Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Wikipedia:Plagiarism

2009-05-03T15:06:58Z

189.105.105.136: /* See also */ Don't see why we should link to these

{{proposed|WP:PLAG|WP:PLAGIARISM}}
{{nutshell|Don't make the work of others look like your own; give credit where it's due.}}
{{helpbox|width:200px;
|name=Helpful links
|group1=Wikipedia Resources
|list1=[[Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ|Copyright FAQ]] [[WP:C|Copyright policy]] [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems|Copyright problems board]] [[Wikipedia:GFDL|GFDL]] [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Acceptable use|Non-free content guidelines]] [[Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights|Non-US copyrights]]
|group2=Guidance for resolving
|list2=[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] [[Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials|Donating copyrighted materials]] [[Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission|Requesting copyright permission]] [[Wikipedia:Quotations|Wikipedia essay on quotations]]
|group3=Off-wiki links
|list3=[http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/plag.html Avoiding plagiarism] [http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter8/8-a.html#4 Copyright and Fair use] [http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/ Guide to paraphrasing] [http://www.cinahl.com/library/cinahlnews/Cnews173.pdf Plagiarism and Copyright]
}}
:''This guideline is under construction, see [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems]] for the current guideline on plagiarism on Wikipedia.''
:''Plagiarism may also be a [[WP:COPYVIO|copyright violation]], which is a blockable offense in Wikipedia.''
[[Plagiarism]] is the taking of someone else's work and presenting it as one's own, whether verbatim or with only minimal changes. This may be done intentionally, but also by accident if you do not understand the concept. Plagiarism includes not citing sources for material that is not [[common knowledge]] within a specific field. <ref>The [[American Historical Association]] terms this "recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession." {{cite web| url = http://www.historians.org/PUBS/Free/ProfessionalStandards.cfm | title = Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct | date = 2004-12-09 | accessdate = 2009-04-29 | last = American Historical Association | site = historians.org}}</ref> Even if a source is cited, plagiarism also occurs when text is directly copied without proper attribution or insufficiently adapted into original language.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hacker | first = Diana | title = A Pocket Style Manual | edition = 5 | publisher = Bedford/St. Martin's | location = Boston | isbn =0312559933 | page = 107}}</ref> When the source is [[copyright]]ed, this kind of plagiarism will probably also represent a [[WP:C|copyright concern]].

This proposed guideline addresses how to avoid plagiarism on Wikipedia and how to address it when it is encountered. 
'''Making a charge of plagiarism towards another editor is a serious statement, which may be regarded as [[WP:UNCIVIL|uncivil]]. Please use care to frame concerns in an appropriate way.''' Continued plagiarism after discussion and warnings may be considered [[WP:DE|disruptive editing]].

==Definitions of plagiarism==
Definitions of plagiarism differ. A very basic, plain-spoken definition is: "If you didn't think of it and write it all on your own, and you didn't cite (or write down) the sources where you found the ideas or words, it's probably plagiarism."<ref>{{cite book |last1= Lathrop |first1= Ann |last2=Foss |first2=Kathleen |title=Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-up Call |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pyXJWLsml7gC&pg=PA116&dq=plagiarism+definition&client=firefox-a#PPA116,M1 |accessdate=2009-01-13 |date=2000 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=156308841X |page=116}}</ref> It doesn't matter where you find the information; even if your source is [[free content]], you should acknowledge it.

Some definitions of plagiarism require that it be committed with the intent to deceive, while others do not.<ref>See {{Cite web |title=Anny Newman, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Diana Burgin, et al., Defendants, Appellees |url=http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/930/955/152137/ |accessdate=13 January 2009 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals Cases & Opinions |publisher=justia.com |date=22 April 1991}}, {{cite news | title = OU, former prof Mehta await verdict in defamation trial | first = Jim | last = Phillips | url = http://www.athensnews.com/news/local/2008/mar/27/ou-former-prof-mehta-await-verdict-defamation-tria/|publisher=The Athens News | date = 27 March 2008 | accessdate = 13 January 2009}}</ref> Wikipedia is more concerned with impact than intent; whether it is the result of deliberate deception or improper citation, duplicating the work of others without credit can bring both author and publisher into disrepute.

Wikipedia differs from academic definitions of plagiarism in some ways. We strive to be a reliable knowledge resource with user-written content, but we also often welcome incorporation of verbatim copies of material from other free content sources. We only insist on proper attribution of those sources so that our readers are aware of who actually authored the material they see and read.

==Why plagiarism is a problem==
Material plagiarized from books and printed media, websites, and other [[GFDL]]-licensed works (including the work of other Wikipedia editors) is not being properly presented in Wikipedia, given its core principles, including [[WP:V|Verifiability]] pertaining particularly to the necessity for [[WP:CITE|Citing sources]] adequately. Even when material is not covered by copyright, it is still important to state its origin, including its authors or creators and details of prior publication. Failure to do so is misleading and also prevents readers and editors from referring to the material's sources in their own later work. Wikipedia articles that lack citation or references to sources are entirely inappropriate, due to the core policy that prohibits [[WP:NOR|original research]].

Plagiarism violates the requirement for attribution of the GFDL. If correctly attributed when submitted to Wikipedia, text can be edited by subsequent editors within the bounds of [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Wikipedia polices and guidelines]]. An article's history preserves the origin of language. Even if text has been so substantially rewritten as to be an entirely new piece of work, the cited sources for information should be preserved.

==Attributing text copied from other sources==
Wikipedia draws a clear distinction between work submitted by Wikipedia editors as their own work (which can be "edited mercilessly"); work marked as a quotation or paraphrase of another source (which can be edited as long as the original sense is not lost); and direct copying of large blocks of free content written by other people.

===Public domain text===
{{see also|Category:Attribution templates}}

Material from public domain and free sources is often welcome on Wikipedia. Many articles on U.S. ships, for example, were created at first by pasting in material from the ''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'', an encyclopedic, public domain source. Editors of ships articles have even developed [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ships/DANFS conversions|explicit guidelines for improving upon DANFS-based articles]]. Key to using such material, if it is otherwise consistent with [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]] and seems likely to improve Wikipedia's coverage of a subject, is proper attribution.

A good practice to use when copying free content verbatim is to indicate in the edit summary the source of the material. Further changes such as modernizing language and correcting errors should be done in separate edits after the original insertion of text. This allows later editors the ability to make a clear comparison between the original source text and the current version in the article. In addition to the edit summary note, be sure to attribute the material by using an [[:Category:Attribution templates|attribution template]] or by writing your own note in the reference section of the article indicating that language has been used verbatim. For an example, see the references section in [[Planetary nomenclature#References|planetary nomenclature]],[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_nomenclature&oldid=220755325] which uses a large amount of text from the [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature]. Whether adding text verbatim, [[summary|summarizing]], [[paraphrase|paraphrasing]] or making explicit quotations, regular referencing should be added to provide both attribution and verifiability.

An advantage of public domain sources is that ''longer'' quotations are acceptable than from non-public sources, which may run afoul of "fair use" copyright limitations. (See the guidelines on [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations|quotation]] for information on formatting quotes.) In this case, an attribution template is not separately needed. A standard [[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations|inline citation]] is sufficient.

Large portions of text used in the article can be changed through the normal process of wiki editing; the article history will show the evolution of the text. Material within blockquotes and normal quotation marks should be left unaltered within quotes, except for ordinary allowed stylistic alterations. You are free to rewrite material into your own words and remove part or all of a quoted passage, leaving just a reference footnote giving credit for the information. But as creative work consists of more than just the words used in the copied text, also applying to the structure of the article and the way the topics are covered, public domain attribution notices should not be removed from an article or simply replaced with inline citations without verifying that this will not leave uncredited phrasing, language, or presentation from a public domain source.

===Text available under a free license===

Some authors explicitly release their work under a free license. If the license of the material is [[License_compatibility|compatible]] with the [[GFDL]] license of Wikipedia content, then it can be added directly to articles on Wikipedia; acceptable licenses include the GFDL (with no invariant sections or cover texts) and content granted into the public domain (release-all-rights). [[Creative Commons]] content is not currently approved for this purpose.

However, "free" license does not mean free of copyright concerns. For example, Wikipedia's contributors retain copyright to material they contribute here, though GFDL allows reuse and modification with proper attribution. If you contribute material under a free license, you must be sure that you comply with whatever licensing requirements exist. In all cases, the [[moral rights]] of the original authors whose works are copied must be respected during the term of their rights, which means that it is imperative that their work is distinguishable from the prose of the Wikipedia article. Because articles normally evolve through incremental changes, it is important to retain an anchor to the originally copied text, so that subsequent changes can be traced.

===Copying within Wikipedia===

Wikipedia's content is licensed under [[GFDL]]. Contributors continue to own copyright to their contributions, but liberally license it for reuse and modification. GFDL does require attribution.

Language translations between various Wikimedia Foundation wikis are perfectly acceptable provided that the original source is clearly indicated, which satisfies the attribution requirement. This can be done via the edit summary and by putting a note on the article talk page with a link to the original source. See [[Wikipedia:Translation]] and [[:Category:Interwiki translation templates]].

When copying material within Wikipedia, from one article to another, attribution is also required. For guidelines on copying and moving material within Wikipedia itself, see [[WP:MERGE]], [[WP:SPLIT]] and [[WP:SUMMARY]].

===Generating many articles from a free source===

Occasionally, Wikipedia undertakes large projects in which many articles are generated from free sources. For instance, Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 was used as a source to build many articles in 2002. These articles were marked with the {{tl|1911}} template to make it clear that text had been taken from this source. Similar templates for other free content can be found at [[:Category:Attribution templates]]. These templates are an accepted way to give credit to free content when that free content is used to build Wikipedia and there is no immediate need to change articles that use them.

However, before engaging in any similar large-scale project of your own, be sure to discuss your changes at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)]] and/or a relevant Wikiproject, as this type of mass contribution remains controversial.

==Attributing media copied from other sources==

{{seealso|commons:Commons:Licensing#License_information|l1=Commons:Licensing}}
{{seealso|WP:IUP#Requirements|l1=Wikipedia:Image use policy}}
For images and other media, you must specify correct source and licensing information, otherwise they run the risk of deletion. In particular, you should '''never''' use {{tl|PD-self}}, {{tl|GFDL-self}} or {{tl|self}} if the image isn't yours. If the source requests a credit line, e.g. "[[NASA]]/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]]/[[Malin Space Science Systems|MSSS]]", you should put one in the author field of {{tl|information}}.

==What is not plagiarism==
{{see also|Wikipedia:When to cite}}
The purpose of [[WP:CITE|citation]] is to provide sources of information supporting a statement about a subject. In some cases, it is not necessary to cite a source or sources. For example, stating "common knowledge" may not be plagiarism (though in certain circumstances, it may be).

Such cases in which plagiarism does not occur may include:
*Factual information provided in infoboxes that is "common knowledge".<ref>Many infobox parameters do, however, include a feature enabling notes of sources of information placed in infoboxes. If the material in the infobox comes directly from sources, it is possible to add such notes at the end of these infoboxes.</ref>
*Non-creative lists of factual information that involve no unique organization or style in their presentation.<ref>If creativity has gone into the selection of elements (in terms of which facts are included and order of presentation), then it may be protected by copyright (see [[Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service]]). Non-creative lists, such as a list of song titles on an album or actors appearing in a film, are not copyrightable, and repetition or replication of these titles is not plagiarism.</ref>
*Common knowledge.<ref>Be aware, however, that using another person's words to discuss a topic that is common knowledge still qualifies as plagiarism. If an outside source uses a particular wording to state a fact that is common knowledge, that particular wording must be in quotes or reworded if it is included in a Wikipedia article; replicating another person's exact wording is plagiarism no matter what the content of that wording was.</ref>
*Simple mathematical calculations which can easily be reproduced; e.g., the fact that 1292 and 1293 equal 2585.
*Simple logical deductions. Complex logical deductions, in contrast, may require a citation.

==How to respond to plagiarism==
Failure to properly attribute text may be intentional, but it is often inadvertent. Avoiding plagiarism requires mastery of citation and paraphrasing. Contributors need to know when and how to cite sources. When paraphrasing, they need to know how much they can and should retain without following too closely on source text. They also need to remember when and where they saw something first, both in active research, while note taking, and during composition, to avoid unconscious plagiarism.<ref>See {{cite book |last1= Perfect |first1= Timothy J. |last2=Stark |first2= Louisa J. |editor = John Dunlosky, Robert A. Bjork |title=Handbook of Metamemory and Memory |accessdate=2009-01-13 |year=2008 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0805862145 |page= |pages=285-314 |chapter= Tales from the Crypt...omnesia |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=YW0So8Cc9NwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Handbook+of+Metamemory+and+Memory&client=firefox-a#PPA285,M1}}.</ref>

Making a charge of plagiarism towards another editor is a serious statement, and may be regarded as [[WP:UNCIVIL|uncivil]] if the situation is not blatant. Please use care to frame concerns in an appropriate way. Given that attribution errors may be inadvertent, intentional plagiarism should not be presumed in the absence of strong evidence. Remember to start with the [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assumption of good faith]].

If you find that an editor persists in plagiarising other work after being notified of this guideline, report him or her at [[WP:ANI|the administrators' noticeboard]] so that an administrator can deal with the issue. Be sure to include [[WP:DIFF|diffs]] which show both the plagiarisation and that multiple warnings were given and ignored.

===How to find plagiarism===
[[Image:Plagiarism.jpg|thumb|180px|It is not permitted to pretend the work composed by another person is your own, even if it is "out of copyright" and "in the public domain"; the work still does not belong to you and it is still not yours.]]

====Text plagiarism====
There are a number of methods to [[Plagiarism detection|detect plagiarism]]. Plagiarized text usually demonstrates a sudden change of style and tone from a writer's usual style; it is often more advanced in grammar and vocabulary. Plagiarized material may contain unexplained acronyms or technical jargon (that had been described in an earlier part of the plagiarized document). Because plagiarized material was written for other purposes, it is often slightly off topic or unencyclopedic in tone. An editor who plagiarizes multiple sources will appear to change writing style abruptly.

An easy way to test for plagiarism of online sources is to cut and paste passages into a search engine. Exact matches or near matches may be plagiarism. When running such tests, be aware that some other websites reuse content from Wikipedia. A list of identified websites which do so is maintained at [[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks]]. If in doubt, double check search engine results with an experienced Wikipedian.

Another option is to utilize a plagiarism detector. Plagiarism detection systems, some of which are freely available online, exist primarily to help detect academic fraud. Some such programs and services can be found at [[:Category:Plagiarism detectors]]. Wikipedia does not endorse or recommend any external services, so your own experience will be the guide.

It can also be useful to do a direct comparison between cited sources and text within the article, to see if text has been plagiarised, including too-close paraphrasing of the original.

====Media plagiarism====
Investigating media plagiarism and copyright infringement may begin with a commonsense question: does it seem likely that the uploader is the original source? Sometimes the answer to this will be obvious. The person who scans an image from an 1825 textbook on herbs is unlikely to be the author, even if he has claimed {{tl|PD-self}}. Sometimes doubts may be triggered by the professional quality of media or by the exclusivity.

An investigation into media plagiarism may begin with an online search through a search engine like google or google image. Sometimes a little ingenuity may be required to disclose an original source. If your topic is large, try narrowing down your keywords. You might spend hours searching images of Britney Spears, but Britney Spears Tokyo could more quickly locate the source of the suspect image.

But even if you don't locate a previously published original, plagiarism or copyright infringement may exist. Other factors to consider include the reputation of the uploader and, with images, [[Metadata#Image_metadata|image metadata]], such as [[EXIF]] and [[Extensible Metadata Platform|XMP]]. EXIF data is automatically saved by most modern digital cameras, and includes important information about the camera being used and the date/time of the picture (see [[:File:Cannon.jpg]] for EXIF in action). XMP is utilized by Adobe in its image manipulation programs; it tracks the history of modification and, when possible, original ownership information (see [[:File:Redding Album Cover.jpg]] for XMP in action).

Frequently a person who uploads and claims credit for another's image will fail to modify the image metadata, or they may leave a visible or invisible [[digital watermark]] in place. If the author information conveyed by the metadata or watermark contradicts the author information on the image description page, this is a sign the image requires investigation. A user's original photographs can also be expected to have similar metadata, since most people own a small number of cameras; varied metadata is suspicious. However, tests based on metadata are not conclusive, as it can be altered or removed with simple tools.

===Repairing plagiarism===
Sometimes material from a copyrighted work is copied into Wikipedia with minimal rewriting. This may still be a violation of copyright as a derivative work, and the same concerns about plagiarism would apply if the phrases, concepts and ideas in the copied material are not attributed to the original author. If the text follows closely enough on the original in structure, presentation, and phrasing to raise copyright concerns, handle it as a copyright violation. If it does not, address it as plagiarism.

====Copyright violations====
{{main|Wikipedia:Copyright violations}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Copyright problems|Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images|Wikipedia:Image copyright tags}}

Direct copying of copyrighted works may be a copyright violation. Doing so without [[Wikipedia:Attribution|attribution]] is also plagiarism. Such additions can be dealt with either by attribution, turning it into a quote with a source, or by truncation or removal of the copied material. If you find an article where direct copying has occurred, ''do something''. If the material is a copyright violation, remove it or tag the article with the {{tl|copyvio}} template. If the copyrighted material used is brief, consider turning it into a properly attributed quotation according to our [[Wikipedia:Non-free content policy]] or rewriting it in your own original language. If you are uncertain if the material is a copyright violation, flag it with template such as {{tl|copypaste}} so that others can deal with it.

If you believe that an image or media file is a copyright infringement, please follow one of the processes at [[WP:GID|the guide to image deletion]]. Note that if the image is indisputably non-free and it can comply with our [[WP:NFCC|non-free content policy]], you may be [[WP:BOLD|bold]] and retag it as a non-free image with [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free|an appropriate tag]]. If you are uncertain of the copyright status of an image or other media file, you may seek feedback at '''[[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions]]'''.

====Plagiarism====
Plagiarism doesn't have to be immediately removed, unlike copyright violations. It ''does'' need to be properly attributed to its source. If you find an example of plagiarism, where an editor has copied text, media or figures into Wikipedia without proper attribution, contact the editor responsible, point them to this guideline page and ask them to provide the proper attribution. It may also be helpful to politely refer them to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]], [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], and/or [[Help:Citations quick reference]]. Editors who have difficulties or questions about this guidance can be referred to the [[Wikipedia:Help Desk|Help Desk]] or [[WP:MCQ|media copyright questions]].

You can also change the copied material or provide the attribution or source on your own. Material that is plagiarized but which does not violate copyright does not need to be removed from Wikipedia if it can be properly sourced. Add appropriate source information to the article or file page wherever possible. With text, you might move unsourced material to an article's talk page until sources can be found.

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia:Quotations]] (essay)
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches]] - Wikipedia Signpost article on plagiarism

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

;Articles, books, and journals
{{Ref indent|2}}
Eisner, Caroline, and Martha Vicinus, eds. ''Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism: Teaching Writing in the Digital Age''. Ann Arbor: [[University of Michigan Press]] (Digitalculturebooks), 2008. Print. ISBN 9780472070343 (cloth). ISBN 9780472050345 (paper). [http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=287891 "Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism:] About the Book". University of Michigan Press, 2008. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. ("This collection is a timely intervention in national debates about what constitutes original or plagiarized writing in the digital age.")

Jaschick, Scott. [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/04/07/plagiarism "Winning Hearts and Minds in War on Plagiarism"]. ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'' 7 Apr. 2008. InsideHigherEd.com, ©2009. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009.

''[http://www.plagiary.org/ Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Journal in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification]''. Ed. John P. Lesko ([[Saginaw Valley State University]]). Scholarly Publishing Office, University Library, [[University of Michigan]], 2006–2008. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. ISSN 1559-3096. ("Publication of the Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Copyright Plagiary.org 2005–2008")
{{Ref indent-end}}

;Digital academic resources
{{Ref indent|2}}
[[Cornell University]]. [http://plagiarism.arts.cornell.edu/tutorial/logistics6.cfm "Recognizing and Avoiding Plagiarism"]. College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, ©2005. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009.

[[Duke University]] Libraries. [http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/ "Citing Sources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism"]. Duke University Libraries, (last modified) 2 June 2008. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. (Provides hyperlinked "Citation Guides" pertaining to the most commonly-used citation guidelines, including [[parenthetical referencing]]; includes: [[APA style|APA]], [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago]], [[Council of Science Editors|CSE]], [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA]], and [[A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations|Turabian]] style guidelines; such [[style guide]]s define plagiarism and how to avoid it.)

[[Harvard College]] Library. [http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/ "Research Guides"]. [[Harvard University Library]], (last reviewed) 9 March 2009. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. (Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)

[[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University at Bloomington]]. [http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml "Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It"]. Writing Tutorial Services, Campus Writing Program, Indiana University, (last updated) 27 Apr. 2004. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009.

[[University of New South Wales]]. [http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/plag.html "Avoiding Plagiarism"]. The Learning Centre, Academic Skills Resources, University of New South Wales, (last updated) 24 Oct. 2008. 12 Mar. 2009. (Includes: "What Is Plagiarism?"; "Common Forms of Plagiarism"; and "Plagiarism & the Internet".)
{{Ref indent-end}}

==External links==
*''[http://www.famousplagiarists.com FamousPlagiarists.com]'' – Website published by John P. Lesko, associate professor of English at [[Saginaw Valley State University]]; editor of ''[[Plagiary (journal)|Plagiary]]'' (see "Further reading"). (Hyperlinked resources, including: a "glossary of terms" relating to plagiarism; a bibliography of "Books and Other Resources"; and profiles of "Famous Plagiarists". "Copyright 2004-2006 Famous Plagiarists.com / War On Plagiarism.org. Some Rights Reserved").
*''[http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/ The Plagiarism Checker]'' – Facility for detecting student plagiarism at ''dustball.com''. ("EDUC478: This educational software was designed as a project for the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland at College Park]] Department of Education." © Copyright 2002 by Brian Klug.)
*''[http://www.plagiarism.org Plagiarism.org]'' – By [[Turnitin]] (cited by Eisner and Vicinus [below]).
*[http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/04/03/writing "Read a Q&A with the editors on Inside Higher Education"] – Interview with Caroline Eisner and Martha Vicinus, editors of ''Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism'', conducted on 3 Apr. 2008.

[[de:Wikipedia:Textplagiat]]

Talk:Citizendium

2009-05-03T01:22:59Z

189.105.105.136: reply

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== [[Citizendium#Content|content]] and license ==

What would happen if a Wikipedia editor copied content from Citizendium? Would that violate the Citizendium l icense? The Wikipedia license? Any other Wikipedia rules? Does a [[WP:RS]] cover this issue? --[[User:SV Resolution|SV Resolution]]([[User_Talk:SV Resolution|Talk]]) 16:52, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
:I also want to know the answers to these questions. Wonder why they are not given in the article. I also would like to know how to change the page layout while reading Citizendium, to that of "black text on white paper" as in Wikipedia, and not on gray. --[[User:CopperKettle|CopperKettle]] 18:45, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
::I was involved in the Citizendium discussions and can report YES you can copy from Citizendium to Wikipedia as long as you include a footnote that the article originally came from Citizendium and give the article URL. [[User:Rjensen|Rjensen]] ([[User talk:Rjensen|talk]])
:::That's not actually true, or at least not yet. Citizendium uses the [[CC-by-sa]] license which is not presently compatible with Wikipedias's [[GFDL]] although both have similiar goals and offer similar protection. Since Wikipedia only accepts text that is released under the GFDL, Citizendiums content cannot be used here presently. That said, Wikipedia is presently holding a referendum (voting ends tomorrow if im not mistaken) on switching from the GFDL to the same license Citizendium uses (CC-by-sa). If the referendum is sucessful then both projects will be using the same license and copying from one to the other will be possible, as long as proper attribution is provided to adress possible [[plagiarism]] concerns. [[Special:Contributions/189.105.105.136|189.105.105.136]] ([[User talk:189.105.105.136|talk]]) 01:01, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
::::If true, that would be very strange, as we freely accept CC-by-sa images. [[User:Skomorokh|Skomorokh]] 01:08, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
::::: We actually accept a whole bunch of licenses as far as images go, but text is limited to GFDL. There's a good reason for this though: images are not editable and are pretty much stand alone itens, its very easy for someone to click on a particular image in an article and view its license, but text doenst work like that, text is fluid and gets mixed up. If we allowed more than one license for text, it would be hell to keep track of which section of a particular article is licensed under which license. There's simply no way to do that. [[Special:Contributions/189.105.105.136|189.105.105.136]] ([[User talk:189.105.105.136|talk]]) 01:22, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Talk:Citizendium

2009-05-03T01:01:26Z

189.105.105.136: not true actually

Wikipedia:Plagiarism

2009-05-02T18:59:49Z

189.105.105.136: /* Attributing text copied from other sources */ made some changes, feel free to revert if disagree

{{proposed|WP:PLAG|WP:PLAGIARISM}}
{{nutshell|Don't make the work of others look like your own; give credit where it's due.}}
{{helpbox|width:200px;
|name=Helpful links
|group1=Wikipedia Resources
|list1=[[Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ|Copyright FAQ]] [[WP:C|Copyright policy]] [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems|Copyright problems board]] [[Wikipedia:GFDL|GFDL]] [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Acceptable use|Non-free content guidelines]] [[Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights|Non-US copyrights]]
|group2=Guidance for resolving
|list2=[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] [[Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials|Donating copyrighted materials]] [[Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission|Requesting copyright permission]] [[Wikipedia:Quotations|Wikipedia essay on quotations]]
|group3=Off-wiki links
|list3=[http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/plag.html Avoiding plagiarism] [http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter8/8-a.html#4 Copyright and Fair use] [http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/ Guide to paraphrasing] [http://www.cinahl.com/library/cinahlnews/Cnews173.pdf Plagiarism and Copyright]
}}
:''This guideline is under construction, see [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems]] for the current guideline on plagiarism on Wikipedia.''
:''Plagiarism may also be a [[WP:COPYVIO|copyright violation]], which is a blockable offense in Wikipedia.''
[[Plagiarism]] is the taking of someone else's work and presenting it as one's own, whether verbatim or with only minimal changes. This may be done intentionally, but also by accident if you do not understand the concept. Plagiarism includes not citing sources for material that is not [[common knowledge]] within a specific field. <ref>The [[American Historical Association]] terms this "recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession." {{cite web| url = http://www.historians.org/PUBS/Free/ProfessionalStandards.cfm | title = Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct | date = 2004-12-09 | accessdate = 2009-04-29 | last = American Historical Association | site = historians.org}}</ref> Even if a source is cited, plagiarism also occurs when text is directly copied without proper attribution or insufficiently adapted into original language.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hacker | first = Diana | title = A Pocket Style Manual | edition = 5 | publisher = Bedford/St. Martin's | location = Boston | isbn =0312559933 | page = 107}}</ref> When the source is [[copyright]]ed, this kind of plagiarism will probably also represent a [[WP:C|copyright concern]].

This proposed guideline addresses how to avoid plagiarism on Wikipedia and how to address it when it is encountered. 
'''Making a charge of plagiarism towards another editor is a serious statement, which may be regarded as [[WP:UNCIVIL|uncivil]]. Please use care to frame concerns in an appropriate way.''' Continued plagiarism after discussion and warnings may be considered [[WP:DE|disruptive editing]].

==Definitions of plagiarism==
Definitions of plagiarism differ. A very basic, plain-spoken definition is offered in ''Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-up Call'': "If you didn't think of it and write it all on your own, and you didn't cite (or write down) the sources where you found the ideas or words, it's probably plagiarism."<ref>{{cite book |last1= Lathrop |first1= Ann |last2=Foss |first2=Kathleen |title=Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-up Call |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pyXJWLsml7gC&pg=PA116&dq=plagiarism+definition&client=firefox-a#PPA116,M1 |accessdate=2009-01-13 |date=2000 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=156308841X |page=116}}</ref> It doesn't matter where you find the information; even if your source is [[free content]], you should acknowledge it.

Some definitions of plagiarism require that it be committed with the intent to deceive, while others do not.<ref>See {{Cite web |title=Anny Newman, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Diana Burgin, et al., Defendants, Appellees |url=http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/930/955/152137/ |accessdate=13 January 2009 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals Cases & Opinions |publisher=justia.com |date=22 April 1991}}, {{cite news | title = OU, former prof Mehta await verdict in defamation trial | first = Jim | last = Phillips | url = http://www.athensnews.com/news/local/2008/mar/27/ou-former-prof-mehta-await-verdict-defamation-tria/|publisher=The Athens News | date = 27 March 2008 | accessdate = 13 January 2009}}</ref> Wikipedia is more concerned with impact than intent; whether it is the result of deliberate deception or improper citation, duplicating the work of others without credit can bring both author and publisher into disrepute.

==Why plagiarism is a problem==
Material plagiarized from books and printed media, websites, and other [[GFDL]]-licensed works (including the work of other Wikipedia editors) is not being properly presented in Wikipedia, given its core principles, including [[WP:V|Verifiability]] pertaining particularly to the necessity for [[WP:CITE|Citing sources]] adequately. Even when material is not covered by copyright, it is still important to state its origin, including its authors or creators and details of prior publication. Failure to do so is misleading and also prevents readers and editors from referring to the material's sources in their own later work. Wikipedia articles that lack citation or references to sources are entirely inappropriate, due to the core policy that prohibits [[WP:NOR|original research]].

Plagiarism violates the requirement for attribution of the GFDL. If correctly attributed when submitted to Wikipedia, text can be edited by subsequent editors within the bounds of [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Wikipedia polices and guidelines]]. An article's history preserves the origin of language. Even if text has been so substantially rewritten as to be an entirely new piece of work, the cited sources for information should be preserved.

==Attributing text copied from other sources==
Wikipedia draws a clear distinction between work submitted by Wikipedia editors as their own work (which can be "edited mercilessly"); work marked as a quotation or paraphrase of another source (which can be edited as long as the original sense is not lost); and direct copying of large blocks of free content written by other people.

===Public domain text===
{{see also|Category:Attribution templates}}

Material from public domain and free sources is often welcome on Wikipedia. Many articles on U.S. ships, for example, were created at first by pasting in material from the ''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'', an encyclopedic, public domain source. Editors of ships articles have even developed [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ships/DANFS conversions|explicit guidelines for improving upon DANFS-based articles]]. Key to using such material, if it is otherwise consistent with [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]] and seems likely to improve Wikipedia's coverage of a subject, is proper attribution.

A good practice to use when copying free content verbatim is to indicate in the edit summary the source of the material. Further changes such as modernizing language and correcting errors should be done in separate edits after the original insertion of text. This allows later editors the ability to make a clear comparison between the original source text and the current version in the article. In addition to the edit summary note, be sure to attribute the material by using an [[:Category:Attribution templates|attribution template]] or by writing your own note in the reference section of the article indicating that language has been used verbatim. For an example, see the references section in [[Planetary nomenclature#References|planetary nomenclature]],[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_nomenclature&oldid=220755325] which uses a large amount of text from the [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature]. Whether adding text verbatim, [[summary|summarizing]], [[paraphrase|paraphrasing]] or making explicit quotations, regular referencing should be added to provide both attribution and verifiability.

An advantage of public domain sources is that ''longer'' quotations are acceptable than from non-public sources, which may run afoul of "fair use" copyright limitations. (See the guidelines on [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations|quotation]] for information on formatting quotes.) In this case, an attribution template is not separately needed. A standard [[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations|inline citation]] is sufficient.

Large portions of text used in the article can be changed through the normal process of wiki editing; the article history will show the evolution of the text. Material within blockquotes and normal quotation marks should be left unaltered within quotes, except for ordinary allowed stylistic alterations. You are free to rewrite material into your own words and remove part or all of a quoted passage, leaving just a reference footnote giving credit for the information. But as creative work consists of more than just the words used in the copied text, also applying to the structure of the article and the way the topics are covered, public domain attribution notices should not be removed from an article or simply replaced with inline citations without verifying that this will not leave uncredited phrasing, language, or presentation from a public domain source.

===Text available under a free license===

Some authors explicitly release their work under a free license. If the license of the material is [[License_compatibility|compatible]] with the [[GFDL]] license of Wikipedia content, then it can be added directly to articles on Wikipedia; acceptable licenses include the GFDL (with no invariant sections or cover texts) and content granted into the public domain (release-all-rights). [[Creative Commons]] content is not currently approved for this purpose.

However, "free" license does not mean free of copyright concerns. For example, Wikipedia's contributors retain copyright to material they contribute here, though GFDL allows reuse and modification with proper attribution. If you contribute material under a free license, you must be sure that you comply with whatever licensing requirements exist. In all cases, the [[moral rights]] of the original authors whose works are copied must be respected during the term of their rights, which means that it is imperative that their work is distinguishable from the prose of the Wikipedia article. Because articles normally evolve through incremental changes, it is important to retain an anchor to the originally copied text, so that subsequent changes can be traced.

===Copying within Wikipedia===

Wikipedia's content is licensed under [[GFDL]]. Contributors continue to own copyright to their contributions, but liberally license it for reuse and modification. GFDL does require attribution.

Language translations between various Wikimedia Foundation wikis are perfectly acceptable provided that the original source is clearly indicated, which satisfies the attribution requirement. This can be done via the edit summary and by putting a note on the article talk page with a link to the original source. See [[Wikipedia:Translation]] and [[:Category:Interwiki translation templates]].

When copying material within Wikipedia, from one article to another, attribution is also required. For guidelines on copying and moving material within Wikipedia itself, see [[WP:MERGE]], [[WP:SPLIT]] and [[WP:SUMMARY]].

===Generating many articles from a free source===

Occasionally, Wikipedia undertakes large projects in which many articles are generated from free sources. For instance, Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 was used as a source to build many articles in 2002. These articles were marked with the {{tl|1911}} template to make it clear that text had been taken from this source. Similar templates for other free content can be found at [[:Category:Attribution templates]]. These templates are an accepted way to give credit to free content when that free content is used to build Wikipedia and there is no immediate need to change articles that use them.

However, before engaging in any similar large-scale project of your own, be sure to discuss your changes at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)]] and/or a relevant Wikiproject, as this type of mass contribution remains controversial.

==Attributing media copied from other sources==

{{seealso|commons:Commons:Licensing#License_information|l1=Commons:Licensing}}
{{seealso|WP:IUP#Requirements|l1=Wikipedia:Image use policy}}
For images and other media, you must specify correct source and licensing information, otherwise they run the risk of deletion. In particular, you should '''never''' use {{tl|PD-self}}, {{tl|GFDL-self}} or {{tl|self}} if the image isn't yours. If the source requests a credit line, e.g. "[[NASA]]/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]]/[[Malin Space Science Systems|MSSS]]", you should put one in the author field of {{tl|information}}.

==What is not plagiarism==
{{see also|Wikipedia:When to cite}}
The purpose of [[WP:CITE|citation]] is to provide sources of information supporting a statement about a subject. In some cases, it is not necessary to cite a source or sources. For example, stating "common knowledge" may not be plagiarism (though in certain circumstances, it may be).

Such cases in which plagiarism does not occur may include:
*Factual information provided in infoboxes that is "common knowledge".<ref>Many infobox parameters do, however, include a feature enabling notes of sources of information placed in infoboxes. If the material in the infobox comes directly from sources, it is possible to add such notes at the end of these infoboxes.</ref>
*Non-creative lists of factual information that involve no unique organization or style in their presentation.<ref>If creativity has gone into the selection of elements (in terms of which facts are included and order of presentation), then it may be protected by copyright (see [[Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service]]). Non-creative lists, such as a list of song titles on an album or actors appearing in a film, are not copyrightable, and repetition or replication of these titles is not plagiarism.</ref>
*Common knowledge.<ref>Be aware, however, that using another person's words to discuss a topic that is common knowledge still qualifies as plagiarism. If an outside source uses a particular wording to state a fact that is common knowledge, that particular wording must be in quotes or reworded if it is included in a Wikipedia article; replicating another person's exact wording is plagiarism no matter what the content of that wording was.</ref>
*Simple mathematical calculations which can easily be reproduced; e.g., the fact that 1292 and 1293 equal 2585.
*Simple logical deductions. Complex logical deductions, in contrast, may require a citation.

==How to respond to plagiarism==
Failure to properly attribute text may be intentional, but it is often inadvertent. Avoiding plagiarism requires mastery of citation and paraphrasing. Contributors need to know when and how to cite sources. When paraphrasing, they need to know how much they can and should retain without following too closely on source text. They also need to remember when and where they saw something first, both in active research, while note taking, and during composition, to avoid unconscious plagiarism.<ref>See {{cite book |last1= Perfect |first1= Timothy J. |last2=Stark |first2= Louisa J. |editor = John Dunlosky, Robert A. Bjork |title=Handbook of Metamemory and Memory |accessdate=2009-01-13 |year=2008 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0805862145 |page= |pages=285-314 |chapter= Tales from the Crypt...omnesia |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=YW0So8Cc9NwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Handbook+of+Metamemory+and+Memory&client=firefox-a#PPA285,M1}}.</ref>

Making a charge of plagiarism towards another editor is a serious statement, and may be regarded as [[WP:UNCIVIL|uncivil]] if the situation is not blatant. Please use care to frame concerns in an appropriate way. Given that attribution errors may be inadvertent, intentional plagiarism should not be presumed in the absence of strong evidence. Remember to start with the [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assumption of good faith]].

If you find that an editor persists in plagiarising other work after being notified of this guideline, report him or her at [[WP:ANI|the administrators' noticeboard]] so that an administrator can deal with the issue. Be sure to include [[WP:DIFF|diffs]] which show both the plagiarisation and that multiple warnings were given and ignored.

===How to find plagiarism===
[[Image:Plagiarism.jpg|thumb|180px|It is not permitted to pretend the work composed by another person is your own, even if it is "out of copyright" and "in the public domain"; the work still does not belong to you and it is still not yours.]]

====Text plagiarism====
There are a number of methods to [[Plagiarism detection|detect plagiarism]]. Plagiarized text usually demonstrates a sudden change of style and tone from a writer's usual style; it is often more advanced in grammar and vocabulary. Plagiarized material may contain unexplained acronyms or technical jargon (that had been described in an earlier part of the plagiarized document). Because plagiarized material was written for other purposes, it is often slightly off topic or unencyclopedic in tone. An editor who plagiarizes multiple sources will appear to change writing style abruptly.

An easy way to test for plagiarism of online sources is to cut and paste passages into a search engine. Exact matches or near matches may be plagiarism. When running such tests, be aware that some other websites reuse content from Wikipedia. A list of identified websites which do so is maintained at [[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks]]. If in doubt, double check search engine results with an experienced Wikipedian.

Another option is to utilize a plagiarism detector. Plagiarism detection systems, some of which are freely available online, exist primarily to help detect academic fraud. Some such programs and services can be found at [[:Category:Plagiarism detectors]]. Wikipedia does not endorse or recommend any external services, so your own experience will be the guide.

It can also be useful to do a direct comparison between cited sources and text within the article, to see if text has been plagiarised, including too-close paraphrasing of the original.

====Media plagiarism====
Investigating media plagiarism and copyright infringement may begin with a commonsense question: does it seem likely that the uploader is the original source? Sometimes the answer to this will be obvious. The person who scans an image from an 1825 textbook on herbs is unlikely to be the author, even if he has claimed {{tl|PD-self}}. Sometimes doubts may be triggered by the professional quality of media or by the exclusivity.

An investigation into media plagiarism may begin with an online search through a search engine like google or google image. Sometimes a little ingenuity may be required to disclose an original source. If your topic is large, try narrowing down your keywords. You might spend hours searching images of Britney Spears, but Britney Spears Tokyo could more quickly locate the source of the suspect image.

But even if you don't locate a previously published original, plagiarism or copyright infringement may exist. Other factors to consider include the reputation of the uploader and, with images, [[Metadata#Image_metadata|image metadata]], such as [[EXIF]] and [[Extensible Metadata Platform|XMP]]. EXIF data is automatically saved by most modern digital cameras, and includes important information about the camera being used and the date/time of the picture (see [[:File:Cannon.jpg]] for EXIF in action). XMP is utilized by Adobe in its image manipulation programs; it tracks the history of modification and, when possible, original ownership information (see [[:File:Redding Album Cover.jpg]] for XMP in action).

Frequently a person who uploads and claims credit for another's image will fail to modify the image metadata, or they may leave a visible or invisible [[digital watermark]] in place. If the author information conveyed by the metadata or watermark contradicts the author information on the image description page, this is a sign the image requires investigation. A user's original photographs can also be expected to have similar metadata, since most people own a small number of cameras; varied metadata is suspicious. However, tests based on metadata are not conclusive, as it can be altered or removed with simple tools.

===Repairing plagiarism===
Sometimes material from a copyrighted work is copied into Wikipedia with minimal rewriting. This may still be a violation of copyright as a derivative work, and the same concerns about plagiarism would apply if the phrases, concepts and ideas in the copied material are not attributed to the original author. If the text follows closely enough on the original in structure, presentation, and phrasing to raise copyright concerns, handle it as a copyright violation. If it does not, address it as plagiarism.

====Copyright violations====
{{main|Wikipedia:Copyright violations}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Copyright problems|Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images|Wikipedia:Image copyright tags}}

Direct copying of copyrighted works may be a copyright violation. Doing so without [[Wikipedia:Attribution|attribution]] is also plagiarism. Such additions can be dealt with either by attribution, turning it into a quote with a source, or by truncation or removal of the copied material. If you find an article where direct copying has occurred, ''do something''. If the material is a copyright violation, remove it or tag the article with the {{tl|copyvio}} template. If the copyrighted material used is brief, consider turning it into a properly attributed quotation according to our [[Wikipedia:Non-free content policy]] or rewriting it in your own original language. If you are uncertain if the material is a copyright violation, flag it with template such as {{tl|copypaste}} so that others can deal with it.

If you believe that an image or media file is a copyright infringement, please follow one of the processes at [[WP:GID|the guide to image deletion]]. Note that if the image is indisputably non-free and it can comply with our [[WP:NFCC|non-free content policy]], you may be [[WP:BOLD|bold]] and retag it as a non-free image with [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free|an appropriate tag]]. If you are uncertain of the copyright status of an image or other media file, you may seek feedback at '''[[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions]]'''.

====Plagiarism====
Plagiarism doesn't have to be immediately removed, unlike copyright violations. It ''does'' need to be properly attributed to its source. If you find an example of plagiarism, where an editor has copied text, media or figures into Wikipedia without proper attribution, contact the editor responsible, point them to this guideline page and ask them to provide the proper attribution. It may also be helpful to politely refer them to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]], [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], and/or [[Help:Citations quick reference]]. Editors who have difficulties or questions about this guidance can be referred to the [[Wikipedia:Help Desk|Help Desk]] or [[WP:MCQ|media copyright questions]].

You can also change the copied material or provide the attribution or source on your own. Material that is plagiarized but which does not violate copyright does not need to be removed from Wikipedia if it can be properly sourced. Add appropriate source information to the article or file page wherever possible. With text, you might move unsourced material to an article's talk page until sources can be found.

==See also==
*[[Copyscape]]
*[[Turnitin]]
*[[Wikipedia:Quotations]] (essay)
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches]] - Wikipedia Signpost article on plagiarism

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

;Articles, books, and journals
{{Ref indent|2}}
Eisner, Caroline, and Martha Vicinus, eds. ''Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism: Teaching Writing in the Digital Age''. Ann Arbor: [[University of Michigan Press]] (Digitalculturebooks), 2008. Print. ISBN 9780472070343 (cloth). ISBN 9780472050345 (paper). [http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=287891 "Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism:] About the Book". University of Michigan Press, 2008. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. ("This collection is a timely intervention in national debates about what constitutes original or plagiarized writing in the digital age.")

Jaschick, Scott. [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/04/07/plagiarism "Winning Hearts and Minds in War on Plagiarism"]. ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'' 7 Apr. 2008. InsideHigherEd.com, ©2009. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009.

''[http://www.plagiary.org/ Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Journal in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification]''. Ed. John P. Lesko ([[Saginaw Valley State University]]). Scholarly Publishing Office, University Library, [[University of Michigan]], 2006–2008. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. ISSN 1559-3096. ("Publication of the Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Copyright Plagiary.org 2005–2008")
{{Ref indent-end}}

;Digital academic resources
{{Ref indent|2}}
[[Cornell University]]. [http://plagiarism.arts.cornell.edu/tutorial/logistics6.cfm "Recognizing and Avoiding Plagiarism"]. College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, ©2005. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009.

[[Duke University]] Libraries. [http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/ "Citing Sources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism"]. Duke University Libraries, (last modified) 2 June 2008. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. (Provides hyperlinked "Citation Guides" pertaining to the most commonly-used citation guidelines, including [[parenthetical referencing]]; includes: [[APA style|APA]], [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago]], [[Council of Science Editors|CSE]], [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA]], and [[A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations|Turabian]] style guidelines; such [[style guide]]s define plagiarism and how to avoid it.)

[[Harvard College]] Library. [http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/ "Research Guides"]. [[Harvard University Library]], (last reviewed) 9 March 2009. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009. (Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)

[[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University at Bloomington]]. [http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml "Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It"]. Writing Tutorial Services, Campus Writing Program, Indiana University, (last updated) 27 Apr. 2004. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. 12 Mar. 2009.

[[University of New South Wales]]. [http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/plag.html "Avoiding Plagiarism"]. The Learning Centre, Academic Skills Resources, University of New South Wales, (last updated) 24 Oct. 2008. 12 Mar. 2009. (Includes: "What Is Plagiarism?"; "Common Forms of Plagiarism"; and "Plagiarism & the Internet".)
{{Ref indent-end}}

==External links==
*''[http://www.famousplagiarists.com FamousPlagiarists.com]'' – Website published by John P. Lesko, associate professor of English at [[Saginaw Valley State University]]; editor of ''[[Plagiary (journal)|Plagiary]]'' (see "Further reading"). (Hyperlinked resources, including: a "glossary of terms" relating to plagiarism; a bibliography of "Books and Other Resources"; and profiles of "Famous Plagiarists". "Copyright 2004-2006 Famous Plagiarists.com / War On Plagiarism.org. Some Rights Reserved").
*''[http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/ The Plagiarism Checker]'' – Facility for detecting student plagiarism at ''dustball.com''. ("EDUC478: This educational software was designed as a project for the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland at College Park]] Department of Education." © Copyright 2002 by Brian Klug.)
*''[http://www.plagiarism.org Plagiarism.org]'' – By [[Turnitin]] (cited by Eisner and Vicinus [below]).
*[http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/04/03/writing "Read a Q&A with the editors on Inside Higher Education"] – Interview with Caroline Eisner and Martha Vicinus, editors of ''Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism'', conducted on 3 Apr. 2008.

[[de:Wikipedia:Textplagiat]]