newsreal | Stalking Sidney Blumenthal |website=Salon.com |date=9 February 1999 |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107093012/http://www.salon.com/1999/02/09/newsa_35/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it resulted in a hostile exchange of opinion in the public sphere between Hitchens and Blumenthal. Following the publication of Blumenthal's ''The Clinton Wars,'' Hitchens wrote several pieces in which he accused Blumenthal of manipulating the facts.<ref name="salon1999"/><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2003/07/hitchens.htm |title=Thinking Like an Apparatchik |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |date=July–August 2003 |access-date=26 April 2011 |volume=292 |issue=1 |pages=129–42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217143959/https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2003/07/hitchens.htm |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident ended their friendship and sparked a personal crisis for Hitchens, who was stridently criticised by friends for what they saw as a cynical and ultimately politically futile act.<ref name="The Boy Can't Help It"/>

Before Hitchens's political shift, the American author and polemicist [[Gore Vidal]] was apt to speak of Hitchens as his "[[Dauphin of France|dauphin]]" or "heir".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2004/01/letters.htm|title=Hitchens on Books|access-date=17 February 2009|first=Andrew|last=Werth|date=January–February 2004|work=[[The Atlantic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626141928/http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2004/01/letters.htm|archive-date=26 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://osdir.com/ml/politics.leftists.monkeyfist/2001-04/msg00016.html|title=Gore should be so lucky|access-date=17 February 2009|first=John|last=Banville|date=3 March 2001|newspaper=The Irish Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106195116/http://osdir.com/ml/politics.leftists.monkeyfist/2001-04/msg00016.html|archive-date=6 January 2009}}</ref> In 2010 Hitchens attacked Vidal in a ''Vanity Fair'' piece headlined "Vidal Loco", calling him a "crackpot" for his adoption of [[9/11 conspiracy theories]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/02/hitchens-201002|title=Vidal Loco|access-date=24 June 2010|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|date=February 2010|magazine=Vanity Fair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528034636/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/02/hitchens-201002|archive-date=28 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/hitchens-attacks-gore-vidal-for-being-a-crackpot-1891753.html|title=Hitchens attacks Gore Vidal for being a 'crackpot'|access-date=17 February 2009|date=7 February 2010|work=The Independent|location=London|first=Kate|last=Youde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210175549/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/hitchens-attacks-gore-vidal-for-being-a-crackpot-1891753.html|archive-date=10 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> On the back of Hitchens's memoir ''Hitch-22,'' among the praise from notable figures, Vidal's endorsement of Hitchens as his successor is crossed out in red and annotated "NO, C.H." Hitchens's strong advocacy of the war in Iraq gained him a wider readership, and in September 2005 he was named as fifth on the list of the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals" by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' and ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2005/10/15/prospectfp-top-100-public-intellectuals-results/ |publisher=The Foreign Policy Group |title=Top 100 Public Intellectuals Results |date=15 May 2008 |access-date=1 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611230220/http://foreignpolicy.com/2005/10/15/prospectfp-top-100-public-intellectuals-results/ |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An online poll ranked the 100 intellectuals, but the magazines noted that the rankings of Hitchens (5), [[Noam Chomsky]] (1), and [[Abdolkarim Soroush]] (15) were partly due to their respective supporters' publicising of the vote. Hitchens later responded to his ranking with a few articles about his status as such.<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/what-is-a-public-intellectual |title=How to be a public intellectual |work=Prospect |date=24 May 2008 |access-date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221154018/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/what-is-a-public-intellectual |archive-date=21 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/07/the-plight-of-the-public-intellectual/ |title=The Plight of the Public Intellectual |work=Foreign Policy |date=7 October 2009 |access-date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508054804/http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/07/the-plight-of-the-public-intellectual/ |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hitchens did not leave his position writing for ''The Nation'' until after the [[11 September attacks]], stating that he felt the magazine had arrived at a position "that [[John Ashcroft]] is a greater menace than [[Osama bin Laden]]".<ref name=":78">{{cite news |first=Noam |last=Chomsky |author-link=Noam Chomsky |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/reply-hitchenss-rejoinder |title=Reply to Hitchens's Rejoinder |work=The Nation |date=15 October 2001 |access-date=1 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614060958/http://www.thenation.com/article/reply-hitchenss-rejoinder |archive-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 11 September attacks "exhilarated" him, bringing into focus "a battle between everything I love and everything I hate" and strengthening his embrace of an interventionist foreign policy that challenged "[[Islamofascism|fascism with an Islamic face]]".<ref name="left-to-right" /> His numerous editorials in support of the [[Iraq War]] caused some to label him a [[Neoconservatism|neoconservative]], although Hitchens insisted he was not "a conservative of any kind", and his friend [[Ian McEwan]] described him as representing the anti-totalitarian left.<ref name="NewStatesman2010">{{cite web|last=Eaton|first=George|author-link=George Eaton (journalist)|work=The New Statesman|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/07/conservative-course-presidency|title=Interview: Christopher Hitchens|date=12 July 2010|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101021515/http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/07/conservative-course-presidency|archive-date=1 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Hitchens recalls in his memoir having been "invited by [[Bernard-Henri Lévy]] to write an essay on political reconsiderations for his magazine ''La Regle du Jeu''. I gave it the partly ironic title: 'Can One Be a Neoconservative?' Impatient with this, some copy editor put it on the cover as 'How I Became a Neoconservative.' Perhaps this was an instance of the [[Cogito, ergo sum|Cartesian principle]] as opposed to the English empiricist one: It was decided that I evidently was what I apparently only thought." Indeed, in a 2010 BBC interview, he stated that he "still [thought] like a Marxist" and considered himself "a leftist".<ref>{{cite web |first=Jeremy |last=Paxman |author-link=Jeremy Paxman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-s9AyNQyCw |title=Paxman meets Hitchens |date=10 August 2010 |publisher=Two |work=BBC newsnight |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615232121/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-s9AyNQyCw |archive-date=15 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, Hitchens published one of his most controversial articles titled "Why Women Aren't Funny" in ''Vanity Fair''. Relying mainly on empirical evidence, he argued that there is less societal pressure for women to practice humour and that "women who do it play by men's rules".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2007/01/hitchens200701|title=Why Women Aren't Funny|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=January 2007|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322164803/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2007/01/hitchens200701|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the following year, ''Vanity Fair'' published several letters that it received, objecting to the tone or premise of the article, as well as a rebuttal by [[Alessandra Stanley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/funnygirls200804|title=Who Says Women Aren't Funny?|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=3 March 2008|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614073208/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/funnygirls200804|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Amid further criticism, Hitchens reiterated his position in a video and written response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7izJggqCoA|title=Christopher Hitchens: Why Women Still Aren't Funny {{!}} Vanity Fair|website=YouTube|date=3 March 2008|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118092805/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7izJggqCoA|archive-date=18 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2008/04/hitchens200804|title=Why Women Still Don't Get It|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=3 March 2008|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614080320/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2008/04/hitchens200804|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007 Hitchens's work for ''Vanity Fair'' won the [[National Magazine Award]] in the category "Columns and Commentary".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.org/ASME/ABOUT_ASME/ASME_PRESS_RELEASES/22246.aspx |title=2007 National Magazine Award Winners Announced |publisher=Magazine Publishers of America |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114030507/http://www.magazine.org/ASME/ABOUT_ASME/ASME_PRESS_RELEASES/22246.aspx |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
He was a finalist in the same category in 2008 for some of his columns in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' but lost out to [[Matt Taibbi]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.org/ASME/MAGAZINE_AWARDS/NMA_WINNERS/index.aspx |title=National Magazine Awards Winners and Finalists |publisher=Magazine Publishers of America |date=16 December 2008 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728065940/http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/nma_winners/index.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Hitch-22'' was short-listed for the 2010 [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] for Autobiography. He won the National Magazine Award for Columns about Cancer in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/05/christopher-hitchens-wins-national-magazine-award-for-columns-about-cancer.html|title=Christopher Hitchens Wins National Magazine Award for Columns About Cancer|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=10 May 2011|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805102119/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/05/christopher-hitchens-wins-national-magazine-award-for-columns-about-cancer.html|archive-date=5 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2011 National Magazine Awards Winners and Finalists |url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/nma_winners/index.aspx |date=9 May 2011 |access-date=1 June 2011 |publisher=Magazine Publishers of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701221749/http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/nma_winners/index.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hitchens also served on the advisory board of [[Secular Coalition for America]] and offered advice to the Coalition on the acceptance and inclusion of nontheism in American life.<ref name="SCfA">{{cite web|url=http://www.secular.org/bios/Christopher_Hitchens.html|title=Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography|publisher=Secular.org|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103015717/http://www.secular.org/bios/Christopher_Hitchens.html|archive-date=3 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2011, prior to his death, [[Asteroid]] [[57901 Hitchens]] was named after him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Juli|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/12/Asteroid-Named-for-Christopher-Hitchens|title=Asteroid Named for Christopher Hitchens|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=6 December 2011|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407001700/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/12/Asteroid-Named-for-Christopher-Hitchens|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Literature reviews===
Hitchens wrote a monthly essay in ''[[The Atlantic]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/christopher_hitchens |title=Authors – Christopher Hitchens |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514153412/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/christopher_hitchens |archive-date=14 May 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> and occasionally contributed to other literary journals. One of his books, ''Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere'', collected these works. In ''Why Orwell Matters'', he defends Orwell's writings against modern critics as relevant today and progressive for his time. In the 2008 book ''Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left'', many literary critiques are included of essays and other books of writers, such as [[David Horowitz]] and [[Edward Said]].

During a three-hour ''[[In Depth]]'' interview on [[Book TV]], he named authors who influenced his views, including [[Aldous Huxley]], [[George Orwell]], [[Evelyn Waugh]], [[Kingsley Amis]], [[P. G. Wodehouse]] and [[Conor Cruise O'Brien]].<ref name="Christopher Hitchens In Depth">{{Cite episode |title=In Depth with Christopher Hitchens |series=BookTV |network=[[C-SPAN]] |airdate=28 August 2007 |url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1/depth-christopher-hitchens |access-date=23 April 2016 |time=1:13:03–1:13:59 |quote=I don't know where to begin as to say which was the most influential author. I can remember the dystopian writers of Aldous Huxley...[[Arthur Koestler]]...[on-screen list as follows] [[George Eliot]], George Orwell, [[Martin Amis]], [[Ian McEwan]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Colm Tóibín]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Richard Dawkins]], P.G. Woodhouse, Evelyn Waugh, [[Paul Scott (novelist)]], [[James Fenton]], [[James Joyce]], [and Hitchens mentions] Conor Cruise O'Brien's 'Writers and Politics' I read in 1967 ... I remember thinking very, very distinctly that, I'd like to be able to write like that and on topics of that sort. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405101804/http://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1%2Fdepth-christopher-hitchens |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=In Depth with Christopher Hitchens |series=BookTV |network=C-SPAN |airdate=28 August 2007 |url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1/depth-christopher-hitchens |access-date=22 June 2019 |time=1:36:00–1:37:00
|quote=I think there are certain authors of whom one should have all of their books ... George Orwell, most of Marcel Proust, most of James Joyce, not all of P. G. Woodhouse ... Karl Marx, [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]]...Salman Rushdie, Martin and Kingsley Amis, Ian McEwan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235429/https://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1%2Fdepth-christopher-hitchens |archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=In Depth with Christopher Hitchens |series=BookTV |network=C-SPAN |airdate=28 August 2007 |url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1/depth-christopher-hitchens |access-date=22 June 2019 |time=1:38:54–1:39:12 |quote=[On screen] People Who Have Inspired Christopher Hitchens: [[Richard Llewellyn]], Arthur Koestler, [[Albert Camus]], George Orwell, Karl Marx, [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Wilfred Owen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235429/https://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1%2Fdepth-christopher-hitchens |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> When asked what the difference between an autobiography and a memoir was, he replied "Look, everyone has a book inside of them ... which is exactly where I think it should, in most cases, remain".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6MPebmQSQ0|year=1997|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|title=Everyone has a book inside them|website=YouTube|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625115338/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6MPebmQSQ0|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Professorships===
Hitchens was a visiting professor in the following institutions:
* [[University of California, Berkeley]]<ref name=H22>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/about/people/chbio.htm |title=Christopher Hitchens/Biography |author= |date=2003 |website=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group. |access-date=15 June 2019 |quote=He has also taught as a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley; the University of Pittsburgh; and the New School of Social Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217200429/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/about/people/chbio.htm |archive-date=17 February 2017
|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BerkCH>{{Cite web |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Christopher-Hitchens/39628932 |title=Christopher Hitchens
|author= |website=Simon & Schuster |publisher=Simon & Schuster, Inc. |access-date=22 June 2019 |quote=A visiting professor of liberal studies at the New School in New York City, he was also the I.F. Stone professor at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622141507/https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Christopher-Hitchens/39628932
|archive-date=22 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=GuardCH>{{Cite news|last =Wilby |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Wilby |date=16 December 2011 |title=Christopher Hitchens obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/16/christopher-hitchens-obituary |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=22 June 2019 |quote=Hitchens was ... a liberal studies professor at the New School in New York and, for a time, visiting professor at Berkeley in California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909004551/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/16/christopher-hitchens-obituary
|archive-date=9 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[University of Pittsburgh]]<ref name=H22/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maccabe |first=Colin |date=27 February 2011 |title=The Next Page / A conversation with Christopher Hitchens: How Pittsburgh Made Me |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/books/2011/02/27/The-Next-Page-A-conversation-with-Christopher-Hitchens-How-Pittsburgh-Made-Me/stories/201102270223 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=22 June 2019 |quote=Hitchens [shown in photo above] in 1997, as a visiting professor in the University of Pittsburgh English Department. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622141502/https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/books/2011/02/27/The-Next-Page-A-conversation-with-Christopher-Hitchens-How-Pittsburgh-Made-Me/stories/201102270223 |archive-date=22 June 2019
|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[The New School]] of Social Research<ref name=H22/><ref name=BerkCH/><ref name=GuardCH/>

===Relationship with his brother===
Christopher's sibling was the journalist and author [[Peter Hitchens]], who is two years younger. Christopher said in 2005 the main difference between the two is belief in the existence of God.<ref name="meet">{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Ian |title=When Christopher met Peter |work=The Guardian |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2005/story/0,15880,1495897,00.html |date=31 May 2005 |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517104151/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2005/story/0,15880,1495897,00.html |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Peter became a member of the [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)#International Socialist period|International Socialists]] (forerunners of the modern [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)|Socialist Workers' Party]]) from 1968 to 1975 (beginning at age 17) after Christopher introduced him to them.<ref name="OwenJones">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Owen |title=Peter Hitchens got me thinking: do lefties always have to turn right in old age? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/09/peter-hitchens-tory-trotskyite-left-right |date=9 September 2015 |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704231447/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/09/peter-hitchens-tory-trotskyite-left-right |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The brothers fell out after Peter wrote a 2001 article in ''[[The Spectator]]'' which allegedly characterised Christopher as a [[Stalinist]].<ref name="meet"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/13th-october-2001/18/o-brother-where-art-thou |title=O Brother, Where Art Thou?|website=The Spectator Archive |access-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224013608/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/13th-october-2001/18/o-brother-where-art-thou |archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After the birth of Peter's third child, the brothers were reconciled.<ref name="warofwords">{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Ian |title=War of Words |work=The Guardian |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1933179,00.html |date=28 October 2006 |access-date=17 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172950/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1933179,00.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Peter's review of ''[[God Is Not Great]]'' led to a public argument between the brothers but no renewed estrangement.<ref>James Macintyre, [http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2640860.ece The Hitchens brothers: Anatomy of a row] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829204608/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2640860.ece |date=29 August 2008}}, ''The Independent'', 11 June 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2007.</ref>

In 2007 the brothers appeared as panellists on [[BBC]] TV's ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'', where they clashed on a number of issues.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/jun/22/borisstealsquestiontimeshi |title=Boris steals Question Time's Hitchens show |author=Tryhorn, Chris |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823005841/https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/jun/22/borisstealsquestiontimeshi |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, in the US, they debated the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] and the [[existence of God]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfimichigan.org/hitchens |title=Hitchens vs Hitchens Debate – On God, War, Politics, and Culture |date=7 May 2008 |publisher=cfimichigan.org |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516061109/http://www.cfimichigan.org/hitchens |archive-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010 at the [[Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life|Pew Forum]], the pair debated the nature of God in civilisation.<ref name="Hitchens brothers debate if civilisation can survive without God">{{Cite news |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/13/hitchens-brothers-square-off-in-debate-over-god-in-civilization/ |date=13 October 2010 |title=Hitchens brothers debate if civilisation can survive without God |author=Eric Marrapodi |work=CNN|access-date = 14 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101015191444/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/13/hitchens-brothers-square-off-in-debate-over-god-in-civilization/ |archive-date=15 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the memorial service held for Christopher in New York, Peter read a passage from St Paul's [[Epistle to the Philippians]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/reliable-source/post/christopher-hitchens-remembered-at-memorial-service-in-nyc/2012/04/20/gIQA1usIWT_blog.html |title=Christopher Hitchens remembered at memorial service in NYC |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421015820/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/reliable-source/post/christopher-hitchens-remembered-at-memorial-service-in-nyc/2012/04/20/gIQA1usIWT_blog.html |archive-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> which Christopher himself had read at their father's funeral.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Political views==
{{Main|Political views of Christopher Hitchens}}
{{Quote box|width=30em|align=right|
quote=My own opinion is enough for me, and I claim the right to have it defended against any consensus, any majority, anywhere, anyplace, anytime. And anyone who disagrees with this can pick a number, get in line, and kiss my arse. |salign=right |source=—Christopher Hitchens<ref>{{Cite video |title=The Immortal Rejoinders of Christopher Hitchens |type=videotape |url=http://video.vanityfair.com/watch/vintage-vf-the-immortal-rejoinders-of-christopher-hitchens |minutes=2:40 |publisher=Vanity Fair |work=Vanity Fair |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141146/https://video.vanityfair.com/watch/vintage-vf-the-immortal-rejoinders-of-christopher-hitchens |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

In 2009 Hitchens was listed by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine as one of the "25 most influential liberals in the U.S. media".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/01/22/influential-media-obama-oped-cx_tv_ee_hra_0122liberal_slide_13.html |title=The 25 Most Influential Liberals in the US Media |date=22 January 2009 |work=Forbes|access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125085213/http://www.forbes.com/2009/01/22/influential-media-obama-oped-cx_tv_ee_hra_0122liberal_slide_13.html |archive-date=25 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The article also noted that he would "likely be aghast to find himself on this list", as it reduces his self-styled radicalism to mere liberalism. Hitchens's political perspectives also appear in his wide-ranging writings, which include many dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2010/05/the-brothers-grim |date=June–July 2010 |title=The Brothers Grim |last=Dalrymple |first=Theodore |author-link=Theodore Dalrymple |work=First Things |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825051556/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2010/05/the-brothers-grim |archive-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He said of [[Ayn Rand]]'s [[Objectivism]], "I have always found it quaint, and rather touching, that there is a movement in the US that thinks Americans are not yet selfish enough."<ref name="masciotra">{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/03/01/libertarianism_is_for_petulant_children_ayn_rand_rand_paul_and_the_movements_sad_rebellion_partner/ |title=Libertarianism is for petulant children: Ayn Rand, Rand Paul and the movement's sad "rebellion" |author=Masciotra, David |website=salon.com |date=1 March 2015 |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909185804/http://www.salon.com/2015/03/01/libertarianism_is_for_petulant_children_ayn_rand_rand_paul_and_the_movements_sad_rebellion_partner/ |archive-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hitchens struggled with the premise of a Jewish homeland<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirchick |first=James |date=17 December 2011 |title=Despite Criticism of Israel, Hitchens Was Ardent Foe of anti-Semitism |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2011-12-17/ty-article/despite-criticism-of-israel-hitchens-was-ardent-foe-of-anti-semitism/0000017f-f758-d5bd-a17f-f77a6ffa0000?_amp=true |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> and had said of himself, "I am an [[Anti-Zionism|Anti-Zionist]]. I'm one of those people of Jewish descent who believes that Zionism would be a mistake even if there were no [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]."<ref name="HölblingRieser-Wohlfarter2004">{{cite book|first1=Walter|last1= Hölbling|first2=Klaus|last2= Rieser-Wohlfarter|title=What is American?: new identities in U.S. culture| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__Tn7LqhWI7IC|access-date=6 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-7734-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__Tn7LqhWI7IC/page/n342 351]–}}</ref>

Having long described himself as a socialist and a Marxist, Hitchens began his break from the established political left after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to [[The Satanic Verses controversy|the controversy]] over ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', followed by what he saw as the left's embrace of Bill Clinton and the anti-war movement's opposition to [[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in the 1990s. He later became a so-called liberal hawk and supported the [[War on Terror]], but he had some reservations, such as his characterisation of [[waterboarding]] as torture after voluntarily undergoing the procedure.<ref name="believeme">{{Cite news |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/08/hitchens200808 |title=Believe Me, It's Torture |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=1 August 2008 |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901000428/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/08/hitchens200808 |archive-date=1 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vfwaterboardvideo">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/video/2008/hitchens_video200808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809003051/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/video/2008/hitchens_video200808 |title=Video: On the Waterboard |archive-date=9 August 2011 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> In January 2006, he joined four other individuals and four organisations, including the [[ACLU]] and [[Greenpeace]], as plaintiffs in a lawsuit, ''[[ACLU v. NSA]]'', challenging Bush's [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)|NSA warrantless surveillance]]; the lawsuit was filed with the ACLU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lichtblau |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Lichtblau |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/17/politics/17nsa.html |title=Two Groups Planning to Sue Over Federal Eavesdropping |work=The New York Times |date=17 January 2006 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531150200/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/17/politics/17nsa.html |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=https://www.aclu.org/safefree/nsaspying/23485res20060116.html |title=Statement – Christopher Hitchens, NSA Lawsuit Client |publisher=Aclu.org |date=16 January 2006 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026145005/http://www.aclu.org/safefree/nsaspying/23485res20060116.html |archive-date=26 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hitchens was an avid critic of President [[Slobodan Milošević]] of Serbia and other Serbian politicians of the 1990s. He called Milošević a "[[fascist]]" and a "[[Nazism|nazi]]" after the [[Bosnian genocide]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] of [[Albanians]] in Kosovo and expressed a positive reaction to [[Death of Slobodan Milosevic|his death]]. Hitchens often accused the Serbian government of committing numerous war crimes during the [[Yugoslav Wars]]. He denounced people like [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Edward S. Herman]], who criticized the NATO intervention there. Hitchens also criticized [[Croatian president]] [[Franjo Tuđman]] and the policies of the Croatian government, which he saw as reviving "[[Ustashe]] formations".<ref name="Hari">{{Cite news |last1=Hari |first1=Johann |title=Christopher Hitchens: In enemy territory |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/christopher-hitchens-in-enemy-territory-550522.html |work=The Independent |date=22 September 2004 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325045006/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/christopher-hitchens-in-enemy-territory-550522.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=No Sympathy for Slobo |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/03/slobodan-milosevic-resentful-nonentity-bloodthirsty-dictator.html |website=Slate.com |date=13 March 2006 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325045002/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/03/slobodan-milosevic-resentful-nonentity-bloodthirsty-dictator.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Excerpt: Hitchen's 'God is Not Great' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/book-excerpt-hitchenss-god-not-great-99357 |website=Newsweek.com |date=21 August 2007 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704202311/https://www.newsweek.com/book-excerpt-hitchenss-god-not-great-99357 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hitchens held [[Abortion debate|complex views on abortion]]; being ethically opposed to it in most instances, and believing that a [[fetus]] was entitled to [[personhood]], while holding ambiguous and changing views [[Abortion law|on its legality]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |date=1 February 2003 |title=Fetal Distraction |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/02/hitchens200302 |access-date=2022-11-26 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> In a 1988 interview with ''Crisis Magazine'', Hitchens wrote: "It might interest your readers to know that Margaret Thatcher voted to keep capital punishment, to keep homosexuality criminal, to make divorce harder to get, and ''for'' the abortion bill. I gather that she's since changed her position on the latter. My own vote would have been, as so often, exactly the reverse of hers."<ref name=":1" /> However, Hitchens argued that the issue was cynically used by self-described [[pro-life]] politicians, and doubted that they sincerely desired to legally prohibit abortion.<ref name=":3" />

In the same 1988 interview with ''Crisis Magazine'' he stated:<ref name=":1" />{{blockquote|Once you allow that the occupant of the womb is even potentially a life, it cuts athwart any glib invocation of "the woman's right to choose"}}and that:<ref name=":1" />{{blockquote|I would like to see something much broader, much more visionary. We need a new compact between society and the woman. It's a progressive compact because it is aimed at the future generation. It would restrict abortion in most circumstances. Now I know most women don't like having to justify their circumstances to someone. 'How dare you presume to subject me to this?' some will say.}}{{blockquote|But sorry, lady, this is an extremely grave social issue. It's everybody's business.}}Hitchens allegedly supported [[Right to keep and bear arms|gun rights]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-10-02 |title=The Myth of Gun Control - By Christopher Hitchens |url=https://scrapsfromtheloft.com/journalism/the-myth-of-gun-control/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Scraps from the loft |language=en-GB}}</ref> and supported [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |date=3 March 2004 |title=The Married State |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107827627378044934 |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miniter |first=Richard |title=Christopher Hitchens, As I Knew Him |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardminiter/2011/12/16/christopher-hitchens-as-i-knew-him/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

Hitchens was a supporter of the [[European Union]]. In an appearance on C-SPAN in 1993, Hitchens said, "As of 1992, there is now a Euro passport that makes you free to travel within the boundaries of ... member countries, and I've always liked the idea of European unity, and so I held out for a Euro passport. So I travel as a European."<ref>{{YouTube|RExo5JOn4tg|Hitchens – For the Sake of Argument (1993)}}</ref> Speaking at the launch of his brother [[Peter Hitchens]]'s book, ''[[The Abolition of Britain]]'', at Conway Hall in London, Hitchens denounced the so-called [[Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom|Eurosceptic movement]], describing it as "the British version of fascism". He went on to say, "Scepticism is a title of honour. These people are not sceptical. They're fanatical. They're dogmatic".<ref>{{YouTube|6401tLgOKXk|Christopher Hitchens 1999 Discussing ''The Abolition of Britain'' with Peter Hitchens}}</ref>

==Critiques of specific individuals==
Hitchens wrote book-length biographical essays on [[Thomas Jefferson]] (''[[Thomas Jefferson: Author of America]]''), [[Thomas Paine]] (''[[Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography]]'') and [[George Orwell]] (''[[Why Orwell Matters]]'').

He also became known for excoriating criticisms of public contemporary figures, including Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton and Henry Kissinger, the subjects of three full-length texts: ''[[The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice]]'', ''[[No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton]]'', and ''[[The Trial of Henry Kissinger]]'' respectively. In 2007, while promoting his book ''[[God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything]]'', Hitchens described the Christian evangelist [[Billy Graham]] as "a self-conscious fraud" and "a disgustingly evil man". Hitchens claimed that the evangelist, who had recently been hospitalised for intestinal bleeding, made a living by "going around spouting lies to young people. What a horrible career. I gather it's soon to be over. I certainly hope so."

In response to the comments, writers [[Nancy Gibbs]] and [[Michael Duffy (American journalist)|Michael Duffy]] published an article in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in which, among other things, they challenged Hitchens's suggestion that Graham went into ministry to make money. They argued that during his career Graham "turn[ed] down million-dollar television and Hollywood offers." They also pointed out that having established the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] in 1950, Graham drew a straight salary, comparable to that of a senior minister, irrespective of the money raised by his meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2007/09/a_disgustingly_evil_man.html |title=Will & Testament: "A disgustingly evil man ..." |last=Crawley |first=William |language=en |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224162818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2007/09/a_disgustingly_evil_man.html |archive-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, Hitchens wrote a profile of [[Donald Trump]] for ''[[The Sunday Herald]]''. Trump had expressed interest in running in the [[2000 U.S. Presidential Election]] as a candidate for the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]]. Of Trump, Hitchens said, "Because the man with many monikers in many ways embodies his country and because this election cycle is now so absurd, and so much up for grabs, it is unwise to exclude anything ... The best guess has to be that here's a man who hates to be alone, who needs approval and reinforcement, who talks a better game than he plays, who is crude, hyperactive, emotional and optimistic."<ref>{{Cite news |location=Glasgow |work=The Sunday Herald |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |title=Holding the Trump card |date=5 December 1999}}</ref> Hitchens had previously written that Trump demonstrated how "nobody is more covetous and greedy than those who have far too much."<ref>{{Cite news |location=New York |work=The Nation|first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |title=Billionaire Populism |date=July 1992}}</ref>

==Criticism of religion==
{{See also|God Is Not Great}}
Hitchens was an antitheist, and said that a person "could be an atheist and wish that belief in God were correct", but that "an antitheist, a term I'm trying to get into circulation, is someone who is relieved that there's no evidence for such an assertion."<ref>{{Cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516100646/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/nothing_sacred.html |title=Nothing sacred – Journalist and provocateur Christopher Hitchens picks a fight with God |access-date=2 May 2014 |first=Andre |last=Mayer |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=14 May 2007 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/nothing_sacred.html |archive-date=16 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He often spoke against the [[Abrahamic religions]]. When asked by readers of ''[[The Independent]]'' (London) what he considered to be the "axis of evil", Hitchens replied "Christianity, Judaism, [[Islam]] – the three leading monotheisms."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/christopher-hitchens-you-ask-the-questions-9242892.html |title=Christopher Hitchens: You ask the questions |work=The Independent |location=London |date=6 March 2002 |access-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530191743/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/christopher-hitchens-you-ask-the-questions-9242892.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In debates Hitchens often posed what has become known as "Hitchens's Challenge": to name at least one moral action that a person without a faith (e.g., an atheist or antitheist) could not possibly perform, and conversely, to name one immoral action that only a person with a faith could perform or has performed in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitchens' Challenge |url=https://cyberatheist.wordpress.com/2015/05/02/hitchens-challenge-2/ |website=Cyber Atheist |date=2 May 2015 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216132705/https://cyberatheist.wordpress.com/2015/05/02/hitchens-challenge-2/ |archive-date=16 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=Hitchens Challenge |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TnA3b8MhD0 |website=Youtube |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508031019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TnA3b8MhD0 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his best-seller ''[[God Is Not Great]]'', Hitchens expanded his criticism to include all religions, including those rarely criticised by Western secularists, such as [[Buddhism]] and [[neo-paganism]]. Hitchens said that organised religion is "the main source of hatred in the world", calling it "violent, irrational, intolerant, allied to racism, tribalism, and bigotry, invested in ignorance and hostile to free inquiry, contemptuous of women and coercive toward children: [it] ought to have a great deal on its conscience".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://onegoodmove.org/1gm/1gmarchive/2007/03/free_speech_6.html |title=Free Speech |publisher=Onegoodmove |date=1 March 2007 |access-date=1 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212073345/http://onegoodmove.org/1gm/1gmarchive/2007/03/free_speech_6.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 }}</ref> In the same work Hitchens says that humanity therefore needs a renewed [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreathow00hitc |title=God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |year= 2007 |publisher=Twelve Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0446579803 |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326153533/https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreathow00hitc |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The book received mixed responses, ranging from praise in ''[[The New York Times]]'' for his "logical flourishes and conundrums"<ref>{{Cite news |first=Michael |last=Kinsley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/books/review/Kinsley-t.html |title=In god, Distrust |work=[[The New York Times Book Review]] |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704085534/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/books/review/Kinsley-t.html |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> to accusations of "intellectual and moral shabbiness" in the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/6afa3a28-1ecd-11dc-bc22-000b5df10621.html |title=Here's the hitch |first=Michael |last=Skapinker|author-link=Michael Skapinker |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=30 June 2007 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702204245/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/6afa3a28-1ecd-11dc-bc22-000b5df10621.html |archive-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''God Is Not Great'' was nominated for a [[National Book Award]] on 10 October 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Hillel |last=Italie |url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20071014/ENTERTAIN/710140312 |title=The Associated Press: Hitchens Among Book Award Finalists |agency=Associated Press |date=14 October 2007 |access-date=1 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024553/http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20071014/ENTERTAIN/710140312 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''God Is Not Great'' affirmed Hitchens's position in the "[[New Atheism]]" movement. Hitchens was made an Honorary Associate of the [[Rationalist International]] and the [[National Secular Society]] shortly after its release and he was later named to the Honorary Board of distinguished achievers of the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/patrickharviemsp1.html |title=Honorary Associate: Christopher Hitchens |work=National Secular Society |access-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605094639/https://www.secularism.org.uk/patrickharviemsp1.html |archive-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |title=Honorary FFRF Board Announced|access-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052917/http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref> He also joined the advisory board of the [[Secular Coalition for America]], a group of atheists and humanists.<ref name="SCfA"/> Hitchens said he would accept an invitation from any religious leader who wished to debate with him. On 30 September 2007, [[Richard Dawkins]], Hitchens, [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], and [[Daniel Dennett]] met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion lasting two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "[[New Atheism#Prominent figures|The Four Horsemen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |archive-date=11 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In it, Hitchens stated at one point that he saw the [[Maccabean Revolt]] as the most unfortunate event in human history due to the reversion from [[Hellenistic philosophy|Hellenistic thought and philosophy]] to [[messianism]] and fundamentalism that its success constituted.<ref>{{YouTube |n7IHU28aR2E }}. Approximately 112 minutes in, Hitchens contends, "The moment where everything went wrong is the moment when the Jewish Hellenists were defeated by the Jewish messiahs, the celebration now benignly known as Hanukkah."</ref><ref>Christopher Hitchens, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2007/12/bah_hanukkah.html "Bah, Hanukkah"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822203912/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2007/12/bah_hanukkah.html |date=22 August 2017 }}, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', 3 December 2007: "As a consequence of the successful Maccabean revolt against Hellenism, so it is said, a puddle of olive oil that should have lasted only for one day managed to burn for eight days. Wow! Certain proof, not just of an Almighty, but of an Almighty with a special fondness for fundamentalists."</ref>

That year Hitchens began a series of written debates on the question "Is Christianity Good for the World?" with Christian theologian and pastor [[Douglas Wilson (theologian)|Douglas Wilson]], published in ''[[Christianity Today]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html |title=Is Christianity Good for the World? Christopher Hitchens and Douglas Wilson debate |magazine=Christianity Today |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612232913/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html |archive-date=12 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> This exchange eventually became a book with the same title published in 2008. During their promotional tour of the book, they were accompanied by the producer [[Darren Doane]]'s film crew. Thence Doane produced the film ''[[Collision (2009 film)|Collision]]: Is Christianity GOOD for the World?,'' which was released on 27 October 2009.<ref name="collisionmovie.com">http://www.collisionmovie.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235805/http://www.collisionmovie.com/|date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="christianitytoday.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html | title=Hitchens vs. Wilson, Part 1 | date=8 May 2007 | access-date=17 May 2007 | archive-date=12 June 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612232913/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html | url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 April 2009, Hitchens debated [[William Lane Craig]] on the existence of God at [[Biola University]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Stan |last=Guthrie |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2009/april/hitchens-vs-craig-round-two.html |title=Hitchens vs. Caig: Round Two |magazine=Christianity Today |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727220243/http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2009/april/hitchens-vs-craig-round-two.html |archive-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 October 2009, [[Intelligence Squared]] explored the question "Is the Catholic Church a force for good in the world?".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126046645081385887 |first=Helen |last=Kirwan-Taylor |title=For the sake of argument |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130418/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126046645081385887 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Onaiyekan]] and [[Ann Widdecombe]] argued that it was, while Hitchens joined [[Stephen Fry]] in arguing that it was not. The latter side won the debate according to an audience poll.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.newhumanist.org.uk/2009/10/fry-hitch-v-catholic-church.html |title=Fry & Hitch v the Catholic Church |publisher=New Humanist |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182121/http://blog.newhumanist.org.uk/2009/10/fry-hitch-v-catholic-church.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 November 2010, Hitchens appeared in Toronto, Ontario, at the [[Munk Debates]], where he debated religion with former British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]], a convert to [[Roman Catholicism]]. Blair argued religion is a force for good, while Hitchens argued against that.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hitchens-apparent-winner-in-religion-debate-1.930421 |title=Hitchens apparent winner in religion debate |newspaper=[[CBC News]] |date=27 November 2010 |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011164218/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hitchens-apparent-winner-in-religion-debate-1.930421 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout these debates, Hitchens became known for his persuasive and enthusiastic rhetoric in public speaking. "Wit and eloquence", "verbal barbs and linguistic dexterity" and "self-reference, literary engagement and hyperbole" are all elements of his speeches.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/16/he-knew-he-was-right-2 |title=He knew he was right |first=Ian |last=Parker |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=16 October 2006 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011153605/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/16/he-knew-he-was-right-2 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/hitchens-cleared-space-for-real-debate/article4247740/ |title=Hitchens cleared space for real debate |first=Doug |last=Sanders |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=16 December 2011 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618084341/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/hitchens-cleared-space-for-real-debate/article4247740/ |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hitch-slap">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.popmatters.com/189249-antitheism-and-the-art-of-the-hitch-slap-2495575192.html |title=Antitheism and the art of the "Hitch Slap" |first=Iain |last=Ellis |magazine=Pop Matters |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226132522/https://www.popmatters.com/189249-antitheism-and-the-art-of-the-hitch-slap-2495575192.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term "hitch-slap" has been used as an informal term among his supporters for a carefully crafted remark designed to humiliate his opponents.<ref name="hitch-slap"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/z44zj3/free-speaking-and-listening-remembering-when-censorship-got-hitchslapped |title=A Remembered 'Hitchslap' For The Worst Censors of All, Ourselves |first=Janus |last=Kopfstein |magazine=Vice |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024747/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/z44zj3/free-speaking-and-listening-remembering-when-censorship-got-hitchslapped |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hitchens's line "one asks wistfully if there is no provision in the procedures of military justice for them to be taken out and shot," condemning the perpetrators of the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]], was cited by ''[[The Humanist]]'' as an example.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehumanist.com/magazine/july-august-2012/features/prick-the-bubbles-pass-the-mantle-hitchens-as-orwells-successor |first=Anthony |last=Lock |title=Prick the Bubbles, Pass the Mantle: Hitchens as Orwell's Successor|publisher=The Humanist |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024738/https://thehumanist.com/magazine/july-august-2012/features/prick-the-bubbles-pass-the-mantle-hitchens-as-orwells-successor |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A tribute in ''[[Politico]]'' stated that this was a trait Hitchens shared with fellow atheist and intellectual [[Gore Vidal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2012/08/gore-vidal-gentleman-bitch-067223 |first1=Jed |last1=Lipinski |first2=Tom |last2=McGeveran |title=Gore Vidal, gentleman bitch |publisher=Politico |date=1 August 2012 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226200551/https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2012/08/gore-vidal-gentleman-bitch-067223 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:HitchensTalk.JPG|thumb|Hitchens after a talk at [[The College of New Jersey]] in March 2009]]
Hitchens was raised nominally Christian and attended Christian boarding schools, but from an early age he declined to participate in communal prayers. Later in life, Hitchens discovered that he was of Jewish descent on his mother's side and that his Jewish ancestors were immigrants from Eastern Europe (including [[Poland]]).<ref name=Barber-2002/><ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |year=2010 |title=Hitch-22: A Memoir |publisher=Twelve |isbn=978-0446540339 |page=352 }}</ref> Hitchens was married twice, first to Eleni Meleagrou, a [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]], in 1981; the couple had a son, Alexander, and a daughter, Sophia.<ref name="Obit">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/arts/christopher-hitchens-is-dead-at-62-obituary.html |title=Christopher Hitchens, Polemicist Who Slashed All, Freely, Dies at 62 |first=William|last=Grimes|author-link=William Grimes (journalist) |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509050553/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/arts/christopher-hitchens-is-dead-at-62-obituary.html |archive-date=9 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991 Hitchens married his second wife, Carol Blue, an American screenwriter,<ref name="The Boy Can't Help It"/> in a ceremony held at the apartment of Victor Navasky, editor of ''The Nation''. They had a daughter together, Antonia.<ref name="The Boy Can't Help It"/>

Hitchens considered reading, writing and public speaking not as a job or career but as "what I am, who I am, [and] what I love."<ref>{{Cite episode |title=In Depth with Christopher Hitchens |series=BookTV |network=C-SPAN |airdate=28 August 2007|url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1/depth-christopher-hitchens |access-date=22 June 2019 |time=1:36:59–1:37:20 |quote=I like to think that I have a life rather than a job or than a career, and it's all to do with reading and writing: the only two things I was ever any good at—and public speaking, which I can also do. that's how I make my living, but it's also what I am, who I am, what I love. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235429/https://www.c-span.org/video/?198800-1%2Fdepth-christopher-hitchens |archive-date=23 September 2018
|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 1973 Hitchens's mother committed suicide in [[Athens]] in a pact with her lover, a [[Defrocking|defrocked]] clergyman named Timothy Bryan.<ref name="Hitch-22 Independent"/> The pair overdosed on sleeping pills in adjoining hotel rooms and Bryan slashed his wrists in the bathtub. Hitchens flew alone to Athens to recover his mother's body, initially under the impression that she had been murdered.

In 2007, after living in the US for 25 years, he became an American citizen (while retaining his UK citizenship).<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=Christopher Hitchens obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/16/christopher-hitchens-obituary|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

==Illness and death==
[[File:Hitchens 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Hitchens in November 2010]]
{{external media|float = left|video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?297586-1/qa-christopher-hitchens ''Q&A'' interview with Hitchens, following his diagnosis with esophageal cancer, 23 January 2011], [[C-SPAN]]}}
On 8 June 2010, Hitchens was on tour in New York promoting his memoirs ''Hitch-22'' when he was taken into emergency care suffering from a severe [[pericardial effusion]]. Soon after, he announced he was postponing his tour to undergo treatment for [[oesophageal cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/reliable-source/2010/06/rs-_hitchens.html |title=Reliable Source – Christopher Hitchens diagnosed with cancer, cuts short his book tour |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=16 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324224733/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/reliable-source/2010/06/rs-_hitchens.html |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' piece titled "Topic of Cancer",<ref name="Topic of Cancer"/> he stated that he was undergoing treatment for cancer. He said that he recognised the long-term prognosis was far from positive and he would be a "very lucky person to live another five years."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2010/08/hitchens-talks-to-goldblog-about-cancer-and-god/61072/ |title=Hitchens Talks to Goldblog About Cancer and God |first=Jeffrey|last=Goldberg |author-link=Jeffrey Goldberg |date=6 August 2010 |access-date=17 September 2010 |work=The Atlantic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816121945/http://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2010/08/hitchens-talks-to-goldblog-about-cancer-and-god/61072/ |archive-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> A heavy smoker and drinker since his teenage years, Hitchens acknowledged that these habits were likely to have contributed to his illness.<ref name="Video 1995"/> During his illness, Hitchens was under the care of [[Francis Collins]] and was the subject of Collins's new cancer treatment, which maps out the [[human genome]] and selectively targets damaged [[DNA]].<ref name="Collins2">{{Cite web |first=Ethan |last=Cole |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/atheist-hitchens-credits-evangelical-francis-collins-for-cancer-hope-49615/ |title=Atheist Hitchens Credits Evangelical Francis Collins for Cancer Hope |work=[[The Christian Post]] |quote=In an interview with U.K. Telegraph Magazine, Hitchens said that Collins, who was formerly the director of the National Center for Human Genome Research and now serves as director of the National Institutes of Health, is partially responsible for developing a new cancer treatment that maps out the patient's entire genetic make-up and targets damaged DNA. |date=29 March 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229151408/http://www.christianpost.com/news/atheist-hitchens-credits-evangelical-francis-collins-for-cancer-hope-49615 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Christopher Buckley (novelist)|Christopher Buckley]], before Hitchens died, his estranged friend [[Sidney Blumenthal]] wrote to Hitchens. Buckley said the letter contained words of "tenderness and comfort and implicit forgiveness."<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=15 December 2011|title=Postscript: Christopher Hitchens, 1949–2011|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/postscript-christopher-hitchens-1949-2011|access-date=5 December 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref>

Hitchens died of [[pneumonia]] on 15 December 2011 in the [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]], Houston, aged 62.<ref name="Obit"/> In accordance with his wishes, his body was donated to medical research.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2011 |title=Memorial gatherings and the body of Christ(opher) |url=http://dailyhitchens.blogspot.com/2011/12/memorial-gatherings.html |publisher=Daily Hitchens at Blogspot |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615182659/http://dailyhitchens.blogspot.com/2011/12/memorial-gatherings.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Mortality (book)|Mortality]]'', a collection of seven of Hitchens's ''Vanity Fair'' essays about his illness, was published [[wikt:Special:Search/posthumous|posthumously]] in September 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/books/review/mortality-by-christopher-hitchens.html |work=The New York Times |title=''Mortality'' review |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010946/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/books/review/mortality-by-christopher-hitchens.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live|last1=Buckley |first1=Christopher }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Mortality |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |isbn=978-0771039225 |year=2012|publisher=McClelland & Stewart }}</ref>

===Reactions to death===
[[File:Hitchens Blair.jpg|alt=|thumb|Former British prime minister Tony Blair and Hitchens at the Munk debate on religion, Toronto, November 2010]]
Former British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] said, "Christopher Hitchens was a complete one-off, an amazing mixture of writer, journalist, polemicist and unique character. He was fearless in the pursuit of truth and any cause in which he believed. And there was no belief he held that he did not advocate with passion, commitment and brilliance. He was an extraordinary, compelling and colourful human being whom it was a privilege to know."<ref>{{cite news |title=Christopher Hitchens: tributes; Contemporaries, friends and admirers of Christopher Hitchens, who has died aged 62, have paid tribute to the contrarian |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=16 December 2011 |pages=15}}</ref><ref name="WTimes">{{Cite news |author= |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/16/quotes-on-the-death-of-pundit-christopher-hitchens/ |title=Quotes on the death of pundit Christopher Hitchens |agency=Associated Press |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324224735/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/16/quotes-on-the-death-of-pundit-christopher-hitchens/ |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Richard Dawkins]] said of Hitchens, "He was a polymath, a wit, immensely knowledgeable, and a valiant fighter against all tyrants, including imaginary supernatural ones."<ref name="WTimes"/> Dawkins later described Hitchens as "probably the best orator I've ever heard", and called his death "an enormous loss".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2013/09/29/richard_dawkins_im_not_like_christopher_hitchens/|title=Richard Dawkins: I'm not like Christopher Hitchens!|last=D'Addario|first=Daniel|date=29 September 2013|website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424184946/https://www.salon.com/2013/09/29/richard_dawkins_im_not_like_christopher_hitchens/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{external media |float=left |video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?305834-1/tribute-christopher-hitchens "A Tribute to Christopher Hitchens", hosted by ''Vanity Fair'' magazine, 20 April 2012], [[C-SPAN]]}} American [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] and [[cosmologist]] [[Lawrence Krauss]] said, "Christopher was a beacon of knowledge and light in a world that constantly threatens to extinguish both. He had the courage to accept the world for just what it is and not what he wanted it to be. That's the highest praise, I believe, one can give to any intellect. He understood that the universe doesn't care about our existence or welfare, and he epitomized the realization that our lives have meaning only to the extent that we give them meaning."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lawrence |last=Krauss |author-link= Lawrence M. Krauss|url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/644326-remembering-christopher-hitchens |date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194902/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/644326-remembering-christopher-hitchens |title=Remembering Christopher Hitchens |archive-date=24 April 2012 |publisher=richarddawkins.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atheistfoundation.org.au/lawrence-krauss-tribute-to-christopher-hitchens/ |title=Transcript of Lawrence Krauss' tribute to Christopher Hitchens |year=2012 |publisher=atheistfoundation.org |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324224741/http://atheistfoundation.org.au/lawrence-krauss-tribute-to-christopher-hitchens/ |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bill Maher]] paid tribute to Hitchens on his show ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', saying, "We lost a hero of mine, a friend, and one of the great talk show guests of all time."<ref>''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'' Season 10, episode 1</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]] and English comedian [[Stephen Fry]] paid tribute at the Christopher Hitchens Vanity Fair Memorial 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/dec/16/christopher-hitchens-tributes |title=Christopher Hitchens: tributes and reactions |first=Alison |last=Flood |work=The Guardian |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135038/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/dec/16/christopher-hitchens-tributes |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2012/04/christopher-hitchens-memorial-vanity-fair |title=Christopher Hitchens's Memorial: Sean Penn, Martin Amis, Salman Rushdie, and Others Pay Tribute |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084009/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2012/04/christopher-hitchens-memorial-vanity-fair |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16226580 |title=Tributes paid to journalist Christopher Hitchens |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=28 April 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105071240/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16226580 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/20/christopher-hitchens-memorial-new-york |title=Christopher Hitchens' wit and warmth remembered as New York pays tribute |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |work=The Guardian |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905155523/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/20/christopher-hitchens-memorial-new-york |archive-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

British Conservative and friend of Hitchens [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]] paid tribute to Hitchens in an article in ''[[The Spectator]]'', recalling personal experiences with him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Douglas |title=Remembering Christopher Hitchens {{!}} The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/remembering-christopher-hitchens |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.spectator.co.uk |date=16 December 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

Three weeks before Hitchens's death, [[George Eaton (journalist)|George Eaton]] of the ''New Statesman'' wrote, "He is determined to ensure that he is not remembered simply as a 'lefty who turned right' or as a contrarian and provocateur. Throughout his career, he has retained a commitment to the Enlightenment values of reason, secularism, and pluralism. His targets—Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, God—are chosen not at random, but rather because they have offended one or more of these principles. The tragedy of Hitchens's illness is that it came at a time when he enjoyed a larger audience than ever. The great polemicist is certain to be remembered, but, as he was increasingly aware, perhaps not as he would like."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2011/11/hitchens-remembered-polemicist |title=Hitch's Rolls-Royce mind is still purring |first=George |last=Eaton |author-link=George Eaton (journalist) |work=The New Statesman |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035326/http://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2011/11/hitchens-remembered-polemicist |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' asked if Hitchens was the last public intellectual.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Russell |last=Jacoby |author-link=Russell Jacoby |url=http://chronicle.com/article/Christopher-Hitchens-The-Last/130123/ |title=Christopher Hitchens: The Last Public Intellectual? |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041456/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Christopher-Hitchens-The-Last/130123 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015 an annual prize of $50,000 was established in his honour by The Dennis and Victoria Ross Foundation for "an author or journalist whose work reflects a commitment to free expression and inquiry, a range and depth of intellect, and a willingness to pursue the truth without regard to personal or professional consequence".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dvrf.org/hitchens-prize/ |title=About |website=DVRF – The Dennis & Victoria Ross Foundation |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195218/http://www.dvrf.org/hitchens-prize/ |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Film and television appearances==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Film, DVD, or TV episode
|-
|rowspan="2"|1984
|align="left"|''[[Opinions (TV series)|Opinions]]'': "Greece to their Rome"
|-
|align="left"|''[[Firing Line (TV program)|Firing Line]]'': "Is There a Liberal Crack-Up?"
|-
|1989
|align="left"|''[[Frontiers (1989 TV series)|Frontiers]]'': "Cyprus: Stranded in Time"
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
|align="left"|''Everything You Need to Know''
|-
|align="left"|''The [[Opinions (TV series)|Opinions]] Debate''<ref>''The Opinions Debate'', transmitted by [[Channel 4]] on 28 March 1993 (the eve of the 50th birthday of the then Prime Minister [[John Major]])</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|1994
|align="left"|''Tracking Down Maggie: The Unofficial Biography of Margaret Thatcher''
|-
|align="left"|[[Hell's Angel (documentary)|''Hell's Angel'' (documentary)]]
|-
|1996
|align="left"|''[[Where's Elvis This Week?]]''
|-
|1996–2010
|align="left"|''[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]]'' (13 episodes)
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|align="left"|''Real Stories: Diana: The Mourning After''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1954382/ |title=Diana: The Mourning After |date=25 January 1998 |via=www.imdb.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210141030/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1954382/ |archive-date=10 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|''[[Uncommon Knowledge]]'': "The Sixties"
|-
|1999–2001
|align="left"|''Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher''
|-
|1999–2002
|align="left"|''[[Dennis Miller Live]]'' (TV show; 4 episodes)
|-
|2000
|align="left"|''The Other Side: Hitch Hike''
|-
|2002
|align="left"|''[[The Trials of Henry Kissinger]]''
|-
|2003
|align="left"|''Hidden in Plain Sight''
|-
|2003–09
|align="left"|''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'' (TV show; 6 episodes)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|align="left"|''Mel Gibson: God's Lethal Weapon''
|-
|align="left"|''Texas: America Supersized''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4439840/ |title=Texas: America Supersized |date=8 August 2004 |via=www.imdb.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212211008/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4439840/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2004–06
|align="left"|''[[Newsnight]]'' (TV show; 3 episodes)
|-
|2004–10
|align="left"|''[[The Daily Show]]'' (TV show; 4 episodes)
|-
|rowspan="4"|2005
|align="left"|''[[Penn & Teller: Bullshit!]]'' (TV show; 1 episode, s03e05)
|-
|align="left"|''[[The Al Franken Show]]'' (Radio show; 1 episode)
|-
|align="left"|''Confronting Iraq: Conflict and Hope''
|-
|align="left"|''[[Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism]]''
|-
|2005–08
|align="left"|''[[Hardball with Chris Matthews]]'' (TV show; 3 episodes)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|align="left"|''[[American Zeitgeist]]''

|-
|align="left"|''Blog Wars''
|-
|rowspan="8" |2007
|align="left"|''[[Manufacturing Dissent]]''
|-
|align="left"|''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' (1 episode)
|-
|align="left"|''[[Your Mommy Kills Animals]]''
|-
|align="left"|''Personal Che''
|-
|align="left"|''[[Heckler (film)|Heckler]]''
|-
|align="left"|''In Pot We Trust''
|-
|align="left"|''[[Hannity's America]]''
|-
|align="left"|''[[In Depth]]'' (C-Span2 [[Book TV]])
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|align="left"|''Can Atheism Save Europe?'' (DVD; 9 August 2008 debate with [[John Lennox]] at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]])
|-
|align="left"|''Discussions with Richard Dawkins'': Episode 1: "The Four Horsemen" (DVD; 30 September 2007)
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]''
|-
|rowspan="6"|2009
|align="left"|''Holy Hell'' (Chap. 5 in 6 Part Web Film on [[iTunes]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cangialosi |first=Jason |title=Interview with 'Holy Hell' Filmmaker Rafael Antonio Ruiz |url=http://voices.yahoo.com/holy-hell-full-series-free-itunes-feb-1-3-2013-11998272.html?cat=40 |publisher=Yahoo! Inc. |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530170529/http://voices.yahoo.com/holy-hell-full-series-free-itunes-feb-1-3-2013-11998272.html?cat=40 |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|''God on Trial'' (DVD; September 2008 debate with [[Dinesh D'Souza]])
|-
|align="left"|''President: A Political Road Trip''
|-
|align="left"|''[[Collision (2009 film)|Collision: "Is Christianity GOOD for the World?"]]'' (DVD; Fall 2008 debates with [[Douglas Wilson (theologian)|Douglas Wilson]])
|-
|align="left"|''Does God Exist?'' (DVD; 4 April 2009 debate with [[William Lane Craig]])
|-
|align="left"|''Fighting Words''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1430085/ |title=Fighting Words |date=25 January 2018 |via=www.imdb.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011153547/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1430085/ |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> (TV movie; 2009)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|align="left"|''[[Phil Ochs: There But For Fortune]]''
|-
|align="left"|''The God Debates, Part I: A Spirited Discussion'' (DVD; debate with [[Shmuley Boteach]]; Host: Mark Derry; Commentary: Miles Redfield)
|-
|rowspan="4"|2011
|align="left"|''Is God Great?'' (DVD; 3 March 2009 debate with [[John Lennox]] at [[Samford University]])
|-
|align="left"|''92Y: Christopher Hitchens'' (DVD; 8 June 2010 dialogue with [[Salman Rushdie]] at [[92nd Street Y]])
|-
|align="left"|''[[Lateline|ABC Lateline]]''<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2010/s3070595.htm |title=ABC Lateline interview: Hitchens stares death in the eye – Part 2 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=19 November 2010 |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111130120407/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2010/s3070595.htm |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=live
}}</ref> (TV show, 2 episodes)
|-
|align="left"|''Texas Freethought Convention'' (DVD; 8 October 2011 Recipient of Richard Dawkins Award, final public appearance)
|-
||2013
|align="left"|''Gore Vidal: The United States of Amnesia''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1745710/ |title=Gore Vidal: The United States of Amnesia |date=1 February 2015 |via=www.imdb.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430182219/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1745710/ |archive-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> (DVD Documentary)
|-
||2015
|align="left"|''[[Best of Enemies (2015 film)|Best of Enemies]]'' (Posthumous release)
|}

==Books==
{{Main|Christopher Hitchens bibliography}}
[[File:Christopher Hitchens reading his book Hitch 22.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Christopher Hitchens reading his memoir ''Hitch-22'' (2010)]]
* 1984 ''Cyprus''. Quartet. Revised editions as ''Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger'', 1989 (Farrar, Straus & Giroux) and 1997 (Verso) {{ISBN|1859841899}}
* 1987 ''[[Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles]]'', Hill and Wang {{ISBN|0809041898}}
* 1988 ''[[Blaming the Victims]]: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question'' (contributor; co-editor with [[Edward Said]]) Verso, {{ISBN|0860918874}} Reissued, 2001
* 1988 ''Prepared for the Worst: Selected Essays and Minority Reports'' Hill and Wang, {{ISBN|0809078678}}
* 1990 ''The Monarchy: A Critique of Britain's Favorite Fetish'', Chatto & Windus Ltd {{ISBN|978-1448155354}}
* 1990 ''Blood, Class and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies'', Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) {{ISBN|978-0374114435}}
* 1993 "For the Sake of Argument" Verso {{ISBN|0860914356}}
* 1995 ''[[The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice]]'', Verso
* 1997 ''The Parthenon Marbles: The Case for Reunification'', Verso {{ISBN|1786631822}}
* 1999 ''[[No One Left to Lie To|No One Left to Lie To: The Values of the Worst Family]]'', original hardcover title: "No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton," Verso
* 2000 ''Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere'', Verso
* 2001 ''[[The Trial of Henry Kissinger]]''. Verso. {{ISBN|1859843980}}
* 2001 ''[[Letters to a Young Contrarian]]'', Basic Books
* 2002 ''[[Why Orwell Matters|Orwell's Victory]]'', Allen Lane/Penguin Press. {{ISBN|0-713-99-584-X}}. (UK Edition)
:* 2002 as US edition: ''[[Why Orwell Matters]]'', Basic Books {{ISBN|0-465-03050-5}}.
* 2003 ''[[A Long Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq]]''. Plume/Penguin Group, {{ISBN|0452284988}}
* 2004 ''[[Love, Poverty, and War: Journeys and Essays]]'', Thunder's Mouth, Nation Books, {{ISBN|1560255803}}
* 2005 ''[[Thomas Jefferson: Author of America]]'', Eminent Lives/Atlas Books/HarperCollins Publishers, {{ISBN|0060598964}}
* 2007 "Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: A Biography ", Atlantic Monthly Press, {{ISBN|0871139553}}
* 2007 ''[[God Is Not Great]]: How Religion Poisons Everything'', Twelve/Hachette Book Group USA/Warner Books, {{ISBN|0446579807}} / Published in the UK as ''God is not Great: The Case Against Religion'', Atlantic Books, {{ISBN|978-1843545866}}
* 2007 ''[[The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Non-Believer]]'', [Editor] Perseus Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0306816086}}
* 2008 ''Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq and the Left'' (with [[Simon Cottee]] and Thomas Cushman), New York University Press, {{ISBN|0814716873}}
* 2008 ''Is Christianity Good for the World? – A Debate'' (co-author, with [[Douglas Wilson (theologian)|Douglas Wilson]]), [[Canon Press]], {{ISBN|1591280532}}
* 2010 ''[[Hitch-22: A Memoir]]'', Twelve, {{ISBN|978-0446540339}} {{oclc|464590644}}
* 2011 ''[[Arguably|Arguably: Essays by Christopher Hitchens]]'', Twelve. UK edition as ''Arguably: Selected Prose'', Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-1455502776}}
* 2012 ''[[Mortality (book)|Mortality]]'', Twelve, {{ISBN|978-1455502752}}. UK edition as ''Mortality'', Atlantic Books, {{ISBN|978-1848879218}}
* 2015 ''And Yet...: Essays'', Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|978-1476772066}}

==See also==
*[[List of people from Washington, D.C.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikinews category}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101212083433/http://hitchensweb.com/ 2010 archive of official website]
* [https://www.vanityfair.com/contributor/christopher-hitchens Contributor page] at ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''
* [http://www.slate.com/authors.christopher_hitchens.html Columnist] at ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/author/christopher-hitchens/ Column archive] at ''[[The Atlantic]]''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/christopherhitchens Article archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/h/christopher_hitchens}}
* {{C-SPAN|2977}}
* {{IMDb name|0386899}}

{{Christopher Hitchens}}
{{New Atheism}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Biography|LGBT|United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitchens, Christopher}}
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Man Like Mobeen

2023-08-13T01:13:57Z

174.74.229.81: /* Recurring */ link is for the wrong person

{{short description|BBC comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ManLikeMobeen titlecard.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Guz Khan]]
* Andy Milligan
}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Ollie Parsons (series 1-3)
* Akaash Meeda (series 4)
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Guz Khan
* [[Tez Ilyas]]
* [[Duaa Karim]]
* Tolu Ogunmefun}}
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| num_series = 4
| num_episodes = 17
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Gill Isles]] (series 1-3)
*Lynn Roberts (series 4)
}}
| company = [[Tiger Aspect Productions]]
| network = [[BBC Three (online)|BBC Three]]
| picture_format = HDTV
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|12|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Man Like Mobeen''''' is a [[Television in the United Kingdom|British]] [[comedy-drama]] television series created by [[Guz Khan]] and Andy Milligan. Set in [[Small Heath]], [[Birmingham]], the series follows the life of the Mobeen as he spends time with his friends Nate and Eight and, in the absence of parents, raises his much younger sister, Aqsa, while trying to escape his past of crime.

==Plot==
''Man Like Mobeen'' follows the life of the titular Mobeen as he spends time with his friends Nate and Eight and, in the absence of parents, raises his much younger sister, Aqsa, in [[Small Heath]], [[Birmingham]].{{sfn|BBC|2017}} Mobeen tries to live a good life as a [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim]] and ensure his sister reaches her potential while escaping his murky past as a [[drug dealer]].{{sfn|BBC|2017}}

==Cast==

=== Main ===
* [[Guz Khan]] as Mobeen Deen: A reformed former drug dealer raising his younger sister and trying to improve his community.
* Tolu Ogunmefun as Nate: Mobeen's best friend and advocate.
* [[Tez Ilyas]] (series 1-3) as Arslan ''"Eight"'' Mughal: Mobeen and Nate's close friend, part of the chosen family to Aqsa.
* Dúaa Karim as Aqsa: Mobeen's younger sister, often exasperated with him but loves and looks up to him.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Mark Silcox]] as Uncle Shady: a sadistic and outspoken figure in the local community, but close ally to Mobeen and co.
* [[Perry Fitzpatrick]] as Officer Harper: a police officer who comes into frequent contact with Mobeen
* Salman Akhtar (series 1 and 4) as Officer Sajid: a former classmate of Mobeen.
* Asheq Akhtar (series 1 and 3) as Uncle Ahmed.
* [[David Avery]] (series 2-3) as Cal: a childhood friend of Mobeen.
* [[Art Malik]] (series 3-4) as Uncle Khan: a drug kingpin of Small Heath.
* [[Jaykae]] (series 2) as Azaar: a local gangster.
* [[Aimee-Ffion Edwards]] (series 2) as Miss Aitken: Aqsa’s English teacher.
* [[Nikesh Patel]] (series 3) as Naveed: Uncle Khan’s nephew.
* Kane Brown (series 3) as the Hood Whisperer
* [[Janice Connolly]] (series 4) as Governor Burn
* [[Youssef Kerkour|Yousef Kerkour]] (series 4) as Megalodon.
* Specs Gonzalez (series 4) as Chippy: Officer Sajid’s cousin and an accomplice to Megalodon.
* Al Roberts (series 4) as Memory Stick
* Hussina Raja (series 4) as Nida

==Production==
While working as a [[humanities]] teacher in a secondary school in [[Coventry]], Guz Khan began making [[YouTube]] videos in character as Mobeen, an opinionated [[care worker]] who is raising his sister Aqsa.{{sfn|Jeffries|2018}} One video reacted to [[Fox News]]'s suggestion that Birmingham was a [[Fox News controversies#Criticism of individuals|no-go area for non-Muslims]] while another went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] after calling for a boycott of ''[[Jurassic World]]'' due to its use of the word "Pachy" to refer to the dinosaur, [[Pachycephalosaurus]], a herbivore from the Cretaceous period found in current day Baluchistan, as it sounds like the racial slur for people of [[Pakistan]]i descent, "[[Paki (slur)|Paki]]".{{sfn|Jeffries|2018}} [[Steve Coogan]]'s production company [[Baby Cow Productions|Baby Cow]] picked up on Khan's YouTube videos and made a pilot for [[BBC Three]]'s new talent show, [[Comedy Feeds]].{{sfn|Jeffries|2018}} Khan has described the pilot as "very generic, super-sitcomy" and stated that he wanted to make "something more substantial" with ''Man Like Mobeen''.{{sfn|Ryan|2020}} The four part first series, produced by Cave Bear and [[Tiger Aspect Productions]], was announced by BBC Three controller [[Damian Kavanagh]] at the 2017 [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe|Edinburgh Festival]] and was released on [[BBC iPlayer|iPlayer]] in December of the same year.{{sfn|BBC|2017}}

The show was picked up for a second series of four episodes in September 2018.{{sfn|BBC|2018}} During filming for the second series' first episode, which deals with knife crime, Khan and other members of the production called an ambulance after seeing a young boy attacked and threatened with a knife.{{sfn|Lobb|2019}} Khan has stated that while waiting for the ambulance he felt that "nothing was more real than the very subject we were filming and talking about".{{sfn|Lobb|2019}} In response to the success of the programme with younger audiences, the BBC announced in March 2019 that a third series of ''Man Like Mobeen'' had been commissioned,{{sfn|BBC|2019}} which aired in 2020. In September 2020, a fourth series was confirmed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.comedy.co.uk/online/news/5928/man-like-mobeen-series-4/|title=Man Like Mobeen to return for Series 4|website=www.comedy.co.uk|date=9 September 2020|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nme.com/news/tv/man-like-mobeen-guz-khan-season-4-covid-19-prison-2744546|title='Man Like Mobeen' creator Guz Khan says season 4 could explore COVID in prison|website=NME|date=3 September 2020|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

Scripts for ''Man Like Mobeen'' were written by Khan and [[Andy Milligan (screenwriter)|Andy Milligan]], creator of the comedy drama ''[[Undercover (2015 TV series)|Undercover]]'' and script writer for [[Television presenter|TV presenters]] [[Ant & Dec]].{{sfn|BBC|2017}} Khan has stated that he wanted the show to portray "the funny yet complex realities of life for young working class men and women in Britain today",{{sfn|Jeffries|2018}} alongside an authentic account of Birmingham, which he feels "gets almost no positive representation in the media".{{sfn|BBC|2017}}

==Episodes==

=== Pilot (2016) ===
{{Episode table|background=#A12268|forceoverall=y|overall=5|title=55|airdate=40|country=UK|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=1a
| Title=Comedy Feeds: Man Like Mobeen Pilot
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|10|6|df=y}}
| ShortSummary=The story of Mobeen Deen, a Muslim, English, 27 year old trying to leave behind a life of crime in Birmingham after finding his faith.
| LineColor= A12268
}}}}

===Series One (2017)===
{{Episode table|background=#8C224A|overall=5|series=5|title=20|director=20|writer=20|airdate=15|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Bagpuss
| DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
| WrittenBy = [[Guz Khan]] and [[Andy Milligan (screenwriter)|Andy Milligan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|12|17|df=y}}
| LineColor = 8C224A
| ShortSummary = Eight paid a stranger [[pound sterling|£]]150 for what he was conned into believing was a laptop, [[bait-and-switch|which is actually]] a dead cat in a bag. Based on a description of a 'Brown male, in jogging bottoms' dealing drugs, Eight is arrested by armed police. The real culprit is Shahid, a Small Heath dealer who uses 14-year-old Kareema to move his gear. Kareema asks Mobeen's sister Aqsa to help her hide Shahid's drugs from the police and she agrees. When Mobeen finds out, he physically confronts Shahid.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Wifey Riddim
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|12|17|df=y}}
| LineColor = 8C224A
| ShortSummary = Mobeen's little sister Aqsa is suspended from school for fighting [[school bullying|bullies]]. Believing that Aqsa would benefit from a female [[role model]], Mobeen agrees to Uncle Habib's suggestion that he meet Khadijah and her father to discuss an [[arranged marriage]]. Things do not go to plan as Uncle Shady attends the meeting and ends up in a physical fight with Khadijah's father.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Upper Room
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|12|17|df=y}}
| LineColor = 8C224A
| ShortSummary = Mobeen and Nate visit Eight's grandfather, who is [[terminally ill]]. He confesses to a [[bigamous]] marriage to Jamila, an assistant at his [[Video rental shop|video rental business]], and asks Mobeen to take him to see her at his shop one last time. When the four men arrive, Eight's grandfather reveals that Jamila left ten years ago and he actually wanted to go to the shop to dispose of a stash of [[Pornographic film|pornographic]] [[VHS]] tapes before he dies and his other wife, Nadia, finds them.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = H-ALTRight
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|12|17|df=y}}
| LineColor = 8C224A
| ShortSummary = Mobeen takes the blame when Aqsa throws a [[Vacuum flask|flask]] at racist leader Robbie Worthington during a demonstration, and is arrested. He finds himself in the back of a police van with Worthington. The two argue and Worthington faints. After the pair are released, Aqsa again throws her flask at Worthington.
}}
}}

===Series Two (2019)===
{{Episode table |background=#000000|overall=5|series=5|title=20|director=20|writer=20|airdate=15|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Prom Night
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mobeen is worried about rumours of debauchery and the threat of a stabbing at Aqsa's [[prom]] night, so attends with her in a car borrowed by Eight from a local gangster, Azaar, without his permission. Azaar drives by, recognises his car and threatens Eight, but the police arrive to investigate rumours of knife crime and the gang disperse. Ridwan, a classmate of Aqsa's who has a crush on her, arrives with a [[katana]] and is lectured by his hero, Mobeen. While playing with the katana, Mobeen is [[taser]]ed by police.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Wrestling with the NHS
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Aqsa is injured during a game of [[WWE]] and is taken to hospital by Mobeen, Nate and Eight. While waiting for Aqsa to be treated, Mobeen meets an [[upper class]] man who complains about waiting times in the overstretched [[Emergency department|A&E]] and espouses racist views. Eight gets lost in the hospital and, posing as a doctor, performs surgery on the upper class man. The hospital authorities become worried about how Aqsa obtained her injury and call the police, however the policeman who arrives knows Mobeen and states that he's sure he would never intentionally hurt his sister. After this, the upper class man comes to the police officer and complains about his anus being stitched up.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Return of the Pack
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mobeen's old friend Cal is released from prison and struggles to adjust to a crime-free life. Nate and Eight organise a homecoming party for Cal but Azaar arrives and Cal robs him at gunpoint. Aqsa is angry with Mobeen when she finds out he isn't her official [[legal guardian]].
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Fake News
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While queuing outside an [[Indoor golf|indoor mini golf]] centre, where Mobeen, Nate, Eight and Aqsa are going to celebrate Aqsa's 16th birthday, Mobeen is filmed punching a dog, which is sent to attack him by its owner, who'd argued with Mobeen about her place in the queue. The video goes viral and Mobeen enlists Uncle Shady's help to remove it from the internet. While Mobeen is on a date with Aqsa's teacher, Miss Aitken, Nate and Eight are attacked by Azaar and his gang, leaving Mobeen plotting revenge.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

===Series Three (2020)===
{{Episode table |background=#176639|overall=5|series=5|title=20|director=20|writer=20|airdate=15|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = You Reap What You Sow
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 176639
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Moving Food
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 176639
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Permanent Exclusion
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 176639
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Boys In The Wood
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 176639
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = This Is The Ends
|DirectedBy = Ollie Parsons
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 176639
}}
}}

===Series Four (2023)===
{{Episode table |background=#8AB9F1|overall=5|series=5|title=20|director=20|writer=20|airdate=15|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Gotta Catch 'Em All
|DirectedBy = Akaash Meeda
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|6|8|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mobeen and Nate are 2 weeks away from finishing their sentences, with Mobeen being a designated listener. His work as a listener gets him into trouble with an inmate known as Megalodon, who attempts to transfer with Sajid's cousin Chippy. Aqsa returns, and complains about medical school.
|LineColor = 8AB9F1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = It's Not What You Know...
|DirectedBy = Akaash Meeda
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|6|8|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While in the prison infirmary trying to befriend a man named "Memory Stick", who has information on Khan, he meets Nida, the infirmary doctor, who takes interest in Mobeen and helps his sister Aqsa getting a placement for her medical degree. Nate and Harper start to develop a friendship, which makes Mobeen jealous.
|LineColor = 8AB9F1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber3 = 3
|Title = For the Many, Not the Few...
|DirectedBy = Akaash Meeda
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|6|8|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mobeen tries to visit Nida in the night, but is caught by Harper and Nate, who force him to get information on Memory Stick, whose name is revealed to be Colin. An inmate known as Jamal needs help dealing with losing his kids, and Mobeen and Harper deal with him, which in turn makes Colin agree to work with them. Megalodon attempts to attack Mobeen when he tries to enter Jamal's cell, which is stopped when he is defended by Chippy and Sajid. As a result, Megalodon incapacitates Chippy, and Mobeen tries to kill him. Megalodon knocks him and Sajid out, and starts a prison riot.
|LineColor = 8AB9F1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Death Row Records
|DirectedBy = Akaash Meeda
|WrittenBy = Guz Khan and Andy Milligan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|6|8|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mobeen and Sajid escape their cell and escape to the Chaplain during the riot, along with Harper, Nate, and Colin. Megalodon arrives with Nida - revealed to be the daughter of Khan - who takes the memory stick. Megalodon then stabs Mobeen while the Tornado Team enter. A mid-credits scene shows Mobeen awake in the hospital bed, and Aqsa in Sharjah, about to be in a meeting with Khan.
|LineColor = 8AB9F1
}}
}}

==Critical reception==
Writing for the ''[[Financial Times]]'', Harriet Fitch Little described the first series as "an exceptionally funny character comedy that spins jokes with a subtlety that’s rare for such a young writer".{{sfn|Fitch Little|2017}} Before the release of the third series in January 2020, the ''[[NME]]''{{'}}s Gary Ryan said that ''Man Like Mobeen'' "isn't just one of the funniest sitcoms of recent times – it may also be one of the most important" and described the show as "''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'' meets ''[[Breaking Bad]]'' – a lightning-in-a-bottle sitcom that features flawed-but-loveable characters you enjoy hanging out with, while actually saying something about the world they inhabit".{{sfn|Ryan|2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last =
|first =
|date = 24 August 2017
|title = Man Like Mobeen coming to BBC Three for brand new series
|work = BBC
|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2017/man-like-mobeen
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181027150116/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2017/man-like-mobeen
|archive-date = 27 October 2018
|ref = {{harvid|BBC|2017}}
}}
*{{cite web
|last =
|first =
|date = 5 September 2018
|title = Guz Khan's Man Like Mobeen returns for a second series on BBC Three
|work = BBC
|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2018/mobeen
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190227212425/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2018/mobeen
|archive-date = 27 February 2019
|ref = {{harvid|BBC|2018}}
}}
*{{cite web
|last =
|first =
|date = 3 March 2019
|title = BBC Three's Man Like Mobeen returns for a third series
|work = BBC
|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/man-like-mobeen
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190918152552/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/man-like-mobeen
|archive-date = 18 September 2019
|ref = {{harvid|BBC|2019}}
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Fitch Little
|first = Harriet
|date = 15 December 2017
|title = Man Like Mobeen — exceptionally funny character comedy
|work = The Financial Times
|url = https://www.ft.com/content/5a224862-e190-11e7-8f9f-de1c2175f5ce
}} {{subscription required|s}}
*{{cite web
|last = Jeffries
|first = Stuart
|date = 9 January 2018
|title = Man Like Mobeen's Guz Khan: 'Citizen Khan reminds me of On the Buses'
|work = The Guardian
|url = https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/jan/09/man-like-mobeen-guz-khan-citizen-khan-on-the-buses
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402132937/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/jan/09/man-like-mobeen-guz-khan-citizen-khan-on-the-buses
|archive-date = 2 April 2018
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Lobb
|first = Adrian
|date = 8 February 2019
|title = Guz Khan: 'Man Like Mobeen' creator, rising comedy star, working class hero
|work = The Big Issue
|url = https://www.bigissue.com/culture/guz-khan-man-like-mobeen-creator-rising-comedy-star-working-class-hero/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011558/https://www.bigissue.com/culture/guz-khan-man-like-mobeen-creator-rising-comedy-star-working-class-hero/
|archive-date = 12 February 2019
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Ryan
|first = Gary
|date = 28 January 2020
|title = 'Man Like Mobeen' star Guz Khan: "Anyone can make a generic sitcom – but we want to present real issues"
|work = NME
|url = https://www.nme.com/tv-interviews/man-like-mobeen-guz-khan-2600407
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128234322/https://www.nme.com/tv-interviews/man-like-mobeen-guz-khan-2600407
|archive-date = 28 January 2020
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{BBC programme}}
* {{IMDb title|tt7639280|Man Like Mobeen}}

[[Category:2017 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s British comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s British comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:BBC comedy-drama television shows]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asian-British culture]]
[[Category:BBC television sitcoms]]
[[Category:British Pakistani mass media]]
[[Category:Islam in fiction]]
[[Category:Islamic comedy and humor]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television series by Endemol]]
[[Category:Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Birmingham, West Midlands]]

Hua Hsu

2023-08-07T04:46:50Z

174.74.229.81: /* Early life */ "entitled" does not mean "titled"

{{short description|American writer and academic}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hua Hsu
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area|Champaign–Urbana]], [[Illinois]]
| alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]] [[Harvard University]]
| occupation = [[Professor]], writer
| years_active =
| era =
| employer = [[Bard College]] ''[[The New Yorker]]''
| notable_works = ''A Floating Chinaman'' ''Stay True''
| website = {{URL|huascene.com}}
}}

'''Hua Hsu''' (born 1977)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spaeth |first=Ryu |date=2022-09-20 |title=Hua Hsu Is True to the Game |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/hua-hsu-stay-true-profile.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> is an American writer and academic, based in [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]]. He is a professor of English at [[Bard College]] and a staff writer at ''[[The New Yorker]]''. His work includes investigations of immigrant culture in the United States, as well as public perceptions of diversity and [[multiculturalism]]. He is the author of ''A Floating Chinaman: Fantasy and Failure Across the Pacific''. His second book, ''Stay True: A Memoir'', was published in September 2022.

== Early life ==
A second-generation [[Taiwanese people in New York City|Taiwanese American]], Hsu was born in 1977 in [[Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area|Champaign-Urbana]], [[Illinois]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Hua |date=2022-08-15 |title=My Dad and Kurt Cobain |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/22/my-dad-and-kurt-cobain |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> before moving to [[Plano, Texas|Plano]], then [[Richardson, Texas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hey-cool-job/id984365487?mt=2&i=1000400694690|title=Episode 29: Professor and New Yorker Writer Hua Hsu by Mary H.K. Choi|date=March 16, 2018|work=Hey, Cool Job|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> His family moved to southern California,<ref name=":0" /> then ultimately [[Cupertino, California]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.angryasianman.com/2016/06/angry-reader-of-week-hua-hsu.html|title = Angry Reader of the Week: Hua Hsu}}</ref> where his father was an engineer; his mother stayed at home with Hua.<ref name=":0" /> The family lived in Cupertino from about the time Hua was 9 to 18, though his father moved to Taiwan to pursue work and Hua often spent summers and other school vacations there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/06/18/155279633/how-rock-ballads-brought-my-fathers-american-dream-to-life|title=How Rock Ballads Brought My Father's American Dream To Life|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=June 18, 2012|work=NPR|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref>

Hsu attended college at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he studied [[political science]].<ref name=":0" /> He graduated in 1999.<ref name=":0" /> He next attended [[Harvard University]] to study [[Asian American literature|Asian-American literature]],<ref name=":0" /> earning a PhD in the History of American Civilization in 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://americanstudies.unix.fas.harvard.edu/?cat=37|title=Alumni Publications|website=American Studies – The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> [[Louis Menand]] advised his dissertation,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thefader.com/2016/06/09/yaa-gyasi-hua-hsu-interview|title=Yaa Gyasi And Hua Hsu Talk About Writing|last=Mistry|first=Anupa|date=June 9, 2016|work=The Fader|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> titled ''Pacific Crossings: China, the United States, and the Transpacific Imagination''.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Hsu was a tenured [[associate professor]] of English and director of [[American studies|American Studies]] at [[Vassar College]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://english.vassar.edu/bios/huhsu.html|title=Hua Hsu - English Department - Vassar College|website=english.vassar.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> until 2022, when he became professor of English at [[Bard College]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=College |first=Bard |title=Hua Hsu |url=https://www.bard.edu/faculty/details/?id=4866 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.bard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Since 2017, he has also been a staff writer at ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Hua Hsu |url=https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/hua-hsu |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref> His work includes investigations of immigrant culture in the United States, as well as public perceptions of diversity and [[multiculturalism]]. Other research work and interests include studies of [[literary history]] and [[arts criticism]].<ref name="vassar">{{cite web|url=http://english.vassar.edu/bios/huhsu.html|title=Vassar Faculty and Staff|website=Vassar English Department|publisher=Vassar College|access-date=February 16, 2016}}</ref>

Hsu has been a fellow at [[New America (organization)|New America]], a [[public policy]] [[think tank]] and a contributor to ''[[The New Yorker]]'', ''[[The Atlantic]]'', [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']], and [[The Wire (magazine)|''The Wire'']].<ref name="newamerica">{{cite web|url=https://www.newamerica.org/experts/hua-hsu/|title=Hua Hsu, New America Fellow|website=New America|access-date=February 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="slatebio">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/authors.hua_hsu.html|title=Authors: Hua Hsu|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/hua-hsu/|title=Author: Hua Hsu|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> His 2012 essay for ''Lucky Peach'' about suburban Chinatowns was nominated for a 2012 [[James Beard Award]] for food writing.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Forbes|first=Paula|date=2013-03-18|title=Here Are the 2013 James Beard Awards Finalists|url=https://www.eater.com/2013/3/18/6465547/here-are-the-2013-james-beard-awards-finalists|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Eater|language=en}}</ref> He is a board member of the [[Asian American Writers' Workshop]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2017/03/13/brooklyn-100-influencer-hua-hsu-new-yorker/|title=Brooklyn 100 Influencer: Hua Hsu, The 'New Yorker'|last=Romano|first=Evan|date=2017-03-13|work=Brooklyn Magazine|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> His book, ''A Floating Chinaman: Fantasy and Failure Across the Pacific'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/24/books/review/a-floating-chinaman-hua-hsu.html|title=Reconsidering the Work of a Chinese Immigrant Writer of the 1930s|last=Nguyen|first=Viet Thanh|date=2016-07-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> was published in June 2016 by [[Harvard University Press]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/hua-hsu|title=Contributors: Hua Hsu|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=February 16, 2016}}</ref> He was a 2016 National Fellow for the New America Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hua Hsu|url=http://newamerica.org/our-people/hua-hsu/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=New America|language=en}}</ref>

Hsu's second book, ''Stay True: A Memoir'', about an important friendship he had while in college, was published by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] on September 27, 2022. It received a starred review in ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Stay True: A Memoir by Hua Hsu |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780385547772 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> Jennifer Szalai of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Hsu is a subtle writer, not a showy one; the joy of 'Stay True' sneaks up on you, and the wry jokes are threaded seamlessly throughout."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Szalai |first1=Jennifer |title=A Formative Friendship Cut Short by Tragedy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/25/books/review/stay-true-hua-hsu.html |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=New York Times |date=29 September 2022}}</ref> The book was named one of the "10 Best Books of 2022" by ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite news|date=November 29, 2022|title=The 10 Best Books of 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/29/books/best-books-2022.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2022|title=The 10 Best Books of 2022|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/11/17/best-books/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref> The book won the 2023 Pulitzer Prize for Memoir or Autobiography<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2023 |title=2023 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2023 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> and the 2022 National Book Critics Circle award in autobiography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varno |first=David |date=2023-02-01 |title=NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE ANNOUNCES FINALISTS FOR PUBLISHING YEAR 2022 |url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2023/01/31/national-book-critics-circle-announces-finalists-for-publishing-year-2022/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=National Book Critics Circle |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hsu lives in [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 100 Most Influential People in Brooklyn Culture 2017|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2017/03/13/most-influential-people-in-brooklyn-culture-2017/|access-date=12 September 2017|work=Brooklyn Magazine|date=13 March 2017}}</ref> He is married with a son.<ref name=":0" />

==Bibliography==
{{Expand list|date=September 2017}}{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}

===Books===
* {{cite book |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |title=A floating Chinaman : fantasy and failure across the Pacific |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=Harvard UP |date=2016 }}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |title=Stay true : a memoir |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday/Knopf/PRH |date=2022 }}

===Essays and reporting===
* {{cite magazine |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |date=April 18, 2012 |title=All Hail the Chairmen : Jonathan Olivares's 'Taxonomy of Office Chairs' |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/all-hail-the-chairmen-jonathan-olivaress-taxonomy-of-office-chairs/|magazine=Los Angeles Review of Books}}
* {{cite magazine |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=September 5, 2012 |title=Michael K. Williams reveals his Omar Mix |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/09/michael-k-williams-reveals-his-omar-from-the-wire-mix.html |magazine=Vulture}}
* {{cite magazine |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=December 13, 2012|title=Wokking the Suburbs|url=https://luckypeach.tumblr.com/post/49513967003/hua-hsu-wokking-the-suburbs|magazine=Lucky Peach}}
* {{cite web |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |title=The Simpsons go to China |department=Currency |work=The New Yorker |date=September 26, 2014 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/simpsons-go-china }}<ref group=lower-alpha name=webonly>Available on website only.</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=February 22, 2016 |title=A god dream : Kanye West unveils a new album, 'The Life of Pablo' |department=The Critics. Pop Music |journal=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=66–68 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/22/kanye-wests-the-life-of-pablo }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Title in the online table of contents is "Kanye West realizes his dreams".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=March 7, 2016 |title=The struggle : Macklemore wrestles with his place in hip-hop |department=The Critics. Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=70–71 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/07/macklemore-the-hip-hop-villain }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "Mackelmore, the hip-hop villain".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=October 3, 2016 |title=Bon Iver's new voice |department=The Critics. Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/03/bon-ivers-new-voice }}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=September 21, 2016|title=The Critic Who Convinced Me That Criticism Could Be Art|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-critic-who-convinced-me-that-criticism-could-be-art|magazine=The New Yorker}}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=January–February 2009 |title=The end of White America? |department=U.S. |journal=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/01/the-end-of-white-america/307208/ }}
* {{cite web |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |title=Listening to George Michael in Taiwan |department=Cultural Comment [web only] |website=The New Yorker |date=January 4, 2017 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/listening-to-george-michael-in-taiwan }}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Praise songs : Alice Coltrane in Sanskrit |department=The Critics. Pop Music |journal=The New Yorker |volume=93 |issue=10 |pages=98–99 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/24/alice-coltranes-devotional-music }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "[[Alice Coltrane]]’s devotional music".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Legacy media : Kendrick Lamar's sense of debt to those who came before |department=The Critics. Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=93 |issue=11 |pages=74–75 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/01/kendrick-lamars-holy-spirit }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "Kendrick Lamar's holy spirit".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=September 18, 2017 |title=Rostam Batmanglij defines his musical identity |department=Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/18/rostam-batmanglij-defines-his-musical-identity }}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=December 4, 2017 |title=Forward march : Bjõrk's visions of the future |department=The Critics. Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=93 |issue=39 |pages=62–64 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/bjorks-visions-of-an-enchanted-future }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "Bjõrk's visions of an enchanted future".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Machine yearning : Holly Herndon's search for a new art form for our tech obsessions |department=The Critics. Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=95 |issue=13 |pages=83–84 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/20/electronic-pop-for-the-surveillance-era }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "Electronic pop for the surveillance era".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Burial's Search for Fleeting Moments |department=Pop Music |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/burials-search-for-fleeting-moments }}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Exclude me in : in the seventes, a group of Asian–American writers decided it was their turn |department=The Critics. Books |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=95 |issue=43 |pages=58–63 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/06/the-asian-american-canon-breakers }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "The Asian-American canon breakers".</ref>
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author=Hsu, Hua |author-mask=1 |date=December 21, 2020 |title=Whims : Paul McCartney's surprisingly playful pandemic album |department=The Critics. Pop Music |journal=The New Yorker |volume=96 |issue=41 |pages=80–81 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/12/21/paul-mccartneys-surprisingly-playful-pandemic-album }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "Paul McCartney's surprisingly playful pandemic album".</ref>
———————
;Notes
{{reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}

==See also==
* [[Chinese people in New York City]]
* [[New Yorkers in journalism]]
* [[Taiwanese people in New York City]]
* ''[[The Hanging on Union Square]]'' by [[H. T. Tsiang]], whom Hsu refers to in ''A Floating Chinaman.''

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.huascene.com/ Personal site]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hsu, Hua}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics of Taiwanese descent]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:Vassar College faculty]]
[[Category:Bard College faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:Writers from Illinois]]
[[Category:American music critics]]
[[Category:Literary scholars]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American writers of Taiwanese descent]]

Mandy Harvey

2023-07-15T04:08:18Z

174.74.229.81: /* America's Got Talent */ "entitle" is to be deserving of; "title" is to be named

{{short description|American jazz and pop singer and songwriter}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mandy Harvey
| background = solo_singer
| image =
| caption = Harvey in 2017
| birth_name = Amanda Lynn Harvey
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|1|2}}
| birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, U.S.
| genre = [[Jazz]], [[Pop music|pop]]
| occupation = Singer, [[songwriter]]
| instrument = Vocals, [[ukulele]]
}}

'''Amanda Lynn Harvey''' (born January 2, 1988) is an American [[jazz]] and [[Pop music|pop singer]] and songwriter.

[[Hearing loss#Diagnosis|Profoundly deaf]] following an illness at the age of eighteen, she was a contestant on the [[America's Got Talent (season 12)|12th season]] of ''[[America's Got Talent]]'', where she performed original songs during the competition.

== Early life and education ==
Harvey was born in [[Cincinnati]], before moving to [[St. Cloud, Florida]]. She had hearing problems, and underwent several surgeries as a child to try to correct them.<ref name=Jazz>[http://jazztimes.com/guides/artists/13905-mandy-harvey "Mandy Harvey"], ''[[JazzTimes]]'', 2009, accessed September 15, 2017</ref> Her family moved to Colorado when she was a young child. She sang throughout her childhood, and her talent was recognized at [[Longmont High School]], where she graduated in 2006.<ref name=Jazz/><ref name=Kennedy>[http://education.kennedy-center.org/education/vsa/programs/soloists_past_recipients.cfm?soloist=soloists2011 "Winners of the VSA International Young Soloists Competition: 2011 Award Recipients"], www.kennedy-center.org, accessed September 15, 2017</ref> Harvey gradually lost her hearing, as a result of the [[connective tissue disease]] [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]].<ref name="BBC_15Nov17">{{cite web|last1=Rose|first1=Beth|title=The singer sent death threats from the 'deaf community'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-41850498|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 December 2017|date=15 November 2017}}</ref> She lost her hearing completely when she was eighteen, while she was majoring in vocal music education at [[Colorado State University]]. As a result, she left the university.<ref name=Kennedy/>

== Music career ==
After fully losing her hearing in 2007, Harvey became depressed and quit music. However, with the aid of visual tuners, she learned how to find the correct [[Pitch (music)|pitches]] when singing.<ref name=NYT/><ref name="USAToday">Moniuszko, Sara M. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/06/07/watch-deaf-singer-win-simon-cowells-heart-americas-got-talent/102581248 "Watch this deaf singer win Simon Cowell's heart on ''America's Got Talent''"], ''[[USA Today]]'', June 7, 2017</ref> In 2008, she met jazz pianist [[Mark Sloniker]], at Jay's Bistro in [[Fort Collins, Colorado]] (where she began performing regularly).<ref name=Jazz/> She later performed at Dazzle Jazz Lounge in [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]],<ref name=NoBarriers>[http://www.nobarriersusa.org/people/mandy-harvey "Mandy Harvey"], NoBarriersUSA.com, accessed September 15, 2017</ref> and recorded three studio jazz albums.<ref name=NYT>Shea, Christopher D. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/arts/television/americas-got-talent-mandy-harvey-deaf-singer.html "Mandy Harvey, Deaf Singer, Finds an Audience. And Leaves It Weeping."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 8, 2017, accessed September 15, 2017</ref> ''[[JazzTimes]]'' wrote of her 2009 debut album, ''Smile'', claiming: "The vocals are rich and captivating".<ref name=Jazz/> Her second album, ''After You've Gone'', was released in 2010. In 2011, Harvey won [[VSA (Kennedy Center)|VSA's International Young Soloist Award]].<ref name=Kennedy/> She later returned to perform at the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|Kennedy Center]]. Her third album, ''All of Me'', followed in 2014.<ref name=NoBarriers/><ref name=NYT/> Her fourth album, ''Nice To Meet You'', was released in 2019. Her fifth album, ''Paper Cuts'', arrived in 2022.

=== ''America's Got Talent'' ===
In 2017, Harvey appeared on ''[[America's Got Talent]]'' during [[America's Got Talent (season 12)|season 12]], where she took fourth place. She was given the [[America's Got Talent#Format|Golden Buzzer]] by [[Simon Cowell]],<ref>Boedeker, Hal. [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/tv/tv-guy/os-et-americas-got-talent-mandy-harvey-makes-finals-20170913-story.html "''America's Got Talent'': Mandy Harvey makes finals"], ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'', September 13, 2017</ref><ref name="DenverPost">{{cite web|last1=Bear|first1=John|title=Deaf Longmont High grad takes fourth place on "America's Got Talent"|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/09/21/longmont-high-grad-fourthplace-americas-got-talent/|website=The Denver Post|publisher=Digital First Media|access-date=6 December 2017|date=21 September 2017}}</ref> after performing an original song with her ukulele, during the competition.<ref name="USAToday" /><ref>Armstrong, Megan. [http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7964747/angelica-hale-kechi-mandy-harvey-americas-got-talent "Angelica Hale, Kechi and Mandy Harvey Shine in ''America's Got Talent'' Semifinal"], ''Billboard'', September 13, 2017</ref><ref>Calvario‍, Liz. [http://www.etonline.com/americas-got-talent-deaf-singer-mandy-harvey-gets-compared-adele-flawless-emotional-performance "''America's Got Talent'': Deaf Singer Mandy Harvey Gets Compared to Adele in Flawless, Emotional Performance"], ETOnline.com, September 12, 2017</ref>

During the same year of her ''AGT'' appearance, Harvey published a [[memoir]] with co-author Mark Atteberry, titled ''Sensing the Rhythm: Finding My Voice in a World Without Sound''.<ref>Harvey, Mandy and Mark Atteberry. ''Sensing the Rhythm: Finding My Voice in a World Without Sound'', [[Howard Books]] (2017). {{ISBN|1501172255}}</ref> In a November 2017 interview for the [[BBC]], Harvey described how she was accused of promoting [[oralism]] when she first took to the stage, and had received [[death threat]]s from within the [[deaf culture|deaf community]] for promoting a "hearing" activity.<ref name="BBC_15Nov17"/>

In July 2022, Cowell ranked his favorite Top 15 Golden Buzzer moments in ''AGT'' history during [[America's Got Talent (season 17)|season 17]], which Harvey placed 5th.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Jill |date=2022-07-06 |title=Simon Cowell Counts Down His Favorite 'AGT' Golden Buzzers |url=https://talentrecap.com/simon-cowell-counts-down-his-favorite-agt-golden-buzzers/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Talent Recap |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Harvey is an [[ambassador]] for the [[nonprofit organization]] No Barriers, which helps disabled people overcome obstacles.<ref name=NoBarriers/>

In May 2022, Harvey announced her pregnancy, something she and her husband initially kept a secret (due to uncertainties surrounding her EDS).<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Mandy Harvey Is Pregnant! Singer Opens Up About Finding 'Beautiful Ways to Communicate' with Baby |url=https://people.com/parents/mandy-harvey-pregnant-communicate-with-baby-boy-exclusive/ |access-date= |website=People.com |language=}}</ref> In June 2022, Harvey and her husband became parents of a boy named Louis.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mandyharveymusic.com/index.html Mandy Harvey's Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RH6w32or1mc NBC video profile], 2015
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-39901298/mandy-harvey-singer-finds-her-sound-after-going-deaf BBC video profile], 2017
* [https://www.facebook.com/mandyharveymusic/ Facebook]
{{America's Got Talent}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harvey, Mandy}}
[[Category:Deaf musicians]]
[[Category:Singers from Ohio]]
[[Category:Musicians from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:People from Longmont, Colorado]]
[[Category:Singers from Colorado]]
[[Category:People with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]
[[Category:American women jazz singers]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from Ohio]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from Colorado]]
[[Category:American deaf people]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:America's Got Talent contestants]]

Sean Yseult

2023-07-09T05:41:29Z

174.74.229.81: /* Personal life */ "entitle" means to deserve; "title" means to be called

{{short description|American bassist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Sean Yseult
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|image = Rock City Morgue - Sean Yseult.jpg
|caption = Yseult performing in 2010
|birth_name = Shauna Reynolds
|alias =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|6|6}}
|origin = [[North Carolina]], United States
|genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative metal]]|[[thrash metal]]|[[surf rock]]|[[punk rock]]}}
|occupation = Bassist
|years_active = 1985–present
|label =
|past_member_of = [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]]
|associated_acts = {{hlist|[[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]]|[[The Cramps]]|[[Zilch (band)|Zilch]]|Rock City Morgue|Famous Monsters|Star & Dagger}}
}}

'''Sean Yseult''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|s|ˈ|ɔː|l|t}}; born '''Shauna Reynolds'''; June 6, 1966) is an American [[Hard rock music|rock]] musician who currently plays bass guitar in the band Star & Dagger. She has played various instruments with different bands since the mid-1980s, and is best known for playing bass in [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]].

== Early life ==
Her parents were both college English professors.<ref name=Xia>{{Cite web |title=For Sean Yseult And Husband, New Orleans Means Much More |url=https://stuffsthatmatter.com/popculture/sean-yseult-husband-new-orleans |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Stuffs that Matter |language=en-us |date=2021-05-27 |first=Samantha |last=Xia}}</ref> Her mother, Ann Reynolds, taught the poetry of Geoffrey Chaucer, while her father, Michael South Reynolds, was an authority on the life of Ernest Hemingway.<ref name=Xia/>

The atmosphere in the family home was bohemian, with artists and scholars gathering for deep conversation and socializing.<ref name=Xia/> Yseult's parents took her and her sister to many artistic events.<ref name=Xia/>

Before her days as a bassist, Yseult studied fine art and ballet while attending [[North Carolina School of the Arts]] for high school.<ref name="interview">{{cite web|date=August 3, 2011|title=Sean Yseult Interview "I'm in the Band: Backstage Notes From The Chick In White Zombie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_buvM6SrY0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/y_buvM6SrY0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live |author=Rock Book Show |publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Music career==
===Early career / White Zombie===
Yseult played bass in [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]] for 11 years before they disbanded in 1998.<ref name="crusher" /> In 1996, she participated along with [[Jay Noel Yuenger|Jay Yuenger]] in the tribute band to the [[Germs (band)|Germs]] called Ruined Eye. After the breakup of White Zombie in September 1998, Yseult started playing bass for the band Rock City Morgue. She formed the Famous Monsters in 1995 which also featured Katie Lynn Campbell, bassist for the Toronto-based [[C'mon (band)|C'mon]].

===Post-White Zombie===

In 2006 Yseult briefly played bass for and toured with [[The Cramps]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Former White Zombie Bassist To Tour With The Cramps |url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/former-white-zombie-bassist-to-tour-with-the-cramps/ |website=Blabbermouth |date=2006-10-02}}</ref>

On November 1, 2010, Yseult released ''I'm in the Band'', a book containing tour diaries and photos as well as detailing her eleven years spent as a member of White Zombie.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seanyseult.com/books-1/ |title=Books ''I'm in the Band'' |work=Sean Yseult Photography |first=Sean |last=Yseult |date=2016-07-02}}</ref>

When ''[[Rock N Roll Experience Magazine]]'' asked Yseult in 2011 why she was not involved in the [[Let Sleeping Corpses Lie|White Zombie box set]] her reply was, "It was a little bit of a fuck you to me & J. which was kinda weird since we were 2/3rd's of the band but anyways."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rocknrollexperience.com/news/53/19/Sean-Yseult---Interview-2011/d,interviews/ |website=Rock -N- Roll Experience |title=Sean Yseult - Interview 2011 |first=Bob |last=Suehs |date=2011-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423181955/http://rocknrollexperience.com/news/53/19/Sean-Yseult---Interview-2011/d,interviews/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-02}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Yseult moved to New Orleans in 1996, after White Zombie disbanded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-23 |title=AOS Presents: Sean Yseult – Artist, Designer, Musician, Photographer and former bass player of the multi-platinum rock band White Zombie. |url=https://architectofsound.wordpress.com/2017/02/23/aos-presents-sean-yseult-artist-designer-musician-photographer-and-former-bass-player-of-the-multi-platinum-rock-band-white-zombie/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en |website=Architect of Sound |author=aos}}</ref> She married [[Supagroup]] musician Chris Lee on January 12, 2008, in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], where she lives.<ref name="crusher">{{cite web |url=http://www.crushermagazine.com/features12_08/featwhite_zombie_sean.htm |title=White Zombie: Sean Yseult |work=Crusher Magazine |access-date=2011-09-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913081234/http://www.crushermagazine.com/features12_08/featwhite_zombie_sean.htm |archive-date=2011-09-13 |first1=Morgan Y. |last1=Evans |first2=Sean |last2=Yseult }}</ref> With her husband, in 2002 she founded, then ran, a [[dive bar]] popular among artists and musicians, The Saint,<ref name="crusher" /> in New Orleans's [[Garden District, New Orleans|Garden District]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=http://www.seanyseult.com/about|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Sean Yseult Photography}}</ref>

Yseult earned her degree in graphic design at [[Parsons The New School for Design]] in New York City.<ref name= interview /> She also began showing her photography in galleries in 2002. In 2006, she began a design line<ref>{{cite web |title=Sean Yseult Designs |url=https://yseultdesigns.com/ |website=Sean Yseult Designs |first=Sean |last=Yseult}}</ref> featuring wallpaper, pillows, scarves with her hand drawn graphics. Gallery shows include exhibitions in New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New Orleans. Yseult has also been a member of The Rawk Show – Fine Art by Musicians, in Texas among other shows. In 2018, Yseult debuted a photography exhibit, titled "They All Axed for You", at the [[Boyd Satellite Gallery]] in New Orleans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former White Zombie Bassist Sean Yseult Talks About Her New Photography Show |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/artists/former-white-zombie-bassist-sean-yseult-talks-about-her-new-photography-show-they-all-axed-for-you |website=Guitar World |first=Richard |last=Bienstock |date=2018-10-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* {{Official}}
* [http://www.yseultdesigns.com/ Sean Yseult designs]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/fashion/weddings/03vows.html?ref=weddings New York Times Vows Column, February 3, 2008]
* [http://rockbookshow.com/rock-book-show/rock-book-show-interview-sean-yseult-im-in-the-band-backstage-notes-from-the-chick-in-white-zombie.html RockBookShow interview about Sean's Book, "I'm in the Band"]

{{White Zombie (band)}}
{{The Cramps}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yseult, Sean}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:American heavy metal bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Guitarists from North Carolina]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:White Zombie (band) members]]
[[Category:The Cramps members]]
[[Category:American fashion designers]]
[[Category:Women bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Alternative metal bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Guitarists from Louisiana]]
[[Category:20th-century American women guitarists]]
[[Category:20th-century American bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American women fashion designers]]

John Lutz

2023-07-07T03:08:08Z

174.74.229.81: /* Career */ "entitled" means to be deserving of. "titled" means to be named.

{{short description|American comedian and screenwriter}}
{{for multi|the mystery writer|John Lutz (mystery writer)|the furniture company|John F. Lutz Furniture Co. & Funerary}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Lutz
| image = Lutz, John (WGA).jpg
| caption = Lutz in 2007
| birth_name = John Michael Lutz
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Pipestone, Minnesota]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Valparaiso University]]
| occupation = {{csv|Actor|comedian|screenwriter}}
| yearsactive = 2001{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sue Galloway]]|2009}}
| children =2
}}

'''John Michael Lutz''' (born April 23, 1973) is an American actor, comedian, and screenwriter. He is best known for playing [[J. D. Lutz]] on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[30 Rock]]'', and for his work as a writer on the NBC series ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' for seven seasons. In 2014, he joined the writing staff of the NBC late-night talk show ''[[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]''.

==Early life==
Lutz was born in [[Pipestone, Minnesota]], the son of a [[Lutheran]] minister. He grew up in suburban [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] and [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. He has two brothers: Jeremy, a math teacher in [[North Carolina]], and Joel; and a sister, Jaime. He attended [[Valparaiso University]] in [[Valparaiso, Indiana]], where he was a member of the [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] fraternity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.valpo.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/yearbooks&CISOPTR=13159&CISOSHOW=13066&REC=8 |title=Valparaiso University Digital Collections : Compound Object Viewer |publisher=Collections.valpo.edu |access-date=October 31, 2011}}</ref> majoring in [[psychology]] and minoring in [[business]]. He performed in university theatre productions during his last three semesters on campus.

==Career==
Lutz began his professional career as a writer-performer with Chicago's [[IO Theater|ImprovOlympic]] and [[The Second City]] theaters. He was hired at [[NBC]]'s ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in February 2004 after spending three years touring with Second City. NBC flew him in first-class to New York for a face-to-face interview with [[Lorne Michaels]], the creator and executive producer of the sketch comedy show.

During this time, he has also appeared in small roles on ''SNL''. Lutz played the role of [[J. D. Lutz]] on the NBC sitcom ''[[30 Rock]]'' until the series completion in January 2013. His character was a part-[[Inuit]] sketch comedy writer from [[Alaska]], who is bisexual and was often targeted by his co-workers for his meek demeanor.

Lutz made frequent appearances in the long-running hit improv show ''ASSSSCAT 3000'' at the [[Upright Citizens Brigade Theater]] in New York City.

Starting in November 2010, Lutz has been performing at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York with fellow ''30 Rock'' star [[Scott Adsit]] in the two-man improv show ''John and Scott''. He and Scott perform long-form improv with a single suggestion from an audience member. The show has been very successful and is still running as of April, 2019.

On October 17, 2011, he appeared in an episode of ''[[The Good Wife (TV series)|The Good Wife]]''.

Lutz wrote a radio play titled ''Escape from Virtual Island'' released on [[Audible (service)|Audible]] in April 2020. The voice cast includes [[Paul Rudd]], [[Jack McBrayer]], [[Paula Pell]] and [[Jane Krakowski]].

In 2020, Lutz starred, co-wrote, and executive produced ''[[Mapleworth Murders]]'' a comedy-mystery series for [[Quibi]] opposite [[Paula Pell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/lorne-michaels-quibi-murder-mystery-lines-up-all-star-cast-1259091|title=Lorne Michaels' Quibi Murder Mystery Lines Up All-Star Cast|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Rick|last=Porter|date=December 3, 2019|access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lutz is married to ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' contributor and ''30 Rock'' co-star [[Sue Galloway]], with whom he has two children.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Neal|first=Sean|title=30 Rock's Lutz to offer himself up for psychological experiments|date=October 10, 2012 |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/30-rocks-lutz-to-offer-himself-up-for-psychologica,86505/|publisher=The A.V. Club|access-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Acting===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year(s)
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2004–2010
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Occasional roles
| 19 episodes
|-
| 2006–2013
| ''[[30 Rock]]''
| J.D. Lutz
| 77 episodes
|-
| 2008
| ''Stick it in Detroit''
| Justin Rose
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Human Giant]]''
| Detective Joseph DeCarlo
| 1 episode
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Mystery Team]]''
| Frank
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Splinterheads]]''
| Guinness Man
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Friends with Kids]]''
| Jason's Colleague at Work
|
|-
| 2011, 2012
| ''[[The Good Wife (TV series)|The Good Wife]]''
| Lawyer
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Sleepwalk with Me]]''
| Chip
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Awesomes]]''
| Mr. Stone
| Episode: Secret Santa
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sisters (2015 film)|Sisters]]''
| Joel Barme
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[List of Odd Squad episodes # Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''
| Weird Team Member
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[The Comedian (2016 film)|The Comedian]]''
| Mark Chapin
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Drunk History]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Most Likely to Murder]]''
| Corey
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Mapleworth Murders]]''
| Gilbert Pewntz
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Girls5eva]]''
| Percy
| 2 episodes
|}

===Writing===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year(s)
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2003–2010
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday]]''
|
|-
| 2014–2019
| ''[[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]''
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Mapleworth Murders]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web| url=http://www.valpo.edu/valpomag| title=Valpo Magazine| publisher=Valparaiso University. Volume 25, number 3 (spring 2009). Pp. 30-31 }}
*{{IMDb name|id=0527572|name=John Lutz}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lutz, John}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:American male television writers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Minnesota]]
[[Category:People from Pipestone, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Valparaiso University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chicago]]
[[Category:Male actors from Detroit]]
[[Category:Writers from Chicago]]
[[Category:Writers from Detroit]]
[[Category:Comedians from Illinois]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Illinois]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Michigan]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Minnesota]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Late Night with Seth Meyers]]
[[Category:21st-century American screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]

Central Park birdwatching incident

2023-05-27T02:30:47Z

174.74.229.81: /* Reaction */ "entitled" does not mean "titled"

{{Short description|2020 confrontation in New York City}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:2886-Central Park-The Ramble.JPG|thumb|The Ramble in Central Park.]]
On May 25, 2020, a confrontation occurred between [[Christian Cooper]] (a Black [[birder]]) and unrelated Amy Cooper (a white [[dogwalker]]) in a section of [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]] known as [[The Ramble and Lake|the Ramble]].

Amy's dog was unleashed in the Ramble, an area where leashing is required for the safety of the wildlife; she allegedly refused Christian's request that her dog be leashed. When Christian beckoned the dog toward him with a [[dog treat]], Amy yelled "Don't you touch my dog!" Christian started recording Amy, who placed a call to [[9-1-1]], telling them "There is an African American man—I am in Central Park—he is recording me and threatening myself and my dog. Please, send the cops immediately!" By the time [[New York City Police Department]] officers responded, both parties had left.

The incident received wide publicity when a video of part of the incident went [[Viral video|viral]] in the hours following the event. On July 6, 2020, the [[Manhattan District Attorney]] announced that Amy Cooper had been charged with filing a false police report, a [[misdemeanor]] with a penalty of up to one year in jail. She was [[arraignment|arraigned]] on October 14. The charges against her were dropped in February 2021 after she completed an educational course.

The incident happened the same day as the [[Murder of George Floyd|arrest and murder]] of [[George Floyd]]. Both incidents gained nearly instant media coverage due to video recordings being shared across [[social media]].

== Incident ==
On the morning of May 25, 2020, a woman named Amy Cooper was walking her dog in an area of [[Central Park]] known as [[the Ramble (Central Park)|the Ramble]]. Comic book writer and editor [[Christian Cooper]] was [[birdwatcher|birdwatching]] there, and noticed that Amy's dog was unleashed and running free,<ref name="nyt20200527" /> despite the requirement that dogs in that part of the park be on-leash according to the [[Central Park Conservancy]], which manages the park under contract with the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogs in Central Park |url=http://assets.centralparknyc.org/pdfs/about/Dog_Owner_Guide_to_Central_Park.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=Central Park Conservancy |publisher=Central Park Conservancy}}</ref> Christian asked Amy to leash her dog, and she allegedly refused. By his own account, Christian then said, "Look, if you're going to do what you want, I'm going to do what I want, but you're not going to like it", and beckoned the dog toward him with a [[dog treat]].<ref name="nyp20200526">{{Cite web |last=Sheehy |first=Kate |date=May 26, 2020 |title=Christian Cooper recounts incident with Amy Cooper before Central Park video |url=https://nypost.com/2020/05/26/christian-cooper-recounts-amy-cooper-incident-before-video-footage/ |access-date=June 11, 2020 |website=New York Post}}</ref> Amy then yelled, "Don't you touch my dog!"<ref name="nyp20200526" /> Christian then began recording on his cellphone.<ref name="nyt20200527">{{Cite web |last=Nir |first=Sarah |date=May 27, 2020 |title=The Bird Watcher, That Incident and His Feelings on the Woman's Fate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/nyregion/amy-cooper-christian-central-park-video.html |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="nyp20200526" />

{{External media|float=right|width=18em|video1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200525182302/https://twitter.com/melodyMcooper/status/1264965252866641920 Video recorded by Christian Cooper] on Twitter (archived at the Wayback Machine)}}

{{Anchor|Video}}Christian Cooper's video begins with Amy Cooper approaching him asking him to stop recording and pointing her finger in his face.<ref name="Aggeler 2020" /> He says to her: "Please, don't come close to me."<ref name="Aggeler 2020" /><ref name="time202007">{{Cite web |title=White Woman Who Called Police on a Black Man at Central Park Apologizes, says 'I'm Not a Racist' |url=https://time.com/5842442/amy-cooper-dog-central-park/ |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=Time}}</ref> She then says to Christian: "I'm calling the cops{{nbsp}}... I'm gonna tell them there's an African American man threatening my life."<ref name="time202007" /> She then pulls out her phone and begins calling the police and, when connected to the [[9-1-1]] operator, she tells the operator that "There is an African American man—I am in Central Park—he is recording me and threatening myself and my dog. Please, send the cops immediately!"<ref name="time202007" /><ref name="hp202007">{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2020 |title=Amy Cooper Charged With Filing False Report After Central Park Incident |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/amy-cooper-charged-police-report_ca_5f03922bc5b6ca97092268df |website=HuffPost Canada}}</ref> The video ends with Christian telling her "thank you", the moment she leashes the dog.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1264965252866641920 |user=melodyMcooper |title=Oh, when Karens take a walk with their dogs off leash in the famous Bramble in NY’s Central Park, where it is clearly posted on signs that dogs MUST be leashed at all times, and someone like my brother (an avid birder) politely asks her to put her dog on the leash. |author=Melody Cooper |date=May 25, 2020 |access-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525182302/https://twitter.com/melodyMcooper/status/1264965252866641920 |archive-date=May 25, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Police said that by the time they responded, both individuals had left.<ref name="hp202007" />

''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in October 2020 that Amy had made a second 9-1-1 call against Christian, in which she alleged that Christian had tried to assault her.<ref name="nyt20201013" /> However, the ''Times'' later made a correction, saying that the second call was when a 9-1-1 dispatcher called her back. The existence of the second 9-1-1 call was not reported by the media at the time of the incident.<ref name=bbc20201014/>

== Reaction ==
Christian Cooper's sister posted the video on her Twitter account, while Christian posted the video to his own Facebook page. The Twitter video alone received over 40 million views.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Nikita |date=May 30, 2020 |title=The White Dog Walker and #LivingWhileBlack in New York City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/nyregion/central-park-video.html |access-date=July 2, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Amy Cooper's actions in the video were widely criticized. She was accused of falsely presenting herself as being in immediate physical danger, in the context of the "tendency for people and police to treat Black people with suspicion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=North |first=Anna |date=May 26, 2020 |title=Amy Cooper's 911 call is part of an all-too-familiar pattern |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/5/26/21270699/amy-cooper-franklin-templeton-christian-central-park |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=Vox Media}}</ref> In the video, Amy was seen dragging her dog, a [[cocker spaniel]], by its collar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal rescue gives dog back to white woman who called police on black man in Central Park |url=https://whdh.com/news/animal-rescue-gives-dog-back-to-white-woman-who-called-police-on-black-man-in-central-park/ |access-date=July 7, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jen Chung |date=May 26, 2020 |title=White Woman Calls 911 On Black Man Birdwatching In Central Park Who Said Her Dog Should Be Leashed |url=http://gothamist.com/news/white-woman-calls-911-black-man-birdwatching-central-park-who-said-her-dog-should-be-leashed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707110415/https://gothamist.com/news/white-woman-calls-911-black-man-birdwatching-central-park-who-said-her-dog-should-be-leashed |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref> On May 25, she surrendered the dog to the shelter from which she had adopted him two years before.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nir |first=Sarah Maslin |date=May 26, 2020 |title=White Woman Is Fired After Calling Police on Black Man in Central Park |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/nyregion/amy-cooper-dog-central-park.html |access-date=July 7, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On June 3, after an evaluation by the shelter's veterinarian, the dog was returned to her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Sophie |date=June 4, 2020 |title=Rescue organization returns dog to Amy Cooper, one week after "Central Park Karen" video went viral |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rescue-organization-returns-dog-amy-cooper-central-park-karen-video-viral/ |access-date=May 27, 2021}}</ref>

After viewing the video that day, Amy's employer, [[Franklin Templeton Investments|Franklin Templeton]], placed her on administrative leave pending an investigation. The following day the company fired her from her job as head of the firm's insurance investment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massa |first=Annie |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Franklin Templeton fires staffer after park video goes viral |url=https://www.financial-planning.com/articles/franklin-templeton-fires-amy-cooper-after-christian-cooper-park-video-goes-viral |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=Financial Planning |publisher=Arizent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nir |first=Sarah Maslin |date=2020-10-14 |title=White Woman Is Fired After Calling Police on Black Man in Central Park |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/nyregion/amy-cooper-dog-central-park.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In a Facebook commentary, television host [[Trevor Noah]] said that the confrontation between the two Coopers was an example of how white and Black Americans see, and are seen by, the police differently.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noah |first=Trevor |title=George Floyd, the Minneapolis Protests, Ahmaud Arbery & Amy Cooper |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=271504123969416 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |website=Facebook}}</ref> He said that this event being captured on video meant that viewers could perceive Amy Cooper's actions as deliberate, and verifying the police's unequal treatment of people of different races.

The August 3, 2021, episode of the podcast ''Honestly with [[Bari Weiss]]''—titled The Real Story of "The Central Park [[Karen (slang)|Karen]]"—described the incident, and suggested that the original media reports were biased against Amy Cooper. On the podcast, Amy claimed that Christian's actions had made her feel threatened, saying: "I don't know that as a woman alone in a park that I had another option" other than calling 9-1-1. She also said she had received death threats and was doxxed, causing her to feel suicidal and forcing her to leave the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2021 |title=White woman in viral video says she had no choice but to call police on Black bird-watcher |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/white-woman-viral-video-says-she-had-no-choice-call-n1275898 |access-date=August 14, 2021 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=David |date=August 6, 2021 |title=‘Central Park Karen’ defends her actions in first interview since fleeing U.S. |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/central-park-karen-defends-her-actions-in-first-interview-since-fleeing-u-s |access-date=August 14, 2021 |website=National Post}}</ref>

=== Legislation ===
In 2018, legislation was first proposed in the [[New York State Assembly]] by assemblyman [[Félix W. Ortiz]] that would consider falsely reporting criminal incidents against protected groups of people—including race, gender, and religion—to be a [[hate crime]]. Violators could face prison time "if the motivation for reporting such crime is motivated by a perception or belief about their race, color, national origin, ancestry, gender, religion, religious practice, age, disability or sexual orientation".<ref name="nyp20200605" /> The bill was re-introduced in the Assembly by Ortiz with four co-sponsors<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2019 |title=NY State Assembly Bill A3566 |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2019/a3566 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=NY State Senate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New York State Assembly {{!}} Félix W. Ortiz |url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Felix-W-Ortiz/story/92613 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190916/https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Felix-W-Ortiz/story/92613 |archive-date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=nyassembly.gov}}</ref> and in the [[New York State Senate]] by [[Brian Benjamin|Senator Brian Benjamin]] in May 2020 in the wake of the Central Park incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaghue |first=Erin |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Some false police reports could be a hate crime under proposed New York law |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/false-police-reports-hate-crime-proposed-new-york-law-central-park-amy-cooper/ |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Some false police reports could be considered hate crime if proposed New York bill passes |url=https://www.wvlt.tv/content/news/Some-false-police-reports-could-be-considered-hate-crime-if-proposed-New-York-bill-passes-570847011.html |access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=wvlt.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chasan |first=Aliza |last2=Cole |first2=Kristin |date=May 26, 2020 |title=Lawmakers introduce new hate crime legislation in the wake of viral Central Park video |url=https://www.pix11.com/news/local-news/lawmakers-introduce-new-hate-crime-legislation-in-the-wake-of-viral-central-park-video |access-date=June 15, 2020 |publisher=WPIX |language=en}}</ref> It was subsequently supported by Governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] as part of a set of other proposals related to police reform for the 2020 New York legislative session, and he signed it into law in June 2020.<ref name="hp202007" /><ref name="nyp20200605">{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Bernadette |date=June 5, 2020 |title=Cuomo wants state lawmakers to pass 'Amy Cooper' 911 false accusation bill |url=https://nypost.com/2020/06/05/cuomo-wants-to-pass-amy-cooper-911-false-accusation-bill/ |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=[[New York Post]]}}</ref>

== Legal proceedings ==
During the week of the incident, the New York City Commission on Human Rights launched an investigation of the interaction, and sent a letter to Amy Cooper requesting her cooperation. The commission has the power to fine violators of the law, award financial damages to victims, order training on the [[New York City Human Rights Law]], and order community service.<ref name="Aggeler 2020">{{Cite web |last=Aggeler |first=Madeleine |date=May 28, 2020 |title=A Black Man Asked a White Woman to Leash Her Dog. She Called the Cops. |url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/05/amy-cooper-central-park-dog-video.html |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=The Cut |language=en-us}}</ref>

The Central Park Civic Association asked New York City Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] to ban Amy Cooper from the park.<ref name="Aggeler 2020" /> On July 6, 2020, the [[Manhattan District Attorney]] (DA), [[Cyrus Vance Jr.]], announced that Amy Cooper had been issued a [[desk appearance ticket]] (an order to appear in [[New York City Criminal Court]]) and charged with filing a false police report, a [[misdemeanor]] with a maximum penalty of up to one year in jail;<ref>{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=Amy Cooper Charged With Misdemeanor For Calling Police On Black Bird Watcher |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/07/06/amy-cooper-charged-with-misdemeanor-for-calling-police-on-black-bird-watcher/ |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> lesser sentences could include [[community service]] or counseling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ethier |first=Marc |date=July 6, 2020 |title=Poets&Quants {{!}} Charges Filed Against Chicago Booth MBA Whose Racism Went Viral |url=https://poetsandquants.com/2020/07/06/charges-filed-against-chicago-booth-mba-whose-racism-went-viral/?pq-category=business-school-news |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=Poets&Quants |language=en-US}}</ref> She was scheduled for [[arraignment]] on October 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ransom |first=Jan |title=Amy Cooper Faces Charges After Calling Police on Black Bird Watcher |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/nyregion/amy-cooper-false-report-charge.html |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=New York Times}}</ref> The Manhattan DA said in a statement: "We are strongly committed to holding perpetrators of this conduct accountable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Amy Cooper Charged Who Called Police Over Black Birdwatcher |url=https://emeatribune.uk/amy-cooper-central-park-birth-watcher-incident/ |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=EMEA Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> In a ''New York Times'' article published on July 7, 2020, Christian Cooper was quoted as saying that he is not cooperating with the Manhattan DA's investigation, stating that "Bringing her more misery just seems like piling on."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ransom |first=Jan |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Case Against Amy Cooper Lacks Key Element: Victim's Cooperation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/07/nyregion/amy-cooper-central-park-false-report-charge.html |access-date=July 15, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The following week he expanded on his feelings in a ''[[Washington Post]]'' op-ed piece, saying he was ambivalent about prosecuting her because "I think it’s a mistake to focus on this one individual. The important thing the incident highlights is the long-standing, deep-seated racial bias against us black and brown folk that permeates the United States."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Christian |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Why I have chosen not to aid the investigation of Amy Cooper |language=en-US |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/christian-cooper-why-i-am-declining-to-be-involved-in-amy-coopers-prosecution/2020/07/14/1ba3a920-c5d4-11ea-b037-f9711f89ee46_story.html |access-date=October 15, 2020 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In October 2020, during a court appearance for Amy Cooper, the [[New York County District Attorney]]'s prosecutors revealed there was a second 9-1-1 call made by a 9-1-1 dispatcher who called Amy Cooper back. This court appearance was the first time the existence of the second 9-1-1 call had been made public.<ref name="nyt20201013">{{Cite news |last=Closson |first=Troy |date=October 14, 2020 |title=Amy Cooper Made 2nd 911 Call to Falsely Accuse Black Bird-Watcher |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/nyregion/amy-cooper-false-report-charge.html |access-date=October 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levenson |first=Eric |last2=Sgueglia |first2=Kristina |date=October 13, 2020 |title=Amy Cooper made second 911 call about Black birdwatcher in Central Park, prosecutors say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/14/us/amy-cooper-central-park-racism/index.html |access-date=October 14, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Shayna |title=Prosecutors allege White woman charged with calling 911 on Black birdwatcher in Central Park also falsely claimed the man tried to 'assault' her |language=en-US |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/central-park-hearing-amy-cooper-christian/2020/10/14/ae30110c-0e27-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html |access-date=October 14, 2020 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Amy Cooper was in court facing charges of filing a false report, which is punishable by up to one year in jail.<ref name="bbc20201014">{{Cite news |date=October 14, 2020 |title=Central Park: Amy Cooper 'made second racist call' against birdwatcher |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-54544443 |access-date=October 15, 2020}}</ref> In February 2021, charges against Amy Cooper were dropped after she completed a five-session educational and therapeutic program focused on [[racial identity]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bromwich |first=Jonah E. |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Amy Cooper, Who Falsely Accused Black Bird-Watcher, Has Charge Dismissed |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/16/nyregion/amy-cooper-charges-dismissed.html}}</ref>

On May 25, 2021, Amy Cooper sued Franklin Templeton for wrongful termination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Stephen Rex |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Amy Cooper sues former employer over termination following Central Park freak-out at Black bird watcher |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-cooper-wrongful-termination-suit-20210526-ovxf7tnn5jeejk6awbxavaxmge-story.html |access-date=August 14, 2021 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Amy Cooper sues former employer for race and gender discrimination after calling 911 on Black man in Central Park |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amy-cooper-wrongful-termination-lawsuit-discrimination/ |access-date=August 14, 2021 |website=CBS News}}</ref> She claimed the firing had violated several anti-discrimination and defamation laws. Amy Cooper's lawsuit characterized Christian Cooper as "a birdwatcher with a history of aggressively confronting dog owners in Central Park who walked their dogs without a leash. It was Christian Cooper's practice and intent to cause dog owners to be fearful for their safety and the safety of their dogs{{nbsp}}..."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Cooper Lawsuit |url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/20791552/amy-cooper-lawsuit.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=documentcloud.org |publisher=documentcloud.org}}</ref> Franklin Templeton said "We believe{{nbsp}}... the company responded appropriately. We will defend against these baseless claims."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dorrian |first=Patrick |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Woman in NYC Bird-Watcher Case Sues Franklin Templeton in Firing (1) |work=[[Bloomberg Law]] |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/woman-who-called-cops-on-black-bird-watcher-sues-over-her-firing |access-date=June 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bollinger |first=Alex |date=May 26, 2021 |title="Central Park Karen" sues former employer for anti-white, anti-woman discrimination |work=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2021/05/central-park-karen-sues-former-employer-anti-white-anti-woman-discrimination/ |access-date=June 11, 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, the company requested that the lawsuit be dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Madison |date=August 10, 2021 |title=The former employer of 'Central Park Karen' Amy Cooper is trying to get her wrongful termination lawsuit against them thrown out |url=https://news.yahoo.com/former-employer-central-park-karen-163527250.html |access-date=August 14, 2021 |website=Yahoo}}</ref> On September 23, 2022, Amy Cooper lost her lawsuit of wrongful termination against Franklin Templeton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Amy Cooper, "Central Park Karen", loses lawsuit claiming she was unfairly fired |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amy-cooper-central-park-karen-loses-lawsuit-against-employer/ |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Woman who falsely accused Black bird-watcher loses lawsuit against ex-employer |url=https://news.yahoo.com/woman-falsely-accused-black-bird-205331542.html |website=Yahoo! News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Birds|Law|New York City|New York State}}
* [[Black Birders Week]]
* [[Karen (slang)]]
* [[Race card]]
* [[Selective enforcement]]
* [[Woman card]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news |last=Nir |first=Sarah Maslin |date=2020-10-14 |title=How 2 Lives Collided in Central Park, Rattling the Nation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/14/nyregion/central-park-amy-cooper-christian-racism.html |issn=0362-4331}}

{{Central Park}}

[[Category:2020 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:2020 in New York City]]
[[Category:Birdwatching]]
[[Category:Central Park]]
[[Category:History of racism in New York (state)]]
[[Category:May 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in the United States]]

John Krasinski

2023-05-13T16:20:28Z

174.74.229.81: /* Early life */ "entitled" does not mean "titled"

{{Short description|American actor and filmmaker (born 1979)}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Krasinski
| image = John Krasinski 2018.png
| caption = Krasinski during an interview in April 2018
| birth_name = John Burke Krasinski
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|10|20}}
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|producer|director}}
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Emily Blunt]]|2010}}
| children = 2
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by John Krasinski|Full list]]
| works = [[John Krasinski filmography|Filmography]]
| height = 6 ft 3 in
}}

'''John Burke Krasinski''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|ə|ˈ|z|ɪ|n|s|k|i}};<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRbfQFddfg John Krasinski Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions] (WIRED, 2018).</ref> born October 20, 1979)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/john-krasinski/bio/193638 | title= John Krasinski: Biography | work = [[TV Guide]] | accessdate= February 17, 2014}}</ref> is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for his role as [[Jim Halpert]] on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]''. He also served as a producer and occasional director of the series throughout its nine-season run.

Educated in theatre arts at [[Brown University]] and the [[Eugene O'Neill Theater Center#National Theater Institute|National Theater Institute]], Krasinski is the recipient of a number of accolades, including four [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations and two [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]s. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him one of [[Time 100|the 100 most influential people in the world]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5238188/john-krasinski/|title=TIME 100: The Most Influential People of 2018|date=April 19, 2018|magazine=Time|accessdate=April 22, 2018}}</ref>

His film credits include ''[[License to Wed]]'' (2007), ''[[Leatherheads]]'' (2008), ''[[Away We Go]]'' (2009), ''[[It's Complicated (film)|It's Complicated]]'' (2009), ''[[Something Borrowed (film)|Something Borrowed]]'' (2011), ''[[Big Miracle]]'' (2012), ''[[Promised Land (2012 film)|Promised Land]]'' (2012), ''[[Aloha (2015 film)|Aloha]]'' (2015), and ''[[13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi]]'' (2016). Krasinski directed and starred in the drama ''[[Brief Interviews with Hideous Men (film)|Brief Interviews with Hideous Men]]'' (2009) and the comedy-drama film ''[[The Hollars]]'' (2016). In 2018, Krasinski co-wrote, directed, and starred in the critically acclaimed horror film ''[[A Quiet Place]]''. That year, he began portraying the [[Jack Ryan (character)|title character]] in the [[Amazon Studios|Amazon]] thriller series ''[[Jack Ryan (TV series)|Jack Ryan]]'', which he also produces. He was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]s for his role.

In addition to acting in television series and films, Krasinski has performed voice-over work in both animated and documentary films such as ''[[Monsters University]]'' and a small role in ''[[Shrek the Third]]''. He established a production company, [[Sunday Night Productions]], in 2013. Krasinski is married to English actress [[Emily Blunt]], with whom he has two daughters.

==Early life==
John Burke Krasinski was born on October 20, 1979, at [[St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston)|St. Elizabeth's Hospital]] in the [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]] neighborhood of [[Boston]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/john-krasinski/bio/193638 |title=John Krasinski: Biography |work=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=February 17, 2014}}</ref> the youngest of three boys of nurse Mary Clare (née Doyle; born 1949) and internist Ronald Krasinski (born 1946).<ref>Honorary degree.{{Full citation needed|date=August 2019}}</ref><ref name=ptr060320 /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://parade.condenast.com/63847/parade/%EF%BB%BFjohn-krasinskis-vacation-of-a-lifetime/ |title=John Krasinski's Vacation of a Lifetime |date=August 17, 2013 |work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref name=wargs/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a13748/john-krasinski-profile/ |title=Charmed, I'm Sure |first=Carina |last=Chocano |date=November 1, 2012 |work=[[ELLE]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> His mother is of [[Irish people|Irish]] ancestry, while his father is of [[Polish people|Polish]] descent. He was raised [[Catholic]]<ref name=ew060405 /> in the Boston suburb of [[Newton, Massachusetts]].

Krasinski made his stage debut as [[Daddy Warbucks]] in a sixth-grade school production of the musical ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]''. Afterwards, he co-starred in a satirical play written and cast by his future ''The Office'' co-star [[B. J. Novak]] when they were high school seniors. Krasinski and Novak graduated from [[Newton South High School]] in 1997.<ref name="reunion">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2005/12/06/class_reunion/ |title=Class reunion: Schoolmates from Newton meet again in ''The Office'' |first=Christopher |last=Muther |date=December 6, 2005 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=July 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208024154/http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2005/12/06/class_reunion/ |archive-date=December 8, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southstage.org |title=South Stage |website=South Stage |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> Before entering college, Krasinski taught English as a foreign language in [[Costa Rica]] for six months.<ref name=access /> While there, he saved a woman from drowning after she was caught in a riptide at a beach in [[Manuel Antonio National Park]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://people.com/movies/john-krasinski-saving-drowning-woman-costa-rica-changed-my-life-completely/ |title= John Krasinski Once Saved a Drowning Woman's Life: It 'Changed My Life Completely'|last=Miller|first=Mike |date=March 1, 2018 |newspaper=[[People Magazine]] |access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref> Following his time in Costa Rica, Krasinski attended [[Brown University]], where he studied English and playwriting and wrote an honors thesis titled "Contents Under Pressure". He graduated from Brown in 2001.<ref name=brown /><ref name=honorary />

During his time at Brown, he was a member of the sketch comedy group Out of Bounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2008/12/01/sexiest-alum-returns-to-brown-theater//2008/12/01/sexiest-alum-returns-to-brown-theater/ |title='Sexiest' alum returns to Brown theater |last=Wilkes |first=Kayla |date=December 1, 2008 |newspaper=[[The Brown Daily Herald]] |access-date=June 15, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In college, he also helped coach youth basketball at the [[Gordon School]] in [[East Providence, Rhode Island]]. After college, he attended the [[Eugene O'Neill Theater Center#National Theater Institute|National Theater Institute]] in [[Waterford, Connecticut]].<ref name=nti /> He also studied at the Actors Center in New York.

==Career==
=== Early 2000s: Career beginnings ===
In 2000, Krasinski interned as a scriptwriter on the show ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]''.<ref name=lncob /><ref name=nbc0708 /> After graduating from Brown University, Krasinski moved to New York to pursue acting. He appeared in commercials and guest-starred on television shows, as well as doing readings of [[off-Broadway]] plays while working as a waiter.<ref name=nyt080330 /> He starred in the play ''What the Eunuch Saw'', which was written and directed by his former college classmates Emily O'Dell and Isaac Robert Hurwitz.<ref name=nytheatre />

=== 2005–2009: Breakthrough with ''The Office'' and directorial debut ===
[[File:Jim and Pam (3817592239) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Krasinski with ''The Office'' co-star [[Jenna Fischer]] in 2009]]
Krasinski's breakthrough came in 2004 when he was cast in the [[NBC]] sitcom [[The Office (American TV series)|''The Office'']], a remake of the successful [[The Office (UK TV series)|British TV series]]. In the series, a [[mockumentary]] about life at a mid-sized paper supply company, he played the role of [[Jim Halpert]], an intelligent and mild-mannered sales representative and, in later seasons, co-manager of the paper distribution company [[Dunder Mifflin]] in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]].<ref>''[[The Office (US TV series)|The Office]]'' Season 4 DVD – Writers' Q&A.</ref> Krasinski and [[Jenna Fischer]]'s characters also served as the central love interests of the series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20090611_B_J__Novak_gives_at__The_Office__and_out_of_it.html |title=B.J. Novak gives at 'The Office' and out of it |last=Hiltbrand |first=David |date=June 11, 2009 |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202230909/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20090611_B_J__Novak_gives_at__The_Office__and_out_of_it.html |archive-date=December 2, 2009}}</ref>
To prepare for his role, Krasinski visited Scranton for research and interviewed employees at actual paper companies. He also shot the footage of Scranton used in the opening credits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/hattiesoykan/facts-you-might-not-know-about-the-office |title=61 Facts You Might Not Know About The Office |first=Hattie |last=Soykan |date=March 31, 2017 |work=[[BuzzFeed]] |access-date=October 25, 2017}}</ref> He appeared in every episode of the series and also directed several including "[[Sabre (The Office)|Sabre]]". For his work in the series (2005–2013), Krasinski earned approximately US$100,000 per episode of the third season of ''The Office'', four times his salary for the previous two seasons.<ref name="paycheck">{{cite magazine |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2007/10/05/the-office-fina/ |title='The Office' finally paying off... quite literally |last=Rice |first=Lynette |date=October 5, 2007 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=December 31, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Johnkrasinski06.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|Krasinski in 2006]]
In 2006, Krasinski co-starred in Jason Carvey's independently produced, direct-to-DVD heist comedy ''[[A New Wave]]'' with [[Andrew Keegan]] and [[Lacey Chabert]]. In 2007, he co-starred with [[Anna Faris]] and [[Danny Masterson]] as Brevin in [[Gregg Araki]]'s independent [[stoner comedy]] ''[[Smiley Face (film)|Smiley Face]]'' (2007). Reviews were largely positive for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smiley_face/ |title=Smiley Face Movie Reviews |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=April 20, 2011}}</ref> Later that year, he starred in the romantic comedy ''[[License to Wed]]'' (2007) with [[Mandy Moore]] and [[Robin Williams]]. Despite negative critical reception of the film, it emerged as a commercial success.<ref name="bom">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=licensetowed.htm |title=License to Wed (2007) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 13, 2017}}</ref> Krasinski guest-starred in a number of television series including ''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'', ''[[Without a Trace]]'', ''[[Ed (television program)|Ed]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbc.com/The_Office/bios/john_krasinski.shtml |title=Biography: John Krasinski |website=[[NBC]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306063521/http://www.nbc.com/The_Office/bios/john_krasinski.shtml |archive-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> ''[[American Dad!]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx?tvobjectid=191371&more=ucepisodelist&episodeid=6100065 |title=American Dad on FOX |work=TV Guide |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> and ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''. He also co-starred in films including ''[[Kinsey (film)|Kinsey]]'', ''[[Duane Hopwood]]'', ''[[Jarhead (film)|Jarhead]]'', ''[[The Holiday]]'' and ''[[Shrek the Third]]'', ''[[For Your Consideration (film)|For Your Consideration]]'' and ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]''.

In 2008, Krasinski appeared alongside [[Renée Zellweger]] and [[George Clooney]] in the latter's directorial venture ''[[Leatherheads]]'' (2008), a period comedy about the early years of professional American football. He portrayed Carter "the Bullet" Rutherford, [[Princeton University]]'s college football star and a decorated hero of the First World War. ''[[MTV.com]]'' praised his acting, describing him as "an actor who's able to project both boyish warmth and intellectual concern" while also stating that he "manages the considerable feat of holding the screen opposite Clooney without melting in the heat of his trademark movie-star mega-wattage."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1584798/story.jhtml |title='Leatherheads': Semipro Life |first=Kurt |last=Loder |date=April 4, 2008 |website=MTV News |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513173217/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1584798/story.jhtml |archive-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref>

[[File:John Krasinski and Josh Wood (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Krasinski in 2009]]
In 2009, Krasinski made his directorial debut in the comedy-drama film ''[[Brief Interviews with Hideous Men (film)|Brief Interviews with Hideous Men]]''. He wrote the screenplay for the film based on [[David Foster Wallace]]'s collection of short stories, played a minor role in it and also served as producer. The film premiered on January 19, 2009, at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] and was nominated for the [[List of films at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival#U.S. Dramatic Competition|Grand Jury Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://festival.sundance.org/2009/press_industry/releases/2009_sundance_film_festival_announces_films_in_competition/ |title=2009 Sundance Film Festival announces films in competition |date=December 3, 2008 |website=[[Sundance Film Festival]] |access-date=July 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311005140/http://festival.sundance.org/2009/press_industry/releases/2009_sundance_film_festival_announces_films_in_competition |archive-date=March 11, 2009 }}</ref> and received mostly positive reviews.<ref name="rottentomatoes.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/brief_interviews_with_hideous_men/ |title=Brief Interviews With Hideous Men: Critics Consensus |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> Film critic [[A.O. Scott]] wrote that "though this experiment doesn't quite succeed, there's enough intelligence and insight in this movie to make it worth the attempt" while Elizabeth Weitzman from ''[[New York Daily News]]'' felt that "Krasinski deserves credit for having the ambition to adapt material as difficult as David Foster Wallace's short stories."<ref name="rottentomatoes.com"/>

The same year, he starred in the comedy-drama ''[[Away We Go]]'' with [[Maya Rudolph]], directed by [[Sam Mendes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/features/krasinski-rudolph-join-mendes-film-1117981980/ |title=Krasinski, Rudolph join Mendes film |last=Siegel |first=Tatiana |date=March 6, 2008 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> It follows a couple searching North America for the perfect community in which to settle down and start a family. The film received positive reviews from critics. In his review, Michael Rechtshaffen from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', said "terrific performances make this tender if slight little film worth the trip".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/away_we_go/ |title=Movie Review – Away We Go |date=June 5, 2009 |work=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> His third 2009 role was in [[Nancy Meyers]]' romantic comedy ''[[It's Complicated (film)|It's Complicated]]'' as part of an ensemble cast that included [[Meryl Streep]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Lake Bell]] and [[Alec Baldwin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/features/krasinski-joins-universal-comedy-1117999851/ |title=Krasinski joins Universal comedy |last=Fleming |first=Michael |date=February 10, 2009 |work=Variety |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> The film was a box office success, grossing over $219 million worldwide.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=itscomplicated.htm |title=It's Complicated (2009) |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> It won the [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards]] for [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast#2010s|Best Ensemble Cast]] for the film.

=== 2011–2017: Further feature film, television, and theater work ===
In 2011, Krasinski co-starred with [[Ginnifer Goodwin]], [[Kate Hudson]] and [[Colin Egglesfield]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Something Borrowed (film)|Something Borrowed]]'', based on [[Emily Giffin]]'s [[Something Borrowed (novel)|novel of the same name]]. Despite the film receiving negative reviews, his performance was widely praised.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/something_borrowed_2011 |title=Something Borrowed: Movie Reviews |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=May 17, 2011}}</ref> Krasinski was also one of the top candidates to play the role of Steve Rogers/[[Captain America]] in the superhero film ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1548919/the-reason-john-krasinski-wasnt-cast-as-captain-america |title=The Reason John Krasinski Wasn't Cast As Captain America |last=Gholson |first=John |date=February 24, 2010 |website=CinemaBlend |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref>

Krasinski then starred with [[Drew Barrymore]] in the drama ''[[Big Miracle]]'' (2012), which covers [[Operation Breakthrough]], the 1988 international effort to rescue [[gray whale]]s from being trapped in ice near [[Point Barrow, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2011/09/big_miracle_trailer.html |title='Big Miracle' Trailer: Drew Barrymore and John Krasinski Save the Whales |first=Amanda |last=Dobbins |date=September 22, 2011 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=September 23, 2011}}</ref> The film saw him play Adam Carlson, a news reporter .<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/big-miracle-the-whale-rescue-which-inspired-680025 |title=Big Miracle: The real-life whale rescue which inspired new Hollywood blockbuster |date=February 10, 2012 |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> The same year, Krasinski starred in [[Ry Russo-Young]]'s independent drama ''[[Nobody Walks]]'' with [[Olivia Thirlby]] and [[Rosemarie DeWitt]].<ref name="fsnw" /> In the film, Krasinski plays Peter, a sound-designer, husband and father of two who starts developing romantic feelings for a young artist while collaborating on her first art film.<ref name="nwreview">{{cite web |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117946891/ |title=Reviews: Nobody Walks |first=Peter |last=Debruge |date=January 22, 2012 |work=Variety |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> His performance was praised by critics.<ref name="nwreview" /> Peter Debruge of [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] wrote: "Krasinski is such an appealing actor that his likability serves to complicate Peter's behavior in interesting ways."<ref name="nwreview" /> ''Nobody Walks'' premiered in Competition at the [[2012 Sundance Film Festival]] and won a special Jury Prize.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmmakermagazine.com/news/2012/01/beasts-of-the-southern-wild-tops-sundance-award-winners/ |title="Beasts Of The Southern Wild" Tops Sundance Award Winners |last=Schoenbrun |first=Dan |date=January 29, 2012 |work=[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:John Krasinski at the premiere of Looper, Toronto Film Festival 2012 (8001823960).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Krasinski at the Toronto Film Festival 2012]]

Next, Krasinski starred in, co-produced and co-wrote the screenplay for the drama ''[[Promised Land (2012 film)|Promised Land]]'' with [[Matt Damon]] based on a story by Dave Eggers that released on December 28, 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.progressive.org/matt-damon-exposes-fracking-in-promised-land |title=Matt Damon Exposes Fracking in Promised Land |last=Gerhardt |first=Tina |date=December 31, 2012 |work=[[The Progressive]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> Based on a New York Times series by Ian Urbina called Drilling Down,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drilling Down Series - Natural Gas|url=http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/us/DRILLING_DOWN_SERIES.html?_r=0|access-date=2021-02-11|website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> the film follows two corporate salespeople who visit a rural town in an attempt to buy drilling rights from the local residents and was directed by [[Gus Van Sant]]. Krasinski came up with the film's premise and developed the idea with Eggers. They later pitched the idea to Damon.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/matt-damon-john-krasinski-250753 |title=Matt Damon to Direct Warner Bros. Drama He Co-Wrote With John Krasinski |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=October 19, 2011 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> It received Special Mention Award at the [[63rd Berlin International Film Festival]] in February 2013. He also narrated the documentary television series ''Head Games'' (2012) on the [[Discovery Channel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/04/30/john-krasinski-hosts-new-series-head-games-premiering-june-3-on-discovery/131544/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501220132/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/04/30/john-krasinski-hosts-new-series-head-games-premiering-june-3-on-discovery/131544/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 1, 2012 |title=John Krasinski Hosts New Series Head Games Premiering June 3 on Discovery |last=Bibel|first=Sara |date=April 30, 2012 |work=[[TV by the Numbers]] |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, Krasinski founded the production company Sunday Night production with Allyson Seeger. The company has an overall deal with Twentieth Century Fox Television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepicturehouse.org/advance-screening-of-the-hollars-with-producer-allyson-seeger-qa-post-film/ |title=Advance Screening of The Hollars with Producer Allyson Seeger Q&A post film |website=The Picture House |access-date=June 4, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140246/http://www.thepicturehouse.org/advance-screening-of-the-hollars-with-producer-allyson-seeger-qa-post-film/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> Under the banner, Krasinski and Seeger along with [[Stephen Merchant]], became executive producers of the live-action/animated sitcom ''[[Dream Corp, LLC]]'' created by Daniel Stessen on [[Adult Swim]]. ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' star [[Jon Gries]] co-starred.<ref name="Stanhope">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/john-krasinski-stephen-merchant-animated-840727 |title=John Krasinski, Stephen Merchant Animated Comedy Picked Up to Series at Adult Swim |last=Stanhope |first=Kate |date=November 17, 2015 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 23, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119131035/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/john-krasinski-stephen-merchant-animated-840727 |archive-date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Krasinski along with Merchant are also executive producers of the musical reality competition television series ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]'' which debuted on the American cable network [[Spike (TV network)|Spike]], on Thursday April 2, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zap2it.com/tv/lip-sync-battle/SH021056520000 |title=''Lip Sync Battle'' – Overview |website=[[Zap2it]] |access-date=May 11, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508034444/http://www.zap2it.com/tv/lip-sync-battle/SH021056520000 |archive-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> The show is a spin-off of a bit first introduced on ''[[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]].'' Merchant, Krasinski and Krasinski's wife, [[Emily Blunt]], were brainstorming ideas for Krasinski's upcoming appearance on ''Late Night'' when the idea took shape.<ref name="hr51115">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-nbc-passed-jimmy-fallons-786992 |title=How NBC Passed on Jimmy Fallon's 'Lip Sync Battle' and Gave Spike a Hit Show |last=Rose |first=Lacey |date=May 8, 2015 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=May 11, 2015}}</ref> [[Jimmy Fallon]] then developed it into a recurring segment on his show. The show proved to be a major success for Spike; its series premiere was the highest-rated non-scripted premiere in Spike's history.<ref name=bandc-lipsyncrecord>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/programming/lip-sync-battle-breaks-ratings-records-spike/139433 |title='Lip Sync Battle' Breaks Ratings Records for Spike |first=Jonathan |last=Kuperberg |date=April 3, 2015 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable]] |access-date=April 25, 2015}}</ref> In July 2016, the show received a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nomination in the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program|Outstanding Structured Reality Program]] category.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7438917/lip-sync-battle-emmy-nominaton-best-moments |title=Emmy-Nominated 'Lip Sync Battle': The 7 Best Battles (So Far) |first=Lauren |last=Craddock |date=July 14, 2016 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref>

In 2014, Krasinski collaborated with his ''Promised Land'' co-star and co-writer [[Matt Damon]] on the critically acclaimed 2016 drama ''[[Manchester by the Sea (film)|Manchester by the Sea]]'' which starred [[Casey Affleck]] and [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]]. The film was written and directed by [[Kenneth Lonergan]] and is based on an original idea of Krasinski's.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.etonline.com/news/204478_exclusive_john_krasinski_on_the_hollars_and_marrying_emily_blunt/ |title=John Krasinski on Not Reading Reviews and the Moment He Knew He Wanted to Marry Emily Blunt |first=John |last=Boone |date=December 7, 2016 |newspaper=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref> The film received six nominations at the 89th Academy Awards including Best Picture.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-amazon-nabs-streamings-first-best-picture-nomination-manchester-by-sea-967757?ex_cid=SigDig |title=Oscars: Amazon Nabs Streaming's First Best Picture Nomination With 'Manchester by the Sea' |last=Jarvey |first=Natalie |date=January 24, 2017 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=January 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041900/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-amazon-nabs-streamings-first-best-picture-nomination-manchester-by-sea-967757?ex_cid=SigDig |archive-date=February 2, 2017 }}</ref> Next, Krasinski co-starred in [[Cameron Crowe]]'s romantic comedy-drama ''[[Aloha (2015 film)|Aloha]]'' with [[Rachel McAdams]], [[Bradley Cooper]] and [[Emma Stone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/untitled-hawaii-project-cameron-crowe/ |title=Cameron Crowe's Untitled Hawaii Project Delayed Until 2015 |first=Germain |last=Lussier |date=July 21, 2014 |website=/Film |access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> The film received a negative reaction and controversy from critics and audiences alike.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/aloha-box-office-flop-cameron-crowe-bradley-cooper-1201508928/ |title='Aloha' Sinks Under Wave of Harsh Reviews With $10 Million |first=Dave |last=McNary |date=May 31, 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, Krasinski starred in [[Michael Bay]]'s biographical war film ''[[13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi]]'' based on [[Mitchell Zuckoff]]'s 2014 book ''[[13 Hours (book)|13 Hours]]''. The film follows six members of Annex Security Team who fought to defend the American diplomatic compound in [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]] after waves of [[2012 Benghazi attack|attacks by Islamic militants on September 11, 2012]]. Krasinski went through extensive physical training for the role and put on 25 pounds of muscle{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} to play a former [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEAL]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/john-krasinski-13-hours-casting-michael-bay-1201372268/ |title=John Krasinski to Star in Michael Bay's Benghazi Movie '13 Hours' |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |date=January 14, 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> That same year, he directed the comedy-drama ''[[The Hollars]]''. The film also marked the first feature film produced under his banner Sunday Night.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2014/05/john-krasinski-direct-star-hollars-anna-kendrick-richard-jenkins-margo-martindale-724599/ |title=John Krasinski To Direct, Star In 'The Hollars' With Anna Kendrick, Richard Jenkins & Margo Martindale |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |date=January 14, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Krasinski also starred in the film alongside an ensemble cast of [[Sharlto Copley]], [[Charlie Day]], [[Richard Jenkins]], [[Anna Kendrick]] and [[Margo Martindale]]. The film had its world premiere at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] on January 24, 2016. Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' wrote that Krasinski "tackles the most clichéd genre in the movie business – the dysfunctional family dramedy." and that "he pulls it off with uncommon humor and compassion."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-hollars-movie-review-w436127 |title='The Hollars' Review: All-Star Cast Props Up Indie Grief Drama |first=Peter |last=Travers |date=August 25, 2016 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

Krasinski starred in the world premiere of the [[Off-Broadway]] play ''Dry Powder'' with [[Hank Azaria]], [[Claire Danes]], and [[Sanjit De Silva]] which was directed by [[Thomas Kail]]. The play ran from March to May 2016 at [[The Public Theater]] in New York City which sold out its run before opening. His performance was widely praised by critics and, later that year, he received the [[Theatre World Award]] for Outstanding Debut Performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatreworldawards.org/past-recipients.html |title=Theatre World Award Recipients |website=Theatre World Awards |access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/the-verdict-what-do-critics-think-of-dry-powder |title=The Verdict: What Do Critics Think of 'Dry Powder'? |last=Clement |first=Olivia |date=March 23, 2016 |website=[[Playbill]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> He also co-starred in the black and white short film ''Past Forward'' for Italian luxury fashion house [[Prada]] which was directed by [[David O. Russell]] and premiered in September 2016 at Milan Fashion Week.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/david-o-russell-prada-film-interview |title=It's Dada Prada! David O. Russell on His Surreal Fashion Film for Prada |first=Steff |last=Yotka |date=November 17, 2016 |website=Vogue |access-date=June 8, 2018}}</ref> In October 2016, he directed a live reading of the ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997) screenplay at New York's [[Skirball Center for the Performing Arts|Skirball Theater]] in a one-off stage appearance of both the original stars [[Ben Affleck]] and [[Matt Damon]] along with [[Emily Blunt]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/oct/08/matt-damon-ben-affleck-good-will-hunting-screenplay-reading |title=Matt Damon and Ben Affleck Surprise Fans with Good Will Hunting Reading |last1=Owen |first1=Paul |date=October 8, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=April 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416012704/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/oct/08/matt-damon-ben-affleck-good-will-hunting-screenplay-reading |archive-date=April 16, 2017}}</ref>

Krasinski's only release in 2017 was [[Kathryn Bigelow]]'s ''[[Detroit (film)|Detroit]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/kathryn-bigelow-to-direct-true-crime-drama-set-in-detroit-for-annapurna/ |title=Kathryn Bigelow to Direct True Crime Drama About Detroit Riots for Annapurna |last1=Sneider |first1=Jeff |date=January 28, 2016 |work=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref> The film was set during the [[1967 Detroit riots]] and was released in July 2017, around the time of the 50th anniversary of the events, and on the anniversary day of the [[Algiers Motel incident]], which is depicted in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-boyega-joins-kathryn-bigelows-905054 |title=John Boyega Joins Kathryn Bigelow's Detroit Crime Drama |first=Borys |last=Kit |date=June 21, 2016 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

=== 2018–present: ''A Quiet Place'' series, ''Some Good News'' and the Marvel Cinematic Universe ===
In 2017, Krasinski directed and co-wrote the film ''[[A Quiet Place]]'', a post-apocalyptic horror thriller, in which he also co-starred with his wife [[Emily Blunt]]. Released on April 6, 2018, by [[Paramount Pictures]], it received significant critical acclaim,<ref name="kroll">{{cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/john-krasinski-emily-blunt-movie-together-quiet-place-1201909081/ |title=John Krasinski to Write, Direct and Star With Emily Blunt in 'Quiet' Thriller |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=March 15, 2017 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=November 17, 2017}}</ref> being 96% Certified Fresh at [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 367 reviews, with the site describing Krasinski as a "rising talent."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_quiet_place_2018 |title=A Quiet Place (2018) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref> The film also became a major box office hit, grossing over $340 million worldwide, and led to a [[A Quiet Place (film series)|film series]].<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aquietplace.htm |title=''A Quiet Place'' (2018) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 3, 2018}}</ref>

Krasinski produces and stars as the title character in the television series ''[[Jack Ryan (TV series)|Jack Ryan]]'', making him the fifth actor to portray the character after [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Harrison Ford]], [[Ben Affleck]] and [[Chris Pine]] from the [[Jack Ryan (film series)|film series]]. ''Jack Ryan'' premiered on [[Amazon Video]] on August 31, 2018. Four months before the series premiere, the series was renewed for a second season, after the critical and commercial success of ''A Quiet Place''.<ref name="Renewal">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/tom-clancys-jack-ryan-renewed-season-2-amazon-ahead-of-premiere-john-krasinski-star-1202375532/ |title='Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan' Renewed For Season 2 By Amazon Ahead of Premiere |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |date=April 24, 2018 |work=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=April 24, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2020, Krasinski started a web series titled ''[[Some Good News]]'' (SGN) on YouTube as a response to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The series focused on highlighting good news at the time, while featuring celebrities including [[Steve Carell]], [[Robert De Niro]], the entire original Broadway cast of ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]'', [[Brad Pitt]], [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Emma Stone]], [[Ryan Reynolds]], [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Jon Stewart]], [[Malala Yousafzai]] and the cast of ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 4, 2020|title=UPDATE: John Krasinski creates his own Youtube show|url=https://www.today.com/video/john-krasinski-launches-some-good-news-youtube-show-81643077971/|url-status=live|access-date=April 7, 2020|website=today.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oilZ1hNZPRM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/oilZ1hNZPRM| archive-date=2021-10-28|title=Hamilton Cast Zoom Surprise: Some Good News with John Krasinski (Ep. 2)|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On April 17, 2020, Krasinski hosted a livestream virtual prom for high schoolers whose proms were cancelled due to the pandemic; 210,000 viewers tuned into the event, which included live performances from [[Billie Eilish]], [[Finneas O'Connell|Finneas]], the [[Jonas Brothers]], and [[D-Nice|DJ D-Nice]].<ref>{{cite web|date=April 18, 2020|title=John Krasinski's virtual high school prom was truly a night to remember|website=[[Mashable]] |url=https://mashable.com/article/john-krasinski-some-good-news-virtual-prom|url-status=live}}</ref> Krasinski became ordained as a minister in the state of Massachusetts to officiate a virtual wedding as part of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2020/05/11/john-krasinski-organizes-office-reunion-couple-virtual-wedding/3107384001/|title='It is your wedding': John Krasinski organizes 'Office' cast reunion for couple's wedding|last= Jensen|first= Erin|date= May 11, 2020 |website= [[USA Today]]}}</ref> The nine-episode series attracted 72 million views and 2.58 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Krasinski tries explaining to furious fans why he sold 'Some Good News' to CBS|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/john-krasinski-tries-explaining-to-furious-fans-why-he-sold-some-good-news-to-cbs-2020-05-28|last=Pesce|first=Nicole Lyn|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> On May 22, 2020, [[ViacomCBS]] announced they had acquired the show to air on [[CBS All Access]], but Krasinski later confirmed that he and ViacomCBS did not move forward with development plans for the company's streaming platform. Instead, Krasinski would keep Some Good News in its original format on [[YouTube]] and secondary video platforms established in the show's original run, such as [[Snapchat]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Itzkoff|first1= Dave|title= John Krasinski and the Tense Wait for 'A Quiet Place Part II' |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/19/movies/john-krasinski-a-quiet-place-part-ii.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/19/movies/john-krasinski-a-quiet-place-part-ii.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 19, 2021 |language=en-us |access-date=May 19, 2021 |url-status=live }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://story.snapchat.com/p/44dbae7a-051a-4d88-b46c-1cc529b31467|title = Some Good News | Snapchat}}</ref>

On January 20, 2021, Krasinski spoke at [[US President|President]] [[Joe Biden]] and [[VPOTUS|Vice President]] [[Kamala Harris]]'s inauguration celebration via a remote address from his home office.<ref>{{cite web|date= January 21, 2021|title=Celebrities at Joe Biden's inauguration events: Tom Hanks, Lady Gaga, Garth Brooks, more|website=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/celebrities/2021/01/19/joe-biden-inauguration-events-kamala-harris-celebrities-appear/4209885001/}}</ref> Krasinski hosted his first episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' later that month, which was watched by 6.69 million viewers and received positively by critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 31, 2021|title=First-time host John Krasinski scores as 2021's first Saturday Night Live shines |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |url=https://www.avclub.com/first-time-host-john-krasinski-scores-as-2021s-first-sa-1846168118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 31, 2021|title=Saturday Night Live: John Krasinski hosts strong first episode of 2021 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/31/saturday-night-live-john-krasinski-hosts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 31, 2021|title=TV Ratings: 'Saturday Night Live' Returns to Solid Numbers |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/tv-ratings-saturday-sunday-jan-30-31-2021-4126066/}}</ref>

Krasinski directed and wrote the sequel ''[[A Quiet Place Part II]]'', in which he also had a supporting role. Initially scheduled for March 20, 2020, it was delayed due to COVID-19 (theatres began to shut down the week of March 16).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2020/03/16/amc-theaters-audience-limits-coronavirus/|title=Movie theaters across the U.S. start shutting down in response to coronavirus pandemic|website=Fortune}}</ref> It was eventually released on May 28, 2021, to positive reviews, becoming a box office success, and the first film of the pandemic era to cross $100m at the domestic box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/box-office-a-quiet-place-2-opening-record-1234984794/|title=Box Office: 'A Quiet Place Part II' Smashes Pandemic Record With $48 Million Debut|first1=Rebecca|last1=Rubin|date=May 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/a-quiet-place-2-box-office-milestone-pandemic-1234995367/|title='A Quiet Place 2' Is the First Movie to Surpass $100 Million at the U.S. Box Office in Pandemic Times|first1=Rebecca|last1=Rubin|date=June 13, 2021}}</ref> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the sequel earned a 91% Fresh rating with 355 reviews, with an overall consensus that the "nerve-wracking" film successfully expanded the world "without losing track of its heart".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_quiet_place_part_ii|title=A Quiet Place Part II|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

In May 2021, Krasinski's production company, [[Sunday Night Productions]], signed a [[first-look deal]] with [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Justin|last=Kroll|work=Deadline Hollywood|title=John Krasinski And His Sunday Night Banner Signs First-Look Deal With Paramount Pictures|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/john-krasinski-his-sunday-night-banner-first-look-deal-paramount-pictures-1234753412/|date=May 11, 2021|access-date=April 13, 2022}}</ref> In August of the same year, Krasinski had a cameo appearance as a silhouetted gamer in the film ''[[Free Guy]]'', starring [[Ryan Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Kristen|last=Brown|work=ScreenRant|title=Free Guy: John Krasinski's Cameo Explained (Who He Plays & When He's In It)|url=https://screenrant.com/free-guy-movie-john-krasinski-voice-cameo-explained/#:~:text=Similarly%2C%20Krasinski%20has%20a%20voice,due%20to%20Guy's%20positive%20influence|date=March 6, 2022|access-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref>

In May 2022, Krasinski made his [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] debut as [[Reed Richards|Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic]] in ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' as a member of the [[Illuminati (comics)|Illuminati]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garbutt |first=Emily |date=May 5, 2022 |title=The Illuminati members in Doctor Strange 2, listed and explained |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/illuminati-doctor-strange-2-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505133231/https://www.gamesradar.com/illuminati-doctor-strange-2-list/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref> after many years worth of fan casting,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aguilar |first=Matthew |date=January 12, 2018 |title=John Krasinski Reacts To Being Fancast As Fantastic Four's Mr. Fantastic |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/john-krasinski-reacts-fancasted-fantastic-four-mr-fantastic/ |website=[[Comicbook.com]]}}</ref> and interest from Krasinski himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a30950162/john-krasinski-fantastic-four-mcu/|title=John Krasinski Would Very Much Like to Be Part of the MCU's Fantastic Four|last=Ellis|first=Philip|date=2020-02-16|website=Men's Health|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>

In June 2022, he voiced [[Superman]] in animated film ''[[DC League of Super-Pets]]'' directed by [[Jared Stern]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/kevin-hart-keanu-reeves-vanessa-bayer-john-krasinski-diego-luna-natasha-lyonne-join-dc-league-of-super-pets-1234771352/|title=Kevin Hart, Keanu Reeves, Kate McKinnon, Vanessa Bayer, John Krasinski & More Join 'DC League Of Super-Pets'|date=June 8, 2021|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>

===Upcoming projects===
In October 2019, Krasinski's fantasy comedy ''[[IF (film)|Imaginary Friends]]'' was picked up by [[Paramount Pictures]]; in addition to writing, directing, and producing the project, Krasinski will co-star with [[Ryan Reynolds]], who will also serve as producer.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Borys|last=Kit|work=The Hollywood Reporter|title=Ryan Reynolds, John Krasinski Teaming for Fantasy Comedy 'Imaginary Friends' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ryan-reynolds-john-krasinski-team-imaginary-friends-film-1246914/|date=October 15, 2019|access-date=March 22, 2022}}</ref> The project, which was later retitled ''IF'', will also co-star [[Phoebe Waller-Bridge]], [[Fiona Shaw]], [[Louis Gossett Jr.]], and Krasinski's ''The Office'' co-star [[Steve Carell]], and was set to be released on November 17, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|work=The Hollywood Reporter|title=Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Fiona Shaw Join John Krasinski's Next Movie (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/phoebe-waller-bridge-fiona-shaw-movie-john-krasinski-1235034452/|date=October 28, 2021|access-date=April 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Justin|last=Kroll|work=Deadline Hollywood|title=Steve Carell, Alan Kim, Cailey Fleming & Louis Gossett Jr. Join Paramount And John Krasinski's 'IF' Starring Ryan Reynolds|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/steve-carell-alan-kim-cailey-fleming-louis-gossett-jr-paramount-john-krasinskis-if-ryan-reynolds-1234918984/|date=January 25, 2022|access-date=March 22, 2022}}</ref> In July 2022, the film was further delayed to May 24, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/a-quiet-place-spinoff-release-date-title-1235073494/|title='A Quiet Place' Spinoff Gets Title & New Release Date; Ryan Reynolds-John Krasinski Pic Also Slated|first=Erik|last=Pedersen|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=July 20, 2022|access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref>

===Other work===
Beginning in March 2006, Krasinski narrated a series of commercials for [[Ask.com]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.givememyremote.com/remote/2006/03/29/john-krasinski-not-the-voice-of-askcom/ |title=UPDATE: John Krasinski IS the Voice of Ask.com |last=Skerry |first=Kath |date=March 29, 2006 |website=Givememyremote.com |access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> He has also narrated commercials for [[Apple TV]], [[Verizon Wireless]], [[Esurance]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/esurance-debuts-new-national-ad-campaign-136073928.html |title=Esurance Debuts New National Ad Campaign |date=December 22, 2011 |work=[[PR Newswire]] |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> [[BlackBerry Storm]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/adtrack/2009-02-22-celebrity-endorsements-scandals_N.htm |title=Ad Track: Scandals tarnish celebrity endorsements |last=Jones |first=Charisse |date=February 22, 2009 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> [[My Coke Rewards]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.givememyremote.com/remote/john-krasinski-my-coke-rewards-commercial/ |title=John Krasinski: My Coke Rewards Commercial |date=April 26, 2009 |website=Givememyremote.com |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> and [[Carnival Cruise Lines]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adweek.com/aw/content_display/news/agency/e3i015c08bd6f66cc49cf402f62f3c1893e |title=Arnold Bangs the Drum for Carnival Launches trio of spots celebrating shipboard family fun |last=Gianatasio |first=David |date=January 6, 2010 |work=[[Adweek]] |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref> and has appeared in print advertisements for [[Gap (clothing)|Gap]]. In 2020, he starred across fellow [[Boston]]ians [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Rachel Dratch]], and [[David Ortiz]] in a popular Super Bowl commercial for the [[Hyundai Sonata|2020 Hyundai Sonata]]'s Smart Park feature, pronouncing it "Smaht Park".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/2979|title=Big Wins for Hyundai's Big Game Spot, "Smaht Pahk"|date=February 7, 2020}}</ref> He was listed as one of [[People (magazine)|''People'']]'s Sexiest Men Alive in 2006, 2009, 2018, and 2019. He has narrated the children's books ''[[Curious George Goes to the Hospital]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Curious-George-Goes-to-the-Hospital-Special-Edition/9780544764088|title=Curious George Goes to the Hospital (Special Edition) | HMH Books|website=hmhbooks|access-date=September 29, 2019|archive-date=September 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929034841/https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Curious-George-Goes-to-the-Hospital-Special-Edition/9780544764088|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was included in the special Curious George collection ''Curious George: 75th Anniversary Edition'', which he also narrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Curious-George/9780544763487|title=Curious George: 75th Anniversary Edition | HMH Books|website=hmhbooks|access-date=September 29, 2019|archive-date=September 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929034819/https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Curious-George/9780544763487|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Emily Blunt and John Krasinski.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=A man and a woman stand next to each other as they smile for a camera|Krasinski with his wife Emily Blunt at the 2013 [[Golden Globe Awards]]]]
Krasinski began dating English actress [[Emily Blunt]] in November 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/-287557--.html |title=Emily Blunt: 'Juliet' star not a humorless person |last=Koltnow |first=Barry |date=February 9, 2011 |work=[[Orange County Register]] |access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> They became engaged in August 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20301117,00.html |title=Emily Blunt & John Krasinski Are Engaged |last=Oh |first=Eunice |date=August 28, 2009 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=August 24, 2012}}</ref> and married in a private official ceremony on July 10, 2010, in [[Como]], Italy, at the former home of [[George Clooney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/healthylifestyle/news/emily-blunt-john-krasinski-wed-in-italy-2010107 |title=Emily Blunt, John Krasinski Wed in Italy! |date=July 10, 2010 |work=[[Us Weekly]] |access-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513031830/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-body/news/emily-blunt-john-krasinski-wed-in-italy-2010107 |archive-date=May 13, 2012}}</ref> They divide their time between London, Los Angeles, and [[Brooklyn Heights]], New York City, and he has described their frequent moves as "nomadic".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/emily-blunt-and-john-krasinski-list-brooklyn-home-for-8-million-1504279751?mg=prod/accounts-wsj | title=Emily Blunt and John Krasinski List Brooklyn Home for $8 Million | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=September 2017 | last1=Clarke | first1=Katherine }}</ref> They have two daughters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/emily-blunt-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-with-husband-john-krasinski-2014162 |title=Emily Blunt Gives Birth, Welcomes Daughter Hazel With Husband John Krasinski |first=Nicole |last=Eggenberger |date=February 16, 2014 |work=Us Weekly |access-date=February 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023158/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/emily-blunt-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-with-husband-john-krasinski-2014162 |archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=johnkrasinski |number=750002523935617024 |title=What better way to celebrate the 4th... than to announce our 4th family member!!! 2 weeks ago we met our beautiful daughter Violet |date=July 4, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2016}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2019}}


Krasinski is a fan of the [[Boston Red Sox]]. In 2011, he starred in a [[New Era Cap Company|New Era]]/[[Major League Baseball|MLB]] ad campaign with [[Alec Baldwin]], playing off the rivalry between the Red Sox and Baldwin's preferred team, the [[New York Yankees]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/08/31/bryan-buckley-new-era-ad/ |title=Alec Baldwin and John Krasinski's rivalry commercials |first=Aly |last=Semigran |date=August 31, 2011 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|John Krasinski filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by John Krasinski}}

==Philanthropy==

===''Some Good Merch''===
{{main|Some Good News}}
In May 2020, Krasinski partnered with Sevenly, 5th Element, and the Starbucks Foundation to launch ''Some Good Merch'', an online merchandise store designed to raise financial support for multiple social causes during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Store items, including shirts, mugs, tote bags, ornaments, and reusable face masks, featured donated fan art of Krasinski's ''[[Some Good News]]'' web show, as well as artwork made for the show by Krasinski's daughters.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Krasinski's Daughters Design T-Shirt to Help Restaurant Employees Struggling Amid COVID-19 Pandemic |url=https://www.etonline.com/john-krasinskis-daughters-design-t-shirt-to-help-restaurant-employees-struggling-amid-covid-19/|date=May 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= The Starbucks Foundation teams with John Krasinski's Some Good News|url=https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2020/the-starbucks-foundation-teams-with-john-krasinski-some-good-news/|date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> All sales profits went to one of six charities of the buyer's choosing, with The Starbucks Foundation agreeing to match up to one million dollars. ''Some Good Merch'' raised nearly $500,000 within one month and over $2 million by 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title= John Krasinski Announces That SGN Manages To Raise $2 Million In Donations |url= https://www.thethings.com/john-krasinski-announces-that-sgn-manages-to-raise-2-million-in-donations/|date=February 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Sevenly - Brand New in the Some Good Merch Collection |website= [[Facebook]]|url= https://m.facebook.com/sevenly.org/photos/brand-new-in-the-some-good-merch-collection-help-fundblack-lives-matter-naacp-le/3314517678613612/|date=June 15, 2020}}</ref> Initial donations were made to ''[[World Central Kitchen]]'', the ''Restaurant Employee Relief Fund'', ''[[Direct Relief]]'', ''Trauma Free World'', and the ''[[Boys & Girls Clubs of America]]''. Financial donations from ''Some Good Merch'' to ''Direct Relief'', in coordination with a team at the First Nations Fund, were channeled into thousands of COVID-19 [[Personal Protective Equipment|PPE]], face masks and sanitizer, and other medical relief supplies for the [[Navajo Nation]] and White River Indian Hospital in [[Fort Apache Indian Reservation]], a facility serving over 17,000 tribal members and run by the Indian Health Service (IHS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Direct Relief Sends Emergency COVID-19 Aid Package to Fort Apache Indian Reservation with Support from Some Good News Community|url=https://5thelement.group/direct-relief-sends-emergency-covid-19-aid-package-to-fort-apache-indian-reservation-with-support-from-some-good-news-community/|date=1 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navajo Nation Receives COVID-19 Supplies from SGN Community Partners, Including 5th Element, Sevenly and The Starbucks Foundation, through Direct Relief|url=https://5thelement.group/navajo-nation-receives-covid-19-supplies-from-sgn-community-partners-including-sevenly-and-the-starbucks-foundation-through-direct-relief/|date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Additional PPE donations were made to ''SelfHelp Community Services'', a home and community-based healthcare service for elderly Holocaust survivors and homebound seniors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Selfhelp Provides Care to Thousands of Holocaust Survivors Using PPE Donations Organized by 5th Element with Direct Relief, SGN and The Starbucks Foundations|url=https://5thelement.group/selfhelp-community-services-provides-care-to-thousands-of-holocaust-survivors-using-ppe-donations-from-direct-relief-and-the-sgn-community/|date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

In June 2020, following widespread public protests against racial injustice in the United States, ''Some Good Merch'' added donation options for the ''[[Black Lives Matter]]'' organization and the ''[[NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund]]'', a civil and human rights legal organization dedicated to fighting racial injustice and eliminating structural racial disparities.<ref>{{cite web|title= Sevenly - Brand New in the Some Good Merch Collection |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://m.facebook.com/sevenly.org/photos/brand-new-in-the-some-good-merch-collection-help-fundblack-lives-matter-naacp-le/3314517678613612/|date=June 15, 2020}}</ref> In October, ''Some Good Merch'' donations to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America assisted in the remote re-opening of the Metro Atlanta BGCA and the creation of new distance learning programs after the clubs were forced to close due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boys and Girls Club of Metro Atlanta Re-opens to Provide Distance Learning Site for Members, Assisted by Donation from The SGN Community, 5th Element and Starbucks|url=https://5thelement.group/boys-and-girls-club-of-metro-atlanta-reopens-to-provide-distance-learning-site-for-members-assisted-by-donation-from-the-sgn-community/|date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> At this time, donations to ''Trauma Free'' World also went towards the international "Signs for Hope" program, which assists in the training of trauma-informed care for deaf children and orphans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trauma Free World Brings "Signs for Hope" Program to Deaf Orphans With Help from The Starbucks Foundation, SGN, and 5th Element|url=https://5thelement.group/trauma-free-world-brings-signs-for-hope-program-to-deaf-orphans-with-help-from-the-starbucks-foundation-sgn-and-5th-element/|date=October 27, 2020}}</ref> In December 2020, following the release of the ninth episode of Some Good News, ''[[Toys for Tots]]'' was made available as an additional charitable option on Sevenly, which is an organization that provides toys to children whose families cannot afford to buy them around the Christmas holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Special with Dwayne Johnson: Some Good News with John Krasinski|url=http://www.virallegends.com/holiday-special-with-dwayne-johnson-some-good-news-with-john-krasinski/|date=December 20, 2020}}</ref>

===Fundraising===

For his 40th birthday in October 2019, Krasinski launched a viral fundraising campaign for Family Reach, a non-profit, Boston-based organization designed to provide financial assistance to families coping with cancer treatment. While on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]], Krasinski explained "I wanted to do something good with my 40th birthday, ’cause as I was going over the hill I thought I’d do something nice. So I actually just begged people for money.” The campaign raised over $500,000 dollars, with Krasinski and his wife continuing to spearhead fundraising efforts for the organization afterwards via Family Reach's Hope for the Holidays campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor John Krasinski raises $500K for Boston-based cancer charity|url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/actor-john-krasinski-raises-500k-for-boston-based-cancer-charity/1002961589/|date=September 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Krasinski On How He Used The Occasion Of Turning 40 To Raise A Half-Million Dollars For Charity|url=https://etcanada.com/news/530585/john-krasinski-on-how-he-used-the-occasion-of-turning-40-to-raise-a-half-million-dollars-for-charity/|date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> Partnering with the Omaze foundation in 2018, Krasinski and his wife also raised money for the [[Malala Fund]], which advocates for education rights for girls and women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emily Blunt and John Krasinski want to take you on a double date|url=https://www.metro.us/emily-blunt-and-john-krasinski-want-to-take-you-on-a-double-date/|date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> In 2020, Krasinski and Blunt raised an additional $456,000 for the Family Reach organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Omaze Campaign Raises $456K for Family Reach|url=https://familyreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Family-Reach-Press-Release-Omaze.pdf|date=March 1, 2020}}</ref>

From March to December 2020, Krasinski and his [[Sunday Night Productions]] team created multiple fundraising and donation opportunities through their [[Some Good News]] web show. This included providing three months of free cellphone service for all nurses and doctors in the United States through [[AT&T]] and lifetime season pass tickets for Boston-based front-line medical workers to [[Boston Red Sox]] baseball games.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Krasinski scores health workers free AT&T, lifetime Red Sox tix|url=https://nypost.com/2020/04/13/krasinski-gets-health-workers-free-phone-service-lifetime-red-sox-tix/|date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Krasinski's daughters also helped to design a t-shirt with Sevenly and [[PepsiCo]] to help raise money for restaurant employees struggling during the COVID-19 pandemic; through SGN, PepsiCo also agreed to donate an additional $3 million to the Restaurant Employee Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Krasinski's Daughters Design T-Shirt to Help Restaurant Employees Struggling Amid COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.etonline.com/john-krasinskis-daughters-design-t-shirt-to-help-restaurant-employees-struggling-amid-covid-19|date=May 12, 2020}}</ref> On the show's ninth episode, a "holiday special" in December 2020, [[FedEx]] committed to donating $5 million to [[Toys for Tots]] Holiday Drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Krasinski and Dwayne Johnson Announce $5 Million FedEx Donation for Toys for Tots Holiday Drive|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/john-krasinski-dwayne-johnson-announce-164716077.html|date=December 21, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=honorary>{{cite web |url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2019/05/24/honorary-degree-recipients-2019/ |title=Honorary degree recipients 2019 |last=Shumate |first=Ben |date=May 24, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Brown Daily Herald]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524062245/http://www.browndailyherald.com/2019/05/24/honorary-degree-recipients-2019/ |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name=access>{{cite web |url=http://video.accesshollywood.com/player/?id=225253&__source=related-videos#videoid=225253 |title=Access Extended: Cosmo's Fun Fearless Male Of The Year Awards |website=[[Access Hollywood]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307064037/http://video.accesshollywood.com/player/?id=225253&__source=related-videos#videoid=225253 |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name=brown>{{cite web |url=https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1105290/ |title='Contents under pressure' by John Krasinski |work=[[Brown University Library]] |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=ew060405>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1180433,00.html |title='Office' star John Krasinski on his new movie roles |first=Hannah |last=Tucker |date=April 5, 2006 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427141815/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1180433%2C00.html |archive-date=April 27, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name=fsnw>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2011/justin-long-and-john-krasinski-to-lead-two-new-independent-films/ |title=Krasinski To Lead New Indie Film |first=Ethan |last=Anderton |date=April 20, 2011 |work=First Showing |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=lncob>April 19, 2000 episode of ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'' where he met Rachel Weyer.</ref>

<ref name=nbc0708>{{cite web |url=http://blog.nbc.com/latenight/2007/08/post_25.php |title=Late Night with Conan O'Brien: On The Show Tonight - The Words "Eye Jelly" |date=August 28, 2007 |work=NBC.com |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512063751/http://blog.nbc.com/latenight/2007/08/post_25.php |archive-date=May 12, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name=nti>{{cite web |url=http://nti.conncoll.edu/nti0501.htm |title=The National Theater Institute Has A New Artistic Director! |date=May 22, 2008 |work=The O'Neill National Theater Institute |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203003256/http://nti.conncoll.edu/nti0501.htm |archive-date=February 3, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name=nyt080330>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/movies/30dave.html |title=Tackling Directing and George Clooney |first=Dave |last=Itzkoff |date=March 8, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=nytheatre>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytheatre.com/nytheatre/archweb/fringe2002_r09.htm |title=FringeNYC 2002: What The Eunuch Saw |first=Hope |last=Cartelli |website=nytheatre Archive |access-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806100640/http://www.nytheatre.com/nytheatre/archweb/fringe2002_r09.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=ptr060320>{{cite news |url=http://pittsburghlive.com/x/tribune-review/trib/newssummary/s_435118.html |title=Harrison woman has ties to 'The Office' |first=Rex |last=Rutkoski |date=March 20, 2006 |work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411034252/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_435118.html |archive-date=April 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name=wargs>{{cite web |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/krasinski.html |title=Ancestry of John Krasinski compiled by Christopher Challender Child |first=William Addams |last=Reitwiesner |work=Wargs.com |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>
}}

;Sources
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.deadline.com/2010/04/universal-greenlights-whale-tale-with-john-krasinski-and-drew-barrymore/ |title=Universal Greenlights Whale Tale With John Krasinski And Drew Barrymore |first=Mike |last=Fleming |date=April 29, 2010 |magazine=Deadline Hollywood}}
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.deadline.com/2011/06/hbo-teams-with-john-krasinski-aaron-sorkin-for-chateau-marmont-miniseries/ |title=HBO Teams With John Krasinski & Aaron Sorkin For Chateau Marmont Miniseries |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=June 23, 2011 |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.deadline.com/2012/02/focus-participant-acquire-matt-damonjohn-krasinski-film-gus-van-sant-directing/ |title=Focus, Participant Acquire Matt Damon/John Krasinski Film; Gus Van Sant Directing |first=Mike |last=Fleming |date=February 1, 2012 |magazine=Deadline Hollywood}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|John Krasinski}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{iobdb name}}
* [https://www.paramountmovies.com/movies/a-quiet-place Paramount Movies A Quiet Place]
* [https://www.paramountmovies.com/movies/tom-clancys-jack-ryan-season-1 Paramount Movies Jack Ryan]

{{Films directed by John Krasinski}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Writing}}
{{Ryanverse}}

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Pretty Baby (1978 film)

2023-04-06T05:05:46Z

174.74.229.81: /* Legacy */

{{Short description|1978 American historical drama film by Louis Malle}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pretty Baby
| image = Pretty baby poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Louis Malle]]
| screenplay = [[Polly Platt]]
| story = {{unbulleted list|Polly Platt|Louis Malle}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Keith Carradine]]
* [[Susan Sarandon]]
* [[Brooke Shields]]
}}
| producer = Louis Malle
| music = [[Jelly Roll Morton|Ferdinand Morton]]
| cinematography = [[Sven Nykvist]]
| editing = Suzanne Fenn
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1978|4|5}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = United States<ref name="festival-cannes.com"/>
| language = English
| budget = $3 million{{sfn|Duchovnay|2012|p=14}}
| gross = $5.8 million
}}

'''''Pretty Baby''''' is a 1978 American [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Louis Malle]], written by [[Polly Platt]], and starring [[Brooke Shields]], [[Keith Carradine]], and [[Susan Sarandon]]. Set in 1917, it focuses on a 12-year-old girl being raised in a [[brothel]] in the [[Storyville, New Orleans|Storyville]] [[red-light district]] of [[New Orleans]] by her [[prostitution|prostitute]] mother. [[Barbara Steele]], [[Diana Scarwid]], and [[Antonio Fargas]] appear in supporting roles. The film is based on the true account of a young girl who was sexually exploited by being forced into prostitution by her mother, which was recounted in historian Al Rose's 1974 book ''Storyville, New Orleans: Being an Authentic Illustrated Account of the Notorious Red-Light District'', as well as the life of photographer [[Ernest Bellocq]], who photographed various New Orleans prostitutes in the early-twentieth century.<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/68055|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|title=''Pretty Baby''|access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref><ref name=culture>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/pretty-baby-brooke-shields-review-1235496742/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title='Pretty Baby: Brooke Shields' Review: A Documentary of Fascinating Depth Holds Our Voyeuristic Image Culture Up to the Light|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=January 20, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=March 5, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.is/wip/yI9PY}}</ref> Its title is derived from the [[Tony Jackson (pianist)|Tony Jackson]] [[Pretty Baby (Tony Jackson song)|song of the same name]], which is used in the soundtrack.

The project marked Malle's first American film production, as his previous works had been produced in his native France.<ref name=afi/> Filming took place on location in New Orleans in the spring of 1977.

The film was released theatrically in the United States in April 1978, and screened at the 1978 [[Cannes Film Festival]], where it was nominated for the [[Palme d’Or]] and won the Technical Grand Prize. [[Jelly Roll Morton|Ferdinand Morton]]'s score also earned the film an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Music]]. Although the film was mostly praised by critics, it caused significant controversy due to its depiction of child sexual exploitation and the on-screen nudity of Shields, who was 12 years old at the time of filming.

==Plot==
In 1917, during the last months of legal prostitution in [[Storyville, New Orleans|Storyville]], the red-light district of [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]], Hattie is a prostitute working at an elegant brothel run by the elderly, [[cocaine]]-addicted Madame Nell. Hattie has given birth to a baby boy and has a 12-year-old daughter, Violet, who lives in the house. When photographer [[E. J. Bellocq|Ernest Bellocq]] arrives with his camera, Hattie and Violet are the only people awake. He asks to be allowed to take photographs of the women. Madame Nell agrees only after he offers to pay.

Bellocq becomes a fixture in the brothel, photographing the prostitutes, mostly Hattie. His activities fascinate the precocious Violet, though she believes he is falling in love with her mother, which makes her jealous. Violet is a restless child, frustrated by the long, precise process Bellocq must go through to compose and take pictures.

Nell decides that Violet is old enough for her virginity to be auctioned off. After a bidding war among regulars, Violet is bought by an apparently quiet customer. Hattie, meanwhile, aspires to escape prostitution. She marries a customer and leaves for [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] without her daughter, whom her husband believes to be her sister. Hattie promises to return for Violet, once she has settled and broken the news to her new spouse.

Violet runs away from the brothel after being punished for engaging in hijinks. She appears on Bellocq's doorstep and asks him if he will sleep with her and take care of her. He initially says no, but then he takes her in and commences having a sexual relationship with the child. In many ways, their relationship resembles one between a sexually abusive parent and child, with Bellocq standing in for Violet's absent mother. Bellocq even buys Violet a doll, telling her that "every child should have a doll". Bellocq is entranced by Violet's beauty, youth, and photogenic face. She is frustrated by Bellocq's devotion to his photography and lack of care for her as a dependent, as much as he is frustrated by the reality that she is a child.

Violet eventually returns to Nell's after quarreling with Bellocq, but social reform groups are forcing the brothels of Storyville to close. Bellocq arrives to wed Violet, ostensibly to protect her from the larger world.

Two weeks after the wedding, Hattie and her husband arrive from St. Louis to collect Violet, claiming that her marriage to Bellocq is illegal without their consent. Bellocq does not want to let Violet go. Violet asks if he will go with her and her family. Upon hearing that she does in fact want to go with them, he lets her leave without him, realizing that schooling and a more conventional life are in Violet's best interest.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Brooke Shields]] as Violet
* [[Keith Carradine]] as [[E. J. Bellocq]]
* [[Susan Sarandon]] as Hattie
* [[Frances Faye]] as Nell
* [[Antonio Fargas]] as The Professor
* Matthew Anton as "Red Top"
* [[Diana Scarwid]] as Frieda
* [[Barbara Steele]] as Josephine
* [[Seret Scott]] as Flora
* Cheryl Markowitz as Gussie
* Susan Manskey as Fanny
* Laura Zimmerman as Agnes
* Miz Mary as Odette
* [[Gerrit Graham]] as "Highpockets"
* [[Mae Mercer]] as Mama Mosebery
}}

==Production==
===Development===
Screenwriter [[Polly Platt]] developed the idea for the film after meeting with Louis Malle and learning of his love of New Orleans [[jazz music]], which was an integral part of the [[Storyville, New Orleans|Storyville]] [[red-light district]] in the city in the early-twentieth century.{{sfn|Hunter|2022|p=208}}{{sfn|Met|2018|pages=129–130}} Platt based the screenplay on the life of a young girl who was forced into prostitution by her mother, which was recounted in historian Al Rose's 1974 book ''Storyville, New Orleans: Being an Authentic Illustrated Account of the Notorious Red-Light District'', as well as the life of photographer [[Ernest Bellocq]], who photographed various New Orleans prostitutes in the early-twentieth century.<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/68055|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|title=''Pretty Baby''|access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Hunter|2022|p=208}}

===Casting===
Following her acclaimed performance as a child prostitute in ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976), the studio was keen on casting [[Jodie Foster]] as Violet.<ref name=culture/> However, Malle rejected the idea as he thought the role should be played by a 12-year-old only, and Foster was 14. Brooke Shields, a child model who had made her film debut the year before in ''[[Alice, Sweet Alice]]'' (1976), met with Malle and the film's screenwriter, [[Polly Platt]].<ref name=shields/> She described her audition as consisting merely of a conversation with the two, in which they largely asked her questions about her life.<ref name=shields/> To ensure that Shields was intellectually able to navigate the material, Malle and Platt also inquired if she was aware of what prostitution was.<ref name=shields/> Shields, who had grown up in New York City and observed working prostitutes in [[Times Square]], had been informed by her mother what prostitution entailed.<ref name=shields/>

Susan Sarandon, who was cast as Violet's mother, commented on Shields's casting in the role: "Brooke lived a life that was very similar [to that of her character]...  You know...  The closest thing to a child prostitute (sexualy exploited child) would be a child actor-model, in this day and age. Brooke was already an incredibly mature kid and I don't think it's any secret that she was...  asked to grow up very quickly."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=175}}

Platt initially planned for the role of [[E. J. Bellocq]] to go to [[Jack Nicholson]], but Malle denounced this.{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=177}} Instead, he offered the role to Keith Carradine, which Carradine was confused by as he bore no physical similarities to Bellocq.{{sfn|Southern|2006|pages=175–176}}

===Filming===
''Pretty Baby'' was shot on location in New Orleans over a period of four months in 1977.<ref name=shields>{{cite AV media|title=The Experience of Innocence – Brooke Shields on ''Pretty Baby''|last=Shields|first=Brooke|medium=[[Blu-ray]] documentary short|year=2022|publisher=Imprint Films|author-link=Brooke Shields}}</ref> Due to its controversial subject matter, the production stated they were "being very cautious because of the nature of the material and... following all the rules aimed at safeguarding child performers: teachers, psychological testing, parental cooperation and so forth."<ref name=afi/>

Screenwriter Polly Platt stated that Malle insisted on continuous rehearsals throughout the shoot, which frustrated much of the cast and crew.{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=176}} Platt described Shields's mother, Teri, as "obstreprous" on the set, and claimed she was arrested by police for driving while intoxicated with her daughter in the car, as well as for punching a police officer in the face.{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=176}}

Shields maintained in later years that she "did not experience any distress or humiliation" while filming her nude scenes in the film. What she does remember was trying not to look as if "I'd just sucked on a lemon" before her on-screen kiss with 29-year-old [[Keith Carradine]] ("Keith was so kind," she writes) and being soundly slapped – on-screen and for real – by [[Susan Sarandon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brooke Shields talks about her hard-drinking mama in memoir |work=[[New York Post]] |date= November 11, 2014 |url=https://nypost.com/2014/11/11/mommie-plastered-brooke-shields-talks-about-her-hard-drinking-mama-in-a-new-memoir/ |last=Hoffman|first=Barbara|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/2unE5|archive-date=March 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Commenting on the production, Malle stated: "''Pretty Baby'' was harder than I expected, and in the meantime, I fell in love with America."{{sfn|Met|2018|p=260}} After filming completed, Malle chose to become a U.S. resident, and remained there for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Met|2018|p=260}}

==Music==
{{main|Pretty Baby (soundtrack)}}
[[ABC Records]] released a soundtrack of the film's ragtime score, which was nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Adaptation Score]] in the "Adaptation Score" category.

==Release==
===Marketing===
Despite Malle's concerted effort to make the film sanitized of explicit sex, it received significant salacious pre-publicity leading up to its release, including a lengthy article by Joan Goodman in ''[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]'', which described it as "''[[Lolita]]'', only in period costume and much more explicit."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=180}} Further press attention came in the form of Shields's appearance in a pictorial about the film in ''[[Playboy (magazine)|Playboy]]'' in March 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |title="Pretty Baby": An advance look at the movie all the fuss is about |date=March 1978 |publisher=Playboy |series=3 |volume=25 |location=USA |pages=101-105 |language=EN}}</ref> Malle's brother, Vincent, commented that the film's pre-publicity was calculated by Malle and "absolutely deliberate. ..  It was not something imposed on him by Paramount."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=181}}

Film scholar and Malle biographer Nathan Southern wrote that Malle "realized that by leading viewers to expect "sophisticated kiddie porn," but carrying the film's content to the opposite extreme (inexplicitness), the contrast between audience expectations and onscreen reality{{spaced ndash}}the power derived from the modernistic interplay of opposites within the framework of anticipation{{spaced ndash}}would make the film's message of relativistic ethos that much clearer in the audience's mind."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=181}}

According to critic [[Danny Peary]], ''Pretty Baby'' was released at a period of "peak public outrage over child abuse, child pornography, and child prostitution, and its critics were right to be disappointed that Malle refused to portray Violet's life in a brothel in a negative light...  The sledgehammer "selling of Brooke Shields as a pubescent [[sex symbol]]," which gained momentum because of the film, was truly tasteless. At least Malle didn't exploit his hot property as much as others did."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=184}}

===Controversy and censorship===
The film received an [[MPAA film rating system|R]] rating in the United States, an [[British Board of Film Classification|X]] rating in the United Kingdom (18 following a change to the ratings system) despite receiving two cuts from censors;<ref name=afi/><ref name="bbfc" /> and an [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|R18+]] rating in Australia, for nudity and sexual content.<ref name=afi/>

Continuing controversy over Shields's nude scenes resulted in the film being banned in the Canadian provinces of [[Ontario]]{{sfn|Sirove|2019|p=39}} and [[Saskatchewan]] until 1995. Gossip columnist [[Rona Barrett]] called the film "[[child pornography]]", and director Louis Malle was described as a "combination of ''[[Lolita]]''{{'}}s [[Humbert Humbert]] and (by that point) controversial director [[Roman Polanski]]".<ref name="People" /> In Argentina, the film, along with another of Paramount's recent releases (''[[Looking for Mr. Goodbar (film)|Looking for Mr. Goodbar]]''), was banned under the regime of [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] during [[National Reorganization Process|that country's last civil/military dictatorship]] due in large part to the "pornographic" content that was present in both films.{{sfn|Jones|2001|p=807}} For five years, the film was also banned by the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa.<ref name="visual-memory.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0024.html|title=A Clockwork Naartjie: Censorship of Kubrick in South Africa|work=The Kubrick Site|last=Clark|first=Craig|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.is/wip/9EwWj|archive-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

Actress Sarandon reflected on the film's censorship in a later interview, commenting that the censors "were looking for something. The film was disturbing...  [yet] clearly when you look at it, it doesn't have anything graphic. Even at that time, it was pretty tame."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=184}}

In addition to the issue of child prostitution, the scenes involving a nude 12-year-old Brooke Shields were controversial.<ref name="People">{{cite magazine|author=McMurran, Kristen|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20070948,00.html|title=Pretty Brooke|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925180107/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20070948,00.html |archive-date=September 25, 2016|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 29, 1978}}</ref> The BBFC originally censored two scenes for the film's cinema release in the UK to remove nudity, but the uncut version was released on DVD in 2006.<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/case-studies/pretty-baby |title=BBFC Case Study: ''Pretty Baby'' (1978)|date=August 4, 2020|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|url-status=live|archive-date=March 5, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.is/wip/fIugE}}</ref> This same uncut print is the basis of the Region 1 and Region 2 DVD editions worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdcompare.net/comparisons/film.php?fid=18024 |title=Rewind: ''Pretty Baby''|work=DVD Compare|archive-url=https://archive.is/QIYJR|archive-date=January 22, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
[[Paramount Home Entertainment]] released the film on [[DVD]] on November 18, 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s1023baby.html|work=[[DVD Talk]]|title=DVD Savant Review: ''Pretty Baby''|date=November 15, 2003|last=Erickson|first=Glenn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/yKzLd|archive-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref> In 2022, the Australian film label Imprint Films released it for the first time on [[Blu-ray]] in a special edition, which included an interview with Shields, in which she recalled shooting the film as well as its controversial reception.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://viavision.com.au/shop/pretty-baby-1978-imprint-collection-174/|work=Via Vision|url-status=live|title=''Pretty Baby'' (1978) – Imprint Collection #174|date=October 26, 2022|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/Kn59z|archive-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref> [[Kino Lorber]] announced in January 2023 the forthcoming release of a North American Blu-ray.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=32010|work=Blu-ray.com|date=January 21, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/Z11jY|title=''Pretty Baby'' Blu-ray|archive-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Box office ===
''Pretty Baby'' earned $5.8 million in the United States.<ref name=bom>{{cite web|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0078111/|title=''Pretty Baby''|url-status=live|archive-date=March 5, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/cVYVW}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Pretty Baby'' divided critics at the time of its release.{{sfn|Southern|2006|p=183}} In his review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Vincent Canby]] wrote: "Mr. Malle, the French director ... has made some controversial films in his time but none, I suspect, that is likely to upset convention quite as much as this one – and mostly for the wrong reasons. Though the setting is a whorehouse, and the lens through which we see everything is Violet, who ... herself becomes one of Nell's chief attractions, ''Pretty Baby'' is neither about child prostitution nor is it pornographic." Canby ended his review with the claim that ''Pretty Baby'' is "... the most imaginative, most intelligent, and most original film of the year to date."<ref>{{cite web|author=Canby, Vincent|author-link=Vincent Canby|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?_r=1&res=EE05E7DF173EE573BC4D53DFB2668383669EDE&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes|title=Critic's Pick: ''Pretty Baby''|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 5, 1978}}</ref> Film critic [[Kenneth Turan]] praised Shields's performance as "chilling," but felt the film largely boasts a "flat, uninvolving directorial style...&nbsp Like its protagonist, ''Pretty Baby'' is something of a carnival attraction, nothing more."{{sfn|Southern|2006|p-183}}

''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' critic [[Roger Ebert]], who gave the film three stars out of four, discussed how "... ''Pretty Baby'' has been attacked in some quarters as child porn. It's not. It's an evocation of a time and a place and a sad chapter of [[Americana (culture)|Americana]]."<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web|author=Ebert, Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/pretty-baby|title=''Pretty Baby''|date=June 1, 1978|url-status=live|archive-date=March 5, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.is/wip/9uhFA|via=RogerEbert.com}}</ref> He also praised Shields's performance, writing that she "... really creates a character here; her subtlety and depth are astonishing."<ref name="Ebert" /> 

On the other hand, ''Variety'' wrote that "the film is handsome, the players nearly all effective, but the story highlights are confined within a narrow range of ho-hum dramatization."<ref>''Variety'' Staff. [https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117794121.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 "''Pretty Baby''"] ''Variety'' (January 1, 1978). Accessed May 6, 2010.</ref> ''[[Mountain Xpress]]'' critic Ken Hanke, looking at the film from the perspective of 2003, said of ''Pretty Baby'': "It was once shocking and dull. Now it's just dull."<ref name="RottonTomatoes" />

{{As of|March 2023}}, [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that 71% of 28 critics had given the film a favorable review, with a weighted average of 6.88/10.<ref name="RottonTomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pretty_baby/ |title=''Pretty Baby'' (1978)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

===Accolades===
The film won the Technical Grand Prize at the [[1978 Cannes Film Festival]], and was nominated for the [[Palm d'Or]].<ref name=afi/><ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1965/year/1978.html |title=Festival de Cannes: ''Pretty Baby'' |archive-url=https://archive.ph/weQEi|archive-date=January 24, 2013|url-status=live|work=[[Cannes Film Festival]]}}</ref> The film's original musical score by [[Jelly Roll Morton|Ferdinand Morton]]'s earned the film an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Music]].<ref name=afi/>

==Legacy==
While majoring in French literature at [[Princeton University]], Shields went on to write her senior [[thesis]], ''The Initiation: From Innocence to Experience: The Pre-Adolescent/Adolescent Journey in the Films of Louis Malle, Pretty Baby and [[Lacombe, Lucien]]'' (1987), comparing the themes of lost innocence in both films, as well as its role as a predominant theme across the director's filmography.<ref name=shields/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp01qr46r1433|journal=DataSpace|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|last=Shields|first=Brooke|author-link=Brooke Shields|title=The Initiation: From Innocence to Experience: The Pre-Adolescent/Adolescent Journey in the Films of Louis Malle, ''Pretty Baby'' and ''Lacombe, Lucien''|year=1987|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/HTkJi|archive-date=March 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> A documentary titled ''Pretty Baby: Brooke Shields'', which charts the actress's career and partly focuses on the film's impact on her, premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in January 2023, ahead of a streaming release via [[Hulu]] in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/pretty-baby-brooke-shields-documentary-teaser-trailer-1850173372|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|title=Brooke Shields hints at the truth behind child stardom in ''Pretty Baby: Brooke Shields'' teaser|last=Carr|first=Mary Kate|date=February 28, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/CAJgx|archive-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

In 2003, ''The New York Times'' placed the film on its list of the ''Best 1,000 Movies Ever''.<ref>+{{cite web|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612032429/https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html|title=The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 29, 2003|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html|archive-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Ref begin}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Duchovnay|editor1-first=Gerald|year=2012|title=Film Voices: Interview from Post Script|location=Albany, New York|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-791-48475-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Aaron|title=Polly Platt: Hollywood Production Design and Creative Authorship|year=2022|publisher=Springer|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn= 978-3-030-82120-3}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jones|editor1-first=Derek|title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia |year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=New York City, New York |isbn=978-1-136-79864-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Met|first=Phillippe|year=2018|title=The Cinema of Louis Malle: Transatlantic Auteur|isbn=978-0-231-85126-8|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York City, New York}}
*{{cite book|last=Sirove|first=Taryn|year=2019|title=Ruling Out Art: Media Art Meets Law in Ontario's Censor Wars|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver, British Columbia|isbn=978-0-774-83711-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Southern|first=Nathan|year=2006|title=The Films of Louis Malle: A Critical Analysis|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn= 978-0-786-42300-2}}
{{Ref end}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0078111|title=Pretty Baby}}
* {{amg title|id=39087|title=Pretty Baby}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=87073}}
* {{AFI film|68055}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=pretty_baby|title=Pretty Baby}}
* [http://www.rarefilmfinder.com/gallery.php?movie=6 Making of Pretty Baby: Photo Gallery]

{{Louis Malle}}

[[Category:1978 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:1970s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:1970s historical drama films]]
[[Category:American erotic drama films]]
[[Category:American historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about child prostitution]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in the United States]]
[[Category:Films directed by Louis Malle]]
[[Category:Films set in 1917]]
[[Category:Films set in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Juvenile sexuality in films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]

List of The Daily Show episodes (2023)

2023-03-16T03:22:27Z

174.74.229.81: /* January */

{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''The Daily Show'' episodes (2023)}}
{{Infobox television season
| bgcolour = #006080
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| country = United States
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Comedy Central]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|17}}
| last_aired = present
| prev_season = [[List of The Daily Show episodes (2022)|2022 episodes]]
| next_season =
| episode_list = List of The Daily Show episodes
}}

This is a list of episodes for ''[[The Daily Show]]'', a [[late-night talk show|late-night talk]] and [[news satire|satirical news]] [[television program]] airing on [[Comedy Central]], during 2023.<ref name=showsite>[https://www.cc.com/shows/the-daily-show ''The Daily Show''] at cc.com.</ref> This year marks the first since the departure of host [[Trevor Noah]], who took his leave from the show after 7 years on December 8, 2022.<ref>[https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/trevor-noah-daily-show-exit-last-show-1235455391/ "Trevor Noah Skips Some of the Jokes in Thoughtful ‘Daily Show’ Exit,"] from ''Variety'', 12/8/2022</ref>

With no successor for Noah in place, Comedy Central indicated in December 2022 that a series of guests hosts will fill the anchor chair, each sitting in for a one-week assignment, until a permanent host(s) takes over.<ref name=Deadline-12062022>[https://deadline.com/2022/12/the-daily-show-guest-hosts-chelsea-handler-1235184375/ "‘The Daily Show’: Chelsea Handler, Kal Penn, Al Franken, Sarah Silverman & Leslie Jones To Guest Host Following Trevor Noah’s Exit,"] from ''Deadline'', 12/6/2022</ref> [[Leslie Jones (comedian)|Leslie Jones]] will be the first guest host the week of January 17–19, with [[Wanda Sykes]], [[D. L. Hughley]], [[Chelsea Handler]], and [[Sarah Silverman]] confirmed for subsequent weeks.<ref name=TVLine-01172023>[https://tvline.com/what-to-watch/new-amsterdam-series-finale-last-episode-nbc/ "What to Watch Today: ''New Amsterdam'' Ends, ''Resident'' Finale, ''Night Court'' and More,"] from ''TVLine, 1/17/2023</ref> [[Al Franken]], [[John Leguizamo]], [[Marlon Wayans]], [[Kal Penn]], and [[Hasan Minhaj]] will also serve as guest hosts in February and March.<ref name=Deadline-12062022/>

==2023 episodes==
===January===
{{Episode table |background=#006080|overall= 6 |aux1=15 |aux1T= Date |aux2=18 |aux2T = Hosted by |aux3=20 |aux3T = Guest(s) |aux4 = 50 |aux4T = Promotion|country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3766
| RTitle = January 17
| Aux2 = [[Leslie Jones (comedian)|Leslie Jones]]<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/daily-show-leslie-jones-a183a4022298e7d4ef245f426c6a6080 "Leslie Jones promises to be herself hosting ‘The Daily Show’,"] from Associated Press, 1/17/2023</ref>
| Aux3 = [[Morris Chestnut]]
| Aux4 = ''[[The Best Man: The Final Chapters]]''
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3767
| RTitle = January 18
| Aux2 = Leslie Jones
| Aux3 = [[Alexis McGill Johnson]]
| Aux4 = [[Planned Parenthood]]
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3768
| RTitle = January 19
| Aux2 = Leslie Jones
| Aux3 = [[Charlamagne Tha God]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3769
| RTitle = January 23
| Aux2 = [[Wanda Sykes]]<ref name=TVLine-01172023/>
| Aux3 = [[Mike Epps]]
| Aux4 = ''[[The Upshaws]]''
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3770
| RTitle = January 24
| Aux2 = Wanda Sykes
| Aux3 = [[Katha Pollitt]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3771
| RTitle = January 25
| Aux2 = Wanda Sykes
| Aux3 = [[Nia Long]]
| Aux4 = ''[[Missing (2023 film)|Missing]]''
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3772
| RTitle = January 26
| Aux2 = Wanda Sykes
| Aux3 = [[Sherrilyn Ifill]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3773
| RTitle = January 30
| Aux2 = [[D. L. Hughley]]<ref name=TVLine-01172023/>
| Aux3 = [[Ben Crump]] [[Ibram X. Kennedy]] and [[Nic Stone]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3774
| RTitle = January 31
| Aux2 = D. L. Hughley
| Aux3 = [[PJ Morton]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
}}

===February===
{{Episode table |background=#006080|overall= 6 |aux1=15 |aux1T= Date |aux2=18 |aux2T = Hosted by |aux3=20 |aux3T = Guest(s) |aux4 = 50 |aux4T = Promotion|country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3775
| RTitle = February 1
| Aux2 = [[D. L. Hughley]]<ref name=TVLine-01172023/>
| Aux3 = [[Dominique Foxworth]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3776
| RTitle = February 2
| Aux2 = [[D. L. Hughley]]
| Aux3 = [[Mac (rapper)|Mac Phipps]]
| Aux4 = ''Son of the City''
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3777
| RTitle = February 6
| Aux2 = [[Chelsea Handler]]<ref name=TVLine-01172023/>
| Aux3 = [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Raphael Warnock]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3778
| RTitle = February 7
| Aux2 = [[Chelsea Handler]]
| Aux3 = [[Ashley Graham (model)|Ashley Graham]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary = "Comedian Roundtable" (Chelsea talks with [[Matteo Lane]], [[Larry Owens (actor)|Larry Owens]], and [[Sam Jay]])
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3779
| RTitle = February 8
| Aux2 = [[Chelsea Handler]]
| Aux3 = [[Alycia Baumgardner]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary = [[Roy Wood, Jr.]] covers the [[State of the Union]] address
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3780
| RTitle = February 9
| Aux2 = [[Chelsea Handler]]
| Aux3 = [[Lea Michele]]
| Aux4 = ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]''
| ShortSummary = "Comedian Roundtable" (Chelsea talks with [[Atsuko Okatsuka]], [[Rosebud Baker]], and [[Bob the Drag Queen]])
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3781
| RTitle = February 13
| Aux2 = [[Sarah Silverman]]<ref name=TVLine-01172023/>
| Aux3 = [[Lizz Winstead]]
| Aux4 = [[Abortion Access Front]]
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3782
| RTitle = February 14
| Aux2 = [[Sarah Silverman]]
| Aux3 = [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Rep.]] [[Maxwell Frost]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3783
| RTitle = February 15
| Aux2 = [[Sarah Silverman]]
| Aux3 = [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary = "Double Take" ([[Roy Wood, Jr.]] and [[Desi Lydic]] discuss air travel woes)
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3784
| RTitle = February 16
| Aux2 = [[Sarah Silverman]]
| Aux3 = [[Jia Tolentino]]
| Aux4 = ''[[The New Yorker]]''
| ShortSummary = "[[Jordan Klepper]] Fingers the Pulse" (Jordan reports from [[Nikki Haley|Nikki Hayley's]] presidential campaign launch)
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3785
| RTitle = February 27
| Aux2 = [[Hasan Minhaj]]
| Aux3 = [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]]
| Aux4 = The Charles Antetokounmpo Foundation
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3786
| RTitle = February 28
| Aux2 = [[Hasan Minhaj]]
| Aux3 = [[Rebel Wilson]]
| Aux4 = Fluid
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
}}

===March===
{{Episode table |background=#006080|overall= 6 |aux1=15 |aux1T= Date |aux2=18 |aux2T = Hosted by |aux3=20 |aux3T = Guest(s) |aux4 = 50 |aux4T = Promotion|country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3787
| RTitle = March 1
| Aux2 = [[Hasan Minhaj]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary = Hasan discusses the [[Twitter]] "hellscape," and deletes his own Twitter account on-air.<ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/hasan-minhaj-quits-twitter-hellscape-live-on-daily-show "Hasan Minhaj Quits Twitter ‘Hellscape’ Live on ‘Daily Show’,"] from ''The Daily Beast'', 3/1/2023</ref>
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3788
| RTitle = March 2
| Aux2 = [[Hasan Minhaj]]
| Aux3 = [[Kevin O'Leary]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3789
| RTitle = March 6
| Aux2 = [[Marlon Wayans]]
| Aux3 = [[Mason Gooding]]
| Aux4 = ''[[Scream VI]]''
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3790
| RTitle = March 7
| Aux2 = [[Marlon Wayans]]
| Aux3 = [[Bomani Jones]]
| Aux4 = ''Game Theory''
| ShortSummary = "Choppin' It Up with 'Quon" (Marlon, as 'Quon, interviews [[Mayor of New York City|New York City Mayor]] [[Eric Adams]])
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3791
| RTitle = March 8
| Aux2 = [[Marlon Wayans]]
| Aux3 = [[D-Nice|Derrick "D'Nice" Jones]]
| Aux4 = ''50 Years of Hip Hop''
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3792
| RTitle = March 9
| Aux2 = [[Marlon Wayans]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3793
| RTitle = March 13
| Aux2 = [[Kal Penn]]
| Aux3 = [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Joe Biden]]<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/daily-show-president-joe-biden-lgbt-rights-kal-penn-1235349225/ "‘The Daily Show’ Lands President Biden Interview With Guest Host Kal Penn,"] from ''The Hollywood Reporter'', 3/13/2023</ref>
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3794
| RTitle = March 14
| Aux2 = [[Kal Penn]]
| Aux3 = [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan]] [[Bilawal Bhutto Zardari]]
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3795
| RTitle = March 15
| Aux2 = [[Kal Penn]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3796
| RTitle = March 16
| Aux2 = [[Kal Penn]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3797
| RTitle = March 20
| Aux2 = [[Al Franken]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3798
| RTitle = March 21
| Aux2 = [[Al Franken]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3799
| RTitle = March 22
| Aux2 = [[Al Franken]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3800
| RTitle = March 23
| Aux2 = [[Al Franken]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3801
| RTitle = March 27
| Aux2 = [[John Leguizamo]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3802
| RTitle = March 28
| Aux2 = [[John Leguizamo]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3803
| RTitle = March 29
| Aux2 = [[John Leguizamo]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3804
| RTitle = March 30
| Aux2 = [[John Leguizamo]]
| Aux3 =
| Aux4 =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006080
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{The Daily Show}}

[[Category:Lists of The Daily Show guests| ]]
[[Category:2023 American television episodes|Daily Show guests]]
[[Category:2023-related lists|Daily Show guests]]