Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Abdullah Sallum Abdullah

2024-06-21T18:16:17Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Abdullah Sallum Abdullah
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عبد الله سلوم عبد الله}}|rtl=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| order =
| office = Minister of State for People's Assembly Affairs
| term_start = 10 August 2021
| term_end =
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Hussein Arnous]]
| president1 = Bashar al-Assad
| primeminister1 = [[Imad Khamis]] Hussein Arnous
| term_start1 = 3 July 2016
| term_end1 = 30 August 2020
| predecessor = ''Himself''
| successor1 = ''Himself''
| birth_place = [[Azaz]],
[[Aleppo Governorate]], [[Second Syrian Republic]]
| nationality = [[Syrians|Syrian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Socialist Unionists]]
| relations =
| children = 2
| residence = Damascus
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]]
| occupation =
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Lawyer]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Abdullah Sallum Abdullah''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الله سلوم عبد الله}}; born 1956)<ref name="syrianpc">{{cite web |url=https://syrianpc.com/archives/68649 |title=من هو المرشح الرئاسي الأول عبد الله سلوم المنافس لبشار الأسد في الانتخابات؟ |website=syrianpc.com |language=Arabic |date=19 April 2021 }}</ref> is a Syrian politician, current state minister for People's Assembly Affairs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=245221|date=2021-08-14|title=Members of the new Cabinet, chaired by Eng. Hussein Arnous, sworn in before President Bashar al-Assad|access-date=2021-10-19|website=SANA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdullah sallum C.V in Arabic|url=https://twitter.com/syrianembassykl/status/1393567649427181571|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515152706/https://twitter.com/syrianembassykl/status/1393567649427181571 |archive-date=15 May 2021 }}</ref> former MP and [[Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)|Socialist Unionist Party]] presidential candidate at the [[2021 Syrian presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=Al-Assad has two rivals in Syrian election|url=https://thewest.com.au/politics/al-assad-has-two-rivals-in-syrian-election-c-2748416|access-date=27 May 2021|website=The West Australian|language=en}}</ref> He studied law at [[Damascus University]].<ref name="syrianpc"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah, Abdullah Sallum}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Aleppo Governorate]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Syria]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Mahmoud Ahmad Marei

2024-06-21T18:09:52Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mahmoud Ahmad Marei
|native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمود أحمد مرعي}}|rtl=yes}}
|image =
|caption = Mahmoud Ahmad Marei
|office = President of the [[Arab Organization for Human Rights]]
|deputy =
|term_start = ?
|term_end = 2021
|predecessor = Position established
|successor = Alaa Shalabi<ref>http://aohr.net/portal/?p=12931</ref>
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
|birth_place = [[Talfita]], [[Rif Dimashq Governorate]], [[Syria]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Damascus University]]
}}
'''Mahmoud Ahmad Marei''' ({{Lang-ar|محمود أحمد مرعي}}; born 1957) is a Syrian politician,<ref>{{Cite web|title=C.V of Mahmoud mere in Arabic|url=https://twitter.com/syrianembassykl/status/1393567649427181571}}</ref> lawyer, former head of the [[Arab Organization for Human Rights]],<ref name="DW.COM polls">{{cite web | title=Syria elections: Polls open as Western countries slam 'illegitimate' vote - 26.05.2021 | website=DW.COM | url=https://www.dw.com/en/syria-elections-polls-open-as-western-countries-slam-illegitimate-vote/a-57663592 | access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref> and former secretary-general of the [[National Democratic Front (Syria)|National Democratic Front]], a small, opposition party.<ref name="Chehayeb 2021">{{cite web | last=Chehayeb | first=Kareem | title=Syrians vote in election set to extend al-Assad's grip on power - Bashar al-Assad News | website=Al Jazeera | date=2021-05-26 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/26/syrian-presidential-election-kicks-off-amid-international-outcry | access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>

==Biography==
Marei was born in [[Talfita]], [[Rif Dimashq Governorate|Rif Dimashq]]. He studied law at the [[Damascus University]] and graduated in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://al-ain.com/article/syria-presidential-elections |title=محمود مرعي.. مرشح "مفاجئ" لرئاسة سوريا |website=al-ain.com |date=26 May 2021 }}</ref>

He is former president of the Youth Office at the [[National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change]].{{cn|date=May 2021}} He was a member of the internal opposition delegation to the Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017).<ref name="McKernan 2021 ruin">{{cite web | last=McKernan | first=Bethan | title=Civil war, ruin, raging poverty... but Assad is guaranteed to win Syria's fake election | website=the Guardian | date=2021-05-23 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/23/civil-war-ruin-raging-poverty-but-assad-is-guaranteed-to-win-syrias-fake-election | access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>

Marei was a candidate in the [[2021 Syrian presidential election]]. According to the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', "Few consider former state minister [[Abdallah Salloum Abdallah]] and Mahmoud Merhi, a member of the so-called 'tolerated opposition', serious contenders."<ref name="Neilan 2021">{{cite web | last=Neilan | first=Catherine | title=Arab states accept sham Syria elections as Assad returns to fold | website=The Telegraph | date=2021-05-26 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/05/26/arab-states-accept-sham-syria-elections-assad-returns-fold/ | access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref> The [[Democratic Arab Socialist Union]] rejected the legitimacy of the elections and distanced itself from Mahmoud Ahmad Marei, saying he had been expelled from the party in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ettihad-sy.com/news-ettihad/bayan-jor/7252-%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%8019.html|title=يؤكد حزب الاتحاد على موقفه الثابت بعدم المشاركة بأي من العمليات الانتخابية والاستفتاءات في ظل نظام الأسد|author=|date=2021-05-09|website=[[Democratic Arab Socialist Union]]|publisher=|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marei, Mahmoud Ahmad}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rif Dimashq Governorate]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian lawyers]]

President of Syria

2024-06-21T17:33:05Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Head of state of the Syrian Arab Republic}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = President of the Syrian Arab Republic
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|رئيس الجمهورية العربية السورية}}|rtl=yes}}
| body =
| style = [[Mr. President (title)|Mr President]] {{small|(informal)}} [[Excellency|His Excellency]] {{small|(diplomatic)}}
| insignia = Seal of the President of Syria.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the president of Syria
| flag = Standard of the President of Syria.svg
| flagsize = 140px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of Syria|Presidential standard]]
| image = Bashar al-Assad (2020).jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| incumbent = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| incumbentsince = 17 July 2000
| seat = [[Damascus, Syria]]
| residence = [[Presidential Palace, Damascus|Presidential Palace]] [[Tishreen Palace]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of Syria|Vice President]]
| appointer = [[Direct election|Popular vote]]
| status = {{ubl|[[Head of state]]|[[Commander-in-chief]]}}
| department = {{UBL|[[Government of Syria|Executive branch of the Syrian Government]]|[[General Secretariat to the Presidency of the Syrian Arab Republic|General Secretariat to the Presidency]]}}
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Council of Ministers]]|[[High Judicial Council]]}}
| termlength = Seven years,
renewable once<ref>Article 88 of the Syrian Constitution</ref>
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1946|4|17}}
| inaugural = [[Subhi Barakat]] ([[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]]) [[Shukri al-Quwatli]] (current constitution)
| website =
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}
The '''president of Syria''' ({{lang-ar| رئيس سوريا}}), officially the '''president of the Syrian Arab Republic''' ({{lang-ar| رئيس الجمهورية العربية السورية}}), is the [[head of state]] of the [[Syria|Syrian Arab Republic]]. They are vested with sweeping powers that may be delegated, at their sole discretion to their [[List of Vice Presidents of Syria|vice presidents]]. They appoint and dismiss the [[Prime Minister of Syria|prime minister]] and other members of the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Council of Ministers]] (the cabinet) and [[Syrian Armed Forces|military officers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/syria/49.htm|title=Syria - The President and the Cabinet}}</ref> [[Bashar al-Assad]] is the 19th and current president of Syria. He entered the post on 17 July 2000. Bashar Al-Assad is the son of former president, [[Hafez al-Assad]], who was the longest-serving president serving 29 years.

==Term of office==
Article 88 of the 2012 constitution states that the president serves a seven year term and "can be elected for only one more successive term."<ref name="constitution"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Qordoba - Translation of the Syrian Constitution Modifications 15-2-2012 {{!}} Citizenship {{!}} Presidents Of The United States|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/81771718/Qordoba-Translation-of-the-Syrian-Constitution-Modifications-15-2-2012|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> Article 155 states that Article 88 applies to the president "as of the [[2014 Syrian presidential election|next]] presidential elections."<ref name="constitution"/>

==Eligibility criteria==

On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in [[Hama]], [[Homs]] and [[Aleppo]] organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ''ulama''. They labeled Assad as the "enemy of God" and called for a ''jihad'' against his rule.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p=55}} [[Robert D. Kaplan]] has compared Assad's coming to power to "an [[Untouchability|untouchable]] becoming [[Maharaja|maharajah]] in India or a Jew becoming [[tsar]] in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the [[Demographics of Syria|Sunni majority population]] which had monopolized power for so many centuries."<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan|title=Syria: Identity Crisis|last=Kaplan|first=Robert|date=February 1993|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> The main objection to the constitution from demonstrators was that Islam was not specified as the state religion.<ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/28/archives/further-rioting-in-syria-reported-toll-in-religious-disorders-in.html "Further rioting in Syria reported"]. ''The New York Times''. February 28, 1973.</ref> In response to riots, the [[Syrian Constitution of 1973]] was amended to stipulate that Islam was the religion of the president.<ref name="nytimes"/>

A new constitution was approved in February 2012.<ref>MacFarquhar, Neil; Cowell, Alan (February 27, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/world/middleeast/syrian-violence-continues-as-west-dismisses-new-charter.html "Syrians Said to Approve Charter as Battles Go On"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Article 84 of [[Constitution of Syria|Syria's 2012 constitution]] requires that candidates for the presidency must:<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Syria_2012.pdf?lang=en |title=Syrian Arab Republic's Constitution of 2012 |publisher=ConstituteProject.org |date=February 26, 2012 |access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref>
#Be at least 40 years old
#Be Syrian by birth, of parents who are Syrians by birth
#Enjoy civil and political rights and not convicted of a dishonorable felony, even if he was reinstated
#Not be married to a non-Syrian wife
#Have lived in Syria for 10 years continuously upon nomination

Further eligibility requirements in the 2012 constitution include:<ref name="constitution"/>
*The religion of the President of the Republic is Islam; Islamic jurisprudence shall be a major source of legislation; The State shall respect all religions, and ensure the freedom to perform all the rituals that do not prejudice public order; The personal status of religious communities shall be protected and respected (Article 3)

*A candidate must be supported by at least 35 members of the [[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]] (Article 85)
*The President cannot carry another nationality (Article 152)

==Powers and removal==
'''Powers:'''<ref name="president"> {{Cite web |url=https://constitutionnet.org/country/syria|website=constitutionniet.org|title=Constitutional history of Syria|access-date= 11 December 2021}}</ref>

*Commander in Chief of the army and armed forces
*Representing Syria in international relations
*Developing and implementing national policy
*Appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and Ministers
*Creating and overseeing the implementation of general state policy
*Vetoing or accepting laws
*Declaring a state of emergency
*Concluding international treaties
*Granting amnesty
*Granting honors and medals
*Dissolving the People’s Assembly
*Passing laws when the legislature is not in session or in emergency situations
*Submitting matters to binding national referendum
*Drafting laws
'''Removal'''<ref name="president"></ref>
*Upon submission of resignation to the People’s Assembly
*At the end of 7-year term if not nominated for re-election, or second 7-year term if re-elected
*In the case of permanent incapacity or death
*Upon conviction for high treason by the Constitutional Court after proposal by one-third of Assembly and approval by two-thirds

==List of presidents==
{{main article|List of presidents of Syria}}

==Latest election==
{{main article|2021 Syrian presidential election}}
{{Election results
|cand1=[[Bashar al-Assad]]|party1=[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]|votes1=13540860
|cand2=[[Mahmoud Ahmad Marei]]|party2=[[Democratic Arab Socialist Union]]|votes2=470276|color2=black
|cand3=[[Abdullah Sallum Abdullah]]|party3=[[Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)|Socialist Unionist Party]]|votes3=213968
|invalid=14036
|electorate=18107109
|source=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Bashar al-Assad elected President of the Syrian Arab Republic with the majority of votes |url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=235531 |website=Syrian Arab News Agency |access-date=27 May 2021 |date=28 May 2021}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|SyrianPresidency}}
*{{Twitter|Presidency_Sy}}

{{Syria topics}}
{{SyrianPresidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:President Of Syria}}
[[Category:Politics of Syria]]
[[Category:Government of Syria]]

Cabinet of Syria

2024-06-21T17:03:28Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Government body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox executive government
| government_name = Council of Ministers of the Syrian Arab Republic
| nativename = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|مجلس وزراء الجمهورية العربية السورية}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = [[File:Coat of arms of Syria.svg|100px]]
| date = 1930 ([[Syrian Constitution of 1930|Constitution of Syria]])
| state = [[Syrian Arab Republic]]
| address = Government building, [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| appointed = [[President of Syria|President]]
| leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Syria|Prime Minister]]
| ministries = 30
| responsible = [[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]] and the [[President of Syria|President]]
| url = [https://www.pministry.gov.sy/C.M. www.pministry.gov.sy ]
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}
The '''Cabinet of Syria''' ([[Arabic]]: مجلس وزراء سوريا, majlis wuzara' suria) or '''Council of Ministers''' is the chief [[executive (government)|executive]] body of the [[Syria|Syrian Arab Republic]].

==Cabinet in Constitution==
According to the [[Constitution of Syria]]:<ref name="NewConstitution">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/81771718/Qordoba-Translation-of-the-Syrian-Constitution-Modifications-15-2-2012|title=English Translation of the Syrian Constitution|date=15 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|work=Qordoba}}</ref>
{{quote|Section 2 The Council of Ministers
:Article 118 [Cabinet]
::(1) The Cabinet is the state's highest executive and administrative body. It consists of the Prime Minister, his deputies, and the ministers. It supervises the execution of the laws and regulations and the work of the state machinery and institutions.
}}
==Appointment, powers and removal==
'''Appointment:'''<ref name="council"> {{Cite web |url=https://constitutionnet.org/country/syria|website=constitutionniet.org|title=Constitutional history of Syria|access-date= 11 December 2021}}</ref>
*Appointed by the President

'''Powers:'''<ref name="council"></ref>
*Implementing state public policy
*Enforcing laws
*Supervising government bodies
*Passing administrative decisions
*Advising the President

'''Removal:'''<ref name="council"></ref>
*Upon dismissal by the President
*Upon submission of resignation to the President
*Upon removal or resignation of the President
*Upon a vote of no-confidence by the legislature

==Current cabinet==
President [[Bashar al-Assad]] accepted the entire cabinet's resignation after a meeting on 29 March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2011-03-29 |title=Syrian cabinet resigns as regime seeks to calm protests |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/29/syrian-cabinet-resigns-bashar-assad |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Al-Assad then appointed outgoing [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister]] [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] to continue as caretaker prime minister until a new government is appointed.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |date=2011-03-29 |title=Syrian cabinet resigns amid unrest, says state TV |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12897223 |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref> On 3 April 2011, Assad appointed Minister of Agriculture [[Adel Safar]] the new Prime Minister.<ref>[http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?l=2&articleId=79747 President al-Assad appointed Adel Safar as New PM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314074941/http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=79747 |date=14 March 2020 }}, ''DayPress News'', 4 April 2011</ref> On 6 April 2011, the state-run [[al-Ekhbariya (Syria)|al-Ekhbariya]] TV channel said that Foreign Minister [[Walid al-Moallem]], Minister of Defense [[Dawoud Rajiha]], Minister of Endowment and Religious Affairs [[Mohammed Abdul-Sattar Al Sayed]], and Minister of Presidential Palace Affairs [[Mansour Fadlallah Azzam]] would remain in the new cabinet.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/7341900.html Syrian PM-designate starts consultations to form new cabinet], ''[[Xinhua]]'', 6 April 2011</ref> On 9 April 2011, ''DayPress News'' reported the new cabinet was expected to be announced in the next week.<ref>[http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?l=2&articleid=80278 Safar continues Government-Formation]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]]'', ''DayPress News'', 9 April 2011</ref> On 14 April 2011, a new cabinet was officially announced.<ref>[http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?l=2&articleid=80818 Syrian new Cabinet], ''DayPress News'', 14 April 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sands |first=Phil |date=2011-04-15 |title=Syria president appoints new government, orders protesters freed from jail |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/syria-president-appoints-new-government-orders-protesters-freed-from-jail-1.420171 |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 February 2013, president Assad changed seven ministers in the cabinet.<ref name=nyt9213>{{cite news|title=Cabinet Shift Within Syria Seems Aimed at Economy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/world/middleeast/cabinet-shift-within-syria-seems-aimed-at-economy.html?_r=0|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 February 2013|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The [[cabinet reshuffle]] included the ministries of oil, finance, social affairs, labour, housing, public works and agriculture.<ref name=aljaz9>{{cite news|title=Syrian president reshuffles economic Cabinet posts|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syrian-president-reshuffles-economic-cabinet-posts|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2013|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In July 2016 president Assad issued Decree no. 203 for 2016 which listed the new Syrian government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=81673|title=President al-Assad issues Decree no. 203 forming the new Syrian government 3 July 2016|website=SANA|date=3 July 2016|access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref>

The [[first Hussein Arnous government]] was formed after [[2020 Syrian parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP|first=French Press Agency-|date=2020-08-30|title=Syria's Assad designates new government headed by PM Arnous|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/syrian-crisis/syrias-assad-designates-new-government-headed-by-pm-arnous|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Daily Sabah|language=en-US}}</ref> A new [[Second Hussein Arnous government|government]] was formed after [[2021 Syrian presidential election]] under [[Hussein Arnous]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=1 bgcolor="#CCCCCC"|Office
!colspan=1 bgcolor="#CCCCCC"|Incumbent
!colspan=1 bgcolor="#CCCCCC"|Party
!colspan=1 bgcolor="#CCCCCC"|Since
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Syria|Prime Minister]]
|[[Hussein Arnous]] {{small|(born 1953)}}
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
|11 June 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Defense Minister]]
|Gen. [[Ali Mahmoud Abbas]] {{small|(born 1964)}}
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
|28 April 2022
|-
|[[Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Minister]]
|[[Faisal Mekdad]] {{small|(born 1954)}}
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
|22 November 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Health (Syria)|Health Minister]]
| Dr. [[Hassan al-Ghabbash]] {{small|(born 1971)}}
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (Syria)|Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Minister]]
|[[Mohammed Hassan Qatana]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://alkhabar-sy.com/من-هو-وزير-الزراعة-الجديد-محمد-حسان-قطن/
| title = من هو وزير الزراعة الجديد محمد حسان قطنا ؟
| date = 2020-08-30
| work = تلفزيون الخبر ::اخبار سوريا
| language = ar
| access-date = 2020-08-31
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200831124043/https://alkhabar-sy.com/من-هو-وزير-الزراعة-الجديد-محمد-حسان-archivedate=2020-09-19| archive-date = 31 August 2020
}}</ref> {{small|(born 1956)}}
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Electricity (Syria)|Electricity Minister]]
|[[Ghassan al-Zamel]]
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (Syria)|Petroleum and Mineral Resources Minister]]
|[[Firas Hassan Kaddour]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=من هو وزير النفط والثروة المعدنية الجديد بسام طعمة ؟ {{!}} تلفزيون الخبر ::اخبار سوريا::|url=https://alkhabar-sy.com/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=alkhabar-sy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831150449/https://alkhabar-sy.com/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF/|archive-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>{{small|(born 1962)}}
|
|29 March 2023
|-
|[[Ministry of Culture (Syria)|Culture Minister]]
|[[Lubanah Mshaweh]]<ref name="syriatimes.sy3Jul16">"{{cite news|title=New Syrian Government Formed|url=http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/presidential-activities/24887-new-syrian-government-formed|access-date=14 July 2016|newspaper=Syria Times|date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116074337/http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/presidential-activities/24887-new-syrian-government-formed|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{small|(born 1955)}}
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Information (Syria)|Information Minister]]
|[[Boutros Al-Hallaq]] {{small|(born 1966)}}
|
|10 August 2021
|-
|[[Ministry of Awqaf (Syria)|Awqaf (Religious Endowments) Minister]]
|Dr. [[Mohammed Abdul Sattar|Mohammad Abdul-Sattar al-Sayyed]] {{small|(born 1958)}}
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
|8 December 2007
|-
|[[Ministry of Transport (Syria)|Transport Minister]]
|[[Zouhair Khazim]] {{small|(born 1963)}}
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Justice (Syria)|Justice Minister]]
|[[Ahmad al-Sayyed]] {{small|(born 1965)}}
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Industry (Syria)|Industry Minister]]
|[[Abdel Qader Jokhadar]] {{small|(born 1968)}}
|
|29 March 2023
|-
|[[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Interior Minister]]
|Maj. Gen. [[Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun]]<ref name="sana"/> {{small|(born 1957)}}
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
|26 November 2018
|-
|[[Ministry of Communications and Technology (Syria)|Communications and Technology Minister]]
|[[Iyad Mohammad al-Khatib]] {{small|(born 1974)}}<ref name="sana"/>
|
|26 November 2018
|-
|[[Ministry of Water Resources (Syria)|Water Resources Minister]]
|[[Hussein Makhlouf]]<ref name="sana"/> {{small|(born 1964)}}
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
|13 December 2023
|-
|[[Ministry of Social Affairs (Syria)|Labor and Social Affairs Minister]]
|[[Louai Emad El-Din al-Munajjid]]
|
|29 March 2023
|-
|[[Minister of Public Works and Housing (Syria)|Public Works and Housing Minister]]
|[[Suhail Mohammad Abdullatif]] {{small|(born 1961)}}<ref name=sana/>
|
|26 November 2018
|-
|[[Ministry of Local Administration and Environment (Syria)|Local Administration and Environment
Minister]]
|[[Lamia Youssef Shakour]]<ref name="syriatimes.sy3Jul16"/> {{small|(born 1970)}}
|
|13 December 2023
|-
|[[Ministry of Education (Syria)|Education Minister]]
|[[Muhammad Amer Mardini]] {{small|(born 1959)}}
|
|8 August 2023
|-
|[[Ministry of Higher Education (Syria)|Higher Education Minister]]
|[[Bassam Bashir Ibrahim]]<ref name="sana"/> {{small|(born 1960)}}
|
|26 November 2018
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance (Syria)|Finance Minister]]
|Dr. [[Kenan Yaghi]] {{small|(born 1976)}}
|
|30 August 2020
|-
|[[Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade (Syria)|Economy and Foreign Trade Minister]]
|[[Mohammad Samer al-Khalil]]<ref name="syriatimes.sy3Jul16"/> {{small|(born 1977)}}
|
|29 March 2017
|-
|[[Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection (Syria)|Internal Trade and Consumer Protection Minister]]
|Dr. [[Mohsen Abdul Karim Ali]] {{small|(born 1968)}}
|
|29 March 2023
|-
|[[Ministry of Tourism (Syria)|Tourism Minister]]
|[[Mohammad Rami Radwan Martini]]<ref name=sana>{{cite news|title=President al-Assad issues cabinet reshuffle decree|url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=152109|date=26 November 2018|access-date=26 November 2018|newspaper=SANA}}</ref> {{small|(born 1970)}}
|
|26 November 2018
|-
|[[Ministry of Administrative Development (Syria)|Administrative Development Minister]]
|[[Salam Mohammad al-Saffaf]] {{small|(born 1979)}}
|
|29 March 2017
|-
|Minister of State for Investment Affairs and Vital Projects
|[[Ahmed Mohammad Bustaji]]
|[[Syrian Communist Party (Unified)]]
|29 March 2023
|-
|Minister of State for People's Assembly Affairs
|[[Abdullah Sallum Abdullah]] {{small|(born 1956)}}
|[[Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)|Socialist Unionist Party]]
|10 August 2021
|-
|Minister of State for Southern Development Affairs
|Dr. [[Diala Barakat]] {{small|(born 1980)}}
|[[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]]
|10 August 2021
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Second Mustafa Mero government]] (2001–2003)
* [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari government]] (2003–2011)
* [[Adel Safar government]] (2011–12)
* [[Riyad Hijab government]] (2012)
* [[First Wael al-Halqi government]] (2012–2014)
* [[Second Wael al-Halqi government]] (2014–2016)
* [[Imad Khamis government]] (2016–2020)
*[[First Arnous government]] (2020–2021)
*[[Second Arnous government]] (2021–present)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141129122953/http://www.youropinion.gov.sy/ YourOpinion.gov.sy] ''official e-government website''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524083025/http://www.sana.sy/eng/article/7-sec.htm The Syrian Government], ''[[SANA]]'', Webarchive site as of 24 May 2011

{{Ministries of Syria}}
{{Syria topics}}
{{Asia topic|Cabinet of |title=National cabinets of Asia}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:21st century in Syria|Council]]
[[Category:National cabinets|Syria]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Syria| ]]
[[Category:Cabinet of Syria]]

Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun

2024-06-21T17:00:42Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Short description|Syrian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Minister of the Interior]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Imad Khamis]] [[Hussein Arnous]]
| term_start = 26 November 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mohammad al-Shaar]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Political Security Directorate|Director of Political Security Directorate]]
| president2 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start2 = 2017
| term_end2 = 26 November 2018
| predecessor2 = Nasser Ali
| successor2 = Hossam Louka
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Khan Shaykhun]], [[Idlib Governorate]], [[Second Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Prime Minister's Office |url=https://sana.sy/en/?page_id=1900 |title=Prime Minister's Office – Syrian Arab News Agency |publisher=Sana.sy |date= |accessdate=2021-10-21}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Homs Military Academy]]
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| allegiance = {{Flag|Syria}}
| battles = [[Syrian Civil War]]
| rank = [[File:Syria-Liwa.jpg|30px]] [[Major general]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syriamoi.gov.sy/new/index.php?req=552&cat=23|title=الوزراء الذين تتالوا على الوزارة|publisher=Ministry of Interior|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد خالد الرحمون}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun''' ({{lang-ar|محمد خالد الرحمون}}, born 1957) is a former military commander, the current Syrian [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Minister of the Interior]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=245221|date=2021-08-14|title=Members of the new Cabinet, chaired by Eng. Hussein Arnous, sworn in before President Bashar al-Assad|access-date=2021-10-21|website=SANA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=228494|title=Al-Rahmoun discusses with Iraqi Minister of migration situation of refugees in both countries|access-date=22 October 2021|date=2 April 2021|website=SANA|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career and education ==
He joined the military, where he graduated from the [[Homs Military Academy|War College]] with the rank of major in air defense and was assigned to the [[Air Force Intelligence Directorate]].<ref name="PMo1">{{cite news|author=Prime Minister's Office |url=https://sana.sy/en/?page_id=1900 |title=Prime Minister's Office – Syrian Arab News Agency |newspaper = Syrian Arab News Agency|publisher=Sana.sy |date= |accessdate=2021-10-21}}</ref>

In 2004, he assumed office of director at the Air Force Intelligence Department in [[Daraa]], with the rank of lieutenant colonel, then he rose through the military ranks and security positions until he assumed the position as director of the Air Force Intelligence Branch in the southern region located in the city of [[Harasta]] in 2011.<ref name="PMo1"/>

On November 26, 2018, he was promoted to the rank of Major General and appointed Minister of Interior in [[Imad Khamis government]], succeeding Major General [[Mohammad al-Shaar]].

==See also==
*[[Cabinet of Syria]]
*[[Law enforcement in Syria]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad al-Shaar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Interior Minister]]|years=2018}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyriaInterioreMinisters}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaled al-Rahmoun, Mohammad}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of interior]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:People from Idlib Governorate]]
[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]

Mohammad al-Shaar

2024-06-21T16:56:07Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Mohammad Sha'ar
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد الشعار}}|rtl=yes}}
| image =
| caption =
| office = Vice President of the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start = 26 November 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Minister of the Interior]]
| president1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister1 = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]] [[Imad Khamis]]
| term_start1 = 14 April 2011
| term_end1 = 26 November 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Said Mohammad Sammour]]
| successor1 = [[Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun]]
| office2 = Commander of the Syrian Military Police
| president2 = Bashar al-Assad
| term_start2 = ?
| term_end2 = 14 April 2011
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Abdulaziz al-Shalal]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950}}
| birth_place = [[Al-Haffa]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children = 5
| residence =
| rank = [[File:Syria-Liwa.jpg|30px]] [[Major General]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syriamoi.gov.sy/new/index.php?req=552&cat=23|title=الوزراء الذين تتالوا على الوزارة|publisher=Ministry of Interior|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{Flag|Syria}}
| battles = [[Syrian Civil War]]
}}

'''Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar''' ({{lang-ar|محمد إبراهيم الشعار}}; born 1950) is a Syrian military officer and former [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Minister of the Interior]] in [[Syria]] who served from 2011 to 2018. He is the current Vice President of the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]].

==Early life==
Shaar was born into a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] family in the rural village of Hafa in [[Latakia Governorate]] in 1950.<ref name=syriamoi.gov.sy/><ref name=stratfor>{{cite news|title=Considering a Palace Coup in Syria|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/1207MLN/12070808STR.asp|access-date=22 September 2013|newspaper=Stratfor|date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721063720/http://www.lebanonwire.com/1207MLN/12070808STR.asp|archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Shaar joined the armed forces in 1971 and held a number of security positions, including chief of the military security in [[Tartous]], the chief of the military security in [[Aleppo]], and the commander and chief of the Syrian military police.<ref name=stratfor/> He was the commander of the military police prior to being appointed minister of interior.<ref name="syriamoi.gov.sy">{{cite web|url=http://syriamoi.gov.sy/new/index.php?req=551&cat=13 |title=نبذة عن السيد وزير الداخلية |publisher=Ministry of Interior|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

He was appointed interior minister in April 2011, replacing [[Said Mohammad Sammour]].<ref name=kim19jul>{{cite news|title=Architects of regime's brutal crackdown pay the ultimate price|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/architects-of-regimes-brutal-crackdown-pay-the-ultimate-price-7957144.html|access-date=24 February 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=19 July 2012|author=Kim Sengupta|author2=Richard Hall}}</ref><ref name=pdaily>{{cite news|title=Syrian president reshuffles cabinet|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/7351617.html|access-date=8 March 2013|work=People's Daily|date=15 April 2011}}</ref>

==Sanctions==
On 9 May 2011, the [[European Union]] (EU) placed sanctions on Shaar along with 12 others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13344345|title=EU sanctions target Syria elite in bid to end violence|newspaper=BBC|date=10 May 2011|access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Fahim">{{cite news|last=Fahim|first=Kareem|title=Profiles of Syrian Officials Targeted in Damascus Blast|work=The New York Times|date=19 July 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/world/middleeast/profiles-of-syrian-officials-targeted-in-damascus-blast.html|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> The [[Official Journal of the European Union]] states the reason for sanctions against him as "involvement in violent treatment of demonstrators".<ref name=ojeu>{{cite web|title=List of persons and entities referred to in articles 3 and 4|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:164:0020:0021:EN:PDF|publisher=Official Journal of the European Union|access-date=20 July 2012|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> [[Swiss government]] also put him into sanction list in September 2011, citing the same reason given by the EU.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ordinance instituting measures against Syria|url=http://www.baselgovernance.org/fileadmin/docs/news/09.09.2011.Ordinance__amedment__Syria_ENG.draft.pdf|publisher=Federal Department of Economy|access-date=24 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002044324/http://www.baselgovernance.org/fileadmin/docs/news/09.09.2011.Ordinance__amedment__Syria_ENG.draft.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shaar is married and has two sons and three daughters.<ref name="syriamoi.gov.sy"/> He is a Sunni Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/assads-slain-aides-had-many-people-who-would-want-them-dead/article4426713/?service=mobile|title=Assad's slain aides had many people who would want them dead|date=19 July 2012|access-date=22 May 2013|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>

==Reports of death or injury==
On 18 July 2012, there were conflicting reports on his fate, with [[CNN]] reporting that Syrian state run television confirmed that Shaar was killed [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|following a bombing]] of a meeting of the [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]] at the National Security headquarters in Damascus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/18/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=Top Syrian officials killed in major blow to al-Assad's regime|publisher=CNN|date=18 July 2012|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> However, later state TV reported that he survived although wounded.<ref name=fp1812>{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Michael|title=The End of the Political Solution|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/18/the_end_of_the_political_solution|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> Additional reports stated that he, along with the country's intelligence chief, was in stable condition.<ref name=tofind1912>{{cite news|title=Assad's top three aides killed in blast|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/middle-east/32746336_1_assad-state-tv-suicide-blast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518001818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/middle-east/32746336_1_assad-state-tv-suicide-blast|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2013|access-date=21 July 2012|date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN}}</ref>

On 19 December 2012, reports surfaced that Shaar had been admitted to the [[American University in Beirut]] hospital in [[Lebanon]] a few days earlier, after sustaining unspecified injuries in a bombing. The attack took place in front of the ministry of interior in [[Damascus]] on 12 December, killing several and injuring more than 20. Shaar's injuries were not believed to be serious.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20787091#TWEET462217 Syrian minister Mohammad Shaar 'in Beirut hospital' (BBC)]</ref>

On 26 December 2012, Shaar was reported to have cut short his treatment in Beirut due to a belief that he might be arrested by Lebanese officials for his role in a massacre of hundreds of people in Tripoli in 1986 and that he may be subject to international arrest warrants. He then returned to Damascus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mroue|first=Bassem|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/dec/26/syrias-interior-minister-flees-from-beirut-hospita/|title=Syria's interior minister flees from Beirut hospital|work=The Washington Times|date=26 December 2012|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cabinet of Syria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Said Mohammad Sammour]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Interior Minister]]|years=14 April 2011 – 26 November 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyriaInterioreMinisters}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaar, Mohammad Ibrahim Al}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of interior]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:People from Latakia Governorate]]
[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]

People's Assembly of Syria

2024-06-21T16:53:12Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Legislative authority of the Syrian Arab Republic}}
{{Coord|33|31|5|N|36|17|35|E|region:SY_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = {{nowrap|People’s Assembly of the Syrian Arab Republic}}
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|مجلس الشعب الجمهورية العربية السورية}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Seal of the People's Assembly of Syria.svg
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| foundation =
| house_type = Unicameral
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the People's Council of Syria|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Hammouda Sabbagh]]
| party1 = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| election1 = 28 September 2017
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type =
| leader4 =
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| leader6_type =
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| members = 250
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 = Syria Parliament 2020.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| structure2_alt =
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Second Hussein Arnous government|Government]] (250)'''
{{Color box|#008000|border=darkgray}} [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] (183)
:{{legend|{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}}|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Baʻath Party]] (167)}} {{legend|#000000|[[Syrian Social Nationalist Party|SSNP]] (3)}} {{legend|#D91F44|[[Arab Socialist Union (Syria)|ASU]] (3)}} {{legend|#BF0202|[[Socialist Unionists]] (2)}} {{legend|#FF0000|[[Syrian Communist Party (Unified)|SCP-U]] (2)}} {{legend|#DE3533|[[Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)|SCP-B]] (2)}} {{legend|#017B48|[[National Vow Movement|NVM]] (2)}} {{legend|#008000|[[Arab Democratic Union Party|ADUP]] (1)}} {{legend|#FF0000|[[Democratic Socialist Unionist Party|DSUP]] (1)}}
{{Color box|#949494|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Independents]] (67)
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| last_election1 = [[2020 Syrian parliamentary election|19 July 2020]]
| last_election2 =
|term_length = 4 years
|next_election1 = 2024 (expected)
|voting_system1 =
| previous_election2 =
| session_room = Syrian Parliament in mid-20th century.jpg
| session_res = 150px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Parliament Building, [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| website = http://parliament.gov.sy/
| footnotes =
| motto =
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}
The '''People's Assembly''' ({{lang-ar|مَجْلِس الشَّعْب}}, {{ALA-LC|ar|Majlis al-Shaʻb}}) is [[Syria]]'s legislative authority. It has 250 members elected for a four-year term in 15 multi-seat [[constituency|constituencies]]. There are two main political fronts; the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] and [[Popular Front for Change and Liberation]]. The [[Syrian parliamentary election, 2012|2012 elections]], held on 7 May, resulted in a new parliament that, for the first time in four decades, was nominally based on a [[multi-party system]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/05/2012524113941282101.html |title=Assad says Syria 'able' to get out of crisis |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=2012-05-25 |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-date=2012-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524153232/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/05/2012524113941282101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1938, [[Fares Al-Khoury]] became the first Christian to be elected Speaker.
In 2016 [[Hadiya Khalaf Abbas]], Ph.D., representing [[Deir Ezzor]] since 2003, became the first woman elected to be the Speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadiyeh Khalaf Abbas Elected as First Woman Speaker of Syrian People's Assembly - Al Manar TV Website Archive |url=https://archive.almanar.com.lb/english/article.php?id=273029 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=archive.almanar.com.lb |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428124800/https://archive.almanar.com.lb/english/article.php?id=273029 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716152551/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hadiyeh-khalaf-abbas-elected-first-woman-speaker-peoples-assembly/|title=Hadiyeh Khalaf Abbas elected as first woman speaker of People's Assembly|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hadiyeh-khalaf-abbas-elected-first-woman-speaker-peoples-assembly/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-06 |title=Hadiyeh Khalaf Abbas elected as the first woman Speaker of the People's Assembly |url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=79434 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Syrian Arab News Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522205849/http://sana.sy/en/?p=79434 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[Hammouda Sabbagh]] became the first [[Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria|Syriac Orthodox Christian]] to have held the post.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-28 |title=انتخاب مسيحي أرثوذكسي رئيسًا لمجلس الشعب السوري |url=https://www.wataninet.com/2017/09/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%ad%d9%8a-%d8%a3%d8%b1%d8%ab%d9%88%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=وطنى |language=ar |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526134231/http://www.wataninet.com/2017/09/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8B%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The assembly meets at least three times a year and in special occasions called by the council's president or the president of the country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Douglas A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFhGW3MxgPMC |title=Syria |last2=Gritzner |first2=Charles F. |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781438132389 |access-date=2023-04-28 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428123634/https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Syria.html?id=UFhGW3MxgPMC&hl=en&output=html_text&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref> Until 2012, the council primarily served as an institution to validate Syria's [[One party rule|one-party system]] and the confirm the legislative proceedings of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath party]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schlager, Weisblatt |first1=Neil, Jayne |title=World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties |last2=A. Faksh |first2=Mahmud |publisher=Facts on File |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5953-5 |edition=4th |location=132 West 31st Street, New York NY 10001, USA |pages=1303 |chapter=Syrian Arab Republic}}</ref>

==Latest elections==
The last elections were held on the 19 July 2020.<ref name=france24>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200719-syrians-vote-in-parliamentary-election-as-inflation-hits-war-damaged-economy|title=Syrians vote in parliamentary election as inflation hits war-damaged economy|publisher=France 24|date=19 July 2020|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720031734/https://www.france24.com/en/20200719-syrians-vote-in-parliamentary-election-as-inflation-hits-war-damaged-economy|url-status=live}}</ref> Several lists were allowed to run across the country. Millions of Syrians living abroad, after fleeing a [[Syrian civil war|war]] that has killed more than 380,000 people, are not eligible to vote.<ref name=france24/>

The [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] won 183 out of 250 seats, 167 of which were for the [[Ba'th Party|Baʻth Party]], while 67 [[Independent Politician|Independents]] held the rest of the seats.
{{election table|title=Summary of the 19 July 2020 People's Council of Syria election results}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Parties
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right |Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right |Seats Inside
|-
|align=left valign=top|[[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''al-Jabha al-Waṭanīyah al-Taqaddumīyah''}})
|align=center rowspan=10|183
|align=center| 183
|-
|align=left|
*[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Baʻth Party]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''Ḥizb al-Baʻth al-ʻArabī al-Ishtirākī''}})
|align=center| 167
|-
|align=left|
* [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''al-Ḥizb al-Sūrī al-Qawmī al-Ijtimāʻī''}})
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=left|
* [[Arab Socialist Union (Syria)|Arab Socialist Union]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''al-Ittiḥād al-Ishtirākī al-ʻArabī''}})
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=left|
*[[Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)|Communist Party of Syria]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''al-Ḥizb al-Shuyūʻī al-Sūrī''}}, [[Khalid Bakdash|Wissal Farha Bakdash]] faction)
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left|
*[[Socialist Unionists]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''al-Waḥdawīyūn al-Ishtirākīyūn''}})
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left|
*[[Syrian Communist Party (Unified)|Communist Party of Syria]] ([[Yusuf Faisal]] faction)
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left|
* [[National Vow Movement]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''Ḥarakat al-{{ayn}}Ahd al-Waṭanī''}})
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left|
* [[Arabic Democratic Union Party]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''Ḥizb al-Ittiḥād al-{{ayn}}Arabī al-Dīmūqrāṭī''}})
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=left|
* [[Democratic Socialist Unionist Party]] ({{transl|ar|ALA|''Ḥizb al-Waḥdawī al-Ishtirākī al-Dīmūqrāṭī''}})
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=left valign=top|[[Popular Front for Change and Liberation]]
|align=center rowspan=2| 0
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=left|
* [[People's Will Party]]
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=left valign=top|Non-partisans (Independent)
|align=center| 67
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''250'''
|-
|colspan=5 align=left|Source: [https://data.ipu.org/node/168/elections?chamber_id=13498&election_id=72516 Election results]
|}

==Names of legislature==
The name of the legislature in Syria has changed, as follows, as has the composition and functions:
* Under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
** [[Syrian National Congress]] (1919–1920)
* [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] (1920)
** [[Syrian National Congress]] (1920)
* State of Syria, part of the French Mandate (1922–1930)
** Constituent Council (1923–1925)
** Constituent Assembly (1924–1930)
* [[Mandatory Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic (1930–58)]]
** Council of Representatives (1932–1933)
** Chamber of Deputies (1932–1946)
** House of Representatives (1947–1949)
** Constituent Assembly (1949–1951)
** Chamber of Deputies (1953–1958)
* United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
** Chamber of Deputies (1958–1960)
* Syrian Arab Republic (1961–''present'')
** Chamber of Deputies (1961–1963)
** [[National Revolutionary Council]] (1963–1966)
** People's Assembly (1971–''present'')

==See also==
* [[Speaker of the People's Council of Syria]]
* [[Politics of Syria]]
* [[List of legislatures by country]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.parliament.gov.sy People's Assembly of Syria] ''official government website''
*{{ArabDecision|inst_brows_3_5_2_1_3_3.htm|Syria's Legislative System}}

{{commons category|People's Council of Syria}}

{{Syria topics}}
{{Asia topic|Parliament of}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}

[[Category:People's Assembly of Syria| ]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Syria]]
[[Category:Government of Syria]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures|Syria]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Syria]]

Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria

2024-06-21T16:47:24Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the People's Assembly of Syria
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|رئيس مجلس الشعب السوري}}|rtl=yes}}
| insignia = Coat of arms of Syria.svg
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Syria]]
| insigniasize = 125px
| image = Hammouda Sabbagh04).jpg
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Hammouda Sabbagh]]
| department = [[People's Assembly of Syria]]
| style = [[Excellency|His or Her Excellency]]
| incumbentsince = 28 September 2017
| residence = [[Damascus]]
| termlength = 4 years
| formation = [[Constitution of Syria]] 22 February 1971 (modern incarnation)
| appointer = [[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]]
| appointerpost = Speaker
| inaugural = [[Ahmad al-Khatib]] (modern incarnation)
| website =
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}
The '''Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria''' ({{lang-ar|رئيس مجلس الشعب السوري|translit=Raʼīs Majlis ash-Shaʻb as-Sūrī}}) represents the [[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]], Syria's [[legislature]],<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 55 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> signs documents and speaks on its behalf.<ref name="guards">{{cite book | chapter = Article 73 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> Throughout its history, the Speaker has been responsible for representing the Assembly. As of 2017, 30 different people have served as speakers.

==Election==
A People's Assembly is elected every fourth calendar year.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 56 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> The first meeting of a newly elected People's Assembly is responsible for electing its Speaker.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 64 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref>

==Powers==
The People's Assembly should meet at least three times a year, the Speaker has the power to convene an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 65 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> The guards of the People's Assembly are under the authority of the Speaker.<ref name="guards"/>

===Presidential elections===
60 days before the term of the [[President of Syria|President]] expires, the Speaker calls for new elections.<ref name="pres">{{cite book | chapter = Article 85 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> All presidential candidates have to be approved personally by the Speaker.<ref name="pres"/> If only one candidate is acceptable, the Speaker is supposed to postpone the elections.<ref name="pres"/> The election result is to be announced when the results have been counted.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 86 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syria under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)===

====President of the Syrian National Congress (1919–1920)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]] {{small|(1875–1960)}}
| 11 December 1919
| 17 July 1920
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1919 Syrian parliamentary election|1919]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1919–1920)}}
|-
|colspan=9|
|-
| 2
| [[File:Rashid Rida.jpg|80px]]
| [[Rashid Rida]] {{small|(1865–1935)}}<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNzVskbq6esC&q=rashid+rida+%22President+of+the+Syrian+National+Congress%22&pg=PA70 | title=Modern Islamic Political Thought| isbn=9781850434658| last1=Enayat| first1=Hamid| last2=ʻināyat| first2=Ḥamīd| date=24 June 2005| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Elizabeth F. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Rashid Rida & the 1920 Syrian-Arab Constitution |url=https://www.academia.edu/20941537 |journal=Routledge Handbook of Middle East Mandates}}</ref>
| 1920
| 1920
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1920 Syrian parliamentary election|1920]])}}
| 2nd convocation {{small|(1919–1920)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===State of Syria, part of the French Mandate (1922–1930)===

====Speaker of the Constituent Council (1923–1925)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Badih Muayyad al-Azm]] {{small|(1870–1960)}}
| 12 November 1923
| 14 July 1925
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1923 Syrian parliamentary election|1923]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1923–1928)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1924–1930)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]] {{small|(1875–1960)}}
| 11 August 1928
| 6 September 1928
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1928 Syrian parliamentary election|1928]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1928)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syrian Republic (1930–1946)===

====Chairman of the Council of Representatives (1932–1933)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Barakat al-Khaldi]]
| 7 June 1932
| 25 November 1933
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1932 Syrian parliamentary election|1932]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1932–1933)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1932–1946)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Subhi barkat.jpg|80px]]
| [[Subhi Barakat]] {{small|(1889–1939)}}
| January 1932
| 1932
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1932 Syrian parliamentary election|1932]])}}
| 2nd convocation {{small|(1932–1936)}}
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 21 November 1936
| 8 July 1939
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1936 Syrian parliamentary election|1936]])}}
| 3rd convocation {{small|(1936–1943)}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Vacant (1939–1943)
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 17 August 1943
| 17 October 1944
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 2 {{small|([[1943 Syrian parliamentary election|1943]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1943–1947)}}
|-
| 3
| [[File:Saadallah al-Jabiri.jpg|80px]]
| [[Saadallah al-Jabiri]] {{small|(1893–1947)}}
| 17 October 1944
| 15 September 1945
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1943 Syrian parliamentary election|1943]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1943–1947)}}
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 16 September 1945
| 22 October 1946
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1943 Syrian parliamentary election|1943]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1943–1947)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syrian Republic (1946–1958)===

====Speaker of the House of Representatives (1947–1949)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 27 September 1947
| 31 March 1949
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]] [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 2 {{small|([[1947 Syrian parliamentary election|1947]])}}
| 5th convocation {{small|(1947–1949)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1949–1951)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 4
| [[File:Rushdi Al-Kikhya.jpg|80px]]
| [[Rushdi al-Kikhya]] {{small|(1899–1987)}}
| 12 December 1949
| 22 June 1951
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1949 Syrian parliamentary election|1949]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1949–1953)}}
|-
| 5
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Maarouf al-Dawalibi]] {{small|(1909–2004)}}
| 23 June 1951
| 30 September 1951
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1949 Syrian parliamentary election|1949]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1949–1953)}}
|-
| 6
| [[File:Nazim al-Kudsi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nazim al-Qudsi]] {{small|(1906–1998)}}
| 1 October 1951
| 2 December 1951
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1949 Syrian parliamentary election|1949]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1949–1953)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1953–1954)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 7
| [[File:Maamoun Kuzbari.jpg|80px]]
| [[Maamun al-Kuzbari]] {{small|(1914–1998)}}
| 24 October 1953
| 2 December 1954
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1953 Syrian parliamentary election|1953]])}}
| 7th convocation {{small|(1953–1954)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1954–1958)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 6
| [[File:Nazim al-Kudsi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nazim al-Qudsi]] {{small|(1906–1998)}}
| 14 October 1954
| 1 October 1957
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1954 Syrian parliamentary election|1954]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1954–1958)}}
|-
| 8
| [[File:Akram Hourani.jpg|80px]]
| [[Akram al-Hawrani]] {{small|(1912–1996)}}
| 14 October 1957
| 22 February 1958
| [[Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1954 Syrian parliamentary election|1954]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1954–1958)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===United Arab Republic (1958–1961)===

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1958–1960)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Akram Hourani.jpg|80px]]
| [[Akram al-Hawrani]] {{small|(1912–1996)}}
| 22 February 1958
| 20 July 1960
| [[Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1954 Syrian parliamentary election|1954]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1954–1958)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Chairman of the Council of Nation (1960–1961)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Anwar Sadat cropped.jpg|80px]]
| [[Anwar Sadat]] {{small|(1918–1981)}}
| 21 July 1960
| 17 September 1961
| [[National Union (United Arab Republic)|National Union]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Union (United Arab Republic)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1960 United Arab Republic parliamentary election|1960]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1960–1961)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)===

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1961–1963)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 7
| [[File:Maamoun Kuzbari.jpg|80px]]
| [[Maamun al-Kuzbari]] {{small|(1914–1998)}}
| 12 December 1961
| 12 September 1962
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1961 Syrian parliamentary election|1961]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(1961–1963)}}
|-
| 9
| [[File:Said al-Ghazzi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Said al-Ghazzi]] {{small|(1893–1967)}}
| 17 September 1962
| 8 March 1963
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1961 Syrian parliamentary election|1961]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(1961–1963)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council (1965–1966)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:MansourAtrash.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mansur al-Atrash]] {{small|(1926–2006)}}
| 1 September 1965
| 24 February 1966
| [[Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|(None)}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1965–1966)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Speaker of the People's Assembly (1971–present)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Ahmad al-Khatib, the interim head of state who ruled Syria for four months from November 1970 to March 1971.png|80px]]
| [[Ahmad al-Khatib]] {{small|(1933–1982)}}
| 22 February 1971
| 26 December 1971
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|(None)}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1971–1973)}}
|-
| 2
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Fahmi al-Yusufi]] {{small|(?–2006)}}
| 27 December 1971
| 21 February 1973
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|(None)}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1971–1973)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Mohammad Ali Halabi.png|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]] {{small|(1937–2016)}}
| 9 June 1973
| 8 June 1977
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1973 Syrian parliamentary election|1973]])}}
| 2nd convocation {{small|(1973–1977)}}
|-
| 18 August 1977
| 27 March 1978
| 2 {{small|([[1977 Syrian parliamentary election|1977]])}}
| 3rd convocation {{small|(1977–1981)}}
|-
| 4
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Mahmoud Hadid]]
| 30 March 1978
| 17 August 1981
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1977 Syrian parliamentary election|1977]])}}
| 3rd convocation {{small|(1977–1981)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahmoud Al-Zoubi]] {{small|(1935–2000)}}
| 16 November 1981
| 15 November 1985
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1981 Syrian parliamentary election|1981]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1981–1985)}}
|-
| 27 February 1986
| 18 February 1988
| 2 {{small|([[1986 Syrian parliamentary election|1986]])}}
| 5th convocation {{small|(1986–1990)}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 6
| rowspan="4" | [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Abd al-Qadir Qaddura]] {{small|(1935–2013)}}
| 19 February 1988
| 16 February 1990
| rowspan="4" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1986 Syrian parliamentary election|1986]])}}
| 5th convocation {{small|(1986–1990)}}
|-
| 11 June 1990
| 10 June 1994
| 2 {{small|([[1990 Syrian parliamentary election|1990]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1990–1994)}}
|-
| 10 September 1994
| 9 September 1998
| 3 {{small|([[1994 Syrian parliamentary election|1994]])}}
| 7th convocation {{small|(1994–1998)}}
|-
| 1999
| 2002
| 4 {{small|([[1998 Syrian parliamentary election|1998]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1998–2003)}}
|-
| 7
| [[File:Mohammad Naji Otri.jpg|80px]]
| [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] {{small|(born 1944)}}
| 9 March 2003
| 18 September 2003
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2003 Syrian parliamentary election|2003]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(2003–2007)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Mahmoud al-Abrash.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahmoud al-Abrash]] {{small|(born 1944)}}
| 7 October 2003
| 8 March 2007
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2003 Syrian parliamentary election|2003]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(2003–2007)}}
|-
| 7 May 2007
| 7 May 2012
| 2 {{small|([[2007 Syrian parliamentary election|2007]])}}
| 10th convocation {{small|(2007–2012)}}
|-
| 9
| [[File:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mohammad Jihad al-Laham]] {{small|(born 1954)}}
| 24 May 2012
| 6 June 2016
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2012 Syrian parliamentary election|2012]])}}
| 11th convocation {{small|(2012–2016)}}
|-
| 10
| [[File:Hadiya Khalaf Abbas.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hadiya Khalaf Abbas]] {{small|(1958–2021)}}
| 6 June 2016
| 20 July 2017
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2016 Syrian parliamentary election|2016]])}}
| 12th convocation {{small|(2016–2020)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Hammouda Sabbagh04).jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hammouda Sabbagh]] {{small|(1959–)}}
| align=center | 28 September 2017
| align=center | 2020
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2016 Syrian parliamentary election|2016]])}}
| 12th convocation {{small|(2016–2020)}}
|-
| 2020
| Incumbent
| 2 {{small|([[2020 Syrian parliamentary election|2020]])}}
| 13th convocation {{small|(2020–present)}}
|}

==See also==
*[[President of Syria]]
**[[List of presidents of Syria]]
*[[Vice President of Syria]]
*[[Prime Minister of Syria]]
**[[List of prime ministers of Syria]]
*[[Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Syria topics}}
{{Speakers of the Parliament of Syria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Speaker Of The People's Assembly Of Syria}}
[[Category:Politics of Syria]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers|Syria, People's Assembly]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Syria politics-related lists]]

Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria

2024-06-21T16:46:45Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the People's Assembly of Syria
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|رئيس مجلس الشعب السوري}}|rtl=yes}}
| insignia = Coat of arms of Syria.svg
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Syria]]
| insigniasize = 125px
| image = Hammouda Sabbagh04).jpg
| imagesize = 165px
| incumbent = [[Hammouda Sabbagh]]
| style = [[Excellency|His or Her Excellency]]
| incumbentsince = 28 September 2017
| residence = [[Damascus]]
| termlength = 4 years
| formation = [[Constitution of Syria]] 22 February 1971 (modern incarnation)
| appointer = [[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]]
| appointerpost = Speaker
| inaugural = [[Ahmad al-Khatib]] (modern incarnation)
| website =
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}
The '''Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria''' ({{lang-ar|رئيس مجلس الشعب السوري|translit=Raʼīs Majlis ash-Shaʻb as-Sūrī}}) represents the [[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]], Syria's [[legislature]],<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 55 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> signs documents and speaks on its behalf.<ref name="guards">{{cite book | chapter = Article 73 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> Throughout its history, the Speaker has been responsible for representing the Assembly. As of 2017, 30 different people have served as speakers.

==Election==
A People's Assembly is elected every fourth calendar year.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 56 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> The first meeting of a newly elected People's Assembly is responsible for electing its Speaker.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 64 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref>

==Powers==
The People's Assembly should meet at least three times a year, the Speaker has the power to convene an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 65 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> The guards of the People's Assembly are under the authority of the Speaker.<ref name="guards"/>

===Presidential elections===
60 days before the term of the [[President of Syria|President]] expires, the Speaker calls for new elections.<ref name="pres">{{cite book | chapter = Article 85 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref> All presidential candidates have to be approved personally by the Speaker.<ref name="pres"/> If only one candidate is acceptable, the Speaker is supposed to postpone the elections.<ref name="pres"/> The election result is to be announced when the results have been counted.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Article 86 |title=2012 Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic | publisher = [[Government of Syria|Government of the Syrian Arab Republic]] }}</ref>

==List of officeholders==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syria under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)===

====President of the Syrian National Congress (1919–1920)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]] {{small|(1875–1960)}}
| 11 December 1919
| 17 July 1920
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1919 Syrian parliamentary election|1919]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1919–1920)}}
|-
|colspan=9|
|-
| 2
| [[File:Rashid Rida.jpg|80px]]
| [[Rashid Rida]] {{small|(1865–1935)}}<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNzVskbq6esC&q=rashid+rida+%22President+of+the+Syrian+National+Congress%22&pg=PA70 | title=Modern Islamic Political Thought| isbn=9781850434658| last1=Enayat| first1=Hamid| last2=ʻināyat| first2=Ḥamīd| date=24 June 2005| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Elizabeth F. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Rashid Rida & the 1920 Syrian-Arab Constitution |url=https://www.academia.edu/20941537 |journal=Routledge Handbook of Middle East Mandates}}</ref>
| 1920
| 1920
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1920 Syrian parliamentary election|1920]])}}
| 2nd convocation {{small|(1919–1920)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===State of Syria, part of the French Mandate (1922–1930)===

====Speaker of the Constituent Council (1923–1925)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Badih Muayyad al-Azm]] {{small|(1870–1960)}}
| 12 November 1923
| 14 July 1925
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1923 Syrian parliamentary election|1923]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1923–1928)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1924–1930)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]] {{small|(1875–1960)}}
| 11 August 1928
| 6 September 1928
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1928 Syrian parliamentary election|1928]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1928)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syrian Republic (1930–1946)===

====Chairman of the Council of Representatives (1932–1933)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Barakat al-Khaldi]]
| 7 June 1932
| 25 November 1933
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1932 Syrian parliamentary election|1932]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1932–1933)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1932–1946)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Subhi barkat.jpg|80px]]
| [[Subhi Barakat]] {{small|(1889–1939)}}
| January 1932
| 1932
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1932 Syrian parliamentary election|1932]])}}
| 2nd convocation {{small|(1932–1936)}}
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 21 November 1936
| 8 July 1939
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1936 Syrian parliamentary election|1936]])}}
| 3rd convocation {{small|(1936–1943)}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Vacant (1939–1943)
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 17 August 1943
| 17 October 1944
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 2 {{small|([[1943 Syrian parliamentary election|1943]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1943–1947)}}
|-
| 3
| [[File:Saadallah al-Jabiri.jpg|80px]]
| [[Saadallah al-Jabiri]] {{small|(1893–1947)}}
| 17 October 1944
| 15 September 1945
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1943 Syrian parliamentary election|1943]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1943–1947)}}
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 16 September 1945
| 22 October 1946
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1943 Syrian parliamentary election|1943]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1943–1947)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syrian Republic (1946–1958)===

====Speaker of the House of Representatives (1947–1949)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 2
| [[File:Faris al-Khoury.jpg|80px]]
| [[Fares al-Khoury]] {{small|(1877–1962)}}
| 27 September 1947
| 31 March 1949
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]] [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 2 {{small|([[1947 Syrian parliamentary election|1947]])}}
| 5th convocation {{small|(1947–1949)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1949–1951)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 4
| [[File:Rushdi Al-Kikhya.jpg|80px]]
| [[Rushdi al-Kikhya]] {{small|(1899–1987)}}
| 12 December 1949
| 22 June 1951
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1949 Syrian parliamentary election|1949]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1949–1953)}}
|-
| 5
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Maarouf al-Dawalibi]] {{small|(1909–2004)}}
| 23 June 1951
| 30 September 1951
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1949 Syrian parliamentary election|1949]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1949–1953)}}
|-
| 6
| [[File:Nazim al-Kudsi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nazim al-Qudsi]] {{small|(1906–1998)}}
| 1 October 1951
| 2 December 1951
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1949 Syrian parliamentary election|1949]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1949–1953)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1953–1954)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 7
| [[File:Maamoun Kuzbari.jpg|80px]]
| [[Maamun al-Kuzbari]] {{small|(1914–1998)}}
| 24 October 1953
| 2 December 1954
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1953 Syrian parliamentary election|1953]])}}
| 7th convocation {{small|(1953–1954)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1954–1958)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 6
| [[File:Nazim al-Kudsi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nazim al-Qudsi]] {{small|(1906–1998)}}
| 14 October 1954
| 1 October 1957
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1954 Syrian parliamentary election|1954]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1954–1958)}}
|-
| 8
| [[File:Akram Hourani.jpg|80px]]
| [[Akram al-Hawrani]] {{small|(1912–1996)}}
| 14 October 1957
| 22 February 1958
| [[Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1954 Syrian parliamentary election|1954]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1954–1958)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===United Arab Republic (1958–1961)===

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1958–1960)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Akram Hourani.jpg|80px]]
| [[Akram al-Hawrani]] {{small|(1912–1996)}}
| 22 February 1958
| 20 July 1960
| [[Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1954 Syrian parliamentary election|1954]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1954–1958)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Chairman of the Council of Nation (1960–1961)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Anwar Sadat cropped.jpg|80px]]
| [[Anwar Sadat]] {{small|(1918–1981)}}
| 21 July 1960
| 17 September 1961
| [[National Union (United Arab Republic)|National Union]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Union (United Arab Republic)}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1960 United Arab Republic parliamentary election|1960]])}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1960–1961)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

===Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)===

====President of the Chamber of Deputies (1961–1963)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 7
| [[File:Maamoun Kuzbari.jpg|80px]]
| [[Maamun al-Kuzbari]] {{small|(1914–1998)}}
| 12 December 1961
| 12 September 1962
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1961 Syrian parliamentary election|1961]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(1961–1963)}}
|-
| 9
| [[File:Said al-Ghazzi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Said al-Ghazzi]] {{small|(1893–1967)}}
| 17 September 1962
| 8 March 1963
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1 {{small|([[1961 Syrian parliamentary election|1961]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(1961–1963)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council (1965–1966)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:MansourAtrash.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mansur al-Atrash]] {{small|(1926–2006)}}
| 1 September 1965
| 24 February 1966
| [[Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|(None)}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1965–1966)}}
|-
|colspan=9|

====Speaker of the People's Assembly (1971–present)====
|-
! No.
! Portrait
! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! colspan="2" | Political party
! Term
! Convocation
|-
| 1
| [[File:Ahmad al-Khatib, the interim head of state who ruled Syria for four months from November 1970 to March 1971.png|80px]]
| [[Ahmad al-Khatib]] {{small|(1933–1982)}}
| 22 February 1971
| 26 December 1971
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|(None)}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1971–1973)}}
|-
| 2
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Fahmi al-Yusufi]] {{small|(?–2006)}}
| 27 December 1971
| 21 February 1973
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|(None)}}
| 1st convocation {{small|(1971–1973)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Mohammad Ali Halabi.png|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]] {{small|(1937–2016)}}
| 9 June 1973
| 8 June 1977
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1973 Syrian parliamentary election|1973]])}}
| 2nd convocation {{small|(1973–1977)}}
|-
| 18 August 1977
| 27 March 1978
| 2 {{small|([[1977 Syrian parliamentary election|1977]])}}
| 3rd convocation {{small|(1977–1981)}}
|-
| 4
| [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| [[Mahmoud Hadid]]
| 30 March 1978
| 17 August 1981
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1977 Syrian parliamentary election|1977]])}}
| 3rd convocation {{small|(1977–1981)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahmoud Al-Zoubi]] {{small|(1935–2000)}}
| 16 November 1981
| 15 November 1985
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1981 Syrian parliamentary election|1981]])}}
| 4th convocation {{small|(1981–1985)}}
|-
| 27 February 1986
| 18 February 1988
| 2 {{small|([[1986 Syrian parliamentary election|1986]])}}
| 5th convocation {{small|(1986–1990)}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 6
| rowspan="4" | [[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Abd al-Qadir Qaddura]] {{small|(1935–2013)}}
| 19 February 1988
| 16 February 1990
| rowspan="4" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[1986 Syrian parliamentary election|1986]])}}
| 5th convocation {{small|(1986–1990)}}
|-
| 11 June 1990
| 10 June 1994
| 2 {{small|([[1990 Syrian parliamentary election|1990]])}}
| 6th convocation {{small|(1990–1994)}}
|-
| 10 September 1994
| 9 September 1998
| 3 {{small|([[1994 Syrian parliamentary election|1994]])}}
| 7th convocation {{small|(1994–1998)}}
|-
| 1999
| 2002
| 4 {{small|([[1998 Syrian parliamentary election|1998]])}}
| 8th convocation {{small|(1998–2003)}}
|-
| 7
| [[File:Mohammad Naji Otri.jpg|80px]]
| [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] {{small|(born 1944)}}
| 9 March 2003
| 18 September 2003
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2003 Syrian parliamentary election|2003]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(2003–2007)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Mahmoud al-Abrash.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahmoud al-Abrash]] {{small|(born 1944)}}
| 7 October 2003
| 8 March 2007
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2003 Syrian parliamentary election|2003]])}}
| 9th convocation {{small|(2003–2007)}}
|-
| 7 May 2007
| 7 May 2012
| 2 {{small|([[2007 Syrian parliamentary election|2007]])}}
| 10th convocation {{small|(2007–2012)}}
|-
| 9
| [[File:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mohammad Jihad al-Laham]] {{small|(born 1954)}}
| 24 May 2012
| 6 June 2016
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2012 Syrian parliamentary election|2012]])}}
| 11th convocation {{small|(2012–2016)}}
|-
| 10
| [[File:Hadiya Khalaf Abbas.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hadiya Khalaf Abbas]] {{small|(1958–2021)}}
| 6 June 2016
| 20 July 2017
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2016 Syrian parliamentary election|2016]])}}
| 12th convocation {{small|(2016–2020)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Hammouda Sabbagh04).jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hammouda Sabbagh]] {{small|(1959–)}}
| align=center | 28 September 2017
| align=center | 2020
| rowspan="2" | [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] {{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| 1 {{small|([[2016 Syrian parliamentary election|2016]])}}
| 12th convocation {{small|(2016–2020)}}
|-
| 2020
| Incumbent
| 2 {{small|([[2020 Syrian parliamentary election|2020]])}}
| 13th convocation {{small|(2020–present)}}
|}

==See also==
*[[President of Syria]]
**[[List of presidents of Syria]]
*[[Vice President of Syria]]
*[[Prime Minister of Syria]]
**[[List of prime ministers of Syria]]
*[[Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Syria topics}}
{{Speakers of the Parliament of Syria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Speaker Of The People's Assembly Of Syria}}
[[Category:Politics of Syria]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers|Syria, People's Assembly]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Syria politics-related lists]]

Hammouda Sabbagh

2024-06-21T16:44:37Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{short description|Syrian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hammouda Sabbagh
| image = Hammouda Sabbagh04).jpg
| caption = Sabbagh in 2017
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| office = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
| term_start = 28 September 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Hadiya Khalaf Abbas]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch of the Baath Party]]
| term_start1 = 22 April 2017
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|2|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Al-Hasakah]], Syria, [[United Arab Republic]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| religion =
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|حمودة الصباغ}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
'''Hammouda Youssef Sabbagh''' ({{lang-ar|حمودة يوسف الصباغ}} {{ALA-LC|ar|Ḥammūdah Yūsuf al-Ṣabbāgh}}, born 10 February 1959)<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.sy/arabic/index.php?node=211&nid=1253&RID=26&Last=1&First=0&CurrentPage=0&FName=%CD%E3%E6%CF%C9&LName=&City=-1&Cat=-1&Mem=-1&Com=-1&Aso=-1&or=& عضو مجلس الشعب: حمودة صباغ بن يوسف] {{in lang|ar}}</ref> is a Syrian politician who has been the [[List of speakers of the parliament of Syria|Speaker]] of the [[People's Council of Syria]] since September 2017.<ref>[http://sana.sy/fr/?p=99094 Election de Hammouda Sabbagh comme président de l’Assemblée du people] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> He is the first [[Assyrian Christian]]<ref>[http://syriacpatriarchate.org/2018/01/official-reception-in-honor-of-his-excellency-speaker-of-the-syrian-parliament-mr-hammouda-sabbagh Official Reception in Honor of His Excellency Speaker of the Syrian Parliament Mr. Hammouda Sabbagh]</ref> to have held the post,<ref>[http://www.wataninet.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-2/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8B%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84/ انتخاب مسيحي أرثوذكسي رئيسًا لمجلس الشعب السوري]
{{in lang|ar}}</ref> and overall the second Christian to hold that post since [[Fares al-Khoury]].<ref name=lefigaro>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/09/28/97001-20170928FILWWW00222-un-chretien-elu-a-la-tete-du-parlement-syrien.php Un chrétien élu à la tête du Parlement syrien] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> He was elected speaker of parliament with 193 votes out of 252.<ref name=lefigaro/>

In January 2019, Sabbagh considered the campaigns on social media criticizing the government to be controlled by anonymous third parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/02/regression-of-services-and-living-conditions-regimes-incubator-raging/|title=Regression of services and living conditions: Regime's incubator raging|website=enab baladi|date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Christianity in Syria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Speakers of the Parliament of Syria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabbagh, Hammouda}}
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Syrian Christians]]
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox Christians]]

{{Syria-stub}}

Hadiya Khalaf Abbas

2024-06-21T16:43:46Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician (1958–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hadiya Khalaf Abbas
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|هدیة خلف عباس}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = Hadiya Khalaf Abbas.jpg
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| office = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
| term_start = 6 June 2016
| term_end = 20 July 2017
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Jihad al-Laham]]
| successor = [[Hammouda Sabbagh]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start1 = 22 April 2017
| term_end1 = 13 November 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate]], [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|11|13|1958|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Deir ez-Zor]], [[Syria]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Aleppo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://middleeast.in-24.com/News/amp/410242|title = The death of the former Speaker of the Syrian People's Assembly, Hadiya Abbas, of a heart attack}}</ref>
| spouse =
| nationality = Syrian
| religion=
| children =
}}
'''Hadiya Khalaf Abbas''' ({{lang-ar|هدیة خلف عباس}}, 1958 – 13 November 2021) was a Syrian politician who served as the [[List of speakers of the parliament of Syria|Speaker]] of the [[People's Council of Syria]] from June 2016 to July 2017. She is the only woman to have held the post.<ref name=SANA>{{cite news |title=250 New Parliament Members Take Constitutional Oath |url=http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/news/local/24397-250-new-parliament-members-take-constitutional-oath |publisher=[[Syria Times]] |date=6 June 2016 |accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref>

==Biography and career==
Abbas was born in [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate]] in 1958 and got a doctorate in agricultural engineering from the [[University of Aleppo]]. She was also professor at the [[Al-Furat University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://see.news/syrias-1st-parliament-speaker-hadiya-abbas-dies-of-heart-attack/|title=Hadiya Khalaf Abbas was elected as the Speaker of the People's Council of Syria, becoming the first woman to hold the post.|date=14 November 2021|first=Taarek|last=Refaat|website=See}}</ref><ref name=apnews />

After the [[2016 Syrian parliamentary election]], Abbas was elected Speaker of the People's Council of Syrian in the first session of the chamber on 6 June 2016, becoming the first woman to reach this office. She won uncontested.<ref name="apnews">{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/3711d654e0484533aabbb63690c7061c|title=Syrian woman becomes first female parliament speaker|date=6 June 2016|work=AP News}}</ref>

On 20 July 2017, Syria's Parliament issued a resolution discharging Abbas from her post as Speaker, with a majority of member votes. Abbas was accused by some parliamentarians of "preventing some members from submitting their interposition and turning a blind eye to their willingness to discuss a number of articles according to the constitutional rules," a behavior other parliamentarians described as "irresponsible and illegal."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=110480|title=People's Assembly discharges Mrs. Hadyiah Abbas from her post as Speaker|date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Deputy Speaker was appointed interim speaker until the voting of [[Hammouda Sabbagh]] as Abbas' successor took place on 28 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/7ac9666c8064497e91f53a86f1933354|title=Little-known Syrian politician elected parliament speaker|date=28 September 2017|work=AP News}}</ref>

Abbas died on 13 November 2021, at Military Hospital of Deir ez-Zor at the age of 63 after suffering a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.syria.tv/وفاة-هدية-عباس-أول-رئيسة-لمجلس-الشعب-السوري-في-زمن-نظام-الأسد|title=وفاة هدية عباس.. أول رئيسة لمجلس الشعب السوري في زمن نظام الأسد|date=14 November 2021|work=[[Syria TV (Turkey)|Syria TV]]|language=ar}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Speakers of the Parliament of Syria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Hadiya Khalaf}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Women legislative speakers]]
[[Category:People from Deir ez-Zor Governorate]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]]

Mohammad Jihad al-Laham

2024-06-21T16:42:02Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد جهاد اللحام}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = Mohammad Jihad al-Laham.jpg
| office = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
| term_start = 24 May 2012
| term_end = 6 June 2016
| predecessor = [[Mahmoud al-Abrash]]
| successor = [[Hadiya Khalaf Abbas]]
| office1 = President of the [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria]]
| term_start1 = 8 May 2018
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start2 = 8 July 2013
| term_end2 = 6 June 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|01|13}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
}}

'''Mohammad Jihad al-Laham''' ({{lang-ar|محمد جهاد اللحام}}, born 13 January 1954) is a [[Syria]]n politician who was [[List of speakers of the parliament of Syria|Speaker]] of the [[People's Council of Syria]] from 2012 to 2016. A prominent [[Criminal defense lawyer|criminal lawyer]], al-Laham heads the [[Damascus]] office of the Syrian Lawyers Syndicate.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2012-05/25/c_131610601.htm Newly-elected Syria parliament holds first session] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530013948/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2012-05/25/c_131610601.htm |date=2012-05-30 }}</ref>

On 7 May 2012, al-Laham was elected as a representative of Damascus.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=509894&Itemid=1 New Syrian National Assembly´s President Elected]</ref> On 24 May 2012, al-Laham was elected as Speaker of Parliament.<ref>[http://sana.sy/eng/21/2012/05/25/421043.htm 1st Meeting of People's Assembly, Mohammad Jihad al-Laham Elected as Speaker] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729180923/http://sana.sy/eng/21/2012/05/25/421043.htm |date=2013-07-29 }}</ref> He received 225 votes out of 250.<ref>[http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=121497 The 1st meeting of Syria`s Parliament on Thursday]</ref> His selection was one of the first acts of the new [[Parliament of Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tehrantimes.com/middle-east/98216-syrian-parliament-holds-first-session |title=Syrian parliament holds first session |access-date=2012-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221085955/http://tehrantimes.com/middle-east/98216-syrian-parliament-holds-first-session |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] of Syria.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2012-05/25/c_131610601.htm Newly-elected Syria parliament holds first session] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530013948/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2012-05/25/c_131610601.htm |date=2012-05-30 }}</ref> Upon his election as Speaker, al-Laham stated that "Syria is passing through a stage that requires every individual to exert his efforts" and that "the Assembly should be a mirror that reflects the reality of all Syrians and meet their aspirations."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/05/25/421043.htm |title=1st Meeting of People's Assembly, Mohammad Jihad al-Laham Elected as Speaker |access-date=2012-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729180923/http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/05/25/421043.htm |archive-date=2013-07-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SyrianParPres}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laham, Mohammad Jihad}}
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Mahmoud al-Abrash

2024-06-21T16:40:00Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Syrian politician}}
{{redirect|Al-Abrash}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahmoud al-Abrash
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمود الأبرش}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = Mahmoud al-Abrash.jpg
| caption = al-Abrash in 2010
| office = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
| term_start = 7 October 2003
| term_end = 24 May 2012
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]
| successor = [[Mohammad Jihad al-Laham]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
}}
'''Mahmoud al-Abrash''' or '''Mahmoud el-Abrache''' ({{lang-ar|محمود الأبرش}}) (born 1944) is a [[Syria]]n [[politician]].

==Career==
He was originally an engineer in public works. He then left his job to engage in politics and became a member of the [[Baath party]]. He chaired the parliamentary Committee on International Affairs of the Arab people.

On October 7, 2003 he became [[List of speakers of the parliament of Syria|Syrian speaker of parliament]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/031008/2003100805.html |title=New Speaker for the Syrian people's Assembly ( parliament) |accessdate=2010-02-02 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062421/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/031008/2003100805.html |archivedate=2012-02-25 }}</ref> following the appointment of [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] as prime minister. His first term ended on March 8, 2007 but he was re-elected again on May 7, 2007.

He is also a member of the Provisional [[Arab Parliament]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SyrianParPres}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abrach, Mahmoud}}
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Damascus]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Syrian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Abdullah Dardari

2024-06-21T16:36:48Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian economist (born 1963)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdullah al-Dardari
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عبد الله الدردري}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = Abdallah Dardari.jpg
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Mohammed Naji al-Otari]]
| office = Deputy Prime Minister of Syria for Economic Affairs
| term_start = 2005
| term_end = 29 March 2011
| predecessor =
| successor = ''Office disestablished''
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]] [[Richmond, The American International University in London|Richmond International University]] [[University of Grenoble]]
| occupation = Economist, Journalist
| constituency =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party - Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
}}

'''Abdullah Abdel Razzaq al-Dardari''' ({{lang-ar|عبدالله عبدالرزاق الدردري}}; born 1963) is a [[United Nations]] Assistant Secretary-General and the [[United Nations Development Program]] Assistant Administrator and Director, Regional Bureau for Arab States.<ref name="auto0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2023-03-14/mr-abdallah-al-dardari-of-syria-assistant-secretary-general-assistant-administrator-and-director-regional-bureau-for-arab-states-of-the-united-nations|title=Mr. Abdallah Al Dardari of Syria - Assistant Secretary-General, Assistant Administrator and Director, Regional Bureau for Arab States of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|date=14 March 2023}}</ref> Prior to his appointment in 2023, he was the [[United Nations Development Program]]'s Resident Representative in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. Previously, he worked for the [[World Bank]]. He has also served in several positions in the government of the [[Syrian Arab Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://syrianobserver.com/who/31340/who_who_abdullah_dardari.html |title=Who's Who: Abdullah al-Dardari|date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

In September 2014, he was appointed as Deputy Executive Secretary of [[Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia]]. On this occasion, he has been criticized for never publicly criticizing [[Bashar Assad]]’s current Syrian government.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://syrianobserver.com/EN/who/31340/who_who_abdullah_dardari.html|title=Who's Who: Abdullah al-Dardari|date=7 January 2015}}</ref> He has also been accused of maintaining ambiguous relationships with both the various rebel groups and the Syrian Government.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Early life and education==
Mr. Al Dardari was born in 1963 in Damascus, Syria. He is the son of Major General Abdul Razzaq Dardari, commander of the Operations Division in the war of 1973.<ref name="auto1"/> He holds a Masters in International Political Economy from The [[University of Southern California]], a Bachelors in Economics from the [[Richmond University]] and conducted Post Graduate Research at the [[London School of Economics]]. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from [[Yalova University]] in Istanbul.<ref name="escwa.un.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.escwa.un.org/about/oes.asp |title=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia - ESCWA |accessdate=2011-09-10 |url-status = dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142436/http://www.escwa.un.org/about/oes.asp |archivedate=28 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Career==
Mr. Al Dardari began his career as a journalist in ''[[Al-Hayat newspaper|Alhayat]]'', pan-Arab daily. Then he became [[UNDP]]'s Assistant Resident Representative in Syria from 2001 to 2003. He was brought to the government first as Head of the State Planning Commission where he served in from 2003 to 2005. It was there that he started authoring Syria's 10th five-year plan, seen as the blueprint of reforms in Syria from 2006 to 2011. In 2005, Dardari was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Economic Affairs.<ref name=hin2011>{{cite journal |last=Hinnebusch|first=Raymond|title=The Ba'th Party in Post-Ba'thist Syria: President, Party and the Struggle for 'Reform'|journal=Middle East Critique|year=2011|volume=20|issue=2|pages=109–125|doi=10.1080/19436149.2011.572408|s2cid=144573563}}</ref> Mr. Al Dardari also served as minister of planning from 2006 to 2008. His term ended in March 2011. The office, deputy premiership for economic affairs, was also abolished. He was removed from office due to his conflict with [[Rami Makhlouf]], [[Bashar Assad]]'s cousin.<ref name=koe25apr>{{cite news |last=Koelbl|first=Susanne|title=Syria on the Edge of the Abyss: Assad's Government Escalates Crackdown on Protesters |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/syria-on-the-edge-of-the-abyss-assad-s-regime-escalates-crackdown-on-protesters-a-758905.html |accessdate=9 March 2013|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Mr. Al Dardari joined the United Nations's [[Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia|Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)]] in September 2011 he began to serve as the Director of the Economic Development and Globalization Division (EDGD) and Chief Economist.

==Personal life==
Mr. Al Dardari is married and has three children. He speaks fluent English and French.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/6387239.stm BBC interview]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100704162541/http://www.syria-today.com/index.php/politics/4746-qaa-abdullah-al-dardari Syria Today interview]
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2014/Jun-18/260507-escwa-arab-integrationboosts-gdp.ashx The Daily Star Article on Arab Integration]
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22577371 BBC Radio interview on Syria Crisis]
*[http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/05/17/Syria-ex-minister-leads-rebuilding-plan.html Al Arabiya article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141209074526/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/syria-ex-minister-leads-rebuilding-plan Associated Press article on Rebuilding Syria]

{{Deputy prime ministers of Syria}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dardari, Abdullah}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian journalists]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian economists]]
[[Category:People from Damascus]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian economists]]
[[Category:United Nations]]

Farouk al-Sharaa

2024-06-21T16:35:25Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Syrian politician and diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Farouk al-Sharaa
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|فاروق الشرع}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Farouk Shara.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Daraa]], [[First Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic]]
| alma_mater = [[University of London]] [[University of Damascus]]
| office = [[Vice President of Syria]]
| alongside = [[Najah al-Attar]]
| term_start = 21 February 2006
| term_end = 19 July 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2014/07/20/Syria-s-Assad-reappoints-woman-VP-but-mum-on-Sharaa|title = Syria’s Assad reappoints woman VP but mum on Sharaa }}</ref>
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor = [[Zuhair Masharqa]] [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]
| successor = Najah al-Attar
| office2 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| president2 = [[Hafez al-Assad]] [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start2 = 1 March 1984
| term_end2 = 21 February 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Abdul-Halim Khaddam]]
| successor2 = [[Walid Muallem]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start3 = 21 June 2000
| term_end3 = 8 July 2013
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}
'''Farouk al-Sharaa''' ({{lang-ar|فاروق الشرع}}; born 10 December 1938) is a [[Syrian people|Syrian]] politician and diplomat. He is one of the most prominent officials in the [[Syrian government]] and served as [[foreign minister]] of Syria from 1984 until 2006 when he became [[Vice President of Syria]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/middleeast/28syria.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Syria Tries to Ease Deep Political Crisis|last=Slackman|first=Michael|date=28 March 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sharaa was born in [[Daraa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/News/Pages/Farouk_Al_Sharaa_Speaks_an_English_Preface_to_the_Memoirs_by_Farouk_Al_Sharaa_Now_Available.aspx|title=Farouk Al Sharaa Speaks: an English Preface to the Memoirs by Farouk Al Sharaa Now Available|date=27 January 2015|website=www.dohainstitute.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref> on 10 December 1938 to a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]<ref name=eu>{{cite web|title=List of persons and entities referred to in articles 3 and 4|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:164:0020:0021:EN:PDF|publisher=Official Journal of the European Union|access-date=19 July 2012|date=24 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=ttofi1112/> family that originates from the [[Daraa Governorate]].<ref name="crs9711">{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4edc93042.html|title=Unrest in Syria and U.S. Sanctions Against the Asad Regime|last=Sharp|first=Jeremy M.|date=9 November 2011|website=refworld|publisher=Congressional Research Service|format=CRS Report for Congress|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> He studied [[English language]] at the [[University of Damascus]] in the 1960s, earning a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[English literature|English Literature]] in 1963. In 1971 and 1972 he took courses in [[international law]] at the [[University of London]].<ref name=Kechichian>{{cite news|title=Farouk Al Shara'a: Affable yet wily diplomat|url=http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/farouk-al-shara-a-affable-yet-wily-diplomat-1.1065417|last=Kechichian|first=Joseph|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|date=25 August 2012|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

==Early career==
In 1963, Sharaa became a member of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]’s central committee.<ref name=alarab9july/> He served as regional manager of the state-run [[Syrian Arab Airlines]] in [[London]] from 1968 to 1972 and as commercial director in Damascus from 1972 to 1976.<ref name="alarab9july" /> Between 1977 and 1980, he served as Syria's ambassador to [[Italy]].<ref name=alarab9july/> In 1980, he was named deputy foreign minister. In 1984, Sharaa was appointed acting minister of information. In March 1984, [[Hafez al-Assad]], then president of Syria, named him [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], a position that he held until February 2006.<ref name=Kechichian/>

==Old guard of the Assad government==
Sharaa has remained an old guard of the Assad administration. He has been very active in negotiating with many countries to gain better relations for Syria. Much of this negotiation has involved Syria's relationships with [[Lebanon]] and [[Israel]]. Sharaa maintains that Israel should give back all of the [[Golan Heights]], the territory it took from Syria in the [[Six-Day War|1967 War]]. He was involved in two attempts to negotiate a reconciliation with Israel, in 1991 and 1999, when he held a meeting with [[Ehud Barak]] and [[Bill Clinton]] in [[White House]].<ref>https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/210</ref>

==Political career==
Since Hafez Assad's death in 2000, his son [[Bashar al-Assad]] reshuffled his cabinet several times to remove several long-time members. Sharaa, however, remained in office, and became one of the longest-serving foreign ministers in the world. It was believed that Sharaa might be forced to resign when, in October 2005, he was accused of misleading international investigators in letters about the investigation of possible Syrian involvement in the [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|assassination]] of former Lebanese prime minister [[Rafic Hariri|Rafik Hariri]]. Along with President Bashar al-Assad, Sharaa was interviewed in April 2006 during the course of a UN investigation into the death in February 2005 of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.

He finally did leave his post as foreign minister on 11 February 2006, when he became vice president of Syria in charge of foreign affairs. This position had been vacant for a year since the departure of [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]. Some saw his appointment as vice president as a demotion, since he was expected to have less of a public role in Syrian politics and to lose contact with many diplomats and world leaders. The vice president in Syria is generally a ceremonial role. However, others believed that Sharaa would now have a greater role in decision-making, since he would be in Syria more often. In the event, Sharaa engaged in high-profile foreign travel as vice president, indicating that his role is envisaged as an active one on the international scene. He will also become the acting president of Syria if President Assad resigns or dies while Sharaa is still vice president.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/18/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html|title=Rebels say Syrian vice president defects, regime denies claim|publisher=CNN|date=18 August 2012|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

Sharaa met with [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in September 2007 to discuss the plight of Iraqi Christian refugees in Syria, the Mideast peace processes, and the role and status of the Church in Syria. After 2011, Sharaa was the chairman of the "national dialogue" committee in Syria.<ref name=cg11>{{cite web|title=Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VII): The Syrian Regime's Slow-Motion Suicide|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/109%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20--%20The%20Syrian%20Regimes%20Slow-motion%20Suicide.pdf|publisher=Crisis Group|access-date=21 July 2012|format=Report (No: 109)|date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725095930/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/109%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20--%20The%20Syrian%20Regimes%20Slow-motion%20Suicide.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> In 2000 Sharaa was also appointed to the Ba'ath party’s leadership and his term ended in July 2013.<ref name=alarab9july>{{cite news|title=Farouk al-Sharaa, Syrian leader who wanted compromise|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/profiles/2013/07/09/Farouk-al-Sharaa-Syrian-leader-who-wanted-compromise-.html|access-date=29 July 2013|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=9 July 2013|agency=AFP|location=Beirut}}</ref>

==Reports of escape==
Following his absence at a high-level meeting in July 2012, Sharaa was rumored to either be under house-arrest, or to have fled to Jordan.<ref name=ttofi1112>{{cite news|title=Syrian vice president's absence raises questions of his whereabouts|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/topic/farouk-al-sharaa/|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=11 July 2012}}</ref> These reports came amidst a wave of fugitives from the Assad government after an increase in violence in the [[Syrian civil war]]. However, these reports were proven to be false, since Sharaa represented Bashar al-Assad at the funerals of three senior officials [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|assassinated on 18 July 2012]] in Damascus.<ref name=ctreu>{{cite news|title=Funeral held for Syria officials killed in bombing|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720,0,6973157.story|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=20 July 2012|agency=Reuters|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009220703/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-20/business/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720_1_minister-daoud-rajha-dominic-evans-bomb-attack|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In mid-August the spokesperson of the [[Free Syrian Army]] announced that Sharaa had fled to Jordan.<ref name=faroukdefect>{{cite news|title=Rebel spokesman: Syrian vice president defects; regime doesn't confirm| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/18/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html|work=CNN|date=18 August 2012|access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> A spokesman for Sharaa denied this report to the [[Syrian Arab News Agency]] (SANA).<ref>{{cite news|title=Vice-President Shara Denies Rumors that He Left Home|url=http://sana.sy/eng/21/2012/08/18/437007.htm|work=Syrian Arab News Agency|date=18 August 2012|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819142308/http://sana.sy/eng/21/2012/08/18/437007.htm|archive-date=19 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 26 August 2012, Sharaa appeared in public in Syria for a second time, disproving false reports that he had fled to Jordan.<ref name="26Aug2012">{{cite news|url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/08/26/syrische-vicepresident-toont-weer-zich-na-weken-afwezigheid-en-is-dus-niet-overgelopen/|title=Syrische vicepresident toont zich weer (en is dus niet overgelopen)|work=NRC Handelsblad|language=nl|date=26 August 2012|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sharaa is married and has two children.<ref name=alarab9july/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{C-SPAN|3973}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of foreign ministers of Syria|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1984–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Walid Muallem]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Vice Presidents of Syria|First Vice President of Syria]]|years=2006–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Najah al-Attar]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Deputy Prime Ministers of Syria}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharaa, Farouk Al-}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Syria to Italy]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of information]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of justice]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:People from Daraa]]

Zuhair Masharqa

2024-06-21T16:34:33Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Syrian politician (1938–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Zuhair Masharqa, 1971 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Zuhair Masharqa (March 1971)
| name = Zuhair Masharqa
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|زهير مشارقة}}|rtl=yes}}
| office = [[Vice President of Syria]]
| president = [[Hafez Assad]] [[Bashar Assad]]
| alongside = [[Rifaat al-Assad]] and [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]
| predecessor = [[Rifaat al-Assad]]
| successor =[[Farouk al-Sharaa|Farouk Sharaa]]
| term_start = 11 March 1984
| term_end = 21 February 2005
| office2 = [[Assistant Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Assistant Regional Secretary]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| 1blankname2 = Regional Secretary
| 1namedata2 = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| predecessor2 =[[Mohamad Jaber Bajbouj]]
| successor2 =[[Sulayman Qaddah]]
| term_start2 = 7 January 1980
| term_end2 = 20 January 1985
| office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start3 = 15 April 1975
| term_end3= 9 February 2005
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|4|23|1938|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Damascus]], Syria
| resting_place= Aleppo
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]] [[Aleppo University]]
}}
'''Muhammad Zuhair Masharqa''' (1938 – 23 April 2007) ({{lang-ar|زهير مشارقة}}) was a [[Syria]]n politician who served as [[Vice President of Syria]] from 1984 to 2005.

==Early life and education==
Masharqa came from a Sunni family.<ref name=Rabil2006>{{cite book|author=Robert G. Rabil|title=Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M18Jj0bMMl0C&pg=PA31|access-date=15 March 2013|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99015-2|pages=31}}</ref> He received a bachelor's degree in education from [[Damascus University]] in 1961.<ref name=m&c/> He also obtained a degree in law from [[Aleppo University]] in 1968.<ref name=m&c/>

==Career==
His first public post was governor of [[Hama Governorate|Hama]] to which he was appointed in 1973.<ref name=pravda/> Masharqa became a member of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syria)|Baath Party]] in 1975.<ref name=pravda/> Later he became deputy director of the party.<ref name=vic24apr/> Masharqa was appointed to the cabinet in 1978 as Minister of Education and became vice president for Domestic Affairs on 11 March 1984.<ref name=vic24apr>{{cite web|title=Syria Primer|url=http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/SyriaPrimer24apr03.pdf|publisher=Virtual Information Center|access-date=2 March 2013|date=24 April 2003|archive-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222094228/http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/SyriaPrimer24apr03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eyal1998may>{{cite journal|last=Zisser|first=Eyal|title=Appearance and Reality: Syria's Decisionmaking Structure|journal=MERIA Journal|date=May 1998|volume=2|issue=2|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/1998/05/zisser-1998-05-05/|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725002256/http://www.gloria-center.org/1998/05/zisser-1998-05-05/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the country's longest serving vice president, in office from 1984 to 2005, and was particularly noted for his loyalty to [[Hafez Assad]]. After the death of Assad in 2000, a 9-member committee was formed to oversee the transition period, and Masharqa was among its members.<ref name=aps19jun>{{cite news|title=Bashar Aims to Consolidate Power in the Short-Term and to Open up Gradually|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syria%3a+Bashar+Aims+To+Consolidate+Power+In+The+Short-Term+%26+To+Open...-a073738730|access-date=26 March 2013|newspaper=APS Diplomat News Service|date=19 June 2000}}</ref>

[[Bashar Assad]] chose to retain him as a vice president up to his retirement in 2005.<ref name=George2003>{{cite book|author=Alan George|title=Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA77|access-date=9 February 2013|date=6 September 2003|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-213-3|pages=77}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Farouk al-Sharaa|Farouk Sharaa]] as vice president.<ref name=m&c>{{cite news|title=Former Syrian vice president Masharqa dead|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/news/article_1296123.php/Former_Syrian_vice_president_Masharqa_dead|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=M & C|date=25 April 2007}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Masharqa was married and had five children.<ref name=pravda/>

==Death and burial==
Masharqa died due to a massive heart attack in Damascus on 23 April 2007.<ref name=pravda>{{cite news|title=Syria's former vice president Zuhair Masharqa dies|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/25-04-2007/90456-zuhair_masharqa-0/|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=Pravda|date=24 April 2007}}</ref> His body was buried in [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria mourns|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1727909&language=en|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=KUNA|date=25 April 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masharqa}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Aleppo alumni]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of education]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aleppo]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]

Rifaat al-Assad

2024-06-21T16:32:49Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian major general (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Major General]]
| image = Rifaathafezassad (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| name = Rifaat al-Assad
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|رفعت الأسد}}|rtl=yes}}
| office = [[Vice President of Syria]]
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| alongside = [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] and [[Zuhair Masharqa]]
| term_start = 11 March 1984
| term_end = 8 February 1998
| office1 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start1 = 15 April 1975
| term_end1 = 8 February 1998
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1937|8|22}}
| birth_place = [[Qardaha]], [[Alawite State]], [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] {{small|(now [[Qardaha]], [[Latakia Governorate]], [[Syria]])}}<ref name=meib1600/>
| allegiance = {{flag|United Arab Republic}} {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = [[File:Flag of the Syrian Arab Army.svg|20px]] [[Syrian Arab Army]] [[File:Defense Companies SSI.svg|20px]] [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]]
| serviceyears = 1958–1984
| relations = [[Jamil al-Assad]] (brother) [[Hafez al-Assad]] (brother)
| rank = [[File:Syria-Liwa.jpg|30px]] [[Major General]]
| commands = [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]]
| battles = [[Six-Day War]] [[1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution]] [[Islamist uprising in Syria]]
*[[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]] (disputed role)
| awards =
| laterwork =
| native_name_lang = ar
wife : samirah al assad,samla makhlouf, rajaa barakat, line alkhyer
| children = [[:fr:Siwar al-Assad|Siwar al-Assad]] [[Ribal al-Assad]]
| spouse = Amira al-Assad Sana' Makhluf Rajaa Bakrat Lina al-Khayer
}}
'''Rifaat Ali al-Assad''' ({{lang-ar|رِفْعَتُ عَلِيِّ ٱلْأَسَدِ|Rifʿat al-ʾAsad}}; born 22 August 1937) is the younger brother of the late [[President of Syria]], [[Hafez al-Assad]], and [[Jamil al-Assad]], and the uncle of the incumbent President [[Bashar al-Assad]]. He was the commanding officer of the ground operations of the [[1982 Hama massacre]] ordered by Hafez al-Assad.<ref name=f24>{{cite news|title='The enforcer' who heads Syria's dreaded army division|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120301-enforcer-who-heads-syria-army-fourth-division-maher-bashar-assad|newspaper=FRANCE 24|date=4 March 2012|quote=Rifaat al-Assad is perhaps best-known for his role in personally overseeing the notorious 1982 Hama massacre, in which at least 10,000 people were killed.}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz">{{cite news|title=Assad's cousin: West is right to back Syrian opposition, but it is backing the wrong one|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/assad-s-cousin-west-is-right-to-back-syrian-opposition-but-it-is-backing-the-wrong-one-1.421582|newspaper=Haaretz|date=29 March 2012|quote=every report from the period clearly puts Rifat at the center of the Hama operation}}</ref>

After launching a failed coup attempt against Hafez al-Assad in 1984,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kifner |first=John |date=12 September 1984 |title=Assad's Brother exiled 'forever', Syrian declares |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/12/world/assad-s-brother-exiled-forever-syrian-declares.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627233204/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/12/world/assad-s-brother-exiled-forever-syrian-declares.html |archive-date=27 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamidi |first=Ibrahim |date=11 October 2021 |title=Rifaat Assad: Challenged his Brother for Syria’s Presidency, Aged in Exile, Pardoned by his Nephew |work=Asharq al-Awsat |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3239181/rifaat-assad-challenged-his-brother-syria%E2%80%99s-presidency-aged-exile-pardoned-his |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331024027/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3239181/rifaat-assad-challenged-his-brother-syria%E2%80%99s-presidency-aged-exile-pardoned-his |archive-date=31 March 2023}}</ref> Rifaat lived in exile in France for 36 years and returned to Syria in October 2021 after being found guilty in France of acquiring millions of euros diverted from the Syrian state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uncle of Syria's Assad returns home from decades-long exile |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211008-uncle-of-syria-s-assad-returns-home-from-decades-long-exile |work=France 24 |date=8 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-06-17 |title=Rifaat al-Assad: Syrian President's uncle jailed in France for money laundering |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53077818 |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref> In September 2022, France's highest court, the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Cour de Cassation]], confirmed the ruling.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-07 |title=French top court upholds prison sentence of Bashar al-Assad's uncle |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/french-top-court-upholds-prison-sentence-bashar-al-assads-uncle-2022-09-07/ |access-date=2022-11-10}}</ref>

In August 2023, [[Switzerland]] issued an international arrest warrant on Rifaat al-Assad after its [[Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland|Federal Criminal Court]] demanded his extradition to prosecute him for his role in supervising ground operations of the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama Massacre]]. The warrant was issued as part of the proceedings related to the war-crimes complaint filed in 2013 by the [[Human rights group|human rights organization]] "TRIAL International" at the Swiss [[Attorney general|Office of Attorney General]]. In March 2024, the Swiss OAG charged Rifaat Al-Assad with numerous crimes committed in the February 1982 Hama massacre.<ref name="trialinternational.org">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=War crimes in Syria: Switzerland Launches an international arrest warrant for the extradition of Rifaat al-Assad |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/war-crimes-in-syria-switzerland-issues-an-international-arrest-warrant-for-the-extradition-of-rifaat-al-assad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816223201/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/war-crimes-in-syria-switzerland-issues-an-international-arrest-warrant-for-the-extradition-of-rifaat-al-assad/ |archive-date=16 August 2023 |website=Trial International}}</ref><ref name="SWI swissinfo.ch">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Swiss prosecutors issue arrest warrant for Rifaat al-Assad |work=SWI swissinfo.ch |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/swiss-prosecutors-put-out-arrest-warrant-for-rifaat-al-assad/48740184 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816223600/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/swiss-prosecutors-put-out-arrest-warrant-for-rifaat-al-assad/48740184 |archive-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="The National">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Switzerland issues arrest warrant for uncle of Syria's Assad |work=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2023/08/16/swiss-arrest-warrant-for-uncle-of-syrias-assad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816205956/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2023/08/16/swiss-arrest-warrant-for-uncle-of-syrias-assad/ |archive-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Syrian president's uncle to stand trial in Switzerland for crimes against humanity |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240312-syrian-president-s-uncle-to-face-swiss-trial-for-war-crimes |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Rifaat al-Assad was born in the village of [[Qardaha]], near [[Lattakia]] in western [[Syria]] on 22 August 1937. He studied [[Political Science]] and Economics at [[Damascus University]] and was later given an honorary PhD in Politics from [[Soviet Academy of Sciences|the Soviet Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=meib1600>{{cite journal|title=Dossier: Rifaat Assad|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=1 June 2000|volume=2|issue=5|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0006_sd.htm|access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref>

==Early experience==
Rifaat joined the [[Syrian Arab Army]] in 1958 as a First Lieutenant, and was rapidly promoted after training in various [[Soviet military academies]] (mainly in the [[Yekaterinburg]] Artillery school).<ref name=meib1600/> In 1965, he became commander of a special security force loyal to the military wing of the Ba'ath and soon, supported Hafez al-Assad's overthrow of [[Salah Jadid]] and seizure of power in 1970.<ref name=meib1600/>
He was allowed to form his own paramilitary group, the [[Defense Companies]], in 1971, which soon transformed into a powerful and regular military force trained and armed by the [[Soviet Union]]. He was a qualified [[paratrooper]].

== Under Hafez's rule ==

[[File:Rifaathafezassad.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Rifaat al-Assad with [[Hafez al-Assad]], 1980]]

Rifaat al-Assad played a key role in his brother's takeover of executive power in 1970, dubbed the [[1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution|Corrective Revolution]], and ran the elite internal security forces and the [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]] ({{lang-ar|سرايا الدفاع}}; {{Italics correction|''Sarāyā ad-Difāʿ''}}) in the 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name=aa-afp20111114>{{cite news|title=Exiled Assad's uncle wants to lead Syria transition|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/14/177076.html|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=14 November 2011|agency=AFP}}</ref><ref name=irbc>{{cite web|title=Syria: The Syrian military unit called Saraya al-Difaa' (Difa'), its role in an alleged coup attempt in 1995, and the fate of its officers and men|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ad0822.html|publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|date=1 June 1998}}</ref> In addition to his military posture, Rifaat created the "League of Higher Graduates" ({{lang-ar|رابطة الخريجين العليا}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Rabitat al kharijin al-'ulia}}'' ), which provided discussion forums on public affairs for Syrian post-graduates, outside the constraints of the Baath party. With more than fifteen branches across Syria, this cultural project gathered tens of thousands of members.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title= Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |date=8 February 1989 |page=422 |chapter=Chapter 24: Brothers's war |isbn=978-0520069763}}</ref> He had a pivotal role throughout the 1970s and, until 1984, many saw him as the likely successor to his elder brother. Hafez Assad appointed him second vice president in March 1984.<ref name=shtribune>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad forms new cabinet|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BKIcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4620,2593921&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=Sarasota Herald Tribune|date=12 March 1984|agency=AP|location=Damascus}}</ref>

In 1976, he visited [[Lebanon]] as a guest of [[Tony Frangieh|Tony Frangiyeh]] since they had close and personal ties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C. R |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/06/23/lebanese-christians-fight-war-of-vengeance/f541a6c5-c01d-4e06-878e-042c0b69c025/ |title=Lebanese Christians Fight 'War' of Vengeance |quote= Assad's brother, Rifaat, and Tony Franjieh were close friends and business associates. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 June 1978}}</ref>

On 28 June 1979 fifteen men were hanged in Damascus. They had been convicted of attempting to assassinate Rifaat al-Assad.<ref>Middle East International No 103, 6 July 1979; pp.12-13</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===

Numerous rumours tie Rifaat al-Assad to various foreign interests. Rifaat was close to [[Kings of Saudi Arabia|King]] [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Simon |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/prince-and-revolution |title=The Prince and the Revolution |quote= The closeness between Rifaat and Abdullah is more than just kinship: They worked together in the early 1980s when Rifaat was leading the Defense Companies |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Claire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/dec/9/syrian-presidents-uncle-faces-paris-money-launderi/|title=The Prince and the Revolution |quote= much of the case will center on the circumstances of his exile from Syria and his friendship with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|publisher=The Washington Times |date=9 December 2019}}</ref> Abdullah was married to a sister of Rifaat's wife, and Rifaat has on occasions—even after his public estrangement from the rulers in Syria—been invited to Saudi Arabia, with pictures of him and the royal family displayed in the state-controlled press.

After the [[Iraq War]], there were press reports that he had started talks with US government representatives on helping to form a coalition with other anti-Assad groups to provide an alternative Syrian leadership, on the model of the [[Iraqi National Congress]]. Rifaat has held a meeting with the former [[Iraq]]i [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]] [[Ayad Allawi]]. [[Yossef Bodansky]], the director of the US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, has stated that Rifaat enjoys support from both the United States and [[Saudi Arabia]]; he has been featured in the Saudi press as visiting the royal family in 2007. The Bashar government remains wary of his intentions and carefully monitors his activities.

[[File:Rifaat Assad and Yasir Arafat.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Rifaat al-Assad meets with [[Yasir Arafat]], 1983]]

Rifaat was mentioned by the influential American think tank [[Stratfor]] as a possible suspect for the 2005 bombing that killed [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] ex-prime minister [[Rafiq Hariri]] and the string of attacks that struck [[Beirut]] after the subsequent Syrian withdrawal.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} The goal would have been to destabilize the Syrian government. However, there has been no mention of Rifaat in the [[United Nations]] [[Mehlis report]]s on the crime.

In 1983, Rifaat met with [[PLO]] leader [[Yasir Arafat]] in an attempt to appease growing tensions between Syria and Arafat's loyalists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C. R |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/06/25/syria-abruptly-ousts-arafat-as-plo-rebellion-mounts/9d72332b-b76a-4b5c-83d8-d737f5dbaa28/|title=Syria Abruptly Ousts Arafat As PLO Rebellion Mounts
|quote= talks between Arafat and Assad's brother had gone well and that Arafat was convinced that Rifaat Assad had signaled willingness to intercede with the president to smooth over their growing differences.|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 June 1983}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sadeq |first=Ali |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140708-palestinians-and-the-assad-regime-for-history-and-generations-to-know/|title=Palestinians and the Assad regime: for history and generations to know
|quote= At that time, he had arranged relations with Rifaat Al-Assad
|publisher=Middle East Monitor |date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

[[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], a general in the [[Securitate|security forces]] of [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist Romania]] who defected to the U.S. in 1978, claimed that Rifaat al-Assad was recruited by Romanian intelligence during the Cold War. In Pacepa's 1996 novel ''Red Horizons'', Romanian President [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] is quoted as saying that Rifaat was "eating out of our hand" and went on to say: "Do I need a back channel for secret political communications? A way to inform Hafez secretly about my future discussions with Carter? Do I need to have somebody disappear in the West? Rifaat will take care of it. Now he can't do without my money."<ref>''Red Horizons: the 2nd Book. The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu's Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption'', 1990. {{ISBN|0-89526-746-2}}, Page 188</ref> Pacepa later reasserted this allegation, describing Rifaat as "our well-paid agent" in a 2003 article in which he discussed the then Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/pacepa200312290001.asp |title=Ion Mihai Pacepa on Muammar Khaddafi on National Review Online |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220134329/http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/pacepa200312290001.asp |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Release of David S. Dodge====

Rifaat al-Assad contributed to the release of US politician and educator [[David S. Dodge]] on 21 July 1983.<ref>{{cite news|title=FREED U.S. EDUCATOR THANKS SYRIANS FOR HELP|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/24/world/freed-us-educator-thanks-syrians-for-help.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=24 July 1983|agency=AFP}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wright |first=Robin |title=Free-lance terrorism undercuts Syria|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1106/oterr2.html|quote=He demanded that Mr. Dodge be returned. This demand eventually led to Dodge's freedom after a year-long captivity.|newspaper=csmonitor|date=6 November 1986}}</ref>

On 19 July 1982, Dodge was abducted by pro-Iranian militiamen, members of the [[Islamic Amal]] in Beirut, led by [[Hussein al-Musawi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dickey |first=Christopher |title= Assad and His Allies: Irreconcilable Differences?|journal=Foreign Affairs |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=Fall 1987 |volume=66 |issue=1 |page=68 |doi=10.2307/20043292 |jstor=20043292 |quotation= Mousavi first came to attention outside Lebanon in connection with the 1982 kidnapping of David Dodge|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20043292 }}</ref> He was first held in Lebanon and then kept captive in Iran until his release one year later.<ref>{{cite news|title=AMERICAN IS FREED WITH HELP OF SYRIA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/22/world/american-is-freed-with-help-of-syria.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=22 July 1983|agency=AFP}}</ref> Through contacts in the Iranian regime of [[Khomeini]], Rifaat was able to secure the release of Dodge and was publicly thanked by US president [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=His Brother's Keeper
|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949900,00.html|quote=President Reagan publicly thanked him when, through contacts in the Iranian regime of Ayatullah Khomeini, Rifaat secured the release of David Dodge.|newspaper=Time|date=19 December 1983}}</ref>

{{blockquote|On 21 July 1983 US deputy press secretary [[Larry Speakes]] stated:

:The Government of the United States is grateful to Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad and to Dr. Rifaat al-Assad for the humanitarian efforts they undertook which led to Mr. Dodge’s release.<ref>{{cite news|title=Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Speakes on the Release of David Dodge in Beirut, Lebanon|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/statement-deputy-press-secretary-speakes-release-david-dodge-beirut-lebanon|newspaper=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library|date=21 July 1983|agency=AFP}}</ref>}}

=== Hama massacre ===
{{see also|1982 Hama massacre}}
In February 1982, as commander of the [[Defense Companies]], he commanded the forces that put down a revolt in the city of [[Hama]], by ordering his forces to [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] the city with [[BM-21 Grad]] rockets, killing thousands of its inhabitants (reports of the total number of deaths range from between 10,000 and 40,000). This became known as the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama Massacre]].<ref name="trialinternational.org"/><ref name="SWI swissinfo.ch"/><ref name="The National"/> Due to his high-profile role in the military campaign that killed tens of thousands of civilians and destroyed most sections of [[Hama|Hama city]], Rifaat acquired the nickname "Butcher of [[Hama]]".<ref name="trialinternational.org"/><ref name="The National"/><ref>{{cite report |title=DIA: Syria – Muslim Brotherhood Pressure Intensifies |publisher=DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY |date=May 1982 }}</ref> US journalist [[Thomas Friedman]] stated in his book ''[[From Beirut to Jerusalem]]'' that Rifaat later said that the total number of victims was 38,000.<ref>Friedman, p. 90</ref>

Rifaat, however, has repeatedly denied playing any role in the Hama massacre.<ref name="aa-afp20111114" /><ref>{{YouTube|id=l8OPqvO6Qs0|Al Arabiya}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=ggM9E2tTmgk&t=394s|title="RT arabic"}}</ref> Rifaat al-Assad presented his version for the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]] during the conference in Paris to form the [[Syrian National Democratic Council]] on 15 November 2011.<ref>{{YouTube|r59ilbOZKCE|Video in Arabic with English subtitles}}</ref> He was also implicated in the 1980 [[Tadmor Prison]] massacre and acquired the sobriquet, the "butcher of Tadmor."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Judith Miller|title=God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East|date=16 May 1997|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684832289|page=[https://archive.org/details/godhasninetynine00mill_0/page/325 325]|edition=reprint|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/godhasninetynine00mill_0}}</ref>

Rifaat al-Assad was also mentioned in a [[CIA]] report regarding [[drug smuggling]] activities in Syria during the 1980s, along with other Syrian officials such as [[Ali Haydar (Syrian army officer)|Ali Haydar]], [[Mustafa Tlass]] and [[Shafiq Fayadh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T00586R000200160004-8.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120153148/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T00586R000200160004-8.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2017|title=Heroin Trafficking: The Syrian Connection|website=CIA|date=8 February 2012|pages=3, 5}}</ref>

==Attempted coup d'état==
[[File:Rifaat al-Assad, commander of the Defense Corps in the 1980s.png|thumb|Rifaat al-Assad during 1980s]]
When Hafez al-Assad suffered from heart problems in late 1983, he established a six-member committee to run the country composed of [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]], [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]], [[Mustafa Tlass]], [[Mustafa al-Shihabi]], [[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]] and [[Zuhair Masharqa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title= Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |date=8 February 1989 |page=427 |chapter=Chapter 24: Brothers's war |isbn=978-0520069763}}</ref> Rifaat was not included, and the council consisted entirely of close [[Sunni]] Muslim loyalists to Hafez, who were mostly lightweights in the military-security establishment. This caused unease in the Alawi-dominated officer corps, and several high-ranking officers began rallying around Rifaat, while others remained loyal to Hafez's instructions.

In March 1984, Rifaat's troops, now numbering more than 55,000 with tanks, artillery, aircraft and helicopters, began asserting control over Damascus. A squadron of Rifaat's [[T-72]] tanks took position at the central roundabout of [[Kafr Sousa]] and in [[Mount Qasioun]], overlooking the city.<ref name="Seale 434">{{cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title= Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |date=8 February 1989 |page=434 |chapter=Chapter 24: Brothers's war |isbn=978-0520069763}}</ref> Rifaat's forces set up checkpoints and roadblocks, put up posters of him in State buildings, disarmed regular troops and arbitrarily arrested soldiers of the regular Army, occupied and commandeered Police Stations, Intelligence buildings, and State buildings; the [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]] rapidly outnumbered and took control over both the [[Syrian Special Mission Forces|Special Forces]] and the [[Republican Guard (Syria)|Republican Guard]].<ref name="Seale 434">{{cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title= Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |date=8 February 1989 |page=434 |chapter=Chapter 24: Brothers's war |isbn=978-0520069763}}</ref> Although Damascus was divided between two armies and seemed on the brink of war, Rifaat did not move. Informed that Rifaat was heading to Damascus, his brother [[Hafez al Assad]] left his headquarters to meet him. {{blockquote |British journalist [[Patrick Seale]] reports an intimate moment between the two brothers :
:At Rifat's home in [[Mezzeh|Mezze]] the brothers were at last face to face. 'You want to overthrow the regime?' Asad asked. 'Here I am. I am the regime.' For an hour they stormed at each other but, in his role of elder brother and with his mother in the house, Asad could not fail to win the contest. Deferring to him at last, as he had so often done in their youths, Rifat chose to accept (although with some inward scepticism) Asad's pledge that trust between them would be restored and would be the basis for their future work together.<ref name="Seale 434">{{cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title= Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |date=8 February 1989 |page=434 |chapter=Chapter 24: Brothers's war |isbn=978-0520069763}}</ref>}}

There was a clear division and tensions between forces loyal to Hafez, namely the [[3rd Armoured Division (Syria)|3rd Armoured Division]] (commanded by General [[Shafiq Fayadh]]), the Republican Guard (commanded by General Adnan Makhlouf), the various Intelligence services (commanded by Generals Mohamed Khouli and [[Ali Duba]]), the [[Syrian Public Security Police|National Police]], and the Special Forces (commanded by General [[Ali Haydar (Syrian army officer)|Ali Haidar]]); and the [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]] loyal to Rifaat. By the middle of 1984 Hafez had returned from his sick bed and assumed full control, at which point most officers rallied around him. Initially, it seemed that Rifaat was going to be put on trial and even faced a questioning that was broadcast on television. However, it is believed that Hafez's daughter [[Bushra al-Assad|Bushra]] actually saved her uncle by convincing her father that purging him would disgrace the family and might cause tensions not only in the Assad family, but with the Makhlouf family as well (since Rifaat is also married to a woman from that family, who are also the second most prevalent Alawite family, dominating the leadership of the security services behind the Assads).<ref name="mideastmonitor">[http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_5.htm Dossier: Bushra Assad (September-October 2006)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161959/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_5.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> In what at first seemed a compromise, Rifaat was made vice-president with responsibility for security affairs, but this proved a wholly nominal post. Command of the 'Defense Companies', which was trimmed down to an Armoured Division size, was transferred to another officer, and ultimately the entire unit was disbanded and absorbed into other units, like the 4th Mechanized Division, the Republican Guard, and the Airborne Special Forces Division. Rifaat was then sent to the [[Soviet Union]] on "an open-ended working visit". His closest supporters and others who had failed to prove their loyalty to Hafez were purged from the army and Baath Party in the years that followed. Upon his departure, Rifaat acquired $US300 million of public money including a $US100 million Libyan loan. In 2015, he claimed that the money had been a gift from Crown Prince [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/world/873687-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%B3%D8%AF|script-title=ar:القضاء الفرنسي يصادر ممتلكات لرفعت الأسد|website=Sky News Arabia|language=ar|date=9 September 2016}}</ref>

== During the 1990s ==
{{see also|1999 Latakia protests}}
Although he returned for his mother's funeral in 1992, and for some time lived in Syria, Rifaat was thereafter confined to exile in [[France]] and [[Spain]]. He nominally retained the post of vice president until 8 February 1998, when he was stripped of this.<ref name=Publications2012>{{cite book|title=Political Chronology of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC&pg=PA2038|access-date=10 February 2013|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35673-6|page=2038}}</ref> He had retained a large business empire both in Syria and abroad, partly through his son Sumer. However, the [[1999 Latakia protests|1999 crackdown]], involving armed clashes in [[Lattakia]], destroyed much of his remaining network in Syria; large numbers of Rifaat's supporters were arrested. This was seen as tied to the issue of succession, with Rifaat having begun to position himself to succeed the ailing Hafez, who in his turn sought to eliminate all potential competition for his designated successor, his son [[Bashar al-Assad]].

In France, Rifaat has loudly protested against the succession of Bashar to the post of [[President of Syria|president]], claiming that he himself embodies the "only constitutional legality" (as vice president, alleging his dismissal was unconstitutional). He has made threatening remarks about planning to return to Syria at a time of his choosing to assume "his responsibilities and fulfill the will of the people", and that while he will rule benevolently and democratically, he will do so with "the power of the people and the army" behind him.

== Groups and organizations ==

Rifaat's son Sumer is the head of a minor pan-Arab TV channel, the [[Arab News Network]] (ANN), which functions as his father's political mouthpiece. He also claims to run a political party, of uncertain fortunes. Rifaat himself heads the United National Group (''al-tajammu' al-qawmi al-muwahhid''), which is another political party or alliance; it is known to have self-professed members among Rifaat's fellow exiles from Syria, but neither can be considered an active organization,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} even if they regularly release statements in favor of Rifaat's return to Syria and protesting to president [[Bashar al-Assad]]. Further, Rifaat founded the [[Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)|Arab Democratic Party]] in [[Lebanon]] in the early 1970s, a small [[Alawite]] sectarian/political group in [[Lebanon]], which during the [[Lebanese Civil War]] acted as an armed militia loyal to the Syrian government (through Rifaat).<ref>"Rifaat founded the Red Knights in northern Lebanon in the early 1970s and they were eventually instrumental in helping Yasser Arafat to slip by sea to Tripoli in 1983..."{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/story/47F6806256DBA8F8C225705D002ECDDA?OpenDocument |title=Naharnet Newsdesk - Rifaat Assad Resurrects Tripoli's 'Red Knights' to Stage Comeback to Syria |access-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064551/http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/story/47F6806256DBA8F8C225705D002ECDDA?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Ali Eid]], the general secretary of the party today, supports the Syrian president Bashar Al-Assad.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Distinctions ==

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! style="width:90px;" | Ribbon
! style="width:250px;" | Distinction
! style="width:120px;" | Country
! style="width:100px;" | Date
! style="width:100px;" | Location
! style="width:250px;" | Notes
! Reference
|-
| [[File:MAR Order of the Military - 2nd Class BAR.png|80px]]
| style=" font-size:90%;" | [[Order of Military Merit (Morocco)|Order of Military Merit]] (Commander)
| style=" font-size:90%;" | Morocco
| style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 1974
| style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Rabat]]
| style=" font-size:90%;" | Sharifian (Royal) Order of Military Merit in Morocco. Awarded by [[King Hassan II]]
| style=" font-size:90%;"| <ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link=American Biographical Institute
|date= 2009|title= 500 greatest geniuses of the 21st century|url= |location= Library of Congress Washington, DC 20540 United States |publisher=Raleigh, NC : American Biographical Institute|page= xxiii|issn=1940-8498}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|80px]]
| style=" font-size:90%;" | Grand Cross of the National Order of the [[Legion of Honour]]
| style=" font-size:90%;" | France
| style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 1986
| style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Paris]]
| style=" font-size:90%;" | Highest rank in the Order of the Legion of Honor in the Republic of France. Awarded by former president [[François Mitterrand]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/28/syrian-presidents-uncle-charged-with-corruption-and-money-launde/ |title = Syrian president's uncle under investigation for corruption and money laundering in France|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 28 June 2016}}</ref>
| style=" font-size:90%;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Biens-mal-acquis-ouverture-du-proces-de-Rifaat-Al-Assad-oncle-du-president-syrien-1663778 |title=Biens mal acquis ; ouverture du procès de Rifaat Al-Assad, oncle du président syrien |publisher=Paris Match |language=fr |date=9 December 2019|newspaper=parismatch.fr }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/biens-mal-acquis-ouverture-du-proces-de-l-oncle-de-bachar-al-assad-a-paris-09-12-2019-2352140_24.php |title="Biens mal acquis": ouverture du procès de l'oncle de Bachar al-Assad à Paris |publisher=Le Point |language=fr |date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/justice/le-proces-de-l-oncle-de-bachar-al-assad-s-est-ouvert-sans-lui-paris-6645870 |title=Le procès de l'oncle de Bachar al-Assad s'est ouvert sans lui à Paris |publisher=Ouest France |language=fr |date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asso-sherpa.org/mise-examen-de-rifaat-al-assad-blanchiment-detournement-de-fonds-publics|title="Biens mal acquis": Rifaat al-Assad, oncle du président syrien, mis en examen à Paris |publisher=Sherpa |language=fr |date=28 June 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Legal issues in Europe and return to Syria==
In December 2013, human rights organization "Trial International" filed criminal proceedings against Rifaat al-Assad. As commander of [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Brigades]] that took part in the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama Massacre]], Rifaat was charged with organizing [[extrajudicial killing]]s, large-scale [[torture]], [[sexual violence]], mass-rapes, [[summary execution]]s and [[Enforced disappearance|forced disappearances]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2017 |title=In Switzerland, Proceedings for war-crimes against Rifaat al-Assad |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/in-switzerland-proceedings-for-war-crimes-against-rifaat-al-assad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427002657/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/in-switzerland-proceedings-for-war-crimes-against-rifaat-al-assad/ |archive-date=27 April 2020 |website=Trial International}}</ref><ref name="The National"/> An inquiry was launched by the Swiss Office of the Attorney General (OAG) on 19 December of the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trialinternational.org/case/rifaat-al-assad/ |title=Ten years on, victims still hope a landmark trial will open in Switzerland against former Syrian vice-president Rifaat al-Assad |publisher=TRIAL International |date=19 December 2023 }}</ref>

Since 2014, Rifaat was accused of organised money laundering, aggravated tax fraud and embezzling Syrian funds to buy property worth at least €90 million in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50715363|title=Syrian president's uncle on trial in France for money laundering|website=BBC|date=9 December 2019}}</ref> In addition, Spanish authorities have seized his assets and bank accounts in a money laundering investigation since 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39489420|title=Spanish raids seize Assad uncle's assets in corruption inquiry|website=BBC|date=4 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/11/22/inenglish/1574438478_193298.html|title=Spanish court wants to try Syrian leader's uncle for money laundering|website=elpais.com|date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

In June 2020, a Paris court sentenced Rifaat to four years in prison; hence, his properties in Paris and London would be seized.<ref name=":0" /> In September 2022, France's highest court, the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Cour de Cassation]], confirmed the four-year prison sentence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-07 |title=French top court upholds prison sentence of Bashar al-Assad's uncle |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/french-top-court-upholds-prison-sentence-bashar-al-assads-uncle-2022-09-07/ |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref>

In October 2021, Rifaat returned to Damascus at the age of 84. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad allowed his uncle to return to the country after decades in exile in order "to avoid imprisonment in France".<ref>{{cite web |title=Arabic press review: Assad's uncle Rifaat returns to Syria to avoid French prison |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-assad-uncle-rifaat-returns-press-review |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamidi |first=Ibrahim |date=2021-10-26 |title=A Once Powerful Patriarch Returns to an Unrecognizable Syria |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/a-once-powerful-patriarch-returns-to-an-unrecognizable-syria/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2023, the [[Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland|Federal Criminal Court]] ordered the extradition of Rifaat al-Assad, prompting [[Switzerland]] to issue an [[arrest warrant]] to prosecute him.<ref name="trialinternational.org"/><ref name="SWI swissinfo.ch"/><ref name="The National"/>

==Personal life==
In 2010, Rifaat was living in [[Mayfair]], [[London]].<ref name=tel8571164>{{cite news
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8571164/Syrias-Butcher-of-Hama-living-in-10-million-Mayfair-townhouse.html|title=Syria's 'Butcher of Hama' living in £10 million Mayfair townhouse|date=12 June 2011|work=The Telegraph|access-date=20 April 2015|location=London|first=Gordon|last=Rayner}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-freedom-democracy-and-human-rights-in-syria-2080463.html|title=Robert Fisk: Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria|work=The Independent|access-date=20 April 2015|location=London|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} he was living in [[Avenue Foch]], [[Paris]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2100180,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124202435/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2100180,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2011|title=The Syrian Leader's Exiled Uncle Vows to Topple the Regime – TIME|date=24 November 2011|magazine=Time|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> while trying to sell his real estate properties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8811097/Syria-Assad-family-selling-off-overseas-property-empire.html|title=Syria: Assad family 'selling off overseas property empire'|author=Nabila Ramdani|date=6 October 2011|work=The Telegraph|access-date=20 April 2015|location=London}}</ref>

Rifaat married four times and his polygamous marriages as well as the marriages of his children have produced strong alliances and ties with prominent families and prestigious clans within Syria and the Arab world .<ref name=meib1600/> He firstly married one of his cousins, Amirah, from al-Qurdahah. Then, he married Salma Makhlouf, a cousin of Hafez Assad's wife, [[Anisa Makhlouf|Anisa]]. His third spouse is a young woman from the traditional Sunni Muslim establishment, Rajaa Bakrat. His fourth wife, Lina al-Khayyir, is from one of the most prominent [[Alawite]] families in Syria.<ref name=meib1600/> The sister of one of his spouses was married to the late [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]].

Rifaat's daughter Tumadir married Muin Nassif Kheir Beik, a member of the most powerful and prestigious Alawite family. His son-in-law is a relative of the Syrian activist and poet [[Kamal Kheir Beik]].<ref>{{cite thesis
|author=Daniel Behar|title=The New Austerity in Syrian Poetry|page=125|degree=PhD|isbn=9798684608926|location=Harvard University|id={{ProQuest|2459634620}}|year=2019|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2459634620}}</ref> Tamadhin, another daughter, married a Makhlouf. Lama married Ala Fayyad, the son of Alawite General [[Shafiq Fayadh]]. Rifaat's eldest son, Mudar, married Maya Haydar, the daughter of the ultra-rich entrepreneur Muhammad Haydar from the prominent al-Haddadin Alawite tribe.<ref name=meib1600/> His youngest son, [[Ribal al-Assad|Ribal Al-Assad]], born 1975, is a businessman and political activist. He resided in Paris and has spoken frequently on French and international media on the Syrian crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20110428-syrie-revoltes-manifestations-bachar-al-assad-hafez-ribal-cousin-rifaat-democratie-ONG-exil-parti-baas|title="L'Iran ne laissera jamais le régime s'effondrer" ("Assad: Iran will never let the regime fall")|last=Al-Assad|first=Ribal|date=2011-04-28|website=France 24|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics}}
*[[Al-Assad family]]
*[[Presidency of Hafez al-Assad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=From Beirut to Jerusalem|year=2012|edition=Revised|publisher=Picador|isbn=978-1250015495|author=Thomas L. Friedman|chapter=4. Hama Rules}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=(No Vice Presidents appointed)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Vice Presidents of Syria|Vice President of Syria]]|years=1984–1998}}
{{s-aft|after=—}}
{{s-end}}
{{Syrian Civil War}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Rifaat al-}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Al-Assad family|Rifaat al-Assad]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Latakia Governorate]]
[[Category:Syrian mass murderers]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Syrian people convicted of money laundering]]
[[Category:Syrian white-collar criminals]]

Abdul Halim Khaddam

2024-06-21T16:30:00Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician (1932–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Abdul Halim Khaddam
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عبدالحليم خدام}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = President Jimmy Carter and Abdul Halim Khaddam (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Foreign Minister Khaddam in 1977
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|09|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baniyas]], [[First Syrian Republic]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|03|31|1932|09|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| order1 = 9th
| office1 = Vice President of Syria
| president1 = [[Hafez al-Assad]] Himself (acting) [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| alongside1 = [[Rifaat al-Assad]] and [[Zuhair Masharqa]]
| term_start1 = 11 March 1984
| term_end1 = 9 February 2005
| predecessor1 = [[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]]
| successor1 = [[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
| order = Acting
| office = President of Syria
| term_start = 10 June 2000
| term_end = 17 July 2000
| vicepresident = [[Rifaat al-Assad]] ''Himself'' [[Zuhair Masharqa]]
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]
| predecessor = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| successor = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| office3 = 14th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister3 = {{list collapsed|title=''See list''|[[Nureddin al-Atassi]] [[Hafiz al-Assad]] [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]] [[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]] [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]] [[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]] [[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]]}}
| predecessor3 = Mustapha al-Said
| successor3 = [[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
| term_start3 = 5 July 1970
| term_end3 = 1 March 1984
| office4 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start4 = 13 November 1970
| term_end4 = 9 February 2005
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] (1984–2006) [[National Salvation Front in Syria|National Salvation Front]] (2006–2020)
}}
'''Abdul Halim Khaddam''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Abdel Halim Khaddam from Syria pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ˈ|ɑː|b|d|əl|_|h|ə|ˈ|l|iː|m|_|k|ə|ˈ|d|æ|m}} {{respell|AHB|dəl|_|hə|LEEM|_|kə|DAM}}; {{lang-ar|عبد الحليم خدام}};{{lrm}} 15 September 1932 – 31 March 2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.michigansthumb.com/news/world/article/Syrian-ex-VP-foreign-minister-dies-of-heart-15171030.php |title=Syrian ex-VP, foreign minister dies of heart attack in Paris |publisher=[[Huron Daily Tribune]] |last=Mroue |first=Bassem |date=1 April 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403214505/https://www.michigansthumb.com/news/world/article/Syrian-ex-VP-foreign-minister-dies-of-heart-15171030.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> was a Syrian politician who served as interim [[President of Syria]] in 2000. He also was [[Vice President of Syria]] and "High Commissioner" to Lebanon from 1984 to 2005. He was long known as a loyalist of [[Hafez Assad]]<ref name=bbcprofile>{{cite news|title=Profile: Abdul Halim Khaddam|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4572362.stm|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=31 December 2005|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628010222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4572362.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> until he resigned from his position and left the country in 2005 in protest against certain policies of Hafez's son and successor, [[Bashar Assad]]. He accumulated substantial wealth while in office: a [[Credit Suisse]] account, opened in 1994, was nearly 90 million Swiss francs in September 2003, per [[Suisse secrets]].

==Early life and education==
Abdul Halim Khaddam was born on 15 September 1932,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/04/01/la-mort-d-abdel-halim-khaddam-ancien-vice-president-syrien_6035216_3382.html|title=La mort d'Abdel Halim Khaddam, ancien vice-président syrien|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|date=1 April 2020|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407005543/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/04/01/la-mort-d-abdel-halim-khaddam-ancien-vice-president-syrien_6035216_3382.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/04/01/world/middleeast/ap-ml-syria-obit-khaddam.html|title=Syrian Ex-VP, Foreign Minister Dies of Heart Attack in Paris|website=The New York Times|date=1 April 2020|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403200759/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/04/01/world/middleeast/ap-ml-syria-obit-khaddam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Baniyas]], Syria.<ref name="bbc 2005">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4572362.stm|title=Profile: Abdul Halim Khaddam|website=BBC|date=31 December 2005|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628010222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4572362.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> His family was Sunni Muslim with a middle-class origin,<ref name=lwprofile/> and his father was a respected lawyer.<ref name=dryjan81>{{cite journal|last=Drysdale|first=Alasdair|title=The Syrian Political Elite, 1966–1976: A Spatial and Social Analysis|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|date=January 1981|volume=17|issue=1|pages=3–30|jstor=4282814|doi=10.1080/00263208108700455}}</ref> Khaddam obtained his elementary and secondary education in Baniyas and then studied law at [[Damascus University]].<ref name=lwprofile>{{cite news|title=Profile: Abdel Halim Khaddam|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/0605/05060702RR.asp|access-date=23 December 2012|work=Lebanon Wire|date=7 June 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327043713/http://www.lebanonwire.com/0605/05060702RR.asp|archive-date=27 March 2006}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:The first innaugaration of President Hafez al-Assad in Parliament - March 1971.jpg|left|thumb|228x228px|Khaddam (3rd from right) at [[Hafez al-Assad]]'s inauguration at the Syrian parliament, March 1971]]
Khaddam became a member of the Baath Party when he was just 17 years old.<ref name=lwprofile/> He began his political career as governor of [[Quneitra Governorate|Quneitra]] after the party came to power in 1963.<ref name=lwprofile/> Then he was appointed governor of Hama and Damascus.<ref name=lwprofile/> His first government portfolio was economy and trade minister in the cabinet formed by then head of Syria, [[Nureddin al-Atassi|Nureddin al Attasi]], in 1969, making him the youngest minister in Syrian political history.<ref name=lwprofile/> Then he was named as an advisor to Hafez Assad.<ref name=otci>{{cite news|title=Syrian blames Iraq for terrorist attack|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9L0yAAAAIBAJ&pg=1663,9094682&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=26 October 1977|agency=AP|location=Abu Dhabi|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226065025/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9L0yAAAAIBAJ&pg=1663,9094682&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He later served in the [[Cabinet of Syria]].

From 1970 until 1984 he was [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of Syria|Deputy Prime Minister]] under the [[Hafez al-Assad Government| Syrian dictator Hafez al-Assad]].<ref name=majalla>{{cite news|last=Bowen|first=Andrew|title=Syria's Future and Iran's Great Game|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/09/article55234032|access-date=23 December 2012|work=The Majalla|date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028230828/http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/09/article55234032|archive-date=28 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 1976, Khaddam argued that Lebanon was part of Syria.<ref name="tayyar">{{cite web|title=Syrian chronicles 1973–1990 |url=http://www.tayyar.org/NR/rdonlyres/D8726CC4-B415-4DFF-A497-81363ABBC490/0/SyrianChronicles021214_US.htm |publisher=Tayyar |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219040640/http://www.tayyar.org/NR/rdonlyres/D8726CC4-B415-4DFF-A497-81363ABBC490/0/SyrianChronicles021214_US.htm |archive-date=19 December 2011 }}</ref> Khaddam was slightly injured in an attack in Damascus in December 1976.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syrian minister wounded in attack|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZVc0AAAAIBAJ&pg=795,497474&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=2 December 1976|agency=UPI|location=Damascus}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In October 1977, Khaddam again survived an assassination attempt at the [[Abu Dhabi International Airport]]. In the course of the attack, [[Saif Ghobash]], the [[United Arab Emirates']] first Minister of State for Foreign Affairs was killed. The Syrian authorities argued that it had been planned and carried out by [[Iraq]].<ref name=otci/> Khaddam reported that [[Rifat Assad]] also tried to kill him.<ref name=glass1aug>{{cite journal|last=Glass |first=Charles |title=An Assassin's Land |journal=London Review of Books |date=4 August 2005 |volume=27 |issue=15 |url=http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2005/08/an_assassinas_l.html |access-date=9 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529123532/http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2005/08/an_assassinas_l.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref>

During his visit to [[Tehran]] in August 1979 following the [[Iranian Revolution]], he publicly stated that the Syrian government backed the revolution before and after the revolutionary process.<ref>{{cite web|last=Badran|first=Tony|title=Syriana|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/36751/syriana|work=Tablet|access-date=4 August 2013|date=22 June 2010|archive-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906213705/http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/36751/syriana|url-status=live}}</ref>

He then served as [[Vice President of Syria|Vice President]] from 11 March 1984 to 2005.<ref name=vofr>{{cite news|title=Abdel-Halim Khaddam: "I'm not going to head Syria's transitional government"|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_09_10/Abdel-Halim-khaddam-Im-not-going-to-head-Syria-s-transitional-government/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130417125019/http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_09_10/Abdel-Halim-khaddam-Im-not-going-to-head-Syria-s-transitional-government/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2013|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=The Voice of Russia|date=10 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=vic24apr>{{cite web|title=Syria Primer|url=http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/SyriaPrimer24apr03.pdf|publisher=Virtual Information Center|access-date=2 March 2013|date=24 April 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222094228/http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/SyriaPrimer24apr03.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> He was responsible for political and foreign affairs as vice president.<ref name=shtribune>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad forms new cabinet|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BKIcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4620,2593921&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=12 March 1984|agency=AP|location=Damascus|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824164552/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BKIcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4620,2593921&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He accumulated substantial wealth while in office: a [[Credit Suisse]] account, opened in 1994, was nearly 90 million Swiss francs in September 2003, per [[Suisse secrets]].<ref name="arab">{{Cite news |last=OCCRP and SüddeutscheZeitung |date=2022-02-21 |title=False Spring: Credit Suisse Had Deep Ties to Arab Elite on Eve of Historic Uprisings |language=en |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/suisse-secrets/false-spring-credit-suisse-had-deep-ties-to-arab-elite-on-eve-of-historic-uprisings |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223080242/https://www.occrp.org/en/suisse-secrets/false-spring-credit-suisse-had-deep-ties-to-arab-elite-on-eve-of-historic-uprisings |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:NixonAssad.jpg|left|thumb|217x217px|Khaddam with Assad and [[Richard Nixon]] in July 1974]]
Khaddam was chief mediator during the [[Lebanon Civil War]], thus giving him the unofficial titles of "High Commissioner" or "Godfather" of Lebanon.<ref name=montrealgaz>{{cite news|title=Khaddam due in Beirut soon|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e5EjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4024,1856748&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=15 June 1984|agency=AP-UPI|location=Beirut|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226065025/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e5EjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4024,1856748&dq=abdul+halim+khaddam&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the death of Hafez Assad in 2000, a 9-member committee was founded, which was headed by Khaddam, to oversee the transition period.<ref name=aps19jun>{{cite news|title=Bashar Aims to Consolidate Power in the Short-Term and to Open up Gradually|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syria%3a+Bashar+Aims+To+Consolidate+Power+In+The+Short-Term+%26+To+Open...-a073738730|newspaper=APS Diplomat News Service|date=19 June 2000|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-date=10 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610225825/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syria%3A+Bashar+Aims+To+Consolidate+Power+In+The+Short-Term+%26+To+Open...-a073738730|url-status=live}}</ref> He was appointed by this committee as interim [[President of Syria]] on 10 June and was in consideration to be Assad's permanent successor, but instead helped Assad's son, [[Bashar al-Assad]], who took office in July 2000.<ref name=majalla/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1650791/middle-east |title=Godfather of the Assad regime takes Rafik Hariri secrets to the grave |publisher=[[Arab News]] |first=Randa |last=Takieddine |date=1 April 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620002352/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1650791/middle-east |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khaddam was one of the only senior officials in Syria who was close to Lebanese Ministers and members of Parliament, most notorious was his friendship with Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]].<ref name=Harris2012>{{cite book|author=William Harris|title=Lebanon: A History, 600–2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY4ImTGnamUC&pg=PA262|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518111-1|page=262|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226065005/https://books.google.com/books?id=jY4ImTGnamUC&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mug08jul>{{cite journal|last=Mugraby |first=Mohammad |title=The Syndrome of One-Time Exceptions and the Drive to Establish the Proposed Hariri Court |journal=Mediterranean Politics |date=July 2008 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=171–193 |url=http://www.cggl.org/publicdocs/20080707.pdf |access-date=15 March 2013 |doi=10.1080/13629390802127513 |s2cid=153915546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044649/http://www.cggl.org/publicdocs/20080707.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 }}</ref> Hariri partnered with Khaddam's sons in many businesses projects in Lebanon and Saudi Arabia.<ref name=glass1aug/>

==Resignation==
As the new president, Bashar Assad strengthened his grip on the [[Baathist]] bureaucracy, Khaddam, and other members of the "old guard" of the government, gradually lost influence. He announced his resignation on 5 June 2005 during the Baath Party conference after publicly criticizing the regime's many blunders, especially in Lebanon, making him the only high ranking Syrian official to publicly resign office while in Syria and at a Ba'ath Party conference, a move which many inside Syria considered extremely brave because of the potential risks involved. He then went to France with his family in fear for their safety as intelligence reports started coming in of potential assassination plots against him and other members of his family by the Assad regime.<ref name="bbc2006">{{Cite news |date=2006-01-01 |title=Syria party kicks out 'traitor' |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4573894.stm |access-date=2023-12-26 |archive-date=3 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103093536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4573894.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> That made him the last influential member of the "old guard" to leave the top tier of the government. The announcement came at a point when Bashar Al-Assad had been trying to have his political wings clipped. After resigning, he relocated to Paris ostensibly to write his memoirs.<ref name=ahram06>{{cite news|last=Moubayed |first=Sami |title=The fox speaks |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/776/re4.htm |access-date=30 November 2012 |newspaper=Al Ahram |date=5–11 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327054913/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/776/re4.htm |archive-date=27 March 2013 }}</ref>

===Defection and exile===
[[File:Hussein Assad Bouteflika Khaddam.jpg|thumb|225x225px|[[Saddam Hussein|Hussein]], Assad, [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika|Bouteflika]] and Khaddam at the [[1978 Arab League summit|1978 Arab league summit]] in [[Baghdad]]]]
On 30 December 2005, Khaddam fled Syria.<ref name=mallat>{{cite book|last=Mallat|first=Chibli|title=Lebanon's Cedar Revolution An essay on non-violence and justice|publisher=Mallat|pages=125|url=http://mallat.com/books/Appendix1%20and%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202044246/http://mallat.com/books/Appendix1%20and%202.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> In an interview with [[Al Arabiya]] on the same day, Khaddam denounced Assad's many "political blunders" in dealing with [[Lebanon]]. He especially attacked [[Rustum Ghazali]], former head of Syrian operations in Lebanon, but defended his predecessor, [[Ghazi Kanaan]], Syria's interior minister. Khaddam also said that former Lebanese prime minister [[Rafik Hariri]], to whom Khaddam was considered close, "received many threats" from Syria's President Bashar al-Assad.<ref name=hstern>{{cite news|last=Stern|first=Yoav|title=Former Syrian VP says Assad was involved in Hariri's death|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/former-syrian-vp-says-assad-was-involved-in-hariri-s-death-1.177971|access-date=30 November 2012|newspaper=Haaretz|date=30 December 2005|agency=AP|archive-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918010038/http://www.haaretz.com/news/former-syrian-vp-says-assad-was-involved-in-hariri-s-death-1.177971|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Syrian parliament responded the next day by voting to bring treason charges against him, and the Baath Party expelled him. Following the Khaddam interview, the [[Mehlis report|UN Commission]] headed by [[Detlev Mehlis]] investigating the Hariri murder said it had asked the Syrian authorities to question [[Bashar Assad]] and Syria's Foreign Minister [[Farouk al-Sharaa]]. He met with the UN investigators searching for [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|the Hariri assassination]] in Paris in January 2006.<ref name=gulfdaily>{{cite news|title=Khaddam meets UN panel|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=132081|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=Gulf Daily News|date=8 January 2006|location=Paris}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His accusations against Assad and his inner circle regarding the Hariri assassination also grew more explicit: Khaddam said he believed that Assad ordered Hariri's assassination.<ref name="bbc 2005"/>

On 14 January 2006, Khaddam announced that he was forming a "[[government in exile]]", predicting the end of Assad's government by the end of 2006. Khaddam is the highest-ranking Syrian official to have publicly cut his ties with the Syrian government, including [[Rifaat al-Assad]]. Khaddam formed the opposition group [[National Salvation Front in Syria]] (NSF) in 2006 which supports political transition in Syria.<ref name=majalla/> The NSF had its last meeting on 16 September 2007 in [[Berlin]], where some 140 opposition figures attended. On 16 February 2008, Khaddam accused the Syrian government of assassinating a top [[Hezbollah]] fugitive, [[Imad Mughniyeh]], "for Israel's sake."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/getstory?openform&07B7D1A92A0EC17BC22573F10059D42D|title=Khaddam Accuses Syria of Killing Mughniyeh|date=16 February 2008|newspaper=Naharnet|access-date=31 March 2011|archive-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521215223/http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/getstory?openform&07B7D1A92A0EC17BC22573F10059D42D|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Trial====
Khaddam was tried in absentia by a military court in Damascus and sentenced to hard labour for life and to be stripped of his civil rights and prevented from residing in Damascus or [[Tartus]], his native town, in August 2008.<ref name=gdnews>{{cite news|title=Khaddam is sentenced to hard labour for life|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=227765|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=Gulf Daily News|date=31 August 2008|location=Damascus}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The reason for the verdict was "slandering the Syrian leadership and lying before an international tribunal regarding the killing of former Lebanese Prime Minister [[Rafic Hariri|Rafiq Hariri]]."<ref name=gdnews/>

====Corruption accusations====
[[File:Ronald Reagan, George Shultz, Prince Saud al Faisal, Abd al-Halim Khaddam.jpg|thumb|239x239px|Khaddam, as Minister of Foreign Affairs, with [[Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Prince Saud al Faisal]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[George Shultz]] in 1982]]
Following his defection, Khaddam was accused of accepting German and French bribes to bury [[nuclear waste]] in the [[Syrian desert]] in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/republic-of-caution|title=Republic of Caution|website=washingtoninstitute.org|date=20 February 2006|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824164836/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/republic-of-caution|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=57650&r=0|script-title=ar:الرئيس السوري يصدر توجيهات صارمة بمنع فتح ملف النفايات النووية وبقية ملفات خدام الأخرى|website=ahewar.org|language=ar|date=19 February 2006|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824164839/https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=57650&r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Role in the Syrian Civil War===
Khaddam was considered an opposition leader to the Syrian government by the United States and the EU. He maintained strong relations with many senior army generals who had defected from the Syrian government and was supporting them to overthrow Bashar Al-Assad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4586972.stm |title=Khaddam calls for Syrian revolt |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 January 2006 |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914130722/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4586972.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, he accused [[Iran]] of supporting the rise of [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]], saying that Iran "is working along the lines of creating a Sunni power to fight Sunnis in the region".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Wahab|first1=Siraj|title=Daesh was nurtured by Iran, says former Syrian vice president|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/994396/middle-east|access-date=15 October 2016|agency=[[Arab News]]|publisher=[[Arab News]]|date=6 October 2016|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204520/http://www.arabnews.com/node/994396/middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> He also blamed the U.S. for "pushing [[Turkey]] into Russia’s open arms" and suggested that the U.S. had a role in the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://newsweekme.com/exclusive-interview-former-syrian-vice-president-abdul-halim-khaddam/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Interview with Former Syrian Vice President Abdul Halim Khaddam|last=Hatoum|first=Leila|date=5 October 2016|publisher=[[Newsweek]]|newspaper=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011171854/http://newsweekme.com/exclusive-interview-former-syrian-vice-president-abdul-halim-khaddam/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also believed that the U.S. was no longer capable of fixing the situation in Syria.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Khaddam was married to Najat Marqabi, who is a member of a rich and well-known [[Tartous]] family.<ref name=mongabay>{{cite news|title=Syria-The Power Elite|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/syria/syria-the_power_elite.html|access-date=24 February 2013|newspaper=Mongabay|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730054215/http://www.mongabay.com/history/syria/syria-the_power_elite.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They had three sons and one daughter.<ref name=lwprofile/> One of his granddaughters is married to [[Rafic Hariri|Rafik Hariri]]'s son.<ref name=bar2006>{{cite journal|last=Bar |first=Shmuel |title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview |journal=IPS |year=2006 |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> Khaddam was interested in reading political works and hunting.<ref name=lwprofile/>

He died of a heart attack on 31 March 2020 in [[Paris]], France.<ref name="nytimes"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/former-syrian-vice-president-abdel-halim-khaddam-passes-away-in-france/|title=Former Syrian Vice President Abdel-Halim Khaddam passes away in France|date=31 March 2020|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331110952/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/former-syrian-vice-president-abdel-halim-khaddam-passes-away-in-france/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-khaddam/ex-syrian-vice-president-khaddam-dies-in-france-source-close-to-him-idUKKBN21I1A4|title=Syrian ex-vice president Khaddam, foe of Assad, dies in France at 88|newspaper=Reuters|date=31 March 2020|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410003045/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-khaddam/ex-syrian-vice-president-khaddam-dies-in-france-source-close-to-him-idUKKBN21I1A4|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource author}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4570652.stm Hariri threatened by Syria head], ''[[BBC News]]'', 30 December 2005
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4574464.stm UN asks to meet Syrian president], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2 January 2006
* [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/670209.html Former Syrian VP set to form government in exile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118061824/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/670209.html |date=18 January 2006 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', 15 January 2006

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Syria]] Acting|before=[[Hafez al-Assad]]|after=[[Bashar al-Assad]]|years=June – July 2000}}
{{s-end}}
{{SyrianPresidents}}
{{Deputy Prime Ministers of Syria}}
{{Syrian Civil War}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaddam, Abdul Halim}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:National Salvation Front in Syria politicians]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian lawyers]]
[[Category:Syrian defectors]]
[[Category:People from Baniyas]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents in Asia]]

Mahmoud al-Ayyubi

2024-06-21T16:29:23Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician (1932–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمود الأيوبي}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = File:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi.jpg
| imagesize =
| office = [[Vice President of Syria]]
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| term_start = 22 February 1971
| term_end = 7 August 1976
| predecessor = [[Shibli al-Aysami]]
| successor = [[Rifaat al-Assad]] [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] [[Zuhair Masharqa]]
| office1 = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president1 = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| deputy =
| term_start1 = 21 December 1972
| term_end1 = 7 August 1976{{fact|date=August 2023}}
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]]
| successor1 = [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start2 = 7 January 1980
| term_end2 = 20 January 1985
| term_start3 = 13 November 1970
| term_end3 = 15 April 1975
| birth_date = {{birth year|1932}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|10|11|1932|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Damascus]], Syria
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Mahmoud al-Ayyubi''' ({{lang-ar|محمود الأيوبي|Maḥmūd al-Ayyūbī}};{{lrm}} 1932<ref name=syria>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html | title = Syria | access-date = 1 January 2011 | publisher = World Statesmen.org | archive-date = 17 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180217235403/http://worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html | url-status = live }}</ref> – 11 October 2013) was a [[Syrians|Syrian-Kurdish]] politician who served as the [[Vice President of Syria]] from 1971 to 1976. He was born to a [[Al-Ayoubi family|prominent political family]] in [[Damascus]], Syria and also served as the country's [[Prime Minister of Syria|Prime Minister]] until 1976.

==Career==
He served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Syria|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Education (Syria)|Minister of Education]] from 1970 to 1971 in the [[Hafez al-Assad Government]].

Al-Ayyubi served as [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]] from 21 December 1972, to 7 August 1976, under the presidency of [[Hafez Al-Assad]].<ref name="syria" />

He also served as [[Vice President of Syria]] from February 1971 to August 1976{{fact|date=August 2023}},Vice-President of the National Progressive Front, Minister of Education, member of the National Command of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Baath Party]], and member of the National Command until his death in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=محمود الأيوبي – التاريخ السوري المعاصر |url=https://syrmh.com/2019/11/17/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=syrmh.com |language=ar |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822025558/https://syrmh.com/2019/11/17/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2019|title=محمود الأيوبي|url=https://syrmh.com/2019/11/17/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=التاريخ السوري المعاصر|language=ar|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822025558/https://syrmh.com/2019/11/17/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=1972–1976}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyubi, Mahmoud}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Damascus]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Kurdish politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Al-Ayoubi family]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Syrian ministers of education]]

Abdul Rahman Khleifawi

2024-06-21T16:27:55Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (1971–1972, 1976–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
| image = Abdul Rahman Khleifawi, 1971 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (March 1971)
| office = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 1971
| term_end1 = 21 December 1972
| president1 = Hafez al-Assad
| predecessor1 = Hafez al-Assad
| successor1 = [[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]]
| term_start = 7 August 1976
| term_end = 27 March 1978
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| predecessor = [[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start3 = 13 November 1970
| term_end3 = 7 January 1980
| office4 = [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Minister of Interior]]
| term_start4 = 21 November 1970
| term_end4 = 4 March 1971
| president4 = [[Ahmad al-Khatib]]
| primeminister4 = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| birth_date = {{birth year|1930}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|3|14|1930|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| rank = [[Major General]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عبد الرحمن خليفاوي}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Abdul Rahman Khleifawi''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الرحمن خليفاوي|ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān Khulayfāwiyy}};{{lrm}} 1930 – 14 March 2009) was a Syrian military officer and politician. He was Prime Minister of Syria from 1971 succeeding [[Hafez al-Assad]] who just promoted to the post of [[President of Syria]] to 1972 for 1 year and again from 1976 to 1978 for about 2 years, he served as prime minister for two separate terms together under President Hafez al-Assad.

==Early life==
Khleifawi was born in 1930.<ref name=syria>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html|title=Syria|access-date=1 January 2011|publisher=World Statesmen|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217235403/http://worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was of [[Algeria]]n descent, originally from [[Draâ Ben Khedda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84/|title=مليون ونصف جزائري بلا هوية مشتتون في المخيمات الفلسطينية|work=echoroukonline|language=ar|date=19 July 2008|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126014736/https://www.echoroukonline.com/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Khleifawi was an army general.<ref name=Hinnesbusch2002/> He served twice as prime minister of Syria. He was firstly in office from 3 April 1971 to 21 December 1972, being the first prime minister under the presidency of [[Hafez al-Assad]].<ref name="Hinnesbusch2002">{{cite book |author=Ray Hinnesbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r30nmQEACAAJ |title=Syria: Revolution from Above |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28568-1 |page=79}}</ref> Khleifawi served as prime minister again from 7 August 1976 to 27 March 1978.<ref name=syria/> He also served as a minister of interior between 1970 and 1971 under President [[Ahmad al-Khatib]] and Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad.

==Death==
Khleifawi died on 14 March 2009.<ref>{{cite web | title=وفاة رئيس الوزراء الأسبق عبد الرحمن خليفاوي | website=aljaml.com| date=15 March 2009| url=https://aljaml.com/node/43107 | language=ar | access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hafez al-Assad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=1971–1972}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=1976–1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khleifawi, Abdul Rahman}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of interior]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Syrian people of Algerian descent]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Muhammad Ali al-Halabi

2024-06-21T16:27:01Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (1978–1980)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد علي الحلبي}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Mohammad Ali Halabi.png
| imagesize =
| order = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 27 March 1978
| term_end = 9 January 1980
| predecessor = [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]]
| successor = [[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]]
| office1 = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
| term_start1 = 27 June 1973
| term_end1 = 9 March 1978
| predecessor1 = [[Fahmi al-Yusufi]]
| successor1 = [[Mahmoud Hadid]]
| office2 = [[List of governors of Damascus|Damascus Governor]]
| term_start2 = 1969
| term_end2 = 1971
| predecessor2 = [[Mohamed Sioufi]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Yassin al-Osta]]
|office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
|term_start3 = 13 November 1970
|term_end3= 7 January 1980
| birth_date = {{birth year|1937}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|9|19|1937|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| spouse = Lamis Mourad
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
}}

'''Muhammad Ali al-Halabi''' ({{lang-ar|محمد علي الحلبي|Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Ḥalabī}};{{lrm}} 1937 – 19 September 2016) was a [[Syria]]n politician.

==Biography==
After finishing his training at the National Teacher Training Institute, Muhammed studied Philosophy at the [[Damascus University|University of Damascus]]. In 1955 he became a teacher on the Golan and from 1959 to 1964 he was employed as a teacher in Kuwait. From 9 June 1973 to 27 March 1978 he was chairman and spokesman for the National Council. He served as [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]] from March 27, 1978 to January 9, 1980 under the presidency of [[Hafez al-Assad]]. al-Halabi was an ambassador in Moscow from 1982 to 1990, during which [[Hafiz al-Assad]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] made an agreement, to install the Soviet [[S-75 Dvina|S-75]] in [[al-Dumayr]] and [[Shinshar]].<ref>California Institute of International Studies, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iBRnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Shimsher+syria%22 World Affairs Report]</ref>

==Political career==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Political offices
|-
| rowspan="1" |Preceded by
[[Mohamed Sioufi]]
| rowspan="1" |'''[[List of governors of Damascus|Damascus Governor]]''' 1969–1971
| rowspan="1" |Succeeded by
[[Muhammad Yassin al-Osta]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |Preceded by
[[Fahmi al-Yusufi]]
| rowspan="1" |'''[[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Syria|Speaker of Parliament of Syria]]''' 1973–1978
| rowspan="1" |Succeeded by
[[Mahmoud Hadid]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |Preceded by
[[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]]
| rowspan="1" |'''[[Prime Minister of Syria]]''' 1978–1980
| rowspan="1" |Succeeded by
[[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |Preceded by
[[Jabr al-Kafri]]
| rowspan="1" |'''[[Ambassador of Syria to the Soviet Union]]''' 1982–1990
| rowspan="1" |Succeeded by
[[Issam al-Naeb]]
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.syrianhistory.com/en/photos?tag=Mohammad+Ali+al-Halabi More photos of Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{SyrianParPres}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halabi, Muhammad Ali}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Politicians from Damascus]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Hassan Khalil

2024-06-21T16:24:58Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Former Head of Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate}}
{{about||the Egyptian-born American electrical engineer|Hassan K. Khalil}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hassan Khalil
| primeminister1 = [[Mahmoud Al-Zoubi]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]] [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]
| predecessor = [[Ali Duba]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2005
| president1 =
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| predecessor1 =
| caption =
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 2000
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Latakia]], [[Syria]]
| party = [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Ba'ath Party]]
| children =
| office = Head of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence Directorate]]
| office1 = Deputy Director of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence]]
| servicenumber =
| placeofburial_label =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| nationality = [[Syrian]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = [[Syrian Arab Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| image =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| placeofburial =
| successor = [[Assef Shawkat]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|حسن خليل}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
'''Hassan Khalil''' ({{lang-ar|حسن خليل}}) is the former Head of the [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence Directorate of Syria]], serving from 2000 to 2005. He previously held the position of deputy director from 1993 to 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Rules Syria? Bashar al-Asad and the Alawi 'Barons' |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/who-rules-syria-bashar-al-asad-and-alawi-barons |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Washington Institute |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Syrian civil war]], Khalil was a key figure in Syria’s efforts to improve relations with the United States and the West, using intelligence sharing as a significant element for cooperation. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Livermore |first=Daniel |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055049563 |title=Detained : Islamic fundamentalist extremism and the war on terror in Canada |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-7735-5551-8 |location=Montreal |pages=182 |oclc=1055049563}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Implication in Rafic Hariri assassination ===
Hassan Khalil was one of several high-ranking Syrian government and military officials identified in a draft of the United Nations [[Mehlis report|Mehlis Report]], which was mistakenly released as a Microsoft Word document retaining all edits since its creation. This draft implicated them in the assassination of [[Rafic Hariri]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Syria's Response to the Mehlis Report |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/syrias-response-mehlis-report |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=The Washington Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official: Mehlis probe calls Syrians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/11/5/official-mehlis-probe-calls-syrians |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> However, the final Mehlis Report did not specifically name any Syrian government officials as responsible for the assassination. The Syrian ambassador to Washington, Imad Mustafa, criticized the report, stating it was “full of political rumors, gossip, and hearsay.”<ref name=":4" />

=== Role in quelling civilian opposition in Syrian civil war ===
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad relied on Hassan Khalil in his capacity as head of Military Intelligence, to quel internal dissent with an "iron fist" during the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian uprising]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David L. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1178645181 |title=Frontline Syria : from revolution to proxy war |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-7556-0260-5 |location=London |oclc=1178645181}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Heads of Syrian military intelligence}}

[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]

{{Syria-stub}}
{{Syria-bio-stub}}

Ali Duba

2024-06-21T16:24:00Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Former Head of Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate (1933–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ali Douba
| birth_date = {{birth year|1933}}
| birth_place = [[Qurfays]], [[Jableh District]], [[Latakia Governorate]], [[First Syrian Republic]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2023|06|21|89}}
| death_place = [[Latakia]], Syria
| age =
| occupation =
| serviceyears = 1955–2000
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq.jpg|30px]] [[Lieutenant general]]
| nationality = [[Syrian people|Syrian]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| battles = [[Six-Day War]] [[Yom Kippur War]] [[Islamist uprising in Syria]]
| office = Head of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence Directorate]]
| termstart = 1973
| termend = 2000
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|علي دوبا}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_name = Ali Issa Ibrahim Douba
| succeeded = [[Hassan Khalil]]
| predecessor = [[Hikmat al-Shihabi]]
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| unit = [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence]]
}}

'''Ali Issa Ibrahim Duba''' ({{lang-ar|علي عيسى ابراهيم دوبا}}, 1933 – 21 June 2023), better known as '''Ali Douba''', was a Syrian military officer who was the head of the [[Military Intelligence (Syria)|Military Intelligence Directorate of Syria]] under [[Hafez al-Assad]] as well as his close adviser. Under Douba’s leadership, the Military Intelligence Directorate was the most important security agency in Syria, responsible for maintaining security within the army and safeguarding the regime.<ref name="Zisser">{{cite journal |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |title=The Succession Struggle in Damascus |journal=[[The Middle East Quarterly]]|volume=2 |date=September 1995 |pages=57–64|url=http://www.meforum.org/264/the-succession-struggle-in-damascus}}</ref>

==Early life==
Duba was born to a small landowning family from the [[Alawite]] tribe of Matawira, in the village of [[Qurfays]] in the [[Jableh District]] south of [[Latakia]]. He joined the [[Ba'ath Party]] in the early 1950s while studying at the Holy Land Secondary School in Latakia.<ref name=Batatup338>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mbr-ZfU_uCoC&pg=PA240|title=Syria's peasantry, the descendants of its lesser rural notables, and their politics|first=Hanna|last=Batatu|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-691-00254-5|page=240|authorlink=Hanna Batatu}}</ref>

==Career==
Duba joined the [[Syrian Army]] in 1955 and became the deputy head of internal security at the [[Damascus]] branch of the [[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|General Intelligence Directorate]] five years later. He served as [[military attaché]] at the Syrian embassy in Great Britain between 1964 and 1966, and in Bulgaria between 1967 and 1968.

Duba returned to Syria and became the head of military intelligence for the [[Latakia]] region. In November 1970, he was appointed the head of military intelligence for the city of Damascus, where he supported [[Corrective Movement (Syria)|Hafez al-Assad's coup d'état]]. In 1971, he was made deputy head of military intelligence, under [[Hikmat al-Shihabi]]. In 1973 he was made head of military intelligence. He was elected to the Central Committee of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] in 1978, and promoted to general in 1981.<ref name="Faure"/> Douba took part in suppressing the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] [[1982 Hama massacre|revolt in Hama]] during February 1982.<ref name="Zisser"/> In December 1983, when President Hafez al-Assad was ill, Duba was a member of the committee responsible for governing the state in the interim.

In 1985, the Syrian president put him in charge of the Lebanon dossier, along with al-Shihabi and [[Ghazi Kanaan]]. In January 1993, Duba was promoted to [[lieutenant general]] and appointed Deputy [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of the General Staff]] while maintaining his role as head of military intelligence.<ref name="Faure">{{cite book
| last = Faure
| first =Claude
| title = Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Culture, History, and Politics
| publisher = Macmillan Reference USA
| isbn = 0-02-865977-5
| page = 109
| year = 2002}}</ref> In 1999 he was pushed aside by [[Bashar al-Assad]] over fears that he could be a rival for the presidency, and was made to retire in February 2000.

He lived in Syria until his death on 21 June 2023.<ref name="Council">{{Cite web |last=Pan |first=Esther |date=10 March 2006 |title=Syria's Leaders |url=http://www.cfr.org/syria/syrias-leaders/p9085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028142012/http://www.cfr.org/syria/syrias-leaders/p9085 |archive-date=28 October 2012 |accessdate=11 February 2011 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref>
EU [[Council Regulation]] 36/2012 placed him on a list of persons whose funds were frozen.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:016:0001:0032:EN:PDF Council regulations]. ''Official Journal of the European Union''</ref> His last public appearance occurred in May 2021 when he cast a vote for Bashar al-Assad in the [[2021 Syrian presidential election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-21 |title=Syria: Feared former intelligence chief Ali Duba dies age 89 |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-feared-former-intelligence-chief-ali-duba-dies-age-89 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=www.newarab.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Duba died on 21 June 2023 in a military hospital in [[Latakia]] at the age of 89.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The New Arab |date=2023-06-21 |title=Syria: Feared former intelligence chief Ali Duba dies age 89 |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-feared-former-intelligence-chief-ali-duba-dies-age-89 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=newarab.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Heads of Syrian military intelligence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duba, Ali}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Syrian military personnel]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:People from Latakia Governorate]]
[[Category:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Syrian individuals subject to the European Union sanctions]]

Hikmat al-Shihabi

2024-06-21T16:22:52Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Former Syrian Army Chief of Staff}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hikmat Shihabi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|
1|8|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|3|5|1931|1|8|df=y}}
| office = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start = 7 January 1980
| term_end = 1 July 1998
| office2 = 16th [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
| term_start2 = 12 August 1974
| term_end2 = July 1998
| predecessor2 = [[Yusuf Shakkur]]
| successor2 = [[Ali Aslan]]
| office3 = Head of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence]]
| term_start3 = 1970
| term_end3 = 1973
| predecessor3 = [[Ali Zaza]]
| successor3 = [[Ali Duba]]
| image = Hikmat_Shihabi.jpg
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| birth_place = [[Al-Bab]], [[Aleppo Governorate]], [[Syria]]
| death_place =
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = [[Syrian Arab Army]]
| serviceyears = 1952–1998
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq Awal.jpg|30px]] [[Colonel General]]
| unit = 10th Armoured Division
| commands = Syrian Arab Army [[10th Armoured Division]]
| battles = [[Six-Day War]] [[Yom Kippur War]]
| awards = Hero of the Republic
| relations =
| laterwork =
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|حكمت الشهابي}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| alt = Image of Hikmat Shihabi
}}
'''Hikmat al-Shihabi''' ({{lang-ar|حكمت الشهابي}}; 8 January 1931 – 5 March 2013), also known as '''''Hikmat Shihabi''''', was a Syrian career military officer who served as the chief of staff of the [[Syrian Army]] between 1974 and 1998.<ref name="Faure"/> As a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], he was considered one of the few non-Alawite members of the inner circle of former Syrian President [[Hafez al-Assad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drysdale |first=Alasdair |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24068106 |title=Syria and the Middle East peace process |date=1991 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press |others=Raymond A. Hinnebusch |isbn=0-87609-105-2 |location=New York |pages=28 |oclc=24068106}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shihabi was born into a Sunni family in 1931 in [[Al-Bab]], [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo province]].<ref name=chi5mar/><ref name=hur7apr>{{cite news|title=Assad retires chief of staff, sacks intelligence chief|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/assad-retires-chief-of-staff-sacks-intelligence-chief.aspx?pageID=438&n=assad-retires-chief-of-staff-sacks-intelligence-chief-1998-07-04|access-date=8 March 2013|newspaper=Hurriyet Daily News|date=4 July 1998|agency=AP|location=Cairo}}</ref><ref name=Moubayed2006>{{cite book|author=Sami M. Moubayed|title=Steel and Silk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sC-xU8QHSooC&pg=PA83|access-date=3 April 2013|year=2006|publisher=Cune Press|isbn=978-1-885942-40-1|page=83}}</ref> He attended [[Homs Military Academy|Homs military academy]] and then had advanced military training in the [[United States]].<ref name=Moubayed2006/>

==Career==
Shihabi began his career in aviation, training in the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=chi5mar/> From 1968 to 1970 he served as deputy head of the military security directorate.<ref name=Ziser2001/> In 1970, he earned a Soviet degree in intelligence services. In April 1970, he was named head of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Syrian military intelligence]], with Colonel [[Ali Duba]] serving as his deputy since 1971. He was promoted to a general the following year, and supervised the department of military security. After the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], he led the Syrian delegation to the United States in April 1974, negotiating the conditions of the [[Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria|Syrian–Israeli disengagement]]. On 12 August 1974, he was appointed [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|chief of staff of the Syrian Army]], replacing [[Youssef Chakkour]], who was promoted to deputy defense minister. In December 1983, while President [[Hafez Assad]] was ill, Shihabi was part, along with General [[Mustafa Tlass]] and Ali Duba, of the committee in charge of running the country.<ref name="Faure"/> From 1994 to 1995 he was part of a delegation that traveled to the United States to discuss peace negotiations with Israel.<ref name="Faure">{{cite book|last=Faure|first=Claude|title=Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Culture, History, and Politics|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865977-0|page=432|year=2002}}</ref> His term as chief of staff lasted until 1998.<ref name=Ziser2001>{{cite book|author=Eyal Ziser|title=Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KR89t0433sC&pg=PA34|access-date=3 April 2013|year=2001|publisher=C. Hurst, Publishers, Limited|isbn=978-1-85065-450-6|page=34}}</ref>

Shihabii was also one of [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]'s four-member “old guard” members of the [[Regional Command (Syria)|Regional Command]].<ref name=bar2006>{{cite journal|last=Bar |first=Shmuel |title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview |journal=IPS |year=2006 |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Resignation===
On 8 July 1998, after serving 24 years as army chief of staff, Shihabi resigned his position ahead of Hafez Assad’s death and was succeeded by [[Ali Aslan]].<ref name=Publications2012>{{cite book|title=Political Chronology of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC&pg=PA2038|access-date=10 February 2013|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35673-6|page=2038}}</ref><ref name=zis>{{cite journal|last=Zisser|first=Eyal|title=Will Bashshar al-Asad Rule?|journal=The Middle East Quarterly|date=September 2000|pages=3–12|url=http://www.meforum.org/69/will-bashshar-al-asad-rule|access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Citing health issues and a heart condition, Shihabi explained his resignation to President Assad, who had wished to extend his service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/programs/the-interview/2017/2/28/%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ac2|title=خدام: خطيئة حافظ الأسد الكبرى أنه ورّث الحكم لبشار|website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> In 2000, Syrian newspapers circulated rumors, later debunked, that Shihabi would be indicted on corruption charges.<ref name=naj01aut>{{cite journal|last=Ghadbian|first=Najib|title=The New Asad: Dynamics of Continuity and Change in Syria|journal=Middle East Journal|date=Autumn 2001|volume=55|issue=4|pages=624–641|url=http://offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/The-New-Assad.pdf|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

===Alliances===
Shihabi was one of the senior Syrian officials who were close to late [[Rafik Hariri]], former prime minister of [[Lebanon]],<ref>{{cite book|author=William Harris|title=Lebanon: A History, 600-2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY4ImTGnamUC&pg=PA262|access-date=10 March 2013|date=19 July 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518111-1|page=262}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mugraby |first=Muhamad |title=The syndrome of one-time exceptions and the drive to establish the proposed Hariri court |journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=171–194 |doi=10.1080/13629390802127513 |date=July 2008 |s2cid=153915546 }} [http://www.cggl.org/publicdocs/20080707.pdf Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044649/http://www.cggl.org/publicdocs/20080707.pdf |date=12 October 2013 }}</ref> and Lebanon's Druze leader [[Walid Jumblatt]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Glass |first=Charles |title=The lord of no man's land: A guided tour through Lebanon's ceaseless war |url=http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2007/03/the_lord_of_no.html |access-date=9 April 2013 |work=Harper's Magazine |date=1 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208085020/http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2007/03/the_lord_of_no.html |archive-date=8 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Death==
Shihabi died on 5 March 2013.<ref name=chi5mar>{{cite news|title=Syrian army mourns death of former chief of staff|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2013-03/05/content_28140122.htm|access-date=5 March 2013|work=China|date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}
{{Heads of Syrian military intelligence}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shihabi, Hikmat}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Shihab family]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:People from Al-Bab District]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria]]

Ali Aslan

2024-06-21T16:19:28Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Former Chief of the General Staff of the Syrian Army}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ali Aslan
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1932}}
| birth_place = [[Latakia]], [[First Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic]]
| death_date =
| age =
| death_place =
| spouse = Almaza Kamel Hassan (d. 2024)<ref>[https://x.com/NourYoussef111/status/1795135942086271148?t=kvXfr0UULl4cG1sOtvIcyA&s=19 باسم السيد الرئيس #بشار_الأسد والسيدة الأولى #أسماء_الأسد قدم محافظ #اللاذقية المهندس عامر هلال التعازي بوفاة السيدة ألماظة كامل حسن، زوجة العماد علي أصلان، رئيس هيئة الأركان العامة للجيش والقوات المسلحة الأسبق.]</ref>
| office1 = [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of the General Staff]] of the [[Syrian Army]]
| president1 = [[Hafez al-Assad]] [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 2002
| predecessor1 = [[Hikmat al-Shihabi]]
| successor1 = [[Hasan Turkmani]]
| office2 = Military Advisor to the [[President of Syria|Presidency]] of the [[Syrian Arab Republic]]
| president2 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2023
| successor2 = [[Ali Mamlouk]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| residence =
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = [[Syrian Arab Army]]
| serviceyears = 1956–2002
| unit = 8th Infantry Brigade [[1st Armoured Division (Syria)|1st Infantry Division]] [[5th Armoured Division (Syria)|5th Mechanized Division]] [[2nd Corps (Syria)|2nd Corps]]
| battles = [[Yom Kippur War]] [[Islamic uprising in Syria]] [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]] [[1982 Lebanon War]] [[Syrian civil war]]
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq.jpg|30px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| nationality = [[Syrian people|Syrian]]
| image = LTG Ali Aslan military portrait.png
| caption = Aslan in 2000
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|علي أصلان}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
'''Ali Aslan''' ({{lang-ar|علي أصلان}}; born 1932) is a former [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of the General Staff of Syria]], a member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Committee]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] and a close confidant of the late Syrian president [[Hafez al-Assad]].<ref name="Faure">{{cite book|last=Faure|first=Claude|title=Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Culture, History, and Politics|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=0-02-865977-5|pages=50–51|year=2002}}</ref> Aslan was not only considered to be powerful member of the late Hafez Assad's inner circle, but he was also regarded by outside observers as having significantly improved Syrian military readiness while operating under severe financial constraints.<ref name=meib/>

==Early life==
Aslan hails from an [[Alawite]] family which are part of [[Kalbiyya|the Kalbiyya tribe]] as [[Hafez Assad]].<ref name=Cordesman2002>{{cite book|author=Anthony H. Cordesman|title=Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-ud-Lj5zEC&pg=PA337|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96939-4|page=337}}</ref> He was born in 1932.<ref name=bar2006>{{cite journal|last=Bar |first=Shmuel |title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview |journal=IPS |year=2006 |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Aslan joined the [[Syrian Army]] in 1956. He was trained at the [[Homs Military Academy|Military Academy of Homs]], and continued his training in the [[Soviet Union]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} He was appointed commander of the Syrian 8th Infantry Brigade in October 1966. His breakthrough came in November 1970 when he supported the military coup that brought Hafez Assad to power in Syria, and he was designated leader of the [[1st Infantry Division (Syria)|1st]] and [[5th Armoured Division (Syria)|5th]] Infantry Divisions of the [[Syrian Army]]. In 1972, he was appointed chief of the "operations" bureau of the Syrian Army General Staff.<ref name="Faure"/> He commanded 5th mechanized infantry in 1973.<ref name=Batatu1999>{{cite book|author=Hanna Batatu|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Cvhg3YHIoC&pg=PA228|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00254-5|page=228}}</ref> His troops were successful in the opening stages of the [[1973 Yom Kippur War]], as they broke through the Israeli defensive line and drove Israeli forces out of southern and central [[Golan Heights]].<ref name="Moubayed">{{cite book|last=Moubayed|first=Sami M.|author-link=Sami Moubayed|title=Steel and Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000|publisher=Cune Press|isbn=1-885942-41-9|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF51Sml5WpcC&pg=PA40|year=2006}}</ref>

He became in charge of the Syrian Army contingent [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|involved in Lebanon]] from 1976 to 1979, supervising the "hundred days war" against the [[Lebanese Forces|Christian militia]] of [[Bachir Gemayel]]. At the beginning of the 1980s Aslan was deputy chief of staff and head of operations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jubin M. Goodarzi|title=Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co6YXWrepvYC&pg=PA36|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-127-4|page=36}}</ref> He was appointed commander of the [[2nd Corps (Syria)]], and promoted to [[lieutenant general]] in July 1984. In 1989, he was named assistant chief of staff of the Syrian Army, becoming the true "operational brain" of the Syrian Army. He was promoted to chief of staff on 5 July 1998, replacing [[Hikmat al-Shihabi]] who had been office in 1973 after his forced retirement.<ref name="Faure"/><ref name=Publications2012>{{cite book|title=Political Chronology of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC&pg=PA2038|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35673-6|pages=2038}}</ref> Aslan was a proponent of mandatory conscription for Syrian men, and was the main negotiator for arms deals with suppliers around the world, including Russia, China, Armenia, North Korea and Iran,<ref name="Council">{{Cite web|title=Syria's Leaders|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|url=http://www.cfr.org/syria/syrias-leaders/p9085|first=Esther|last=Pan|date=10 March 2006|access-date=11 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028142012/http://www.cfr.org/syria/syrias-leaders/p9085|archive-date=28 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as military treaties with Japan and several Eastern European countries.<ref name="Moubayed"/>

After the death of Hafez Assad in 2000, a 9-member committee was formed to oversee the transition period, and Aslan was among its members.<ref name=aps19jun>{{cite news|title=Bashar Aims to Consolidate Power in the Short-Term and to Open up Gradually|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syria%3a+Bashar+Aims+To+Consolidate+Power+In+The+Short-Term+%26+To+Open...-a073738730|access-date=26 March 2013|newspaper=APS Diplomat News Service|date=19 June 2000}}</ref> In addition, he became a member of the Baath Party's central committee in the Summer of 2000.<ref name=Maddy-Weitzman2002>{{cite book|author=Bruce Maddy-Weitzman|title=Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. 24, 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r01_GDIeTuUC&pg=PA558|year=2002|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center|isbn=978-965-224-054-5|page=558}}</ref><ref name=George2003>{{cite book|author=Alan George|title=Syria: Neither Bread Nor Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA77|year=2003|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-213-3|page=77}}</ref> Aslan was one of the senior officials, who contributed to secure the rule of Bashar Assad.<ref name=naj01aut>{{cite journal|last=Ghadbian|first=Najib|title=The New Asad: Dynamics of Continuity and Change in Syria|journal=Middle East Journal|date=Autumn 2001|volume=55|issue=4|pages=624–641|url=http://offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/The-New-Assad.pdf|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212184217/https://offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/The-New-Assad.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, he was relieved from his post as chief of staff by [[Bashar Assad]] in January 2002, as part of the younger president's program of reform<ref name="Faure"/> and after reported clashes with [[Assef Shawqat]]<ref name="Council"/> regarding personnel changes.<ref name=meib/> Aslan was replaced by his then deputy, [[Hasan Turkmani|Hassan Turkmani]].<ref name=meib>{{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary C.|title=The Military-Intelligence Shakeup in Syria|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=February 2002|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0202_s1.htm|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> Aslan was later appointed military advisor to the president.<ref name="Moubayed"/> In June 2005, Aslan was removed from the central committee of the Baath Party, and he retired from politics.<ref name=mou5jul>{{cite journal|last=Moubayed|first=Sami|title=Syria: Reform or Repair?|journal=Arab Reform Bulletin|date=July 2005|volume=3|issue=6|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Full_Issue3.pdf|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=hin2011>{{cite journal|last=Hinnebusch|first=Raymond|title=The Ba'th Party in Post-Ba'thist Syria: President, Party and the Struggle for 'Reform'|journal=Middle East Critique|year=2011|volume=20|issue=2|pages=109–125|doi=10.1080/19436149.2011.572408|s2cid=144573563}}</ref>

His nephew Qusay was married to Bashar al-Assad's cousin, Falak Jamil, but they divorced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=صاحبة "الأنثى والمحتال".. قصة فلك الأسد مع الشعر والسياسة - روزنة |url=https://www.rozana.fm/ar/news/2022/03/08/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%89-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.rozana.fm |language=ar}}</ref>

==Honours==
===National honours===
*{{flag|Syria}}:
**[[File:SYR Order Merit 1kl rib.png|70px]] [[Order of Civil Merit (Syria)|Order of Civil Merit]] (Excellent class) (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=قلّده الأسد وسام الاستحقاق لدوره كقائد عسكري.. من هو علي أصلان؟ |url=https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2021/06/25/syrian-military-commander-ali-aslan-bio |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=CNN Arabic |language=ar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aslan, Ali}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:People from Latakia]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]

Hasan Turkmani

2024-06-21T16:08:52Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician (1935–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hasan Turkmani
| image = File:0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg
| caption = [[Bashar al-Assad]] (centre) alongside Syrian [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Defense Minister]] General [[Mustafa Tlass]] (right) and [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Military Chief of Staff]] '''Hasan Turkmani''' (left).
| birth_date = 1 January 1935
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]], [[French Mandate of Syria]]
| death_date = 18 July 2012 (aged 77)
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| office = Deputy Vice President for Military Affairs
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start = 3 June 2009
| term_end = 18 July 2012
| office1 = 13th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2004
| term_end1 = 3 June 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Mustafa Tlass]]
| successor1 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| office2 = 18th [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
| term_start2 = 23 January 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Ali Aslan]]
| successor2 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start3 = 9 June 2005
| term_end3 = 18 July 2012
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq.jpg|25px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| nationality = [[Syrian people|Syrian]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|حسن توركماني}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| allegiance = {{Flag|Syria}}
| branch = [[Syrian Armed Forces]]
| battles = [[Yom Kippur War]]{{br}}[[Syrian Civil War]]
}}

'''Hasan Ali Turkmani''' ({{lang-ar|حسن توركماني}}; 27 January 1935 – 18 July 2012) was a prominent Syrian military commander and [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] member. He served as the [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]] in [[Syria]] from 2004 to 2009.<ref name=Bar_S.436>{{cite journal|last=Bar|first=Shmuel|title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview|journal=Comparative Strategy|year=2006|volume=25|issue=5|pages=436|url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf|access-date=15 May 2011|doi=10.1080/01495930601105412|s2cid=154739379}}</ref>

He and three other top Syrian government officials were killed on 18 July 2012 in [[Damascus]] during a [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|bomb attack]].

==Early life and education==
Hasan Turkmani was born in [[Aleppo]] in 1935 into a Syrian Sunni Muslim family<ref name=meib/><ref name="Fahim">{{cite news|last=Fahim|first=Kareem|title=Profiles of Syrian Officials Targeted in Damascus Blast|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 July 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/world/middleeast/profiles-of-syrian-officials-targeted-in-damascus-blast.html|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> of [[Syrian Turkmen|Turkmen]] origin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Al-Akhbar|date=2012|title=Damascus Bombing: The Assassinated Generals|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/9987|access-date=9 October 2016|quote=He was born in Aleppo, the capital of northern Syria, in 1935 to parents of Turkish origins. He studied in the city until he enrolled in the Military Academy, graduating as an expert in field artillery.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130131/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/9987|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He attended different courses and a higher military education, including bachelor in military sciences :

* Bachelor in Military Sciences, Infantry Officer, Military Academy of Homs, graduate in 1955,
* Mechanized Troop and Battalion Command Course, 1963
* Combined Arms (Infantry and Armour) field command and staff course, 1965
* Higher Field Command and Staff Course, Masters in Military Sciences, 1969
* Higher Staff Course (War College), Doctor of Military Sciences, 1972

==Career==
Turkmani joined the [[Syrian Arab Army]] in 1955 as an infantry officer. He was one of the first officers to graduate on the new mechanized units of the [[BMP-1]] and [[BTR-60]] armoured vehicles. He completed a staff course for combined arms operations from East Germany in 1965, and a Command and Staff Course from Egypt in 1969. He commanded the [[9th Armoured Division (Syria)|9th Mechanized Infantry Division]] which fought a crucial rearguard action around Damascus in 1973.<ref name=Batatu1999>{{cite book|author=Hanna Batatu|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Cvhg3YHIoC&pg=PA228|access-date=27 March 2013|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00254-5|pages=228}}</ref> He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1975.<ref name=meib/> Turkmani also began to serve as a member of the central committee of [[Ba'ath Party (Syria)|the Baath Party]] beginning in 2000.<ref name=mou1jun>{{cite journal|last=Moubayed|first=Sami|title=The faint smell of jasmine|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=26 May – 1 June 2005|volume=744|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/re3.htm|access-date=2 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325171127/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/re3.htm|archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Maddy-Weitzman2002>{{cite book|author=Bruce Maddy-Weitzman|title=Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. 24, 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r01_GDIeTuUC&pg=PA558|access-date=8 March 2013|year=2002|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center|isbn=978-965-224-054-5|pages=558}}</ref> He was the deputy chief of staff in [[Syrian Army|the Syrian army]] until 2002.<ref name=zisser>{{cite journal|last=Zisser|first=Eyal|title=Bashar al-Asad and his Regime- Between Continuity and Change|journal=Orient|date=June 2004|volume=45|issue=2|pages=239–256|url=http://www.ou.edu/mideast/Additional%20pages%20-%20non-catagory/Zisser_al-Asad_and_his_Regime_2004.htm|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> He was appointed chief of staff on 23 January 2002, replacing [[Ali Aslan]].<ref name=meib>{{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary C.|title=The Military-Intelligence Shakeup in Syria|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=February 2002|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0202_s1.htm|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=wire30mar>{{cite news|last=Blanche|first=Ed|title='Coup-proof' Arab regimes must tread carefully in changing world|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/aa-lebanon/02033012DS.htm|access-date=6 April 2013|newspaper=Lebanon Wire|date=30 March 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126201449/http://lebanonwire.com/aa-lebanon/02033012DS.htm|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Since he is a Sunni Muslim, his appointment was considered as a move to restore a touch of sectarian diversity to Syria's military-intelligence establishment, which had been dominated by Alawite Muslims.<ref name=meib/>

On 12 May 2004, he became defense minister, replacing [[Mustafa Tlass]].<ref name=hin2011>{{cite journal|last=Hinnebusch|first=Raymond|title=The Ba'th Party in Post-Ba'thist Syria: President, Party and the Struggle for 'Reform'|journal=Middle East Critique|year=2011|volume=20|issue=2|pages=109–125|doi=10.1080/19436149.2011.572408|s2cid=144573563}}</ref><ref name=Leverett2005>{{cite book|author=Flynt Lawrence Leverett|title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire|url=https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn|url-access=registration|access-date=12 March 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-5206-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn/page/191 191]}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Ali Habib Mahmoud]] succeeded Turkmani as chief of staff.<ref name=Leverett2005/> In June 2006, Turkmani visited [[Tehran]] and signed a strategic alliance agreement with his Iranian counterpart [[Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar|Mustafa Mohammad Najjar]] to form a joint defense committee.<ref name=abb08win>{{cite journal|last=Samii|first=Abbas William|title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship|journal=Middle East Journal|date=Winter 2008|volume=62|issue=1|pages=32–53|doi=10.3751/62.1.12|url=http://sino-west.org/sjtu/Stable.pdf|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>

Turkmani was replaced in June 2009 by the former army chief [[Ali Habib Mahmud]] as defense minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria names new defence minister|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=3 June 2009|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090603-syria-names-new-defence-minister}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 3 June 2009, President Bashar Assad appointed Turkmani as assistant vice president with the rank of minister.<ref name=globalsec>{{cite web|title=Syria Military. Defense Ministry|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/defense.htm|publisher=Global Security|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref> He was also appointed chief of crisis operations and was widely blamed for the campaign of torture in Syria.<ref name=tdbeast>{{cite news|last=Ibish|first=Hussein|title=Assad is Doomed|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/18/assad-is-doomed.html|access-date=17 July 2012|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=17 July 2012}}</ref> In addition, Turkmani was a military advisor to Vice Fresident [[Farouk al-Sharaa|Farouk Sharaa]].<ref name=nyt1812>{{cite news|title=Blast Kills Core Syrian Security Officials|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/world/middleeast/suicide-attack-reported-in-damascus-as-more-generals-flee.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 July 2012|author=Neil MacFarquhar|author2=Dalal Mawad}}</ref>

==Rumoured death==
On 19 May 2012, the [[Free Syrian Army]]'s (FSA) Damascus council announced that one of their operatives from the FSA's Al Sahabeh battalion had successfully poisoned all eight members of Bashar Assad's [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]], a group of top military officials who currently run the Syrian army's daily operations. The Free Syrian Army's Damascus council said they believed at least six out of the eight members, including Turkmani, [[Assef Shawkat]], [[Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar|Mohammad al-Shaar]], [[Daoud Rajha]], [[Hisham Ikhtiyar]] and Mohammad Said Bakhtian, to have been killed. Mohammad al-Shaar, then interior minister, and Hasan Turkmani, then assistant vice president, denied their own deaths to State TV, calling it "categorically baseless".<ref name=tgmay>{{cite news|title=Six senior figures in Assad regime killed, rebel army says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/20/syria-damascus-clashes-assassinations#block-12|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=aarabiya20may>{{cite news|title=High-ranking Syrian officials deny reports of their own assassinations|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/20/215270.html|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

==Assassination and funeral==
Hasan Turkmani was assassinated on 18 July 2012 [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|in a bombing]] by opposition militants on a meeting of the [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]] at the national security building in [[Rawda Square]], north-west Damascus, where the minister of defense [[Dawoud Rajiha]], his deputy [[Assef Shawkat]] and other top officials were also killed.<ref name=abcap>{{cite news|title=Ex-Syrian Defense Minister Said Killed in Damascus|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/fighting-spikes-damascus-vote-syria-16800432#.UAbIRGGmiGU|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=ABC|date=18 July 2012|author=Bassem Mroue|author2=Elizabeth A. Kennedy|agency=AP}}</ref> Turkmani died of his wounds after the attack.<ref name=reu1812>{{cite news|title=Bomb kills men at heart of Assad rule as Syria fight rages|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE8610SH20120718|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 July 2012|author=Dominic Evans|author2=Khaled Yacoub Oweis}}</ref> Dozens of civiliants were injured. A state funeral was held for him, Dawoud Rajiha and Assef Shawkat in Damascus on 20 July 2012.<ref name=naharnet2012>{{cite news|title=Syria National Security Chief Dies of Wounds, State Funerals Held for Slain Officials|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/47225-syria-national-security-chief-dies-of-wounds-state-funerals-held-for-slain-officials|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Naharnet|date=20 July 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hasan Turkmani's son Muhammad Bilal owned the weekly political magazine ''[[Abyad wa Aswad]]'' ("Black and White" in English).<ref name=Bar_S.436/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Blandford|first=Nicholas|title=Syrian media liberalisation causes a stir|journal=The Middle East|date=1 February 2005|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syrian+media+liberalisation+causes+a+stir%3A+Nicholas+Blanford+reports...-a0128792708|access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkmani}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aleppo]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Assassinated Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by explosive device]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Syria]]
[[Category:Assassinated military personnel]]
[[Category:2012 murders in Syria]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2012]]

Hasan Turkmani

2024-06-21T16:07:59Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician (1935–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hasan Turkmani
| image = File:0718-Syria-Defectors-reemerge.jpg
| caption = [[Bashar al-Assad]] (centre) alongside Syrian [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Defence Minister]] General [[Mustafa Tlass]] (right) and [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Military Chief of Staff]] '''Hasan Turkmani''' (left).
| birth_date = 1 January 1935
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]], [[French Mandate of Syria]]
| death_date = 18 July 2012 (aged 77)
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| office = Deputy Vice President for Military Affairs
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start = 3 June 2009
| term_end = 18 July 2012
| office1 = 13th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2004
| term_end1 = 3 June 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Mustafa Tlass]]
| successor1 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| office2 = 18th [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
| term_start2 = 23 January 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Ali Aslan]]
| successor2 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start3 = 9 June 2005
| term_end3 = 18 July 2012
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq.jpg|25px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| nationality = [[Syrian people|Syrian]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|حسن توركماني}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| allegiance = {{Flag|Syria}}
| branch = [[Syrian Armed Forces]]
| battles = [[Yom Kippur War]]{{br}}[[Syrian Civil War]]
}}

'''Hasan Ali Turkmani''' ({{lang-ar|حسن توركماني}}; 27 January 1935 – 18 July 2012) was a prominent Syrian military commander and [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] member. He served as the [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]] in [[Syria]] from 2004 to 2009.<ref name=Bar_S.436>{{cite journal|last=Bar|first=Shmuel|title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview|journal=Comparative Strategy|year=2006|volume=25|issue=5|pages=436|url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf|access-date=15 May 2011|doi=10.1080/01495930601105412|s2cid=154739379}}</ref>

He and three other top Syrian government officials were killed on 18 July 2012 in [[Damascus]] during a [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|bomb attack]].

==Early life and education==
Hasan Turkmani was born in [[Aleppo]] in 1935 into a Syrian Sunni Muslim family<ref name=meib/><ref name="Fahim">{{cite news|last=Fahim|first=Kareem|title=Profiles of Syrian Officials Targeted in Damascus Blast|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 July 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/world/middleeast/profiles-of-syrian-officials-targeted-in-damascus-blast.html|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> of [[Syrian Turkmen|Turkmen]] origin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Al-Akhbar|date=2012|title=Damascus Bombing: The Assassinated Generals|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/9987|access-date=9 October 2016|quote=He was born in Aleppo, the capital of northern Syria, in 1935 to parents of Turkish origins. He studied in the city until he enrolled in the Military Academy, graduating as an expert in field artillery.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130131/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/9987|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He attended different courses and a higher military education, including bachelor in military sciences :

* Bachelor in Military Sciences, Infantry Officer, Military Academy of Homs, graduate in 1955,
* Mechanized Troop and Battalion Command Course, 1963
* Combined Arms (Infantry and Armour) field command and staff course, 1965
* Higher Field Command and Staff Course, Masters in Military Sciences, 1969
* Higher Staff Course (War College), Doctor of Military Sciences, 1972

==Career==
Turkmani joined the [[Syrian Arab Army]] in 1955 as an infantry officer. He was one of the first officers to graduate on the new mechanized units of the [[BMP-1]] and [[BTR-60]] armoured vehicles. He completed a staff course for combined arms operations from East Germany in 1965, and a Command and Staff Course from Egypt in 1969. He commanded the [[9th Armoured Division (Syria)|9th Mechanized Infantry Division]] which fought a crucial rearguard action around Damascus in 1973.<ref name=Batatu1999>{{cite book|author=Hanna Batatu|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Cvhg3YHIoC&pg=PA228|access-date=27 March 2013|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00254-5|pages=228}}</ref> He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1975.<ref name=meib/> Turkmani also began to serve as a member of the central committee of [[Ba'ath Party (Syria)|the Baath Party]] beginning in 2000.<ref name=mou1jun>{{cite journal|last=Moubayed|first=Sami|title=The faint smell of jasmine|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=26 May – 1 June 2005|volume=744|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/re3.htm|access-date=2 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325171127/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/re3.htm|archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Maddy-Weitzman2002>{{cite book|author=Bruce Maddy-Weitzman|title=Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. 24, 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r01_GDIeTuUC&pg=PA558|access-date=8 March 2013|year=2002|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center|isbn=978-965-224-054-5|pages=558}}</ref> He was the deputy chief of staff in [[Syrian Army|the Syrian army]] until 2002.<ref name=zisser>{{cite journal|last=Zisser|first=Eyal|title=Bashar al-Asad and his Regime- Between Continuity and Change|journal=Orient|date=June 2004|volume=45|issue=2|pages=239–256|url=http://www.ou.edu/mideast/Additional%20pages%20-%20non-catagory/Zisser_al-Asad_and_his_Regime_2004.htm|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> He was appointed chief of staff on 23 January 2002, replacing [[Ali Aslan]].<ref name=meib>{{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary C.|title=The Military-Intelligence Shakeup in Syria|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=February 2002|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0202_s1.htm|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=wire30mar>{{cite news|last=Blanche|first=Ed|title='Coup-proof' Arab regimes must tread carefully in changing world|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/aa-lebanon/02033012DS.htm|access-date=6 April 2013|newspaper=Lebanon Wire|date=30 March 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126201449/http://lebanonwire.com/aa-lebanon/02033012DS.htm|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Since he is a Sunni Muslim, his appointment was considered as a move to restore a touch of sectarian diversity to Syria's military-intelligence establishment, which had been dominated by Alawite Muslims.<ref name=meib/>

On 12 May 2004, he became defense minister, replacing [[Mustafa Tlass]].<ref name=hin2011>{{cite journal|last=Hinnebusch|first=Raymond|title=The Ba'th Party in Post-Ba'thist Syria: President, Party and the Struggle for 'Reform'|journal=Middle East Critique|year=2011|volume=20|issue=2|pages=109–125|doi=10.1080/19436149.2011.572408|s2cid=144573563}}</ref><ref name=Leverett2005>{{cite book|author=Flynt Lawrence Leverett|title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire|url=https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn|url-access=registration|access-date=12 March 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-5206-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn/page/191 191]}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Ali Habib Mahmoud]] succeeded Turkmani as chief of staff.<ref name=Leverett2005/> In June 2006, Turkmani visited [[Tehran]] and signed a strategic alliance agreement with his Iranian counterpart [[Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar|Mustafa Mohammad Najjar]] to form a joint defense committee.<ref name=abb08win>{{cite journal|last=Samii|first=Abbas William|title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship|journal=Middle East Journal|date=Winter 2008|volume=62|issue=1|pages=32–53|doi=10.3751/62.1.12|url=http://sino-west.org/sjtu/Stable.pdf|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>

Turkmani was replaced in June 2009 by the former army chief [[Ali Habib Mahmud]] as defense minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria names new defence minister|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=3 June 2009|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090603-syria-names-new-defence-minister}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 3 June 2009, President Bashar Assad appointed Turkmani as assistant vice president with the rank of minister.<ref name=globalsec>{{cite web|title=Syria Military. Defense Ministry|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/defense.htm|publisher=Global Security|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref> He was also appointed chief of crisis operations and was widely blamed for the campaign of torture in Syria.<ref name=tdbeast>{{cite news|last=Ibish|first=Hussein|title=Assad is Doomed|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/18/assad-is-doomed.html|access-date=17 July 2012|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=17 July 2012}}</ref> In addition, Turkmani was a military advisor to Vice Fresident [[Farouk al-Sharaa|Farouk Sharaa]].<ref name=nyt1812>{{cite news|title=Blast Kills Core Syrian Security Officials|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/world/middleeast/suicide-attack-reported-in-damascus-as-more-generals-flee.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 July 2012|author=Neil MacFarquhar|author2=Dalal Mawad}}</ref>

==Rumoured death==
On 19 May 2012, the [[Free Syrian Army]]'s (FSA) Damascus council announced that one of their operatives from the FSA's Al Sahabeh battalion had successfully poisoned all eight members of Bashar Assad's [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]], a group of top military officials who currently run the Syrian army's daily operations. The Free Syrian Army's Damascus council said they believed at least six out of the eight members, including Turkmani, [[Assef Shawkat]], [[Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar|Mohammad al-Shaar]], [[Daoud Rajha]], [[Hisham Ikhtiyar]] and Mohammad Said Bakhtian, to have been killed. Mohammad al-Shaar, then interior minister, and Hasan Turkmani, then assistant vice president, denied their own deaths to State TV, calling it "categorically baseless".<ref name=tgmay>{{cite news|title=Six senior figures in Assad regime killed, rebel army says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/20/syria-damascus-clashes-assassinations#block-12|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=aarabiya20may>{{cite news|title=High-ranking Syrian officials deny reports of their own assassinations|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/20/215270.html|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

==Assassination and funeral==
Hasan Turkmani was assassinated on 18 July 2012 [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|in a bombing]] by opposition militants on a meeting of the [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]] at the national security building in [[Rawda Square]], north-west Damascus, where the minister of defense [[Dawoud Rajiha]], his deputy [[Assef Shawkat]] and other top officials were also killed.<ref name=abcap>{{cite news|title=Ex-Syrian Defense Minister Said Killed in Damascus|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/fighting-spikes-damascus-vote-syria-16800432#.UAbIRGGmiGU|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=ABC|date=18 July 2012|author=Bassem Mroue|author2=Elizabeth A. Kennedy|agency=AP}}</ref> Turkmani died of his wounds after the attack.<ref name=reu1812>{{cite news|title=Bomb kills men at heart of Assad rule as Syria fight rages|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE8610SH20120718|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 July 2012|author=Dominic Evans|author2=Khaled Yacoub Oweis}}</ref> Dozens of civiliants were injured. A state funeral was held for him, Dawoud Rajiha and Assef Shawkat in Damascus on 20 July 2012.<ref name=naharnet2012>{{cite news|title=Syria National Security Chief Dies of Wounds, State Funerals Held for Slain Officials|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/47225-syria-national-security-chief-dies-of-wounds-state-funerals-held-for-slain-officials|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Naharnet|date=20 July 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hasan Turkmani's son Muhammad Bilal owned the weekly political magazine ''[[Abyad wa Aswad]]'' ("Black and White" in English).<ref name=Bar_S.436/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Blandford|first=Nicholas|title=Syrian media liberalisation causes a stir|journal=The Middle East|date=1 February 2005|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syrian+media+liberalisation+causes+a+stir%3A+Nicholas+Blanford+reports...-a0128792708|access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkmani}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aleppo]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Assassinated Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by explosive device]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Syria]]
[[Category:Assassinated military personnel]]
[[Category:2012 murders in Syria]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2012]]

Ali Habib Mahmud

2024-06-21T15:27:54Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian military officer (1939–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Ali Habib Mahmud
| image = Ali Habib in 1990.JPEG
| caption = Mahmud in 1990
| office = 14th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| term_start = 3 June 2009
| term_end = 8 August 2011
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Mohammad Najji Outri]] [[Adel Safar]]
| predecessor = [[Hasan Turkmani]]
| successor = [[Dawoud Rajiha]]
| office2 = 19th [[Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)|Chief of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
| term_start2 = 12 May 2004
| term_end2 = 3 June 2009
| president2 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor2 = [[Hasan Turkmani]]
| successor2 = [[Dawoud Rajiha]]
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq Awal.jpg|30px]] [[Colonel General]]
| allegiance = {{Flag|Syria}}
| serviceyears = 1959–2011
| commands = [[1st Armoured Division (Syria)|1st Armoured Division]] [[7th Mechanized Division (Syria)|7th Mechanized Division]]
| unit =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Six-Day War]]
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[1982 Lebanon War]]
** [[Battle of Sultan Yacoub]]
* [[Gulf War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tartus]], [[First Syrian Republic]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|3|20|1939|1|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| residence =
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|علي حبيب محمود}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| branch = [[Syrian Army]]
}}
'''Ali Habib Mahmud''' ({{lang-ar|علي حبيب محمود}}&lrm;; 1 January 1939 – 20 March 2020) was a [[Syrian people|Syrian]] military officer who served as Syria's minister of defense from June 2009 to August 2011. As one of Syria's most celebrated generals,<ref name=WOTR>{{cite web|website=War on the Rocks|author=Kamal Alam|title=Kissinger's Prophecy Fulfilled in Syria|date=23 January 2019|url=https://warontherocks.com/2019/01/kissingers-prophecy-fulfilled-in-syria/|access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref> he was part of President [[Bashar al-Assad]]'s inner circle.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13216195|work=BBC News|title=Bashar al-Assad's inner circle|date=18 May 2011}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mahmud was born into an [[Alawite]] family on 1 January 1939 in [[Tartus]]<ref name=BBCArabic>{{cite news|script-title=ar:وزير جديد للدفاع في سورية|publisher=BBC Arabic|date=3 June 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/middle_east_news/newsid_8080000/8080907.stm|language=ar|access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=Batatu1999/> and joined the army in 1959.<ref name=ash9aug/> In 1962, he graduated from the military academy.<ref name=BBCArabic/>

==Career==
Mahmud fought in [[Yom Kippur War]] against [[Israel]]. As a commander of the [[1st Armoured Division (Syria)|1st Division]], he also led forces against Israeli troops invading Lebanon in 1982, including the [[Battle of Sultan Yacoub]].<ref name=Solley>{{Cite conference | first = Maj. George C. | last = Solley | date = May 10, 1987 | title = The Israeli Experience In Lebanon, 1982-1985 | conference = War Since 1945 Seminar | publisher = Marine Corps Command and Staff College | location = Quantico, VA | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1987/SGC.htm }}</ref> He commanded 7th mechanized infantry in 1985.<ref name=Batatu1999>{{cite book|author=Hanna Batatu|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Cvhg3YHIoC&pg=PA228|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00254-5|page=228}}</ref> In 1986, Mahmud became a general.<ref name=gnews17june>{{cite news|title=Who is Defence Minister Ali Habib Mahmoud?|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/syria/who-is-defence-minister-ali-habib-mahmoud-1.822670|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009184916/http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/syria/who-is-defence-minister-ali-habib-mahmoud-1.822670|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2017|access-date=8 March 2013|newspaper=Gulf News|date=17 June 2011}}</ref> He also participated in the [[Gulf War]] as part of the international coalition that liberated [[Kuwait]] from [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Iraq]] in 1991.<ref name="bbc"/> In 1994, he was appointed commander of the special forces.<ref name=ash9aug/> In 1998, he was promoted to the rank of major general.<ref name=gnews17june/> He was appointed deputy chief of staff in 2002. On 12 May 2004, he was appointed chief of general staff of the Syrian army and the armed forces.<ref name=BBCArabic/><ref name=Leverett2005>{{cite book|author=Flynt Lawrence Leverett|title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire|url=https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn|url-access=registration|access-date=12 March 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-5206-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn/page/190 190]}}</ref> He replaced [[Hasan Turkmani]], who was appointed defense minister.<ref name=Leverett2005/> In addition, Mahmud was a member of [[Ba'ath Party (Syria)|the Baath Party]].<ref name=gnews17june/>

On 3 June 2009, [[President of Syria|President]] [[Bashar Assad]] appointed Mahmud as defense minister, replacing again Hasan Turkmani.<ref name=BBCArabic/><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria names former army chief new defence minister|newspaper=Syria Today|date=July 2009|url=http://www.syria-today.com/index.php/july-2009/358-news/1982-syria-names-former-army-chief-new-defence-minister|access-date=15 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130034234/http://syria-today.com/index.php/july-2009/358-news/1982-syria-names-former-army-chief-new-defence-minister|archive-date=30 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahmud's term ended on 8 August 2011, and he was replaced by [[Dawoud Rajha]] in the post.<ref name=ash9aug>{{cite news|title=Ex-Syrian DefMin Opposition to Hama crackdown led to firing – Sources|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2011/08/article55245505|access-date=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=9 August 2011|location=Damascus, London|archive-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703042218/http://www.aawsat.net/2011/08/article55245505|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 4 September 2013, the opposition wrongly claimed that Mahmud had defected and escaped to Turkey.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-defection-idUSBRE9830O420130904?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&dlvrit=992637 Exclusive: Former Syria defense minister defects in break with Assad]. Reuters. Retrieved on 2013-09-06.</ref> In fact, he remained in Syria.<ref name=WOTR/>

===Sanctions===
In May 2011, the [[United States]] accused Habib of human rights abuses, and announced a travel ban and asset freeze.<ref name="bbc"/>

==Death==
On 20 March 2020, Mahmud died in [[Al Assad University Hospital]], [[Damascus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/3/20/former-syrian-army-chief-ali-habib-dies-aged-81|title=Former Syrian army chief Ali Habib dies aged 81|website=alaraby.co.uk|date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=[[Syrian Army|Deputy Chief of Staff of Army]]|years=2002–2004|before=[[Hasan Turkmani]]|after=[[Dawoud Rajiha]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Syrian Army|Chief of Staff of Army]]|years=2004–2009|before=[[Hasan Turkmani]]|after=[[Dawoud Rajiha]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|before=[[Hasan Turkmani]]|title=[[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]|years=2009–2011|after=[[Dawoud Rajiha]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{2011 Syrian uprising}}
{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud, Ali Habib}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]
[[Category:People from Tartus]]

Assef Shawkat

2024-06-21T15:25:25Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian intelligence chief and politician (1950–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Assef Shawkat
| image = Assef Shawkat.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Deputy Minister of Defense]]
| term_start = September 2011
| term_end = 18 July 2012
| minister = [[Dawoud Rajiha]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1950|01|15}}
| birth_place = [[Al-Madehleh]], [[Tartus]], [[First Syrian Republic]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|07|18|1950|01|15}}
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Bushra al-Assad]]|1995|2012}}
| rank = [[File:Syria Army - OF08.svg|30px]] [[Lieutenant general]]
| nationality = Syrian
| relations = [[Hafez al-Assad]] (father-in-law) [[Bassel al-Assad|Bassel]] (brother-in-law) [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]] (brother-in-law) [[Majd al-Assad|Majd]] (brother-in-law) [[Maher al-Assad|Maher]] (brother-in-law)
| office2 = Deputy Chief of Staff of the [[Syrian Armed Forces]]
| termstart2 = 2009
| termend2 = 2011
| office3 = Head of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence Directorate]]
| term_end3 = 2009
| term_start3 = 2005
| predecessor3 = [[Hassan Khalil]]
| successor3 = [[Abdel-Fatah Qudsiyeh]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|آصِفُ شَوْكَتْ}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| allegiance = {{Flag|Syria}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
** [[Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[Islamist uprising in Syria]]
* [[1982 Lebanon War]]
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| serviceyears = 1970s–2012
}}

'''Assef Shawkat''' ({{lang-ar|آصِفُ شَوْكَتْ|ʾĀṣif Šawkat}}&lrm;; 15 January 1950 – 18 July 2012) was a Syrian military officer who was the Deputy [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]] of Syria from September 2011 until his death in July 2012.

He was the brother-in-law of Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]], having married his older sister [[Bushra al-Assad|Bushra]].

He and three other top Syrian government officials were killed on 18 July 2012 in [[Damascus]] during a [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|deadly bomb attack]] allegedly organized by the [[Free Syrian Army]].<ref name=guardian1>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/syrian-regime-figures-bomb-attack|title= Leading Syrian regime figures killed in Damascus bomb attack|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2012|accessdate=18 July 2012|author=Ian Black and Martin Chulov}}</ref> Shawkat was a key suspect in a [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|terrorist attack]] in [[Beirut]] that killed [[Lebanese Prime Minister]] [[Rafic Hariri]] in 14 February 2005. [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Department of Treasury]] sanctioned Shawkat in 2006 for orchestrating the [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|assassination]], describing him as "a key architect" of [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Assad loses Assef Shawkat, Syria's shadowy enforcer |work=Al Arabiya News |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/18/227058 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122190254/https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/18/227058 |archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2012 |title=Comeback kid of Assad regime was a feared figure |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/comeback-kid-of-assad-regime-was-a-feared-figure-20120719-22d5g.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721080802/https://www.smh.com.au/world/comeback-kid-of-assad-regime-was-a-feared-figure-20120719-22d5g.html |archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Assef Shawkat was born into an [[Alawites|Alawite]] family in the village of [[Al-Madehleh]] in the [[Tartus Governorate|Tartus region]] of [[Syria]] on 15 January 1950.<ref name=eu>{{cite web|title=List of persons and entities referred to in articles 3 and 4|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:164:0020:0021:EN:PDF|publisher=Official Journal of the European Union|accessdate=19 July 2012|date=24 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=Leverrier>{{cite news|last=Leverrier|first= Ignatius|title=Asef Chawkat ou comment s'en débarrasser?|url=http://syrie.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/10/02/asef-chawkat-ou-comment-s%E2%80%99en-debarrasser/#xtor=RSS-32280322|accessdate=3 October 2011|newspaper=Le Monde|date=2 October 2011}}</ref> He grew up in modest comfort<ref name=aa1812>{{cite news|title=Assad loses Assef Shawkat, Syria's shadowy enforcer|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/18/227058.html|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> and studied law and history at [[Damascus University]] before joining the [[Syrian Army]] in the early 1970s.<ref name=maj1mar>{{cite journal|title=Assad's Enforcer|journal=The Majalla|date=1 March 2012|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55229665|accessdate=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715132902/http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55229665|archive-date=15 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this time, Shawkat married and had five children.<ref name=telegraph1>{{cite news|title=Assef Shawkat (obituary)|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/9410079/Assef-Shawkat.html#|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

==Military career==
After joining the army, Shawkat began working his way up through the ranks, and by 1982 he was an officer in the [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]] paramilitary force headed by [[Rifaat al-Assad]], the brother of [[President of Syria|Syrian President]] [[Hafez al-Assad]]. The Defense Companies were responsible for putting down an [[Islamist uprising in Syria|Islamist uprising]] in the city of [[Hama]] in 1982.

In 1983, after Hafez al-Assad suffered an apparent heart attack, he named governing council of six men he believed were unlikely to seize power to run the country in his absence. Rifaat al-Assad was not among them. Hafez al-Assad's prolonged absence caused supporters of Rifaat al-Assad to rally around him, and in 1984 Rifaat launched a bid to take control of Damascus which nearly escalated into a civil war. The tensions only eased when Hafez al-Assad, still ill, addressed the nation and the attempted [[coup d'état]] collapsed. Shawkat remained loyal to Hafez al-Assad throughout this period, and he was rewarded with a promotion to [[colonel]].<ref name=telegraph1/>

==Marriage to Bushra al-Assad==
In the early 1980s, Shawkat met [[Bushra al-Assad]], who was at that time studying pharmacy at [[Damascus University]]. Bushra was the first child and only daughter of [[Hafez al-Assad]], and she had a close relationship with her father. Bushra's father and her younger brother [[Bassel al-Assad]] were strongly opposed to Bushra's relationship with Shawkat, who was ten years her senior and a divorced father of five from a modest background. Bassel briefly had Shawkat jailed in 1993 to block their relationship.<ref name=aa1812/> However, there is another report stating that the reason for his imprisonment was related to his wrongdoing.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

However, in January 1994, Bassel died in a car crash, and a year later, in 1995 Shawkat and Bushra al-Assad eloped. Despite failing to obtain her father's blessing prior to the marriage, [[Hafez al-Assad]] accepted Shawkat into the family, and Shawkat was soon promoted in rank to [[Major-General]]. Assef and Bushra had five children, all named for immediate members of Bushra's family: Bushra, Anisa, Bassel, Naya and Hafez.<ref name=cnn1>{{cite news|title=Getting to know Syria's first family|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/26/world/meast/assad-family/index.html|accessdate=19 July 2012|publisher=CNN|date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

After his marriage to Bushra al-Assad, Shawkat built a close relationship with her brother [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]], who had recently been recalled from London after his brother Bassel's death to be groomed as his father's successor. Bushra reportedly nurtured this relationship. On the other hand, he is said to have had a fractious relationship with Bushra's and Bashar's younger brother [[Maher al-Assad]], who is alleged to have shot him in the stomach in 1999.<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|title=Profiles of Syria officials Assef Shawkat, Daoud Rajiha and Hassan Turkomani|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18889030|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

==Political career==
By the time [[Bashar al-Assad]] became [[President of Syria]] in June 2000 after the death of his father, [[Hafez al-Assad]], Shawkat was widely considered one of the most powerful people in Syria. In 2001, Shawkat was named Deputy Director of [[Military Intelligence (Syria)|Military Intelligence]], one of the main branches of the Syrian intelligence apparatus. His portfolio included liaising with militant Palestinian groups, such as [[Hamas]] and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]], and he was a key architect of Syria's dominance of [[Lebanon]].<ref name=smh1>{{cite news|title=Comeback kid of Assad regime was a feared figure|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/comeback-kid-of-assad-regime-was-a-feared-figure-20120719-22d5g.html|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=19 July 2012|archive-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703153428/http://www.smh.com.au/world/comeback-kid-of-assad-regime-was-a-feared-figure-20120719-22d5g.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 attacks]], Shawkat was a primary contact with intelligence agencies in the United States and Europe and coordinated a US intelligence operation in Syria, which was shut down after relations between the two countries irremediably deteriorated.<ref name=bbc1/>

=== Implication in Rafik Hariri assassination ===
In February 2005, Shawkat was promoted to Director of [[Military Intelligence (Syria)|Military Intelligence]], replacing [[Hassan Khalil]].<ref name=had2005>{{cite journal|last=Haddad |first=Bassam |title=Left to its Domestic Devices: How the Syrian Regime Boxed Itself In |journal=Area: Mediterranean & Arab World |year=2005 |volume=43 |url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/218/Haddad218.pdf |accessdate=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195155/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/218/Haddad218.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Shortly before his promotion, former Lebanese Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]] was assassinated by a car bomb in [[Beirut]] on 14 February 2005. The size and sophistication of the device used in the blast was considered to have involved a state intelligence agency, and [[United Nations]] investigators implicated Shawkat in the plot.<ref name=smh1/> immed In 2006, Shawkat was named a Specially Designated National (SDN) by the US, allowing his assets to be frozen in the US.<ref name=aa1812/>

He was also implicated in the assassination of [[Imad Mughniyah]] in Damascus on 12 February 2008.<ref name="eid">{{cite journal|last=Kazemzadeh|first=Masoud|author2=Gabriel Emile Eid|title=An Analysis of the Assassination of the Lebanese Hezbollah Commander Imad Mughniyah: Hypotheses and Consequences|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|year=2008|volume=30|issue=6|pages=399–413|doi=10.1080/10803920802569324|s2cid=154511473}}</ref> He was subsequently [[Administrative detention|administratively detained]], and in July 2009, he was dismissed as head of military intelligence, 'thus ridding the regime of the key suspect in the international investigation into Hariri's assassination', given the rank of general and named as deputy chief of staff of the armed forces.<ref>A History of the Middle East, Peter Mansfield, Penguin 2010, pp. 477–478 {{ISBN|978-0-718-19231-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Izquierdo Brichs |first=Ferran |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/817889479 |title=Political Regimes in the Arab World : Society and the Exercise of Power. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-136-24088-1 |location=Hoboken |pages=210 |oclc=817889479}}</ref>

He held this post until September 2011, when he was appointed deputy [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|defense minister]], ostensibly under General [[Dawoud Rajiha]]. After the appointment of General [[Dawoud Rajiha]] to head the ministry of defense, Shawkat became an important figure in the ministry of defense, though the army was under the ''de facto'' control of [[Maher al-Assad]], the president's brother.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/world/breakingnews/127221553.html|agency=Winnipeg Free Press|date=8 August 2011|accessdate=12 August 2011|title=Syrian defence minister replaced by army chief of staff|first=Bassem|last=Mroue}}</ref> However, Shawkat had more than one conflict with Maher al-Assad.<ref name=aabukhalil/>

==Syrian uprising==
Together with President Bashar al-Assad and his brother [[Maher al-Assad]], Shawkat was a principal architect of the crackdown that followed in response to the [[Syrian uprising (2011–present)|Syrian uprising]] that began in March 2011.<ref name=guardian1/> He was a member of a military crisis unit created by President al-Assad, which included [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Defense Minister]] [[Dawoud Rajiha]], intelligence chief [[Hisham Bekhityar]], special security advisor [[Ali Mamlouk]], head of military intelligence [[Abdel-Fatah Qudsiyeh]], and [[Mohammed Nasif Kheirbek]], a veteran operator from the era of Assad's father.

In May 2012, the [[Free Syrian Army]]'s (FSA) Damascus council claimed that one of their operatives from its Al Sahabeh battalion had poisoned the eight members of Bashar Assad's military crisis unit, including Assef Shawkat, who was inaccurately reported to have died.<ref name=ippavpppv>{{cite news|last=Siddique|first=Haroon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/20/syria-damascus-clashes-assassinations|title=Syria: Damascus clashes prompt claims of high-level assassinations|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/20/215270.html|title=High-ranking Syrian officials deny reports of their own assassinations|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=20 May 2012|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref>

==Assassination==
On 18 July 2012, Shawkat attended a meeting of the [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]] at the headquarters of Syria's national security council in the [[Rawda Square]] of Damascus.<ref name=guardian1/> There he was killed in a [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|bomb attack]] along with [[Dawoud Rajiha]], the [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|defense minister]], and [[Hassan Turkmani]], the former defense minister and a military adviser to [[List of Vice Presidents of Syria|Vice President]] [[Farouk al-Sharaa]].<ref name=aabukhalil/> [[As'ad AbuKhalil]], a California State University professor, argues that Shawkat was the key man in the group assassinated.<ref name=aabukhalil>{{cite news|last=AbuKhalil|first=As'ad|title=Damascus Bombs and Mysteries|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/blogs/angry-corner/damascus-bombs-and-mysteries|accessdate=20 July 2012|newspaper=Al Akhbar|date=20 July 2012|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184317/http://english.al-akhbar.com/blogs/angry-corner/damascus-bombs-and-mysteries|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Syrian state television reported that an honorific state funeral ceremony was held for him, Turkmani, and Rajha at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Damascus on 20 July 2012.<ref name=rgnyt2012>{{cite news|last=Gladstone|first=Rick|title=U.N. Extends Syria Mission as Violence Rises to New Heights|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/world/middleeast/clashes-continue-after-border-posts-fall-to-syrian-rebels.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=21 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 July 2012}}</ref> Bashar al-Assad and his brother [[Maher al-Assad]] did not attend the ceremony.<ref name=rgnyt2012/> Bashar al-Assad was represented by Vice President Farouk al-Sharaa in the ceremony.<ref name=ctreu>{{cite news|title=Funeral held for Syria officials killed in bombing|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720,0,6973157.story|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209035029/http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720,0,6973157.story|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2012|accessdate=21 July 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=20 July 2012|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Shawkat was buried in the [[Tartus Governorate|Tartus region]] following a funeral attended by his wife Bushra al-Assad and his mother-in-law, Anissa al-Assad, the widow of [[Hafez al-Assad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=420688|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130025604/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=420688|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|title=Assad's mother, sister in Tartus for Shawkat funeral|publisher=Now Lebanon|date=19 July 2012|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>

Iraqi President [[Jalal Talabani]] sent his condolences to Bushra al-Assad upon death of Assef Shawkat.<ref name=almonitor>{{cite news|title=After Syria Bombing, Iraq Sends Condolences to Leaders|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/07/hashemi-demands-information-from.html|accessdate=24 July 2012|newspaper=Al Monitor|date=23 July 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Al-Assad family]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons Category}}

{{Heads of Syrian military intelligence}}
{{Heads of National Security Bureau of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shawkat, Assef}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Tartus Governorate]]
[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Al-Assad family]]
[[Category:Assassinated Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated military personnel]]
[[Category:Deaths by explosive device]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Syria]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:2012 murders in Syria]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2010s]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian people]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2012]]

Dawoud Rajiha

2024-06-21T15:23:24Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Minister of Defense (1947–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha
| image = Dawoud-Rajiha.jpeg
| caption =
| office = 15th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start = 8 August 2011
| term_end = 18 July 2012
| primeminister = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]]
| deputy = [[Assef Shawkat]]
| predecessor = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| successor = [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]
| office2 = 20th [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| term_start2 = 3 June 2009
| term_end2 = 8 August 2011
| president2 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| successor2 = [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|07|18|1947|df=y}}
| death_place = Damascus, Syria
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| residence =
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = {{army|Syria}}
| serviceyears = 1967–2012
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq Awal.jpg|30px]] [[Colonel General]]
| unit = 3rd Armoured Division, Artillery
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
* [[Islamist uprising in Syria]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
** [[Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]]
* [[1982 Lebanon War]]
* [[Gulf War]]
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|داود راجحة}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
'''Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha''' ({{lang-ar|داود راجحة}}&lrm;; 1947 – 18 July 2012; forename sometimes transliterated '''Dawood''' or '''Daoud''', surname sometimes transliterated '''Rajha)''' was a Syrian military officer who was the [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]] from 2011 to July 2012 when he was assassinated along with other senior military officers by [[Free Syrian Army|armed opposition forces]] during the country's [[Syrian civil war|Civil War]]. From 2009 to 2011, Rajiha served as chief of staff of the [[Syrian Army]].

==Early life==
Rajiha, a [[Greek Orthodox]] Arab Christian, was born in [[Damascus]] in 1947.<ref name="SANA">{{cite news|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/361/2011/08/08/362917.htm |newspaper=SANA |date=8 August 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |title=President al-Assad Issues Decree Naming Gen. Dawood Rajiha Defense Minister }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="haaretz">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/syria-s-assad-replaces-defense-minister-with-army-chief-of-staff-1.377658|newspaper=Ha'aretz|date=8 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|title=Syria's Assad replaces defense minister with army chief of staff}}</ref> A specialist in artillery, he graduated from Syria's military academy in 1967.<ref name=SANA/>

==Military education==
Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha attended different courses and a higher military education:
* Bachelor in Military Sciences, Field Artillery Officer, Syrian Military Academy
* Staff Course
* General Command and Staff Course
* Higher Staff Course (War Course)

==Career==
Rajiha attained the rank of major general in 1998 and was appointed as the Syrian Army's deputy chief of staff six years later, in 2004.<ref name=ash9aug>{{cite news|title=Ex-Syrian DefMin Opposition to Hama crackdown led to firing – Sources|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2011/08/article55245505|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703042218/http://www.aawsat.net/2011/08/article55245505|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|access-date=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=9 August 2011|location=Damascus, London}}</ref> In 2005, he received a promotion to the rank of general called Imad (a rank in the Syrian armed forces between major general and lieutenant general).<ref name=hrwdec11/> When [[Ali Habib Mahmud]] was named to head the ministry of defense in 2009, Rajiha was given the position of army chief of staff.<ref name=hrwdec11>{{cite web|title=By All Means Necessary!|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1211webwcover_0.pdf|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=21 July 2012|date=December 2011}}</ref> He held this position in 2011, when the [[Syrian civil war]] began. On 8 August 2011, he was chosen by President [[Bashar al-Assad]] to replace Mahmud as minister of defense.<ref name="SANA"/><ref name="haaretz"/>

==Rumored death==
On 20 May 2012, the Damascus council of the [[Free Syrian Army]], among the rebel organizations opposed to the Assad government, alleged that it had assassinated Rajiha and the seven other members of the government's [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]]. It was since proven that the allegations were false and were rebels propaganda. Members of the unit, including former minister of defense [[Hasan Turkmani]], were shown on Syrian television to be alive, and the rebels later stated that only Rajiha's deputy, General [[Assef Shawkat]], and a second official who was not named. Shawkat, the brother-in-law of President Assad, was later shown to have survived, as well.<ref name=toi2312>{{cite news|title=Al Arabiya: Syrian officials acknowledge Assad's brother-in-law was killed four days ago|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/al-arabiya-syrian-officials-confirm-assads-brother-in-law-was-killed-four-days-ago/|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Times of Israel|date=23 May 2012|agency=AP}}</ref><ref name=tg20may12>{{cite news|title=Syria: Damascus clashes prompt claims of high-level assassinations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/20/syria-damascus-clashes-assassinations|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=aarabiya2012>{{cite news|title=High-ranking Syrian officials deny reports of their own assassinations|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/20/215270.html|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> In June 2012, the matter of Rajiha's alleged death was permanently resolved when it was confirmed that he remained Assad's defense minister in the newly formed cabinet.<ref name=haa23>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad forms new government, keeps top ministers|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/syria-s-assad-forms-new-government-keeps-top-ministers-1.443355|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Haaretz|date=23 June 2012|agency=Reuters}}</ref>

==Assassination and funeral==
Almost two months after the date of his alleged death, Rajiha was [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|assassinated in a bombing]] of a meeting of the [[Central Crisis Management Cell (Syria)|Central Crisis Management Cell]] held at the Syrian National Security Building at [[Rawda Square]], Damascus. Among the others killed in the bombing were [[Hasan Turkmani]] and [[Assef Shawkat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria defence minister killed in Damascus bomb|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408303/Syria-defence-minister-killed-in-Damascus-bomb.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria conflict: 'Suicide bomb' kills defence minister|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18882149|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbc1812>{{cite news|title=Syria ministers 'killed in blast'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18889030|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]] was named by President Assad as Rajiha's successor as minister of defense, while it was announced that [[Addounia TV]] would broadcast the minister's funeral. A state funeral was held for him, Hasan Turkmani and Assef Shawkat in Damascus on 20 July 2012. Bashar al-Assad did not participate in the ceremony and was represented by vice president [[Farouk al-Sharaa]].<ref name=ctreu>{{cite news|title=Funeral held for Syria officials killed in bombing|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720,0,6973157.story|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009220703/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-20/business/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720_1_minister-daoud-rajha-dominic-evans-bomb-attack|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2017|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=20 July 2012|agency=Reuters}}</ref> A military ceremony was also held for him and other two senior officials, Hassan Turkmani and Assef Shawkat, in the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Damascus)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] on [[Mount Qasioun]], overlooking Damascus.<ref name=ctreu/>

==Personal life==
Rajiha was married and had four children.<ref name=ash9aug/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=[[Syrian Army|Deputy Chief of Staff of Army]]|years=2004–2009|before=[[Ali Habib Mahmud]]|after=[[Assef Shawkat]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Syrian Army|Chief of Staff of Army]]|years=2009–2011|before=[[Ali Habib Mahmud]]|after=[[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|before=[[Ali Habib Mahmud]]|title=[[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]|years=2011–2012|after=[[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}
{{Syrian civil war}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajiha, Dawoud}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Assassinated Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Greek Orthodox Christians from Syria]]
[[Category:People from Damascus]]
[[Category:Deaths by explosive device]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Syria]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Assassinated military personnel]]
[[Category:2012 murders in Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Syrian Christians]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2012]]

Dawoud Rajiha

2024-06-21T15:19:53Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Minister of Defense (1947–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha
| image = Dawoud-Rajiha.jpeg
| caption =
| office = 15th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start = 8 August 2011
| term_end = 18 July 2012
| primeminister = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab|Riyad Hijab]]
| deputy = [[Assef Shawkat]]
| predecessor = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| successor = [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]
| office2 = 20th [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| term_start2 = 3 June 2009
| term_end2 = 8 August 2011
| president2 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ali Habib Mahmud]]
| successor2 = [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|07|18|1947|df=y}}
| death_place = Damascus, Syria
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| residence =
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = {{army|Syria}}
| serviceyears = 1967–2012
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq Awal.jpg|30px]] [[Colonel General]]
| unit = 3rd Armoured Division, Artillery
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
* [[Islamist uprising in Syria]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
** [[Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]]
* [[1982 Lebanon War]]
* [[Gulf War]]
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|داود راجحة}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
'''Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha''' ({{lang-ar|داود راجحة}}&lrm;; 1947 – 18 July 2012; forename sometimes transliterated '''Dawood''' or '''Daoud''', surname sometimes transliterated '''Rajha)''' was a Syrian military officer who was the [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]] from 2011 to July 2012 when he was assassinated along with other senior military officers by [[Free Syrian Army|armed opposition forces]] during the country's [[Syrian civil war|Civil War]]. From 2009 to 2011, Rajiha served as chief of staff of the [[Syrian Army]].

==Early life==
Rajiha, a [[Greek Orthodox]] Arab Christian, was born in [[Damascus]] in 1947.<ref name="SANA">{{cite news|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/361/2011/08/08/362917.htm |newspaper=SANA |date=8 August 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |title=President al-Assad Issues Decree Naming Gen. Dawood Rajiha Defense Minister }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="haaretz">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/syria-s-assad-replaces-defense-minister-with-army-chief-of-staff-1.377658|newspaper=Ha'aretz|date=8 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|title=Syria's Assad replaces defense minister with army chief of staff}}</ref> A specialist in artillery, he graduated from Syria's military academy in 1967.<ref name=SANA/>

==Military education==
Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha attended different courses and a higher military education:
* Bachelor in Military Sciences, Field Artillery Officer, Syrian Military Academy
* Staff Course
* General Command and Staff Course
* Higher Staff Course (War Course)

==Career==
Rajiha attained the rank of major general in 1998 and was appointed as the Syrian Army's deputy chief of staff six years later, in 2004.<ref name=ash9aug>{{cite news|title=Ex-Syrian DefMin Opposition to Hama crackdown led to firing – Sources|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2011/08/article55245505|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703042218/http://www.aawsat.net/2011/08/article55245505|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|access-date=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=9 August 2011|location=Damascus, London}}</ref> In 2005, he received a promotion to the rank of general called Imad (a rank in the Syrian armed forces between major general and lieutenant general).<ref name=hrwdec11/> When [[Ali Habib Mahmud]] was named to head the ministry of defense in 2009, Rajiha was given the position of army chief of staff.<ref name=hrwdec11>{{cite web|title=By All Means Necessary!|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1211webwcover_0.pdf|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=21 July 2012|date=December 2011}}</ref> He held this position in 2011, when the [[Syrian civil war]] began. On 8 August 2011, he was chosen by President [[Bashar al-Assad]] to replace Mahmud as minister of defense.<ref name="SANA"/><ref name="haaretz"/>

==Rumored death==
On 20 May 2012, the Damascus council of the [[Free Syrian Army]], among the rebel organizations opposed to the Assad government, alleged that it had assassinated Rajiha and the seven other members of the government's [[Central Crisis Management Cell|Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC)]]. It was since proven that the allegations were false and were rebels propaganda. Members of the unit, including former minister of defense [[Hasan Turkmani]], were shown on Syrian television to be alive, and the rebels later stated that only Rajiha's deputy, General [[Assef Shawkat]], and a second official who was not named. Shawkat, the brother-in-law of President Assad, was later shown to have survived, as well.<ref name=toi2312>{{cite news|title=Al Arabiya: Syrian officials acknowledge Assad's brother-in-law was killed four days ago|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/al-arabiya-syrian-officials-confirm-assads-brother-in-law-was-killed-four-days-ago/|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Times of Israel|date=23 May 2012|agency=AP}}</ref><ref name=tg20may12>{{cite news|title=Syria: Damascus clashes prompt claims of high-level assassinations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/20/syria-damascus-clashes-assassinations|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=aarabiya2012>{{cite news|title=High-ranking Syrian officials deny reports of their own assassinations|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/20/215270.html|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> In June 2012, the matter of Rajiha's alleged death was permanently resolved when it was confirmed that he remained Assad's defense minister in the newly formed cabinet.<ref name=haa23>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad forms new government, keeps top ministers|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/syria-s-assad-forms-new-government-keeps-top-ministers-1.443355|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Haaretz|date=23 June 2012|agency=Reuters}}</ref>

==Assassination and funeral==
Almost two months after the date of his alleged death, Rajiha was [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|assassinated in a bombing]] of a meeting of the [[Central Crisis Management Cell (Syria)|Central Crisis Management Cell]] held at the Syrian National Security Building at [[Rawda Square]], Damascus. Among the others killed in the bombing were [[Hasan Turkmani]] and [[Assef Shawkat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria defence minister killed in Damascus bomb|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408303/Syria-defence-minister-killed-in-Damascus-bomb.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria conflict: 'Suicide bomb' kills defence minister|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18882149|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbc1812>{{cite news|title=Syria ministers 'killed in blast'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18889030|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]] was named by President Assad as Rajiha's successor as minister of defense, while it was announced that [[Addounia TV]] would broadcast the minister's funeral. A state funeral was held for him, Hasan Turkmani and Assef Shawkat in Damascus on 20 July 2012. Bashar al-Assad did not participate in the ceremony and was represented by vice president [[Farouk al-Sharaa]].<ref name=ctreu>{{cite news|title=Funeral held for Syria officials killed in bombing|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720,0,6973157.story|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009220703/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-20/business/sns-rt-syria-crisisfuneral-update-2-tvl6e8ikfg9-20120720_1_minister-daoud-rajha-dominic-evans-bomb-attack|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2017|access-date=21 July 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=20 July 2012|agency=Reuters}}</ref> A military ceremony was also held for him and other two senior officials, Hassan Turkmani and Assef Shawkat, in the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Damascus)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] on [[Mount Qasioun]], overlooking Damascus.<ref name=ctreu/>

==Personal life==
Rajiha was married and had four children.<ref name=ash9aug/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=[[Syrian Army|Deputy Chief of Staff of Army]]|years=2004–2009|before=[[Ali Habib Mahmud]]|after=[[Assef Shawkat]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Syrian Army|Chief of Staff of Army]]|years=2009–2011|before=[[Ali Habib Mahmud]]|after=[[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|before=[[Ali Habib Mahmud]]|title=[[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]|years=2011–2012|after=[[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}
{{Syrian civil war}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajiha, Dawoud}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Assassinated Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Greek Orthodox Christians from Syria]]
[[Category:People from Damascus]]
[[Category:Deaths by explosive device]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Syria]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Assassinated military personnel]]
[[Category:2012 murders in Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian generals]]
[[Category:Syrian Christians]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2012]]

Fahd Jassem al-Freij

2024-06-21T15:18:10Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian military officer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fahd Jassem al-Freij
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|فهد جاسم الفريج}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Fahd Jasem al-Freij.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start1 = 22 April 2017
| term_end1 = 4 May 2024
| office2 = 16th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| primeminister2 = [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]] [[Imad Khamis]]
| term_start2 = 18 July 2012
| term_end2 = 1 January 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Dawoud Rajiha]]
| successor2 = [[Ali Abdullah Ayyoub]]
| office3 = [[Syrian Army|Chief of the General Staff of the Army and the Armed Forces]]
| president3 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start3 = 8 August 2011
| term_end3 = 18 July 2012
| 1blankname3 = Defense Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Dawoud Rajiha]]
| predecessor3 = [[Dawoud Rajiha]]
| successor3 = [[Ali Abdullah Ayyoub]]
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch = {{army|Syria}}
| serviceyears = 1971–2018
| rank = [[File:Syria-Feriq Awal.jpg|30px]] [[Colonel General]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = Armoured Corps
| commands = Special Forces Operations Staff
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|1|17}}
| birth_place = [[Rahjan]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| children =
| residence =
}}

'''Fahd Jassem al-Freij''' ({{lang-ar|فهد جاسم الفريج}};<ref name="appointedMoD">{{cite news|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/07/18/432218.htm |title=President al-Assad Appoints Gen. Fahd Jassem al-Freij Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense |agency=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]] |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723145400/http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/07/18/432218.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> born 17 January 1950) is the former [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]] of [[Syria]], took office on 18 July 2012 and left office on 1 January 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-government/syrias-assad-names-new-defense-and-other-ministers-state-tv-idUSKBN1EQ11R|title=Syria's Assad names new defense and other ministers: state TV|date=1 January 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Freij was born in [[Rahjan]] in a [[Sunni]] Arab tribe on 17 January 1950. He joined the [[Syrian Army|Syrian Arab Army]] in 1968, and graduated as an armoured corps lieutenant from the [[Homs Military Academy]] in 1971.

Freij attended different courses and a higher military education:

* Bachelor in Military Sciences, Armoured Officer, [[Homs Military Academy]], in 1971,
* Staff Course,
* Airborne paratroops course,
* General Command and Staff Course,
* Higher Staff Course (War Course).

==Career==
On 8 August 2011, Freij was appointed [[Chief of Staff]] of the Syrian Arab Army during the [[Syrian civil war]]. In December 2011, defected Syrian Army officers reported that prior to his appointment of Chief of Staff, al-Freij commanded the Syrian Army Special Forces in the regions of [[Daraa]], [[Idlib]] and [[Hama]] during the Syrian uprising.

However, on 18 July 2012, after Defense Minister [[Dawoud Rajiha]] was assassinated in the [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|2012 Damascus bombing]], Freij was appointed by Bashar al-Assad to succeed Rajiha.<ref name="appointedMoD"/> He was also named as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Armed Forces.<ref name=lat1812>{{cite news|title=Bombing in Syria reportedly kills two top officials|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/07/hold-hold-bombing-in-syria-strikes-cabinet-meeting.html|access-date=18 July 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

On 1 January 2018, Lieutenant General [[Ali Abdullah Ayyoub]] was the successor of al-Freij as Minister of Defense.<ref name=":0" />

== War crime charges ==
In October 2023, French prosecutors at the [[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris|Judicial Court of Paris]] charged Fahd Jassem Al-Freij and his successor Ali Ayyoub for their culpability in a [[barrel bomb]] in southwestern Syrian city of [[Daraa]] that killed French-Syrian national Salah Abou Nabout at his home in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foroudi |first=Layli |last2=Gebeily |first2=Maya |last3=Berg |first3=Stephanie van den |date=2023-10-20 |title=French prosecutors seek arrest of two Syrian ex-ministers over 2017 bomb |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-prosecutors-seek-arrest-two-syrian-ex-ministers-over-2017-bomb-2023-10-20/ |access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}}
{{Syrian uprising (2011–present)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freij, Fahd Jassem}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People from Hama Governorate]]

Wael Nader al-Halqi

2024-06-21T15:17:07Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Syria (2012–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Wael Nader al-Halqi
| honorific-suffix = [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|وائل نادر الحلقي}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Wael Nader al-Halqi in Tehran.jpg
| office = 66th [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| deputy = [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]] [[Walid Muallem]]
| term_start = 9 August 2012
| term_end = 3 July 2016
| predecessor = [[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor = [[Imad Khamis]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Health (Syria)|Minister of Health]]
| primeminister1 = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] [[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| term_start1 = 14 April 2011
| term_end1 = 26 August 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Rida Adnan Said]]
| successor1 = [[Saad Abdel-Salam al-Nayef]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch of the Baath Party]]
| term_start2 = 8 July 2013
| term_end2 = 3 July 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|02|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jasim]], [[Daraa Governorate]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party - Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| cabinet = [[First Wael al-Halqi government|al-Halqi I]] [[Second Wael al-Halqi government|al-Halqi II]]
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]]
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Medical Doctor]]
}}
'''Wael Nader Al-Halqi''' ({{lang-ar|وائل نادر الحلقي|Wāʾil Nādir al-Ḥalqī}}; born 4 February 1964) is a Syrian politician who was [[Prime Minister of Syria]] from 2012 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/104767-syrian-prime-minister-to-visit-iran|title=Syrian prime minister to visit Iran|date=9 January 2013|work=Tehran Times|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616053930/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/104767-syrian-prime-minister-to-visit-iran|url-status=dead}}</ref> Previously he was [[Ministry of Health (Syria)|Minister of Health]] from 2011 to 2012. He was appointed as Prime Minister on 9 August 2012.

==Early life and education==
Halqi was born in [[Jasim]] in the [[Daraa Governorate]] on 4 February 1964 into a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] family.<ref name=mpel9aug>{{cite news|title=Assad appoints health minister Wael al-Halki as new PM|url=http://world-news.mpelembe.net/home/assad-appoints-health-minister-wael-al-halki-as-new-pm|access-date=1 March 2013|work=Mpelembe|date=9 August 2012|agency=Reuters|location=Damascus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201289105054306323.html|title=Syria's Assad appoints new prime minister|date=9 August 2012|access-date=22 May 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> He earned a degree in medicine (MD) from the [[Damascus University|University of Damascus]] in 1987 and a master's degree in [[gynaecology]] and [[obstetrics]] again from the University of Damascus in 1991.<ref name=ntn9aug/>

==Career==
Halqi served as director of primary health care in Jasim from 1997 to 2000 and was secretary of the Daraa branch of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] from 2000 to 2004.<ref name=ntn9aug>{{cite news|last=Tamayo|first=Carolina|title=Syria's Assad appoints new PM after defection|url=http://www.ntn24.com/news/news/syrias-assad-appoints-new-pm-a-15963|access-date=1 March 2013|work=NTN 24|date=9 August 2012|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317102303/https://www.ntn24.com/news/news/syrias-assad-appoints-new-pm-a-15963|url-status=dead}}</ref> He served as the director of health in [[Daraa]], and in 2010, was appointed head of Syria's doctors.<ref name=ntn9aug/> He was appointed as Prime Minister of Syria on 9 August 2012 by President [[Bashar Assad]], after his predecessor [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] fled to [[Jordan]] and declared his allegiance to the [[Syrian opposition]].<ref name=aljaz9aug>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad appoints new prime minister|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201289105054306323.html|access-date=1 March 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 August 2012}}</ref> Dr Wael al-Halqi took many efforts in fighting terrorism during his premiership. He is titled as The Chief of Fighting Terrorism Government in Syria.

== Assassination attempt ==
In April 2013, Halqi survived an apparent [[assassination]] attempt by [[car bombing]] in the [[Mezzeh]] district of Damascus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22335430|title=Syria crisis: PM Halaqi 'survives Damascus car bombing'|date=29 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2013/apr/29/syria-pm-survives-damascus-bomb-live|title=Syria crisis: PM 'survives' Damascus bomb attack - live updates|author=Matthew Weaver|work=The Guardian|date=29 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> The assassination attempt killed six people.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/six-die-but-syrian-prime-minister-wael-alhalki-survives-bomb-attack-on-convoy-in-damascus-8594193.html Six die but Syrian Prime Minister Wael al-Halki survives bomb attack on convoy in Damascus] ''The Independent''</ref>

==Personal life==
Dr al-Halqi is married and has four children,<ref name=ntn9aug/> one daughter and three sons.

==See also==
*[[Cabinet of Syria]]

==[http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=9600 References]==
{{Reflist|1=}}9. [https://sana.sy/en/?p=9600 "Wael al Halqi asked to form a government"] SANA{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=2012–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Imad Khamis]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halqi, Wael Nader Al}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People from Izra District]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Ministers of health of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]

Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji

2024-06-21T15:15:39Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Acting Prime minister of Syria (2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عمر ابراهيم غلاونجي}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| office1 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]] Acting
| president1 = [[Bashar Al-Assad]]
| term_start1 = 6 August 2012
| term_end1 = 9 August 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Riyad Farid Hijab]]
| successor1 = [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]
| office2 = Deputy Prime Minister for Service Affairs
| primeminister2 = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]
| term_start2 = 23 June 2012
| term_end2 = 22 June 2016
| office3 = [[Ministry of Local Administration and Environment (Syria)|Minister of Local Administration]]
| primeminister3 = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]
| term_start3 = 14 April 2011
| term_end3 = 22 June 2016
| predecessor3 = [[Hammoud al-Hussein]]
| successor3 = [[Hussein Makhlouf]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = [[Tartus Governorate|Tartus]], [[Syrian Republic (1946–63)|Syria]]
| death_date =
| alma_mater = [[Tishreen University]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 2012-08-09|title= أول رئيس حكومة"غير بعثي"منذ 1963...مصدر رفيع لسيريانديز:غلاونجي باق في الفترة القادمة|trans-title= The first Prime Minister since 1963 not to belong to the Ba'ath Party ... A senior source to SyrianDays: Ghalawanji will remain for the next period.|url= http://syriandays.com/index.php?page=show_det&id=31368|language= ar|publisher= syriandays.com|access-date= 2015-01-07}}</ref>
}}
'''Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji''' ({{lang-ar|عمر ابراهيم غلاونجي|translit='Umar Ibrāhīm Ğalāwanjī}}; born 1954) is a Syrian politician who was the caretaker [[Prime Minister of Syria]] in August 2012, following the defection of [[Riyad Farid Hijab]].

==Early life and education==
Ghalawanji was born in 1954 to a Sunni family residing in the [[Tartus Governorate]].<ref name=ustreasury>{{cite web|title=Syria Designations; Non-proliferation Designations|url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20120718.aspx|publisher=US Department of the Treasury|access-date=15 March 2013|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> He earned a degree in [[civil engineering]] from the [[Tishreen University]] in 1978.

==Career==
Ghalawanji was the director of a number of the Military Housing Establishment's directorates from 1978 to 2000. He was also the deputy chairman of Lattakia City Council from 1997 to 2000. He served as the director of the General Housing Establishment, a member of the Advisory Committee of the Arab Housing Ministers Council and of the Board of Directors of the Arab Union Contracting Company.

==Prime Minister==
On 6 August 2012, Ghalawanji was announced as the head of a Syrian caretaker government, succeeding prime minister [[Riyad Farid Hijab]].<ref name=AJ66>{{cite news|title=Syrian prime minister joins opposition|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/20128691725705233.html|access-date=6 August 2012|date=6 August 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cabinet of Syria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606033435/http://www.mla-sy.org/site/ Ministry of Local Administration] ''official government website''
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Riyad Farid Hijab]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]] Acting|years=2012}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]}}}}
{{s-end}}
{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghalawanji, Omar Ibrahim}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Tishreen University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Tartus Governorate]]

Riyad Farid Hijab

2024-06-21T15:14:34Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Riyad Farid Hijab
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|رياض فريد حجاب}}|rtl=yes}}
| office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| image = Riyad Farid Hidschab während der Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz 2016 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hijab at the 2016 [[Munich]] Security Conference
| term_start = 23 June 2012
| term_end = 6 August 2012
| predecessor = [[Adel Safar]]
| successor = [[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]] (Acting)
| office1 = [[Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (Syria)|Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform]]
| primeminister1 = [[Adel Safar]]
| term_start1 = 14 April 2011
| term_end1 = 6 August 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Adel Safar]]
| successor1 = Subhi Ahmad al-Abdullah
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Deir ez-Zor]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] (until 7 August 2012)
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] (before 2012)
}}
'''Riyad Farid Hijab''' ({{lang-ar|رياض فريد حجاب|Riyāḍ Farīd Ḥijāb}}; born 1966) is a Syrian politician. He was [[Prime Minister of Syria]] from June to August 2012, serving under [[President of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]]. From 2011 to 2012, he was Minister of Agriculture.

On 6 August 2012, the [[Syrian government]] released a statement saying that Hijab had been dismissed.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Shortly thereafter<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0806/bombing-hits-syrian-television-station.html|title=Syrian Prime Minister defects|newspaper=[[RTÉ]]|date=6 August 2012|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> a man describing himself as Hijab's spokesman and several news organizations stated he had resigned and defected to the rebel side in the [[Syrian civil war]]. [[Ministry of Information (Syria)|Information minister]] [[Omran al-Zoubi|Omran al-Zoub's]] later remarks about "the flight of some personalities" were interpreted by ''[[The Guardian]]'' as referring to Hijab.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/07/syria-crisis-hostages-aleppo-defections-live#block-5020ed2ab57975a08080f1d1|title=Replacing defectors is no problem, says minister|date=7 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> Hijab is the highest-ranking defector from the Syrian government.<ref name=bc14812/>

==Early life and education==
Hijab was born into a [[Sunni Muslim]] family of the city of [[Deir ez-Zor]] in [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate]] in 1966.<ref name=ustreasury>{{cite web|title=Syria Designations; Non-proliferation Designations|url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20120718.aspx|publisher=US Department of the Treasury|access-date=15 March 2013|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> He holds a [[doctorate]] ([[PhD]]) in agricultural engineering.<ref name=AJP>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201286101039655176.html |title=Profile: Riad Farid Hijab|date=6 August 2012|newspaper=Al Jazeera|access-date=6 August 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Hijab was the president of the Azzour branch of the National Union of Syrian Students from 1989 to 1998, and {{citation needed|date=August 2012}} he was a member of the leadership of the Ba'ath Party Branch from 1998 to 2004. In 2004, Hijab became secretary of the Deir ez-Zor branch of the Ba'ath Party, a post which he retained until 2008.<ref name=AJP/>

Hijab was appointed governor of [[Quneitra Governorate]] in 2008, and on 22 February 2011, he was appointed governor of [[Latakia Governorate]].<ref name=BBC66/> His appointment occurred at the initial phase of the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref name=aal7june>{{cite news|title=Syria's new PM's violent past|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2012/06/article55241782|access-date=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=7 June 2012|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211938/http://www.aawsat.net/2012/06/article55241782|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also named as the head of the security committee in the province to monitor and suppress the opposition activities.<ref name=aal7june/> He was appointed minister of agriculture and agrarian reform on 14 April 2011, replacing [[Adel Safar]] who had been named [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]].<ref name=AJP/>

On 6 June 2012, after a [[2012 Syrian parliamentary election|parliamentary election]], which was boycotted by the rebels, Hijab was named by President Bashar al-Assad as Prime Minister of Syria. [[BBC News]] described him as "a staunch Assad loyalist and a key member of the ruling Ba'ath Party." The appointment reportedly surprised experts, as al-Assad had been expected to give his government more credibility by naming a non-Ba'athist.<ref name=BBC66/> Shortly after his appointment as prime minister, [[Treasury of the United States|the US Treasury]] sanctioned him.<ref name=ustreasury/>

==Defection==
According to Hijab's former spokesman Mohammad Otari, Hijab resigned, and he and his family defected to [[Jordan]] on 6 August 2012.<ref name=AJ66/> Syrian state TV reported that Hijab had been "sacked" and that Deputy PM [[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]] would become the head of a new caretaker government.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Hijab released a statement through Otari criticizing the current Syrian government, calling it a "terrorist regime". The statement declared "I am from today a soldier in this blessed revolution". According to Otari, Hijab had been planning his defection for months with the help of the [[Free Syrian Army]].<ref name=AJ66>{{cite news|title=Syrian prime minister joins opposition|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/20128691725705233.html|access-date=6 August 2012|date=6 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbc612>{{cite news|title=Syria PM Riad Hijab defects to Jordan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19146380|access-date=6 August 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=6 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news|title=Syria Dismisses Prime Minister Hijab Amid Defection Reports|newspaper=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|access-date=6 August 2012|author=Nayla Razzouk and Glen Carey|date=6 August 2012|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-06/syria-dismisses-prime-minister-hijab-amid-reports-of-defection.html}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite news|title=Syrian prime minister defects, flees to Jordan |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=The Leader |date=6 August 2012 |url=http://www.the-leader.com/newsnow/x1225369221/Syrian-prime-minister-defects-flees-to-Jordan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105000131/http://www.the-leader.com/newsnow/x1225369221/Syrian-prime-minister-defects-flees-to-Jordan |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref> Hijab was reportedly heading for [[Qatar]], an active supporter of the [[Syrian rebels]].<ref name=G/> Speaking in [[Amman]], Jordan, on 14 August 2012, Hijab alleged that Assad's current government was collapsing "morally, financially and militarily", allegedly only controlling a mere 30% of the entire country still. He called on the [[Syrian Arab Army]] and its officers to join the rebellion against president Assad and the Ba'ath party government and for the opposition forces to unite.<ref name=bc14812>{{cite news|title=Syria's ex-PM Riad Hijab says regime is collapsing|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19254059|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 August 2012}}</ref> On 17 August, Hijab held meetings in [[Doha]], Qatar, to discuss Assad's toppling and to attempt unification of Syrian opposition forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-08-17/news/sns-rt-syria-crisishijabl6e8jh877-20120817_1_assad-qatar-riyad-hijab |title=Former Syrian PM in Qatar to discuss toppling Assad |date=17 August 2012 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |agency=Reuters |archive-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801062041/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-08-17/news/sns-rt-syria-crisishijabl6e8jh877-20120817_1_assad-qatar-riyad-hijab |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to his spokesman Otari on 6 August, Hijab also encouraged other officials to defect,<ref name=AJ66/> and opposition sources claimed that three other ministers as well as three army generals defected on the same day. However, one of the ministers named by the opposition, Treasurer of Syria [[Mohamad Gillati]] appeared on Syrian television later in the day to deny the rumors of his defection to the rebellion.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Though Hijab was not considered a member of Assad's inner circle,<ref name=AJ66/> BBC News described his departure as the "highest-profile defection since the uprising began in March 2011" and "a stunning blow to President Assad".<ref name=bbc612/> ''Guardian'' writer [[Ian Black (journalist)|Ian Black]] called it "a propaganda coup for the opposition" but not a "fatal blow".<ref name=G>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/06/syria-prime-minister-defect-blow?newsfeed=true |title=Syria's latest defection: prime minister's move is PR defeat rather than fatal blow|author=Ian Black|date=6 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=6 August 2012}}</ref> The [[United States government]] stated that the "defection" showed Assad's government was "crumbling from within". The [[Barack Obama]] [[Barack Obama administration|administration]] again called for al-Assad's resignation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/06/230690.html|title=Defection of Syrian PM shows Assad 'crumbling from within:' White House|date=6 December 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|access-date=6 August 2012}}</ref>

Hijab's duties were fulfilled ad-interim by Syrian minister Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji, who on 9 August 2012 transferred his duties to newly appointed Prime Minister of Syria Dr. [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]], formerly Syrian Minister of Public Health, a [[Jasim]]-born Sunni Ba'ath Party official and professor of medical science. President al-Assad rated Hijab's defection as rather positive by stating that it was "self-cleansing of the government firstly, and the country generally".<ref>{{cite news|title=Assad says military 'needs time to win battle'|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=40355|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=29 August 2012|access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', Hijab and other prominent Syrian defectors were bribed by the [[List of intelligence agencies of France|French secret services]] inside the country as well as by Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-europa-bezahlt-assad-vertraute-fuers-ueberlaufen-a-851196.html |title=EU-Staaten sollen syrische Überläufer bezahlt haben |date=21 August 2012 |newspaper=Der Spiegel |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923060837/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-europa-bezahlt-assad-vertraute-fuers-ueberlaufen-a-851196.html |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Moussa al-Omar]] conveyed his concerns over the medical treatment and health of Hijab in a tweet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/835170410765381632 |title=نتمنى السلامة للدكتور رياض حجاب ( ابو خالد ) في ظرفه الصحي حيث يتلقى العلاج في الولايات المتحدة منذ أيام ، لا بأس |last=العمر |first=موسى |date=24 February 2017 |website=[[Twitter]] }}</ref>

==Role in Syrian opposition==
Hijab was selected in Riyadh in December 2015 by Syrian opposition as a head of [[High Negotiations Committee|the Supreme Negotiations Committee]] (also called Higher Negotiation Committee) which selected the negotiation delegation for the Geneva III negotiation process.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/30288/Assad_Regime_Dissidents_Head_Opposition_Negotiations_Team/|title=Assad Regime Dissidents to Head Opposition Negotiations Team|date=16 December 2015|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> In 2017 he resigned as head of the group following [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=America's neglect and confusion aggravate problems in the Arab world|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21731847-giving-free-rein-saudi-arabia-destabilising-region-americas-neglect-and|access-date=3 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2 December 2017}}</ref>

==Political positions==
Hijab has said that he is against [[federalism in Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-kurds-federalism-opposes-160317080412664.html|title=Why Syria's Kurds want federalism, and who opposes it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Syrian opposition apologizes for insulting Kurds|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/a8cf1878-f824-4da4-bf41-233584aedbac/Syrian-opposition-apologizes-for-insulting-Kurds|publisher=[[Kurdistan 24]]|date=5 April 2016|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hijab is married and has four children<ref name=BBC66>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad names Riad Hijab as new prime minister|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18338093|newspaper=BBC News|date=6 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> and is a Sunni Muslim.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201289105054306323.html|title=Syria's Assad appoints new prime minister|date=9 August 2012|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://twitter.com/MediaPmoffice twitter.com]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Adel Safar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=2012}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]]}} Acting}}
{{s-end}}
{{Prime Ministers of Syria}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hijab, Riyad Farid}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Syrian defectors]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:People from Deir ez-Zor]]

Adel Safar

2024-06-21T15:13:37Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Syria (2011–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adel Safar
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عادل سفر}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start = 14 April 2011
| term_end = 23 June 2012
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]
| successor = [[Riyad Farid Hijab]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (Syria)|Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform]]
| primeminister1 = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]
| term_start1 = 13 September 2003
| term_end1 = 14 April 2011
| predecessor1 = [[Nabah Jabiri]]
| successor1 = [[Riyad Farid Hijab]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syrian Republic (1946–63)|Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| cabinet = [[Adel Safar government|Safar]]
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]] [[École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires|Superior National School of Agronomy and Food Industries]]
}}
'''Adel Safar''' ({{lang-ar|عادل سفر|ʿĀdil Safar}}, born 1953) is a [[Syria]]n politician and academic, who served as [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]] from 14 April 2011 to 23 June 2012. His government was dissolved by [[Bashar al-Assad]] as a result of the [[2012 Syrian parliamentary election|Syrian parliamentary election in 2012]]. He was Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform from 2003 to 2011.

==Early life and education==
Safar was born in the [[Damascus]] countryside in [[Syria]] to a [[Sunni Muslim]] family. He earned a degree in [[Agronomy]] from the [[University of Damascus]] in 1977, a Diploma from the [[National School of Agronomy and Food Industries (ENSAIA)]] in [[Nancy, France]] in 1983, and a [[PhD]] in [[Biotechnology]] from ENSAIA in 1987.<ref name="DP4april"/><ref name="silo">[http://www.silobreaker.com/biography-for-adel-ahmad-safar-5_2258947420261974016_4 Adel Safar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312041556/http://www.silobreaker.com/biography-for-adel-ahmad-safar-5_2258947420261974016_4|date=12 March 2012}}, [[Silobreaker]]</ref>

==Early career==
Summary:<ref name="DP4april">[http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?l=2&articleId=79747 President al-Assad appointed Adel Safar as New PM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314074941/http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=79747|date=14 March 2020}}, ''[[DayPress News]]'', 4 April 2011</ref>
*Agricultural Engineer at the Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD), 1978–1981
*Deputy lecturer at ENSAIA, 1981–1987
*Deputy Dean for Administrative Affairs at the Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, 1992–1997
*Member of the Permanent Committee for Agricultural Research at Damascus University, 1996–2001
*Deputy Rapporteur of the Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research and Veterinary Medicine at the Supreme Council of Sciences, 1997–2001
*Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, 1997–2000
*Member of the Advisory Committee of the Agricultural Productivity Administration at the Productive Projects Administration, 1999–2003
*Secretary of Damascus University Branch of Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, 2000–2002
*Head of the National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Program in Syria, 2000–2004
*Head of the Arab Network of Man and Biosphere Program in the Arab world, 2001–2004
*Director-General of ACSAD, 2002–2003

Safar is also a member of the Economic Committee and a member of the High Council for Investment. He has been a member of the Ba'ath Party since 1990.<ref name="silo"/>

==Cabinet of Syria==
In September 2003, he was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform in the cabinet of [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]. On 29 March 2011, he resigned, along with the rest of the Cabinet, at the request of
President [[Bashar al-Assad]].

==Personal life==
Safar is married with four children.<ref name="DP4april"/>

==See also==
*[[Cabinet of Syria]]
*[[Politics of Syria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141129122953/http://www.youropinion.gov.sy/ Council of Ministers] ''official government website''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110805060928/http://www.sana.sy/eng/article/377.htm Prime Minister Dr. Adel Safar] at ''[[SANA]]''
*{{Aljazeeratopic|person/adel-safar}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120312041700/http://www.silobreaker.com/adel-ahmad-safar-11_3651803 Adel Ahmad Safar] collected news and commentary at ''Silobreaker''

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=2011–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Riyad Farid Hijab]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Safar, Adel}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Damascus]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]

Muhammad Naji al-Otari

2024-06-21T15:12:52Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (2003–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Naji al-Otari
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد ناجي عطري}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Mohammad Naji Otri.jpg
| office = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| deputy = [[Abdullah Dardari]]
| term_start = 10 September 2003
| term_end = 14 April 2011
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]
| successor = [[Adel Safar]]
| office1 = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
| term_start1 = 9 March 2003
| term_end1 = 18 September 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Abdel Kader Kaddoura]]
| successor1 = [[Mahmoud al-Abrash]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start2 = 21 June 2000
| term_end2 = 8 July 2013
| office3 = [[List of governors of Homs Governorate|Governor]] of [[Homs]]
| term_start3 = 1993
| term_end3 = 2000
| predecessor3 = [[Yahya Abu Asli]]
| successor3 = [[Hossam al-Din al-Hakim]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|1|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]], [[First Syrian Republic]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| cabinet = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari government|Al-Otari]]
}}
'''Muhammad Naji al-Otari''' ({{lang-ar|محمد ناجي عطري|translit=Muḥammad Nājī al-'Uṭrī}}, also ''Etri'', ''Itri'' and ''Otri''; born 1 January 1944)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=syvx3CJcSl8C&dq=Muhammad+Naji+al-Otari+1+Januari+1944&pg=RA1-PA436 Profile of Muhammad Naji al-Otari]</ref> is a [[Syria]]n politician who was [[List of Prime Ministers of Syria|Prime Minister of Syria]] from 2003 to 2011.<ref name=BBC>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12897223 Syrian cabinet resigns amid unrest, says state TV], [[BBC News]], 29 March 2011</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Aleppo]] in 1944, Otari studied [[architecture]] and has a diploma in [[urban planning]] from the [[Netherlands]]. He is fluent in [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name="profile">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3098026.stm|title=Profile: Mohammed Naji al-Otari|date=11 September 2003|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

==Career==
Otari headed the city council in Aleppo from 1983 to 1987 and is a former governor of [[Homs]]. He was president of Aleppo's engineering syndicate from 1989 to 1993. He is a long-serving member of the ruling [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]. In March 2000, he became a member of the Ba'ath Party's Central Committee and in June 2000 of the party's influential Regional Command. In March 2000, he was also appointed deputy prime minister for services affairs and he served in this post until 2003.<ref name=mabardi03/> He was elected speaker of the Syrian parliament, or People's Assembly, in March 2003.<ref name=mabardi03>{{cite news|last=Mabardi|first=Roueida|title=Assad asks Otri to form new government|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=6963|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=Middle East Online|date=10 September 2003|location=Damascus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920061937/https://middle-east-online.com/english/?id=6963|archive-date=20 September 2003}}</ref>

==Prime Minister==
He was first appointed Prime Minister on 10 September 2003. His nomination has been said to combine both "technocratic and Ba'athist trends" in Syrian politics.<ref name="profile"/> On 29 March 2011, [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari government|the entire cabinet]] resigned out of protest against the regime.<ref name=BBC/> On 3 April 2011, President Assad appointed [[Adel Safar]] to succeed Otari.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdel Kader Kaddoura]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Syria|Speaker of Parliament of Syria]]|years=2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mahmoud al-Abrash]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=2003–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Adel Safar]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{SyrianParPres}}
{{Deputy Prime Ministers of Syria}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otari, Muhammad Naji}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aleppo]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]

Muhammad Mustafa Mero

2024-06-21T15:11:46Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (2000–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Mustafa Mero
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد مصطفى ميرو}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = File:Muhammad Mustafa Mero.webp
| imagesize =
| order1 = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president1 = [[Hafez al-Assad]] [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] (interim) [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| deputy1 = [[Mohammad Al Hussein]] [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]] [[Mustafa Tlass]] [[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
| term_start1 = 7 March 2000
| term_end1 = 10 September 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Mahmoud Zuabi]]
| successor1 = [[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]
| order2 = [[List of governors of Aleppo Governorate|Governor of Aleppo Governorate]]
| president2 = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 26 December 1993
| term_end2 = 12 March 2000
| predecessor2 = [[Mohamed Mawaldi]]
| successor2 = [[Salah Kanaj]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start3 = 21 June 2000
| term_end3 = 9 June 2005
| birth_date = {{birth year|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Al-Tall, Syria|Al-Tall]], [[First Syrian Republic]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|12|22|1941|df=yes}}
| death_place = Al Tall, [[Syria]]
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]] [[Moscow State University]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| cabinet = [[First Mustafa Mero government|Mero I]] [[Second Mustafa Mero government|Mero II]]
}}
'''Muhammad Mustafa Mero''' ({{lang-ar|محمد مصطفى ميرو|Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Mīrū}};{{lrm}} 1941 – 22 December 2020)<ref name="orient"/> was a Syrian politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Syria]] from 7 March 2000 to 10 September 2003.

==Early life and education==
Mero was born into a [[Sunni]] rural family in [[Al-Tall, Syria|al-Tall]] in the outskirts of [[Damascus]] in 1941.<ref name=ara12dec>{{cite news|title=On the new Syrian government|url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/011211/2001121119.html|access-date=24 February 2013|work=Arabic News|date=12 December 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012182845/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/011211/2001121119.html|archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref><ref name=vic24apr>{{cite web|title=Syria Primer|url=http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/SyriaPrimer24apr03.pdf|publisher=Virtual Information Center|access-date=2 March 2013|date=24 April 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222094228/http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/SyriaPrimer24apr03.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert G. Rabil|title=Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M18Jj0bMMl0C&pg=PA31|access-date=15 March 2013|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99015-2|pages=31}}</ref><ref name=zis>{{cite journal|last=Zisser|first=Eyal|title=Will Bashshar al-Asad Rule?|journal=The Middle East Quarterly|date=September 2000|volume=VII|issue=3|pages=3–12|url=http://www.meforum.org/69/will-bashshar-al-asad-rule|access-date=14 August 2013|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130105922/https://www.meforum.org/69/will-bashshar-al-asad-rule|url-status=live}}</ref> He attended [[Damascus University]].<ref name=ara12dec/> Later he acquired a PhD in Arabic language and literature from the [[University of Moscow]].<ref name=zis/>{{efn|Some sources report that he gained his PhD from the [[Yerevan State University]].<ref name="orient"/>}}

==Career==
Mero became a member of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba'ath Party]] in 1966.<ref name=zis/> He joined the Arab Teachers' Union, becoming its secretary general for cultural affairs and publications. He served as governor of [[Daraa Governorate|the Daraa province]] from 1980 to 1986.<ref name=zis/> He was appointed governor of [[Al-Hasakah Governorate|the Al Hasakah province]] in 1986 and served in the post until 1993.<ref name=zis/> In 1993, he became governor of the [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo province]] and was in office until 2000.<ref name=zis/><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria: A commitment to change|url=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1003691/A-commitment-to-change.html?Type=Article&ArticleID=1003691|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=Euromoney|date=July 2001|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203205412/http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1003691/A-commitment-to-change.html?Type=Article&ArticleID=1003691|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite regional tensions between Syria and Turkey at the time, he was said to have enjoyed good relations with the Turkish government and was integral in dealings between the two governments.<ref name="East">{{cite book|last1=East|first1=Roger|last2=Thomas|first2=Richard|title=Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-85743-126-X|page=505|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-fXRsedPMC&q=Mustafa+Miro&pg=PA505|year=2003}}</ref> In June 2000, he became a leading figure in the [[Ba'ath Party (Syria)|Ba'ath party]].<ref name=ara12dec/>

On 7 March 2000, shortly before the death of President [[Hafez al-Assad]], Mero was appointed as prime minister,<ref name=bbc03>{{cite news|title=Syria appoints new prime minister|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3096478.stm|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=10 September 2003|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3096478.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Publications2012>{{cite book|title=Political Chronology of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC&pg=PA2038|access-date=10 February 2013|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35673-6|pages=2038}}</ref> replacing [[Mahmoud Zuabi]], who had been in office since 1987.<ref name=Eur2003>{{cite book|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003|url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha50thunse|url-access=registration|access-date=15 March 2013|year=2003|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=978-1-85743-132-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha50thunse/page/1019 1019]}}</ref> Mero's cabinet was announced on 13 March 2000, and was tasked with tackling economic reforms and combatting corruption.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|title=Europa World Year Book 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&q=%22Mero%22&pg=PA4056|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=1-85743-255-X|pages=4057–4061|year=2004}}</ref> After the death of Assad in 2000, he was one of a nine-member committee that oversaw the transition period.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bashar Aims to Consolidate Power in the Short-Term and to Open up Gradually|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syria%3a+Bashar+Aims+To+Consolidate+Power+In+The+Short-Term+%26+To+Open...-a073738730|access-date=26 March 2013|work=APS Diplomat News Service|date=19 June 2000|archive-date=10 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610225825/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Syria%3A+Bashar+Aims+To+Consolidate+Power+In+The+Short-Term+%26+To+Open...-a073738730|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was retained by the new president, [[Bashar Assad]], and was promoted within the ranks of the ruling Ba'ath Party. Mero headed a ministerial and commercial delegation to neighboring Iraq in August 2001, becoming the first Syrian prime minister to visit the country since the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="Taylor"/> In December 2001, in an effort to stimulate economic reform, Mero was charged with forming a [[Second Mustafa Mero government|new cabinet]],<ref name="East"/> which saw extensive reorganization with several "pro-reform" ministers appointed to strategic portfolios related to the economy.<ref name="Taylor"/> His premiership also oversaw improving ties with Turkey. In July 2003, Mero became the first Syrian prime minister to visit Turkey in 17 years, where he signed three agreements on health, oil and natural gas, and customs matters.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bal|first=İdris|title=Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era|publisher=Universal Publishers|isbn=1-58112-423-6|page=369| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&q=Mustafa+Miro&pg=PA369|year=2004}}</ref>

Mero resigned from office in early September 2003, reportedly due to the stagnation of the process of economic reform.<ref name="Taylor"/> Parliament speaker [[Mohammed Naji al-Otari|Mohammed Naji Al Otari]] replaced him as prime minister.<ref name=bbc03/> Mero continued his political career as a member of the central committee of the Ba'ath Party.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moubayed|first=Sami|title=The faint smell of jasmine|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=1 June 2005|volume=744|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/re3.htm|access-date=2 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325171127/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/re3.htm|archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> His term ended in June 2005, and he retired from politics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moubayed|first=Sami|title=Syria: Reform or Repair?|journal=Arab Reform Bulletin|date=July 2005|volume=3|issue=6|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Full_Issue3.pdf|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081908/http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Full_Issue3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Mero died from [[COVID-19]] in Al-Tall, on 22 December 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Syria]]. He was 79 years old.<ref name="orient">{{cite web|url=https://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/186856/0/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7|title=وفاة آخر رئيس وزراء في عهد حافظ أسد بفيروس كورونا|work=Orient News|language=ar|date=22 December 2020|access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115065955/https://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/186856/0/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Second Mustafa Mero government]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mero, Muhammad Mustafa}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Kurdish politicians]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Rif Dimashq Governorate]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]

Mahmoud Al-Zoubi

2024-06-21T15:10:41Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (1987–2000)}}
{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
| image =
| imagesize =
| order = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 1 November 1987
| term_end = 7 March 2000
| predecessor = [[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start1 = 7 January 1980
| term_end1 = 21
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1935}}
| birth_place = [[Khirbet Ghazaleh]], [[Syria]]
| death_date = 21 May 2000 (aged 64–65)
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| resting_place = Khirbat Ghazalah
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمود الزعبي}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Mahmoud Al-Zoubi''' ({{lang-ar|محمود الزعبي|Maḥmūd az-Zuʿbī}};{{lrm}} 1935 – 21 May 2000) was [[Prime Minister of Syria]] from 1 November 1987 to 7 March 2000.

==Early life==
Al-Zoubi was born into the [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasanite]] [[Al-Zoubi]] clan which is a [[Sunni Muslim|Sunni]] family in 1935 in [[Khirbet Ghazaleh]], a village 75 miles south of [[Damascus]] in the [[Hauran]] region.<ref name=dnews22may/><ref name=Rabil2006>{{cite book|author=Robert G. Rabil|title=Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M18Jj0bMMl0C&pg=PA31|access-date=15 March 2013|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99015-2|pages=31}}</ref>

==Prime Minister of Syria==
Al-Zoubi was a member of the Ba'ath Party.<ref name="Hinnesbusch2002">{{cite book |author=Ray Hinnesbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r30nmQEACAAJ |title=Syria: Revolution from Above |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28568-1 |pages=79 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=aps26march>{{cite news|title=Bashar Assad|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SYRIA+-+Bashar+Al+Assad.-a073444743|access-date=15 April 2013|newspaper=APS Diplomat Operations in Oil Diplomacy|date=26 March 2001|archive-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220613/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/SYRIA+-+Bashar+Al+Assad.-a073444743|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the rule of then President Hafez Assad, Al-Zoubi was appointed Prime Minister in 1987.<ref name=euromoney01>{{cite news|title=Syria: A commitment to change|url=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1003691/A-commitment-to-change.html?Type=Article&ArticleID=1003691|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=Euromoney|date=July 2001|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203205412/http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1003691/A-commitment-to-change.html?Type=Article&ArticleID=1003691|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 March 2000, Al-Zoubi was replaced as prime minister by [[Mohammed Mustafa Mero]].<ref name=Eur2003>{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA1019|access-date=15 March 2013|year=2003|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=978-1-85743-132-2|pages=1019}}</ref>

===Currency crisis===
During 1985-2000, Al-Zoubi's administration failed to arrest the 90 per cent fall in the worth of the Syrian Pound from 3 to 47 to the US Dollar.

==Downfall and the Airbus deal controversy==
On 10 May 2000, Hafez Assad expelled Al-Zoubi from the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] and decided that Al-Zoubi should be prosecuted over a scandal involving the French aircraft manufacturer [[Airbus]].<ref name=dnews22may/> Al-Zoubi's assets were frozen by the Syrian government.<ref name=Eur2003/> Al-Zoubi and several senior ministers were officially accused of receiving illegal commissions of the order of US$124 million in relation to the purchase of six [[Airbus A320|Airbus 320-200]] passenger jets for [[Syrian Arab Airlines]] in 1996. The indictment alleged that the normal cost of the planes was US$250 million, but the Government paid $374 million and Airbus sent on US$124 million to the senior ministers. Three others involved in the transaction, including the former minister for economic affairs and the former minister for transport were sentenced to prison for ten years.

The French company Airbus denied paying off the Syrian officials. The Syrian government in September 2003 announced its intention of purchasing six more Airbus planes for the government airline. The official finding within Syrian courts that Airbus paid over a hundred million dollars in bribes to their officials is apparently not a factor in deciding whether to continue to do business with them, especially with Boeing aircraft and spare parts being difficult to attain due to unilateral US sanctions.

==Personal life==
Al-Zoubi was married and had three sons and a daughter.<ref name=dnews22may/> His sons were Miflih, Hammam and karim Al-Zoubi.<ref name=aps27may/>

==Death and burial==
Al-Zoubi died on 21 May 2000.<ref name=aps27may/><ref name="NY Times">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/11/world/syrians-vote-to-confirm-assad-s-son-as-president.html|title=Syrians Vote To Confirm Assad's Son As President|last=Kifner|first=John|author-link=John Kifner|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 July 2000|access-date=10 April 2009|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831175056/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/11/world/syrians-vote-to-confirm-assad-s-son-as-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Conflicting reports say he died at age 62<ref name=dnews22may/> or 65.<ref name=aps27may/> According to a statement from the [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Interior Ministry]], carried by the official [[Syrian Arab News Agency]], Al-Zoubi shot himself in the head at his home in Dumer outside [[Damascus]].<ref name=dnews22may/> The statement said Al-Zoubi died by suicide after learning that the Damascus police chief had come to his house to serve a judicial notice to appear before an investigating judge to answer allegations of corruption and other violations "that caused great harm to the national economy."<ref name=dnews22may/><ref name=aps27may>{{cite news|title=Ex-Premier Commits Suicide|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SYRIA+-+May+22+-+Ex-Premier+Commits+Suicide.-a073739068|access-date=15 March 2013|work=APS Diplomat Recorder|date=27 May 2000|archive-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220713/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/SYRIA+-+May+22+-+Ex-Premier+Commits+Suicide.-a073739068|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC"/> An Interior Ministry spokesman said "a shot was heard upstairs and that was a shot fired by Zohbi{{sic}} at himself by his own pistol on the second floor of his house where his wife and children were present."<ref name="BBC"/> The spokesman said Al-Zoubi was rushed to the Mowasat hospital in Damascus, where he later died.<ref name="BBC"/> Hospital officials said none of his family accompanied him to the hospital.<ref name=dnews22may>{{cite news|title=Former Syrian prime minister kills self|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/761462/Former-Syrian-prime-minister-kills-self.html?pg=all|access-date=15 March 2013|newspaper=Deseret News|date=22 May 2000|location=Damascus|archive-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220532/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/761462/Former-Syrian-prime-minister-kills-self.html?pg=all|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2000, according to [[Lara Marlowe]], there were persistent rumours that Al-Zoubi was actually murdered.<ref>Marlowe, Lara. [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/syrians-fear-challenge-by-assad-s-brother-1.281274 "Syrians fear challenge by Assad's brother"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506192034/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/syrians-fear-challenge-by-assad-s-brother-1.281274 |date=2021-05-06 }} ''The Irish Times''. 13 June 2000.</ref>

Al-Zoubi was buried at his birthplace in southern [[Syria]].<ref name=aps27may/> His funeral service took place in [[Daraa Governorate|Deraa province]] on 22 May 2000.<ref name="BBC"/> There were no officials at the ceremony.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/757960.stm "Former Syrian PM commits suicide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810023153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/757960.stm |date=2022-08-10 }} BBC News. 22 May 2000.</ref> Sources said the funeral at [[Khirbet Ghazaleh|Kirbit Ghazali]], about 100 km south of Damascus, was a simple ceremony limited to his close family members and some of his hometown people.<ref name=aps27may/>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{SyrianParPres}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuabi, Mahmoud}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Syrian politicians who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in Syria]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]

Abdul Rauf al-Kasm

2024-06-21T15:09:43Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Prime minister of Syria (1980–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
| image = Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 1981.png
| imagesize =
| order = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 9 January 1980
| term_end = 1 November 1987
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]]
| successor = [[Mahmoud Zuabi]]
| order2 = [[List of governors of Damascus|Governor of Damascus]]
| president2 = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 1979
| term_end2 = 1980
| predecessor2 = Farouk al-Hamwi
| successor2 = Mohamed Sioufi
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1932}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عبد الرؤوف الكسم}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| caption = Kasm in 1981
}}
'''Abdul Rauf al-Kasm''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الرؤوف الكسم|ʿAbd ar-Raʾūf al-Kasm}}) (born 1932) is a Syrian [[architect]], academic and politician who served as prime minister of Syria during the 1980s.

==Early life==
Kasm was born in [[Damascus]] in 1932.<ref name=syria>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html|title=Syria|access-date=1 January 2011|publisher=World Statesmen|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217235403/http://worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hinnesbusch2002/> Abdul Rauf was the second son of [[Muhammad Atallah al-Kasm]], a Damascene scholar and mufti from 1918 until his death in 1938.

==Career==
Kasm was professor of [[architecture]] at [[Damascus University]]. He was a member of the Baath Party.<ref name="Hinnesbusch2002">{{cite book |author=Ray Hinnesbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r30nmQEACAAJ |title=Syria: Revolution from Above |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28568-1 |page=79}}</ref> He served as [[Prime Minister of Syria]] from 9 January 1980 to 1 November 1987 under the presidency of [[Hafez Al-Asad]].<ref name=syria/> Enjoying full support of president Assad, Kasm tried to end corruption by senior officers. However, his clash with then defense minister [[Mustafa Tlass]] led to his removal from office in 1987.<ref name=Hinnesbusch2002/> After leaving office, he served as a senior consultant for national security.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Heads of National Security Bureau of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasm, Abdul Rauf Al-}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Damascus University]]
[[Category:Syrian architects]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan

2024-06-21T15:08:10Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician (1945–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assistant Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Assistant Regional Secretary]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| 1blankname = Regional Secretary
| 1namedata = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor = [[Sulayman Qaddah]]
| successor = [[Hilal Hilal]]
| term_start = 9 June 2005
| term_end = 8 July 2013
| office1 = Director of the [[National Security Bureau (Syria)|National Security Bureau]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region#Central Command|Regional Command]]
| 1blankname1 = Regional Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abd al-Rauf al-Qasem]]
| successor1 = [[Hisham Ikhtiyar]]
| term_start1 = 21 June 2000
| term_end1 = 6 June 2005
| office2 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start2 = 21 June 2000
| term_end2 = 8 July 2013
| office3 = Governor of [[Hama]]
| predecessor3 = [[Asaad Mustafa]]
| successor3 = ?
| term_start3 = 1993
| term_end3 = 2000
| birth_date = 1945
| death_date = 11 March 2022
| birth_place =
| death_place = [[Damascus]], Syria
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| nationality = Syrian
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| rank = General
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد سعيد بخيتان}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan''' ({{lang-ar|محمد سعيد بخيتان}}; 1945 – 11 March 2022) was a Syrian politician who was the Assistant Secretary of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Command]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba'ath Party]]. He held the position since 2005. He was a close associate of Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and his brother [[Maher al-Assad]] and was considered a senior decision-maker in the government.<ref name=EUsanctions3>{{cite journal|title=Joint Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011|journal=EuroLex|year=2011|volume=52011PC0887|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0887:FIN:EN:HTML|access-date=10 March 2012}}</ref>

==Biography==
Bukheitan was a [[Sunni Muslim]] from [[Bedouin]] origins in [[Deir ez-Zor]], a Sunni dominated region near the border with Iraq.<ref name=Bar_P.435>{{cite journal|last=Bar|first=Shmuel|title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview|journal=Comparative Strategy|year=2006|volume=25|issue=5|page=435|url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf|access-date=15 May 2011|doi=10.1080/01495930601105412|s2cid=154739379}}</ref> He built his career in the police, eventually attaining the rank of general in the criminal security branch of the [[Ministry of Interior (Syria)|Ministry of Interior]]. From 1993 to 2000 he served as Governor of [[Hama]], a major Sunni region in Syria. Since June 2000, he has been on the Regional Command of the Syrian Ba'ath Party. He headed the important [[National Security Bureau (Syria)|National Security Bureau]] from 2000 to 2005 and since then has been the Assistant Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command of the Baath Party, the second highest position in the political party after the Syrian president.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Bekheitan was described by sources as an old guard Ba'athist who opposed reform efforts in Syria, even from inside the Ba'ath party. He was sanctioned by the European Union for "his senior decision making role in the repression of protesters participating in the [[Syrian Civil War]]".<ref name=EUsanctions3/> He died in [[Damascus]] on 11 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snacksyrian.com/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84/|title=قيادة حزب البعث تنعي رئيس مكتب الأمن القومي والأمين القطري}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Heads of National Security Bureau of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bekheitan, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Survivors of terrorist attacks]]
[[Category:People from Deir ez-Zor]]

{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Qusay al-Dahhak

2024-06-21T15:06:09Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Syrian politician and diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Qusay al-Dahhak
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|قصي الضحاك}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Koussay Aldahhak (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dahhak in 2017
| office = 16th [[Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations]]
| order =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Salamiyah]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Syria]]n
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| relations =
| children =
| term_start = 20 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Bassam al-Sabbagh]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Algiers]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]])
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Diplomat]]
}}

'''Qusay Abdul Jabbar al-Dahhak''' ({{lang-ar|قصي عبد الجبار الضحاك}}) is a [[Syria]]n politician and diplomat who has held the position of Syria's Permanent Representative to the United Nations since December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Permanent Representative of Syrian Arab Republic Presents Credentials {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/bio5523.doc.htm |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=press.un.org}}</ref>

==Career==
He has held several administrative and governmental positions since the beginning of his career in 2001, where he worked as third secretary at the Syrian Embassy in the [[People's Republic of China]] from 2004 to 2009 and a diplomat in the Permanent Delegation of Syria to the United Nations in New York from 2012 to 2016.

He was an advisor and director of the Department of International Organizations and Conferences at the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=m.eyon |date=2024-02-15 |title=Syria’s permanent representative to UN is elected as rapporteur of Special Committee on Decolonization |url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=325508 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Syrian Arab News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=Al-Sunni meets Syrian representative to the United Nations {{!}} The Libya Observer |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/al-sunni-meets-syrian-representative-united-nations |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=libyaobserver.ly |language=en}}</ref> Then he was an advisor to the Permanent Delegation from 2018 to 2022, where he was Deputy Head of the Syrian Permanent Delegation to the United Nations. Between 2022 and 2023, he was again a director of the Department of International Organizations and Conferences at the ministry. In 2023, he was promoted to the position of Permanent Representative succeeding [[Bassam al-Sabbagh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=New Permanent Representative of Syrian Arab Republic Presents Credentials |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/bio5523.doc.htm |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=United Nations}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the son of Syrian biology professor and career diplomat {{ill|Abdul Jabbar al Dahhak|de|Abdul_Jabbar_Aldahhak|ar|عبد_الجبار_الضحاك}} who served as the [[Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources (Syria)|Minister of Oil]] and [[Algeria–Syria relations|Ambassador of Syria to Algeria]]. Abdul Jabbar later worked as a professor in the Biology Faculty of the [[University of Damascus]] before passing away in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=بركات |first=جمان |date=2020-12-08 |title=عبد الجبار الضحاك.. قامة علمية وثقافية رحلت بهدوء |url=https://newspaper.albaathmedia.sy/2020/12/08/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=جريدة البعث |language=ar}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Syrian diplomats]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Syria to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Salamiyah]]
[[Category:University of Algiers alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bassam al-Sabbagh

2024-06-21T15:04:47Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Bassam al-Sabbagh
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|بسام الصباغ}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Bassam al-Sabbagh.jpg
| caption = al-Sabbagh in 2018
| office = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start = 17 October 2023
| term_end =
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Hussein Arnous]]
| predecessor = [[Bashar Jaafari]]
| successor =
| order1 = 15th
| office1 = Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations
| president1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start1 = 22 November 2020
| term_end1 = 17 October 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Bashar Jaafari]]
| successor1 = [[Qusay al-Dahhak]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=322312|title=Al-Dhahhak sworn in as Syria’s Permanent Representative to the UN|access-date=20 December 2023|date=20 December 2023|publisher=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]]}}</ref>
| office2 = Permanent Representative of Syria to the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]
| term_start2 = 31 October 2013
| term_end2 = 22 November 2020
| president2 = Bashar al-Assad
| predecessor2 = ''Office established ''
| successor2 = [[Milad Attiya]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-19|title=New Ambassador of Syria to the OPCW|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=251812|access-date= 2021-10-19|website=SANA}}</ref>
| office3 = Ambassador to Austria
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 22 November 2020
| president3 = Bashar al-Assad
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Hassan Khaddour]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Committee]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start4 = 4 May 2024
| term_end4 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party - Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Aleppo University]] Damascus Higher Institute for Political Science
| occupation =
| profession = [[Diplomat]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bassam al-Sabbagh''' ({{lang-ar|بسام الصباغ}}) (born January 1, 1969) is a Syrian diplomat, former Syria's permanent representative to the [[United Nations]] in New York City, as well as former Syria's permanent representative to the United Nations Office at Vienna the [[United Nations Office at Vienna]], its former permanent representative to the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]], and its former permanent representative to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-22|title=Presidential decrees naming Dr. Mikdad as Foreign and Expatriates Minister, Dr. al-Jaafari as Deputy Foreign and Expatriates Minister|url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=210891|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123085342/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=210891||archive-date=2020-11-23|access-date=2021-07-24|website=SANA}}</ref>

==Life and education==
He was born on 1 January 1969 in [[Aleppo]], Syria. In 1993, graduated from the [[University of Aleppo]] as a specialist in international relations, and has a bachelor's degree in political science from the Higher Institute of Political Science in [[Damascus]].<ref name="UN 2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/bio5382.doc.htm|title=New Permanent Representative of Syria Presents Credentials | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org}}</ref>

He addressed the [[General debate of the seventy-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly]] in 2023.

==Career==
* 1994-1995 - [[Attaché]] in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Syria]];
* 1995-2000 - Second, then First Secretary of the [[Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C.|Syrian Embassy in Washington]];
* 2000-2001 - Alternate Director in the Office of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs;
* 2001-2006 - Counselor at the Permanent Mission of Syria to the UN (New York);
* 2006-2010 - Head of Administration at the Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
* 2010-2013 - Permanent Representative of Syria to the UN Office (Vienna).<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2010/unisbio911.html|title= New Permanent Representative of Syria Presents Credentials|date = 2010-03-03|publisher=[[ООН]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201126103151/http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2010/unisbio911.html|accessdate=2021-07-24|archive-date= 2020-11-26}}</ref>
* 2010-2020 - Ambassador to Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123embassy.com/Embassy/16179/Syria-in-Vienna|title=Syria Embassy in Vienna | Embassies in Vienna|website=www.123embassy.com}}</ref>
* 2010-2020 - Resident Representative to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]], [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|UNODC]] (Vienna).<ref name="UN 2021"/>
* 2013-2020 - Permanent Representative of Syria to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ([[The Hague]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opcw.org/about-us/member-states/syria |title=Member State - Syria |publisher=OPCW |accessdate = 2021-07-29}}</ref>
* 2020-2023 - Head of the Syrian Mission at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters in New York]].
* 2023-''present'' - Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bashar Jaafari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations|Syrian Ambassador to the United Nations]]|years=2020–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Qusay al-Dahhak]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabbagh, Bassam}}
[[Category:Syrian diplomats]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Syria to the United Nations]]
[[Category:All stub articles]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Aleppo alumni]]
[[Category:People from Aleppo]]

Bashar Jaafari

2024-06-21T15:03:45Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian diplomat}}
{{Infobox Ambassador
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Bashar Jaafari
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|بشار الجعفري}}|rtl=yes}}
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Bashar Jaafari (Cropped).jpg
| caption = Bashar Jaafari in 2017
| office = Ambassador of Syria to [[Russia]]
| predecessor = Riad Haddad
| term_start = {{Start date|2022|10|5|df=y}}
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 22 November 2020
| term_end1 = 5 October 2022
| president1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister1 = [[Hussein Arnous]]
| predecessor1 = [[Faisal Mekdad]]
| successor1 = [[Bassam al-Sabbagh]]
| order2 = 14th
| office2 = Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations
| president2 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| term_start2 = 31 July 2006
| term_end2 = 22 November 2020
| predecessor2 = [[Faisal Mekdad]]
| successor2 = [[Bassam al-Sabbagh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|14}}
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Syria]]n
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| relations =
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[University of Damascus]] [[Paris-Saclay University|University of Sceaux]] [[University of Paris]] [[Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta]]
| occupation =
| profession = Diplomat
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bashar Jaafari''', also '''Ja'afari''', ({{lang-ar|بشار الجعفري}}; born April 14, 1956) is the former Permanent Representative of the [[Syrian Arab Republic]] to the [[United Nations]] Headquarters in [[New York City]].<ref name=un>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.int/syria/staff/he-bashar-jaafari-phd |title=H.E Bashar Ja'afari, PH.D. |publisher=Un.int |accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/bio3781.doc.htm|title=NEW PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF SYRIA PRESENTS CREDENTIALS|publisher=United Nations |date=31 July 2006}}</ref>

His qualifications include a Bachelor of Arts and French literature, a Diploma of Higher Studies in translation and Arabization from the [[University of Damascus]], a Diploma of International Political Relations from the International Institute of Public Administration, a Diploma of Higher Studies in International Organization's Management and a Doctorate 3rd cycle in political science from the University of Sceaux, State Doctorate in political science from the [[Paris University]] and a State Doctorate in History of Islamic Civilization in South East Asia from the [[Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta|University of Sharif Hedayatullah]].<ref name=un/>

==Diplomatic career==
Jaafari began his career in 1980 as a diplomat in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Syrian Foreign Ministry]]. He served as a diplomat in France, until 1983 as the embassy's secretary and adviser to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations in 1991. He later returned to France, appointed as an adviser at the Syrian embassy in Paris in 1997. He was also appointed as the Syrian ambassador to Indonesia in 1998 and as director of the International Organizations Department at the Syrian Foreign Ministry in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-02 |title=كتاب لبشار الجعفري يعزّز ما يُشاع عن أصله الإيراني |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/syria/2016/04/02/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%91%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=العربية |language=ar}}</ref>

On 22 November 2020, Jaafari became the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/22/syria-names-faisal-mekdad-new-fm-after-walid-al-moallem-dies|title=Syria names Faisal Mekdad new FM after Walid al-Moallem dies|publisher=Al-Jazeera|date=22 November 2020|accessdate=23 November 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jafaari is married with three children. He is fluent in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=un/>

==Books==
* The Lobbies in the U.S.A (Damascus, 1983)
* The Syrian Foreign Affairs 1946–1982 (Damascus, 1986)
* The United Nations and the New World Order (Damascus, 1994)
* Moslem High Priests of the Far East "Historical Saga on the Way Islam Entered and Spread into the Malay Archipelago (Damascus, 2003)
* The Syrian Politics of Alliances 1918–1982 (Damascus, 2015)

==Legal actions==
He sued his daughter Yara's former husband the actor [[Mustafa El Khani]] in 2017 accusing him of defamation and libel after he accused his son Amir of attacking a police detachment in [[Damascus]] in a post on [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/1561|title=The Syrian regime arrests an actor|date=September 12, 2017|website=Call Syria|access-date=March 8, 2019|archive-date=November 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122165731/https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/1561|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Embassy of Syria, Moscow|Embassy of Syria in Russia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{C-SPAN|64700}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Faisal Meqdad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations|Syrian Ambassador to the United Nations]]|years=2006–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bassam al-Sabbagh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaafari, Bashar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Syria to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Syria to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Faisal Mekdad

2024-06-21T15:02:56Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Syrian politician and diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Faisal Mekdad
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Faisal Mekdad by Tasnimnews 03).jpg
| caption = Mekdad in 2017
| alt =
| order =
| office = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates]]
| term_start = 22 November 2020
| term_end =
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| primeminister = [[Hussein Arnous]]
| predecessor = [[Walid Muallem]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 1 August 2006
| term_end1 = 22 November 2020
| president1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Walid Muallem]]
| successor1 = [[Bashar Jaafari]]
| order2 =
| office2 = 13th [[Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 31 July 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Mikhail Wehbe]]
| successor2 = [[Bashar Jaafari]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start3 = 4 May 2024
| term_end3 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|02|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ghasm]], [[Daraa Governorate]], [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Syria]]n
| spouse =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party - Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| relations =
| children = 3
| residence = [[Damascus]]
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]] [[Charles University in Prague]]
| occupation =
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Diplomat]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|فيصل المقداد}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
'''Faisal Mekdad''' ({{lang-ar|فيصل المقداد}}; born 5 February 1954)<ref>[http://mofaex.gov.sy/ar/pages14/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86 السيرة الذاتية للدكتور فيصل المقداد وزير الخارجية والمغتربين] {{in lang|ar}}</ref> is a Syrian diplomat and politician who has been [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Syria)|Foreign Minister of Syria]] since 2020. He served as [[Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations|Syria's Permanent Representative to the United Nations]] from 2003 until 2006.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|title=Syrians pressed on Hariri inquiry|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4186842.stm|work=BBC|accessdate=10 December 2010|date=26 August 2005}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Faisal Mekdad was born in the village of [[Ghasm]] in [[Daraa Governorate]] in 1954. He graduated in 1978 from [[Damascus University]] with a degree in English. He later got his PhD in English Literature from [[Charles University in Prague]] in 1993.<ref name="thawra.alwehda.gov.sy">{{cite web|url=http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=70761992220060211152804|title=صحيفة الثورة|website=thawra.alwehda.gov.sy}}</ref> While at Charles University, he was a part of the [[International Union of Students]].<ref name="middle-east.we-magazine.net">{{cite web|url=http://middle-east.we-magazine.net/ionadmin/site/showTopic/6a9c5e81-247f-43f7-874e-8fe646887674 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064158/http://middle-east.we-magazine.net/ionadmin/site/showTopic/6a9c5e81-247f-43f7-874e-8fe646887674 |title=Faisal al-Mekdad |archivedate=2014-04-07 }}</ref> He was also a member of the executive office of [[Revolutionary Youth Union]].

He was active in the Syrian student movement and student leadership at Damascus University, where he won the first prize for his intellectual research on the history of the Asian student movement that was organized at all levels of Syrian universities.<ref>[http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=70761992220060211152804 نبذة عن السيرة الذاتية للدكتور فيصل مقداد نائب وزير الخارجية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814035407/http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=70761992220060211152804|date=14 أغسطس 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
After graduating from Charles University, Mekdad became a diplomat in the Syrian Foreign Ministry. In 1995, he became a member of the Permanent Syrian Delegation to the UN where he represented Syria in numerous conferences. In 1996, he was appointed as the Deputy to the [[Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations]], under [[Mikhail Wehbe]].<ref name="thawra.alwehda.gov.sy"/>

In 2003, Mekdad became the Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations, a position he held until 2006, when he was appointed as Deputy Foreign Minister.<ref name="thawra.alwehda.gov.sy"/> Holds the Order of Civil Merit from the Spanish King [[Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos]].

On 22 November 2020, Mekdad became the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], following the death of [[Walid Muallem]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/syria-appoints-veteran-diplomat-faisal-mekdad-foreign-minister|title=Syria Appoints Veteran Diplomat Faisal Mekdad as Foreign Minister|agency=Reuters|publisher=Voice of America|date=22 November 2020|accessdate=23 November 2020}}</ref>

==Syrian civil war==
Mekdad has denied accusations of his government's alleged crackdown on protesters after the start of the [[Syrian civil war]]. He has held interviews with Western and Arab Media outlets about the uprising, where he has spoken in support of [[Bashar al-Assad]].<ref name="middle-east.we-magazine.net"/>

He has promoted the government's claim that his government is fighting armed terrorist insurgents, and when asked by a BBC reporter whether he believes his government is winning the war in 2013, he responded saying "We shall win it, we are winning it, yes."<ref>{{cite web|title=Syria minister Faisal Mekdad says 'we are winning the war'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UahEkWSXn8|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Mekdad was a part of the delegation representing the Syrian government during the [[Geneva II Conference on Syria]]. The other members with him were [[Bashar Jaafari]], [[Omran al-Zoubi]], [[Bouthaina Shaaban]], Walid Muallem, and [[Luna Shabal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arabic.yenisafak.com/arap-dunyasi-haber/21.1.2014%20-15636|title=وفد النظام السوري إلى "جنيف 2" برئاسة وليد المعلم|access-date=2014-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070813/http://arabic.yenisafak.com/arap-dunyasi-haber/21.1.2014%20-15636|archive-date=2014-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2021, the [[European Union]] added Mekdad to its sanction list, due to his role during the civil war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/syria/91499/syria-new-minister-foreign-affairs-added-sanction-list_en |title=SYRIA: New minister of Foreign Affairs added to the sanction list |website=European External Action Service |date=16 January 2021 }}</ref> The United Kingdom followed two months later, saying he "shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression against the civilian population".<ref name="GOV.UK 2021">{{cite web | title=New UK sanctions targeting Assad regime for repressing the Syrian people | website=GOV.UK | date=2021-03-15 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-uk-sanctions-targeting-assad-regime-for-repressing-the-syrian-people | access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Faisal Mekdad is married and has one son and two daughters.<ref name="thawra.alwehda.gov.sy"/> Mekdad's father was kidnapped by gunmen on 18 May 2013 in his village of [[Ghasm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22582583|title=Father of Assad spokesman kidnapped|date=18 May 2013|publisher=BBC}}</ref> He speaks [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[English language|English]] fluently and is familiar with [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[German language|German]].{{cn|date=November 2023}}

==Honours==
===Foreign distinctions===
* Spain: Collar of the [[Order of Civil Merit]]{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mekdad, Faisal}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Daraa District]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Syria to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Charles University alumni]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Syria]]

Imad Khamis

2024-06-21T15:01:15Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (2016–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Imad Khamis
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عماد خميس}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Imad Khamis.jpg
| office = 67th [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| deputy = [[Walid Muallem]]
| term_start = 3 July 2016
| term_end = 11 June 2020
| predecessor = [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]
| successor = [[Hussein Arnous]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Electricity (Syria)|Minister of Electricity]]
| primeminister1 = [[Adel Safar]] [[Riyad Farid Hijab]] [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]
| term_start1 = 14 April 2011
| term_end1 = 3 July 2016
| predecessor1 = Ahmad Qusay Kayyali
| successor1 = Mohammad Zuhair Kharboutli
| birth_name = Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1961|8|1}}
| birth_place = [[Saqba]], [[United Arab Republic]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| cabinet = [[Imad Khamis government|Khamis]]
| spouse =
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Damascus University]]
}}
'''Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis''' ({{lang-ar|عماد محمد ديب خميس|ʿImād Muḥammad Dīb Khamīs}}; born 1 August 1961) is a Syrian politician who served as the 67th [[Prime Minister of Syria|prime minister of Syria]] from 2016 to 2020 under president [[Bashar al-Assad]]. Previously, he was minister of electricity from 2011 to 2016.

==Early life and education==
Khamis was born in [[Saqba]] near [[Damascus]] on 1 August 1961.<ref name="EU">{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1575994304847&uri=CELEX:32013D0255|title=Persons and entities referred to in Article 1|publisher=Official Journal of the European Union|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> He earned a degree in [[electrical engineering]] from the [[University of Damascus]] in 1981.<ref name=sanabio>{{cite web|title=Minister of Electricity: Eng. Imad Mohammad Deeb Khamis|url=http://sana.sy/eng/article/243.htm|publisher=Syrian Arab News Agency|access-date=25 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314004702/http://sana.sy/eng/article/243.htm|archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

==Premiership==
Khamis was assigned to the management of a number of departments in the General Organization for the distribution and investment power from 1987 to 2005. He was Director General of the General Company for Electricity for the [[Damascus Governorate]] from 2005 to 2008. He was appointed Director-General of the Public Corporation for the distribution and investment power in 2008.<ref name=sanabio/>

On 3 July 2016, Khamis was appointed Prime Minister of Syria, following the [[2016 Syrian parliamentary election|2016 parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-07-03 |title=الرئيس الأسد يصدر المرسوم رقم 203 القاضي بتشكيل الحكومة السورية الجديدة برئاسة المهندس عماد محمد ديب خميس |url=https://sana.sy/?p=400699 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=S A N A |language=ar}}</ref>

===Sanctions===
The [[European Union]] sanctioned Khamis due to his alleged role in using electric cuts as a way of repressing Syrian people on 24 March 2012.<ref name=EU/>{{Failed verification|date=January 2023|reason=Source does not mention that electric cuts was used to repress the Syrian people}}

===Dismissal===
He was dismissed on 11 June 2020 by President Bashar al-Assad amid a worsening economic crisis and subsequent [[2018–2022 Arab protests#Syria|regional protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Syria's Assad replaces prime minister: State media |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/11/syrias-assad-replaces-prime-minister-state-media.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]]'', Khamis was detained after he was dismissed from premiership, and has been interrogated due to corruption charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Syria/291434 |title=الحملة على الفساد تتمدّد: حيتان المال في القفص |website=al-akhbar.com |language=ar |date=14 July 2020 }}</ref> However, Khamis was seen shortly after, when he was voting during the [[2020 Syrian parliamentary election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aletihadpress.com/?p=242624 |title=وكأن شيئًا لم يكن .. عماد خميس من الإقالة و"التحقيق بتهمة الاختلاس" إلى صندوق الاقتراع |website=Etihad Press |language=ar |date=20 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Khamis is married and has three children.<ref name=sanabio/>

==See also==
*[[Cabinet of Syria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=2016–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hussein Arnous]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamis, Imad Mohammad Deeb}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of electricity]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:People from Rif Dimashq Governorate]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]]

Hussein Arnous

2024-06-21T14:59:30Z

176.238.173.200:

{{short description|Prime minister of Syria (2020–present)}}
{{About|Syrian Prime Minister Hussein Arnous|the Syrian government cabinets led by Hussein Arnous, see|Hussein Arnous government (disambiguation){{!}}Hussein Arnous government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Hussein Arnous
| image = Hussein Arnous.jpg
| president = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| deputy = [[Ali Abdullah Ayyoub]]
| predecessor = [[Imad Khamis]]
| order = 68th
| office = Prime Minister of Syria
| termstart = 11 June 2020 Acting: 11 June – 2 September 2020
| birth_place = [[Al-Tah, Idlib|Al-Tah]], [[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]], [[Second Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Syria)|Minister of Public Works and Housing]]
| termstart2 = 9 February 2013
| office1 = [[Ministry of Water Resources (Syria)|Minister of Water Resources]]
| termstart1 = 26 November 2018
| primeminister1 = Imad Khamis
| predecessor1 = Nabil al-Hassan
| successor1 = [[Tammam Raad]]
| termend1 = 30 August 2020
| termend2 = 26 November 2018
| primeminister2 = [[Wael Nader al-Halqi]] Imad Khamis
| successor2 = [[Suhail Mohammad Abdullatif]]
| predecessor2 = Yasser Sebaei
| office3 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch of the Baath Party]]
| term_start3 = 8 July 2013
| term_end3 =
| alma_mater = [[University of Aleppo]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| cabinet = [[First Hussein Arnous government|Arnous I]] [[Second Hussein Arnous government|Arnous II]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|حُسَيْن عَرنُوس}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| caption = Arnous in 2016
}}

'''Hussein Arnous''' ({{lang-ar|حُسَيْن عَرنُوس|Huseyn Arnûs}}; born 1953) is a [[Syrians|Syrian]] politician who has served as [[Prime Minister of Syria|prime minister of Syria]] since 11 June 2020. Arnous's appointment was announced by state media shortly after it was reported that President [[Bashar al-Assad]] had fired previous prime minister [[Imad Khamis]] amid a worsening economic crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2020|title=Syria's Assad replaces prime minister: State media|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/11/syrias-assad-replaces-prime-minister-state-media.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Arnous was born in the village of [[Al-Tah, Idlib|Al-Tah]] in the [[Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District]], [[Idlib]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=11 June 2020|title=Syria's Assad Removes Prime Minister as Economic Hardship Grows|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/11/world/europe/11reuters-syria-security-assad-government.html|access-date=12 June 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1978, he earned a degree in civil engineering from the [[University of Aleppo]].

== Career ==
After graduating from university, Arnous worked with the Idlib Engineering Syndicate. From 1992 to 2002, he managed the General Company for Roads and Bridges. In 2004, Arnous was selected to serve as executive director of the General Establishment for Road Transport. He then served as governor of [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate|Deir ez-Zor]] and [[Quneitra Governorate|Quneitra]] governorates. In 2014, Arnous was included on a list of Syrian government ministers barred from entering the United States or [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU Targets Ministers, UAE Firm in Latest Syria Sanctions {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/eu-targets-ministers-uae-firm-latest-syria-sanctions|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2020|title=Assad Dismisses Prime Minister|url=https://syrianobserver.com/news/58535/assad-dismisses-prime-minister.html/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=The Syrian Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Syria Designations|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20140508.aspx|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.treasury.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treasury Sanctions Syrian Regime Officials and Supporters|url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2391.aspx|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.treasury.gov}}</ref>

Arnous served as [[Minister of Public Works and Housing (Syria)|Minister of Public Works and Housing]] from 2013 until 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of public works and Housing {{!}} Eng. Hussein Arnous meets the Iranian delegation participating in the reconstruction exhibition of Syria|url=http://mopwh.gov.sy/?page=show_det&category_id=6&id=568&lang=en|access-date=12 June 2020|website=mopwh.gov.sy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2020|title=Syria's Assad dismisses prime minister as economic crisis grows|url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/syrias-assad-dismisses-prime-minister-as-economic-crisis-grows/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=La Prensa Latina Media|language=en-US}}</ref> and as Minister of Water Resources since 26 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 2020|title=Syria's Assad removes prime minister as economic hardship grows|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-assad-government-idUSKBN23I228|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

Arnous was confirmed by President Assad to be the prime minister of a [[First Arnous government|new government]] on 30 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP|first=French Press Agency-|date=30 August 2020|title=Syria's Assad designates new government headed by PM Arnous|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/syrian-crisis/syrias-assad-designates-new-government-headed-by-pm-arnous|access-date=3 September 2020|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref> He took the [[oath of office]] three days later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asabnews.com/2020/09/02/362067/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7/|title=المهندس حسين عرنوس يؤدي اليمين الدستورية أمام الرئيس الأسد|date=2 September 2020}}</ref> He formed a [[Second Hussein Arnous government|new government in August 2021]] after the [[2021 Syrian presidential election|presidential election]] in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2021|title=Syria's Assad asks PM Arnous to form new cabinet|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-asks-pm-hussein-arnous-form-new-cabinet-2021-08-01/|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Current heads of government}}
{{Arab country leaders}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnous, Hussein}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:University of Aleppo alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People from Idlib Governorate]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]]

Ibrahim al-Hadid

2024-06-21T14:57:34Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian doctor and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix =
| name = Ibrahim al-Hadid
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|ابراهيم الحديد}}|rtl=yes}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assistant Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Assistant General Secretary]] of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| 1blankname = General Secretary
| 1namedata = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor = [[Hilal Hilal]]
| successor =
| term_start = 8 May 2024
| term_end =
| office1 = Assistant General Secretary of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Ba'ath Party]]
| 1blankname1 = General Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Hilal Hilal]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 8 May 2024
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| term_start2 = 8 May 2024
| term_end2 =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Homs]], [[Homs Governorate]], [[Second Syrian Republic]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| birth_name =
| nationality = [[Syrian]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| profession = [[Medical Doctor]], [[Politician]]
| occupation = [[Professor]], [[Dean (education)|Dean]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Aleppo]] [[University of London]]
| residence = [[Aleppo]]
| children =
| relations =
| spouse =
}}
'''Ibrahim al-Hadid''' ({{lang-ar|ابراهيم الحديد}}; born 1956)<ref name="Baath1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baathparty.sy/Posts.php?id=56287|title=السيرة الذاتية للرفاق أعضاء القيادة المركزية لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي07-05-2024}}</ref> is a [[Syria]]n doctor and politician, current Assistant General Secretary of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]],<ref name="Ags1">{{Cite web|url=https://alwatan.sy/archives/388689|title=هنأ بوتين بتنصيبه رئيساً لروسيا الاتحادية لولاية جديدة … الرئيس الأسد للقيادة المركزية: الحوار أحد أهم آليات تعزيز حضور «البع|trans-title=He congratulated Putin on his inauguration as President of the Russian Federation for a new term... President al-Assad of the Central Command: Dialogue is one of the most important mechanisms for strengthening the presence of the “Baath Party.”|date=9 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2024|publisher=[[Al-Watan (Syria)|Al Watan Newspaper]]}}</ref> and was the Ba'ath Party Secretary of the Branch Command in the [[University of Aleppo]] between 2018 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newspaper.albaathmedia.sy/2024/05/09/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84-2/|date=9 May 2024|title=القيادة المركزية لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي وتوزيع المكاتب على الأعضاء|work=Al Baath|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> He served two terms as a member of the Aleppo Party Branch Command.<ref name="Ags1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tishreen.news.sy/?p=897133|title=الرئيس الأسد يترأس اجتماعاً للقيادة المركزية الجديدة لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي|date=8 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2024|publisher=[[Tishreen (newspaper)|Tishreen]]}}</ref>

==Life and education==
Dr. Ibrahim Muhammad Al-Hadid was born in [[Homs]] in 1956.<ref name="Baath1"/> He studied medicine at the [[University of Aleppo]], finishing with bachelor's degree in medicine in 1980.<ref name="Baath1"/> Later in 1985 ended his studies in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo with specialty in clinical [[Urology]].<ref name="Baath1"/> In 1986, he was dispatched to the [[United Kingdom]] and accuired diploma in Urology from the [[University of London]].<ref name="Baath1"/> In 1989, he got Fellowship Certificate from the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] (FRCS).<ref name="Baath1"/>

==Career==
In 1990s, he was head of the ambulance and urology divisions in Aleppo. Between 2012 and 2018, he was named as a General Director of Aleppo University Hospital and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo.<ref name="Baath1"/> Between 2018 and 2022, he held a positions of the General Director of Al-Kindi Hospital and Secretary of the Party Branch at the University of Aleppo.<ref name="Baath1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:al-Hadid, Ibrahim}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]

Hilal Hilal

2024-06-21T14:56:36Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hilal Hilal
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|هلال هلال}}|rtl=yes}}
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assistant Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Assistant Secretary-General]] of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| 1blankname = Secretary-General
| 1namedata = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor = [[Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan]]
| successor = [[Ibrahim al-Hadid]]
| term_start = 10 July 2013
| term_end = 8 May 2024
| office1 = Assistant Secretary General of the Central Command of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| 2blankname = Secretary-General
| 1namedata1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]]
| successor1 = [[Ibrahim al-Hadid]]
| term_start1 = 26 October 2018
| term_end1 = 8 May 2024
| office2 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start2 = 8 July 2013
| term_end2 = 8 May 2024
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Azaz]], Syria
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| birth_name =
| nationality = [[Syrian]]
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
}}
'''Hilal al-Hilal''' ({{lang-ar|هلال هلال}}; born 1966)<ref name="شبكة عاجل الإخبارية1">{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingnews.sy/ar/article/20892.html|title=هلال هلال أمينا قطريا مساعدا لحزب البعث.. وإحداث مكتب جديد للشباب في القيادة القطرية|author=شبكة عاجل الإخبارية|language=ar|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322051809/http://breakingnews.sy/ar/article/20892.html|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a Syrian politician who is the former Assistant Secretary-General of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arab.jinbo.net/aggregator/sources/7|title=Syria Comment|access-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204200527/http://arab.jinbo.net/aggregator/sources/7|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> and was the Party Secretary of the Branch Command of Aleppo in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syria360.wordpress.com/2012/11/10/sana-headlines-november-10-11-2012/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126013029/http://syria360.wordpress.com/2012/11/10/sana-headlines-november-10-11-2012/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=SANA HEADLINES NOVEMBER 10 & 11, 2012|work=SYRIA 360°|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> He served two terms as a member of the Aleppo party Branch Command.<ref name="شبكة عاجل الإخبارية1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hilal, Hilal}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
{{Syria-politician-stub}}

Hilal Hilal

2024-06-21T14:55:07Z

176.238.173.200:

{{Short description|Syrian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hilal Hilal
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|هلال هلال}}|rtl=yes}}
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assistant Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Assistant Secretary-General]] of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| 1blankname = Secretary-General
| 1namedata = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor = [[Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan]]
| successor = [[Ibrahim al-Hadid]]
| term_start = 10 July 2013
| term_end = 8 May 2024
| office1 = Assistant Secretary General of the Central Command of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| nickname1 = Secretary-General
| 1namedata1 = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]]
| successor1 = [[Ibrahim al-Hadid]]
| term_start1 = 26 October 2018
| term_end1 = 8 May 2024
| office2 = Member of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start2 = 8 July 2013
| term_end2 = 8 May 2024
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Azaz]], Syria
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| birth_name =
| nationality = [[Syrian]]
|party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba'ath Party]]
}}
'''Hilal al-Hilal''' ({{lang-ar|هلال هلال}}; born 1966)<ref name="شبكة عاجل الإخبارية1">{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingnews.sy/ar/article/20892.html|title=هلال هلال أمينا قطريا مساعدا لحزب البعث.. وإحداث مكتب جديد للشباب في القيادة القطرية|author=شبكة عاجل الإخبارية|language=ar|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322051809/http://breakingnews.sy/ar/article/20892.html|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a Syrian politician who is the former Assistant Secretary-General of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arab.jinbo.net/aggregator/sources/7|title=Syria Comment|access-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204200527/http://arab.jinbo.net/aggregator/sources/7|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> and was the Party Secretary of the Branch Command of Aleppo in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syria360.wordpress.com/2012/11/10/sana-headlines-november-10-11-2012/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126013029/http://syria360.wordpress.com/2012/11/10/sana-headlines-november-10-11-2012/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=SANA HEADLINES NOVEMBER 10 & 11, 2012|work=SYRIA 360°|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> He served two terms as a member of the Aleppo party Branch Command.<ref name="شبكة عاجل الإخبارية1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hilal, Hilal}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
{{Syria-politician-stub}}