Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Pedra Branca dispute

2014-08-11T02:54:15Z

175.156.242.240: /* Lead too long */ new section

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== Why no straightforward solution? ==

Considering the smallish size of these rock islands, wouldn't it be simpler to just blow them up with a few hundred tons of TNT and get rid of the problem forever, rather then dragging a decades long legal dispute? If the islands are erased nobody has to gain or lose anything and creating conventional explosions up to 4 kilotons is a fairly easy job nowadays. [[Special:Contributions/91.83.15.197|91.83.15.197]] ([[User talk:91.83.15.197|talk]]) 22:18, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. [[User:Alfons Åberg|Alfons Åberg]] ([[User talk:Alfons Åberg|talk]]) 00:35, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
::Talk pages aren't meant for discussing matters like this, but one brief answer is that it is of benefit to have sovereignty over any island as it extends a country's [[territorial waters]]. — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 01:20, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

*'''Support'''. While on a more serious note, I agree with Jacklee, I still think in real life those little pebbles should be blown up. LOL! [[User:InfernoXV|InfernoXV]] ([[User talk:InfernoXV|talk]]) 16:29, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
::I'm too serious for my own good... :-) — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 18:38, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

== Alternate way not to violate copyright. ==

Rather than take the photo of the lighthouse without written permission from the Singapore government, why not just provide a link at the end of the article?

Violations of copyright can be undetected in low traffic articles, but this article is on the main page. [[User:Suomi Finland 2009|Suomi Finland 2009]] ([[User talk:Suomi Finland 2009|talk]]) 20:43, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

== merge with [[Middle Rocks]]? ==
{{discussion top|No consensus for merge.}}
There is an article about the [[Middle Rocks]] involved in this dispute. There does not appear to be any notable claim of significance about the Middle Rocks except for the role they played in the Pedra Branca dispute, so I propose merging that article into this one. [[User:Twp|—Tim Pierce]] ([[User talk:Twp|talk]]) 17:51, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
:On the other hand, there was a previous decision that "[[Pedra Branca dispute]]" should not be part of "[[Pedra Branca, Singapore]]", and it was therefore spun off into a separate article: see "[[Talk:Pedra Branca, Singapore/2008 archive#Separate article for the ICJ case?]]". Both articles were subsequently expanded. It is possible that "[[Middle Rocks]]" might similarly be expanded, in which case perhaps it should not be merged into "Pedra Branca dispute". — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 20:10, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
::What's the basis for supposing that [[Middle Rocks]] might be expanded at some point? Do we know of additional information about the rocks that has not yet been tapped? [[User:Twp|—Tim Pierce]] ([[User talk:Twp|talk]]) 05:19, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
:::Offhand I don't, but then I didn't think there would be a lot of information about Pedra Branca either until I started looking for it. (Not that I'm offering in this case ... :-)) — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 05:57, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
::::Sure, if someone does come up with more independent information on the Middle Rocks then it shouldn't be merged. I'm suggesting that if no one can, then they should be. [[User:Twp|—Tim Pierce]] ([[User talk:Twp|talk]]) 21:50, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
:::::I guess I have no objection to that. I'd suggest, though, that you wait a month or so before proceeding. In connection with this, have you placed a notice on the talk page of the "Middle Rocks" article inviting editors to join this discussion? You might ruffle a few (Malaysian) feathers if you suddenly merge the contents of that article into "Pedra Branca dispute" without sufficient warning. — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 07:49, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
::::::I added a {{tl|mergeto}} notice to the [[Middle Rocks]] article page; do you think it should go on the talk page as well? I see that I neglected to add {{tl|merge from}} on [[Pedra Branca dispute]]. I'll fix that now. [[User:Twp|—Tim Pierce]] ([[User talk:Twp|talk]]) 12:20, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
:::::::No need to put a separate {{tl|mergeto}} on the talk page, I think, but maybe just put a message alerting readers to this discussion. — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 09:18, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
:: Middle Rocks is a geographic location article, with coordinates and other geographic data; the islands are notable because they were ''some of'' the islands involved in this dispute. This one is a historical article, that involves other islands besides Middle rocks. The merge would only make a confusing article out of two articles that are fine on their own. All the best, --[[User:Jorge Stolfi|Jorge Stolfi]] ([[User talk:Jorge Stolfi|talk]]) 08:19, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
:::OK, I think we don't have a consensus at this time for a merge. — Cheers, [[User:Jacklee|Jack'''Lee''']] –[[User talk:Jacklee|talk]]– 15:55, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
{{discussion bottom}}

== Lead too long ==

According to [[WP:LEAD]], the lead section should be no more than four paragraphs. [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 02:54, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Hong Kong

2014-08-10T12:05:39Z

175.156.242.240: taking non-"WikiProjects" out

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{{old move | date = July 2014 | destination = Hong Kong, China | result = not moved}}

== HK's Gini ==
Is over 50. 1/5 of the population are living in poverty. HKers are too proud to accept the fact?
http://www.indexmundi.com/hong_kong/distribution_of_family_income_gini_index.html
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-29/hong-kong-poverty-line-shows-wealth-gap-with-one-in-five-poor.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html
http://www.smh.com.au/photogallery/world/cramped-living-in-hong-kong-20131015-2vk46.html (with pics) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/175.142.97.158|175.142.97.158]] ([[User talk:175.142.97.158|talk]]) 18:28, 7 June 2014 (UTC) 

"A pedestrian stops to give money to a homeless man in Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, rose to 0.537 in 2011 from 0.525 in 2001, the government said last June." — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/175.142.97.158|175.142.97.158]] ([[User talk:175.142.97.158|talk]]) 18:13, 7 June 2014 (UTC) 

== 5 Big Clans ==

In this article it states the 4 big clans. This is wrong and it is written in history there are 5 big clans. Which are: Tang, HAU, Liu, Man and Pang. This is mistake needs to be rectified. Poorly written History section. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:82.10.65.17|82.10.65.17]] ([[User talk:82.10.65.17|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/82.10.65.17|contribs]]) 2010-06-27T21:56:16

== Border ==

The border had several minor changes bcos of the course of the two rivers. The maritime boundaries had also some changes as a result of negotiations in the 1990s. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Desvoeuxrdwest |Desvoeuxrdwest ]] ([[User talk:Desvoeuxrdwest |talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Desvoeuxrdwest |contribs]]) 09:48, 23 October 2010 

== GA Reassessment ==

{{Talk:Hong Kong/GA2}}

== Request to move ==
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following discussion is an archived discussion of a [[WP:requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section. ''

The result of the move request was: '''not moved.''' [[User:Forbidden User|Forbidden User]] ([[User talk:Forbidden User|talk]]) 16:38, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

----

According to the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]], particularly in Articles 116, 125<ref>The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. (2008). Chapter V : Economy. In Basic Law Full Text. Hong Kong, China: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_5.html</ref>, 149<ref>The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. (2008). Chapter VI : Education, Science, Culture, Sports, Religion, Labour and Social Services. In Basic Law Full Text. Hong Kong, China: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_6.html</ref>, 151, 152<ref>The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. (2008). Chapter VII : External Affairs. In Basic Law Full Text. Hong Kong, China: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_7.html</ref> and Instrument 8<ref>the Third Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress. (1990). Explanations on “The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (Draft)” and Its Related Documents. In Basic Law Full Text. Hong Kong, China: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/images/basiclawtext_doc8.pdf</ref>, this region is to be referred to as '''Hong Kong, China''' in international contexts. In the British colonial era, Hong Kong was not required to prefix or suffix its name with '''British'''. Therefore, this page should be moved to [[Hong Kong, China]] and [[British Hong Kong]] should be moved to [[Hong Kong]].
<references />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Remarks
! Recommendations
|-
| Hong Kong, China
| Required by the Basic Law
| To be the new placeholder of the current content of [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| British Hong Kong
| Not canonical, and historically non-existent
| Contents to be moved to [[Hong Kong]] and page to be deleted
|-
| Hong Kong
|
The name used in the British colonial era without hesitation nor requirements or whatsoever.
 The Basic Law requires '''Hong Kong''' to be suffixed with '''China'''.
| To be the new placeholder of the current content of [[British Hong Kong]]
|}

- [[User:Joshua.yathin.yu|Joshua.yathin.yu]] ([[User talk:Joshua.yathin.yu|talk]]) 07:12, 22 July 2014 (UTC){{spa|Joshua.yathin.yu}}
 - Edited minor by [[User:Joshua.yathin.yu|Joshua.yathin.yu]] ([[User talk:Joshua.yathin.yu|talk]]) 07:17, 22 July 2014 (UTC) for a typo.{{spa|Joshua.yathin.yu}}

: Refer to [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[United Kingdom]] is not titled ''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'', [[Ottawa]] is not titled ''Ottawa, Ontario, Canada'', etc. [[User:Citobun|Citobun]] ([[User talk:Citobun|talk]]) 08:01, 22 July 2014 (UTC)
: Keep it where it is per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. British Hong Kong is a valid historical topic. [[User:Philg88| Philg88 ]]♦[[User_talk:Philg88|talk]] 08:07, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

I understand the concept of common names. I would also refer to [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Precision|Precision]]. '''Hong Kong''' alone may be a common reference to both '''Hong Kong, China''' and '''Hong Kong''' in the colonial era. Also, in [[Wikipedia:Official_names#Where there is an official name that is not the article title|Where there is an official name that is not the article title]], it is required to use the '''official name''' in both the leading paragraph and a redirect. '''Hong Kong''' is an official name good enough to refer to '''Hong Kong''' in the colonial era, while '''Hong Kong, China''' is the one and only allowable short form of the '''official name'''.

- [[User:Joshua.yathin.yu|Joshua.yathin.yu]] ([[User talk:Joshua.yathin.yu|talk]]) 08:23, 22 July 2014 (UTC){{spa|Joshua.yathin.yu}}

*'''Oppose''' - "Hong Kong" is the common name for Hong Kong SAR of PRC. [[User:STSC|STSC]] ([[User talk:STSC|talk]]) 09:20, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' Clearly, this new user hasn't read [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. We use the most understood name for page titles. [[User:Forbidden User|Forbidden User]] ([[User talk:Forbidden User|talk]]) 16:34, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' Look at [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. What official names are used is irrelevant to [[WP:NC|Wikipeida's naming conventions]]. With regards to {{u|Joshua.yathin.yu}} comments on [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Precision|precision]] you clearly didn't read that page. 'Hong Kong' sufficiently precice where as 'Hong Kong, China' would be overly presice just as in the example in the guideline, "[[Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta]] is too precise, as [[Mother Teresa]] is precise". Read [[WP:Primary Topic]]. The article [[British Hong Kong]] is not the primary here and in fact, nor would be 'Hong Kong, China' either. The current article is about Hong Kong running from 39,000 years ago to the present. It covers Pre-colonial, colonial (both British and Japanese) and Hong Kong SAR. The article 'Hong Kong, China' could not be the current 'Hong Kong' article. Large parts of the current article would need to be cut such that only post 1997 events are included. Currently there is no article coving post 1997 Hong Kong exclusively. [[User:Rincewind42|Rincewind42]] ([[User talk:Rincewind42|talk]]) 02:21, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' - "Hong Kong" is the common name for Hong Kong SAR of PRC. The term "Hong Kong, China" (and variations) is used only in international organizations such as the [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[Interpol]]. It is specifically designed to allow Beijing to win acceptance for similar terms applying to Taiwan ("Taiwan, Province of China" is most common). Anyone who doesn't know that Hong Kong means that place in China probably needs to do a lot more reading before editing [[Wikipedia]]. [[User:DOR (HK)|DOR (HK)]] ([[User talk:DOR (HK)|talk]]) 03:33, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

I suppose there's no talking through this if no one is responding to '''Hong Kong''' being a common name for [[British Hong Kong]]. [[User:Rincewind42|Rincewind42]] claimed that this particular article was meant for the geographic location from the beginning of history up until now. But the disambiguation suggests otherwise: ''This article is about the special administrative region of China.'' And the Infobox also begins with the current official name of the government, which doesn't back up the claim very much.

Perhaps, if I am to assume that the matter is to be stalled here, there's still something about the Infobox to work with. If the Infobox tells of the official name, perhaps should there be some mentioning in the beginning paragraph of the official names? That's what I'd probably write:
: '''Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China''' ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]: 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區, see [[#Name|Name section]]), alternatively '''Hong Kong, China''' or its initials '''H.K.''', formerly simply '''Hong Kong''', is a former [[British Colony]] and is currently a [[Special Administrative Region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Prescribed by law, it is to be called '''Hong Kong, China''' but allowed to be referred to as simply '''Hong Kong''' in the past under the British rule.

Perhaps I should state my intention as well: I am hoping to see that the article reflects the fact that Hong Kong is allowed to be called as be while under the British rule as they did not state in laws or whatsoever to prefix or suffix anything British to the name of Hong Kong. After the Chinese occupation, there are laws that require Hong Kong to be suffixed by China in all international contexts. If naming is not a solution, perhaps someone could suggest something else?

- [[User:Joshua.yathin.yu|Joshua.yathin.yu]] ([[User talk:Joshua.yathin.yu|talk]]) 07:25, 23 July 2014 (UTC){{spa|Joshua.yathin.yu}}

:{{u|Joshua.yathin.yu}} look at [[Wikipedia:Broad concept articles]]. This article is not solely about a political entity. It discusses history, culture, government, sport, economics and climate along the same ilk as any other country/province/city article you care to look at. [[User:Rincewind42|Rincewind42]] ([[User talk:Rincewind42|talk]]) 14:26, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
:Concur with [[User:Rincewind42|Rincewind42]]. I'm from Hong Kong as well, and I know what you are talking about. It has been mentioned in the infobox and in context. Besides, it should be in the article about the HKSAR Basic Law. I will close this discussion as '''not moved''' for the fact that consensus is clearly against the move.[[User:Forbidden User|Forbidden User]] ([[User talk:Forbidden User|talk]]) 16:13, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
<hr />
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a [[WP:RM|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a [[WP:move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section.</div>

=== Post-decision discussions ===
I could only accept the fate of the request. But I am sure, there will be alternative ways to achieve this:
:I am hoping to see that the article reflects the fact that Hong Kong is allowed to be called as be while under the British rule as they did not state in laws or whatsoever to prefix or suffix anything British to the name of Hong Kong. After the Chinese occupation, there are laws that require Hong Kong to be suffixed by China in all international contexts.
- [[User:Joshua.yathin.yu|Joshua.yathin.yu]] ([[User talk:Joshua.yathin.yu|talk]]) 12:37, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

::The full name of Hong Kong under British rule is "British Crown Colony of Hong Kong". And stop saying "Chinese occupation", and please end your absolutely pointless argument while you still don't understand the concept of "common name" in Wikipedia. [[User:STSC|STSC]] ([[User talk:STSC|talk]]) 13:08, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Allow me to summarise this.
{| class="wikitable"
! Official name
! Common name
|-
| colspan=2 | What you think
|-
| Hong Kong as a geographic location, from the beginning of history || Hong Kong
|-
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China || Hong Kong, China
|-
| British Crown Colony of Hong Kong {{ref|a}} || British Hong Kong
|-
| colspan=2 | What I think (perhaps my compatriots as well)
|-
| British Crown Colony of Hong Kong || Hong Kong
|-
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China || Hong Kong, China
|}

{{note|a}}I don't seem to be able to find this particular term in the [[British Hong Kong|article]]. It appears that simply '''Hong Kong''' was rather official.

- [[User:Joshua.yathin.yu|Joshua.yathin.yu]] ([[User talk:Joshua.yathin.yu|talk]]) 14:01, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
:You've had your say Joshua, and the Wikipedia community disagrees with you. There is no point in [[WP:DEADHORSE|carrying on trying to persuade people]]. Please find another article to focus your attention on, there are plenty to choose from. Cheers, [[User:Philg88| Philg88 ]]♦[[User_talk:Philg88|talk]] 14:40, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

List of Let's Play Love episodes

2014-08-07T13:01:31Z

175.156.242.240:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Let's Play Love'' episodes}}
{{notability}}
{{neutrality}}
{{tone}}
The web series ''[[Let's Play Love]]'' ran for 20 episodes and was released on xinmsn.

==Episodic Synopsis==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Webisode !! Title !! Webisode Release
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Chapter 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|1|4}}
|ShortSummary= The local broadcast station comes up with a new reality game show, Let’s Play Love, to find the ‘Best Lover’ through a number of missions. Four males and four females from different backgrounds join the programme for various reasons. Who will accumulate the most points in this race to be the ‘Best Lover’? Ian replaces his friend, who backed out last minute, and takes part in the game show Let’s Play Love. The first round of mission requires him to look for his ‘other half’. Just when he is certain Xiao Yi is ‘the one’, Xiao Yi faints due to her narcolepsy. Ian dashes forward to save her, spilling his bottle of water on her dress. Just then, Xiao Yi wakes up. When she tries to stand up, Xiao Yi accidentally knocks into Ian’s nose, which begins to bleed. Xiao Yi misunderstands Ian, believing that his nose bled because he was too excited after “taking advantage” of her. Xiao Yi angrily slaps Ian on the face.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Chapter 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|1|11}}
|ShortSummary= Yu Sen, the host of Let’s Play Love, decides to pair Ian with Xiao Yi and ends the show with the couple’s adorable first encounter. Executive producer of the programme Coco is furious over Yu Sen’s decision, but there is nothing she can do.Priscilia realises Ian is her ‘other half’, but despises him because he is not good-looking. In the midst of confusion, Priscilia exchanges her cue card with Xiao Yi’s. Cheng Xi, who is initially Xiao Yi’s ‘other half’, sees what happens, but chooses to ignore the change. To stay in the game, Cheng Xi becomes Priscilia’s part-time prince charming and the two pairs up successfully.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Chapter 3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|1|18}}
|ShortSummary= Nicholas meets Isabelle in the middle of a crowd and confesses his love for her with a bouquet of roses. He had bought them after he noticed a tint of rose perfume on her. Isabelle feels that Nicholas’s confession was surprising but sweet. She asks Nicholas what if she isn’t a contestant. Nicholas romantically replied, “I didn’t give you the flowers because you’re a contestant. I really think you’re the girl I’m looking for. If you’re not a contestant, I’m willing to quit the game to be with you.” Isabelle is touched by his words. The couple stood out from the rest, becoming the most well-matched couple.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Chapter 4
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|1|25}}
|ShortSummary= Ash is a popular model with many fans. All brawn and no brains, Ash believes that he can get anyone he wants. The time is ticking, but Ash still could not find his ‘other half’. Kimmy is frustrated that Ash could not figure out the hints. Not only is she Ash’s ‘other half’, she is also a paparazzi, working undercover to get scoops on the game show. Before time is up, Kimmy bit the bullet and acknowledged Ash. The two become a couple.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title=Chapter 5
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|2|1}}
|ShortSummary= The eight contestants are finally paired together. Yu Sen criticised Let’s Play Love as a silly idea concocted by someone who had not been in love before. An infuriated Coco said that she would not be doing shallow programmes like this if she was not stripped off her status as a news anchor. Xiao Yi twists her ankle, but continues to demand Ian quits the game. At this moment, narcolepsy kicks in again and Cheng Xi appears and held her from her fall. Priscilia and Ian looks on with displeasure. Ash tells Candice, the assistant producer, that he does not want to be paired up with the tomboyish Kimmy. However, the model changes his attitude when he sees reporters. Ash says he will accept Kimmy regardless of her looks and job.It seems like only Nic and Isabelle are truly satisfied with each other. Yu Sen appears and prepares to announce the results for the first round…
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title=Chapter 6
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|2|8}}
|ShortSummary= Following the matching done in the previous episodes, the male contestants will now bring their partners on their first dates. Whilst Xiao Yi only took part in the game in a bid to prove that she is up for the game of love, and has no Interest in Ian, the latter went all out to understand Xiao Yi's preference in order to create an unforgettable first date. However, Xiao Yi is attracted to the suave Cheng Xi. Cheng Xi plans the date with Pris halfheartedly. The latter tries to charm him to no avail and she begins to doubt herself.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|Title=Chapter 7
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|2|15}}
|ShortSummary= Ian discovers Xiao Yi's favourite food is instant noodles and tries to find the tastiest instant noodle available. To prove that she still has her charms, Pris tries to seduce Nic, again to no avail. Nic brings Belle to a high class restaurant. Belle appears distracted.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|Title=Chapter 8
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|4|5}}
|ShortSummary= Coco arranges for Ash to cook for Kimmy on their first date after Ash boasted that he is a good cook. However, it turns out that Ash is nothing close to one and results in Kimmy being hospitalised for food poisoning. To increase viewership for the show, Coco plans for Ash to display his tenderness by staying by Kimmy's side in the hospital. At the hospital, he eyes an attractive nurse and the production team is helpless. Xiao Yi attends her date with Ian. Will the geek win the fair maiden's heart?
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|Title=Chapter 9
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|4|12}}
|ShortSummary= Cheng Xi and Pris arrives at the romantic setting for their date and discovers Xiao Yi. The latter discovers she has gone to the wrong place and dashes off with embarrassment. Pris comments that Cheng Xi must be disappointed that his real princess has ran away. Cheng Xi shows a nonchalant expression. Xiao Yi arrives at the beach for the date with Ian. Ian presents her with the gifts he had painstaking prepared for her. As he charms her with a song, her narcolepsy kicks in.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|Title=Chapter 10
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|4|19}}
|ShortSummary= It starts to pour after Xiao Yi fell asleep, Ian carries her from the beach in search of shelter. He brings Xiao Yi to the marquee where Cheng Xi and Pris is. He then runs off in the rain to get a hot drink for Xiao Yi to warm her up. Seeing the drenched Ian, Xiao Yi is quietly touched. The production team receives a secret letter claiming Cheng Xi is gay and Pris is promiscuous. Seeing the opportunity, Coco asks Ash to seduce Cheng Xi to test the latter's sexual orientation. She threatens that Ash may bear the blame for causing Kimmy's food poisoning if he refuses.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|Title=Chapter 11
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|4|26}}
|ShortSummary= Pris is surrounded by reporters, who questioned her on the complicated relationships she shared with various contestants. Pris appears flustered. During the commotion, Ian appears in his scooter and saves Pris.Ian tries to comfort Pris. The latter realises that Ian is actually adorable and wants to take a picture with him. Ian agrees and the two moved closer for a photo. However, Xiao Yi witnesses the scene and feels horrible. She turns to leave.Ian rushes forward and tries to explain to the angry Xiao Yi, but he does not know what to say. At the same time, Xiao Yi receives Chengxi’s call and in a fit of anger, agrees to meet him. A despondent Ian does not know what to do to make Xiao Yi like him.On the other hand, Xiao Yi and Chengxi meet for a movie. Chengxi is secretly pleased with himself when he takes Xiao Yi’s hand during the movie. Then, he realises Xiao Yi has actually fallen asleep…
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|Title=Chapter 12
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|16}}
|ShortSummary= In the theater, an embarrassed Xiao Yi wakes up after a nightmare. Chengxi finds out that Xiao Yi actually prefers comedies to melodramas. At the same time, Ian drags Pris to a fashion store and hopes that Pris can transform him into a fashionista like Chengxi. Just when Pris is dressing Ian, Chengxi and Xiao Yi enters the store. Xiao Yi sees the intimacy between Ian and Pris and turns to leave. Chengxi confesses his liking for Xiao Yi and attempts to kiss her. Xiao Yi realises that Chengxi is not her Prince Charming and leaves dejectedly. Then, Ian turns up in front of Xiao Yi in his new image and hopes that Xiao Yi would give him a chance. Xiao Yi angrily says that she will never like him. Ian turns and walks away sadly. Xiao Yi finds his back view familiar…
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|Title=Chapter 13
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|23}}
|ShortSummary= Ash arrives at a club and advances towards Chengxi purposefully. A drunk Chengxi mistakes Ash for Xiao Yi and confesses his feelings to Ash. Ash begins to suspect if he himself is a gay. At the same time, the production crew realises that Belle was the one who wrote and sent the anonymous letters. The show proceeds to its third round of competitions. Contestants are divided into two groups. Each group is to perform a short skit to test their chemistry with each other.During the skit, Xiao Yi is at a loss when facing Chengxi’s romantic gestures. Ash complains about acting as a werewolf. Nic and Belle exit the makeup unit hand-in-hand and believe that Ash has caught them together.Nic peeks at Ash from time to time. He is worried that Ash found out about his relationship wit Belle. However, Nic’s actions cause Ash to wonder if he is really gay …
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=14
|Title=Chapter 14
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|30}}
|ShortSummary= Skit performances begin. Ian, acting as Romeo, appears in front of Juliet’s (played by Pris) tomb and wants to see her. Chengxi, as the earl, blocks his way. In order to stop Ian, Chengxi draws out his sword and the two begin to fight. Chengxi uses this chance to let all his anger out and fights Ian.Backstage, Xiao Yi worries an accident will occur and rushes out to protect Ian. Chengxi nearly loses his control when he sees that. Although Ian finally returns to Pris’s side, but he keeps forgetting his lines. Pris keeps reminding Ian crossly.At the final moment when Ian is supposed to kiss Pris, he hesitates and turns to Xiao Yi. Xiao Yi wants Ian to kiss Pris, as the show has to go on. However, Xiao Yi’s narcolepsy acts up suddenly…
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=15
|Title=Chapter 15
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|6|13}}
|ShortSummary= The second group begins to perform their skit Twilight. Delicate Belle needs warmth, but Nic, the vampire, cannot give her that. At the same time, Ash appears. Just as he is about to hug Belle, Nic stops the guy and hugs Belle instead, shocking everyone.Nic tells Belle that he cannot tolerate other men touching her and wants Belle to promise him that she will be with him forever. Belle does not know what to do. However, Nic does what he did, only because he wants to be in the limelight. Belle hesitates under Nic’s urge. Ash becomes jealous of Belle, as he hopes he is the one in Nic’s arms. Candice quickly pushes Kimmy on stage, causing Kimmy to knock into Ash accidentally. To prove that he is not gay, Ash kisses Kimmy…
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=16
|Title=Chapter 16
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|7|10}}
|ShortSummary= Xiao Yi does not understand why Cheng Xi withdrew from the competition. Cheng Xi tells her that three is a crowd, leaving Xiao Yi at a loss. On the other hand, Nic goes to Coco angrily and demands to know why he lost to Ash in the polls, despite performing better than Ash. Nic lambasts the competition for being unfair and threatens to leave the contest. Belle says that she will follow Nic’s decision. After Nic and Belle left the competition, Belle is afraid that her secret -- that she was the person who sent anonymous letters to the production team -- would be exposed. Nic assures her and promises to marry her once this is over. Kimmy overhears the couple’s conversation. At the same time, someone appears and demands Nic to repay his debts. Belle begs him and he lets Nic off for the time being.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=17
|Title=Chapter 17
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|7|31}}
|ShortSummary= Kimmy is hesitating if she should give Nic and Belle up, when she realises someone else had already exposed the couple’s relationship. Nic is the one who gave up his own secret. Nic explains that he and Belle became a couple after they met on the competition and initiates to leave the contest. Coco stops Yu Sen from exposing Nic and Belle, fearing that they would really withdraw from the competition. At the same time, Kimmy is about to reveal evidences, which proved that Nic and Belle knew each other before the competition, when she is exposed to be an ‘undercover’. Kimmy is then disqualified from the contest.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=18
|Title=Chapter 18
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|8|14}}
|ShortSummary= Ash misunderstands, thinking that Kimmy left the contest because he lost, and believes that Kimmy is in love with him. Ash then helps Kimmy to transform her image. However, he is attracted to the beautiful Kimmy and ends up wooing her.On the other hand, Pris, who had lost earlier in the game, receives a Facebook invitation from Chengxi and feels better immediately.There are only four competitors left in Let’s Play Love. Ian, Xiao Yi, Nic and Belle are challenged to see who will the first one to win a kiss.
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=19
|Title=Chapter 19
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2012|9|4}}
|ShortSummary= Xiao Yi is upset that the production crew separated her and Ian and makes her pair up with Nic. Ian misunderstands and thinks that Xiao Yi cares whether she wins or loses, leaving the latter disappointed. Belle does not want to be on the same team as Ian, and wonders if Nic could really kiss someone he does not love. Nic explains that whatever he does is for his future with Belle. The round officially begins. Belle asks Ian to let her win the competition as she really needed the cash prize. On the other hand, Nic admits that he cannot kiss Xiao Yi because he is really in love with Belle. However, because of his love for Belle, the competition has to go on…
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=20
|Title=Chapter 20 (Finale)
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2012|9|11}}
|ShortSummary= Both Belle and Nic try to talk Ian and Xiao Yi into withdrawing from the competition. Yu Sen shakes his head upon seeing that Coco only cares about viewership. In the end, Xiao Yi, Ian and Belle withdraw from the contest, crowning Nic the winner of the game. Nic is elated with his win, but Belle tells him that their relationship is over. Ian and Xiao Yi speak over the phone. Xiao Yi tells Ian that she hopes he would play “Fated to be You” with her again. If they meet in five minutes, she will date him. The clock is ticking. At the end of five minutes, will Ian meet Xiao Yi?
|LineColor=CCCCCC
}}
|}

==See also==
*''[[Let's Play Love]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Let's Play Love episodes, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of Singaporean television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of reality television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of comedy-drama television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of web series episodes]]

User:Lemongirl942/Singapore National Day Parade, 2014

2014-08-07T12:59:16Z

175.156.242.240: tagging close paraphrase

{{Infobox NDP
|Year =2014
|Logo = Logondp2014.jpg
|Organiser = 6th Division (Singapore)| 6th Division
|Chairperson = [[Colonel|COL]] Wong Yu Han
|Venue = [[The Float at Marina Bay]]
|Theme = Our People, Our Home<ref name="straitstimes20140514">{{cite web |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/ndp-2014-theme-our-people-our-home-unveiled-20140514 | title= NDP 2014 theme of 'Our People, Our Home' unveiled |date= 2014-05-14 |accessdate= 2014-05-19|work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>
|NE Show 1 Date = 12 July
|NE Show 2 Date = 19 July
|NE Show 3 Date = 26 July
|Preview Date = 2 August
|Actual Date = 9 August
|Parade Commander = [[Lieutenant colonel|LTC]] Wong Pui Pin
}}
The '''National Day Parade 2014''', also known as '''NDP 2014''', is a [[National Day Parade|national parade]] and ceremony that will be held on 9 August 2014 in in commemoration of [[Singapore]]'s 49th year of independence. It will also be held for the final time at the [[The Float at Marina Bay]] after 7 years since 2007 before heading back to the [[New Singapore National Stadium]] in 2016.<ref name="today20140515" />

The National Day Parade 2014 is divided into 3 segments: Pre-parade, Parade and ceremony, and Show. The Show segment will be directed by Singaporean composer [[Dick Lee]].<ref name="cna20140514">{{cite web |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/national-day-parade-to/1104994.html | title= National Day Parade to celebrate Singaporeans with heart |date= 2014-05-14 |accessdate= 2014-05-19|work=[[Channel News Asia]]}}</ref>

This edition of Singapore's National Day Parade features no new National Day theme song for the first time in years.<ref name="straitstimes20140515">{{cite web |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/no-new-national-day-song-years-parade-20140515 | title= No new National Day song for this year's parade |date= 2014-05-15 |accessdate= 2014-05-19|work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>Instead, as a decision by the organizing committee, the classic theme songs of the parade through the years will be sung again.

==Event==
The National Day Parade 2014 is divided into 3 segments: Pre-parade, Parade and ceremony, and Show.<ref name="today20140515" /> It will revolve around the theme of "Our People, Our Home".<ref name="straitstimes20140514" />

The parade and ceremony segment will feature the [[21-gun salute]] and [[feu de joie]], which are traditional ceremonial events at National Day Parades. This edition of the parade will also feature the largest number of non-uniformed contingents in any National Day Parade since 2000. <ref name="today20140515" /> This parade also features a segment entitled "Heartbeats" that recognizes Singaporeans who have contributed significantly to Singapore's nation-building process.<ref name="cna20140514" />Since 2014 marks the 30th year of Total Defense in Singapore this event will celebrate that as well with a display of the latest vehicles of Singapore's uniformed services. LTC Wong Pui Pin and MWO Low Soon Pan serve as the parade commander and the parade regimental sergeant major, respectively, and for the first time this year, a [[military tattoo]] performance by the combined bands and the Silent Precision Drill Squad of the [[Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command]] kicks off this segment.

The Show segment will be directed by Singaporean composer [[Dick Lee]] and it focuses on presenting daily challenges and opportunities of ordinary Singaporeans.<ref name="cna20140514" />

==Theme song==
This edition of Singapore's National Day Parade features no new National Day theme song, which has been a feature of the Parade for at least 16 years.<ref name="straitstimes20140515" /> Instead, familiar songs from previous editions of the National Day parade, such as ''[[Home (Kit Chan song)|Home]]'', ''We Will Get There'' and ''Stand Up For Singapore'' from the 1998, 1985 and 2002 editions of the parade respectively, will be used instead, plus ''One Nation, One People, One Singapore'', the theme song of the 1990 parade and the Singapore Silver Jubilee.<ref name="today20140515">{{cite web |url= http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/sporeans-heart-years-ndp | title= Singaporeans at the heart of this year’s NDP |date= 2014-05-15 |accessdate= 2014-05-19|work=''[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]]''}}</ref>

==Show==
===Act By Act===
{{close paraphrasing}}
{{tone}}
{{neutrality}}

====Act 1 : Celebrate it!====
The show opened with a grand and colourful tableau celebrating Singapore's amazing success story - this is the little island that dreamed big.

Underscoring the theme of Our People Our Home, the OPENING act showcases our dynamic people who keep our city buzzing. Get ready for a spirited and colourful display as we salute our professionals in various industries who enlarge our common space to work, live and play as one people, in this place that we truly belong and call home.

Look out for the quick introduction to five characters depicting our everyday Singaporeans whose stories will be traced in the subsequent acts.

Performers: Singapore SOKA Association, NDP 2014 Singers, SAF Music & Drama Company, School of Music, Republic Polytechnic, ITE College Central, Centre for Music and the Arts (SHOW Choir)<ref name="Show">{{cite web |url= http://www.ndp.org.sg/show.php | title= Act By Act |accessdate= 2014-4-8| work=''[[National Day Parade]]''}}</ref>

====Act 2 : Love it!====

The mood mellows as we put the spotlight on the familiar sights, sounds and smells of our HOME in this second act. This heart-warming segment captures the warmth of our family and community, depicted through scenes of daily life on our lovely island.

In evocative 'slice of life' scenes, we see the ties that bind us: from family and HOME to culture and communities. Join in the infectious sing-a-longs of traditional favorites that we have grown up with, such as Singapura, Xiao Ren Wu De Xin Sheng, Munnaeru Vaalibaa and Chan Mali Chan, in a vibrant showcase of our ethnic diversity.

And as always there will be food! We celebrate the joy and soul of our food with a display that promises to surprise and delight.

Performers: People's Association, NDP 2014 Singers, School of Music<ref name="Show">{{cite web |url= http://www.ndp.org.sg/show.php | title= Act By Act |accessdate= 2014-4-8| work=''[[National Day Parade]]''}}</ref>

====Act 3 : Live it!====
In Act Three, a veil of monotones casts itself on the dramatic backdrop, SETTING a reflective mood as three of the five characters introduced in Act One confront their personal challenges:

Where do we find the strength to push on? Can we find courage to pursue our dreams? How do we keep the SINGAPORE spirit soaring?

As each of them takes a brave STEP forward, we learn how everyday Singaporeans before them have soldiered on with their can-do spirit, supported by their friends, their communities and the country.

Stay tuned as we introduce everyday Singaporean heroes who inspire us with their stories of love, courage, dreams and faith.

Performers: Ministry of Education, NDP 2014 Singers, SAF Music & Drama Company, Republic Polytechnic<ref name="Show">{{cite web |url= http://www.ndp.org.sg/show.php | title= Act By Act |accessdate= 2014-4-8| work=''[[National Day Parade]]''}}</ref>

====Act 4 : Be it!====
Leading the show to a spirited close is an energetic performance by young Singaporeans involving red and white flag bearers. Confidently twirling and whirling our national colours, our performers symbolically rally us to come together as one united people, underscoring the theme of Our People, Our Home.

Share the sense of community and commitment as all the performing groups return to the stage to create a rousing finale to our nation's 49th birthday.

And let the fireworks begin!

Performers: National Cadet Corps, NDP 2014 Singers, Singapore SOKA Association Marching Band, Bloco Singapura, Cheerleaders, Touch Community Services, SAF Music & Drama Company, School of Music, Republic Polytechnic <ref name="Show">{{cite web |url= http://www.ndp.org.sg/show.php | title= Act By Act |accessdate= 2014-4-8| work=''[[National Day Parade]]''}}</ref>

==Controversies==
The 2014 National Day Parade Committee came under criticism after Singaporean media reported on a blog post entitled "NDP Website An Embarrassment" by Lai Zit Seng, a Singaporean blogger and information technology architect at the [[National University of Singapore]].<ref name="today20140520">{{cite web |url= http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/personal-data-not-compromised-while-applying-ndp-tickets | title= Personal data ‘not compromised’ while applying for NDP tickets |date= 2014-05-20 |accessdate= 2014-06-03|work=''[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]]''}}</ref> In the post, he pointed out security flaws in the official website of the parade.<ref name="today20140520" /> He revealed that the website lacked security features such as the [[Secure Sockets Layer]] protocol which puts personal information submitted through the website at risk of being compromised by third parties.<ref name="today20140520" /> In response, Lieutenant-Colonel Jason See, the chairman in charge of ticketing, said that "no personal information had been compromised", though he admitted that "level of security can be further enhanced and we [the organising committee] will do so.".<ref name="today20140520" /> Subsequently, on 21 May 2014, [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|MINDEF]] Director for Public Affairs, Colonel Kenneth Liow announced that this website's security weakness had been rectified.<ref name="cna20140520">{{cite web |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/ndp-exco-to-ramp-up/1114074.html | title= NDP exco to ramp up website security after criticism |date= 2014-05-20 |accessdate= 2014-06-03|work=''[[Channel News Asia]]''}}</ref>

==Broadcast==
The '[[Live television|Live]]' [[television broadcast]] of the parade will be available in [[HD]] on [[MediaCorp TV Channel 5|Channel 5]], [[MediaCorp TV Channel 8|Channel 8]], [[MediaCorp TV12 Suria|Suria]] and [[MediaCorp TV12 Vasantham|Vasantham]].

===Television===
====Live====
As a national event the parade was broadcast 'Live' from 17:45 until 21:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] by the [[MediaCorp TV]] expert for [[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|MediaCorp News Channel NewsAsia (Singapore)]] is a 7-[[national]] [[flagship (broadcasting)|flagship]] [[free-to-air]] [[terrestrial television|terrestrial]] [[television channels]] include: Channel 5, Channel 8, Channel U, [[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|Channel NewsAsia (International)]], Suria, Vasantham and [[MediaCorp TV12 okto|okto]]. The commentary on Channel 5, MediaCorp News Channel NewsAsia (International) and okto in [[English language|English]] there is a special '[[National Day Parade|National Day Parade 2014]]', Channel 8 and Channel U in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] there is a spesial '[[National Day Parade|國慶慶典2014]]', Suria in [[Malay language|Malay]] there is a spesial '[[National Day Parade|Perbarisan Hari Kebangsaan 2014]]' and Vasantham in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] there is a special '[[National Day Parade|Dhaesiya Dhina Anivaguppu 2014]]'.

====Rerun====
{| class="wikitable"
! Channel
! Date
! Start broadcast
! End broadcast
! Commentators
|-
!colspan=5| [[English language|English]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV Channel 5|Channel 5]]
|rowspan=2|Saturday, 16 August
|rowspan=2|16:20 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|rowspan=2|19:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|rowspan=2|
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV12 okto|okto]]
|-
!colspan=5| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV Channel 8|Channel 8]]
|Sunday, 17 August
|14:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|16:35 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|
|-
!colspan=5| [[Malay language|Malay]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV12 Suria|Suria]]
|Sunday, 17 August
|14:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|16:35 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|
|-
!colspan=5| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV12 Vasantham|Vasantham]]
|Sunday, 17 August
|16:30 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|19:05 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|
|}

====National Day Message====
The National Day Message will be delivered on 8 August 2014 the day before National Day by [[MediaCorp TV Channel 5|Channel 5]] and [[MediaCorp TV12 okto|okto]] there is a special '[[National Day Parade|National Day Message]]' segment from 17:30 until 17:45 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]], [[MediaCorp Channel 8|Channel 8]] and [[MediaCorp TV Channel U|Channel U]] there is a special '[[National Day Parade|國慶獻詞2014]]' segment from 12:45 until 13:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] on [[MediaCorp TV Channel 8|Channel 8]] and 12:00 until 12:15 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] on [[MediaCorp TV Channel U|Channel U]], [[MediaCorp TV12 Suria|Suria]] there is a special '[[National Day Parade|Amanat Hari Kebangsaan 2014]]' segment from 10:00 until 10:15 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]. The message will be 15-minutes long and is subtitled for the deaf. A [[repeat]] [[television broadcast]] will be presented on 9 August 2014.

[[MediaCorp TV Channel 8|Channel 8]], [[MediaCorp TV12 Suria|Suria]] and [[MediaCorp TV12 Vasantham|Vasantham]] will deliver the message for the first time in [[HD]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Channel
! Debut date
! Debut time
! Repeat date
! Repeat time
|-
!colspan=5| [[English language|English]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|Channel NewsAsia]]
|rowspan=3|Friday, 8 August
|rowspan=2|17:30 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|rowspan=3|Saturday, 9 August
|13:02 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV12 okto|okto]]
|17:25 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV Channel 5|Channel 5]]
|22:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|17:25 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|-
!colspan=5| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV Channel 8|Channel 8]]
|rowspan=2|Friday, 8 August
|20:45 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|rowspan=2|Saturday, 9 August
|16:55 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV Channel U|Channel U]]
|21:45 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|17:25 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|-
!colspan=5| [[Malay language|Malay]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV12 Suria|Suria]]
|Friday, 8 August
|20:30 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|Saturday, 9 August
|22:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|-
!colspan=5| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|[[MediaCorp TV12 Vasantham|Vasantham]]
|Friday, 8 August
|20:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|Saturday, 9 August
|16:25 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
|}

===Radio===
4-[[radio station]]s will also simulcast the programme with the 6-[[television channel]]s from 17:40 to 21:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] by [[MediaCorp Radio]] is a [[radio channel]] covered the [[National Day Parade|parade]] commentaries '[[Live radio|Live]]' over [[938LIVE|Business and Financial 9.38FM]] in [[English language|English]] there is a spesial '[[National Day Parade|National Day Parade 2014]]', [[Capital 95.8FM]] in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] there is a spesial '[[National Day Parade|國慶慶典2014]]', [[Warna 94.2FM]] in [[Malay language|Malay]] there is a spesial '[[National Day Parade|Perbarisan Hari Kebangsaan 2014]]' and [[Oli 96.8FM]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] there is a spesial '[[National Day Parade|Dhaesiya Dhina Anivaguppu 2014]]' from 18:00 until 20:00 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]. Viewers can also listen to the live commentaries on [[MediaCorp Radio]].

===Online===
'Live' webcast will also be available on the [[National Day Parade|official NDP website]] and [[MediaCorp|xinmsn NDP webpage]]. Viewers can also watch the programme on Toggle Live and [[MediaCorp TV Channel 8|Channel 8 Primetime]] on Toggle.

===Outdoor Digital Media===
'[[Live television|Live]]' screenings of the [[National Day Parade|parade]] was available on the outdoor digital screens managed by [[MediaCorp]] at [[ION Orchard]] and [[Orchard Central]] malls. [[Digital terrestrial television|Digital]] media screens managed by [[Singapore Press Holdings|SPH MediaBoxOffice]] in [[Orchard Road|313@Somerset]] and [[HDB Hub]] also screened the parade '[[Live television|Live]]' from 17:00 until 20:30 [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]].

===Others===
'[[Live television|Live]]' telecast of the [[National Day Parade|parade]] and celebrations were also available at selected [[SAFRA|SAFRA Club House]] and [[Resorts World Sentosa]].

'[[Live television|Live]]' screenings of the [[National Day Parade|parade]] was available on the outdoor digital screens which is managed by [[MediaCorp]] at [[ION Orchard]], [[Orchard Central]] and [[JCube]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official| http://www.ndp.org.sg/}}

[[Category:Events in Singapore]]
[[Category:2014 in Singapore]]

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:53:26Z

175.156.242.240: /* Chinese-language */ punctuation

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
Lim made such an evaluation about himself in his autobiography published after his death:
{{Cquote2|I have always been humble, irrespective of my position in life... I have found that there is no true greatness in greatness itself, but there is truly greatness in humility. Lim Yew Hock was not great when he was Chief Minister in Singapore, but Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock was great, when he remained humble, in his relationship with his fellow men.<ref name="tan142"/>}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
* ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N.) ([[Malaysia]], conferred August 1958, revoked 1968<ref name="who01"/><ref name="tun"/>）
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei|Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei]] ([[Brunei]], 1961<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/42414/pages/5280 Issue 42414]", ''London Gazette'', 18 July 1961, p.4.</ref>）

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
<ref name="tun">"I knew it was coming says Yew Hock" (30 November 1968)</ref>
<ref name="tan142">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 142.</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:48:45Z

175.156.242.240: /* Notes */

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
Lim made such an evaluation about himself in his autobiography published after his death:
{{Cquote2|I have always been humble, irrespective of my position in life... I have found that there is no true greatness in greatness itself, but there is truly greatness in humility. Lim Yew Hock was not great when he was Chief Minister in Singapore, but Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock was great, when he remained humble, in his relationship with his fellow men.<ref name="tan142"/>}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
* ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N.) ([[Malaysia]], conferred August 1958, revoked 1968<ref name="who01"/><ref name="tun"/>）
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei|Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei]] ([[Brunei]], 1961<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/42414/pages/5280 Issue 42414]", ''London Gazette'', 18 July 1961, p.4.</ref>）

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
<ref name="tun">"I knew it was coming says Yew Hock" (30 November 1968)</ref>
<ref name="tan142">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 142.</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:48:26Z

175.156.242.240: /* Notes */ fix

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
Lim made such an evaluation about himself in his autobiography published after his death:
{{Cquote2|I have always been humble, irrespective of my position in life... I have found that there is no true greatness in greatness itself, but there is truly greatness in humility. Lim Yew Hock was not great when he was Chief Minister in Singapore, but Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock was great, when he remained humble, in his relationship with his fellow men.<ref name="tan142"/>}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
* ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N.) ([[Malaysia]], conferred August 1958, revoked 1968<ref name="who01"/><ref name="tun"/>）
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei|Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei]] ([[Brunei]], 1961<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/42414/pages/5280 Issue 42414]", ''London Gazette'', 18 July 1961, p.4.</ref>）

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
<ref name="tun">"I knew it was coming says Yew Hock" (30 November 1968)</ref>
<ref name="tan142">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 142.</ref>在他的帶領下，新加坡一方透過連串斡旋，與英方達成協議，成功為新加坡在1959年爭取落實全面自治，而這也是林有福從政生涯的最高點。<ref name=tan142/>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:47:15Z

175.156.242.240: /* Description */ Expanding section

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
Lim made such an evaluation about himself in his autobiography published after his death:
{{Cquote2|I have always been humble, irrespective of my position in life... I have found that there is no true greatness in greatness itself, but there is truly greatness in humility. Lim Yew Hock was not great when he was Chief Minister in Singapore, but Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock was great, when he remained humble, in his relationship with his fellow men.<ref name="tan142"/>}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
* ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N.) ([[Malaysia]], conferred August 1958, revoked 1968<ref name="who01"/><ref name="tun"/>）
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei|Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei]] ([[Brunei]], 1961<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/42414/pages/5280 Issue 42414]", ''London Gazette'', 18 July 1961, p.4.</ref>）

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
<ref name="tun">"I knew it was coming says Yew Hock" (30 November 1968)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:39:48Z

175.156.242.240: /* Notes */ Fix

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
* ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N.) ([[Malaysia]], conferred August 1958, revoked 1968<ref name="who01"/><ref name="tun"/>）
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei|Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei]] ([[Brunei]], 1961<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/42414/pages/5280 Issue 42414]", ''London Gazette'', 18 July 1961, p.4.</ref>）

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
<ref name="tun">"I knew it was coming says Yew Hock" (30 November 1968)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:38:56Z

175.156.242.240: /* Merits */ Expanding

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
* ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N.) ([[Malaysia]], conferred August 1958, revoked 1968<ref name="who01"/><ref name="tun"/>）
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei|Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei]] ([[Brunei]], 1961<ref>"[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/42414/pages/5280 Issue 42414]", ''London Gazette'', 18 July 1961, p.4.</ref>）

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:13:20Z

175.156.242.240: /* Acknowledging Nanyang */

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Lim Yew Hock

2014-08-06T12:12:49Z

175.156.242.240: /* Acknowledging Nanyang */

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, composed of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

Lim also reassessed the possibility of full acknowledgment of Nanyang's university status. He formed the Prescott Commission in January 1959, chaired by [[S. L. Prescott]] to evaluate the standard and recognisability of Nanyang's degree.<ref name="wong69"/>
{{clear}}

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==
{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
* '''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
** Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
** Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
** Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
** Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
** Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
** Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
* '''Changes'''
** February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
** March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Talk:General elections in Singapore

2014-08-06T10:37:14Z

175.156.242.240: /* Lead too long */ new section

{{ArticleHistory
|action1 = GAN
|action1date = 02:48, 21 May 2012 (UTC)
|action1link = Talk:Parliamentary elections in Singapore/GA1
|action1result = Failed
|action1oldid = 492030490

|currentstatus = FGAN
|itndate =
|dykdate = 2011-08-15
|dykentry = ... that during the '''[[parliamentary elections in Singapore|Singaporean parliamentary general election]]''' of [[Singaporean general election, 2011|2011]] the opposition [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Workers' Party]] won a [[Group Representation Constituency]] for the first time?
|topic = Politics and government
}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Law|class=B|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Politics|class=B|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Singapore|class=B|importance=Top}}
}}
{{Archive box|<center>[[/2011 archive|2011]]</center>}}

{{Talk:Parliamentary elections in Singapore/GA1}}

== Lead too long ==

According to [[WP:LEAD]], "it should ideally contain no more than four paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate". [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 10:37, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

User talk:Hildanknight

2014-08-05T11:02:20Z

175.156.242.240: /* About List of Let's Play Love episodes */ new section

== Re: SIA and Changi Airport ==

A few quick pointers:
* For Changi Airport:
** Could the infrastructure info box be made smaller?
** The pictures for airlines is way too bloated. Be selective in what to include or not to include (rest can be displayed on Commons as a gallery).
** Check the article against the structure of FAs.
* Singapore Airlines
** History needs a lot of work. I can help with references when you need it, let me know.
** The article focuses too much on the aircrafts itself. There should be more on the organization as well.
Good luck! - [[User:Mailer diablo|Mailer Diablo]] 11:45, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law]] for comments about the article. Well done!  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:ChrisGualtieri|ChrisGualtieri]] -- {{User-multi
|doc=yes
|User=ChrisGualtieri
|1=t
}} 19:21, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Representative democracy in Singapore]]==
The article [[Representative democracy in Singapore]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Representative democracy in Singapore]] for comments about the article. Well done!  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:ChrisGualtieri|ChrisGualtieri]] -- {{User-multi
|doc=yes
|User=ChrisGualtieri
|1=t
}} 21:31, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)]]==
The article [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Internal Security Act (Singapore)]] for comments about the article. Well done!  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:ChrisGualtieri|ChrisGualtieri]] -- {{User-multi
|doc=yes
|User=ChrisGualtieri
|1=t
}} 21:41, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

== WikiCup 2014 March newsletter ==

A quick update as we are half way through round two of this year's competition. WikiCup newcomer {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Godot13}} (Pool E) leads, having produced a massive set of featured pictures for [[Silver certificate (United States)]], an article also brought to featured list status. Former finalist {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Adam Cuerden}} (Pool G) is in second, which he owes mostly to his work with historical images, including a number of images from ''[[Urania's Mirror]]'', an article also brought to good status. 2010 champion {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Sturmvogel_66}} (Pool C) is third overall, thanks to contributions relating to naval history, including the newly featured [[Japanese battleship Nagato|Japanese battleship ''Nagato'']]. {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Cliftonian}}, who currently leads Pool A and is sixth overall, takes the title for the highest scoring individual article of the competition so far, with the top importance featured article [[Ian Smith]].

With 26 people having already scored over 100 points, it is likely that well over 100 points will be needed to secure a place in round 3. Recent years have required 123 (2013), 65 (2012), 41 (2011) and 100 (2010). Remember that only 64 will progress to round 3 at the end of April. Invitations for collaborative writing efforts or any other discussion of potentially interesting work is always welcome on the WikiCup talk page; if two or more WikiCup competitors have done significant work on an article, all can claim points equally. If you are concerned that your nomination—whether it is at good article candidates, a featured process, or anywhere else—will not receive the necessary reviews, please list it on [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Reviews]]. If you want to help out with the WikiCup, please do your bit to help keep down the review backlogs! Questions are welcome on [[Wikipedia talk:WikiCup]], and the judges are reachable on their talk pages or by email. Good luck! If you wish to start or stop receiving this newsletter, please feel free to add or remove yourself from [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Newsletter/Send]]. [[User:J Milburn|J Milburn]] ([[User talk:J Milburn|talk]] • [[Special:Emailuser/J Milburn|email]]), [[User:The ed17|The ed17]] ([[User talk:The ed17|talk]] • [[Special:Emailuser/The ed17|email]]) and [[User:Miyagawa|Miyagawa]] ([[User talk:Miyagawa|talk]] • [[Special:Emailuser/Miyagawa|email]]) 22:55, 31 March 2014 (UTC)


==Disambiguation link notification for April 4==

Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited [[Language education in Singapore]], you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page [[Punjabi]] ([[tools:~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Language_education_in_Singapore|check to confirm]] | [[tools:~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Language_education_in_Singapore|fix with Dab solver]]). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the [[User:DPL bot/Dablink notification FAQ|FAQ]]{{*}} Join us at the [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links|DPL WikiProject]].

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== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Bukit Batok Memorial]]==
The article [[Bukit Batok Memorial]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Bukit Batok Memorial]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Zawed|Zawed]] -- {{User-multi
|doc=yes
|User=Zawed
|1=t
}} 22:00, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Old National Library Building]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Old National Library Building]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Acalycine|Acalycine]] -- [[User:Acalycine|Acalycine]] ([[User talk:Acalycine|talk]]) 04:30, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Old National Library Building]]==
The article [[Old National Library Building]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Old National Library Building]] for comments about the article. Well done!  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Acalycine|Acalycine]] -- [[User:Acalycine|Acalycine]] ([[User talk:Acalycine|talk]]) 04:41, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

== Singapore football ==

Thanks for the compliments. I'm in the process of working on [[Aleksandar Đurić]] for his current [[Talk:Aleksandar Đurić/GA1|GA review]]. Do pop by to contribute your thoughts. I'm new to Wikipedia so my best efforts might not be enough atm although I hope I will do enough to get the Đurić article through a tough review to gain GA status. Cheers. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 16:33, 12 April 2014 (UTC)
:Bit of an issue came up with the referencing in the Duric article. For the notes section, "Prior to the 2011 season, milestone goals include both S.League and Singapore Cup goals. The FAS amended it to include only league goals in 2011. [1]", I couldn't get the referencing at the end to follow the referencing style as the rest of the article i.e. use of ref tags and the reference showing up in the reflist. Any idea how to rectify it? Thanks. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 00:32, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
:: Fingers crossed, the issue should have been fixed after some looking around for solutions. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 01:10, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

== Dead links in [[Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore]] ==

Hi, Hildanknight, thank you for your contributions to the abovementioned article and promoting it to GA. I found a few minor issues, so here it is:
*http://www.specialolympics.org.sg/aboutus/aboutus.html appears to be a dead link to me. Does it work for you?
*How does http://www.stgabss.net/SpecialNeeds/index.php/sen-overview/timeline.html serve as a source or reference? Can you explain?

I have translated the article [[:zh:新加坡智障人士福利促进会|into Chinese]] and will nominate it for GA once these issues are resolved. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 09:20, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|HYH.124}} Both links are dead, but the pages have been archived by the Wayback Machine, so I will change the links to point to the Wayback Machine archives. Thanks for pointing that out and for translating the article into Chinese (another article that you may be interested in translating is [[Ya Kun Kaya Toast]])! --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 15:23, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

Is it possible for the article to add any pictures from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Movement%20for%20the%20Intellectually%20Disabled%20of%20Singapore%20&fulltext=Search&profile=images here]?

By the way, Ya Kun Kaya Toast has several Chinese sources. As it is unnecessary for Chinese sources to be translated in the Chinese Wikipedia, do you know the Chinese names for authors of the Chinese sources? How did you get hold of these newspaper sources? Did you go to NLB libraries or you viewed them on the internet? (If it's from internet then it'd be suitable to have links.) [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 10:40, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Also, you [[Special:Diff/604022045|didn't]] add the archive for the Special Olympics Singapore link. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 10:52, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|HYH.124}}
:*Sorry for the botched up edit and thanks for pointing it out! The archive link for Special Olympics Singapore has now been added and I have verified that it works.
:*Are the images really suitable for the article? Do not add free images simply for the sake of doing so.
:*A friend with access to [[Factiva]] sent me the newspaper articles. Tan Lei is 谭蕾, Hu Yuanwen is 胡渊文, Xu Fugang is 徐伏钢 and Chen Junwei is 陈俊伟.
:--[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 11:42, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
::Is there a source for Chinese name of kaya toast company? Original research is not allowed except cases where translations cannot be found. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 13:19, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

[[:zh:新加坡智障人士福利促进会]] promoted GA. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 11:52, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

== Lotto ==

FYI, Lotto in the sporting/football context clearly refers to [[Lotto Sport Italia|this]] apparel manufacturer, current kit sponsors of Fandi's ex-club [[Geylang International]]. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 12:19, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|LRD NO}} Thanks for the clarification. I have [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fandi_Ahmad&diff=604703684&oldid=604558498 added] a brief mention of Lotto back into the Fandi article. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 07:11, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Tan Teck Guan Building]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Tan Teck Guan Building]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 06:50, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Tan Teck Guan Building]]==
The article [[Tan Teck Guan Building]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Tan Teck Guan Building]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 07:11, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 22:01, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Illegality in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Illegality in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Illegality in Singapore administrative law]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 12:01, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Precedent fact errors in Singapore law]]==
The article [[Precedent fact errors in Singapore law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Precedent fact errors in Singapore law]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 00:01, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore]]==
The article [[Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 15:31, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

== [[Kelvin Tan]] ==

2009 National Day song? Shouldn't it be [[National Day Parade|NDP]] 2009 ([[National Day Parade, 2009]]) Theme song? There is an article for the song, [[What Do You See?]] I guess the reviewer is not familiar with this topic. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 12:34, 22 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|HYH.124}} I guess so. This has been corrected. Thanks for pointing that out! 你是否打算把这条目翻译到中文维基百科？也可以考虑关于梁智强电影的条目。 --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 12:49, 22 April 2014 (UTC)
::I was trying to say that it is an NDP '''theme song''', not just a national day song. I believe I am much younger than you, so I have to cope with my studies, and am taking O level soon. So I might not write articles for a period of time. My standard of Chinese is only up to Secondary School standard, which resulted in poor translations and fortunately there are copyeditors helping the project. Just to let you know that the Chinese article of [[Murder of Huang Na]] is undergoing GAN, but I doubt it'll pass. Lastly, I am a locally born Singaporean, so you don't have to communicate to me in Chinese, unless you are being influenced by the [[Speak Mandarin Campaign]] and are practising your proficiency in Mandarin. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 15:00, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[The Fullerton Hotel Singapore]]==
The article [[The Fullerton Hotel Singapore]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:The Fullerton Hotel Singapore]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  [[User:Peripitus |Peripitus]] [[User talk:Peripitus|(Talk)]] 10:42, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

== GAN updates ==

Hi -- I've struck many of my comments on the three active GANs. The remaining points are fairly minor, but it would be nice to get a little clarification on them if possible. I'll let you decide if it's necessary to call on Smuconlaw for any of those points. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 11:16, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|Mike Christie}} Thanks! I have already requested his input and, as of time of writing, he is in the process of handling the remaining issues. Hopefully, by the time you read this, the articles would be ready for promotion. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 17:06, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

== Choo Seng Quee ==

Hi Hildan. I need your help in assessing the importance scale for [[Wikipedia:SGpedians' notice board|WikiProject Singapore]] at [[Talk:Choo Seng Quee|Choo Seng Quee]]. The article would likely lie between High and Mid importance.
*'''High''' Subject is extremely notable, but has not achieved international notability, or is only notable within a particular continent.
*'''Mid''' Subject is only notable within its particular field or subject and has achieved notability in a particular place or area.
Points to consider for a possible High rating - Uncle Choo is well-known among Singapore football fans and the media, and is recognised in Asia, having had coaching offers from Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong as well as being former national coach of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. As the article creator, I wouldn't be well-placed to issue a grade. Would you kindly assess it on the importance scale, give it a read and of course, suggestions for improvement are welcome. Cheers. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 17:16, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|LRD NO}} The scale of High-importance for WikiProject and Mid-Importance for WikiProject Football seems perfectly fine to me. To be honest, [[Choo Seng Quee]] reads like a disorganised collection of (nevertheless well-referenced) facts. You have to work on combining sentences into paragraphs that flow well. Please do not be discouraged, as you are doing remarkably well for a new editor and even experienced editors have weaknesses to work on. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 17:40, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
::Thanks. It's not close to being done, actually. I'll tidy up the whole article once I'm done with the facts. As it is, I'm still data-hunting. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 17:44, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
:::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} All the best with your data hunting! Have you watched [[Kallang Roar the Movie]]? When you start tidying up the article, do let me know so I could help you with copyediting. I also noticed your contributions to [[Daniel Bennett (footballer)]] and [[Indra Sahdan Daud]], which I deem potential GAs. Which other Singaporean football articles do you plan to work on in future? --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 17:59, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
::::Yes, I've seen the movie. Unfortunately, I'm far from impressed by it. Quality of the camera angles and poorly depicted players aside, the movie is ridden with inaccuracies. I feel it does not fully reflect on the life of Choo either (with the benefit of work on the article obviously). I'll let you know once I'm done with this article. I have an eye on those with 100 caps+ but can't commit to building them up to GA level. Unless there is a story to be told like Duric and Choo. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 18:10, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
::::[[Hariss Harun]] and [[Safuwan Baharudin]] are pretty much work in-progress and won't be complete for years. I'm updating [[2014 LionsXII season]] as the season goes. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 18:15, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} Do you mean that the articles would be incomplete for years because they would continue to play professional football for years? Reviewers and readers would not consider the articles incomplete solely for this reason. If you prefer to write about local footballers who have retired, that is fine. The other Singaporeans in the [[FIFA Century Club]] are [[Aide Iskandar]], [[Shahril Ishak]], [[Nazri Nasir]] and [[S Subramani]] (you may also be interested in [[Noh Alam Shah]]). Note that older FAS records are not recognised by FIFA, so players like Fandi, Malek, Dollah and Sundram (no links needed if you are a true fan of Singapore football) are excluded from the list. How about articles about the clubs? Several years ago, I tried rewriting [[Tampines Rovers]], but could not find enough information about their stadium and supporters.
:::::As a new editor, I suggest that you focus on writing broad, well-referenced articles, as research skills are more fundamental. Leave copyediting and formatting to more experienced editors, from whom you can gradually learn about the polishing that is needed for GA. Of course, that means learning how and where to seek assistance (for example, the Singapore notice board, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Football|WikiProject Football]], [[Wikipedia:peer review|peer review]] and the [[WP:GOCE|Guild of Copyeditors]]). Another tip is to read existing GAs, especially about similar topics (you may notice that most GAs about footballers do not include their international goals). By the way, I agree that the movie is "not even worth a pinch of salt"!
:::::--[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 03:02, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::Nah, the Safuwan and Hariss articles are about as 'complete' as I could get them to at this stage. As they are young players, their achievements may not be as notable as more senior players. I'm aware of the 11 players with over 100 caps for Singapore (FCC or otherwise) and have made attempts at improving them, along with creating articles for the older generation like [[Seak Poh Leong]] and [[Samad Allapitchay]] (minimal at the moment but hopefully we'll get round to them). Club-wise, I've added the season records for the S.League clubs. Tampines, Warriors and Home are the obvious 'big' clubs to start with but I suggest you might be interested in Balestier Khalsa too. Their club page (referenced in wikipedia article) is a pretty good source of information. All things considered, save for LionsXII matches, I don't exactly follow local teams. And yeah, there ain't (m)any good football-related movies around. The first [[Goal! (film)|Goal!]] film was decent and that's about it. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 03:23, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} To be honest, I find the image policies confusing and thus prefer to avoid adding images to articles that I write. If a suitable image is available, before long, another helpful editor would add it to the article. My limited understanding is that the image should be fine if both of them are no longer alive. The iconic nature of the image should be explained in the article. How about asking Chensiyuan, who has considerable experience with images?
:::::::In 2011, I edited [[Tampines Rovers]], [[Geylang United]], [[Woodlands Wellington]], [[Home United]] and [[SAFFC]] (as they were known back then) to include paragraphs about their pre-S.League history, sourced to a book about local football that I found at Tampines Regional Library. If I remember correctly, the book had a chapter about Balestier Central, which I did not use as I had to return the book.
:::::::Speaking of books, I encourage you to start using them as sources, as they are generally more reliable than online sources. Books about local football are rare, but the few that exist contain a wealth of information that may not be available in the sources that you currently use in your articles.
:::::::--[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 18:01, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
{{od}}
:Concur that the image policies are rather bewildering. I just had the Choo photo removed from my workstation (sandbox) of all places! Guess I'll stick to the one photo in his infobox. As for books, there are few local footballers (or sports persons) prominent or interesting enough to publish their autobiographies. Official sources, which books may have obtained their information from, may not be reliable either. For instance, the history section on their website says that SAFA was renamed to FAS in 1952; yet newspaper archives were still referring to them as SAFA as far back as 1965. Shame Choo didn't follow through on his book plans. Would have been an interesting read and a good account of the football back then. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 00:30, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
:Anyway, I've nominated [[Choo Seng Quee]] for a [[Template talk:Did you know#Articles created/expanded on April 24|DYK]] entry. You seem to have a steady flow of GAs too. Why not nominate some of them since Singapore can't be that boring? ;) [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 01:27, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} Indeed, I would have loved to read a book about Uncle Choo! When writing [[Fandi Ahmad]], I heavily relied on his autobiography, which I also found at the library. The library catalogue also includes a book about [[V. Sundramoorthy]], whom you would certainly want to write about! There may be few books about local football, but we can make the most of the books that do exist. The policy that new GAs are eligible for DYK slots was only introduced several months ago. By "steady flow of GAs", do you mean only the thirteen where I was the primary contributor (listed on my userpage) or many articles that I have nominated for GA review? The latter were all written by other editors and I am polishing them as part of a Singapore GA drive. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 06:43, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
:::Which book on Sundram? Just did a search using 'Sundramoorthy' as the key word on NLB catalogue and it sure threw up some interesting results! I could try to pick it up this weekend if you tell me the title. As for GAs, contributor or otherwise, it would be nice to have some tidbits on Singapore-related topics on the front page. That little advertising could draw a fair bit of views too! [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 06:57, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
::::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} The book is titled The Dazzler: V Sundram Moorthy, suggesting that its author, Alfred Dass, is unfamiliar with Indian names. According to the catalogue, it can be borrowed from Geylang East Public Library and is also available at Lee Kong Chian Reference Library. Since the law and architecture articles that I nominated have appeared in DYK before, I doubt they can appear in DYK again as newly promoted GAs. However, the language articles that I nominated have not appeared in DYK before, so if you read them and develop suitable hooks, they could appear in DYK as newly promoted GAs! --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 10:52, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::Found the book title after playing around with the key words. Minor changes aside, stepping away from Choo's article (~70-80% done) over a day or two so I can gain a refreshed perspective for any improvements after. You might be interested to have a read. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 11:26, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::Sundram's book was published in 1994. Could be hard to find information especially post-2009 (that's where the archives end). [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 11:31, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} The Fandi autobiography was published in 1993, but had lots of exclusive information about his early life and career. For local newspaper articles after 2009, contact [[User:Jacklee|Jacklee]], who has access to the [[Factiva]] database. NewspaperSG was only started about two years ago and before that, I relied on Wikipedians with Factiva access. Wikipedia writing is collaborative and networking is an important skill. Is there information about the early life, club career, personal life and legacy of Uncle Choo that you have yet to add? --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 17:03, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::::How do you gain access to Factiva and is it a paid service? That's all I have on Choo after the archives and online search. There might be some information in the Malay and Chinese papers which I didn't look at. Other than that, the aspects you have mentioned are difficult to find for a person, unless there's loads of interviews like Duric did, or an bibliography or autobiography which will naturally reveal much on certain periods of the person's life. I would probably add on his discovery and mentoring of national players, Farrer Park, style of coaching if I could find more sources. Legacy-wise, Singapore does not exactly honor their sportspersons outside the awards. Despite being at odds with various managements, even [[Brian Clough]] had statues and a [[Brian Clough Trophy|trophy]] named after him! [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 02:08, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} Are you fluent in Mandarin and Malay? Factiva is usually accessed through universities as individual subscriptions are very expensive. If all the referenced and relevant information you can find is already in the article, I can help you copyedit and you can prepare for your next project. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 02:26, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
{{od}} Yes, please proceed with the copyediting. I can't depend on my Mandarin and Malay for my life. Are you a university student, SMU law by any chance? [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 12:29, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|LRD NO}} Does that mean you are an Indian? Of course, if I had Factiva access, I would offer to send you articles, instead of suggesting that you contact Jacklee. My copyedit of [[Choo Seng Quee]] will start soon. May I know about your next project and local topics (other than football) which interest you? --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 12:52, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
::It just means that I 'jiak gan dang'. Can't be helped. I still have nightmares of my Chinese teacher. Currently working to improve on Singapore's most successful coach cos that's what he deserves. Topics-wise, I just pick up whatever fancies me so I unfortunately won't be able to commit to anything. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 13:09, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
:::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} No offence, but you are a disgrace to Chinese Singaporeans. Mandarin sources are used in many of my GAs, notably [[Ya Kun Kaya Toast]]. You may be interested in my [[User:Hildanknight/Report|Singapore GA report]] and [[User:Hildanknight/2014GAdrive|2014 Singapore GA drive]], which may explain some of the questions that I have been asking you. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 02:17, 28 April 2014 (UTC)
::::No need for that. Nobody is perfect and everyone will have their mitigating circumstances. To each his own, I guess. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 05:47, 28 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::{{Replyto|LRD NO}} Sorry for the teasing. I hope you are not too upset. I will be without my computer for the next few days. Once I have it back, I will start copyediting [[Choo Seng Quee]]. All the best with your upcoming projects! --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 06:00, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::About 70–80% done with [[Radojko Avramović|Raddy]]. Picking up Sundram's book tomorrow. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 12:29, 1 May 2014 (UTC)
{{od}}Unfortunately the Sundram book is no great read. I've obtain little bits on his early life and personal life. The rest will have to be filled from the archives. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 16:22, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
:Information about his early life and personal life would be much harder to find in newspaper articles, which would likely focus on his career. I can hardly wait to see the finished article. Remember to ping [[User:Jacklee|Jacklee]] for Factiva access to newspaper articles too recent to be in the NLB archives. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 17:17, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
::I've so far managed to research and write up to his early years pre-Basel. Suffice to say, there is plenty of information not covered by the book or anywhere else. I have not set a definite date on this. Someone else might wish to take over once I can't go further with any search.
::On a side note, an educated guess was proven right - there is an error in the date of FAS's name change from SAFA in their [http://www.fas.org.sg/fas/history-football site], as evidenced by a [http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19660114-1.2.118.3 ST report]. I also tried to expand on Tampines Rovers a bit but their history is recorded so haphazardly that I wasn't able to continue. Cheers. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 11:38, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
:::Good research entails using the reliable sources that are available (in this case, both the book and newspaper articles) and making the most of said sources. You may be interested in the book "S.League: the kick-off" which contains summaries of the pre-S.League history of the eight clubs that played in the inaugural season of the S.League. In my opinion, the [[Tampines Rovers]] article has a good History section (written by yours truly), but needs more reliably referenced information on other sections, notably the stadium and supporters. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 13:16, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
{{od}} I meant the history section under the official Tampines Rovers website. Cheers. [[User:LRD NO|LRD NO]] ([[User talk:LRD NO|talk]]) 15:54, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

== Other Singapore law articles ==

I see there are another five Singapore law articles up for GA. I'd be happy to pick them up for review over the next week or two, if nobody else takes them on first, but I thought I would check with you to be sure you're OK with having the same reviewer for all nine articles. If you'd like to wait for someone else to review them, I'm happy to leave them and go on to something else. Let me know. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 00:11, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
:{{Replyto|Mike Christie}} Feel free to review the remaining five articles ([[User:ChrisGualtieri‎|ChrisGualtieri‎]] initially planned to review all sixteen but suffered from burnout). Just remember to notify Smuconlaw and give us sufficient time to handle concerns (for example, up to 14 May if all five articles are placed on hold). --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 02:27, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
::OK; I'll pick them up as I have time, so as to avoid burnout. FYI, the remaining GA just needs a comment about Singapore law deriving from English law, and it'll be promoted. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 18:13, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Precedent fact errors in Singapore law]]==
The article [[Precedent fact errors in Singapore law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Precedent fact errors in Singapore law]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 10:21, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 11:01, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Illegality in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Illegality in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Illegality in Singapore administrative law]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 11:11, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]==
The article [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 13:40, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]==
The article [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 11:31, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Remedies in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Remedies in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Remedies in Singapore administrative law]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 20:53, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Right to vote in Singapore law]]==
The article [[Right to vote in Singapore law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Right to vote in Singapore law]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 13:21, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

== WikiCup 2014 April newsletter ==

Round 3 of the 2014 WikiCup has just begun; 32 competitors remain. Pool G's {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Adam Cuerden}} was Round 2's highest scorer, with a large number of featured picture credits. In March/April, he restored star charts from ''[[Urania's Mirror]]'', lithographs of various warships (such as [[SMS Gefion|SMS ''Gefion'']]) and assorted other historical media. Second overall was Pool E's {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Godot13}}, whose featured list [[Silver certificate (United States)]] contains dozens of scans of banknotes recently promoted to featured picture status. Third was Pool G's {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|ChrisGualtieri}} who has produced a large number of good articles, many, including [[Falkner Island]], on Connecticut-related topics. Other successful participants included {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Cliftonian}}, who saw three articles (including the top-importance [[Ian Smith]]) through featured article candidacies, and {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Caponer}}, who saw three lists (including the beautifully-illustrated [[list of plantations in West Virginia]]) through featured list candidacies. High-importance good articles promoted this round include [[narwhal]] from {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Reid,iain james}}, [[tiger]] from {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Cwmhiraeth}} and ''[[The Lion King]]'' from {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Igordebraga}}. We also saw our first featured topic points of the competition, awarded to {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Czar}} and {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Red Phoenix}} for their work on the [[Wikipedia:Featured topics/Sega Genesis|Sega Genesis topic]]. No points have been claimed so far for good topics or featured portals.

192 was our lowest qualifying score, again showing that this WikiCup is the most competitive ever. In previous years, 123 (2013), 65 (2012), 41 (2011) or 100 (2010) secured a place in Round 3. Pool H was the strongest performer, with all but one of its members advancing, while only the two highest scorers in Pools G and F advanced. At the end of June, 16 users will advance into the semi-finals. If you are concerned that your nomination—whether it is at good article candidates, a featured process, or anywhere else—will not receive the necessary reviews, please list it on [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Reviews]]. If you want to help out with the WikiCup, please do your bit to help keep down the review backlogs! Questions are welcome on [[Wikipedia talk:WikiCup]], and the judges are reachable on their talk pages or by email. Good luck! If you wish to start or stop receiving this newsletter, please feel free to add or remove yourself from [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Newsletter/Send]]. [[User:J Milburn|J Milburn]] ([[User talk:J Milburn|talk]] • [[Special:Emailuser/J Milburn|email]]), [[User:The ed17|The ed17]] ([[User talk:The ed17|talk]] • [[Special:Emailuser/The ed17|email]]) and [[User:Miyagawa|Miyagawa]] ([[User talk:Miyagawa|talk]] • [[Special:Emailuser/Miyagawa|email]]) 17:57, 4 May 2014 (UTC)


== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Powers of the President of Singapore]]==
The article [[Powers of the President of Singapore]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Powers of the President of Singapore]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 11:21, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

== Checking in on legal GANs ==

Hi -- just checking in to see if you are back editing yet. There are two outstanding GANs; one needs just a little change, and the other needs several changes. Let me know when you're available to look at them. Also, just FYI, I've decided not to tackle the last GAN from this group; perhaps if it's still unreviewed in another month I will take a look at it then. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 10:04, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
:May I know why you decided not to tackle the last nomination? The remaining concerns in the two ongoing nominations need to be handled by professor Smuconlaw. Thanks again for your reviews. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 10:28, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
::Well, I was getting a little overdosed on Singapore law, perhaps; I was afraid I would find it hard to give the article the attention it deserves -- I've been immersed in these articles for two or three weeks, and I felt I needed to take a break. I've no objection to reviewing it in a month or so, if it's still there, assuming you have no objection to the way I've done the previous reviews. it's possible I won't be doing much GA reviewing though; I am doing them now because my books are in storage so I can't write content. With luck I'll be moved into a new house soon and will be working on [[radiocarbon dating]] again. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 10:51, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
:::{{Replyto|Mike Christie}} Rest assured that we "have no objection to the way [you've] done the previous reviews". I do understand your desire to not get burnt out. Smuconlaw has [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Smuconlaw&curid=25715334&diff=608552980&oldid=608020614 replied to my reminder]. By the way, your userpage indicates that you have been to Singapore for "years". Mind sharing your past experience with the Lion City? What topics do you write about and does your writing help counter systemic bias? --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 17:59, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
::::Glad to hear my reviews haven't been too annoying! I was born in the UK, but my father was in Intelligence for the Ministry of Defence, and he was posted overseas from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. My sister was born in Nicosia, in Cyprus, in 1957; we were briefly back in the UK in 1959 and 1960, which is when I was born; and then we went to Australia from May 1960 through December 1961, and from there to Singapore, which we left in late spring 1965. I was five when we left and do retain a few memories, now rather worn away by time. We lived at 14 Braddell Hill, more or less in the centre of the island, I think. I have been back two or three times over the last ten years to sell software quality assurance consulting work to the oil rig construction projects that build rigs in Singapore; I meant to get back to Braddell Hill to see how it's changed but have never had time.
::::I don't think my work here has done much to counter systemic bias, I'm afraid -- my main areas of interest are visible on my user page. I have done quite a few articles on [[Anglo-Saxon England]], mostly biographies of kings; and I've also done many articles about science fiction magazines, which I collect. My other main on-wiki activity is the Wiki Education Foundation (WEF), which is a new non-profit that works with the [[WP:Education Program|Education Program]] -- I'm a member of the board. The WEF does hope to help counter systemic bias, so I'm contributing in that way, I suppose. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 18:33, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
:::::{{Replyto|Mike Christie}} Thanks for promptly passing [[Right to vote in Singapore law]]! For the [[Remedies in Singapore administrative law]] review, perhaps you could give Smuconlaw until the end of the month to resolve all issues? I hope that your few memories of Singapore were pleasant ones, but doubt it, as the early 1960s were marked by our struggle for independence and [[1964 Race Riots|the racial riots]]. Singapore has changed a lot since then and when you next come, do remember to visit our hawker centres! Anglo-Saxon history (centuries ago) may not seem the ideal topic to counter systemic bias, but at least you are not writing about contemporary English popular culture! When I started editing, I also focused on popular culture (mainly [[Jack Neo]] movies), but over time, I have diversified, writing about a [[Pathlight School|special school]] and [[Ya Kun Kaya Toast|food business]], with future plans to write about a [[City Harvest Church|controversial megachurch]]. Would you like to share more about the Education Program (the link does not give much information) and how it helps counter systemic bias? --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 19:42, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
::::::My (few) memories of Singapore are very pleasant -- since I was five when I left, my memories are all of pleasant things such as swimming and playing in the garden. The EP is a program the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) started several years ago to provide support to professors such as SMUConLaw. There were several people whose job it was to keep track of classes, offer assistance and advice, and help with communications. A conference was arranged, and then a couple of years ago the WMF decided that they didn't want to spend significant resources on a program that was focused so strongly on North America and on the English Wikipedia. The WMF is continuing to support education programs in other languages (they have put resources into the Arabic EP, for example), and in other geographic areas, but they worked with some en-wiki volunteers and some professor volunteers to create the Wiki Education Foundation. We have just received a $1.4M grant from the Stanton Foundation and you can see what we're planning to do with it [[m:Wiki_Education_Foundation/Monthly_Reports/2014-03#Office_of_the_ED|here]].
::::::The connection to systemic bias comes from the fact that academics have access to, and command of, much more specialized knowledge than most editors. [[Special:Courses]] will show you the courses that are currently active. Not every one of these courses will help counter systemic bias, of course, but looking down the list you'll see courses such as "Women in Islam" and "Environment and Revolution in the Middle East"; these are definitely not pop culture courses! [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User_talk:Mike Christie|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Mike_Christie|contribs]] - [[User:Mike Christie/Reference library|library]]) 20:12, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Right to vote in Singapore law]]==
The article [[Right to vote in Singapore law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Right to vote in Singapore law]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 13:41, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

== [[Talk:Sri Temasek/GA1]] ==

Two uncited facts need your attention. Otherwise good work, thanks. [[User:Hamiltonstone|hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 03:57, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Also, I was going to review [[Yue Hwa Building]], but was put off by the references. All of the text is cited to various Straits Times articles, but there are some books listed below the footnotes several of which are higher quality sources but apepar not to have been used. Can you explain? Finally, I was also looking at doing [[TripleOne Somerset]], but it has lots of uncited text. If you fix that up, i reckon it is probably OK. Cheers, [[User:Hamiltonstone|hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 04:13, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Sri Temasek]]==
The article [[Sri Temasek]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Sri Temasek]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hamiltonstone|Hamiltonstone]] -- [[User:Hamiltonstone|Hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 04:00, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Yue Hwa Building]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Yue Hwa Building]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:QatarStarsLeague|QatarStarsLeague]] -- [[User:QatarStarsLeague|QatarStarsLeague]] ([[User talk:QatarStarsLeague|talk]]) 15:20, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Yue Hwa Building]]==
The article [[Yue Hwa Building]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Yue Hwa Building]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:QatarStarsLeague|QatarStarsLeague]] -- [[User:QatarStarsLeague|QatarStarsLeague]] ([[User talk:QatarStarsLeague|talk]]) 05:21, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[TripleOne Somerset]]==
The article [[TripleOne Somerset]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:TripleOne Somerset]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hamiltonstone|Hamiltonstone]] -- [[User:Hamiltonstone|Hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 00:20, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
:Whoa, per one of your edit summaries, if a sentence is copied from a source, is isn't enough to just add a citation (as was done [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TripleOne_Somerset&diff=614634556&oldid=614628300 here]). It's a copyright violation and has to either be adequately summarised or paraphrased, or deleted altogether. Check the existing material ''very'' carefully. Anything that's the same, has to be rewritten.[[User:Hamiltonstone|hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 09:27, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
::{{Replyto|Hamiltonstone}} I am aware that copying directly from sources (or even close paraphrasing) is not acceptable. Of course, I did not do so when writing my own GAs. Since I did not know what to do when finding copied sentences in articles written by others, I mentioned the problem in the edit summary. The article needs extensive copyediting by a native speaker of English who is familiar with architecture. Still investigating the extent of this in other Sengkang articles (such as [[Tan Si Chong Su]]). --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 09:39, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
:::Fair enough - the edit summary made me wonder whether you knew. Since you are likely to be the only person with the actual document in front of you, can you either edit out the direct quotes, or put everything you find like that in quotation marks? Then someone else can work out what to do with it. Thanks.[[User:Hamiltonstone|hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 09:44, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
::::{{Replyto|Hamiltonstone}} I am typing this from the [[National Library, Singapore|National Library]], with the books (and my MacBook) in front of me, and will be there for the next three hours. Looks like many sentences are copied (or close paraphrasing) from sources and if you want to quickfail the nomination for that reason, go ahead. The article cannot be speedy deleted as a copyright violation because it has been edited by many others over the years. What I suggest is that you help summon one (or more than one) native speaker of English who is familiar with architecture as soon as possible, to rewrite not only this article, but other Sengkang articles where I have detected this problem (including [[Golden Mile Complex]] and [[Tan Si Chong Su]]). Even if there was no copyright violation, the prose obviously needs improvement. --[[User:Hildanknight|Hildanknight]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight#top|talk]]) 10:00, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Remedies in Singapore administrative law]]==
The article [[Remedies in Singapore administrative law]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Remedies in Singapore administrative law]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] -- [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] ([[User talk:Mike Christie|talk]]) 18:41, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Ah Boys to Men]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Ah Boys to Men]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] -- [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Yuji|talk]]) 06:21, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Ah Boys to Men]]==
The article [[Ah Boys to Men]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Ah Boys to Men]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] -- [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Yuji|talk]]) 06:21, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Burmese Buddhist Temple]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Burmese Buddhist Temple]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Viriditas|Viriditas]] -- [[User:Viriditas|Viriditas]] ([[User talk:Viriditas|talk]]) 10:21, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

== WikiCup 2014 June newsletter ==

After an extremely close race, Round 3 is over. 244 points secured a place in Round 4, which is comparable to previous years- 321 was required in 2013, while 243 points were needed in 2012. Pool C's {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Godot13}} was the round's highest scorer, mostly due to a 32 featured pictures, including both scans and photographs. Also from Pool C, {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Casliber}} finished second overall, claiming three featured articles, including the high-importance [[Grus (constellation)]]. Third place was Pool B's {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Sturmvogel_66}}, whose contributions included featured articles [[Russian battleship Poltava (1894)|Russian battleship ''Poltava'' (1894)]] and [[Russian battleship Peresvet|Russian battleship ''Peresvet'']]. Pool C saw the highest number of participants advance, with six out of eight making it to the next round.

The round saw this year's first featured portal, with {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Sven Manguard}} taking [[Portal:Literature]] to featured status. The round also saw the first good topic points, thanks to {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|12george1}} and the [[Wikipedia:Featured topics/2013 Atlantic hurricane season|2013 Atlantic hurricane season]]. This means that all content types have been claimed this year. Other contributions of note this round include a featured topic on [[Wikipedia:Featured topics/Maya Angelou autobiographies|Maya Angelou's autobiographies]] from {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Figureskatingfan}}, a good article on the noted Czech footballer [[Tomáš Rosický]] from {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Cloudz679}} and [[:File:Charlie Murder screenshot 5.png|a now-featured video game screenshot]], freely released due to the efforts of {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant5|Sven Manguard}}.

The judges would like to remind participants to update submission pages promptly. This means that content can be checked, and allows those following the competition (including those participating) to keep track of scores effectively. This round has seen discussion about various aspects of the WikiCup's rules and procedures. Those interested in the competition can be assured that formal discussions about how next year's competition will work will be opened shortly, and all are welcome to voice their views then. If you are concerned that your nomination—whether it is at good article candidates, a featured process, or anywhere else—will not receive the necessary reviews, please list it on Wikipedia:WikiCup/Reviews. If you want to help out with the WikiCup, please do your bit to help keep down the review backlogs! Questions are welcome on Wikipedia talk:WikiCup, and the judges are reachable on their talk pages or by email. Good luck! If you wish to start or stop receiving this newsletter, please feel free to add or remove yourself from [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Newsletter/Send]]. {{user|J Milburn}} {{user|The ed17}} and {{user|Miyagawa}} 18:48, 30 June 2014 (UTC)


== Ah Boys to Men ==

Hm, yeah, there's no problem on my part. I've noticed you were taking time to reply. I couldn't keep it open for a month even I belive it's very close to GA. So I'd be glad to review it again after the merger. I'll only not do it if something extraordinary happen in my life or if I'm busy by the time (who knows what can happen within a month? haha). Good luck with all your stuff! [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Yuji|talk]]) 05:49, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Ah Boys to Men]]==
The article [[Ah Boys to Men]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Ah Boys to Men]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] -- [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Yuji|talk]]) 06:02, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Burmese Buddhist Temple]]==
The article [[Burmese Buddhist Temple]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Burmese Buddhist Temple]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Viriditas|Viriditas]] -- [[User:Viriditas|Viriditas]] ([[User talk:Viriditas|talk]]) 07:02, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Singapore Airlines]]==
The article [[Singapore Airlines]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Singapore Airlines]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Good afternoon|Good afternoon]] -- [[User:Good afternoon|Good afternoon]] ([[User talk:Good afternoon|talk]]) 06:00, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

== FYI ==

A week or so back, I quick failed [[Singapore Changi Airport]] due to major issues and since the bot did not send the message, I'm informing you. [[User:Sportsguy17|'''Sports''guy17''''']] ([[User talk:Sportsguy17|'''T''']] • [[Special:Contributions/Sportsguy17|C]]) 18:03, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Singapore Airlines]]==
The article [[Singapore Airlines]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Singapore Airlines]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  [[User:Good afternoon|Good afternoon]] ([[User talk:Good afternoon|talk]]) 04:50, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Tan Chay Wa's tombstone trial]]==
The article [[Tan Chay Wa's tombstone trial]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:Tan Chay Wa's tombstone trial]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hamiltonstone|Hamiltonstone]] -- [[User:Hamiltonstone|Hamiltonstone]] ([[User talk:Hamiltonstone|talk]]) 12:21, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Languages of Singapore]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Languages of Singapore]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:White whirlwind|White whirlwind]] -- [[User:White whirlwind|White whirlwind]] ([[User talk:White whirlwind|talk]]) 19:40, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Rule of law doctrine in Singapore]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Rule of law doctrine in Singapore]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] -- [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] ([[User talk:Wizardman|talk]]) 12:21, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:CRwikiCA|CRwikiCA]] -- [[User:CRwikiCA|CRwikiCA]] ([[User talk:CRwikiCA|talk]]) 18:41, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]]==
The article [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has been placed on hold [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|20px]]. The article is close to meeting the [[WP:GA?|good article criteria]], but there are some minor changes or clarifications needing to be addressed. If these are fixed within 7 days, the article will pass; otherwise it may fail. See [[Talk:2010 Summer Youth Olympics]] for things which need to be addressed.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:CRwikiCA|CRwikiCA]] -- [[User:CRwikiCA|CRwikiCA]] ([[User talk:CRwikiCA|talk]]) 20:01, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Rule of law doctrine in Singapore]]==
The article [[Rule of law doctrine in Singapore]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Rule of law doctrine in Singapore]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] -- [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] ([[User talk:Wizardman|talk]]) 20:22, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[The Buddhist Library (Singapore)]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[The Buddhist Library (Singapore)]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] -- [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] ([[User talk:Wizardman|talk]]) 05:01, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[The Buddhist Library (Singapore)]]==
The article [[The Buddhist Library (Singapore)]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has failed [[Image:Symbol unsupport vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:The Buddhist Library (Singapore)]] for reasons why the nomination failed. If or when these points have been taken care of, you may apply for a new nomination of the article.  Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] -- [[User:Wizardman|Wizardman]] ([[User talk:Wizardman|talk]]) 02:42, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

== About [[List of Let's Play Love episodes]] ==

Hello Hildanknight, I think the abovementioned article should be deleted. Firstly, it's notability is questionable. Secondly, we do not know whether the contents is free from copyright (I strongly suspect it is copied from another website, probably XINMSN by reading the descriptions!). Thirdly, the tone is non-neutral and advertising, e.g. "Who will accumulate the most points in this race to be the ‘Best Lover’?"; "At the end of five minutes, will Ian meet Xiao Yi?" Besides copyright issues, there are a lot of other issues that suggests the article should not exist.

What do you think? If you agree with me, then I think you could Afd it, which I couldn't. [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 11:02, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Xiaxue

2014-08-05T10:24:49Z

175.156.242.240: /* peer review template on this talk page */ new section

{{GA|19:55, 1 January 2014 (UTC)|topic=Social sciences and society|page=5|oldid=588703458}}
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==refs==
References showing that xiaxue made racist remarks, insulted handicapped people, insulted christians, is unpopular and is definitely not a celebrity. Read the entries, the related entries as well as the comments.

[http://xialanxue.blogspot.com/2005/09/open-ended-survey.html]
[http://www.petertan.com/blog/index.php/2005/10/17/as-stupid-as-stupid-can-be]
[http://www.suanie.net/2005/10/17/can-somebody-shut-her-up-already]
[http://www.suanie.net/2005/10/25/hello-xiaxue/]
[http://www.kimberlycun.com/blog/?p=296]
[http://www.kimberlycun.com/blog/?p=305]
[http://www.kimberlycun.com/blog/?p=307]
[http://www.shaolintiger.com/?postid=272]
[http://xialanxue.blogspot.com/2005/10/st-and-kenny-to-rescue.html]
[http://sandrapowderpuff.blogspot.com/2005/10/down-toilet.html]
[http://forums.hardwarezone.com/showthread.php?t=1069455]
—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/202.156.6.54|202.156.6.54]] ([[User talk:202.156.6.54|talk]]) December 2, 2005

==AFD==
please no... AFD!!!! [[User:Earth|__earth]] ([[User talk:Earth|Talk]]) 12:14, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

This is an AFD! Non-Notable everyday Singaporean. Mods please list it thanks.
[[User:202.156.6.54|202.156.6.54]] 04:37, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

:Are you serious? She's definitely not unknown, and is internationally one of the best known female bloggers. Check out the links on the page, and realise that she doesn't qualify for deletion on any instance. [[User:Hauser|Hauser]] 09:50, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

== Xiaxue urges her readers to update her page ==

Xiaxue urged her readers earlier to update her page[http://xiaxue.blogspot.com/2006/12/alright-already-i-am-blogging.html], and resented the fact that Wikipedia editors "can't be bothered to upload a chio photo of me despite me splattering them all over the place."

To all of her readers that may follow her link here and happen to see this, I draw your attention to [[WP:FU]], which states that "any non-free media used on Wikipedia must meet all of these criteria: 1. No free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information ... if the subject of the photograph still exists, a freely-licensed photograph could be taken." Thus, grabbing one of her "chio photo[s]" that she did not license under an acceptable free license or release into the public domain is '''prohibited'''. Please do not do what Xiaxue seems to want us to do, that is, grab a photograph off her blog and upload it onto Wikipedia. Instead, wait for someone else to take a photograph of her and license it under an acceptable free license or release it into the public domain, do this yourself, or wait for her to license her photograph(s) accordingly.

I'm saying this because her blog supposedly attracts up to 20 000 readers per day, many of whom would probably not be familiar with Wikipedia policies and are immediately marshalled to upload a photograph of her. —[[User:Goh wz|Goh wz]] 02:38, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

:Alternatively, someone could ask her to provide a photograph that she agrees, in writing (e-mail or whatever), to release under the GFDL. --[[User:Khaosworks|khaosworks]] ([[User talk:Khaosworks|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Khaosworks|contribs]]) 05:08, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I've removed the picture because it has so much crap on it and does not fit the tone of an encyclopedia. Please have a non-animated picture. Secondly, we need something a bit more explicit as to permission given; i.e. it has to be GFDL-compliant. Whoever uploads the image should include the text of the e-mail in the copyright tag. Best case, get her to write something on her blog confirming it so we can verify that she has indeed given permission. --[[User:Khaosworks|khaosworks]] ([[User talk:Khaosworks|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Khaosworks|contribs]]) 15:00, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Screenshot of website added. This should resolve under [[WP:FU]]
[[User:Cocoma|Cocoma]] 11:44, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

== Vandalism ==
i think there is a need to talk about Vandalism since it is so rampant.
it is to be expected since she has offended quite a lot of people. please discuss. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Relaxtoda|Relaxtoda]] ([[User talk:Relaxtoda|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Relaxtoda|contribs]]) January 17, 2007

== "Xiaxue" or "Cheng"? ==

Should the article refer to her as "Xiaxue" or "Cheng"? I personally prefer "Xiaxue", but I'm not familiar with the Manual of Style. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] 09:35, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
:Xiaxue, since most people refer to her by that name usually. Keep it the same for now. [[User:Terence|Terence]] 14:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
==Impact of Xiaxue on youths in Singapore==
In my opinion the statements contained in this section are not written from a neutral perspective and thus do not belong on Wikipedia. Thank you [[User:Deconstructhis|Deconstructhis]] 04:35, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

==Requested move==
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section. ''

The result of the proposal was '''no move'''. [[User:JPG-GR|JPG-GR]] ([[User talk:JPG-GR|talk]]) 18:10, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

[[Xiaxue]] → [[Wendy Cheng]], [[Cheng Yanyan]] or [[Wendy Cheng Yanyan]] — Should be moved to her actual name. In any case, ''xiaxue'' is a Chinese phrase meaning "It's snowing". — —/[[User:Mendaliv|Mendaliv]]/[[User talk:Mendaliv|2¢]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mendaliv|Δ's]]/ 08:11, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

===Survey===
:''Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with'' <code><nowiki>*'''Support'''</nowiki></code> ''or'' <code><nowiki>*'''Oppose'''</nowiki></code>'', then sign your comment with'' <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>''. Since [[Wikipedia:Polling is not a substitute for discussion|polling is not a substitute for discussion]], please explain your reasons, taking into account [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|Wikipedia's naming conventions]].''

*Unconvincing. What is she usually called? We should use that, as we do [[Atrios]]. The Chinese phrase is not a problem, unless we (rather than [[Wiktionary]]) should have an article on it, which I doubt; compare [[Cher]], although ''cher'' is a French word. [[User:Pmanderson|Septentrionalis]] [[User talk:Pmanderson|PMAnderson]] 14:23, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:UCN]] (use common names). You'll notice from the articles external links that Xiaxue is what she's referred to. And ''xiaxue'' is not a "Chinese phrase meaning 'It's snowing'." It's a romanization of 下雪 which is a Chinese phrase meaning "It's snowing." This might be an ambiguous title if this was [[Wiktionary]] or [[Chinese Wikipedia]] but there's no ambiguity at an English encyclopedia. — [[User talk:AjaxSmack|''' AjaxSmack ''']] 14:39, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

*'''Oppose'''. No case made in terms of [[WP:NC]]; As noted, external links indicate that the current article name is correct. [[User:Andrewa|Andrewa]] ([[User talk:Andrewa|talk]]) 14:42, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

===Discussion===
:''Any additional comments:''
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.</div>

== Notability ==

There's no serious question that she's a notable blogger. See http://www.xiaxue-media.blogspot.com/ for her "media center" which includes a couple dozen instances of coverage in print media and television. Outside of what she's collected herself, http://www.straitstimes.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=1f435ce1e874c110VgnVCM100000430a0a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=19e4758920e39010VgnVCM1000000a35010aRCRD is an article in the Straits Times documenting the controversy with Lang. I'm deleting the {{tl|Notability}} tag. [[User:TJRC|TJRC]] ([[User talk:TJRC|talk]]) 08:01, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

==Notability, again==

How in the name of F*CK does this person deserve a wikipedia page? OK, she blogs, she tweets, then what? There's tons of internet personalities who are much more famous and still not found in wikipedia. Whoever started this page is either an idiot or herself. Please dont pollute the environment for true useful information. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/60.199.250.253|60.199.250.253]] ([[User talk:60.199.250.253|talk]]) 08:01, 18 April 2011 (UTC) 

Bitter much? This article needs work but she's clearly notable enough to warrant one. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.246.143.27|99.246.143.27]] ([[User talk:99.246.143.27|talk]]) 06:57, 18 July 2011 (UTC) 

== Refs, notability etc. ==

Hi all

I copyedited this article recently and put a note-to-self to come back when I had a little free time.

*Some of the refs are dodgy as there are few urls for anyone to check the validity of the claims. One ref says "my paper" as the source!!
*Are the Wizzbang LLC awards notable enough? They do not appear to be according to [[Blog award]]
*The last one is a primary source and a self reference, xiaxue.blogspot.com, and is definitely getting removed - she could change it to "received a BSc. in blogging from MIT" and obviously, as she can put whatever she likes, is totally unacceptable as a source.

While I appreciate that an editor that has worked on GAs has worked on it, the issue here is about ''this'' article and the sources and information ''this'' article contains.

I suggest that some thought is given to improving the validity and reliability of the sources and information used. [[User:Chaosdruid|Chaosdruid]] ([[User talk:Chaosdruid|talk]]) 17:17, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
:Hello, Chaosdruid, and thanks for your feedback! Having written GAs, I take the quality of what I write seriously. My responses are as follows:
:*There really is a Singaporean newspaper called [[my paper]] (better known by its Chinese name, 我报 or Wo Bao). The Straits Times, The Sunday Times, The Business Times and TODAY are all mainstream Singaporean newspapers and reliable (despite complains about our unfree press). Some of the offline references were found through [http://xiaxue-media.blogspot.com/ Xiaxue's own compilation of newspaper/magazine articles about her], but most were obtained through [[Factiva]]. In general, Factiva only indexes articles from reliable sources.
:*I am not an expert on blogging awards, so I cannot be sure that the Wizbang LLC Awards are notable, though my research did not reveal any reasons to significantly doubt their notability. Perhaps we could ask the folks at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Blogging|WikiProject Blogging]], who would be in a much better position to evaluate their notability?
:*Wikipedia policy permits the use of self-published sources [[WP:SELFPUB|for information about themselves]], under limited circumstances. Does the use of one of her blogs as a reference for the schools she studied at fall under these limited circumstances? I did not contest the removal of a sentence (referenced to the same blog of hers) that she practices a religion called "Wendism", because that information was absurd. If she claimed that she had "received a BSc. in blogging from MIT", that would also be absurd (I assume MIT does not offer degrees in blogging) and I would be happy to remove it. However, the schools she claimed she attended do exist and do not raise any red flags (they are not particularly prestigious). Perhaps we could seek input from other editors who are highly familiar with the sourcing and [[WP:BLP|BLP]] policies? If the use of her blog as a reference for such information is deemed unacceptable, then I would question the viability of the Personal life section itself, though I am sure that if [[User:Jacklee|Jacklee]] helped me do another Factiva search, we could find a reliable reference for information on her brother and husband (the draft of this article was written before she married him and was thus outdated).
:Once again, thanks for your input, and I look forward to hearing from you soon. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 15:59, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
::The reason I raised my last point was that a google news search, though obviously not fully satisfactory, gives no results for Xiaxue or Wendy Cheng when combined with [http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Wendy+Cheng+Xiaxue+Singapore+polytechnic&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a#q=%22Wendy+Cheng%22+Singapore+polytechnic&hl=en&safe=off&client=firefox-a&hs=8WK&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&prmdo=1&tbs=cdr:1,cd_min:1/1/2000,cd_max:1/7/2011&tbm=nws&source=lnms&ei=5tokTte4J46bhQfr9IH8CQ&sa=X&oi=mode_link&ct=mode&cd=4&sqi=2&ved=0CCgQ_AUoAw&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=521ce463e76fef99&biw=1280&bih=804 Singapore polytechnic] There should surely be a Singaporean paper or magazine that can be quoted on that matter? Selfpub also stipulates that this information is "usually in articles", rather than a webpage claiming "I am a superstar", though I agree it is not self-serving nor apparently contentious (though I suspect that certain details in it are, such as: "Spoken Languages" = "Elfish" and "talks to ants") the education aspect does not appear to be. There is one ref to it, though I do not know their reliability: [http://www.rdasia.com/secrets_of_success_cash_now Readers Digest].
::There is also this snippet in a Singapore Arts Council PDF, listing her in a 2005 writers festival, which refers to her with an extended (full?) name - [http://www.nac.gov.sg/static/doc/abo/annualreport06/Annexes.pdf p.111 Wendy Cheng Yan Yan]
::Most importantly from my point of view is that using her "in the media" page without url's the articles quoted cannot be checked. While I appreciate the mention that "Factiva only indexes articles from reliable sources." there are no links to those indexed articles or their entries, or the fact that they come from Factiva as publisher, rather than the newspapers and magazines themselves. Jack will most certainly be able to help I am sure, he has knowledge of archiving sites and so should be able to come up with something ;¬)
::the blogging wikiproject seems like it is a little devoid of action over the last year, though you may strike it lucky.
::I am not "dissin' yo' style", but rather hoping that such an interesting article can pass muster with regard to verifiability :¬) [[User:Chaosdruid|Chaosdruid]] ([[User talk:Chaosdruid|talk]]) 02:45, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
:::I know you are not dissing my style, for I am also concerned about verifiability. Glad you find the article interesting! I have found newspaper articles (thanks, Jacklee, for the Factiva search!) stating that she studied in Singapore Polytechnic and is married to Mike. These references have been added to the Personal life section. Hope that addresses most of your concerns. As far as I know, newspaper and magazine articles, as well as books, that are not available online, are perfectly acceptable as references (otherwise Wikipedia would suffer from [[FUTON bias]], worsening our [[Wikipedia:systemic bias|systemic bias]]). Factiva is not the publisher of the articles (the publishers are the newspapers), just as Google is not the publisher of a Wikipedia article that shows up in their search results. . --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 06:22, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
::::It can never be repeated often enough: there is '''''no''''' requirement that a reference be to a source available online; none whatsoever. --[[User:Orangemike|Orange Mike]] | [[User talk:Orangemike|Talk]] 13:33, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
:::::I think you have perhaps missed the point here Mike. The issue is not that there are refs without urls, rather it is the source for them which, as far as I can make out from the explanation, is that they appear to be taken verbatim from a self-published list that Xiaxue has on her blogsite, rather than from the original published sources. My request was that someone verifies them, or puts urls so that we can all verify them. For example "Who says I have a foul mouth" is taken from this image [http://photos1.blogger.com/img/116/940/1024/foulmouth.jpg which is difficult to read] and cited five times. [[User:Chaosdruid|Chaosdruid]] ([[User talk:Chaosdruid|talk]]) 01:09, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
::::::The references from Go Digital and Hardware Zone magazines, plus one newspaper article (cannot remember which one, checking would take a long time), are the only three offline references that I obtained through her media centre (and for all three references, the images were not difficult to read at all). The remaining 12 (out of 15) offline references were obtained from the Factiva database, although some (including the example you mentioned) were also on her media centre. I had read a few of the newspaper articles in their respective newspapers before, so I have no reason to doubt the reliability of Factiva as an archiver.
::::::"Yan Yan" is a romanisation of her Chinese name. If we included it, we would also have to include the Chinese characters (and the Chinese characters of Xiaxue), cited to a reliable Chinese-language reference (and we would have to be wary of potential BLP issues from doing so). Last but not least, I have posted a message at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Blogging]] asking about the notability of the Wizbang awards.
::::::--[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 17:17, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
:::::::I have directly asked a member off the list at project blogging, rjansen, to take a look as it has been 7 days. No particular reason other than I looked at three and they were the most active. [[User:Chaosdruid|Chaosdruid]] ([[User talk:Chaosdruid|talk]]) 09:24, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

{{Talk:Xiaxue/GA1}}

{{Talk:Xiaxue/GA2}}

{{Talk:Xiaxue/GA3}}

==Request for deletion==

I think this page should be deleted. This meets Wikipedia's policies for speedy deletion. Please feel free to contest with my motion. She's just an ordinary blogger. Other much more prominent and notable blogs like TOC and Minister for National Development's blog were not added in Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Lee480|Lee480]] ([[User talk:Lee480|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lee480|contribs]]) 03:30, 22 November 2012 (UTC) 
:I've removed the Speedy. The article clearly does not qualify for A7: "The criterion does '''not''' apply to any article that makes '''any credible claim of significance or importance''' even if the claim is not supported by a reliable source or does not qualify on Wikipedia's notability guidelines." If you still believe it should be delted, see [[WP:AFD]]. [[User:TJRC|TJRC]] ([[User talk:TJRC|talk]]) 03:44, 22 November 2012 (UTC)
::With multiple Best Asian Blogs awards and an inclusion in the Technorati Global Top 100 Blogs list, her notability extends beyond Singapore, where she has worked for national newspapers and television. By the way, Wikipedia does have an article on [[The Online Citizen]]. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 12:32, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

== Suggestions from Wikipedian Penguin ==

I've looked at the article, which seems generally well written. A few tips for language:
*No need to link Singapore(an).
*:'''Not done''' The country that she is from is relevant to her notability and many readers would be unfamiliar with the Little Red Dot. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*"Her main blog, which attracts over 20,000 readers per day, has won prestigious blog awards and earned her sponsorship deals, as well as stints as a columnist and TV show host." – "more than" is always nicer than "over" in these places. Also, "Her main blog, which attracts more than 20,000 readers daily, has earned her blog awards, sponsorship deals and stints as a columnist and television show host." is tighter and flows better. Notice the removal of "prestigious", which I fear may be a subjective word to use.
*"However, she is a contentious figure in the Singaporean blogosphere, with some of her posts sparking national controversies." – "however" is usually too unhelpful to use. It's not particularly needed here. It only seems expected that a famous blogger would cause controversy. Speaking of cause, I think it's a better word than "spark" due to tone here.
*:'''Done''' Thanks for the insights into English grammar! --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*"she also has a younger brother.[3] When she was younger" – If there is a possible work around from "younger" being twice so close together, it would improve readability.
*:'''Done''' Should be obvious that she kept the paper diary when she was younger, so replaced that clause. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*Quotations such as "spring clean" need citations.
*:'''Done differently''' That was not a quotation. I removed the quotation marks, which were added by another editor. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*Awkward tense: "she met online and had dated for three years" – simple past, then past perfect, even though the initial event occurred before the one after. "met" should be past perfect too.
*Unclear: what's a "geeky blog"?
*Why is "snowing" linked? Might it be because it doesn't happen in Singapore AFAIK?
*:'''Comment''' You are correct that snowing does not happen in Singapore. Since it is the English translation of her pseudonym, I linked it. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*"per day" → "daily".
*Redundant, remove "various": "...and posts paid advertorials about various products."
*"young adults, into fashion" → "young adults interested in fashion"
*:'''Done''' Good one! --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*Also unclear is what "alternative voices" means.
*:'''Done, please check''' Added quotation marks, as I was quoting the source. Conservative Singaporeans are not known for expressing opinions (especially non-mainstream ones). --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*Some uses of "also" are not necessary, such as in "She also has her own fortnightly series", "She was also accused of impersonating another blogger", "She also has a heated rivalry with blogger Dawn Yang"
*:'''Doing''' Removed some instances of "also" and trying to determine which of the remaining instances are necessary. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
*In the controversy section, the language gets a little repetitive: (she was this, she was also this, etc.). Try to reduce this repetition.
Hope this helps. —[[User:Wikipedian Penguin|<big>'''WP:'''</big>'''PENGUIN''']] '''·''' [ [[User talk:Wikipedian Penguin#top|TALK]] ] 00:56, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
:Thanks so much! 谢谢你！ --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 18:28, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
::You're welcome; the changes are looking fine so far. —[[User:Wikipedian Penguin|<big>'''WP:'''</big>'''PENGUIN''']] '''·''' [ [[User talk:Wikipedian Penguin#top|TALK]] ] 03:22, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

{{Talk:Xiaxue/GA4}}

== Suggested restructure ==

Hi- I don't want to commit to conducting a GA review right now (though I may later) but I am not convinced that the current structure is ideal. I'd recommend something like

[Lead]
-Early life
-Media career
--Blogging
---Controversy
--Other media
-Personal life
-References

The "controversy" seems to all be about blogging, while the other media is obviously still a part of her media career. Meanwhile, there seems to be something a little odd about running together her life pre-career with her personal life during her career. [[User:J Milburn|J Milburn]] ([[User talk:J Milburn|talk]]) 22:43, 11 November 2013 (UTC)
:I've also added a number of categories- I hope none of these are controversial. [[User:J Milburn|J Milburn]] ([[User talk:J Milburn|talk]]) 22:45, 11 November 2013 (UTC)
::Thanks for the category additions, all of which were helpful and uncontroversial. Restructuring the article would require a significant rewrite, followed by another round of copyediting, thus rendering the article unstable. Several different structures have been proposed, but each (including the current one) has its weaknesses. Splitting information about her early life into a separate section would create two very short and disjointed sections. The Controversy section reflects that she is as notable for controversy as for her achievements. Nevertheless, merging the Controversy section into the other sections may give a false impression of the reception towards her blog and other media. Not all the controversy originated from blog posts; the iPhone video was from her Guide to Life series and Tomorrow.sg is, as mentioned, a blog aggregator website. --[[User:Hildanknight|J.L.W.S. The Special One]] ([[User talk:Hildanknight|talk]]) 16:26, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

{{Talk:Xiaxue/GA5}}

== Photo display ==

It seems as if {{tl|pp-semi-blp|small=yes}} is making the photo much smaller. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 11:39, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
:Or [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaxue&diff=596497356&oldid=588703458 this edit]. [[User:HYH.124|HYH.124]] ([[User talk:HYH.124|talk]]) 11:40, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

== Edit request in August 2014 ==

{{editprotected}}
Persondata template, add place of birth as "Singapore", alternative names as "Wendy Cheng". [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 09:31, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

== peer review template on this talk page ==

Volunteers, please merge peer review template with article history template, thanks! [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 10:24, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-08-05T10:21:16Z

175.156.242.240: I think the importance to Singapore is quite high

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|action1oldid=260881626

|action2=FAC
|action2date=00:30, 10 January 2009
|action2link=Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Toa Payoh ritual murders
|action2result=promoted
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|dykdate=17 December 2008
|dyklink=Wikipedia:Recent additions 236
|currentstatus=FA
|maindate = 10 February 2009
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{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Singapore|class=FA|importance=high}}
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}}
{{British-English}}

== DYK options ==

* ... that Adrian Lim thanked his judges when they sentenced him to death for the ritual killings of two children? — Created by Jappalang (talk). Self nom at 01:54, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

:* '''Alt1''': ... that during the trial for the Toa Payoh ritual murders in [[Singapore]], Howard Cashin received death threats for defending the accused, Adrian Lim? Jappalang (talk) 01:54, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

:* Alt2: ... that for his child murders in Toa Payoh, Adrian Lim became the bogeyman of Singaporean children in the 1980s? Jappalang (talk) 01:54, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

:* Alt3: ... that through the use of needles and eggs, Adrian Lim, the mastermind of the Toa Payoh ritual murders, convinced women to offer him money and sex? Jappalang (talk) 01:54, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Alt1 was selected. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 22:46, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

== Regarding Amutha Valli's court case ==

The mention of Adrian Lim is trivial; it was simply a case of "her once patronising of Adrian Lim". It has no impact on the case, which is still ongoing, and is no longer reported on. Adrian Lim's trial has no effect on the case; it does not play a part in affecting the judgments nor is there widespread reliable acknowledgement that the Toa Payoh murders were a significant factor of Mdm Valli's health. It was more of a moment of sensationalistic journalism. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information and trivia; even if a trivia is verifiable, the focus of Wikipedia articles should be on encyclopaedic content and ignore items of casual connections ([[WP:HTRIVIA]]). [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 04:14, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

: Actually news accounts tell of multiple visits, shock therapy and updated case notes said she drank his blood twice. The point is significant since it had a few headlines of its own [http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20071024-32024.html]. The case is not being reported on because it is still in (extended) recess and the verdict is not out yet. I am currently creating a page for the case but its still WIP as there is a pile of info to go through. Eventually the two pages will be cross linked anyway so its informative to have that in an existing page first. [[User:Zhanzhao|Zhanzhao]] ([[User talk:Zhanzhao|talk]]) 01:04, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

:: [[WP:NOT#NEWS]] and by extension [[WP:NOTNEWS]]. Lots of items are reported in newspapers, but unless the subject is covered extensively and is not of casual relationship, we should avoid inserting them into the article. Mdm Valli's condition is not proven to be caused by her association with Adrian Lim (as has been reported, medical professionals are stating that her condition existed long before), their relationship was casual (business-customer). Including it here just because "she visited Adrian Lim" is sensationalistic. Putting it in an article about her case would be more relevant. Context (how it relates to the article and fits into an encyclopaedic structure) is key, and it fails for this article. What is appropriate for one article may not be appropriate for another. In the peer reviews and FACs, the reviewers have often talked of irrelevant details, and Mdm Valli's case would be one of those. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 01:29, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

::: Thats why its in the trivia section. The context is that she was one of Adrian Lim's more well known "clients", but unfortunately the page dedicated to him does not exist anymore. I've already tried putting it under Adrian Lim's bibliography section but it did not flow well. I'm shortening it so that its more relevant to the article, has less weight and with place holder links for the article when it is up. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Zhanzhao|Zhanzhao]] ([[User talk:Zhanzhao|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zhanzhao|contribs]]) 01:33, 13 January 2009 (UTC) 

:::: Wikipedia does not encourage trivia ([[Wikipedia:Trivia sections]]). Trivia sections are heavily discouraged, and trivia on their own are not suitable for FAs ([[Wikipedia:Featured article criteria]], "''places the subject in context''" and "''without going into unnecessary detail''". [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 01:39, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

::::: Yes but it does give an identity to on of his clients rather than all the faceless people. I builds on the whole Adrian Lim mythos. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Zhanzhao|Zhanzhao]] ([[User talk:Zhanzhao|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zhanzhao|contribs]]) 01:45, 13 January 2009 (UTC) 

:::::: Agreed on how it can build the mythos part, but (copied from my reply on your talk page): "''If medical professionals conclude that Lim's treatments of Valli caused her condition to worsen (and become a cause of her conflict with the exorcists), we could work that in the "Legacy" section ("Lim's acts continue to affect his victims even after death." or such). As of now, however, it is an inconclusive item ''(wholesale speculation)'' that should not be chronicled in this article.''" [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 01:52, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

== Well done ==

This is one of the best Wikipedia articles I have ever read and should be a model for an article in any journal or reference. It was more than just a fact1, fact2, fact3 article. The writing is verbose and flows together well.

I commend the editors who collaborated to write this excellent article. Well. Done. --[[Special:Contributions/12.155.20.214|12.155.20.214]] ([[User talk:12.155.20.214|talk]]) 01:00, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

I agree that the adticle is generally very well written - well done to all concerned. Other, that is, than for the bit on the making of the films of the murders. Words such as "capitalise" struck me as being odd, and not of a NPV. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.172.180.19|86.172.180.19]] ([[User talk:86.172.180.19|talk]]) 06:18, 10 February 2009 (UTC) 

"purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure" - thats a great line, was that translated? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.245.122.244|71.245.122.244]] ([[User talk:71.245.122.244|talk]]) 22:01, 2 July 2009 (UTC) 
: Nope, Singapore court cases are normally conducted in English. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 22:41, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

== Primary ==

Why are Sit's books desribed as [[primary source]]s? Are they the only sources which contain information such as eyewitness accounts or testimony from those involved in the murders?

[[User:Peter Isotalo|Peter]] [[User talk:Peter Isotalo|Isotalo]] 01:44, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
: Per his intention, Sit's books are re-printings of the court transcripts; only one or two sections (introduction, parting words, etc) in the book are written with the journalist's opinions. He stated that the transcripts were unaltered, except with the "censorship" (renaming) of certain witnesses to help protect their privacy. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:03, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

::The citations from Sit's books are from what I can tell to forewords, not court transcripts (going by the roman numeral paging and the limited preview from Google Books). That would mean that the references are to a secondary source, even if the works themselves are mostly primary source material.
::[[User:Peter Isotalo|Peter]] [[User talk:Peter Isotalo|Isotalo]] 02:44, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

::: Hmmm, that much is true, so would it better to remove the "primary"/"secondary" titlings and just classify the sources under "Books", "News", and "Internet"? [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 03:22, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

::::I believe so. The primary/secondary division is more intended for articles on historical events rather than for modern day crime cases. If you want to specify that Sit's books are mostly court transcripts, it can be done by using some type of parenthesis instead. I'll make a suggestion edit to show you what I mean.
::::[[User:Peter Isotalo|Peter]] [[User talk:Peter Isotalo|Isotalo]] 09:19, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

::::: That looks good, although I think it is better to move the court transcripts part out of the template (to avoid possible future mess-ups). Thank you. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 10:55, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

== Two conflicting motives for the murders?? ==

The article gives two conflicting motives for the murder of the children:

1) The children had been killed as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess Kali.

2) When the police investigated a rape charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations.

So which is it?

[[User:Imperfectgenius|Imperfectgenius]] ([[User talk:Imperfectgenius|talk]]) 02:12, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

: Both. According to Lim's statements, he wanted revenge on the police (for what he deems as frivolous charges, "''one cannot rape [holy] his wife''", he said). In his psychological interviews, he said that blood sacrifices to Kali would help him obtain aid from the goddess to further impeded the police. Thus, the two motives complement each other: Lim believed that by sacrificing the children, the police would have to investigate the murders (thus fulfilling his revenge) and Kali would further distract the law enforcers in their task. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:28, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

== Style of English ==

Just a curious question: why does the article use British English, rather than Singaporean English? I don't mean [[Singlish]], but rather what's being encouraged by the [[Speak Good English Movement]]. Forgive me if there's an obvious answer to my question. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 05:19, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

: I believe the difference between SG English and UK English is generally small, the accent being perceptibly different. However, this being a written article, rather than a spoken one, is it wrong to use UK Eng over SG Eng? [[Special:Contributions/192.55.54.37|192.55.54.37]] ([[User talk:192.55.54.37|talk]]) 06:11, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

:: Singapore, as a former British colony, generally follows British English (even though American English, with the growing influence of American media, has crept into the common usage). [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 06:28, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

::: Yes, I do understand that fact, being that I also come from another former British Colony. My comment was more of curiosity on why Nyttend insists that SG English be used in preference to UK English when there is very little difference. In fact, now that curiosity has piqued me, what are the exact differences? [[Special:Contributions/192.55.54.37|192.55.54.37]] ([[User talk:192.55.54.37|talk]]) 08:53, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

:::: Oh, sorry, seems I misunderstood everything. "Singapore English" is not really well-defined here; I kind of doubt you can find many who can tell you the rules that point to the differences between it and British or US English. Scholarly attempts to define it are fairly recent, such as [http://books.google.com/books?id=VP_HO_Q5rEUC&pg=PA91&dq=singapore+%22speak+good+english%22#PPA9,M1 this]. In any case, the root of <insert>Singapore</insert> English (the "proper form" so as to speak) is British English, and it might be wiser to stick to it. On a bureaucratic note, the Manual of Style requests for it to be so ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Singapore-related articles)#Spelling]]). [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 10:55, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

:::::However, Modern British English is not the root of English. If you want a root for English, you will have to go back to Old English, and no one speaks that anymore. If you are saying that British English is correct, simply because of the land they live on, then you are deluding yourself - Most Americans, Australians, and British all descend from the same people. One could argue that the most native speakers speak American English, and therefor is the main English, but you see how that sounds, don't you? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/216.116.87.110|216.116.87.110]] ([[User talk:216.116.87.110|talk]]) 20:01, 10 February 2009 (UTC) 

:::::: What we are discussing on is that British English is the most preferable for this situation, as 1. Singapore was a former British Colony, 2. British English is the form of English taught in schools. We are not arguing on whether it should be the dominant form of English on Wikipedia or anywhere else. Besides, American English was derived from British English that was brought to the 13 colonies, so if you want, a living root of English would still be British English, being that Old and Middle English are essentially dead. [[Special:Contributions/192.55.54.37|192.55.54.37]] ([[User talk:192.55.54.37|talk]]) 01:10, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

:::::: 216.116.87.110, I missed out a word above (see the insert tags). My intention was not to claim the root for English was British English, but for Singapore English (the wonders of a missing word; that is why proper grammar is important, and why we should always remind ourselves to check our edits a few times before clicking "Save page"...). Everyone, let us just get back to topic. Singapore English is derived from British English, but without a concrete definition, it was best for Singaporean articles to be written in British English. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:16, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

== "Siamese sex god Pragngan" ==

Narayanan's description and spelling of "Siamese sex god Pragngan" are unencyclopedic, misleading and offensive tabloid hype. First, a ''Phra Ngang'' ("Holy Fool") is a specific type of amulet depicting the Buddha [http://lekwatruak.tripod.com/pngang.html], not some "Siamese sex god". Second, the name is พระงั่ง in Thai, and according to [[WP:THAI]] rules should thus be rendered ''Phra Ngang'' in [[RTGS]]. You can easily verify this by a Google Image search: [http://images.google.com.sg/images?q=phra%20ngang&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wi] (English) or [http://images.google.com.sg/images?q=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wi] (Thai). ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 11:27, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
: Wikipedia is about [[WP:V|verifiability]] with [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] ("it is not about the truth, but verifiable information"). The sources have reported Adrian Lim as using an idol of Prangnan/Phragann, described as the deity of sex. This is not the place to introduce a Tripod self-authored website to contradict those sources. Please raise reliable sources to back up the changes requested. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 11:40, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

:: Said website is written by Lek Watruak, the executive editor and senior writer of ''Sian Phra'' (เศียรพระ) magazine, who has published ~1500 articles and ~10 books on Thai amulets. [http://lekwatruak.tripod.com/writer.html] I would rank his reliability regarding Thai amulets very much higher than that of the only source you've cited, Narayanan. (Incidentally, he's being cited wrong; the NLB gives his name as "N.G.Kutty". [http://snb.nl.sg/itemdetail.aspx?bid=5164631])

::* A tripod site written by a man who claimed himself as the "top famous penname on Thai amulets" for the "most well-known and top-circulationed" without any third-party reliable references is not going to be looked upon as reliable. Considering that he launched several similar websites on other homepage hosting services, e.g. angelfire, geocities,[http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=%22Lek+Watruak%22&btnG=Google+Search&meta=] it can be construed that he may not be the expert he claims to be. Please see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches]] on how reliable sources are evaluated at FACs. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:12, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

::* N. G. Kutty is Narayanan Govindran Kutty.[http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/ow/71365144] (click on his name). [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:12, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
:::Yes, but he's being cited as "Narayanan (1989)", when the correct cite would be "Kutty (1989)". [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 09:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

: Furthermore, a verifiable reliable source that specifically points out Lim is using "Phra Ngang" (or that Pragngan/Phragann are common mistranslations) should be found for those requested changes. To do so otherwise, would be [[WP:SYN|synthesising]] an [[WP:OR|original theory]]. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 11:46, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

:: Are you seriously contending that there exists a "Siamese sex god" named "Pragngan" (phonologically impossible in Thai), who is ''different'' from Phra Ngang?

:: And to cite WP:SYN and WP:OR is ridiculous, I'm simply pointing out an obvious spelling error. [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 12:20, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

:: Incidentally, here [http://magiedubouddha.com/p_thai-ngang1.php] is a description of the use of Phra Ngang amulets in black magic: ''Certains pratiquants clairement maléfiques et stupides assimilent la pratique de Phra Ngang avec de la Magie Noire et utilisent des amulettes Phra Ngang de manière absolument répugnante, entre autre en les plaçant dans des protections féminines usagées ou en les introduisant dans le vagin de femmes ayant leurs règles.'' ("Some clearly evil and stupid practitioners associate Phra Ngang with Black Magic and use the amulet of Phra Ngang in an absolutely repugnant fashion, by by either placing them in used female sanitary pads or by placing them in the woman's vagina") -- precisely matching Kutty's description of Lim's practices. [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 12:25, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

::: Yes, it can be construed as OR or SYN. Translations are tricky. A missing letter can mean different things and unless it is obvious through reliable sources that two pieces of work (A and B) are talking about the same thing, putting the context of A as the background of B would be OR/SYN.

::: In this case, we have these works (above) that talk about "Phra Ngang". However, similar sources talk about "Phra Ngan".[http://thaibarang.blogspot.com/2008/01/phra-ngan.html][http://www.freewebs.com/sombat_amnard/phranganbasickatha.htm] We can infer that they are talking about the same thing with minor differences (although one calls it a former Buddha). Nonetheless, they are unreliable sources by the guidelines and policies here, and should not be used in the text. Hence, we can consider their information but not write it down.

:::: The Thai spelling is พระงั่ง, which is ''Phra Ngang'' in [[RTGS]], the [[WP:THAI]] standard. [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 09:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
::::: Please provide the reliable source that stated Adrian Lim's idol is Phra Ngang. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 12:13, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

::: The absence of coverage from reliable sources is puzzling. Surely, there must be a curio collector who has published a book on South East Asia, considering the mystique and exotica about it. A search reveals that "Phra Kreung/Khruang" may be the common form of the amulet in Western form. [http://books.google.com/books?id=s1vRbJXGBK0C&pg=PA236 This book] tells of how thai amulets are no longer "genuine", but a commercial trade offering lots of "models". [http://books.google.com/books?id=s1vRbJXGBK0C&pg=PA237 It] further documents the existence of several amulets and lists the five most expensive, such as "Phra Rod", "Phra Somdet" "Phra Nang Phya", etc. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lg1t7IhJwsEC&pg=PA112 This guide] states "Phra Khruang" is the generic name for the amulets and idols sold as charms, while [http://books.google.com/books?id=QQaRjg3fLFYC&pg=PA126 this book] calls "Phra Kreung" Buddhist amulets. [http://books.google.com/books?id=VW904h09qE8C&pg=PA82 This] links the two names together, as well as relating to the first book. The origins of "Phra Khruang" is attempted in [http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ReIvQpaqwPUC&pg=PA173 this]. The sources suggest the "Phra" is a prefix and not restrictive to the Lord Buddha. [http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=JeW7g4OqZ9IC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64 This book] even splits it further, saying that mini-idols, used as propitiatory figures are ''tukatas'', not "Phra Khruang".

::: I am convinced by these sources and your words about the Thai language that the spelling is inappropriate, but I am not going to state "Phra Ngan/Ngang" as the idol used by Lim. Without reliable proof or otherwise, whichever idol he used for his rituals may not be the "Phra Ngan/Ngang". The police statements (in Sit's book p. 131) recorded it as "Phragann", which would correspond to the Thai spelling. Narayanan used this form, while it is John who used Pragngan, which you object to. No reliable source can vouch for it as "Phra Gann" or "Phra Ngan", so we should not attempt to do so here. I have reflected this issue in the footnotes and a slight tweak of its first mention,[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders&diff=269911130&oldid=269909517] which should hopefully address your concern about this. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:12, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

:::: No, that does not address my concern; if anything, "Phra Gann" is a much worse mangling, and you're not following your own high-falutin' rhetoric since you unilaterally changed the police report's "Phragann" to "Phra Gann". Also, you changed the text to say that "a Siamese deity whom Lim called a sex god" — do you have an actual quote where he says that?

:::: My suggestion: replace references to P*r*g*n in the text body with simply "a/the Thai amulet" (or "Siamese" if you insist), and add the following footnote: ''Lim used this amulet, which he called a "sex god" [did he?], in his rituals and wore it around his waist during sex. Various translations of its name are found among the sources. John called it as Pragngan, while Kutty cited the police reports, calling it Phragann; these may be corruptions of ''[[Phra Ngang]]'' (พระงั่ง).'' Note change from "idol" to "amulet", since an amulet is portable and worn by the user, which was the case here. [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 09:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

::::: Sorry, no. I am not going to introduce original research that changes what the sources have stated. As for what Adrian Lim called his idol, Lim: "''My first lesson was about a sex god of Siamese origin, Pragngan. I was taught some Siamese verses and the method of using the god.''" (John, p. 12–13) This is what I have done.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders&diff=269985967&oldid=269960113] By this, it is clear what the idol was called and whom it was called by. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 12:13, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

:::::: What is the context of that quote? Is it an actual verbatim quote of Lim's words in an interview, or a dramatization by the author?

:::::: I've also added scare quotes to the first "Phragann" to clarify that the naming is disputed by sources. [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 11:38, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

::::::: It is taken ad verbatim from his police statement. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 13:19, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

:::::::: The same police statement as interpreted by Sit by "Phragann"?? Either they're both listening to audio and making up their own spellings, or one or the other is changing the written transcript. [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] ([[User talk:Jpatokal|talk]]) 18:14, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

::::::::: Narayanan's spelling corresponds to the transcripts written in Sit's books, which is why it is in this article. Whether John heard or saw the statement, and transcribed it down in a name different from the written versions, based on his assumptions or reasearch, is not for us to analyze and dissect. We do not know what Lim used, other than it was a small idol (figurine) and the name he said, which the sources have reported. This article reflects that per [[WP:V|verifiability]] and [[WP:RS|reliable sourcing]]. Any attempt to defend the name of "Phra Ngang" should not be in this article. There is no statement here that eqautes Phragann to Phra Ngang. Anyone that seeks to do so is doing something that is not borne out by the sources ([[WP:OR|original research]]). [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 22:47, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

I'm hoping you two can calm down, leave the article about what happened in Singapore in its Singaporean context, and add a condensed subtext as to what it is about this (other than the grisly murders) that offends Thai and Buddhist sensibilities. Do keep in mind what [[perversion]] means, and perhaps link to it in the subtext, as I have done here. Strictly for this discussion, I'd like to cast light on "Phra Khruang" and "tukata". The latter is a doll or toy, and in this context, is a pejorative meaning that the object has been perverted into a trinket. "Khruang" used alone means 'engine', but its base meaning is ''apparatus'', as in implements (of a trade or craftsman,) or for a particular purpose, or, very loosely speaking, ''stuff''. "Phra" is a prefix that may also be used similar to a pronoun for some one or thing holy or noble. "Phra Khruang" may be used merely descriptively, or pejoratively depending entirely upon context. To put any subtext in proper context, try to make it clear that perverts think there is a Siamese sex god, and that grisly use of objects considered holy to many, adds its bit to the grisliness of the murders. [[User:Pawyilee|Pawyilee]] ([[User talk:Pawyilee|talk]]) 10:36, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
: I am interested to know what do you mean by adding a "condensed subtext". Can you illustrate with an example here? Do you think [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders&diff=269985967&oldid=269960113 this] is sufficient to state that the namings and functions of the idol came from the subject and is not a statement of fact? [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 12:13, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
::Quoting from the article:
<blockquote>
Phragann,[fn 4] '''whom''' Lim described as a Siamese sex god..., 
[fn 4] ^ Lim used a small '''idol''' of '''this''' god in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this '''idol'''. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.
</blockquote>
I'd use '''which''' instead of '''whom''' in the article; and in the footnote, use '''figurine''' of '''his''' god instead of '''idol''' of '''this''' god, and change the next usage of '''idol''' to '''thing'''. Since it is already referred to as ''Siamese'', these changes in wording should break the "idol chatter" loose from having to use Thai language or transliteration. I hope. [[User:Pawyilee|Pawyilee]] ([[User talk:Pawyilee|talk]]) 16:34, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
: Okay, so how does [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders&diff=270097388&oldid=270076727 this] look? [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 22:41, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
:: Great! [[User:Pawyilee|Pawyilee]] ([[User talk:Pawyilee|talk]]) 04:29, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Should be written Phra Ngang. — [[User:JoJo|JoJo]] • [[User_talk:JoJo|Talk]] • 00:24, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
: Show the reliable source that states Adrian Lim is referring to that please. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 00:41, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

== Kali ==

The note in the references about Kali seems a bit disingenuous given the [[Thuggees]]. --[[Special:Contributions/129.49.7.125|129.49.7.125]] ([[User talk:129.49.7.125|talk]]) 17:44, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
: The sources are talking about the majority who worship Kali ("''not the norm ... to make blood offerings''"), which includes the common folks in India. Kali is not a goddess restricted to cults. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:21, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

== Incorrect exchange rates ==

The exchange rates in this article are all wrong. 1 USD is worth more than 1 SGD. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/149.77.41.107|149.77.41.107]] ([[User talk:149.77.41.107|talk]]) 22:21, 10 February 2009 (UTC) 
: Huh? Where exactly in the article has the USD been stated to be less than 1 SGD? [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 02:17, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
:: Yes, indeed, the exchange rates used show the USD being about 2 times less than the SGD. "S$6,000–7,000 (US$12,675–14,787)", "$10,000 of the $159,340[63] (US$21,141 of US$336,871)" and "$130,000 (US$224,791)". Worse is that the rates are not consistent amongst themselves. [[User:HumphreyW|HumphreyW]] ([[User talk:HumphreyW|talk]]) 07:36, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
::: Ah... I see... They were inverted... Funny how everyone missed that... Corrected.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders&diff=269960113&oldid=269954049] As for the rates, they are taken at different years. Please check the footnotes. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 08:08, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

== Police on the scene ==

''UnHoly Trinity'' (p. 4): "Inspector Pereira was at his office in CID headquarters when he heard that another child has been found dead, He was at the scene within twenty-five minutes just before Inspector Sanmugam Suppiah, who was overall in charge of investigations into the two murders, arrived. [...] The two inspectors and a team of men immediately began searching the area. This time they found the clue they needed so badly: a trail of blood. [...] p.5: He decided to check the seventh level, Inspector Pererira stopped at the very first flat, 467F, and gazed at it for a while. [...] p. 8: Suddenly, Lim's mood changed when some police officers from the Toa Payoh Police Station mentioned something about a rape charge. [...] At 11.25 a.m, Inspector Suppiah told his men to take Lim, Tan and Hoe to CID headquarters for questioning with the murders of the two children."

Suppiah and Pereira are CID, not Toa Payoh policemen. Investigations on the scene are conducted by CID, supported by Toa Payoh officers. Furthermore, it was Pereira (CID) who found Lim's flat. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 11:31, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

:What I meant to say was that the first police officer at scene was from Toa Payoh police station, the first senior investigation officer at scene was also from Toa Payoh police station (who did some initial investigations to ascertain the initial facts) and since this was classified as a murder case, it naturally fell under the jurisdiction of CID's Special Investigation Section. Thus, the divisional officers became support (who would cordon off the scene of crime) to the later arriving CID officers. Many apologies, I was editing with my mind half-asleep just now... please revert what is necessary as I really need to catch some sleep. --''[[User:Dave1185|Dave1185]] ([[User talk:Dave1185|talk]]) 11:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)''

== Removal of Footnotes section ==

The recent edits of an IP editor have resulted in:

* malformed tags that disrupted the text, e.g. <nowiki>"Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),[121]{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit Army Daze took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days."</nowiki>
* Insertions of the footnotes into the main text disrupted the references: Lim's holy-wife count is referenced to Narayanan; the opening sentences in "Rape and revenge" is however sourced to John. Inserting Narayanan's text broke the reference for the first line to John.
* Disrupt the flow, e.g. insertions of the conversion rates into the text.

Notes are intended to either support the text or to provide the author's comments (for Wikipedia, this needs to be verifiable to a reliable source per policies). I have integrated some of the footnotes but I do not see the point in placing the remaining ones into the main text or removing them totally. [[User:Jappalang|Jappalang]] ([[User talk:Jappalang|talk]]) 01:40, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Talk:Xiaxue

2014-08-05T09:31:11Z

175.156.242.240: /* Edit request in August 2014 */ new section

TV show host

2014-08-04T09:44:26Z

175.156.242.240: ←Redirected page to Television presenter

#REDIRECT [[Television presenter]]

Taufik Batisah

2014-07-29T13:06:11Z

175.156.242.240: "bin" means son of!!!

{{BLP sources|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Taufik Batisah
|image = Taufik Batisah ABU TV Song Festival Seoul.jpg
|image_size = 220
|caption = Taufik Batisah performing at ABU TV Song Festival in Seoul, Korea.
|background = solo_singer
|birth_name = Muhammad Taufik bin Batisah
|alias = Fique
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|12|10}}
|Height = 180cm
|Weight = 75 kg
|origin = [[Singapore]]
|Instruments = [[Singing]] [[Piano]] [[Guitar]]
|genre = Pop, R&B (English / Malay)
|Occupation(s) = [[Singer]]
|years_active = 2004–present
|label = Hype Records
|Related_acts =
|website = http://www.taufikbatisah.net
|current_members =
|past_members =
}}
{{Malay name|Muhammad Taufik|Batisah}}
'''Muhammad Taufik bin Batisah''' (born December 10, 1981) ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: مهمد تيوفيك بن بتيسه) is the winner of the first season of the reality TV series ''[[Singapore Idol]]''.

==The Beginning==
Taufik was born to a Malay family of mixed [[Indian Singaporean|Indian]] and [[Bugis people|Buginese]] descent. His parents divorced when he was 13.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VNULkD1AftYJ:www.taufik-batisah.net/home/modules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Dprint%26sid%3D734+%22a+mixed+of+Indian-Bugis+descent+stronger+and+not+taking+it+easy+on%22&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=sg Taufik in Berita Minggu (Malaysia)], October 4, 2005, retrieved May 20, 2013</ref> He attended Boon Lay Primary School, Jurong Secondary School and is a graduate of the [[Singapore Polytechnic]].

Taufik first started out as a singer in a local group called ''Bonafide'' playing a mixture of [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] with fellow [[rapper]], [[Mark Bonafide]].

Taufik participated in the first season of the reality TV series [[Singapore Idol]] in 2004. On 1 December 2004, Taufik was crowned the first ever[[Singapore Idol]] at the [[Singapore Indoor Stadium]] before an audience of more than 8,000 fans and 1.8 million viewers across the country. He scored a recording deal with [[Sony BMG]] and a management deal under [[Hype Records]]' artiste management arm, ArtisteNetworks. It was later revealed that Taufik had won 682,000 of the 1.1 million votes cast that night, while his opponent [[Sylvester Sim]] managed 418,000 votes.

Following his win, Taufik clinched a string of endorsements for brands such as Harmuni Rice, [[Samsung]], [[7-Eleven]] stores and HSC drinks. He was the first Singapore artiste to endorse for the Swiss watch-maker, [[Swatch]].

On 14 January 2005, Taufik released his first English album ''Blessings''. The album included Taufik's hits from the competition such as ''Me and Mrs Jones'', ''Let's Stay Together'', ''Superstition'' as well as the Idol winning song ''I Dream''. Taufik also co-wrote one track on the album titled ''Close 2 You''. ''Blessings'' went on to a smashing sale of 36,000 copies, making into the Singapore Guinness Book of Records as the best selling local English album in the past decade. It remains a record unbroken in the Singapore music industry.

On 19 April 2005, Taufik held his first solo concert showcase ''An Evening With Taufik'' at the Kallang Theatre. Fresh from recovering from tonsillitis (resulted from a non-stop four months performing schedule), he charmed both the media and full-house audience with his soulful singing and smooth on-stage moves.

==Post Idol Music Career==

In 2006, Taufik released his sophomore album ''All Because of You'' of which he wrote and produced eight of the tracks. The English-Malay album spurred off a string of hits and further opened doors to the Malay music industry. Title track ''All Because Of You'' made its debut that the finals of the second season of Singapore Idol. The three Malay singles on the album ''Usah Lepaskan'', ''Sesautu Janji'' and ''Sombong'' took the Malay music industry by storm. He was named the Most Sellable Artiste at MediaCorp Suria’s People’s Choice Awards and was also awarded the Most Popular Male Artiste Award at the regional Anugerah Planet Muzik 2006. Winning '''Favourite Artist Singapore''' at the '''2006 MTV Asia Awards''' further elevated Taufik’s career to further heights. An iconic role model, Taufik was also voted as the Winner of Kid’s Choice Wannabe Award (Singapore) at the Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Award 2006.

Taufik shined on as the top artiste in Singapore, garnering the Most Popular Male Personality Award at Suria’s Annual TV awards, Pesta Perdana 2007, the Nickelodeon Kid’s Choice Wannabe Award (Singapore) for the second consecutive year, and also the Most Popular Artiste (Singapore) Award, Most Popular Song - ''Usah Lepaskan'' (Singapore) Award and the Best Local Song - ''Usah Lepaskan''(Singer/Composer/Lyricist) Award at the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007. ''Usah Lepaskan'' was also the Number 1 Song of the Year on [[Ria 89.7FM]].

In 2007, Taufik debuted his Malaysian album titled, ''Teman Istimewa (Special Friend)'' on 5 September and was the album long-awaited by the Malaysian ''Fiknatics'' (as his fans are called).{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Taufik produced 90% of this album and three songs are the Malay version of his earlier English songs ''Untukmu'' (''First''), ''Berserah'' (''Holding On'') and ''Janjiku Padamu'' (''I Promise Forever''). ''Seribu Tahun (A Thousand Years)'', a song which he co-wrote, swept the Malaysian radio charts after it became the theme song for Malaysia's Channel TV3 hit drama series, ''Kerana Cintaku Saerah (Because Of My Love Saerah)''.

In 2008, Taufik won the Most Popular Artiste (Singapore) Award and Most Popular Song (Singapore) Award for his composition ''Berserah (Surrender)'' as well as the Best Singapore Artiste Award at Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008. He also received the Singapore Youth Award (Arts and Culture), awarded by the National Youth Council, in recognition of his achievements in the music industry and for being a role model to the younger generation. Meanwhile, Taufik’s music compositions also received greater recognition as ''Berserah'' took the No. 1 spot for Song of the Year and ''Teman Istimewa'' took 5th place on the RIA 89.7FM radio station's 2008 Top 30 Countdown.

Taufik also launched his fourth music album ''Suria Hatiku (Light of My Heart)'' . This critically acclaimed Malay album showcased a wide variety of songs of different genres and had spurned multiple Number #1 hits such as ''Gadis Itu (That Girl)'', ''Nafasku (My Breathe)'', ''Hey'' and ''Kepadanya (For Him)''. The album also featured music collaborations between his mentor, [[Ken Lim]], renowned music producer, [[M. Nasir]], and singer, [[Hady Mirza]].

Taufik was named the Most Popular Singapore Artiste for the third consecutive year at Anugerah Planet Muzik Award 2009. His composition ''Usah Lepaskan'' was awarded the top Malay song with the highest royalties by COMPASS. Taufik also performed at the Angureah Planet Muzik Award held in [[Jakarta]] and the [[Singapore Day]] 2009 event in [[London]]. He was also invited to represent Singapore to perform at the [[ASEAN – Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit|ASEAN – Korea Commemorative Summit]] in [[Korea]] and performed at [[APEC Singapore 2009]]'s “Singapore Evening at The Esplanade”.

It had been an exuberant start for Taufik in 2010. Besides fronting the finale performance at the Chingay Parade 2010 and performing for the second consecutive time in Seoul under the invitation of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Korea and Singapore's NAC, he continued to earn recognition for his music. He earned the top honor roll of six major awards at the first AnugeraHitz.sg Awards, which honored the best in the local Malay music industry. 2010 also saw Taufik diversifying his art and making his theatrical debut in Dick Lee’s ''Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical''.

In 2011, Taufik was part of the “Home” video project under Total Defence Campaign and also fronted the “WeAreOne” funding raising project for the Japan Tsunami. He also released an [[Eid ul-Fitr]] collaboration album ''Kenangan Di Hari Raya (Memories on Eid)'' with Hady Mirza.
In August, he represented Singapore to perform with the Asia Traditional Orchestra for Korea’s Independence Day in Seoul.
Taufik also wrote and recorded a duet single ''Aku Bersahaja (Simply Me)'' with Indonesian diva [[Rossa (singer)|Rossa]]. The pair debuted the single at Rossa’s “Harmoni Cinta” Concert at Esplanade. ''Aku Bersahaja'' was released in Singapore and Malaysia and to date, Taufik's eighth Malay #1 radio chart topper.

Taufik, for his achievements in the local music scene, was honored with the Yahoo! “Singapore Most Influential Person In Entertainment 2011“.

In 2012, Taufik's hit ballad ''Usah Lepaskan'' was further voted as the Most Iconic Song in 55 years of Malay music in Singapore.
July saw his return to the English music scene with a brand new single ''Sky's The Limit'' which features the voice of popular singer-actress Rui En.

''Sky's The Limit'' hit the #1 position on 98.7 FM Top 20 Countdown Chart for two consecutive weeks on 7 and 14 September, a rare feat for a local song as the Chart is predominantly dominated by international acts.

Taufik represented Singapore at the first [[ABU TV Song Festival 2012]] at the [[KBS Hall|KBS Concert Hall]], in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] on 14 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABU TV Song Festival 2012 Participants|url=http://esckaz.com/2012/abu_tv.htm|publisher=ESCKAZ.com|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ABU TV Song Festival 2012|url=http://www.abu2012seoul.com/s62.html|publisher=Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> He performed his multi-award winning composition -''Usah Lepaskan'' at this international gala music concert alongside high-profile music talents across the region, including TVXQ (Korea), Havana Brown (Australia), Hafiz Suip (Malaysia) and Perfume (Japan).

''Aku Bersahaja'' with Rossa is nominated for "Lagu Bahasa Melayu Terbaik yang Dipersembahkan oleh Artis Luar Negara" at the upcoming Malaysia's annual music award - Anugerah Industri Muzik (AIM) 19, and also for "Kolaborasi Terbaik" in Singapore's Malay regional music Anugerah Planet Muzik.

Taufik also rose his ranks up the regional and international music scenes with significant recognition from Korea's Mnet Asia Music Awards (MAMA) for ''Best Asian Artist (Singapore)'' as well as Anugerah Planet Muzik's ''Best Collaboration - Aku Bersahaja'', ''Most Popular Singapore Artiste'' and ''Most Popular Regional Artiste''.

==Discography==
'''Studio albums'''
*2005: ''Blessings''
*2006: ''All Because of You''
*2007: ''Teman Istimewa''
*2008: ''Suria Hatiku''

'''Other albums'''
*2005: ''Shooting Stars'' Original Soundtrack
*2010: ''Fried Rice Paradise - The Musical'' Soundtrack
*2011: ''Kenangan Di Hari Raya''

'''VCD'''
*2005: ''An Evening with Taufik''

'''Singles'''
* 2005: ''Reach out for the Skies'' (National Day Parade Theme Song)
* 2006: ''Let Her Go''
* 2006: ''I Don't Know''
* 2009: ''Addicted''
* 2011: ''Aku Bersahaja'' (duet with Rossa)
* 2012: ''Sky's The Limit'' (feat. Rui En)
* 2013: ''Ikrar Kasih'' (OST Luluhnya Sebuah Ikrar)

==Filmography==
'''Television'''
*2005: ''Shooting Stars (as himself)''
*2013: [[Madagascar 3]] - Europe's Most Wanted: Bahasa Malaysia (Voice-over as [[Marty]])

==Stage==
*2010 : ''Fried Rice Paradise - The Musical''

==Awards==

'''2006'''

*Pesta! Pesta! Pesta! - Most Sellable Artiste
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2006 - Most Popular Male Artiste
*MTV Asia Awards 2006 - Favourite Artist Singapore
*Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Award 2006 - Kids' Choice Award Wannabe Award (Singapore)

'''2007'''

*Pesta Perdana 9 - Most Popular Male Personality
*Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Award 2007 - Kids' Choice Award Wannabe Award (Singapore)
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 - Most Popular Singapore Artiste
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 - Most Popular Singapore Song ("Usah Lepaskan")
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 - Best Local Singapore Song ("Usah Lepaskan")

'''2008'''

*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 - Most Popular Singapore Artiste
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 - Most Popular Singapore Song ("Berserah")
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 - Best Singapore Artiste
*Singapore Youth Award 2008 (Arts and Culture)

'''2009'''

*Composers and Authors Society of Singapore (Compass) Award - Top Local Malay Pop Song ("Usah Lepaskan")
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2009 - Most Popular Singapore Artiste

'''2010'''

*Manja Star Award (“Anugerah Bintang Manja”) 2010
*AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 - Best Artiste
*AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 - Best Composer ("Nafasku")
*AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 - Best Album ("Suria Hatiku")
*AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 - Most Popular Song ("Nafasku")
*AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 - Most Popular Song ("KepadaNya")
*AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 - Most Popular Artiste

'''2011'''

*Yahoo! Singapore - Singapore 9 Award (in Entertainment Category)

'''2012'''

*MediaCorp Suria BandStand Elektra - MOST ICONIC SONG – VIEWERS CHOICE ("Usah Lepaskan")
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 - Most Popular Singapore Artiste
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 - Most Popular Regional Artiste
*Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 - Best Collaboration, with Indonesia's Rossa in the song "Aku Bersahaja"
*Mnet Asian Music Awards 2012 - Best Asian Artist (Singapore)

'''2013'''
*Sri Temasek Award 2013 - Sri Temasek Promising Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.myselebriti.com/TaufikBatisah/ All Taufik Batisah's News]
{{Commons|Taufik Batisah}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2289536|name=Taufik Batisah}}
*[http://www.taufikbatisah.net TaufikBatisah.net]
*[http://www.taufik-batisah.net Taufik-Batisah.net]
*[http://www.hyperecords.com HYPE RECORDS]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box
|before = N/A
|title = {{nowrap|Winner of ''[[Singapore Idol]]''}}
|years = [[Singapore Idol#Season 1 (2004)|2004]]
|after = [[Hady Mirza]]
}}
{{succession box
|before= None
|title = [[Singapore in the ABU TV Song Festival]]
|years = [[ABU TV Song Festival 2012|2012]] with ''"Usah Lepaskan"''
|after = [[Shabir]] with ''"[[Maybe (Shabir song)|Maybe]]"''
}}
{{s-end}}
{{The Final 1}}
{{Singapore Idol}}
{{ABU TV Song Festival 2012}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=41580559}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Batisah, Taufik
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = First Singapore Idol/ Singer/ Song Writer/ Producer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1981-12-10
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Batisah, Taufik}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Idols (TV series) winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Bugis descent]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Singaporean male singers]]

Majulah Singapura

2014-07-29T12:22:50Z

175.156.242.240: It is not "reliquished"

{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = Majulah Singapura
|english_title = Onward Singapore
|image = Singapore National Anthem at the National Museum, Singapore - 20100720.jpg
|caption = A replica of a handwritten score of ''Majulah Singapura'' exhibited at the [[National Museum of Singapore]]. The original is currently on display at the [[Malay Heritage Centre]].
|prefix = National
|country = {{SGP}}
|author = [[Zubir Said]]
|lyrics_date = 1958
|composer = [[Zubir Said]]
|music_date = 1958
|adopted = 1965
|sound = Majulah Singapura.ogg
|sound_title = ''Majulah Singapura'' performed by the US Navy Band.
}}
{{listen
| filename = Majulah Singapura Phoon Yew Tien 20 November 2000.ogg
| title = Sample of a 2000 recording of Majulah Singapura
| description =
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}
'''''Majulah Singapura''''' (''Onward Singapore'') is the [[national anthem]] of [[Singapore]]. Composed by [[Zubir Said]] in 1958 as a theme song for [[official functions]] of the City Council of Singapore, the song was selected in 1959 as the island's anthem when it [[Self-governance of Singapore|attained self-government]]. Upon [[History of the Republic of Singapore#Independence of Singapore|full independence]] in 1965, ''Majulah Singapura'' was formally adopted as Singapore's national anthem. By law the anthem may only be sung with its original [[Malay language|Malay]] lyrics, although there exist authorised translations of the lyrics of the anthem in Singapore's three other official languages: English, [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Singapore legislation|title=Constitution|ed=1985|rep=1999}}, Art. 153A: "Malay, Mandarin, Tamil and English shall be the 4 official languages in Singapore."</ref>

Originally composed in the [[key (music)|key]] of [[G major]], in 2001 the national anthem was officially relaunched in the lower key of [[F major]] as this was said to allow for a "grander and more inspiring arrangement".

The national anthem is regularly performed or sung in schools and armed forces camps at ceremonies held at the beginning and/or the end of each day, during which the [[Flag of Singapore|national flag]] is also raised and lowered and the [[Singapore National Pledge|national pledge]] is taken. Singaporeans are especially encouraged to sing the national anthem on occasions of national celebration or national significance such as at the [[National Day Parade]], at National Day observance ceremonies conducted by educational institutions and government departments, and at sporting events at which Singapore teams are participating.

==History==
[[File:Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall 7, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|250px|The [[Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall]] as it appeared in January 2006. Victoria Theatre was the venue for the first public performance of ''Majulah Singapura'' on 6 September 1958.]]

The composition of ''Majulah Singapura'' occurred during a push for independence from the United Kingdom. While Singapore was a [[British overseas territories#History|British colony]], its national anthem was "[[God Save the Queen|God Save the King (or Queen)]]". In 1951, the colony was conferred city status by a [[royal charter]] from [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]]. In 1958, [[Ong Pang Boon]], the Deputy Mayor of the [[City Council of Singapore]], approached [[Zubir Said]], a score arranger and songwriter with [[Cathay Organisation#Studio operations|Cathay-Keris Film Productions]], to compose a theme song for the Council's official functions to be titled ''Majulah Singapura'' ([[Malay language|Malay]] for "Onward Singapore"). This phrase was chosen as it was a motto to be displayed in the [[Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall|Victoria Theatre]] after its renovation in 1958.<ref name=a2o>{{citation|title=National anthem{{spaced ndash}}Majulah Singapura|url=http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_anthem.htm|publisher=Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=National anthem originally for City Council|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=9 March 1990|page=28}}.</ref>

Zubir took a year to finish composing the music and lyrics for the song. In a 1984 oral history interview, he recalled the process: "[T]he difficulty is in such a short melody, I have to put in all the words ... [I]t must be very simple, understandable for all the races in Singapore ... I consult also {{sic}} an author in Malay language so that I can do it in proper Malay language but not too deep and not too difficult."<ref>{{citation|author=[[Zubir Said]]|title=Zubir Said [oral history interview, accession no. 292]|publisher=National Archives of Singapore|year=1984}}. See {{citation|title=National anthem{{spaced ndash}}Majulah Singapura|url=http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_anthem.htm|publisher=Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref> Summing up his philosophy when composing the anthem, Zubir cited the Malay proverb "''Di mana bumi dipijak, di situ langit dijunjung''" ("You should hold up the sky of the land where you live").<ref>''Zubir Said [oral history interview]'', above: {{citation|title=1959 – Singapore's State Arms, Flags and National Anthem|url=http://40years.ns.sg/portal/ns/mindef_saf_history_1950s/1959_singapore_s_state_arms_flags_and_national_anthem/|publisher=NS40, [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]]|year=2007|accessdate=27 August 2007}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}.</ref>

The completed composition was first performed on 6 September 1958 by the Singapore Chamber Ensemble during the grand finale of a concert staged in the Victoria Theatre to celebrate its official reopening.<ref>{{citation|title=First performance of National Anthem|url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_815_2004-12-23.html|publisher=Singapore Infopedia|accessdate=17 February 2014}}.</ref>

In 1959, [[self-governance of Singapore|Singapore attained self-government]] and the City Council was dissolved. The Government felt that a [[national anthem]] was needed to unite the different races in Singapore. The [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Toh Chin Chye]] selected the City Council's song as it was already popular. At Toh's request, Zubir modified the lyrics and melody,<ref name=a2o/> and the revised song was adopted by the [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] on 11 November 1959. On 30 November the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959<ref>Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 (No. 70 of 1959), now the {{Singapore legislation|title=Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act|cap=296|ed=1985}}.</ref> was passed to regulate the use and display of these national emblems.

''Majulah Singapura'' was formally introduced to the nation on 3 December when [[Yusof bin Ishak]] was inaugurated as the ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]]'', Singapore's [[head of state]]. At the same occasion, which also marked the launch of "Loyalty Week", the [[flag of Singapore|national flag]] and the [[coat of arms of Singapore|state crest]] were introduced. After Singapore's [[History of the Republic of Singapore#Independence of Singapore|full independence from Malaysia]] on 9 August 1965, ''Majulah Singapura'' was formally adopted as the Republic's national anthem.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia">{{citation|author=Bonny Tan|title=The Singapore National Anthem|url=http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_815_2004-12-23.html|publisher=Singapore Infopedia, [[National Library Board]]|date=23 December 2004|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref>

==Use of the national anthem==

===Occasions===
[[File:SingaporeFlag-NDPRehearsal-20060729.jpg|thumb|250px|A giant [[Flag of Singapore|Singapore flag]] suspended from a [[CH-47 Chinook]] helicopter during a [[National Day Parade]] rehearsal on 29 July 2006. The flyover occurred when ''Majulah Singapura'' was being played.]]

In Singapore [[primary school]]s at lower levels, lessons relating to the national anthem and the singing of the national anthem are carried out as part of the [[civics]] and moral education programme.<ref name="ST 20091004">{{citation|author=Frankie Chee|author2=Magdalen Ng|title=Majulah muddle: Many Singaporeans either don't know the words to the national anthem or don't understand the lyrics|newspaper=The Sunday Times (Singapore) (LifeStyle)|date=4 October 2009|page=8}}.</ref> The national anthem is sung in all mainstream schools<ref name="ST 20091004"/><ref>See also {{citation|author=[[Lee Hsien Loong]]|title=National Education: Speech by BG Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister at the launch of National Education on Saturday 17 May 1997 at TCS TV Theatre at 9.30 am|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/speeches/1997/170597.htm|publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Ministry of Education]]|date=17 May 1997|accessdate=4 November 2007}}, para. 22; {{citation|author=[[Teo Chee Hean]]|title=Getting the fundamentals right: Speech by RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Education and Second Minister for Defence at the NIE Teachers Investiture Ceremony at 2.30 pm on 8 Jul 2003 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/speeches/2003/sp20030708.htm|publisher=Ministry of Education|date=8 July 2003|accessdate=4 November 2007}}, para. 18; {{citation|title=Press release: Submission of proposals for {{Sic|hide=y|privately|-}}funded schools|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg:80/press/2006/pr20060605.htm|publisher=Ministry of Education|date=5 June 2006|accessdate=4 November 2007}}, para. 3.</ref> and armed forces camps at ceremonies held at the beginning and/or the end of each day, during which the national flag is also raised and lowered and the [[Singapore National Pledge|national pledge]] is taken.

Singaporeans are especially encouraged to sing the national anthem on occasions of national celebration or national significance,<ref name="MICA guidelines"/> such as at the [[National Day Parade]], at National Day observance ceremonies conducted by educational institutions<ref>For instance, by the [[National University of Singapore]]: see {{citation|title=A time to rejoice, a time to remember|url=http://cet5.interauct.com/news_media/news/ke/0203/articles/ndoc.htm|journal=Knowledge Enterprise|date=September 2002 (updated online 14 October 2002)|location=Singapore|publisher=[[National University of Singapore]]|accessdate=10 December 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}.</ref> and government departments, and at sporting events at which Singapore teams are participating.<ref>See, for example, {{citation|author=Leonard Lim|title=This time he gets it right|url=http://newpaper.asia1.com.sg/printfriendly/0,4139,89446,00.html|newspaper=[[The New Paper]]|date=6 June 2005}}.</ref> In November 2004, Olivia Ong, an 18-year-old Singaporean based in Tokyo, sang ''Majulah Singapura'' at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] Asian qualifying rounds at [[Saitama Stadium]] in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan.<ref>{{citation|author=N. Sivasothi|title="Majulah Singapura", a cappella, by Olivia Ong|url=http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/~sivasothi/blog/index.php?entry=/life+in+Singapore/20060918-olivia_ong.txt|publisher=Otterman Speaks...: Weblog about Cycling, Macintosh, Natural History and Life in Singapore|date=19 September 2006|accessdate=10 December 2007}}.</ref>

Two months later in January 2005, ''[[Singapore Idol]]'' [[Taufik Batisah]] was invited to become the first performer to sing ''Majulah Singapura'' at an international football game at the [[National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]] in Singapore{{spaced ndash}}the return leg of the Tiger Cup (now the [[AFF Football Championship]]) final between Singapore and Indonesia in Singapore. Due to [[National Service in Singapore|National Service]] commitments, Taufik had to decline and was replaced by singer Jai Wahab.<ref>{{citation|author=Gary Lim|title=Taufik misses big chance|url=http://www.taufik-batisah.net/home/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=23|newspaper=The New Paper (reproduced on Taufik-Batisah.net{{spaced ndash}}The Original Fan Site)|date=12 January 2005}}.</ref> In July 2005, Singaporean singer and actress [[Jacintha Abisheganaden]] sang the national anthem at the [[Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade{{spaced ndash}}Theatres on the Bay]] during the opening ceremony of the 117th Session of the [[International Olympic Committee]], at which London was selected to host the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{citation|title=Judges: Jacintha Abisheganaden|url=http://www.singaporeidol.com/judge03.htm|publisher=''[[Singapore Idol]]'', [[MediaCorp]]|year=2006|accessdate=9 December 2007}}. See also [[List of IOC meetings]].</ref>

===Salutes===
It is conventional for persons present when the national anthem is performed to stand with their arms by their sides.

When the national flag is raised or lowered and the anthem is played, persons in military or paramilitary uniforms who are outdoors don their head dress and face the flag. If they are in formation under the orders of a commander, only the commander salutes; otherwise, all service personnel salute. Saluting is unnecessary if service personnel are indoors when a flag raising or lowering ceremony takes place. In such cases, the persons need only stop what they are doing and stand at attention.<ref>General Order of the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] (GOM) 402-03-01. See {{citation|author=Peter Estrop, chmn., ed. committee|title=Our Army: customs and traditions: Understanding why we do what we do|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/e-books/ebklist.-imindefPars-0022-DownloadFile.tmp/ourArmyCustomsTraditions.pdf|location=Singapore|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=April 2006|page=27}}.</ref>

===Other uses===
The national anthem is played at the [[sign-on]] and [[sign-off]] of broadcasting hours on TV and radio in Singapore, although this use of the anthem has declined somewhat due to the emergence of 24-hour TV channels and radio stations.

The national anthem has lent its name<ref>{{citation|title=Frequently asked questions|url=http://www.majulah.net/faq.html#g1|publisher=Majulah Connection|year=2003|quote=MC stands for Majulah Connection. In the Malay language, majulah means 'to progress.' Singapore's national anthem is titled Majulah Singapura|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref> to the Majulah Connection, a Singapore-based not-for-profit organization set up November 2002 to connect Singapore with overseas Singaporeans and friends of Singapore. The organisation was formally established as a [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) in January 2003.<ref>{{citation|title=About us|url=http://www.majulahconnection.com/statichtml/aboutus.aspx|publisher=Majulah Connection|year=2006|accessdate=9 December 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}.</ref>

===Guidelines for use===
The use of the national anthem is governed by Part IV of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules<ref>[http://www.sg/explore/Singapore_Arms_And_Flag_And_National_Anthem_Rules.pdf Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules] (Cap. 296, R 1, 2004 Rev. Ed.), as amended by the [http://www.sg/explore/Singapore_Arms_and_Flag_and_Nation_Anthem(Amendment)Rules2007.pdf Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem (Amendment) Rules 2007] (S 377/2007).</ref> made under the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act.<ref>{{Singapore legislation|title=Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act|cap=296|ed=1985}}.</ref> These rules provide as follows:

*The national anthem may be performed or sung on any appropriate occasion.<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 11(2).</ref> In particular, it must be performed when the [[President of Singapore|President]] receives a [[salute|general salute]].<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 11(1).</ref>
*When the national anthem is performed or sung, every person present must stand up as a mark of respect.<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 12.</ref>
*As regards musical arrangements of the national anthem:
**Any person performing or singing the national anthem must do so according to the official arrangement set out in the Third Schedule to the Act or any other arrangement permitted under the next paragraph of the Act.<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 13(1).</ref>
**The national anthem may be rearranged in any manner that is in keeping with the dignity due to it, subject to the following conditions:
**:(a) the national anthem must not be incorporated into any other composition or medley; and
**:(b) every arrangement of the national anthem must accurately reflect the complete tune and the complete [[#Lyrics|official lyrics]] of the National Anthem.<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 13(2).</ref>
**Any person who sings the national anthem must follow the official lyrics and must not sing any translation of those lyrics.<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 13(3).</ref>

It is an offence for any person to knowingly perform or sing the national anthem in contravention of rule 13(1) (not performing or singing the anthem according to the official arrangement or any other permitted arrangement) or 13(3) (not singing the anthem according to the official lyrics or singing a translation of the lyrics); the penalty is a fine not exceeding [[Singapore dollar|S$]]1,000.<ref>Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 14(3).</ref>

In addition, guidelines issued by the [[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts]] (MICA) state that either instrumental or vocal versions of the national anthem may be performed, and that dignity and decorum should be observed whenever the anthem is played or sung.<ref name="MICA guidelines">{{citation|title=The National Anthem{{spaced ndash}}guidelines|url=http://www.sg/explore/symbols_anthem_guideline.htm|publisher=Singapore Infomap, [[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts]] (MICA)|year=2004|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref>

==Translations==
Interviewed by the Oral History Department in 1989, Dr. Toh Chin Chye said it was appropriate for the national anthem to be in Malay, "the indigenous language of the region, as English is not native to this part of the world." He felt that the "Malay version of the national anthem would appeal to all races... it can be easily understood. And at the same time [it] can be easily remembered... [I]t must be brief, to the point; ... and can be sung".<ref>{{citation|author=Toh Chin Chye|authorlink=Toh Chin Chye|title=Dr Toh Chin Chye [oral history interview, accession no. A1063, reel 1]|publisher=National Archives of Singapore|year=1989}}. See {{citation|title=National anthem{{spaced ndash}}Majulah Singapura|url=http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_anthem.htm|publisher=Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref> However, on 22 July 1991, the English daily newspaper ''[[The Straits Times]]'' reported that during a meeting between the then Prime Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]] and community leaders,<ref name="ST: Few understand lyrics">{{citation|author=Tan Hsueh Yun|title=Few understand lyrics of National Anthem|url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/zanthem2.html|newspaper=The Straits Times (reproduced on Headlines, Lifelines)|date=26 July 1991}}.</ref> a group of [[grassroots]] leaders and a lawyer had suggested that "adjustments" be made to the national anthem. The given reason was that many Singaporeans could not sing it in Malay and therefore did not have "strong feelings" or "strong emotions when they sing the national anthem".<ref name="ST: Raja">{{citation|author=[[S. Rajaratnam]]|title=Majulah Singapura has been sung patriotically for 32 years|url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/zanthem.html|newspaper=The Straits Times (reproduced on Headlines, Lifelines)|date=9 March 1990 (this date appears to be erroneous)}}.</ref>

In particular, some grassroots leaders argued that since the Chinese constitute a majority of the population, a Mandarin version of the anthem should be used.<ref name="ST: Raja"/> The Prime Minister's response was that he would keep the national anthem as it was while ensuring that translations in other mother tongues were more easily available.<ref name="ST: Few understand lyrics"/> The proposal to change the lyrics was also criticized by former Deputy Prime Minister [[S. Rajaratnam]], who felt that the Malay lyrics of the anthem were so simple that "anyone over the age of five, unless mentally retarded, had no difficulty singing the anthem. All Singaporean children of kindergarten age have not only had no difficulty memorising the words but have for decades sung it every morning with 'strong feelings and emotion'." He also noted that the anthem had been translated into Singapore's three other official languages (English, [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) for those who cannot understand Malay.<ref name="ST: Raja"/>

A subsequent poll by ''The Straits Times'' found that while many Singaporeans knew what the anthem generally meant, only seven out of 35 persons interviewed knew the meaning of each word. However, all but three of those interviewed agreed that the anthem should continue to be sung in Malay. The three persons who disagreed felt that the anthem should be in English because that was the language most commonly used in Singapore. All the interviewees, including those who did not know the meaning of the lyrics, said they felt a sense of pride when they heard or sang the national anthem.<ref name="ST: Few understand lyrics"/>

Singer [[Taufik Batisah]] was criticised for incorrectly singing the word ''berseru'' (to proclaim) instead of ''bersatu'' (to unite) during his rendition of ''Majulah Singapura'' before the start of the [[2009 Singapore Grand Prix|2009 Formula 1 SingTel Singapore Grand Prix]] on 27 September 2009. A ''Straits Times'' poll then found that out of 50 people only 10 were able to sing the national anthem perfectly. Most people got between 80 and 90% of the lyrics right, while six could only recite the first line or less. Although many correctly stated that the title of the anthem meant "Onward Singapore", a majority did not understand the meaning of the anthem. However, most of the persons surveyed disagreed that the anthem should be in English, one respondent saying: "It's better in Malay because there's a cultural history to it and [it] is more meaningful, and has traces to our roots."<ref name="ST 20091004"/>

==Arrangements and recordings==
An abridged version of ''Majulah Singapura'' had been used by official bodies since 1965 although an expanded version, used only at grand ceremonial functions, exists. These versions were arranged by an Englishman, Michael Hurd. This arrangement was first recorded by the [[Singapore Symphony Orchestra]] under the baton of Lim Yau in 1989.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia"/><ref>The 1989 recording was released on compact disc as {{citation|author=[[Zubir Said]]|title=Majulah Singapura: National anthem of Singapore [sound recording]|location=Singapore|publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts|Ministry of Information and the Arts]]|year=1994}}. It was contained in {{citation|title=The National Symbols Kit|location=Singapore|publisher=Prepared by Programmes Section, Ministry of Information and the Arts|year=1999}}.</ref>

The original version of the national anthem was in the key of [[G major]], although in 1983 schools were issued an educational tape describing common mistakes made in singing the anthem and given the option of singing the anthem in [[F major]].<ref name="Singapore Infopedia"/><ref>{{citation|author=Caroline Boey|title=Learning to sing National Anthem again|newspaper=The Sunday Monitor|date=6 April 1983}}.</ref> In 1993, the shorter version of ''Majulah Singapura'' was declared to be the official one.<ref>{{citation|title=Short version of anthem is official|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=8 May 1993|page=32}}.</ref>

On 19 January 2001, ''Majulah Singapura'' was officially relaunched in the F-major key, as this was said to be a "grander and more inspiring arrangement"<ref name="Singapore Infomap">{{citation|title=The National Anthem|url=http://www.sg/explore/symbols_anthem.htm|publisher=Singapore Infomap, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA)|year=2004|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref> of the anthem. The Ministry of Information and the Arts (MITA, now the [[Ministry of Communications and Information]] (MCI)) took more than a year to produce the new version. Its main objective was to make the anthem more accessible to all Singaporeans. In May 2000, several leading local composers were invited to rearrange the national anthem in F major. An evaluation panel headed by [[Bernard Tan]] selected the version submitted by [[Cultural Medallion]] winner Phoon Yew Tien. Phoon's [[orchestration]] employed a slower [[tempo]] and used more instruments to create a majestic rendition of the anthem. MITA then commissioned [[Ken Lim]]<ref>{{citation|title=The National Anthem: Credits|url=http://www.sg/explore/symbols_anthem_credits.htm|publisher=Singapore Infomap, MICA|year=2004|accessdate=9 December 2007}}; {{citation|title=Judges: Ken Lim|url=http://www.singaporeidol.com/judge04.htm|publisher=''[[Singapore Idol]]'', [[MediaCorp]]|year=2006|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.</ref> to produce a recording by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lim Yau, which was carried out at the Victoria Concert Hall on 20 November 2000. The new arrangement<ref>{{citation|author=[[Zubir Said]]|title=Majulah Singapura: The national anthem of Singapore [sound recording]|location=[Singapore]|publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts|Ministry of Information and the Arts]]|year=2000}}.</ref> was recorded in seven versions, including two orchestral versions ([[instrumental]], and with soloist Jacintha Abisheganaden and the [[Singapore Youth Choir]]) and a piano solo version.<ref name="Singapore Infomap"/><ref>{{citation|author=S.E. Tan|title=It's easier to sing now|newspaper=The Straits Times (Life!)|date=22 January 2001|pages=1, 6}}.</ref>

==Lyrics==
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
!width="50%"|[[Malay language|Malay]] (official lyrics)
!width="50%"|[[English language|English]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|
Mari kita rakyat Singapura 
sama-sama menuju bahagia; 
Cita-cita kita yang mulia, 
berjaya Singapura. 
 
Marilah kita bersatu 
dengan semangat yang baru; 
Semua kita berseru, 
Majulah Singapura, 
Majulah Singapura! 
 
Marilah kita bersatu 
dengan semangat yang baru; 
Semua kita berseru, 
Majulah Singapura, 
Majulah Singapura! 
|
Come, fellow Singaporeans 
Let us progress towards happiness together 
May our noble aspiration bring 
Singapore success 
 
Come, let us unite 
In a new spirit 
Together we proclaim 
Onward Singapore 
Onward Singapore 
 
Come, let us unite 
In a new spirit 
Together we proclaim 
Onward Singapore 
Onward Singapore 
|}

{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
!width="50%"|[[Mandarin language|Mandarin Chinese]]
!width="50%"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|
{{lang|zh|来吧，新加坡人民，}} 
{{lang|zh|让我们共同向幸福迈进；}} 
{{lang|zh|我们崇高的理想，}} 
{{lang|zh|要使新加坡成功。}}

{{lang|zh|来吧，让我们以新的精神，}} 
{{lang|zh|团结在一起；}} 
{{lang|zh|我们齐声欢呼：}} 
{{lang|zh|前进吧，新加坡！}} 
{{lang|zh|前进吧，新加坡！}}

{{lang|zh|来吧，让我们以新的精神，}} 
{{lang|zh|团结在一起；}} 
{{lang|zh|我们齐声欢呼：}} 
{{lang|zh|前进吧，新加坡！}} 
{{lang|zh|前进吧，新加坡！}}
|
{{lang|ta|சிங்கப்பூர் மக்கள் நாம்}} 
{{lang|ta|செல்வோம் மகிழ்வை நோக்கியே}} 
{{lang|ta|சிங்கப்பூரின் வெற்றிதான்}} 
{{lang|ta|சிறந்த நம் நாட்டமே}}

{{lang|ta|ஒன்றிணைவோம் அனைவரும்}} 
{{lang|ta|ஓங்கிடும் புத்துணர்வுடன்}} 
{{lang|ta|முழுங்குவோம் ஒன்றித்தே}} 
{{lang|ta|முன்னேறட்டும் சிங்கப்பூர்}} 
{{lang|ta|முன்னேறட்டும் சிங்கப்பூர்}}

{{lang|ta|ஒன்றிணைவோம் அனைவரும்}} 
{{lang|ta|ஓங்கிடும் புத்துணர்வுடன்}} 
{{lang|ta|முழுங்குவோம் ஒன்றித்தே}} 
{{lang|ta|முன்னேறட்டும் சிங்கப்பூர்}} 
{{lang|ta|முன்னேறட்டும் சிங்கப்பூர்}}
|}

===Transliteration===

====Chinese====
Lái ba, xīnjiāpō rénmín, 
Ràng wǒmen gòngtóng xiàng xìngfú màijìn; 
Wǒmen chónggāo de lǐxiǎng, 
Yào shǐ xīnjiāpō chénggōng. 
Lái ba, ràng wǒmen yǐ xīn de jīngshén, 
Tuánjié zài yīqǐ; 
Wǒmen qí shēng huānhū: 
Qiánjìn ba, xīnjiāpō! 
Qiánjìn ba, xīnjiāpō! 
Lái ba, ràng wǒmen yǐ xīn de jīngshén, 
Tuánjié zài yīqǐ; 
Wǒmen qí shēng huānhū: 
Qiánjìn ba, xīnjiāpō! 
Qiánjìn ba, xīnjiāpō!

====Tamil====

Ciṅkappūr makkaḷ nām 
Celvom makiḻvai nōkkiyē 
Ciṅkappūriṉ veṟṟitāṉ 
Ciṟanta nam nāṭṭamē 
Oṉṟiṇaivōm aṉaivarum 
Ōṅkiṭum puttuṇarvuṭaṉ 
Muḻuṅkuvōm oṉṟittē 
Muṉṉēṟaṭṭum ciṅkappūr 
Muṉṉēṟaṭṭum ciṅkappūr 
Oṉṟiṇaivōm aṉaivarum 
Ōṅkiṭum puttuṇarvuṭaṉ 
Muḻuṅkuvōm oṉṟittē 
Muṉṉēṟaṭṭum ciṅkappūr: 
Muṉṉēṟaṭṭum ciṅkappūr!

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/safband/downloads/anthem.html ''Majulah Singapura'' – Ministry of Defence]
*[http://app.www.sg/who/43/National-Anthem.aspx The National Anthem of Singapore – national symbols section, www.sg]
*[http://nationalanthems.me/singapore-majulah-singapura/ Singapore: ''Majulah Singapura'' – audio recording of the national anthem of Singapore with information and lyrics]
*[http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_anthem.htm National anthem page, Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore]
*[http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_anthem.htm Singapore National Anthem information page at Singapore Infopedia]

==Further reading==

===Articles===
*{{citation|title=National symbols: The National Anthem|url=http://www.nhb.gov.sg/PE/resources/national_symbols/national_anthem.html|publisher=Education and Outreach Division, [[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|National Heritage Board]]|year=2004|accessdate=27 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071021113153/http://nhb.gov.sg/PE/resources/national_symbols/national_anthem.html |archivedate = October 21, 2007}}.
*{{citation|title=Singapore's national anthem|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071109055952/http://www.ndp.org.sg/articles/facts/national_anthem.html|publisher=[[National Day Parade]] Executive Committee|year=2007|accessdate=9 December 2007}}.

===Books and other printed material===
*{{citation|author=[[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Singapore Legislative Assembly]]|title=State Arms and Flag and National Anthem of Singapore (Legislative Assembly (New Series) Misc. 2 of 1959)|location=Singapore|publisher=Printed at the Government Printing Office|year=1959}}.
*{{citation|title=The National Symbols Kit|location=Singapore|publisher=Prepared by Programmes Section, [[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts|Ministry of Information and the Arts]]|year=1999}} – a kit on the key symbols of Singapore consisting of eight fact sheets, one booklet, one CD and one national flag.
*{{citation|last=Phoon|first=Yew Tien|title=Majulah Singapura: Arrangement for Large Orchestra with Choir [music score]|location=Singapore|publisher=UTN|year=2006}}. Commissioned by National Day Parade 2007 Show Committee for the 2007 Singapore [[National Day Parade]].

===Sound recordings===
*{{citation|title=Majulah Singapura [State Anthem of Singapore] [sound recording]|location=Singapore|publisher=[s.n.]|year=[19—]}}. Analog stereo 7-in. sound disc, 45 rpm. Side 1 by band of the Singapore Military Forces; side 2 by Singapore Ministry of Education Choir.
*{{citation|author=[[Zubir Said]]|title=Majulah Singapura: National Anthem of Singapore [sound recording]|location=Singapore|publisher=Ministry of Information and the Arts|year=1994}}. Recorded in 1989, and distributed as part of ''The National Symbols Kit'', above.
*{{citation|author=Zubir Said|title=Majulah Singapura: The National Anthem of Singapore [sound recording]|location=[Singapore]|publisher=Ministry of Information and the Arts|year=2000}}.

===Video recordings===
*{{citation|title=Majulah Singapura: Count Down Singapore Songs 1958–1986 [videorecording]|location=Singapore|publisher=[[Singapore Broadcasting Corporation]]|year=1986}}. VHS PAL videocassette, 30 min. A film about the history of the composition of the national anthem and other patriotic songs that was first broadcast on TV in August 1986.
*{{citation|author=[[Singapore Broadcasting Corporation]]|title=Flag and Anthem, 3 December 1959 [videorecording]|location=Singapore|publisher=[[Television Corporation of Singapore]]|year=1988}}. A documentary on the national flag and anthem of Singapore. Gives an account on how the present design of the flag was arrived at, and includes an interview with the national anthem's composer, Zubir Said.
*{{citation|author=[[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts]]|title=Majulah Singapura: National Day Video 2004 [videorecording]|location=Singapore|publisher=The Moving Visuals Co. for [[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|National Heritage Board]]|year=[2004?]}}.

{{Symbols of Singapore}}
{{Singapore topics}}
{{National Anthems of Asia}}

{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}

[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean songs]]

Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests

2014-07-28T10:50:46Z

175.156.242.240: /* Uncontroversial technical requests */

{{#ifeq: {{FULLPAGENAME}} | Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests | {{shortcut|WP:RMT|WP:RMTR}} | {{shortcut|WP:RM/TR}} }}

The [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle|bold, revert, discuss cycle]] applies to uncontroversial moves (see [[Wikipedia:Be bold]]) and reverts of undiscussed moves. The ''[[Wikipedia:Requested moves#Requesting controversial and potentially controversial moves|discussion process]]'' is used for potentially controversial moves. If any of the following apply to a desired move, treat it as potentially controversial:
*There is an existing article (not just a redirect) at the target title
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Talk:The Medium (1991 film)

2014-07-28T10:09:58Z

175.156.242.240: /* 2009 message */ changing name

{{Film|class=Stub|Southeast-task-force=yes}}
{{SG|class=Stub|importance=Low|sgae=yes}}

==2009 discussion==
Removed link to Margaret Chan the HK Politician. No relevant to Margaret Chan the actress in Singapore. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/123.243.219.2|123.243.219.2]] ([[User talk:123.243.219.2|talk]]) 12:26, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Talk:The Medium (1991 film)

2014-07-28T10:09:35Z

175.156.242.240: adding section

{{Film|class=Stub|Southeast-task-force=yes}}
{{SG|class=Stub|importance=Low|sgae=yes}}

==2009 message==
Removed link to Margaret Chan the HK Politician. No relevant to Margaret Chan the actress in Singapore. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/123.243.219.2|123.243.219.2]] ([[User talk:123.243.219.2|talk]]) 12:26, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

The Medium (1991 film)

2014-07-28T10:08:35Z

175.156.242.240: Isn't this stated in the external link below?

{{Infobox film
| name = The Medium
| image =
| image size =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Arthur Smith (director)|Arthur Smith]]
| producer = Errol Pang Derrol Stepenny Productions
| writer = Margaret Chan [[Rani Moorthy]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Brenda Bakke]] [[Margaret Chan]] Dore Kraus Zhu Houren
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime =
| country =
| language = English Chinese Malay
| budget = [[S$]]1,840,000
| gross =
}}

'''''The Medium''''' (also known as '''''Medium Rare''''') is [[Singapore]]'s first full-length [[English language]] film. It was released in local cinemas in late 1991 and produced by Singaporean Errol Pang. It was initially supposed to be directed by a Singaporean, Tony Yeow, then by an [[United States|American]], Stan Barret, and finally by [[Arthur Smith (director)|Arthur Smith]], who was [[United Kingdom|British]]. ''The Medium'' was initially seen as a revival of the local film industry. Starring [[Brenda Bakke]], Margaret Chan and Dore Kraus. Zhu Houren also cameos as a coffeeshop owner whose wife ends up getting cheated by the main antagonist.

==Plot==
''The Medium'' is loosely based on the [[Toa Payoh ritual murders]] of 1981, and its perpetrator, [[Adrian Lim]], with a supernatural twist to the ending. Lim murdered two children and was sentenced to death in 1988. However, in the movie ending, the main character based on Adrian Lim escaped from the prison and ran into an incoming truck where [[Satan]] catches him and subjected him to eternal torture. This was said to be added to re-assure audience that crime does not pay.

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0104841|The Medium}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medium}}
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Singaporean films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:1990s thriller films]]

{{Singapore-film-stub}}
{{1990s-thriller-film-stub}}

Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-27T09:24:20Z

175.156.242.240: /* Proceedings */ word and full stop shouldn't be separated

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=right
|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Hindu goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy.<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first1=Jan|last1=Uhde|last2=Uhde|first2=Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Tan Ooi Boon|author2=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Yaw Yan Chong | author2=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Hoe Kah Hong

2014-07-25T12:59:46Z

175.156.242.240:

#REDIRECT [[Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders#Hoe Kah Hong]]

[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]
[[Category:Singaporean people executed by hanging]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean murderers of children]]

Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-23T13:12:46Z

175.156.242.240: /* Adrian Lim */ Indian and Hindu are different

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=right
|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Hindu goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first1=Jan|last1=Uhde|last2=Uhde|first2=Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Tan Ooi Boon|author2=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Yaw Yan Chong | author2=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-23T12:12:11Z

175.156.242.240: /* Adrian Lim */ changing link

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=right
|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first1=Jan|last1=Uhde|last2=Uhde|first2=Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Tan Ooi Boon|author2=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Yaw Yan Chong | author2=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

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[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=right
|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first1=Jan|last1=Uhde|last2=Uhde|first2=Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Tan Ooi Boon|author2=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Yaw Yan Chong | author2=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

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[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
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Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

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|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kok Lee Peng|author2=Cheng, Molly|author3=Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first1=Jan|last1=Uhde|last2=Uhde|first2=Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Tan Ooi Boon|author2=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author1=Yaw Yan Chong | author2=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-22T13:32:08Z

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[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
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|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
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|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Uhde|coauthors=Uhde, Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |coauthors=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Yaw Yan Chong | coauthors=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-22T12:30:27Z

175.156.242.240: Undid revision 617977326 by 175.156.242.240 (talk)

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
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|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
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;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PR11|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Uhde|coauthors=Uhde, Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |coauthors=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Yaw Yan Chong | coauthors=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-22T12:28:39Z

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[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
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|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
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Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
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;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PR11|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Uhde|coauthors=Uhde, Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |coauthors=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Yaw Yan Chong | coauthors=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

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Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-22T12:15:19Z

175.156.242.240: /* Singaporean society in the 1980s */ linking

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
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|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
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;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PR11|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Uhde|coauthors=Uhde, Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |coauthors=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Yaw Yan Chong | coauthors=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

{{Link FA|eo}}
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User talk:Giraffedata

2014-07-21T12:15:23Z

175.156.242.240: /* Hi */ new section

If you came here to discuss an edit related to the phrase "comprised of," please see my [[User:giraffedata/comprised of|user subpage]] about these edits first. [[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]])

== 2008 ==

I have deleted the talk for 2008. There is not much there of reference
value, so I just summarize it here. Of course, you can see the original
discussion in the history of this page: just look at the last revision of
2008.

All of the comments but one were about edits I made to the phrase "comprised
of." In September, I created my user subpage covering that topic and the
comments dropped off sharply.

Two comments simply asked for an explanation of the edit.

15 commenters objected in some way to the "comprised of" work. The objections
ranged from pointing out that I had introduced a typo in the process, which
the commenter had corrected, to open personal insults.

4 comments expressed support for the work, 3 strongly. One of them was from a
former user of "comprised of."

I caution anyone who might be using these numbers to draw a conclusion about
the consensus of English speakers on the validity of "comprised of" that this
is in no way a representative sampling. The total number of commenters is
a tiny, tiny fraction of the number of edits and the commenters self-select.

Objecting comments were almost entirely inspired by a particular edit someone
noticed.

In 4 cases, the commenter says he reverted my edit. In 2 of those, there is
no claim that the reversion improves the article, and I believe the point of
the reversion, and telling me about it, was to make a point. In 2 additional
cases, the commenter says he further edited my edit.

Several objections were based on the fact that dictionaries list the offending
usage as one of the definitions of "comprise." I and one other commenter
responded that a usage being listed in a dictionary doesn't mean you shouldn't
avoid it. That's not what dictionaries are for.

One of the comments claimed the original "comprised of" phrasing was superior
to my phrasing, but the commenter declined to explain. His response to my
request for an explanation was a sarcastic insult, and my followup request was
unanswered.

One objection seems to have been based on a misreading of the edit, but it
isn't clear because the commenter concentrated on attacking me rather than
discussing the article. The exchange ends with, "You are a silly, silly
man who is simply incapable of ... Case closed."

One commenter took issue with my edit summary, "fix 'comprised of'," saying it
implied "comprised of" is grammatically incorrect, while he believed it is
not. I explained that I don't think "fix" implies grammatical incorrectness.

Another commenter thought my fix was an irresponsible hack job that corrupted
the text, but after some discussion apologized and agreed that he had just
misread what I wrote. And re-edited it to make it read better.

Three commenters discussed the futility of the work. They didn't say what
they were assuming is the goal of the work, but it appears to be something
like "eliminate 'comprised of' from the English language." I said that isn't
my goal, but didn't say what my goal is.

The only comment not about "comprised of" was a question asking, since I was
interested in grammar disputes, what I thought of "color" vs "colour." I said
I think that is in a whole different category (and that I'm perfectly OK with
them being used in their respective dialects, but that I would have opposed
"color" when it was new).

[[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 03:45, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

== 2009 ==

I have deleted the talk for 2009. There is not much there of reference value,
so I just summarize it here. Of course, you can see the original discussion
in the history of this page: just look at the last revision of 2009.

Like in the previous year, all the comments but two were about edits I made to
the phrase "comprised of." There were fewer negative comments in 2009, though, and
more positive ones. I believe this is because late in 2008, I
created my [[User:Giraffedata/comprised_of|user subpage]] covering the topic and would-be commenters read that
first. It could also be that I stopped using an edit summary that may have
evoked an emotional response in some: "fix 'comprised of'." There appears to
have been some public call for participation that resulted in about half of
the discussion.

10 comments objected in some way to the work. 7 comments (not counting mine)
were favorable. As always, I caution anyone who might be using these numbers
to draw a conclusion about the consensus of English speakers on the validity
of "comprised of" that this is in no way a representative sampling. The total
number of commenters is a tiny, tiny fraction of the number of edits and the
commenters self-select.

One comment took issue specifically with the edit summary "fix 'comprised
of'," taking it to mean that the original text was grammatically incorrect and
saying that on that basis the commenter almost reverted the edit. I responded
that I don't think "fix" implies a grammatical correction. I also said a
false accusation of incorrect grammar isn't a reason to revert anyway. But I
said that I would nonetheless stop using that phrasing in order to avoid such
reversions. (I switched to simply "comprised of" in quotes for the edit
summary).

One commenter asked my opinion on another questionable use of "to comprise":
to make up or constitute as in "red balls comprise half the entire selection."
I said I hate that too.

One commenter wanted to take issue with my description of my motivation in my
user subpage about "comprised of," which said "I don't edit for personal
preference." The commenter basically points out that I obviously prefer to
edit than not to, so the edits are based on personal preference. I tried to
explain the distinction I was trying to make, and ultimately said I would try
a different wording.

Along the same lines, another commenter said because some people have no
problem with "comprised of," then changing sentences to the wording I prefer
is imposing my point of view on readers, in a way which is against Wikipedia
policy. I said I don't believe the Wikipedia Neutral Point Of View (NPOV)
policy applies to language issues and furthermore that I don't think the
reader is imposed upon in any way by not having the opportunity to read
"comprised of."

There was a discussion about which is better: "the band is composed of John
Jones and Mary Mason" or "the band consists of John Jones and Mary Mason."

There were two comments not related to "comprised of":

An editor asked for my opinion on a dispute he was having with another editor
about verbiage in an article dealing with who was Muhammad's true
successor. This was interesting, because it is a very sensitive topic, and
not one I have any particular interest or expertise in. The reason he asked
is that I was one of the recent editors of the article. Why? Because it
contained the phrase "comprised of"! Nonetheless, I researched the issue and
rendered my opinion.

A commenter praised my extensive changes to the Restrictive Covenant article.
This has no relation to the "comprised of" work -- it was just a topic I
looked up because I was interested and happen to know a lot about.

[[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 06:29, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

== 2010 ==

I have deleted the talk for 2010. There is not much there of reference value,
so I just summarize it here. Of course, you can see the original discussion
in the history of this page: just look at the last revision of 2010.

Like in previous years, all the comments but one were about edits I made to
the phrase "comprised of." Continuing the trend, the distribution of positive
and negative comments was more positive than the previous year. There were 9
positives and 7 negatives, and 5 of those negatives were only barely negative,
many of them being combined with overall approval of the project.

3 comments pointed out that I had accidentally changed a quotation.

There was a short exchange with AnmaFinotera, who is strenuously against the
project, to the point that she said her policy is to revert my edits even
though she doesn't believe the reversion improves the article. She didn't go
so far as to say what the point of those reversions is. This exchange
includes various personal attacks on me (as distinct from discussion of my
edits), and also a claim that consensus is against the project.

One comment says that "composed of" is better than "made up of" for geological
composition, as in "the area is made up of granite and basalt." I said I'm OK
with either, but still prefer "made up of" for that.

An editor reported three places that the "comprised of" project has been
discussed. I added those references to my user subpage on the project.

An editor asked how I do the edits, technically. I explained and also added
a section to the user subpage.

There was a brief discussion of the phrase "try and," which derived from a
discussion of how people judge "comprised of" correct because they're used to
hearing it, even if it doesn't make logical sense. "Try and" is a great
example of the same thing because it's commonly used, but there is no logical
sense in it at all.

The one comment not related to "comprised of" was a request from an editor for
assistance in a Wikipedia technical matter -- getting a category to work.
This editor came to me because I had done a "comprised of" edit on the article
with which he was having the problem and assumed I was experienced in editing
Wikipedia.

[[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 07:38, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

== 2011 ==

I have deleted the talk for 2011. There is not much there of reference value,
so I just summarize it here. Of course, you can see the original discussion
in the history of this page: just look at the last revision of 2011.

Like in previous years, the great majority of the comments were about edits I
made to the phrase "comprised of." But unlike previous years, there was very
little criticism. There were two complaints, both essentially withdrawn
later, after extensive discussion. There were four requests for more
explanation or for advice. There were four compliments/thanks, including the
Executive Director's Barnstar, awarded by the Executive Directory of Wikimedia
The latter doesn't apply specifically to "comprised of" edits, but I know I
was nominated, with the phrase, "The MOST AWESOME WikiGnome ever," based
primarily on those edits. Five comments pointed out that I had inadvertently
edited a quotation. I thanked the commenter.

One comment was about an edit I made to add "sic" to the phrase "chomping at
the bit" in a quotation. The commenter wanted to know why I did it, and I
explained that "chomping" is an error (the horse champs; it doesn't chomp).
We also discussed the use of "sic" in general and the meaning of prescriptive
grammar versus descriptive grammar.

One comment said simply, "do you have a life?" As silly as the comment is,
I did answer (essentially, "yes").

One comment was a question about information I added to the [[Vortex86]]
article. I answered.

[[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 03:23, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

== 2012 ==

I have deleted the talk for 2012. There is not much there of reference value, so I just summarize it here. Of course, you can see the original discussion in the history of this page: just look at the last revision of 2012.

This was the most positive year yet for comments on my project to remove the phrase "comprised of" from Wikipedia articles. There were 18 positive comments, compared to 2 negative. One of the negative comments just pointed out that I had inadvertently edited a quotation. The other negative comment stated (incorrectly) that "comprised of" is a matter of regional dialect and that it is fully accepted in the UK. I responded by saying I would try to get some numerical evidence one way or the other, and then that I had done so and the evidence showed the phrase is ''not'' more accepted in the UK. Many of the positive comments indicated that I had corrected the poster's work and the poster had learned something as a result and would refrain from making the mistake in the future. One of the positive comments, apparently referring to the fact that I live in California, was entitled, "A Californian lecturing people on English?" I asked what his point was (is there a stereotype of Californians being poor writers of English?), but didn't get a response.

One comment suggested that I add an "in a nutshell" summary to my "comprised of" article. I responded that I had done so.

One comment pointed out copious grammatical and other writing errors in my "comprised of" article. I responded that I had corrected them all and learned a few things.

There was one discussion that wandered into the topic of some other errors, including less/fewer and "irregardless."

An editor asked for help, from a grammatical point of view, translating the Afghan National Anthem into English. I offered a few corrections.

[[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 18:36, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

== 2013 ==

I have deleted the talk for 2013. I summarize it here, and you can see the
original discussion in the history of this page: just look at the last
revision of 2013.

All of the discussion this year was at least tangentially related to my
work on abuse of the verb "to comprise" in Wikipedia.

Most of the comments were praise. Other than people pointing out accidental
edits of quotes, there were only two negative comments about the work this
year.

One was from a person who watches the New Jersey articles and objected to
receiving notifications of 30 changes I made in a day to them, adding a "sic"
tag to footnotes. The New Jersey articles are a collection of a few hundred
articles about municipalities and school districts in New Jersey that share
some source that uses the phrase "comprised of," so that footnotes in all of
these articles contain that phrase. These 30 articles were either recent
additions to that collection or had recent updates to the footnote. The
complaining editor apparently did not understand the function of the "sic" tag
-- it doesn't affect the displayed text at all, but it prevents automated and
semi-automated grammar editing processes from accidentally editing the
quotation. I explained that.

The other negative comment was a fairly common request that I leave "comprised
of" in a particular article alone because the requester functions as the owner
of the article and doesn't believe there is anything wrong with "comprised
of". The requester had apparently written "comprised of" in this article
three times and each time I changed it about six months later and he changed
it back immediately afterward. He argued that I don't have the right to
decide unilaterally the grammar to be used in Wikipedia. I asked why that
same argument doesn't apply to his insistence on having "comprised of" in the
article, but did not get a response. I also pointed out that because the
article read the way he wanted it all but a few days a year, he was already
winning the battle to control the article. We both indicated we would
continue our respective editing.

One comment suggested renaming my "comprised of" essay, for an interesting
reason: The essay is widely cited and shows up in search results and reference
lists and such, which increases the exposure of the phrase and will tend to
cause people who see it to reuse the phrase themselves. I responded that
while that effect probably does exist, I thought any alternative title for the
essay would make it harder to understand what the essay is about and the cost
of that would be higher than the cost of giving "comprised of" more exposure.

=="Comprised of" in a quotation. And indeed anywhere. ==

Putting aside the question (or non-question) about the appropriateness of "comprised of", it's fully comprehensible to a literate reader of English. This meant that I didn't hesitate when [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Miller_%28photographer%29&diff=592602795&oldid=592567312 reverting] your change of "comprised of" to "composed of" within a quotation. (Clicking "revert" was a minor mistake; I'd intended to click "roll back".) We don't tamper with what's between quotation marks, unless we have an excellent reason to so so. If "comprised" had been hard to understand, then it could have been replaced with some other word within brackets; but it wasn't and isn't hard to understand. If you want to snuff out examples of "comprised of" (or anything else that you consider a solecism), better consider where these examples occur.

Right, now that's out of the way, let's get back to the (non-) question. ''There's [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3136 nothing wrong with "comprised of"].'' -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 07:59, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

:That was an accident. I have put the conventional sic tag on it now to prevent me or others from making the same mistake in the future. [[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson (giraffedata)]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 08:12, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

:I read the referenced page and didn't find anything that isn't already covered in my own essay on the topic, but I'll add a reference to this other essay in the references to other commentators. It doesn't say there is ''nothing'' wrong with "comprised of" but just that it's widely used and has been used for a long time. So there are two things that aren't wrong with it, but there are a lot of other reasons to avoid it.

:As you point out, another thing that is not wrong with the phrase is that it's fully comprehensible. Many people demand quite a bit more out of English writing in general and Wikipedia in specific than that it be fully comprehensible. I'd guess even you do, as a general rule. [[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson (giraffedata)]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 08:19, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
::Not happy with "comprised of". I believe there are three standard choices: "comprise(s)", "is/are composed of", and "consist(s) of". Take yer pick. [[User:Tony1|'''Tony''']] [[User talk:Tony1|(talk) ]] 08:20, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

First, thank you for the subsequent edit. You just made a mistake. No biggie. (Me, I make mistakes all the time.)

That aside, I find your stance peculiar, and in two ways. First, you concede above that "comprised of" is (in some examples? generally?) "fully comprehensible", yet in [[User:Giraffedata/comprised_of|your page about this non-issue]] you claim that its use (in some examples? generally?) produces "gibberish". Is there a subtle distinction between uses of "comprised of", or can "gibberish" include the fully comprehensible? Secondly, your page cites web pages that I suppose are presented as authorities to inveigh against "comprised of", but:

*"Dr Grammar" doesn't argue but merely [http://www.drgrammar.org/frequently-asked-questions#120 asserts]
*J Lynch merely [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/c.html#comprise invokes tradition and directs]
*Englishplus.com doesn't argue but merely [http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000201.htm asserts]
*Brians doesn't argue but merely [http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/comprised.html attempts to summarize likes and dislikes], vaguely citing unspecified "authorities"

By contrast, I provide you with (i) evidence of use of "comprised of" in US periodicals that have careful (though of course not always flawless) writing and copyediting, and (ii) informed, thoughtful discussion by a US dictionary of note.

We all have likes and dislikes and you are of course fully entitled to dislike "comprised of". However, changing it to "composed of" saves no syllables and doesn't help comprehension. There must be better uses of your time than sweeps of Wikipedia to change the former to the latter. If you're on the lookout for bad prose, try searching for something that's indefensible (eg "[https://www.google.com/search?q=pdftt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficial&client=iceweasel-a&channel=fflb#channel=fflb&q=%22tender+age+of%22+site:en.wikipedia.org&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficial tender age]", often embedded within hilariously bad material). Happy editing! -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 02:30, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
:You're right: but "comprised of" offends my overriding principle of tucking and trimming where possible for the same meaning. Like the loathsome "in order to" (to). So why the add-on to "comprise"? Just because people take the long route doesn't mean it should receive the OK tick. [[User:Tony1|'''Tony''']] [[User talk:Tony1|(talk) ]] 02:59, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

:It may need clarification in the text, but my "gibberish" statement is assuming the definition mentioned in that paragraph. In contrast, when one reads the phrase, one knows to use the "compose" definition so as to make it comprehensible.

:I don't believe I present anything as authority for "comprised of" being poor writing, because I really don't believe in such authority. If Wikipedia had an extensive manual of style, that could be authority for something like this, but as we know, Wikipedia does not believe in that level of authority. The references you cite are in a section entitled, "Other commentators." I consider them comments, not authorities. And it's not supposed to argue against "comprised of"; if there are more comments that disapprove of the phrase, it's only because I've come across more of those.

:The fact that "comprised of" is popular, especially among some respected writers (by the way, I've found that U.S. judges are particularly fond of the phrase) is certainly a factor in the decision whether its the best wording for a Wikipedia article; it's just not the only one.

:[[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson (giraffedata)]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 03:44, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
::Who would ascribe linguistic authority to judges of any nationality? Most of them used to be attorneys, who earn billions of dollars an hour for writing crappily. en.WP's MOS ''is'' surprisingly extensive. If you write "in order to", in almost all instances it can (I believe should) be altered to "to". Same principle: why use one word when 12 will do? [[User:Tony1|'''Tony''']] [[User talk:Tony1|(talk) ]] 14:21, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

:::I find lawyers, both attorneys and judges, to be far better than average with English. And they ought to be; they're more educated than most and facility with language is a prerequisite to getting through school, passing a bar exam, and being successful enough at the trade to get hired and promoted. When I see some odd use of English in a judicial opinion, I always assume a priori that it's something the writer knows that I don't. In contrast, when I see some odd use of English in say, a Wikipedia article, I assume a priori it's because the writer doesn't know English as well as I do. I've learned lots of words (useful ones) from writings by judges.

:::Unfortunately, they do also have a desire to sound intelligent and that leads them to make mistakes like preferring phrases with more syllables.

:::My favorite aggrandizement is "due to the fact that" ("because").

:::I haven't looked at the Wikipedia MOS in a while, but I remember that it limits itself to highly technical things like punctuation and doesn't get into more intellectual issues like definition of words and preferred phrasing. That's what the consensus was the two times that I know someone asked that a ruling on "comprised of" be placed in the MOS. [[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson (giraffedata)]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 03:07, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

Well, if zapping every example of "comprised of" seems so very important to you, then I suppose you are free to continue. Though I really think you can spend your time more usefully ''and enjoyably'' in other ways. As a ferinstance, when a few minutes ago I searched for "tender age" -- of which Wikipedia still has dozens of examples, each pretty much guaranteeing other gruesome phrasing and unintended laughs aplenty -- I arrived at the article on some dancer, whereupon I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinwanti_Chakrabarti&diff=593559781&oldid=592655316 zapped] ''three'' "tender age"s, and, in a wee olive branch to you, one "comprised mainly of". And tenderness aside, I offer you the opening paragraph of [[Xiaolongnü]] (the bizarre part unfortunately complicated by being a [mis?]translation from Chinese). -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 09:50, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

== Thank you ==

Thank you for your help at [[Bomis]], much appreciated, — '''[[User:Cirt|Cirt]]''' ([[User talk:Cirt|talk]]) 21:16, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Copyeditor Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Copyeditor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Nice to see someone know their stuff where grammar is concerned! Thank you for all the edits (fixing "comprised of"). [[User:Meteor sandwich yum|Meteor sandwich yum]] ([[User talk:Meteor sandwich yum|talk]]) 06:41, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
|}

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | You're a legend, Bryan. Thanks for correcting my semi-regular use of 'comprised of'. Never again will I use it! [[User:Andrew McMillen|Andrew McMillen]] ([[User talk:Andrew McMillen|talk]]) 01:35, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
|}

:Thank you. I love it when people are able to change their grammar based on a logical argument. I'm like that (in fact, I actually enjoy learning and adopting new grammar), but I frequently run into people so emotionally attached to their grammar that they will defend what "sounds right" to the death. [[User:Giraffedata|Bryan Henderson (giraffedata)]] ([[User talk:Giraffedata#top|talk]]) 02:21, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Just wanted to take a moment and appreciate the work that you are doing on Wikipedia. You edited an article where I wrote "comprised of" and I must say, you did rightly so. I read a part of your "comprised of" page and I will definitely read the whole of it. It's informative and interesting. AMAZING! [[User:Muhammad Ali Khalid|Muhammad Ali Khalid]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Ali Khalid|talk]]) 16:50, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
|}

== Thank you! ==

Thank you for your edits to the article [[Futsal]]. I'm in the middle of a clean-up as the article (and related articles) are a well, totally un-referenced, and need some fixing! - [[User:Master Of Ninja|Master Of Ninja]] ([[User talk:Master Of Ninja|talk]]) 05:34, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

== ANI notification formality ==

Your "comprised of" project was mentioned in passing at [[WP:ANI]] as an example of what a ''good'' single-purpose account's behavior would look like. Feel free to ignore this and the ANI discussion at your leisure and keep up all the good work. [[User:Ian.thomson|Ian.thomson]] ([[User talk:Ian.thomson|talk]]) 05:51, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

== Hi ==

I am curious, may I know why you can know very quickly which articles contain the phrase "comprised of"? Are you using any tool? [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 12:15, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

Hoe Kah Hong

2014-07-20T09:08:27Z

175.156.242.240:

#REDIRECT [[Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders#Hoe Kah Hong]]

[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]
[[Category:Singaporean people executed by hanging]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean murderers of children]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Adrian Lim

2014-07-20T09:07:20Z

175.156.242.240: Adding categories

#REDIRECT [[Toa Payoh ritual murders#Adrian Lim]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]
[[Category:Singaporean people executed by hanging]]
[[Category:Singaporean people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Singapore]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean murderers of children]]

Tan Mui Choo

2014-07-20T09:06:37Z

175.156.242.240: Her surname is Tan...

#REDIRECT [[Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders#Tan_Mui_Choo]]

[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]
[[Category:Singaporean people executed by hanging]]
[[Category:Singaporean people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Singapore]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean murderers of children]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

J. B. Jeyaretnam

2014-07-20T07:05:02Z

175.156.242.240: Correcting link

{{redirect|Jeyaretnam|his sons|Kenneth Jeyaretnam|and|Philip Jeyaretnam}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}

{{Infobox MP
| name = Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam
| image = JoshuaBenjaminJeyaretnam.jpg
| imagesize = 122
| caption =
| constituency_MP = [[Anson Single Member Constituency|Anson]]
| term_start = 31 October 1981
| term_end = 10 November 1986
| predecessor = [[Devan Nair]]
| majority = 2,376 (13.6%)
| constituency_MP2 = [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament|Non-Constituency]]
| term_start2 = 2 January 1997
| term_end2 = 3 November 2001
| predecessor2 = [[Lee Siew Choh]]
| successor2 = [[Steve Chia]]
| birth_date = 5 January 1926
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|09|30|1926|01|05}}
| nationality = [[Singapore]]an
| party = [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Workers' Party]] (1971–2001), [[Reform Party (Singapore)|Reform Party]] (2008)
| spouse = Margaret Jeyaretnam
| children = [[Kenneth Jeyaretnam]], [[Philip Jeyaretnam]]
| religion = [[Anglican]]
}}

'''Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam''' (5 January 1926 – 30 September 2008;<ref>[http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/030907st.htm Singapore-window.org]</ref> more commonly known as "'''J. B. Jeyaretnam'''" or "'''J.B.J.'''") was a [[Singapore]]an politician and lawyer. He was the leader of the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Workers' Party]] (WP) from 1971 to 2001. In 1981, he became the first opposition politician since Singapore's independence in 1965 to win a seat in [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]], when he defeated [[Pang Kim Hin]] of the governing [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) at a [[by-election]] in the constituency of [[Anson Single Member Constituency|Anson]]. He was re-elected at the 1984 general election, but lost his seat in Parliament in 1986 following a conviction for falsely accounting the party's funds (a conviction that was subsequently overturned by the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]], which called the conviction a grievous injustice). He returned to Parliament after the 1997 general election as a [[Non-Constituency Member of Parliament]] (NCMP). However he was stripped of his NCMP seat in 2001 when he was declared bankrupt after failing to keep up with payments for damages owed to PAP leaders as a result of a libel suit. He left the WP later that year. He was discharged from bankruptcy in 2007, and founded the [[Reform Party (Singapore)|Reform Party]] in June 2008.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/277319/1/.html Opposition politician JBJ forming new political party - Channel NewsAsia]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-05-20T145423Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-299094-1.xml | work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/20/asia/AS-POL-Singapore-Opposition-Veteran.php The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia]</ref><ref>[http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?file=/2007/5/19/columnists/insightdownsouth/17761920&sec=Insight%20Down%20South Return of the ‘warrior’]</ref> He died of [[heart failure]] in September 2008,<ref name="Death 1">http://www.todayonline.com/articles/278816.asp</ref><ref name="Death 2">{{cite news|title=Opposition politician dies|date=2008-09-30|publisher=The Straits Times|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_284282.html|accessdate=2008-09-30}}</ref> three months after founding the Reform Party which is now led by his son [[Kenneth Jeyaretnam]].

==Background and early career==
An Anglican Christian of Sri Lankan Tamil descent,<ref>[http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/030907st.htm Still standing]</ref> Jeyaretnam was educated at [[Saint Andrew's School, Singapore|St Andrew's School]] in Singapore and move to [[ English College Johore Bahru]], before going on to read law at [[University College London]].

Singapore became an independent country in 1965, and at the first post-independence general election in [[Singaporean general election, 1968|1968]], the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) won all 51 of the seats in Parliament after the main opposition party at the time, the [[Barisan Sosialis]], boycotted the elections. The PAP maintained this 100% electoral record at the 1972, [[Singaporean general election, 1976|1976]] and 1980 general elections and all intervening by-elections up to 1981.

In 1971, Jeyaretnam led a group of lawyers who took over the opposition [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Workers' Party]] (WP, which had been founded in 1957 by Singapore's former [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]], [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], but had become a fairly small and insignificant party during the 1960s), and became the party's [[Secretary-General]].

Jeyaretnam first stood for Parliament in at the 1972 general election, when he contested the [[Farrer Park]] constituency and lost to the PAP's [[Lee Chiaw Meng]] by 23.1% of the vote to 73.8% (with a third candidate taking 3.1%). At the 1976 general election, he contested [[Chai Chee|Kampong Chai Chee]], and lost to the PAP's Andrew Fong by 40.1% to 59.9%. In 1977, he contested a by-election in [[Radin Mas]], and was defeated by PAP candidate Bernard Chen by 29.4% to 70.6%. He then contested [[Telok Blangah]] at a 1979 by-election and the 1980 election, losing to the PAP's Rohan bin Kamis both times by 38.8% to 61.2% in 1979, and by 47.0% to 53.0% in 1980.

In 1983, Jeyaretnam defended Tan Mui Choo, one of the co-conspirators for the infamous [[Toa Payoh ritual murders]].<ref>{{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}</ref>

==Election to Parliament==
In 1981, at a by-election in [[Anson Single Member Constituency|Anson]], Jeyaretnam defeated PAP candidate [[Pang Kim Hin]] to become Singapore's first opposition [[Member of Parliament]] (MP). Jeyaretnam won 7,012 votes (51.9%) to Pang's 6,359 (47.1%), with a third candidate taking 131 votes (1.0%).

Jeyaretnam was re-elected as the constituency's MP at the 1984 general election, in which he defeated the PAP's [[Ng Pock Too]] by 9,909 votes (56.8%) to 7,533 (43.2%). He was one of two opposition MPs elected to Parliament at the 1984 general election (the other being the leader of the [[Singapore Democratic Party]], [[Chiam See Tong]]).

==Removal from Parliament==
Jeyaretnam was subsequently brought down by a series of charges which he claimed were politically motivated to remove him from Parliament and prevent him from taking part in future elections. Two months after his 1984 re-election, Jeyaretnam and WP Chairman Wong Hong Toy were charged for allegedly misreporting his party accounts.

In 1986, Senior District Judge Michael Khoo found him innocent of all charges but one. The prosecution appealed, and the [[Chief Justice of Singapore|Chief Justice]] ordered a retrial in a different [[Subordinate Courts of Singapore|district court]] rather than an appeal in the [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Supreme Court]] (thus denying Jeyaretnam the opportunity to appeal against a revised verdict to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]).<ref name="window">[http://www.singapore-window.org/1028judi.htm The politics of judicial institutions in S'pore]</ref> At the retrial, Jeyaretnam was declared guilty on all charges. The judge sentenced him to three months' imprisonment (later commuted to one month) and fined him S$5,000 – a sentence sufficient to disqualify him from serving in Parliament and prevent him from standing in parliamentary elections for a period of five years. He was also disbarred as a lawyer. (Judge Michael Khoo was transferred from head of the Subordinate Court to the Attorney-General's Chambers shortly after,<ref name="window"/> a move widely viewed as a demotion.<ref name="sentinel">[http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1432&Itemid=31 Asia Sentinel - Singapore Goes After Dow Jones Again]</ref> When Jeyaretnam called for an enquiry into the transfer, alleging that the Chief Justice and the Attorney-General were "beholden" to [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] [[Lee Kuan Yew]], the allegation was dismissed as "scandalous".<ref name="sentinel"/>)

==Appeal to the Privy Council==
Since the trial had been held in a district court, Jeyaretnam could not appeal the conviction. He exercised his right to appeal his disbarment to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]. The Council duly reversed the judgment in 1988,<ref>http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1988/1988_25.pdf</ref> noting:

:"Their Lordships have to record their deep disquiet that by a series of misjudgements, the appellant and his co-accused Wong, have suffered a grievous injustice. They have been fined, imprisoned and publicly disgraced for offences of which they are not guilty. The appellant, in addition, has been deprived of his seat in [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] and disqualified for a year from practising his profession. Their Lordships order restores him to the roll of advocates and solicitors of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]], but, because of the course taken by the criminal proceedings, their Lordships have no power to right the other wrongs which the appellant and Wong have suffered. Their only prospect of redress, their Lordships understand, will be by way of petition for pardon to the [[President of Singapore|President]] of the Republic of Singapore."<ref>[http://www.wp.org.sg/party/history/1981_1986.htm]</ref>

Following the decision of the Privy Council, Jeyaretnam wrote to Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] to ask that the convictions be removed as a result of the Privy Council's decision. However the Singapore government strongly condemned the Privy Council's judgement and Wee, on the advice of the [[Cabinet of Singapore|Cabinet]], refused to remove the convictions. Jeyaretnam therefore remained disqualified from Parliament until 1991. Singaporean judges also refused to reverse his convictions.

==Defamation suits==
Though Jeyaretnam was barred from contesting the 1988 general election, he spoke at election rallies held by the WP during the campaign. At one election rally, he challenged the PAP's claim to being an open and transparent government, and asked whether any investigation had been conducted as to how the former [[Ministry of National Development (Singapore)|Minister for National Development]], [[Teh Cheang Wan]], had obtained the tablets with which he had committed suicide in the midst of being investigated for corruption. He also asked whether Prime Minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]] had replied to a letter written to him by Teh. Following this, Lee commenced proceedings for slander against Jeyaretnam, alleging his words at the election rally implied that he had committed a criminal offence by aiding and abetting Teh to commit suicide, and thereby had tried to cover up Teh's corruption. The action was heard by Justice [[Lai Kew Chai]], who found against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgement. He had wanted to appeal to the Privy Council, but to do that, he had to obtain Lee's consent before the hearing by the [[Court of Appeal of Singapore|Court of Appeal]]. This was because the law relating to appeals to the Privy Council had been changed after the Privy Council's judgement restoring Jeyaretnam to the roll of advocates and solicitors. Appeals to the Privy Council by lawyers from any order made by a court of three judges under the Legal Profession Act were abolished. In criminal cases, the right of appeal from the Court of Criminal Appeal to the Privy Council was also abolished. In civil cases, an appeal was allowed only if the other party consented to it. Lee did not give his consent.

In 1995, Jeyaretnam authored an article in the WP's newsletter, ''The Hammer'', which alleged that a number of those involved in an event called the Tamil Language Week were government "stooges". For this, he was sued twice for libel by Indian PAP leaders, resulting in total damages of S$465,000 and S$250,000 in court costs.

==Return to Parliament==
Jeyaretnam was unable to contest the 1991 general election as it was held a few months before his parliamentary ban expired. However the WP did gain a new MP in that election when its Assistant Secretary-General, [[Low Thia Khiang]], was elected in the constituency of [[Hougang Single Member Constituency|Hougang]]. Some critics speculated that [[Lee Kuan Yew]]'s successor as Prime Minister, [[Goh Chok Tong]], had called the general election in 1991 even though he could have waited another two years in order to prevent Jeyaretnam from standing. However Goh insisted that he had done so to gain a personal mandate shortly after becoming Prime Minister in 1990, and noted that he planned to hold a by-election in 1992 (with the aim of bringing new blood into the PAP's parliamentary team) in which Jeyaretnam would be eligible to stand. The 1992 by-election was held in the [[Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency]] (in which parties had to field a slate of four candidates), and was expected to mark the return of Jeyaretnam as a parliamentary candidate. One of the WP's candidates backed out at the last minute and failed to turn up on nomination day, preventing the party from registering its team for the election.

At the 1997 general election, Jeyaretnam stood as a WP candidate in the [[Cheng San Group Representation Constituency]]. The party lost to the PAP's team in the constituency by 45.2% of the votes to 54.8%. Low was re-elected as the MP for Hougang, and Chiam See Tong (who had left the Singapore Democratic Party to join the [[Singapore People's Party]]) was re-elected as the MP for [[Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency|Potong Pasir]]. As only two opposition MPs had been elected, one NCMP seat was offered to Workers' Party to be taken by a member of their team from Cheng San (as their team had garnered the highest percentage of the vote of any opposition losing candidates), and the party selected Jeyaretnam to return to Parliament as its NCMP.

==Second removal from Parliament==
After the 1997 general election, 11 defamation suits were filed against Jeyaretnam for comments he made at an election rally in support of another of the WP's candidates in Cheng San, lawyer [[Tang Liang Hong]] (who Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong had accused of being a Chinese chauvinist). Jeyaretnam had announced at the rally that: "Mr Tang Liang Hong has just placed before me, two reports he has made to the police against, you know, Mr Goh Chok Tong and his people". Prime Minister Goh alleged that, as a result of this, his "reputation, moral authority and leadership standing have been gravely injured both local and internationally", and during cross-examination by Jeyaretnam's counsel, [[George Carman]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], likened the statement to throwing a [[Molotov cocktail]]. However, on further questioning, Goh also stated that "it has been a good year" for him and his standing as a leader had not been injured.<ref name="hatchet">''The Hatchet Man'', J.B.Jeyaretnam, 2003.</ref> Trial judge J Rajendran found Jeyaretnam liable and ordered him to pay damages of S$20,000. Goh described these damages as "derisory" and appealed. On appeal, the damages were raised to S$100,000 plus S$20,000 in court costs. (Rajendran was later dismissed from the bench.<ref name="hatchet"/>)

In 2001, after an installment on his damages was overdue, Jeyaretnam was declared bankrupt. As undischarged bankrupts are barred from serving in Parliament, he therefore lost his NCMP seat. He was also disbarred. He was unable to stand as a candidate in the 2001 general election. In October 2001, he resigned as Secretary-General of the Workers' Party and was replaced by Low Thia Khiang. The transfer of party leadership took place in bitter acrimony as Jeyaretnam later accused Low of not doing enough to help him pay the damages from the libel suits (though Low claimed that he had always looked upon Jeyaretnam as an elder and had done everything possible to help him). Shortly after he stepped down as Secretary-General, Jeyaretnam left the party.

To earn money to pay off his debts, Jeyaretnam sold copies of his book ''Make it Right for Singapore'' (ISBN 9810422261), which contained the text of some of his parliamentary speeches from 1997 and 2000. He also authored another book, ''The Hatchet Man of Singapore'' (ISBN 9810485131), describing his legal trials.

==Documentary film==
In 2002, a documentary film on Jeyaretnam entitled ''A Vision of Persistence'' was withdrawn from the [[Singapore International Film Festival]] for fear that it violated a law banning political films. The makers of the 15-minute documentary submitted written apologies and withdrew it from being screened after they were told that they could be charged in court. The filmmakers, all lecturers at the [[Ngee Ann Polytechnic]], had claimed that they had just chanced upon Jeyaretnam selling his books on a street and decided to make a documentary on him, unaware at first that he was a major opposition figure. A little-known law called the Films Act<ref>http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?&actno=Reved-107&date=latest&method=part</ref> bans the making, distribution and showing of films containing "wholly or partly, either partisan or biased references to, or comments on any political matter" in Singapore. An unnamed source said a government official went to Ngee Ann Polytechnic and asked: "How can your staff do this sort of thing?" A person familiar with the case stated: "It's a sort of paranoia on the part of the authorities." Philip Cheah, the director of the film festival, said that he saw the documentary, but declined to comment on its contents. "It should have been shown at the festival. Then people can decide", he said, adding that, as far as he knew, this was the first film that was considered political under the Films Act.

==Discharge from bankruptcy==
On 25 October 2004, Jeyaretnam appealed for an early discharge from bankruptcy so that he could contest in the next general election. He appeared before a three-judge Court of Appeal, Singapore's highest Court, asking to be discharged. Representing himself during the two-hour hearing, Jeyaretnam appealed on the grounds that he wanted another chance to contribute to society. He offered to pay one-third of the more than S$600,000 he still owed his claimants. Thus far, he had paid less than S$30,000. The official assignee, Sarjit Singh, opposed Jeyaretnam's appeal, claiming that Jeyaretnam had lied about his assets and calling him "the most dishonest bankrupt I have ever come across". He said this because Jeyaretnam had not declared a property he had bought in [[Johor Bahru]] in [[Malaysia]], worth more than S$350,000. At the same time, [[Davinder Singh]], the legal counsel acting on behalf of eight of the claimants, argued that this case threw up issues far wider than Jeyaretnam's appeal. He said that if Jeyaretnam was discharged as a bankrupt, it could set a dangerous precedent and the courts could be flooded with similar appeals from bankrupts seeking early discharge.

Jeyaretnam was discharged from bankruptcy in May 2007 after paying S$233,255.78. He was reinstated to the bar in September that year.<ref>''[http://politics.sgforums.com/forums/10/topics/280688 Jeyaretnam reinstated as an attorney after appeal is accepted]'', by Leong Wee Keat, TODAY, posted: 20 September 2007 0651 hrs.</ref>

==Founding the Reform Party==
On 18 June 2008, Jeyaretnam announced that the Registry of Societies had approved the formation of a new political party, the [[Reform Party (Singapore)|Reform Party]], of which he would be the Secretary-General.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/354833/1/.html Opposition politician JBJ’s Reform Party gets approval - Channel NewsAsia]</ref> He planned to stand as a candidate for the party in future elections. However he did not get a chance to do so as he died three months after the party was formed.

==Death==
Jeyaretnam died on 30 September 2008 at the age of 82. He complained of breathing difficulties in the early-morning, and was rushed to [[Tan Tock Seng Hospital]]. Doctors were unable to revive him after he arrived at the hospital.<ref name="Death 1" /><ref name="Death 2" />

Following his death, Jeyaretnam's son [[Kenneth Jeyaretnam]] took over the leadership of the Reform Party.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/03/world/asia/03jeyaretnam.html?ref=obituaries New York Times: J. B. Jeyaretnam, Persistent Opposition Figure in Singapore, Is Dead at 82]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4855720.ece The Times: Joshua B. Jeyaretnam: Singapore opposition leader]
* [http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=E1_TNPSGSPR The Economist: J.B. Jeyaretnam]
* [http://jbjeya.org/ Personal website]
* [http://www.singapore-window.org/jeyapage.htm Jeyaretnam's trials and tribulations ]
* [http://www.jamesgomeznews.com/article.php?AID=238 Review of 'Lee's Law: How Singapore crushes dissent']
* [http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/singapore/document.do?id=7CC6320873957F2880256A92003CD0C7 Amnesty International- background of defamation cases]

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{{s-off}}
{{s-par|sg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Devan Nair|C.V. Devan Nair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Anson Single Member Constituency|Anson]]|years=1981–1986}}
{{s-non|reason=Constituency abolished}} 
{{s-bef|before=[[Lee Siew Choh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Non-Constituency Member of Parliament]]|years=1997–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Steve Chia]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=9476037}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Jeyaretnam, Joshua Benjamin
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean politician
| DATE OF BIRTH =January 5, 1926
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =September 30, 2008
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeyaretnam, Joshua Benjamin}}
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean Non-constituency Members of Parliament]]
[[Category:Workers' Party of Singapore politicians]]
[[Category:Singaporean lawyers]]
[[Category:Singapore Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Singaporean Anglicans]]
[[Category:Saint Andrew's School, Singapore alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from heart failure]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]

Lim Yew Hock

2014-07-20T06:39:32Z

175.156.242.240: /* Acknowledging Nanyang */ Expanding section

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, comprising of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Colonial Secretary, Singapore|Colonial Secretary]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be recognised by the Government.<ref name="nanyang"/>

[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]
Ever since Lim took over as Chief Minister, the Government had taken a positive attitude to Nanyang's development despite its policies of non-recognition to Nanyang's degrees.<ref name="wong69"/> The building of Nanyang's campus was completed in March 1958 and Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]], the-then Governor was invited to host the institute's opening ceremony.<ref name="nan01"/> In October 1958, Lim's government announced that it would provide financial assistance to Nanyang, where half of the $840,000 ([[Straits dollar]]) would be used for Nanyang's expenditures while the other half would be used for student bursaries. This was the first time Nanyang received government funding.<ref name="wong69"/> Lim had the Assembly pass the [[Nanyang University Ordinance 1959|Nanyang University Ordinance]] in March 1959, officially granting Nanyang university status.<ref name="wong69"/>

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==

{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
*'''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
**Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
**Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
**Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
**Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
**Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
**Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
*'''Changes'''
**February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
**March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Scam

2014-07-19T14:08:18Z

175.156.242.240: Unrelated and confusing with Wikidata

{{redirect4|Con man|Scam|other uses|see [[Con Man]], [[Confidence man]], and [[Scam (disambiguation)]]}}

A '''confidence trick''' ([[synonym]]s include '''confidence scheme''', '''scam''' and '''stratagem''') is an attempt to [[fraud|defraud]] a person or group after first gaining their [[confidence]], in the classical sense of [[trust (social sciences)|trust]]. A '''confidence artist''' (or '''con artist''') is an individual, operating alone or in concert with others, who exploits characteristics of the human psyche such as [[dishonesty]], [[honesty]], [[vanity]], [[compassion]], [[credulity]], [[Moral responsibility|irresponsibility]], [[naïveté]], or [[Greed (emotion)|greed]].

==Terminology==
The perpetrator of a confidence trick (or "con-trick") is often referred to as a confidence (or "con") man, woman or artist, or a "[[wikt:grifter|grifter]]". The first known usage of the term "confidence man" in English was in 1849 by the [[New York City]] press, during the trial of [[William Thompson (confidence man)|William Thompson]]. Thompson chatted with strangers until he asked if they had the confidence to lend him their watches, whereupon he would walk off with the watch. He was captured when a victim recognized him on the street.<ref>Karen Halttunen, ''Confidence Men and Painted Women'', p 6 ISBN 0-300-02835-0</ref>

A confidence trick is also known as a con game, a con, a scam, a grift, a hustle, a bunko (or bunco), a swindle, a flimflam, a gaffle or a bamboozle. The intended victims are known as "marks" or "suckers", and when accomplices are employed, they are known as [[shill]]s.

A short con is a fast swindle which takes just minutes. It aims to rob the victim of everything in his or her wallet.<ref>David Maurer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=jxbbV5x66usC&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+con&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eLSLUavDGa3-4AOkw4GYCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=big%20con&f=false The Big Con], Chapter Eight: Short-Con Games</ref> A long or big con is a scam that unfolds over several days or weeks and involves a team of swindlers, as well as props, sets, extras, costumes, and scripted lines. It aims to rob the victim of thousands of dollars, often by getting him or her to empty out banking accounts and borrow from family members.<ref>Amy Reading, [http://books.google.com/books?id=skV3BGg-znYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mark+inside&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_rOLUbDLKZTd4AP-iICoAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA The Mark Inside: A Perfect Swindle, A Cunning Revenge, and a Small History of the Big Con], Chapter One: Confidence ISBN 978-0-307-47359-2</ref>

==Stages of the con==
In ''Confessions of a Confidence Man'', Edward H. Smith lists the "six definite steps or stages of growth in every finely balanced and well-conceived confidence game."
:"One follows the other with absolute precision. In some games one or more of these acts, to use a theatrical comparison, may be dropped out, but where that happens the game is not a model one. The reference to the stage is apt, for the fine con game has its introduction, development, climax, dénouement and close, just like any good play. And this is not the only analogy to the drama, for the scenes are often as carefully set; the background is always a vital factor. In the colorful and mirthful language of the bunko man, all these parts of the game have their special names. I give them with their definitions:

:Foundation Work
::The preparations which are made before the scheme is put in motion, including the elaboration of the plan, the employment of assistants and so forth.
:Approach
::The manner of getting in touch with the victim—often most elaborately and carefully prepared.
:Build-up
::Rousing and sustaining the interest of the victim, introducing the scheme to him, rousing his greed, showing him the chance of profit and filling him with so much anticipation and [[Wiktionary:cupidity#English|cupidity]] that his judgment is warped and his caution thrown away.
:Pay-off or Convincer
::An actual or apparent paying of money by the conspirators to convince the victim and settle doubts by a cash demonstration. In the old banco game the initial small bets which the victim was allowed to win were the pay-off. In stock swindles the fake [[dividend]]s sent to stockholders to encourage larger investments are the pay-off.
:The Hurrah
::This is like the [[dénouement]] in a play and no con scheme is complete without it. It is a sudden crisis or unexpected development by which the sucker is pushed over the last doubt or obstacle and forced to act. Once the hurrah is sprung either the scammer has total control or the con fails.
:The In-and-In
::This is the point in a con game where the conspirator puts some of his money into the deal with that of the victim; first, to remove the last doubt that may tarry in the gull’s mind, and, second, to put the con man in control of the situation after the deal is completed, thus forestalling a squeal. Often the whole game is built up around this feature and just as often it does not figure at all.

:In addition, some games require what is called '[[corroboration]]', which means what it says. This is important in games where a banker or other shrewd customer is to be the victim."<ref>Edward H. Smith, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cyq8QAAACAAJ&dq=confessions+of+a+confidence+man+smith&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0r6LUemKIa3r0QHMn4GQBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA Confessions of a Confidence Man: A Handbook for Suckers], p. 35-37.</ref>

==Vulnerability to confidence tricks==
Confidence tricks exploit typical human characteristics such as [[Greed (emotion)|greed]], [[dishonesty]], [[vanity]], [[opportunism]], [[lust]], [[compassion]], [[credulity]], [[moral responsibility|irresponsibility]], [[panic|desperation]], and [[naïvety]]. As such, there is no consistent profile of a confidence trick victim; the common factor is simply that the victim relies on the good faith of the con artist. Victims of investment scams tend to show an incautious level of greed and gullibility, and many con artists target the elderly, but even alert and educated people may be taken in by other forms of confidence trick.<ref>[http://www.crimes-of-persuasion.com/Victims/victims.htm Crimes-of-persuasion.com] ''Fraud Victim Advice / Assistance for Consumer Scams and Investment Frauds</ref>

Accomplices, also known as [[shill]]s, help manipulate the mark into accepting the perpetrator's plan. In a traditional confidence trick, the mark is led to believe that he will be able to win money or some other prize by doing some task. The accomplices may pretend to be strangers who have benefited from performing the task in the past.

A greedy or dishonest victim may attempt to out-cheat the perpetrator, eventually realizing that he or she had been manipulated into losing from the beginning.

==See also==
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Boiler room (business)]]
* [[Confidence trick (books and literature)]]
* [[Confidence trick (television and movies)]]
* [[Counterfeit]]
* [[List of confidence tricks]]
* [[List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates]]
* [[List of con artists]]
* [[Quackery]]
* [[Racketeering]]
* [[Ripoff]]
* [[Scam baiting]]
* [[Scams in intellectual property]]
* [[Social engineering (security)]]
* [[White-collar crime]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Bell |first=J. Bowyer |author2=Whaley, Barton |year=1982 |title=Cheating and Deception (reprint 1991) |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ojmwSoW8g7IC |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location=New Brunswick (USA), London (UK) |isbn=0-88738-868-X}}
* {{Cite book|last=Blundell |first=Nigel |origyear=1982 |title=The World's Greatest Crooks and Conmen and other mischievous malefactors |publisher=Octopus Books |location=London |year=1984 |isbn=0-7064-2144-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dillon |first=Eamon |origyear=2008 |title=The Fraudsters: Sharks and Charlatans - How Con Artists Make Their Money |publisher=Merlin Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-903582-82-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ford |first=Charles V. |origyear=1999 |title=Lies! Lies!! Lies!!!: The Psychology of Deceit |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_FSc5C2bFYUC |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-88048-997-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Henderson |first=Les |title=Crimes of Persuasion: Schemes, scams, frauds |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-aJ8d_oewg8C |publisher=Coyote Ridge Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=0-9687133-0-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kaminski |first=Marek M. |year=2004 |title=Games Prisoners Play |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YIGzIaNmokgC |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11721-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Maurer |first=David W. |origyear=1940 |year=1999 |title=The Big Con: The Story of the Confidence Man and the Confidence Game (reprinted) |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jxbbV5x66usC&dq |location=New York |publisher=Bobbs Merrill / Anchor Books |isbn=0-385-49538-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Maurer |first=David W. |year=1974 |title=The American Confidence Man |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W6twAAAACAAJ |location=Springfield |publisher=Charles C. Thomas, Publisher |isbn=0-398-02974-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Reading |first=Amy |year=2012 |title=The Mark Inside: A Perfect Swindle, a Cunning Revenge, and a Small History of the Big Con |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=skV3BGg-znYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mark+inside&hl=en&sa=X&ei=krWLUdfJF4Wr4APB74DwCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |location=New York |publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-47359-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith |first=Jeff |year=2009 |title=Soapy Smith: The Life and Death of a Scoundrel |url=http://www.soapysmith.net/id50.html |publisher=Klondike Research |location=Juneau |isbn=0-9819743-0-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sutherland |first=Edwin Hardin |year=1937 |title=The Professional Thief (reprint 1989) |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=muZuPt327pwC |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-78051-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Weil |first=J.R. "Yellow Kid" |year=1948 |origyear=2004 |title=Con Man: A Master Swindler's Own Story |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wScQOATAjMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=con+man+yellow+kid+weil&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l7qLUbfBJZHI4AOmhIGQAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA |publisher=Broadway Books |location=New York |isbn=0-7679-1737-5}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Common scams}}
* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/328/ "Arrest of the Confidence Man"] ''[[New York Herald]]'', 1849
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17697615/ Dateline NBC investigation] 'To Catch a Con Man'
* [http://www.blongerbros.com/ The Blonger Bros.] Lou Blonger was the head of a large gang of confidence men running the Big Con in 1910s Denver
* [http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2014/january/prepaid-funeral-scam/ Prepaid funeral scam], [[FBI]]
{{fraud}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Confidence Trick}}
[[Category:Confidence tricks|*]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Fraud]]
[[Category:Crime]]

Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-19T13:01:02Z

175.156.242.240: I strongly believe this is a typo based on Infopedia and my knowledge on the transliteration of 叶/葉

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=right
|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''The Straits Times'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PR11|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Uhde|coauthors=Uhde, Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |coauthors=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Yaw Yan Chong | coauthors=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

{{Link FA|eo}}
{{Link FA|fr}}
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Toa Payoh ritual murders

2014-07-19T12:59:13Z

175.156.242.240: /* External links */ fixing dead link

[[File:Adrian Lim.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a man: he has a double chin and sports stubbles of a mustache and beard. His hair is combed to the back.|Adrian Lim conned many women into offering him money and sex, and killed children in an attempt to stop police investigations against him.]]
The '''Toa Payoh ritual murders''' took place in [[Singapore]] in 1981. On 25 January the body of a nine-year-old girl was found dumped next to the [[Elevator|lift]] of a block of [[Public housing in Singapore|flat]]s in the [[Toa Payoh]] district and, two weeks later, a ten-year-old boy was found dead nearby. The children had been killed, purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled [[Mediumship|medium]], who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers. His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures, beauty, and good fortune. Two of the women became his loyal assistants; Tan Mui Choo married him, and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his "holy wives". When the police investigated a [[rape]] charge filed by one of Lim's targets, he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations. On each occasion, Hoe lured a child to Lim's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio. Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death. The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat. Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders,<ref>Sit (1989), ''I Confess'', xiii.</ref><ref>Sit (1989), ''Was Adrian Lim Mad?'', xiii.</ref> the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of [[joss stick]]s, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings.<ref>John (1989), 187, 202.</ref>

The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading [[diminished responsibility]], arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists, who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited [[schizophrenia]], and depressions of the [[Psychotic depression|psychotic]] and [[Hypomania|manic]] order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on [[death row]], the women appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London and pleaded for [[Pardon|clemency]] from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons; instead, he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows. The three were [[Hanging|hanged]] on 25 November 1988.

The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore, who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society. Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; however, critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

== Singaporean society in the 1980s ==
{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=right
|quote=Whoever says Singapore is boring and antiseptic ignores our hard-to-surpass crime spine tinglers starring inimitable rogues such as ... the very incarnation of Evil — Adrian Lim ...
|source=Sonny Yap, ''The Straits Times'', 15 July 1995<ref name="yap" />
}}

Early in the nineteenth century, immigrants flooded into [[Peninsular Malaysia]], colonising the [[Straits Settlements]] including the island city of Singapore. Migrants and natives held differing beliefs, but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred. Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles, and in gods and devils that hover around, capable of benevolence and mischief. Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings. Through rituals in which they danced and chanted, these [[Mediumship|spirit mediums]]—''tang-kees'' and ''[[bomoh]]s''—invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms, blessings, and curses to their believers. As time passed and the cities grew, the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities.<ref>DeBernadi (2006), 1–14.</ref>

By 1980, 75% of the residents in Singapore were living in [[Public housing in Singapore|public housing]].<ref>Thung (1977), 229.</ref> Government-built high-rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres, of which the [[Toa Payoh]] district was typical. Although a high density of people lived in each block, the residents mostly kept to themselves, valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes.<ref>Trocki (2006), 146.</ref><ref>Thung (1977), 231–232.</ref> During this time, Singapore was a relatively peaceful society—a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies, [[Triad (underground society)|triads]] and gang warfare during the pre-independence days. The low crime rate, brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement,<ref>Rowen (1998), 116–117.</ref> gave citizens a sense of security.<ref>Quah (1987), 49.</ref> Nonetheless, the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns, "Low crime doesn't mean no crime".<ref>Naren (2000), 24.</ref> In 1981, three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation.

== Two murders, three arrests ==
[[File:Toa Payoh Ritual Murders' Flat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=High-rise buildings stand next to each other besides a road. An apartment unit of the block on the right is highlighted in red.|Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.]]
For several years, a medium in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.<ref>John (1989), 9.</ref> On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Hock ({{zh|s=黄秀叶|t=黃秀葉|p=Huáng Xìuyè}}) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh. Hours later, her body was found stuffed in a bag outside a [[Elevator|lift]] in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads. On 7 February ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11. He had been missing since the previous day, after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman. [[Forensic pathology|Forensic pathologists]] on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. There were no signs of sexual assault, but burns were on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a [[sedative]] were later detected in his blood.<ref>John (1989), 2–3.</ref>

The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 166–167.</ref> After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose.<ref>John (1989), 7–8.</ref> He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 9.</ref> Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.<ref>John (1989), 8.</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Adrian Lim ===
Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ({{zh|s=林宝龙|t=林寶龍|p=Lín Bǎolóng}}) was the eldest son of a middle-class family.<ref name="john10">John (1989), 10.</ref> Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy,<ref>John (1989), 162.</ref> he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the [[Internal Security Department]], joining the cable radio company [[Rediffusion|Rediffusion Singapore]] in 1962. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector.<ref name="john10" /> In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage.<ref name="nara80">Narayanan (1989), 80.</ref> Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.<ref name="nara80" />

Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium in 1973. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were bargirls, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord.<ref>John (1989), 17–19.</ref> Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females, whom he cheated only of cash.<ref>John (1989), 18, 34.</ref> He had learned the trade from a bomoh called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Indian goddess [[Kali]] and "Phragann",{{#tag:ref|Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan cited the police reports, calling it Phragann.|group=fn}} which Lim described as a Siamese sex god,<ref>John, p.12–13.</ref> were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 86, 89.</ref> Lim deceived his clients with several [[confidence trick]]s; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 30–31.</ref>

Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems. He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage. After Lim and his client had stripped, he would knead her body—including her genitals—with Phragann's idol and have sex with her.<ref>John (1989), 19–20.</ref> Lim's treatments also included an [[electro-shock therapy]] based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 46–47.</ref> The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.<ref>Kok (1990), 70.</ref>

=== Tan Mui Choo ===
[[File:Tan Mui Choo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: she has a slim, oval face, and her hair is dishevelled.|Tan Mui Choo assisted Lim in his medium practice, reaping the benefits.]]

Catherine Tan Mui Choo ({{zh|s=陈梅珠|t=陳梅珠|p=Chén Méizhū}}) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl, who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression.<ref>John (1989), 28.</ref> Tan, at that time, was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted. Furthermore her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre (a home mostly for [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]]), she felt unwanted by them.<ref>John (1989), 26–27.</ref> Tan's visits to Lim became regular, and their relationship grew intimate.<ref>John (1989), 29–31.</ref> In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence. To allay his wife's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan, Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ. However, she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later, divorcing Lim in 1976.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 113–114.</ref> Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business,<ref>John (1989), 33–35.</ref> at one point receiving [[Singapore dollar|S$]]6,000–7,000 ([[US dollar|US$]]2,838–3,311){{#tag:ref|The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.<ref name="xchg">Economagic.com</ref>|group=fn}} a month from a single client.<ref>John (1989), 37.</ref> In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage.<ref name="john36">John (1989), 36.</ref>

Lim dominated Tan through beatings, threats, and lies.<ref>John (1989), 34.</ref> He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income.<ref>John (1989), 32.</ref> He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy; thus, Tan assisted him in his business, preparing their clients for his pleasure.<ref>John (1989), 170–171.</ref> Lim's influence over Tan was strong; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth, Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother.<ref name="john36" /> The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim; the medium had earlier seduced Tan's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths.<ref>John (1989), 171.</ref> Despite the abuses, Tan lived with Lim, enjoying the dresses, beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income.<ref>John (1989), 186.</ref>

=== Hoe Kah Hong ===
[[File:Hoe Kah Hong.jpg|upright|thumb|right|alt=Mugshot of a woman: her face is broad and squarish, framed by long hair.|Hoe Kah Hong steadfastly believed in Lim, conscientiously executing his orders.]]

Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ({{zh|s=何家凤|t=何家鳳|p=Hé Jiāfèng}}) was eight years old when her father died; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen. When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho. Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister, Hoe became disgruntled, showing her temper easily.<ref>John (1989), 40–41.</ref> In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment, and became convinced of Lim's powers by his "needles and egg" trick. Believing that Hoe's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim, the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium.<ref>John (1989), 37–38.</ref> After witnessing the same trick, Hoe became Lim's loyal follower.<ref>John (1989), 40–42.</ref>{{#tag:ref|She firmly believed in the trick and Lim's ability until Tan revealed to her the trick's workings during their questioning at the police station.<ref>John (1989), 196.</ref>|group=fn}} Lim desired to make Hoe one of his "holy wives", even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua. To achieve his goal, Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies. He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity, and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution. Hoe believed Lim's words, and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his "holy wife". She no longer trusted her husband and family, and became violent towards her mother. Three months after she had first met Lim, Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him.<ref>John (1989), 43–45.</ref>

Loh sought his wife at Lim's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment. He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro-shock therapies. In the early hours of 7 January 1980, Loh sat with Hoe, their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, who was electrocuted, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. When she woke, Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh's death. Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her, saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark.<ref>John (1989), 46–48.</ref> The coroner recorded an [[open verdict]],<ref>Narayanan (1989), 111.</ref> and the police made no further investigations.<ref name="john48">John (1989), 48.</ref>

Despite her antipathy towards Loh, Hoe was affected by his death. Her sanity broke; she started hearing voices and hallucinating, seeing her dead husband. At the end of May she was admitted to the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Woodbridge Hospital]]. There, psychologists diagnosed her condition as [[schizophrenia]] and started appropriate treatments. Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery; by the first week of July, she was discharged. She continued her treatment with the hospital; follow-up checks showed that she was in a state of remission. Hoe's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital, although she continued to live with Lim and Tan.<ref>Kok (1990), 44.</ref>

== Rape and revenge ==
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants, Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex.<ref name="john48" /> By the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".<ref>Narayanan (1989), 6.</ref> In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape. His accuser was Lucy Lau, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. She was unconvinced, but the medium persisted. He secretly mixed two capsules of [[Flurazepam|Dalmadorm]], a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to take advantage of her.<ref name="john48" /> For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. In November, after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested, Lau made a police report about his treatment of her. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. Out on bail, Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight.<ref>John (1989), 49.</ref>

[[File:Lim's Altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Various portraits and statuettes are arrayed on a small table and the wall it is against. A small round mirror hangs above this collection of religious items.|Lim prayed [at this altar] to Buddha, Phragann, Kali, and a variety of gods.]]
Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders.<ref>John (1989), 61.</ref> Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau.<ref>John (1989), 84.</ref> He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 45.</ref>

On 24 January 1981, Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat. The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. Near midnight, the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood, drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali. Following that, they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water.<ref name="john9294">John (1989), 92–94.</ref> Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead".<ref>John (1989), 94.</ref> They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.<ref name="john9294" />

Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February. He, however, proved resistant to the sedatives, taking a long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. Panicking, the trio delivered [[Knifehand strike|karate chops]] to Ghazali's neck and stunned him. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed the body. Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat, so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise.<ref>John (1989), 95–97.</ref> What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest.

== Trial ==
Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Subordinate Court]] for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a [[committal procedure]]. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor [[Glenn Knight]] called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.<ref>John (1989), 51–52.</ref>

=== Judiciary, prosecution, and defence ===
[[File:Old Supreme Court Building 5, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A dome sits atop this building, which is next to a road. The building's large entrance stands at its centre and is fronted with pillars.|The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.]]
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983.<ref>John (1989), 52.</ref> Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice [[Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray]], who would deliver judgment on serial murderer [[John Martin Scripps]] 13 years later,<ref>Tan (October 1997).</ref> and Justice [[Frederick Arthur Chua]], who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore.<ref>John (1989), x.</ref> Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes. Other evidence—the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names—conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that [the accused] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."<ref>John (1989), 55.</ref>

Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $10,000 of the $159,340<ref>John (1989), 56.</ref> (US$4,730 of US$75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam|J. B. Jeyaretnam]] for her defence.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 28.</ref><ref>John (1989), 67.</ref> Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He [[Litigant in person|defended himself]] at the Subordinate Court hearings,<ref>John (1989), 51.</ref> but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer,<ref name="john117">John (1989), 117.</ref> although his job was complicated by his client's refusal to cooperate.<ref name="john127">John (1989), 127.</ref> The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of [[diminished responsibility]], they attempted to show that their clients were not sound of mind and could not be held responsible for the killings.<ref>Narayanan (1989), 155.</ref> If this defence had been successful, the defendants would have escaped the death penalty to face either life imprisonment, or up to 10 years in jail.<ref>Tan (April 1997).</ref>

=== Proceedings ===
After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr. Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation.<ref>John (1989), 107–116.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the [[General Medical Council#Elsewhere|Medical Register]], and Ang was suspended for three months.<ref>Fernandez (1990).</ref> Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year.<ref>Lim (1991).</ref>|group=fn}} The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders.<ref>John (1989), 61–70.</ref> There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute".<ref>John (1989), 198.</ref> Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy .<ref>John (1989), 56–60.</ref>

{{Quote box
|width=30%
|align=left
|quote= 
;Lim:No comment.
;Justice Sinnathuray:No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me. ''(To Cashin)'' He is your witness.
;Cashin:You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.
|source=Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour<ref name="john127" />
}}
On 13 April Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes.<ref name="john121">John (1989), 121.</ref> He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators.<ref>John (1989), 132–133.</ref><ref>John (1989), 154–156.</ref> Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others.<ref name="john121" /> When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth.<ref>John (1989), 155.</ref> Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements.<ref>John (1989), 157–158.</ref> Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police.<ref>John (1989), 168, 198.</ref> They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own.<ref>John (1998), 164–165, 203.</ref> Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so.<ref>John (1989), 180–181.</ref> Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.<ref>John (1989), 202–203.</ref>

=== Battle of the psychiatrists ===
No one doubted that Lim, Tan, and Hoe had killed the children. Their defence was based on convincing the judges that medically, the accused were not in total control of themselves during the crimes. The bulk of the trial was therefore a battle between expert witnesses called by both sides. Dr Wong Yip Chong, a senior psychiatrist in private practice, believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. Claiming to be "judging by the big picture, and not fussing over contradictions",<ref>John (1989), 208.</ref> he said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a [[Hypomania|mild manic depression]]. The doctor also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police.<ref>Kok (1990), 71.</ref> In rebuttal, the prosecution's expert witness, Dr Chee Kuan Tsee, a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital,<ref>John (1989), 204.</ref> said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure".<ref name="kok72">Kok (1990), 72.</ref> In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise.<ref>John (1989), 209.</ref>

Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by [[Psychotic depression|reactive psychotic depression]]. According to him she was depressed before she met Lim, due to her family background. Physical abuse and threats from Lim deepened her depression; drug abuse led her to hallucinate and believe the medium's lies.<ref name="kok72" /> Dr Chee disagreed; he said that Tan had admitted to being quite happy with the material lifestyle Lim gave to her, enjoying fine clothes and beauty salon treatments. A sufferer from reactive psychotic depression would not have paid such attention to her appearance. Also, Tan had earlier confessed to knowing Lim was a fraud, but changed her stance in court to claim she was acting completely under his influence. Although Dr Chee had neglected Lim's physical abuse of Tan in his judgment, he was firm in his opinion that Tan was mentally sound during the crimes.<ref name="kok73">Kok (1990), 73.</ref> Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia long before she met Lim, and that her stay in Woodbridge Hospital had helped her recovery. However, while Dr Nagulendran was convinced that Hoe suffered a relapse during the time of the child killings, Dr Chee pointed out that none of the Woodbridge doctors saw any signs of relapse during the six months of her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981).<ref name="kok45">Kok (1990), 45.</ref><ref>John (1989), 202.</ref> If Hoe had been as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have become an invalid. Instead, she methodically abducted and helped kill a child on two occasions.<ref name="kok45" /> Ending his testimony, Dr Chee stated that it was incredible that three people with different mental illnesses should share a common delusion of receiving a request to kill from a god.<ref name="john217">John (1989), 217.</ref>

=== Closing statements ===
In their closing speeches, the defence tried to reinforce the portrayal of their clients as mentally disturbed individuals. Cashin said that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.<ref name="john218">John (1989), 218.</ref> Jeyaretnam said that due to her depression and Lim's abuse, Tan was just "a robot", carrying out orders without thought.<ref name="john218" /> Isaac simply concluded, "[Hoe's] schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others."<ref name="john219">John (1989), 219.</ref> The defence criticised Dr Chee for failing to recognise their clients' symptoms.<ref name="kok72" /><ref name="john219" />

The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed.<ref name="john220">John (1989), 220.</ref> Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial.<ref name="john219" /> The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the acts could not have been done by a deluded person.<ref name="john220" /> Tan helped Lim because "she loved [him]", and Hoe was simply misled into helping the crimes.<ref name="john221">John (1989), 221.</ref> Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."<ref name="john221" />

=== Judgment ===
On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the accused were mentally unsound during the crimes. They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes.<ref>John (1989), 224–225.</ref> Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as [[Self-incrimination|admissions of guilt]],<ref>Kok (1994), 53.</ref> Sinnathuray and Chua found Tan to be an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing [party] to [Lim's] loathsome and nefarious acts".<ref name="john225">John (1989), 225.</ref> The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced".<ref name="john225" /> Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they noted that she was in a state of remission during the murders; hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions.<ref>Kok (1994), 94.</ref> All three defendants were found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. The two women did not react to their sentences. On the other hand, Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!", as he was led out.<ref>John (1989), 226.</ref>

Lim accepted his fate; the women did not, and appealed against their sentences. Tan hired [[Francis Seow]] to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe.<ref>John (1989), 227.</ref> The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point.<ref name="kok73" /> The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their decision in August 1986.<ref name="john228">John (1989), 228.</ref> The appeal judges reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources.<ref>Kok (1990), 73–74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of ''Walton v. the Queen'', a 1989 British murder trial.<ref>Kok (1990), 74.</ref>|group=fn}} Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] and Singapore President [[Wee Kim Wee]] met with similar failures.<ref name="john228" />

Having exhausted all their avenues for pardon, Tan and Hoe calmly faced their fates. While waiting on [[death row]] the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. In spite of the reputation that surrounded Lim, Father Brian Doro recalled the murderer as a "rather friendly person".<ref>Davie (1989).</ref> When the day of execution loomed, Lim asked Father Doro for absolution and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]. Likewise, Tan and Hoe had Sister Gerard Fernandez as their spiritual counsellor. The nun converted the two female convicts to Catholicism, and they received forgiveness and Holy Communion during their final days.<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14–15.</ref> On 25 November 1988 the trio were given their last meal and led to the [[Hangman's knot|hangman's noose]]. Lim smiled throughout his last walk. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro,<ref>Naryanan (1989), 14.</ref> and cremated on the same day.<ref>John (1989), 229.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sub Court crowd.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Crowds of people pack the area next to a road. Their attention is on a police van. Several of the watchers are pressing down on those in front of them or leaning over a wall. Police officers line the road.|Singaporeans crowded the grounds of the Subordinate Court (pictured) and other courts to catch a glimpse of the killers.]]
The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Reported by regional newspapers in detail, the gory and sexually explicit recounting of Lim's acts offended the sensibilities of some; Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]], complained to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' that the reports could have a corrupting effect on the young. His words received support from a few readers. Others, however, welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance even in a city with low crime rates.<ref>John (1989), 116–118</ref> Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.<ref>Khor (September 1989).</ref><ref>Khor (October 1989).</ref>

The revelations from the trial cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans.<ref name="yap">Yap (1995).</ref> Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him.<ref name="john117" /> On the other hand, Knight's name spread among Singaporeans as the man who brought Adrian Lim to justice, boosting his career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the [[Commercial Affairs Department]] in 1984. He would maintain his good reputation until his conviction for corruption seven years later.<ref>Tan (1998).</ref>

Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast.<ref>Yaw (1991).</ref> In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing".<ref>Davidson (1990).</ref> Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by ''[[The New Paper]]'' reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.<ref>Low (1998).</ref> Lim had become a benchmark for local criminals; in 2002 [[Subhas Anandan]] described his client, wife-killer Anthony Ler, as a "cooler, more handsome version of [the] notorious Toa Payoh medium-murderer".<ref>Vijayan (2002).</ref>

During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was ''[[The Medium (1992 film)|Medium Rare]]''. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters".<ref name="uhde1">Uhde (2000), 109–110.</ref> The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening.<ref name="uhde1" /> Its 16-day run brought in $130,000 (US$75,145),<ref>Uhde (2000), 110.</ref>{{#tag:ref|In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit ''[[Army Daze]]'' took in $500,000 (US$289,017) for its first four days.<ref>Uhde (2000), 114.</ref> Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.<ref name="xchg" />|group=fn}} and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story".<ref>Guneratne (2003), 172.</ref> The second film, 1997's ''God or Dog'', also had a dismal box-office performance<ref>Millet (2006), 96.</ref> despite a more positive critical reception.<ref>Uhde (2000), 115.</ref> Both shows had difficulty in finding local actors for the lead role; [[Zhu Houren]] declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately,<ref>Lee (June 1996).</ref> and [[Xie Shaoguang]] rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer.<ref>Lee (May 1996).</ref> On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for ''[[True Files]]'', a crime awareness programme in 2002. The public, however, complained that the trailers were too gruesome with the re-enactments of the rituals and murders, forcing the media company [[MediaCorp]] to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.<ref>Tan (2002).</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2">
<references group=fn />
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
; Books
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=DeBernadi|first=Jean|title=The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I2GcvFwaoJkC&pg=PR11|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=California, United States|isbn=0-8047-5292-3|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Anthony|editor=Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda|title=Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CVbxKuuXBJQC&pg=PA173|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=981-238-283-6|chapter=The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema}}
* {{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Neil|title=Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xF1DHiOHK2YC&pg=PT33|accessdate=23 June 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=Singapore|isbn=981-261-318-8}}
* {{cite book|last=John|first=Alan|title=Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings|year=1989|publisher=Times Book International|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-65-205-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_VSIVfRHAu4C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 June 2008|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore Press]]|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-138-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kok Lee Peng|coauthors=Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee|title=Mental Disorders and the Law|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NoEFBYFtCk0C&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-188-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Millet|first=Raphael|title=Singapore Cinema|year=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4155-42-X|chapter=From Survival to Revival}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanan Govindan Kutty|title=Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings|year=1989|publisher=Aequitas Management Consultants|location=Singapore|isbn=981-00-0931-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Naren Chitty|editor=Abbas Malek|title=The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA24|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Connecticut, United States|isbn=1-56750-462-0|chapter=A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality}}
* {{cite book|first=Stella|last=Quah|title=Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore|year=1987|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588854-5|chapter=Sense of Security}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Rowen|title=Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=exB6PdLnb7MC&pg=PA117|accessdate=16 November 2008|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-16520-2|chapter=Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?}}
* {{cite book|author=Thung Syn Neo|editor=Hodge, Peter|title=Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Qg5eR5xFYcC&pg=PA231|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-209-022-2|chapter=Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates}}
* {{cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl|title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SL1LI3hIRXYC&pg=PA146|accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Oxfordshire, United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26385-9|chapter=The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=I Confess|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-191-7}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|author=Sit Yin Fong|title=Was Adrian Lim Mad?|year=1989|publisher=Heinemann Asia|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-64-192-5}} (court transcripts)
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Uhde|coauthors=Uhde, Yvonne|title=Latent Images: Film in Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Selangor, Malaysia|isbn=0-19-588714-X|chapter=The Revival}}
{{refend}}

; News articles
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite news |first=Ben |last=Davidson |title=Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=01&year=1990&date=02&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1990_489556 |format=fee required |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |location=Singapore |page=17 |date=2 January 1990 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Davie |title=Father Brian Doro |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=11&year=1989&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_481061 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=32 |date=24 November 1989 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Ivan |title=Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1990&date=25&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1990_600987 |format=fee required |work=[[The New Paper]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=12 |date=25 June 1990 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Big sweep by Singaporean works |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1989&date=13&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_469506 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.2 |date=13 September 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Christine |last=Khor |title=Book bang |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1989&date=16&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1989_475898 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S2.1 |date=16 October 1989 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Too evil to explore |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=05&year=1996&date=09&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1443221 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=26 |date=9 May 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Lee Yin Luen |title=Actor gives up Adrian Lim role |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=06&year=1996&date=04&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1996_1444268 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=8 |date=4 June 1996 |accessdate=12 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Trudy |last=Lim |title=Adrian Lim doc back at work |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_729489 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=15 |date=10 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Calvin |last=Low |title=You, Q & eh? |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=1998&date=19&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1998_1768332 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=S3 |date=19 December 1998 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Jeanmarie |last=Tan |title=Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'... |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=2002&date=24&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_2002_2408302 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=24 April 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Defence that's too tough to prove |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=04&year=1997&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1516009 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=25 |date=20 April 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |title=Justice Sinnathuray retires |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=10&year=1997&date=07&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1997_1551158 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=2 |date=7 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Tan Ooi Boon |coauthors=Lim Seng Jin |title=Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1998&date=20&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1998_1695068 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=16 |date=20 September 1998 |accessdate=14 November 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=K. C. |last=Vijayan |title=Man who lured wife to her murder hanged |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=12&year=2002&date=14&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_2002_2353166 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=1 |date=14 December 2002 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Yap |title=Of human interest |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=07&year=1995&date=15&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_ST_1995_1238735 |format=fee required |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=B3 |date=15 July 1995 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author=Yaw Yan Chong | coauthors=Ang, Dave |title=Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim |url=http://newslink.asiaone.com/user/OrderArticleRequest.action?order=&_sourcePage=%2FWEB-INF%2Fjsp%2Fuser%2Fsearch_type_result.jsp&month=09&year=1991&date=10&docLanguage=en&documentId=nica_NP_1991_728312 |format=fee required |work=The New Paper |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |location=Singapore |page=6 |date=10 September 1991 |accessdate=28 October 2008 }}
{{refend}}

; Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/econdb/raportt/Intexsius+2.html |title=Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 ) |accessdate=2009-01-02 |author=Economagic.com |work= |publisher=Department: Trade and Industry |location=Republic of South Africa }} {{Dead link|date=March 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_71_2005-02-02.html Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders]

{{featured article}}

{{coord|1|20|13|N|103|51|26|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Murder in 1981]]
[[Category:Crimes against children]]
[[Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:1981 in Singapore]]
[[Category:Toa Payoh]]

{{Link FA|eo}}
{{Link FA|fr}}
{{Link FA|id}}

Talk:Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore

2014-07-19T10:46:46Z

175.156.242.240: /* Referencing issues */ new section

{{ArticleHistory
|action1 = GAN
|action1date = 11:46, 14 March 2012
|action1link = Talk:Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore/GA1
|action1result = Listed
|action1oldid = 481835608

|currentstatus = GA
|dykdate = 29 November 2010
|dykentry = ... that [[freedom of religion in Singapore|freedom of religion]] in [[Singapore]], which is guaranteed by '''[[Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore]]''', may be restricted by a general law relating to public order, public health or morality?
|topic = Law
}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Singapore|class=GA|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Law|class=GA|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Human rights|class=GA|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Religion|class=GA|importance=Mid}}
}}
{{Educational assignment|month=4|year=2010|link=Wikipedia:School and university projects/2010 past projects#School of Law, Singapore Management University: Constitutional and Administrative Law Wikipedia Project (January–April 2010)}}
{{Educational assignment|month=3|year=2011|link=Wikipedia:School and university projects#School of Law, Singapore Management University: Constitutional and Administrative Law Wikipedia Project (ongoing; started January 2010)}}
{{Copied|from=Talk:Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore/Smuconlaw sandbox|from_oldid=458160961|to=Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore|to_diff=458160394|to_oldid=454089699|date=02:13, 31 October 2011}}

== Application ==

Has any law/decree etc. ever been struck down on the basis of this article? The article as is suggests that no, but does not explicitly says so. [[User:Circeus|Circéus]] ([[User talk:Circeus|talk]]) 22:24, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
:You're right – no statute has yet been successfully invalidated for inconsistency with Article 15. Do you think this should be mentioned in the article? There won't be a reference for it, though. — [[User:Smuconlaw|SMUconlaw]] ([[User talk:Smuconlaw|talk]]) 17:02, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
::That is an interesting problem, both regarding the slight PoV issues (I don't trust an constitutional article of this type that basically never gets applied) and the sourcing (which is basically the issue of [[Evidence of absence]]/proving a negative)... [[User:Circeus|Circéus]] ([[User talk:Circeus|talk]]) 20:11, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
:::As far as I am aware, only one statutory provision and one executive order have been successfully struck down for incompatibility with the fundamental liberties in the Singapore Constitution. In the first case, the decision was overturned on appeal, and in the second case the court judgment was reversed by way of a constitutional and a legislative amendment (see "[[Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs]]" and "[[Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs]]"). That's what makes constitutional and administrative law in Singapore so interesting. We've only been an independent republic since 1965; give us some time! — [[User:Smuconlaw|SMUconlaw]] ([[User talk:Smuconlaw|talk]]) 09:28, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

== Referencing issues ==

What is "Thio, pp. 72–73" and "Thio, p. 76" referring to? It could be " Thio Li-ann (2010), 'Contentious Liberty: Regulating Religious Propagation in a Multi-religious Secular Democracy"', "Thio Li-ann (30 October 2007), 'Secularism, the Singapore way"' or 'Thio Li-ann (1995), "The Secular Trumps the Sacred: Constitutional Issues Arising from Colin Chan v Public Prosecutor"' Also, this article would be a quick fail if it undergoes FA review because citations are repeated in "References", and not all citations are stated in the "References" section. [[Special:Contributions/175.156.242.240|175.156.242.240]] ([[User talk:175.156.242.240|talk]]) 10:46, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

Lim Yew Hock

2014-07-19T10:22:26Z

175.156.242.240: /* Acknowledging Nanyang University */ rename section

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, comprising of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Colonial Secretary, Singapore|Colonial Secretary]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang University was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be Government-recognised.<ref name="nanyang"/>

[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==

{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
*'''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
**Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
**Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
**Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
**Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
**Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
**Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
*'''Changes'''
**February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
**March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}

Template:Translation WIP/doc

2014-07-19T10:17:18Z

175.156.242.240: /* Example */ looks better

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Fish soup bee hoon

2014-07-19T09:09:28Z

175.156.242.240: Chinese never italicised

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Fish soup bee hoon
| image = [[File:Fish soup bee hoon at Food Junction, May 26, 2013.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Fish soup bee hoon at Food Junction in Singapore
| alternate_name = Fish head bee hoon
| country = [[Singapore]]
| region =
| creator =
| course = [[Soup]]
| type =
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Fish (food)|Fish]] (usually [[Snakehead (fish)|snakehead]], also [[pomfret]] or [[mackerel|batang]]), fish [[Stock (food)|stock]] or bones, [[bee hoon]], water, oil, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]s, [[milk]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Fish soup bee hoon''', also known as '''fish head bee hoon''', is a [[Singaporean cuisine|Singaporean]] soup-based seafood dish, served hot usually with [[bee hoon]]. The dish is viewed as a healthy food in Singapore.<ref name="Phoon 1"/> Catherine Ling of ''[[CNN]]'' listed fish soup bee hoon as one of the "40 Singapore foods we can't live without".

==History==
Fish soup bee hoon has been available since at least the 1920s;{{Sfn|Mobile|2007|p=24}} one source credits Swee Kee Fish Head Noodle House with creating the "definitive version" of the dish in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Singapore |first1=Yee Yaw |last1=Yan |first2=Naleeza |last2=Ebrahim |url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=qE8kHhSj_o0C&pg=PA102 |pages=102– |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |isbn=9789812329226 }}</ref>

==Ingredients==
[[Snakehead (fish)|Snakehead]]s are most commonly used for fish soup bee hoon.<ref name="CNN 1"/> Other stalls may offer [[pomfret]], [[mackerel|batang]].<ref name="Phoon 1">{{cite news|newspaper=[[AsiaOne]] |title=The best fish soup and fish head |url=http://www.soshiok.com/critic/article/6314 |date=December 19, 2009 |first=Audrey |last=Phoon }}</ref> or [[garoupa]].<ref name="Tay 1">{{cite news|last=Tay |first=Suan Chiang |newspaper=[[AsiaOne]] |date=November 26, 2012 |url=http://www.soshiok.com/critic/article/21495 |title=Spoilt for choice at Quan Xiang Fish Porridge }}</ref> While fish heads or the whole fish may be used, some diners prefer having just fish slices. The fish soup is made out of either fish stock<ref name="CNN 1"/> or actual bones,<ref name="Cheap 1">{{cite news|newspaper=[[AsiaOne]] |url=http://www.soshiok.com/critic/article/20996 |first=Lay Teen |last=Thng |title=Cheap and good fish-head beehoon at 21 Seafood |date=October 15, 2012 }}</ref> water, oil, yam,<ref name="Earth Pot 1">{{cite book|language=Chinese and English|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=pU_dmvll30gC&pg=PT46 |page=46|title={{noitalic|土埚养生菜飘香}}|first=Baoxing|last=Chen|publisher=Lingzi Media|year=2004|isbn=9789814157339}}</ref> and milk,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I-dx7ky-L2IC&pg=PA126 |page=126 |title=Michelin MustSees Singapore |first=Jonathan P. |last=Gilbert |year=2010 |isbn=9781906261979 |publisher=Michelin Travel }}</ref>{{efn|Some fish soup bee hoon stalls, such as China Square Fried Fish Soup, do not add milk to their fish soup.<ref name="China 1">{{cite news|newspaper=[[AsiaOne]] |url=http://www.soshiok.com/critic/article/6317 |title=China Square fried fish soup keeps original taste |first=Audrey |last=Phoon |date=December 19, 2009 }}</ref> }} with vegetables<ref name="CNN 1"/> and select fruits.<ref name="Earth Pot 1"/>

The noodle in the soup is often [[bee hoon]], although a healthier alternative except for [[irritable bowel syndrome]] sufferers would be spaghetti made from [[brown rice]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Health Promotion Board |url=http://www.hpb.gov.sg/HOPPortal/article?id=10598 |title=Sliced Fish with Bee Hoon Soup |accessdate=May 24, 2013 }}</ref> Another noodle variant would be fried noodles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soshiok.com/article/10495 |newspaper=[[AsiaOne]] |title=Delicious yee mee with fried fish meat at Goldhill Centre |date=February 21, 2010 |first=Lay Teen |last=Thng }}</ref> Additional ingredients include eggs,<ref name="China 1"/> anchovies, pepper, salt,<ref name="Best 1">{{cite news|title=The best fish soups in Singapore |url=http://www.soshiok.com/article/16199 |first=David |last=Sun |date=September 26, 2011 }}</ref> and alcoholic products such as [[brandy]],<ref name="CNN 1"/> Chinese wine,<ref name="Cheap 1"/> or [[cognac]],{{Sfn|Mobile|2007|p=406}} [[chilli]] slices, fried [[shallot]]s, and fish roe.<ref name="Tay 1"/> For the [[vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian]] version of the dish, fish meat is substituted with tofu.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |url=http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/restaurants/feature/living-on-the-veg |title=Living on the veg |date=January 28, 2008 }}</ref>

==Preparation==
The fish is boiled and added to a bowl of fish soup.<ref name="CNN 1"/> The fish may also be fried.<ref name="CNN 1"/> The soup is boiled for about twenty minutes,<ref name="Earth Pot 1"/> though a broth made from fish or pork bones boiled for several hours is sometimes used as a base.<ref name="Phoon 1"/><ref name="Best 1"/><ref name="Cheap 1"/> The dish is served hot.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UfojoOlXKDcC |title=The rough guide to Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei |first=Mark |last=Lewis |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2000 |edition=3 |isbn=9781858285658 |page=183 }}</ref>

==Culture==
Grace Chen of ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'' writes that fish soup bee hoon is "to Singaporeans what the [[char kway teow]] is to [[Penang]]ites".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[AsiaOne]] |title=Foodie recommends the best budget eats in Singapore |date=August 17, 2010 |first=Grace |last=Chen |url=http://www.soshiok.com/article/12946 }}</ref> Catherine Ling of ''[[CNN]]'' describes fish soup bee hoon as one of the "40 Singapore foods we can't live without".<ref name="CNN 1">{{cite news|newspaper=[[CNN]] |last=Ling |first=Catherine |url=http://travel.cnn.com/singapore/none/40-singapore-foods-we-cant-live-without-810208 |title=40 Singapore foods we can't live without |date=April 14, 2010 }}</ref> Jin Hua Fish Head Bee Hoon was named the best fish soup bee hoon store in Singapore by ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out Singapore]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |url=http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/restaurants/feature/singapores-best-dishes-local-dishes |title=2012 Singapore's Best Dishes: Local cuisine |date=June 11, 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of soups]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Travel Singapore: Illustrated Travel Guide, Phrasebook, and Maps |publisher=MobileReference |author=MobileReference |url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SSH4DY7OfR4C |year=2007 |isbn=9781605010151 |ref={{SfnRef|Mobile|2007}}}}

[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Soups]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]

Lim Yew Hock

2014-07-19T09:04:39Z

175.156.242.240: /* Labour Front */ copyedit

{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tun Lim Yew Hock
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =2nd
| office =Chief Minister of Singapore
| term_start =8 June 1956
| term_end =3 June 1959
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor = Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] (1955–1957) Sir [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]] (1957–1959)
| predecessor=[[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]
| successor=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
| birth_date = 15 October 1914
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore, Straits Settlements]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|30|1914|10|15}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Front]] (1955-1958) [[Singapore People's Alliance]] (1958-1963)
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lim]]}}
'''Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock''' (15 October 1914 - 30 November 1984), born '''Lim Yew Hock''' ({{zh|c=林有福|p=Lín Yǒufú|poj=Lîm Iú-hok}}), was a [[Singapore]]an and [[Malaysia]]n politician of Chinese descent, who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Assembly]] from 1948 to 1963, and the second [[Chief Minister of Singapore]] from 1956 to 1959.

In his early years, Lim worked as a clerk upon graduating from the [[Raffles Institution]]. Following the end of [[World War II]], he joined the [[labour movement]] and later began his political career, joining the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]] (PP) in 1947. In 1949, he became a member of the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party]]. He founded the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]]. The [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented in 1955 due to political instability and greater demands for independence in post-war Singapore. LF won the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]], with Marshall as Chief Minister. Lim was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare, and served as his deputy during his term of office.

However, after talks with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] in London for [[self-governance|self-rule]] failed, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister, and Lim took over. In order to gain trust from the British, Lim suppressed [[leftist]] movements. He led an all-party delegation to re-negotiate in talks for self-rule, enventually reaching a agreement with the British for a new constitution granting internal self-rule in 1959. However, Lim lost the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]] due to his oppression of pro-communists, especially the crackdown of teachers and students in Chinese schools for being left-wing. This led to the increase in support for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), then opposition, led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

Lim's [[Singapore People's Alliance]] was defeated by the PAP in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], causing him to step down as Chief Minister, while Lee succeeded him as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]. Since then, he was less involved in Singaporean politics and left the Assembly in 1963. He was appointed Malaysian High Commissioner in [[Australia]] by the then-Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]. However, he dropped out of Malaysian politics in advance due to his disappearance in 1966 during his term of office. Lim converted to [[Islam]] and led a low profile in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years.

==Life==

===Early years===
Lim Yew Hock was born in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], on 15 October 1914.<ref name="lyh">Corfield (2011), pp. 159-160.</ref> With [[Fujian]] ancestry,<ref name="lyh"/> he was the third generation of [[Chinese Singaporean|overseas Chinese]] in Singapore, and son of Lim Teck Locke.<ref name="lau">Lau (2004)</ref> Lim was the eldest son in his family and has a brother and two sisters. He was English-educated in [[Pearl's Hill School]] and [[Outram Secondary School|Outram School]] from young.<ref name="lau"/> He obtained excellent results and received a four-year scholarship. He was admitted to the prestigious [[Raffles Institution]] and completed his secondary education in 1931.<ref name="dies2">"Man who thumped the Reds" (1 December 1984)</ref>

Lim had planned to study Law in the [[United Kingdom]] upon graduation, and was ready to sit for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] entrance examinations. However, his father's sudden death made him stay.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="tan141">Tan, Guan Heng (2007), p. 141.</ref> He was only 37 years old when he died, so the assets he left behind was put under supervision of Lim's uncle, while Lim was being further mistreated.<ref name="lau"/> As the [[Great Depression]] greatly impacted Singapore's economy, he had to give private tuition after his secondary education to support his family, made up of his mother and younger siblings.<ref name="tan141"/>

Soon after he was employed as a junior clerk of the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in 1934, he transferred to [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] as a junior clerk,<ref name=lyh/> stabilising his income. Later, he was promoted as stenographer because of his outstanding working performance in writing [[shorthand]].<ref name="tan141"/> During [[World War II]], Japan launched the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, leading to the [[fall of Singapore]] in February 1942. Lim lived on selling [[charcoal]], until the end of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]] and Singapore's revert to British rule in 1945, when he returned to Cold Storage as private secretary.<ref name="lau"/><ref name="dies2"/>

===Early political career===
{{see also|Legislative Council of Singapore|Singaporean general election, 1951}}
Lim got involved in [[trade union]] activities right after the war. He resigned from Cold Storage and worked as full-time Secretary-General of the [[Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union]] (SCAWU).<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim">Mukunthan (2004)</ref><ref name="dies">"Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah" (1 December 1984)</ref> In March 1947, he became the first Singaporean to receive the [[British Council]] scholarship, to study local trade unions in Britain.<ref name="who01">Morais (1965), p. 234.</ref>

With his trade union background, Lim joined the newly formed [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Singapore Progressive Party]] (PP) led by [[Tan Chye Cheng]] to start off his political career.<ref name="lau"/> In fact, there was a major change in politics of post-war Singapore. On one hand, there were increasing calls for independence,<ref name="lau"/> and on the other hand, the [[Straits Settlements]] was dissolved in 1946 by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]], while the [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]] was restructured in 1948 as the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]].<ref name="lau"/> In March 1948, Singapore held its first [[Singaporean general election, 1948|Legislative Council election]] to elect its six out of the 22 Councillors; Three out of five PP candidates won in the election.<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1948-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1948]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> Lim did not participate in the election, but was appointed as an unofficial member in April, representing the trade union in the Council.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="sgLim"/>

Lim left the PP in July 1949 and joined the [[Labour Party (Singapore)|Labour Party of Singapore]] (LP), whom Lim shared a similar political stand with. Later in June 1950, he was elected LP's Chairman, and was chosen to serve as Chairman of the SCAWU in July of the same year.<ref name="lau"/> Under support of the union, he contested in the [[Keppel Single Member Constituency|Keppel]] constituency during the [[Singaporean general election, 1951|Legislative Council election]] held in April 1951, and was successfully elected as a Councillor.<ref name="lau"/> In this election, the number of elected seats increased from six to nine; The PP won six, LP won two, while the remaining seat was won by an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="lau"/><ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/leco-1951-ge/ LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GENERAL ELECTION 1951]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref> In May 1951, Lim founded the [[National Trades Union Congress|Singapore Trades Union Congress]] (STUC) and appointed himself as Chairman.<ref name="lyh"/> In the same year, he was funded by the [[United States Information Agency]] to study the [[labour movement]] in the [[United States|US]]. However, LP's internal struggle among the different factions got worse and worse.<ref name="who01"/> The faction led by party's Secretary-General [[Peter Williams (politician)|Peter Williams]] successfully coerced Lim to step down as Chairman. He eventually left the party.<ref name="lau"/>

===Labour Front===
{{see also|Labour Front|David Marshall (Singaporean politician){{!}}David Marshall|Singaporean general election, 1955}}
Soon after leaving the party, Lim was appointed as member of the Rendel Commission, chaired by British [[diplomat]] Sir [[George William Rendel|George Rendel]], which was formed in July 1953 by Singapore's colonial government to provide advice on constitutional development in Singapore.<ref name="lyh"/> The Commission subsequently submitted a report in February 1954 for major changes in constitutional law of Singapore, heading towards self-rule.<ref name="lau"/> At the same time, Lim formed the [[Labour Front]] (LF) with [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] and well-known [[barrister]] [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], with Marshall as Chairman.<ref name="lau"/>

In February 1955, a new constitution, the [[Rendel Constitution]] was implemented. Singapore would create its first [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] with majority of the seats popularly elected, to replace the existing Council.<ref name="rendel">Ng (2009)</ref> 25 out of 32 seats would be elected by the general populace, four seats would be allocated to [[List of Governors of Singapore|Governor]]-appointed unofficial members, three seats taken by [[ex officio member|''ex officio'' members]], respectively the [[Chief Secretary, Singapore|Chief Secretary]], [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and [[Financial Secretary, Singapore|Financial Secretary]], while the remaining seat would be for the unofficial Speaker of the Assembly nominated by the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> Moreover, the post of the [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]] was added, which would be assumed by the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, sharing the responsibility with the Governor.<ref name="rendel"/> The Governor continued to take control over areas such as external affairs, internal security, defence, broadcasting and public relations, whereas the power of policy-making for the people's welfare lied in the hands of the Chief Minister.<ref name="rendel"/><ref>Quah, p. 37.</ref>

The existing Executive Council was replaced by the newly formed [[Cabinet of Singapore|Council of Ministers]], chaired by the Governor, comprising of the three ''ex officio'' members (Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary) and the remaining six unofficial members, inclusive of the Chief Minister and five other members from the Assembly.<ref name="rendel"/> Although the Governor presided over the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister could lead discussions, whereas the other Council members who was also Assemblymen would also take up different ministerial posts, similar to the [[Westminster system|Westminister]] and [[parliamentary system]].<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black">Sutherland (2010)</ref>

[[File:Old Parliament House, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lim won in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election of 1955]], representing [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency, and was appointed Minister for Labour and Welfare. The photograph shows the former [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|Legislative Assembly House of Singapore]]]]

Subsequently, in the [[Singaporean general election, 1955|Legislative Assembly election]] held in April 1955, Marshall-led LF won in the election with 10 seats.<ref name="rendel"/> The remaining seats were taken by the PP (four), [[Singapore Alliance Party|Singapore Alliance]] (coalition of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]]－[[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]－[[List of political parties in Malaysia#Singapore Malay Union|SMU]], three), [[People's Action Party]] (PAP, three), [[Democratic Party (Singapore)|Democratic Party]] (two) and three independent candidates.<ref>"[http://www.singapore-elections.com/lega-1955-ge/ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY GENERAL ELECTION 1955]", ''singapore-elections.com'', retrieved on 12 January 2013.</ref><ref name="legco55">"Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955" (2010)</ref> After the election, Marshall became Singapore's first Chief Minister, but as the LF did not obtain [[absolute majority]], he formed a coalition government with the Singapore Alliance, and appointed two pro-LF unofficial nominated members into the Assembly under the help of Governor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]].<ref name="wong02">Wong (2002), p. 82.</ref> Lim was elected as [[Havelock Single Member Constituency|Havelock]] constituency's Assemblyman. He was the only popularly elected Legislative Councillor who transit over to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="lyh"/><ref name="tan141"/>

After the election, Lim was appointed by Marshall as Minister for Labour and Welfare, while he resigned his chairmanship from the STUC.<ref name="dies2"/><ref>"MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN" (7 April 1955)</ref> Then, workers were [[Strike action|on strikes]] one after another, often escalating into riots, so Lim, as Labour and Welfare Minister, had to meditate and assist in subsiding such strikes.<ref name="lau"/> He had handled the April–May 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots|Hock Lee bus strikes]],<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008), pp.269-270.</ref> May–July 1955 [[Singapore Harbour Board]] Staff Association strikes,<ref>"DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT" (7 July 1955)</ref> and also strikes from hotels, [[City Council of Singapore]], [[Singapore Traction Company]], etc.<ref>"GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES" (31 August 1955)</ref><ref>"Hotel strike inquiry" (7 October 1955)</ref><ref>"CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE" (15 August 1955)</ref><ref>"STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan" (28 December 1955)</ref> The Hock Lee bus strikes turned into a riot in May 1955, killing four and injuring many, including two police officers who died.<ref name="lee107">Lee, Edwin (2008) , p. 107.</ref>

Soon after, Marshall led an all-party delegation with Governor Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]] to [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in March 1956, to negotiate with the British for self-rule in Singapore.<ref name="rendel"/> However, talks failed by May 1956, and in his return to Singapore, Marshall resigned as Chief Minister on 6 June.<ref name="rendel"/> His deputy, Lim, who was also Minister for Labour and Welfare, took over on 8 June and became Singapore's second Chief Minister.<ref name="tan141"/><ref name="xxv">Corfield (2011), p. xxv.</ref><ref name="ss">"THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT" (9 June 1956)</ref>

Lim's Council of Minister was similar to that of Marshall's. Besides continuing to serve as Labour and Welfare Minister, while the other members include his deputy [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]] (Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing), [[J. M. Jumabhoy]] (Minister for Commerce and Industry), [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]] (Minister for Communications and Works), [[Chew Swee Kee]] (Minister for Education) and [[A.J. Braga]] (Minister for Health).<ref name="ss"/> Marshall, former Chief Minister, later left the LF and founded the [[Workers' Party of Singapore|Worker's Party]].<ref>Trocki (2008), p. 118.</ref> In March 1958, Lim was chosen as LF's Chairman.<ref name="who01"/>

===Chief Minister===

====Chinese schools riots====
{{see also|Chinese middle schools riots|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}
After Lim succeeded as Chief Minister, his top priority was to achieve full self-governance for Singapore from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].<ref name="lau"/> The British had taken to account Singapore's future early during Marshall's tenure as Chief Minister. The British had agreed to [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]'s ([[Malaysia]]'s predecessor) [[independence]], and due to the strategic value of Singapore's geography, the British wanted to continue taking control over foreign and defence affairs of Singapore. Hence, the British are inclined to granting Singapore self-governance instead of independence.<ref>Lee, Kuan Yew (September 1998)</ref> Though Sir [[Robert Brown Black|Robert Black]], the then-Governor had taken a more open and friendly approach to self-governance for Singapore, as compared to his predecessor Sir [[John Fearns Nicoll|John Nicoll]], he believed in gradual self-governance. If the handover of power were to be carried out too hastily, self-governing political leaders might not have sufficient experience in governing.<ref>Tan, Kevin (2008)</ref>

[[File:CHS Tower Block 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in October 1956 broke out at [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]]]]
When Marshall led a delegation in March to May 1956 to negotiate talks with the British for self-rule, Black emphasised the priority of internal security issues,<ref name="rendel"/><ref name="black"/> while anti-[[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[Labour Front|LF]] was ineffective in suppression of the series of riots incited by the communists. As a result, talks broke down and complete self-rule was refused.<ref name="rendel"/>

To enhance the internal security, Lim arrested the [[leftist]] trade union members, teachers and students under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Preservation of Public Security Ordinance]], in September to October 1956 and August 1957 upon taking office. Some of them were deported.<ref name="lee137">Lee, Edwin (2008), p. 137.</ref> In addition, alleged pro-communist organisations such as the [[Singapore Women’s Association]], the [[Chinese Musical Gong Society]] and the [[Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union]] were banned by the authorities.<ref name="riot">"1956 - Student Riots" (1999)</ref> The series of raids prompted the teachers and students from Chinese schools in October 1956 to launch sit-in protests at [[Chung Cheng High School|Chung Cheng]] and [[The Chinese High School (Singapore)|The Chinese High School]], eventually [[Chinese middle schools riots|escalating into riots]].<ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/>

Under the support of Black, the riot police were dispatched by Lim to clear the school grounds. The Government also imposed a curfew from 26 October to 2 November, suppressing the riots effectively.<ref name="dies2"/><ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee137"/><ref name="riot"/> However, the riots killed 13 and injured hundred more in the five days.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138">Lee (2008), p. 138.</ref> Hundreds were arrested, including [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] [[Lim Chin Siong]], [[Fong Swee Suan]] and [[Devan Nair]], who were [[Political radicalism|radicals]] from the opposition [[People's Action Party|PAP]]. They were released when the PAP came to power in 1959.<ref name="riot"/><ref name="lee138"/>

====Negotiation for self-rule====
British Government was assured of Singapore's internal security due to Lim's tough stance against the communists. This allowed re-negotiations for self-rule from December 1956 to June 1958.<ref name="lau"/> Under Lim's leadership, a delegation of representatives of political parties headed to London in March 1957 to commence talks with the British for self-rule.<ref name="xxv"/><ref name="lee139">Lee (2008), p. 139.</ref> They reached a consensus in April, while Lim signed a new constitutional agreement with [[Colonial Secretary, Singapore|Colonial Secretary]] [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton|Alan Lennox-Boyd]] on behalf of Singapore.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc">"11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule" (2005)</ref> Representatives from Singapore drafted a new constitution;<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="xxvi">Corfield (2011), p. xxvi.</ref> In August 1958, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[State of Singapore Act 1958|State of Singapore Act]].<ref name="xxvi"/> Based on the agreement, there would be a great increase in the number of Legislative Assembly seats to be contested in the [[Singaporean general election, 1959|1959 election]], where all seats would be popularly elected;<ref name="lee139"/> Singapore would become a self-governing state, with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers being replaced respectively by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] and the [[Cabinet of Singapore]], in charge of all affairs except defence and diplomacy; The [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] would replace the existing Governor.<ref name="lee139"/><ref name="bbc"/>

Meanwhile, Lim prompted the Assembly in October 1957 to pass the [[Singapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957|Singapore Citizenship Ordinance]].<ref name="xxv"/> The Ordinance defined [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizens]] as those who were born in Singapore, who were born outside Singapore whose fathers were born in Singapore and did not hold foreign nationality, who were born in Malaya and had been living in Singapore for at least two years, who were [[British nationality law|British citizens]] living in Singapore for at least two years, and who were foreigners living in Singapore for at least ten years.<ref>Yeo (1973), pp. 152-153.</ref> In recognition of his performance, the [[University of Malaya]] conferred Lim the Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree in September 1957,<ref name="who01"/> while he was presented the rank of ''[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Grand Commander|Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]'' (S.M.N) in August 1958 by [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysian King]] [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], therefore being granted the title of [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]].<ref name="who01"/>

====Acknowledging Nanyang University====
{{see also|Nanyang University|Tan Lark Sye}}
Lim had taken a friendlier approach to the [[Nanyang University]] prior to the creation of a self-ruling state in June 1959, in order to gain the support of the Chinese [[Ethnic majority|majority]].<ref name="wong69">Wong (2000), p. 69.</ref> Nanyang University was the first [[university]] with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as its main [[medium of instruction]], which was funded and set up by [[Tan Lark Sye]] and other Singaporean businessmen with [[Fujian]] in 1953.<ref name="nan01">Nor-Afidah (2005)</ref><ref name="chint">"戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展" (26 November 2006)</ref><ref name="nanyang">"南洋大學的歷史事略" (13 September 2012)</ref> However, Nanyang had been disfavoured by the Government due to the latter's [[English language|English]]-first policies and the former's alleged [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] involvement.<ref name="chint"/> During [[David Marshall|Marshall's]] rule, the-then Minister for Education [[Chew Swee Kee]] said in May 1956 that degrees conferred by Nanyang would not be Government-recognised.<ref name="nanyang"/>

[[File:NTU former administrative building front.jpg|thumb|right|300px|For the first time in 1958, [[Nanyang University]] was funded by the Government]]

====Loss of support====
{{see also|Lee Kuan Yew|People's Action Party|Christmas Island|Singaporean general election, 1959}}

===Malaysian politics===
{{see also|Tunku Abdul Rahman|Singapore People's Alliance}}

===Late years===
Lim met with a traffic accident and was badly injured.<ref>"Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock" (27 September 1961)</ref> Despite having made a full recovery, he had occasional health problems, for instance, before his disappearance in June 1966, he had undergone two months of medical treatment earlier on.<ref name="rmbsg"/> After resigning from the Malaysian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Lim initially settled in [[Malacca]],<ref name="dies"/> until he met with a broken marriage with his wife, when he chose to convert to [[Islam]] and emigrated to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to start a new life. He adopted an Islamic-sounding name, Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock.<ref name="dies"/>

In his late years, Lim moved to [[Jeddah]]. He joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and worked as a special assistant to the President of the [[Islamic Development Bank]].<ref name="dies"/><ref>Lim (1986), p.125.</ref> He died on 30 November 1984 at his Jeddah home, at the age of 70, and was buried in Mecca that night.<ref name="dies"/> His autobiography, ''Reflections'', was published after his death in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1986.<ref name="lyh"/>

==Description==

{{Empty section|date=July 2014}}

==Personal life==
Lim married Chia Kim Neo in 1937. They had one son and three daughters.<ref name="lau"/> After having been through his disappearance in 1966 and resignation from the Malaysian Government in 1968, Lim's marriage with Chia broke down.<ref name="lau"/> When he converted to [[Islam]] and was living in [[Saudi Arabia]] in his late years, he remarried ethnic Chinese Hajjah Hasnah Abdullah, another [[Muslim]] convert. Both of them had a daughter with the name of Hayati.<ref name="lau"/>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float:right;" cellpadding="3"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #CFCFCF; text-align: center" {{!}} Appendix: Life experiences
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%" |<div style="text-align: left">
* Junior Clerk, Imperial Chemical Industries (1934)
* Junior Clerk, Cold Storage; Later promoted Stenographer and Private Secretary; Lived on selling charcoal during the fall of Singapore (1934-1947)
* Secretary-General of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (1947-1950)
* Singapore Progressive Party member (1947-1949)
* Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (April 1948 - April 1951)
* Singapore Labour Party member (July 1949 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Labour Party (June 1950 - December 1952)
* Chairman of the Singapore Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union (July 1950 - 1955)
* Singapore Legislative Councillor for Keppel constituency (April 1951 - April 1955)
* Chairman of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (May 1951 - 1955)
* Member of the Rendel Commission (July 1953 - February 1954)
* Labour Front member (April 1954 - November 1958)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Havelock constituency (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Member of the Council of Ministers (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Minister for Labour and Welfare (April 1955 - June 1959)
* Chief Minister of Singapore (June 1956 - June 1959)
* Chairman of the Labour Front (March–November 1958)
* Chairman of the Singapore People's Alliance (November 1958 - September 1963)
* Singapore Minister for Education (March–June 1959)
* Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore for Cairnhill constituency (June 1959 - September 1963)
* Malaysian High Comissioner to Australia (January 1964 - July 1966)
* Deputy Secretary (Special Duties), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia (August 1966 - August 1968)
</div>
|}

==List of Ministers==
*'''[[First Lim Yew Hock Cabinet|Lim Yew Hock Government]] (7 June 1956 - 3 June 1959):'''<ref name="ss"/>
**Chief Minister and Minister for Labour and Welfare: Lim Yew Hock
**Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Local Government, Lands and Housing: [[Abdul Hamid bin Haji Jumat]]
**Minister for Commerce and Industry: [[J. M. Jumabhoy]]
**Minister for Communications and Works: [[Francis Thomas (Singaporean politician)|Francis Thomas]]
**Minister for Education: [[Chew Swee Kee]]
**Minister for Health: [[A.J. Braga]]
*'''Changes'''
**February 1959: Francis Thomas resigned and was replaced by [[M. P. D. Nair]].<ref>"FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS" (1 February 1959)</ref>
**March 1959: Chew Swee Kee resigned and the post was held concurrently by Lim.<ref>"Chew Resigns" (4 March 1959)</ref><ref>"A busy day for Lim" (7 March 1959)</ref>

==Works==
* ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4

==Honours==

===Merits===

===Honorary degrees===
* '''[[Doctor of Laws]]'''
** [[University of Malaya]] (September 1957<ref name="who01"/>)

===Titles===
* Lim Yew Hock (15 October 1914 - August 1958)
* Tun Lim Yew Hock, SMN (August 1958 - November 1968)
* Lim Yew Hock (November 1968 - 1972)
* Haji Omar Lim Yew Hock (1972 - 30 November 1984)

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rmbsg">"A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock" (2012)</ref>
}}

{{Portalbar|Singapore|Biography}}

==References==

===English-language===
<div class="references-small">
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550407.2.2.aspx MARSHALL NAMES HIS MEN]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 April 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550707.2.125.aspx DOCKS BOSS SIGNS THE AGREEMENT]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 July 1955, p. 7.
* "[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19550815-1.2.17&sessionid=5b878ee3f13f4301b8189be0a7e1796a&keyword=%22lim+yew+hock%22+strike&token=strike%2chock%2cyew%2clim CITY COUNCIL WORKERS TO STRIKE]", ''The Straits Times'', 15 August 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550831.2.87.aspx GOVT. ASK ILO AID ON LABOUR TROUBLES]", ''The Straits Times'', 31 August 1955, p. 5.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551007-1.2.5.aspx Hotel strike inquiry]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 October 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19551228.2.11.aspx STC strike: Mr. Lim has a plan]", ''The Straits Times'', 28 December 1955, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560609-1.2.3.aspx THE NEW CABINET WITH SIR ROBERT]", ''The Straits Times'', 9 June 1956, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580814.2.14.aspx Assembly Debates Bust-the-Gangs Bill]", ''The Straits Times'', 14 August 1958, p. 2.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19581112-1.2.70.aspx The Peoples' Alliance]", ''The Straits Times'', 12 November 1958, p. 6.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590201-1.2.3.aspx FRANCIS THOMAS RESIGNS]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 February 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590304-1.2.2.aspx Chew Resigns]", ''The Straits Times'', 4 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590307.2.8.aspx A busy day for Lim]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 March 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590623.2.2.aspx 'NO' TO NANYANG DEGREES]", ''The Straits Times'', 23 June 1959, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610927.2.54.aspx Tengku takes the pulse of Tun Lim Yew Hock]", ''The Straits Times'', 27 September 1961, p. 7.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1965.
* "The Diplomat & the Samaritan", ''Time Magazine'', 1 July 1966.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660824.2.106.aspx Sandra: I'm ready to send a bundle of photos]", ''The Straits Times'', 24 August 1966, p. 11.
* Morais, John Victor, ''The Who's who in Malaysia''. Solai Press, 1967.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681107.2.66.aspx TUN LIM: I HAVE QUIT FOREIGN MINISTRY]", ''The Straits Times'', 7 November 1968, p. 11.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19681130.2.14.aspx I knew it was coming says Yew Hock]", The Straits Times, 30 November 1968, p. 1.
* YEO, Kim-wah, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=YsyvwJAsAmsC&dq Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955]''. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.6.aspx Lim Yew Hock dies in Jeddah]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 1.
* "[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19841201.2.25.4.aspx Man who thumped the Reds]", ''The Straits Times'', 1 December 1984, p. 14.
* Lim, Yew Hock, ''Reflections''. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1986. ISBN 978-9-67937-029-4
* "[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/riot56.html 1956 - Student Riots]", ''Headlines, Lifelines'', 1999.
* Wong, Ting-hong, "[http://203.72.2.115/EJournal/5012000103.pdf State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953 to 1965]", ''Formosan Education and Society'', 1, 59-87, 2000, pp. 59–85.
* Wong, Ting-hong, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&vq Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong]''. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-41593-313-1
* Lau, Albert, "Lim Yew Hock", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Mukunthan, Michael, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_822_2004-12-28.html Lim Yew Hock]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2004.
* Nor-Afidah, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_91_2005-02-02.html Nanyang University]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2005.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm 11 April 1957: Britain agrees to Singapore self-rule]", ''BBC On This Day 1950 - 2005'', 2005.
* Tan, Guan Heng, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=fQk_6OEgDmQC 100 Inspiring Rafflesians: 1823-2003]''. New Jersey : World Scientific, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81277-892-5
* Lee, Edwin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C Singapore: The Unexpected Nation]''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-797-2
* Tan, Kevin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC Marshall of Singapore]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-9-81230-877-1
* Trocki, Carl A., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=VQyX-pExxvMC Paths Not Taken: Political Pluralism in Post-War Singapore]''. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008. ISBN 978-9-97169-378-7
* Ng, Tze Lin Tania, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1563_2009-09-30.html Rendel Commission]", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2009.
* Quah, Jon S. T., ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=B5MZFR6qp8sC&dq Public Administration Singapore-Style]''. UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84950-925-1
* "Singapore Legislative Assembly General Election - 1955", ''Singapore Infopedia''. National Library Board Singapore, 2010.
* Sutherland, Duncan, "[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1675_2010-06-29.html Sir Robert Black]", ''Singapore Infopedia'', 25 June 2010.
* Corfield, Justin, ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC Historical Dictionary of Singapore]''. Singapore: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
* "[http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/the-curious-case-of-lim-yew-hock/ A Forgotten Past – The Curious Case of Lim Yew Hock]", ''Remember Singapore'', 13 November 2012.
</div>

===Chinese-language===
<div class="references-small">
* Lee, Kuan Yew, 李光耀40年政論選 [''Lee Kuan Yew's Forty Years in Politics'']. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 978-9-57081-182-7
* Lee, Kuan Yew, [http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/lgy/lgy.html 李光耀回憶錄—風雨獨立路 [''Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Ups and Downs to Independence'']]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, September 1998. ISBN 978-7-11902-255-0
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=208 戰後馬來亞地區閩南人與華文教育之發展 [Hokkiens and the Development of Chinese Education in Post-war Malaya]]", Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 26 November 2006.
* "[http://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=190 林有福是李光耀的上馬石 [Lim Yew Hock, Source of Lee Kuan Yew's Rise in Power]]"，Xinjiapo Wenxian Guan (sginsight.com), 3 April 2008.
* "[http://www.nandazhan.com/history.htm 南洋大學的歷史事略 [History of Nanyang University]]", Nanyang University Alumni Leisure Website (nandazhan.com), 13 September 2012.
</div>

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=no|lcheading=Lim Yew Hock|by=yes}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[David Marshall]]
|title=2nd [[Chief Minister of Singapore]]
|years=June 1956 - June 1959
|after=[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (as [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=63073621}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Lim Yew Hock
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean and Malaysian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singapore, Straits Settlements
| DATE OF DEATH = 30 November 1984
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Singapore People's Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Front politicians]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Singaporean Muslims]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]

{{Link GA|zh}}