Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Sandra (singer)

2020-11-27T10:53:44Z

192.121.232.253: /* Personal life */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Sandra
| image = Sandra_Cretu.jpg
| caption = Sandra in 2007
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sandra Ann Lauer
| alias = Sandra Cretu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saarbrücken]], [[Saarland]], [[West Germany]]
| Genre = {{Flat list|
*[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Wolfgang |last= Spahr |title= The Force Behind the Hits: Germany's Top Tunesmiths |magazine= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date= 18 November 1995 |volume= 107 |issue= 46 |page= 78 |issn= 0006-2510 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22Sandra%22}}</ref>
*[[synthpop]]<ref>{{cite news|first= Andrew |last= Khan |title= Sounds of Germany – day one: a history of German pop in 10 songs |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 25 June 2012 |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/25/sounds-europe-german-pop}}</ref>
*[[disco]]<ref>{{cite web|first= Yuri |last= German |title= Arabesque – Artist Biography |website= [[AllMusic]] |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/arabesque-mn0000502832/biography}}</ref>
}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1975–present
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| associated_acts = {{Hlist|[[Michael Cretu]]|[[Basshunter]]|[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]]|[[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]]|[[Hubert Kah]]}}
| website = {{URL|www.sandra-music.com}}
}}

'''Sandra Ann Lauer''', commonly known under her [[stage name]] '''Sandra''' ({{IPA-de|ˈzandʁa}}), is a [[Germany|German]] [[pop music|pop]] singer who enjoyed a mainstream popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s with a string of European hit singles, produced by her then-husband and musical partner, [[Michael Cretu]], most notably "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]" (1985), "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]" (1985), "[[Everlasting Love]]" (1987), "[[Secret Land]]" (1988), "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" (1990) and "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]" (1992). Her albums ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988) and ''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992) have won Sandra high critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/sandra#Album |title=Albums by Sandra |work=[[Rate Your Music]] |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>

Prior to embarking on a solo career, Sandra was the lead singer of the all-female [[disco]] trio [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], which had a massive following in [[Japan]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Also, between 1990 and 2001, she provided vocals on album releases of the very successful musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], which had top 10 hits in [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. A cult star with a devoted fan base, Sandra remains one of the most popular singers of the 1980s in [[Continental Europe]]. During the height of her popularity, she even managed to outsell [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] in a number of countries around the world. With sales in excess of 30 million records worldwide, Sandra has established her position as the most successful German disco/pop female vocalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teledyski.onet.pl/pop-sandra-infinite-kiss,99357,w.html |title=Sandra – Infinite Kiss |publisher=onet.pl |language=Polish |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>

==Biography==

===1962–1984: Early life and Arabesque===
Sandra Ann Lauer was born in the German town of [[Saarbrücken]], close to the French border. Her father, Robert Lauer, who owned a wine store in Saarbrücken, is [[French people|French]] and her mother, Karin (''née'' Eltern), who worked in a shoe store, is German. She also had an older brother, Gaston, a [[paraplegia|paraplegic]] who died in 1995. Sandra showed an early interest in music and dancing, starting to learn [[classical ballet]] at the age of 5, which she would continue for ten years, and receiving guitar lessons when she was 10 years old. In 1975, at the age of thirteen, Sandra went with her mother to see Young Star Festival, a Saarbrücken talent competition. She was only a member of the audience, but when all participants had finished performing and the jury was discussing the results, Sandra walked onto the stage, persuaded the DJ to put on the German version of a song made famous by [[Olivia Newton-John]] and started singing. The impromptu performance gained considerable recognition and led to the release of her first single, which was a children's song about a pet dog, "[[Andy mein Freund]]". The single, however, performed poorly on charts at that time dominated by [[disco]] mania.

In 1979, now seventeen, Sandra joined [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], a disco group consisting of Michaela Rose and Jasmine Vetter, and would become the band's lead singer. At that time, Sandra met a keyboardist named [[Michael Cretu]]. They found that they share the same birthday, albeit five years apart, and became good friends. Arabesque became successful with their cheerful music and flamboyant, sometimes daring costumes, winning a massive following in Japan and scoring a top 10 hit in Germany in 1981 with "Marigot Bay".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Arabesque/single |title=Arabesque Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> After nine albums, emerging differences in musical interests of group members and decreasing popularity of disco music signaled the group's break-up. Sandra and Michael Cretu, at that point already romantically involved, moved to Munich, where Michael created his own studio, Data-Alpha, named after a song from his solo album ''[[Legionäre]]''. Their first single together was 1984's "Japan ist weit", a German cover of the [[Alphaville (band)|Alphaville]] song "[[Big in Japan (Alphaville song)|Big in Japan]]". However, the song failed to enter any charts and only 125 copies of the single were sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/japansite.htm |title=Japan ist weit |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

===1985–1992: Peak of international career===
Sandra won international success in 1985 with a song "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]", which topped the charts in 21 countries worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/sandra-comeback-haeschen-mit-den-gruebchen-a-467173.html |title=Sandra-Comeback: Häschen mit den Grübchen |author=Thomas Winkler |publisher=www.spiegel.de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=German |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and reached top 10 in further five. Her first album, ''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985), reached number 12 in her home country of Germany and was a top 10 success in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=The+Long+Play&cat=a |title=Sandra – The Long Play |publisher=swedishcharts.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The follow-up single, "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]", continued her international success, reaching number two in Germany<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu1986/deu_jan86.html |title=German Top 20 – The Chart Of January 1986 |publisher=ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and top 10 positions in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=In+The+Heat+Of+The+Night&cat=s |title=Sandra – In The Heat Of The Night |publisher=lescharts.com |language=French |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The song also earned Sandra second place at the [[Tokyo Music Festival]] in 1986. "[[Little Girl (Sandra song)|Little Girl]]" became the third single from the album in 1986, with the music video filmed in [[Venice]], but met with moderate success. Shortly after the release of ''The Long Play'', Sandra moved to London for six months, where she worked with singing teacher Helena Shelen and took drumming lessons to practice her [[timing (music)|timing]]. She also enrolled at the London Berlitz School of Languages to improve her English, and went back to Germany on weekends to record new songs.

Sandra's second studio album, ''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'', was released in October 1986, with "[[Innocent Love]]" chosen as the first single, followed by "[[Hi! Hi! Hi!]]". Both songs were synthpop up-tempo offerings and met with considerable charts success in Europe. Two further singles from the album, ballad "[[Loreen (song)|Loreen]]" and another danceable song "[[Midnight Man (Sandra song)|Midnight Man]]" met only with moderate success. In 1987, Sandra released a cover version of "[[Everlasting Love]]", which had been her favourite song since childhood, to a great international success. The single was a top 10 hit in German-speaking countries and charted within top 20 internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=Everlasting+Love&cat=s |title=Sandra – Everlasting Love |publisher=hitparade.ch |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The song was included on Sandra's first retrospective album, ''[[Ten on One (The Singles)]]'', which met with success and spawned another top 10 single, "[[Stop for a Minute (Sandra song)|Stop for a Minute]]".

Sandra and Michael married in January 1988 and relocated from Munich to the Spanish island [[Ibiza]] to work on what would be Sandra's third studio album. ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' moved from electro-pop to more sophisticated areas of pop, what was showcased by the first single, "[[Heaven Can Wait (Sandra song)|Heaven Can Wait]]", a top 20 European hit. Second single, "[[Secret Land]]", met with even greater success and is now considered one of Sandra's biggest hits while "[[We'll Be Together (Sandra song)|We'll Be Together]]", released as the third single to a big success, was the first song co-written by Sandra. In order to promote Sandra's music in the [[English-speaking world]], another compilation was released at the end of 1988, ''[[Everlasting Love (Sandra album)|Everlasting Love]]''. The album failed to enter charts, but included a [[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]] remix of the title track which charted at number 45 in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra |title=SANDRA |publisher=www.theofficialcharts.com |work=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=2013-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809170332/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra/ |archivedate=2011-08-09 }}</ref> 1989 saw the release of the final single from ''Into a Secret Land'', "[[Around My Heart]]", which became another chart hit, while at that point the album itself was her best-selling offering. With [[animal rights]] and [[conservation (ethic)|nature conservation]] high on her personal agenda, Sandra took part in recording a song "Yes We Can" together with 15 other musicians as a part of the project Artists United for Nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sandranet.com/sandra/discography/yeswecansite.htm |title=Yes we can |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>

Sandra's fourth album, ''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'', was released in March 1990 and became her highest-charting album in her home country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.de/ersuche.asp?kategorie=chart&interpret_suche=sandra&titel_suche=&jahr=&cat=a |title=Erweiterte Suche |publisher=www.officialcharts.de |language=German |accessdate=2012-11-06}}</ref> "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" was released as the lead single and eventually became one of her biggest chart hits. Danceable "[[(Life May Be) A Big Insanity]]" and ballad "[[One More Night (Sandra song)|One More Night]]" were released as the second and third single off the album, respectively, but met with modest success. At the end of 1990, Sandra accepted an award for the best-selling German artist at the [[World Music Awards]] in [[Monte Carlo]]. Also in 1990, the singer contributed vocals to four songs for her husband's musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], including a worldwide number 1 hit "[[Sadeness (Part I)]]".

In early 1992, Sandra's fifth album was released, ''[[Close to Seven]]'', which continued more mature, less dance-oriented musical style. The album was a remarkable international success as was its lead single, "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]". However, the second single, "I Need Love", was Sandra's first since 1984 to fail to enter charts. Later in 1992, a new compilation was released, titled ''[[18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album)|18 Greatest Hits]]''. It included most of her previous single songs and a re-recording of "[[Johnny Wanna Live]]", originally from ''Paintings in Yellow'', which was released as a single and became a minor hit in Germany and the Netherlands. ''18 Greatest Hits'' was another commercial success and marked the end of Sandra's most successful period of her career.

===1993–2006: Comeback attempts===
In 1993, Sandra released a new version of "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena|Maria Magdalena]]" with a [[techno]] arrangement and futuristic music video. The re-recording turned out a flop, signaling her declining popularity. Nonetheless, she sang in three songs on Enigma's next album, ''[[The Cross of Changes]]'', including the hit single "[[Return to Innocence]]".

While pregnant with twins, Sandra recorded and released ''[[Fading Shades]]'' in 1995. The album saw a new writer-producer [[Jens Gad]] working alongside Michael Cretu and consisted of mostly pop-oriented material. A cover version of "[[Nights in White Satin]]" by [[The Moody Blues]] was released as the first single, becoming one of Sandra's lowest-charting singles in Germany, although it was a hit in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/nightsinwhitesatin.htm |title=Nights in white Satin |work=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The album met with lukewarm commercial and critical reception, and the second single, "Won't Run Away", failed to make any impact on music charts. After giving birth to twin sons Nikita and Sebastian in a Munich hospital through [[Caesarean section]] in July 1995, Sandra decided to put her career on hold to raise children. However, the following year she participated in recording two songs for Enigma's third album.

1999 saw the release of ''[[My Favourites]]'', a double disc album featuring remixes of Sandra's older songs and some of her favourite ballads. It was a success, charting within the top 20 in some European countries. A new version of "[[Secret Land]]" was released as a single, accompanied by a music video in which Sandra sported a new, shorter hair. Her vocals again appeared in two songs on Enigma's 2000 album ''[[The Screen Behind the Mirror]]'' as well as the project's 2001 single "[[Turn Around (Enigma song)|Turn Around]]". 2001 also saw the release of Sandra's brand new single, a ballad "[[Forever (Sandra song)|Forever]]", which was a minor chart success in Germany. It foreshadowed her next studio album, ''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'', eventually released in spring 2002, after several delays. The album was a chart success and met with positive critical response, producing two more singles, "[[Such a Shame#Sandra version|Such a Shame]]", originally performed by [[Talk Talk]], and another ballad "I Close My Eyes". In 2003, the DVD ''The Complete History'' was released, featuring all of her music videos, and was a commercial success. The same year, Sandra contributed vocals for Enigma's ''[[Voyageur (Enigma album)|Voyageur]]'' album, which would mark the last time she worked with the project.

After several years break, in 2006 Sandra teamed up with Swiss singer [[DJ BoBo]] for a duet "[[Secrets of Love]]" on his ''Greatest Hits'' album. The single was a big hit, reaching top 5 in Switzerland and top 20 in Germany. Sandra subsequently took up performing live again and began working on her next album. In late 2006, ''[[Reflections (Sandra album)|Reflections]]'' was released, an album consisting of remixes of Sandra's biggest hits, and met with minor commercial success. A new ballad version of "[[Everlasting Love#Sandra version|Everlasting Love]]", with re-recorded vocals, was released as a promotional single in Germany while the remix of "[[Around My Heart]]" proved to be a big radio hit in Poland.

===2007–present: A new musical direction===
The highly anticipated new studio album, ''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'', was released in February 2007, charting within top 20 in German charts and enjoying a minor success internationally. For the first time, [[Michael Cretu]] did not participate in recording the album, as he was reportedly busy with new Enigma recordings, instead letting [[Jens Gad]] produce the entire work. Sandra now participated actively in composing and writing the album, therefore lyrics were more personal and reflected struggles in her personal life. "[[The Way I Am (Sandra song)|The Way I Am]]" was the album's lead single, peaking at number 50 in Germany, while the second single, "What Is It About Me", failed to chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sandra/22617/single |title=Sandra Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> However, her version of [[The Hooters]]' "[[All You Zombies (song)|All You Zombies]]" became a big radio hit in Poland. In November 2007, it was announced that Sandra and Michael were getting divorced and Sandra spent the following year touring Europe.

A new Sandra album, titled ''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'', was released in March 2009, showcasing an up-tempo material, influenced by Latin pop, dance and R&B. "[[In a Heartbeat (Sandra song)|In a Heartbeat]]" and "[[The Night Is Still Young (Sandra featuring Thomas Anders song)|The Night Is Still Young]]", the latter featuring [[Thomas Anders]] of [[Modern Talking]], were released as singles and both met with modest success in Germany. The album itself was moderately successful too and generated mixed reviews. Later in 2009, a three-disc compilation album titled ''[[The Platinum Collection (Sandra album)|The Platinum Collection]]'' was released, featuring all of Sandra's hit singles as well as some album tracks and extended versions. The release did not chart.

2012 saw the release of ''[[Stay in Touch]]'', Sandra's tenth studio album. Produced by German DJ duo [[Blank & Jones]], the album incorporated 1980s sound into songs, reproducing the pattern of Sandra's early albums. "[[Maybe Tonight (Sandra song)|Maybe Tonight]]" was released as the first single, peaking only at number 77 in Germany, while the second single, "[[Infinite Kiss]]" failed to enter charts. However, the album was a modest chart success internationally and received warm response.

In August 2014, the management has been taken over by Alexei Perschukewitsch until today.

==Personal life==
Sandra and [[Michael Cretu]] were married on 7 January 1988 and, in July 1995, became parents of twin sons. They separated in November 2007, citing "personal and professional differences".

While Cretu has been living in Germany since May 2009, Sandra has continued to reside in Ibiza and married music producer Olaf Menges in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunte.de/newsline/sandra-sie-hat-heimlich-geheiratet_aid_15482.html |title=Sandra: Sie hat heimlich geheiratet |publisher=www.bunte.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> As of 2014, they are separated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/saengerin/trennung-von-olaf-menges-37504126.bild.html |title=Sängerin Sandra: Trennung von Ehemann Nr. 2! |publisher=www.bild.de |language=German |accessdate=2014-09-02}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Sandra discography}}
*''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'' (1986)
*''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988)
*''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'' (1990)
*''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992)
*''[[Fading Shades]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'' (2002)
*''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'' (2007)
*''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'' (2009)
*''[[Stay in Touch]]'' (2012)

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Sandra}}
*[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma (musical project)]]
*[[Arabesque (group)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://sandra-music.com Official website]
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000287741}}
* {{Discogs artist|42488-Sandra}}
* {{IMDb name|1117030}}

{{Sandra}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandra}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century German singers]]
[[Category:21st-century German singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
[[Category:Echo (music award) winners]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Germany]]
[[Category:Enigma (German band) members]]
[[Category:German dance musicians]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:German female pop singers]]
[[Category:German people of French descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New-age musicians]]
[[Category:People from Saarbrücken]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Synth-pop singers]]
[[Category:Women in electronic music]]

Sandra (singer)

2020-11-27T10:53:21Z

192.121.232.253: /* 2007–present: A new musical direction */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Sandra
| image = Sandra_Cretu.jpg
| caption = Sandra in 2007
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sandra Ann Lauer
| alias = Sandra Cretu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saarbrücken]], [[Saarland]], [[West Germany]]
| Genre = {{Flat list|
*[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Wolfgang |last= Spahr |title= The Force Behind the Hits: Germany's Top Tunesmiths |magazine= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date= 18 November 1995 |volume= 107 |issue= 46 |page= 78 |issn= 0006-2510 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22Sandra%22}}</ref>
*[[synthpop]]<ref>{{cite news|first= Andrew |last= Khan |title= Sounds of Germany – day one: a history of German pop in 10 songs |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 25 June 2012 |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/25/sounds-europe-german-pop}}</ref>
*[[disco]]<ref>{{cite web|first= Yuri |last= German |title= Arabesque – Artist Biography |website= [[AllMusic]] |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/arabesque-mn0000502832/biography}}</ref>
}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1975–present
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| associated_acts = {{Hlist|[[Michael Cretu]]|[[Basshunter]]|[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]]|[[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]]|[[Hubert Kah]]}}
| website = {{URL|www.sandra-music.com}}
}}

'''Sandra Ann Lauer''', commonly known under her [[stage name]] '''Sandra''' ({{IPA-de|ˈzandʁa}}), is a [[Germany|German]] [[pop music|pop]] singer who enjoyed a mainstream popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s with a string of European hit singles, produced by her then-husband and musical partner, [[Michael Cretu]], most notably "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]" (1985), "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]" (1985), "[[Everlasting Love]]" (1987), "[[Secret Land]]" (1988), "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" (1990) and "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]" (1992). Her albums ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988) and ''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992) have won Sandra high critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/sandra#Album |title=Albums by Sandra |work=[[Rate Your Music]] |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>

Prior to embarking on a solo career, Sandra was the lead singer of the all-female [[disco]] trio [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], which had a massive following in [[Japan]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Also, between 1990 and 2001, she provided vocals on album releases of the very successful musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], which had top 10 hits in [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. A cult star with a devoted fan base, Sandra remains one of the most popular singers of the 1980s in [[Continental Europe]]. During the height of her popularity, she even managed to outsell [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] in a number of countries around the world. With sales in excess of 30 million records worldwide, Sandra has established her position as the most successful German disco/pop female vocalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teledyski.onet.pl/pop-sandra-infinite-kiss,99357,w.html |title=Sandra – Infinite Kiss |publisher=onet.pl |language=Polish |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>

==Biography==

===1962–1984: Early life and Arabesque===
Sandra Ann Lauer was born in the German town of [[Saarbrücken]], close to the French border. Her father, Robert Lauer, who owned a wine store in Saarbrücken, is [[French people|French]] and her mother, Karin (''née'' Eltern), who worked in a shoe store, is German. She also had an older brother, Gaston, a [[paraplegia|paraplegic]] who died in 1995. Sandra showed an early interest in music and dancing, starting to learn [[classical ballet]] at the age of 5, which she would continue for ten years, and receiving guitar lessons when she was 10 years old. In 1975, at the age of thirteen, Sandra went with her mother to see Young Star Festival, a Saarbrücken talent competition. She was only a member of the audience, but when all participants had finished performing and the jury was discussing the results, Sandra walked onto the stage, persuaded the DJ to put on the German version of a song made famous by [[Olivia Newton-John]] and started singing. The impromptu performance gained considerable recognition and led to the release of her first single, which was a children's song about a pet dog, "[[Andy mein Freund]]". The single, however, performed poorly on charts at that time dominated by [[disco]] mania.

In 1979, now seventeen, Sandra joined [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], a disco group consisting of Michaela Rose and Jasmine Vetter, and would become the band's lead singer. At that time, Sandra met a keyboardist named [[Michael Cretu]]. They found that they share the same birthday, albeit five years apart, and became good friends. Arabesque became successful with their cheerful music and flamboyant, sometimes daring costumes, winning a massive following in Japan and scoring a top 10 hit in Germany in 1981 with "Marigot Bay".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Arabesque/single |title=Arabesque Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> After nine albums, emerging differences in musical interests of group members and decreasing popularity of disco music signaled the group's break-up. Sandra and Michael Cretu, at that point already romantically involved, moved to Munich, where Michael created his own studio, Data-Alpha, named after a song from his solo album ''[[Legionäre]]''. Their first single together was 1984's "Japan ist weit", a German cover of the [[Alphaville (band)|Alphaville]] song "[[Big in Japan (Alphaville song)|Big in Japan]]". However, the song failed to enter any charts and only 125 copies of the single were sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/japansite.htm |title=Japan ist weit |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

===1985–1992: Peak of international career===
Sandra won international success in 1985 with a song "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]", which topped the charts in 21 countries worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/sandra-comeback-haeschen-mit-den-gruebchen-a-467173.html |title=Sandra-Comeback: Häschen mit den Grübchen |author=Thomas Winkler |publisher=www.spiegel.de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=German |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and reached top 10 in further five. Her first album, ''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985), reached number 12 in her home country of Germany and was a top 10 success in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=The+Long+Play&cat=a |title=Sandra – The Long Play |publisher=swedishcharts.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The follow-up single, "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]", continued her international success, reaching number two in Germany<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu1986/deu_jan86.html |title=German Top 20 – The Chart Of January 1986 |publisher=ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and top 10 positions in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=In+The+Heat+Of+The+Night&cat=s |title=Sandra – In The Heat Of The Night |publisher=lescharts.com |language=French |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The song also earned Sandra second place at the [[Tokyo Music Festival]] in 1986. "[[Little Girl (Sandra song)|Little Girl]]" became the third single from the album in 1986, with the music video filmed in [[Venice]], but met with moderate success. Shortly after the release of ''The Long Play'', Sandra moved to London for six months, where she worked with singing teacher Helena Shelen and took drumming lessons to practice her [[timing (music)|timing]]. She also enrolled at the London Berlitz School of Languages to improve her English, and went back to Germany on weekends to record new songs.

Sandra's second studio album, ''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'', was released in October 1986, with "[[Innocent Love]]" chosen as the first single, followed by "[[Hi! Hi! Hi!]]". Both songs were synthpop up-tempo offerings and met with considerable charts success in Europe. Two further singles from the album, ballad "[[Loreen (song)|Loreen]]" and another danceable song "[[Midnight Man (Sandra song)|Midnight Man]]" met only with moderate success. In 1987, Sandra released a cover version of "[[Everlasting Love]]", which had been her favourite song since childhood, to a great international success. The single was a top 10 hit in German-speaking countries and charted within top 20 internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=Everlasting+Love&cat=s |title=Sandra – Everlasting Love |publisher=hitparade.ch |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The song was included on Sandra's first retrospective album, ''[[Ten on One (The Singles)]]'', which met with success and spawned another top 10 single, "[[Stop for a Minute (Sandra song)|Stop for a Minute]]".

Sandra and Michael married in January 1988 and relocated from Munich to the Spanish island [[Ibiza]] to work on what would be Sandra's third studio album. ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' moved from electro-pop to more sophisticated areas of pop, what was showcased by the first single, "[[Heaven Can Wait (Sandra song)|Heaven Can Wait]]", a top 20 European hit. Second single, "[[Secret Land]]", met with even greater success and is now considered one of Sandra's biggest hits while "[[We'll Be Together (Sandra song)|We'll Be Together]]", released as the third single to a big success, was the first song co-written by Sandra. In order to promote Sandra's music in the [[English-speaking world]], another compilation was released at the end of 1988, ''[[Everlasting Love (Sandra album)|Everlasting Love]]''. The album failed to enter charts, but included a [[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]] remix of the title track which charted at number 45 in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra |title=SANDRA |publisher=www.theofficialcharts.com |work=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=2013-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809170332/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra/ |archivedate=2011-08-09 }}</ref> 1989 saw the release of the final single from ''Into a Secret Land'', "[[Around My Heart]]", which became another chart hit, while at that point the album itself was her best-selling offering. With [[animal rights]] and [[conservation (ethic)|nature conservation]] high on her personal agenda, Sandra took part in recording a song "Yes We Can" together with 15 other musicians as a part of the project Artists United for Nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sandranet.com/sandra/discography/yeswecansite.htm |title=Yes we can |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>

Sandra's fourth album, ''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'', was released in March 1990 and became her highest-charting album in her home country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.de/ersuche.asp?kategorie=chart&interpret_suche=sandra&titel_suche=&jahr=&cat=a |title=Erweiterte Suche |publisher=www.officialcharts.de |language=German |accessdate=2012-11-06}}</ref> "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" was released as the lead single and eventually became one of her biggest chart hits. Danceable "[[(Life May Be) A Big Insanity]]" and ballad "[[One More Night (Sandra song)|One More Night]]" were released as the second and third single off the album, respectively, but met with modest success. At the end of 1990, Sandra accepted an award for the best-selling German artist at the [[World Music Awards]] in [[Monte Carlo]]. Also in 1990, the singer contributed vocals to four songs for her husband's musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], including a worldwide number 1 hit "[[Sadeness (Part I)]]".

In early 1992, Sandra's fifth album was released, ''[[Close to Seven]]'', which continued more mature, less dance-oriented musical style. The album was a remarkable international success as was its lead single, "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]". However, the second single, "I Need Love", was Sandra's first since 1984 to fail to enter charts. Later in 1992, a new compilation was released, titled ''[[18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album)|18 Greatest Hits]]''. It included most of her previous single songs and a re-recording of "[[Johnny Wanna Live]]", originally from ''Paintings in Yellow'', which was released as a single and became a minor hit in Germany and the Netherlands. ''18 Greatest Hits'' was another commercial success and marked the end of Sandra's most successful period of her career.

===1993–2006: Comeback attempts===
In 1993, Sandra released a new version of "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena|Maria Magdalena]]" with a [[techno]] arrangement and futuristic music video. The re-recording turned out a flop, signaling her declining popularity. Nonetheless, she sang in three songs on Enigma's next album, ''[[The Cross of Changes]]'', including the hit single "[[Return to Innocence]]".

While pregnant with twins, Sandra recorded and released ''[[Fading Shades]]'' in 1995. The album saw a new writer-producer [[Jens Gad]] working alongside Michael Cretu and consisted of mostly pop-oriented material. A cover version of "[[Nights in White Satin]]" by [[The Moody Blues]] was released as the first single, becoming one of Sandra's lowest-charting singles in Germany, although it was a hit in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/nightsinwhitesatin.htm |title=Nights in white Satin |work=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The album met with lukewarm commercial and critical reception, and the second single, "Won't Run Away", failed to make any impact on music charts. After giving birth to twin sons Nikita and Sebastian in a Munich hospital through [[Caesarean section]] in July 1995, Sandra decided to put her career on hold to raise children. However, the following year she participated in recording two songs for Enigma's third album.

1999 saw the release of ''[[My Favourites]]'', a double disc album featuring remixes of Sandra's older songs and some of her favourite ballads. It was a success, charting within the top 20 in some European countries. A new version of "[[Secret Land]]" was released as a single, accompanied by a music video in which Sandra sported a new, shorter hair. Her vocals again appeared in two songs on Enigma's 2000 album ''[[The Screen Behind the Mirror]]'' as well as the project's 2001 single "[[Turn Around (Enigma song)|Turn Around]]". 2001 also saw the release of Sandra's brand new single, a ballad "[[Forever (Sandra song)|Forever]]", which was a minor chart success in Germany. It foreshadowed her next studio album, ''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'', eventually released in spring 2002, after several delays. The album was a chart success and met with positive critical response, producing two more singles, "[[Such a Shame#Sandra version|Such a Shame]]", originally performed by [[Talk Talk]], and another ballad "I Close My Eyes". In 2003, the DVD ''The Complete History'' was released, featuring all of her music videos, and was a commercial success. The same year, Sandra contributed vocals for Enigma's ''[[Voyageur (Enigma album)|Voyageur]]'' album, which would mark the last time she worked with the project.

After several years break, in 2006 Sandra teamed up with Swiss singer [[DJ BoBo]] for a duet "[[Secrets of Love]]" on his ''Greatest Hits'' album. The single was a big hit, reaching top 5 in Switzerland and top 20 in Germany. Sandra subsequently took up performing live again and began working on her next album. In late 2006, ''[[Reflections (Sandra album)|Reflections]]'' was released, an album consisting of remixes of Sandra's biggest hits, and met with minor commercial success. A new ballad version of "[[Everlasting Love#Sandra version|Everlasting Love]]", with re-recorded vocals, was released as a promotional single in Germany while the remix of "[[Around My Heart]]" proved to be a big radio hit in Poland.

===2007–present: A new musical direction===
The highly anticipated new studio album, ''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'', was released in February 2007, charting within top 20 in German charts and enjoying a minor success internationally. For the first time, [[Michael Cretu]] did not participate in recording the album, as he was reportedly busy with new Enigma recordings, instead letting [[Jens Gad]] produce the entire work. Sandra now participated actively in composing and writing the album, therefore lyrics were more personal and reflected struggles in her personal life. "[[The Way I Am (Sandra song)|The Way I Am]]" was the album's lead single, peaking at number 50 in Germany, while the second single, "What Is It About Me", failed to chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sandra/22617/single |title=Sandra Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> However, her version of [[The Hooters]]' "[[All You Zombies (song)|All You Zombies]]" became a big radio hit in Poland. In November 2007, it was announced that Sandra and Michael were getting divorced and Sandra spent the following year touring Europe.

A new Sandra album, titled ''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'', was released in March 2009, showcasing an up-tempo material, influenced by Latin pop, dance and R&B. "[[In a Heartbeat (Sandra song)|In a Heartbeat]]" and "[[The Night Is Still Young (Sandra featuring Thomas Anders song)|The Night Is Still Young]]", the latter featuring [[Thomas Anders]] of [[Modern Talking]], were released as singles and both met with modest success in Germany. The album itself was moderately successful too and generated mixed reviews. Later in 2009, a three-disc compilation album titled ''[[The Platinum Collection (Sandra album)|The Platinum Collection]]'' was released, featuring all of Sandra's hit singles as well as some album tracks and extended versions. The release did not chart.

2012 saw the release of ''[[Stay in Touch]]'', Sandra's tenth studio album. Produced by German DJ duo [[Blank & Jones]], the album incorporated 1980s sound into songs, reproducing the pattern of Sandra's early albums. "[[Maybe Tonight (Sandra song)|Maybe Tonight]]" was released as the first single, peaking only at number 77 in Germany, while the second single, "[[Infinite Kiss]]" failed to enter charts. However, the album was a modest chart success internationally and received warm response.

In August 2014, the management has been taken over by Alexei Perschukewitsch until today.

==Personal life==
Sandra and [[Michael Cretu]] were married on 7 January 1988 and, in July 1995, became parents of twin sons. They separated in November 2007, citing "personal and professional differences". While Cretu has been living in Germany since May 2009, Sandra has continued to reside in Ibiza and married music producer Olaf Menges in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunte.de/newsline/sandra-sie-hat-heimlich-geheiratet_aid_15482.html |title=Sandra: Sie hat heimlich geheiratet |publisher=www.bunte.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> As of 2014, they are separated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/saengerin/trennung-von-olaf-menges-37504126.bild.html |title=Sängerin Sandra: Trennung von Ehemann Nr. 2! |publisher=www.bild.de |language=German |accessdate=2014-09-02}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Sandra discography}}
*''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'' (1986)
*''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988)
*''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'' (1990)
*''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992)
*''[[Fading Shades]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'' (2002)
*''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'' (2007)
*''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'' (2009)
*''[[Stay in Touch]]'' (2012)

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Sandra}}
*[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma (musical project)]]
*[[Arabesque (group)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://sandra-music.com Official website]
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000287741}}
* {{Discogs artist|42488-Sandra}}
* {{IMDb name|1117030}}

{{Sandra}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandra}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century German singers]]
[[Category:21st-century German singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
[[Category:Echo (music award) winners]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Germany]]
[[Category:Enigma (German band) members]]
[[Category:German dance musicians]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:German female pop singers]]
[[Category:German people of French descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New-age musicians]]
[[Category:People from Saarbrücken]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Synth-pop singers]]
[[Category:Women in electronic music]]

Sandra (singer)

2020-11-27T10:53:01Z

192.121.232.253: /* Personal life */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Sandra
| image = Sandra_Cretu.jpg
| caption = Sandra in 2007
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sandra Ann Lauer
| alias = Sandra Cretu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saarbrücken]], [[Saarland]], [[West Germany]]
| Genre = {{Flat list|
*[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Wolfgang |last= Spahr |title= The Force Behind the Hits: Germany's Top Tunesmiths |magazine= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date= 18 November 1995 |volume= 107 |issue= 46 |page= 78 |issn= 0006-2510 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22Sandra%22}}</ref>
*[[synthpop]]<ref>{{cite news|first= Andrew |last= Khan |title= Sounds of Germany – day one: a history of German pop in 10 songs |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 25 June 2012 |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/25/sounds-europe-german-pop}}</ref>
*[[disco]]<ref>{{cite web|first= Yuri |last= German |title= Arabesque – Artist Biography |website= [[AllMusic]] |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/arabesque-mn0000502832/biography}}</ref>
}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1975–present
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| associated_acts = {{Hlist|[[Michael Cretu]]|[[Basshunter]]|[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]]|[[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]]|[[Hubert Kah]]}}
| website = {{URL|www.sandra-music.com}}
}}

'''Sandra Ann Lauer''', commonly known under her [[stage name]] '''Sandra''' ({{IPA-de|ˈzandʁa}}), is a [[Germany|German]] [[pop music|pop]] singer who enjoyed a mainstream popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s with a string of European hit singles, produced by her then-husband and musical partner, [[Michael Cretu]], most notably "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]" (1985), "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]" (1985), "[[Everlasting Love]]" (1987), "[[Secret Land]]" (1988), "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" (1990) and "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]" (1992). Her albums ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988) and ''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992) have won Sandra high critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/sandra#Album |title=Albums by Sandra |work=[[Rate Your Music]] |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>

Prior to embarking on a solo career, Sandra was the lead singer of the all-female [[disco]] trio [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], which had a massive following in [[Japan]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Also, between 1990 and 2001, she provided vocals on album releases of the very successful musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], which had top 10 hits in [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. A cult star with a devoted fan base, Sandra remains one of the most popular singers of the 1980s in [[Continental Europe]]. During the height of her popularity, she even managed to outsell [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] in a number of countries around the world. With sales in excess of 30 million records worldwide, Sandra has established her position as the most successful German disco/pop female vocalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teledyski.onet.pl/pop-sandra-infinite-kiss,99357,w.html |title=Sandra – Infinite Kiss |publisher=onet.pl |language=Polish |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>

==Biography==

===1962–1984: Early life and Arabesque===
Sandra Ann Lauer was born in the German town of [[Saarbrücken]], close to the French border. Her father, Robert Lauer, who owned a wine store in Saarbrücken, is [[French people|French]] and her mother, Karin (''née'' Eltern), who worked in a shoe store, is German. She also had an older brother, Gaston, a [[paraplegia|paraplegic]] who died in 1995. Sandra showed an early interest in music and dancing, starting to learn [[classical ballet]] at the age of 5, which she would continue for ten years, and receiving guitar lessons when she was 10 years old. In 1975, at the age of thirteen, Sandra went with her mother to see Young Star Festival, a Saarbrücken talent competition. She was only a member of the audience, but when all participants had finished performing and the jury was discussing the results, Sandra walked onto the stage, persuaded the DJ to put on the German version of a song made famous by [[Olivia Newton-John]] and started singing. The impromptu performance gained considerable recognition and led to the release of her first single, which was a children's song about a pet dog, "[[Andy mein Freund]]". The single, however, performed poorly on charts at that time dominated by [[disco]] mania.

In 1979, now seventeen, Sandra joined [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], a disco group consisting of Michaela Rose and Jasmine Vetter, and would become the band's lead singer. At that time, Sandra met a keyboardist named [[Michael Cretu]]. They found that they share the same birthday, albeit five years apart, and became good friends. Arabesque became successful with their cheerful music and flamboyant, sometimes daring costumes, winning a massive following in Japan and scoring a top 10 hit in Germany in 1981 with "Marigot Bay".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Arabesque/single |title=Arabesque Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> After nine albums, emerging differences in musical interests of group members and decreasing popularity of disco music signaled the group's break-up. Sandra and Michael Cretu, at that point already romantically involved, moved to Munich, where Michael created his own studio, Data-Alpha, named after a song from his solo album ''[[Legionäre]]''. Their first single together was 1984's "Japan ist weit", a German cover of the [[Alphaville (band)|Alphaville]] song "[[Big in Japan (Alphaville song)|Big in Japan]]". However, the song failed to enter any charts and only 125 copies of the single were sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/japansite.htm |title=Japan ist weit |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

===1985–1992: Peak of international career===
Sandra won international success in 1985 with a song "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]", which topped the charts in 21 countries worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/sandra-comeback-haeschen-mit-den-gruebchen-a-467173.html |title=Sandra-Comeback: Häschen mit den Grübchen |author=Thomas Winkler |publisher=www.spiegel.de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=German |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and reached top 10 in further five. Her first album, ''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985), reached number 12 in her home country of Germany and was a top 10 success in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=The+Long+Play&cat=a |title=Sandra – The Long Play |publisher=swedishcharts.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The follow-up single, "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]", continued her international success, reaching number two in Germany<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu1986/deu_jan86.html |title=German Top 20 – The Chart Of January 1986 |publisher=ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and top 10 positions in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=In+The+Heat+Of+The+Night&cat=s |title=Sandra – In The Heat Of The Night |publisher=lescharts.com |language=French |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The song also earned Sandra second place at the [[Tokyo Music Festival]] in 1986. "[[Little Girl (Sandra song)|Little Girl]]" became the third single from the album in 1986, with the music video filmed in [[Venice]], but met with moderate success. Shortly after the release of ''The Long Play'', Sandra moved to London for six months, where she worked with singing teacher Helena Shelen and took drumming lessons to practice her [[timing (music)|timing]]. She also enrolled at the London Berlitz School of Languages to improve her English, and went back to Germany on weekends to record new songs.

Sandra's second studio album, ''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'', was released in October 1986, with "[[Innocent Love]]" chosen as the first single, followed by "[[Hi! Hi! Hi!]]". Both songs were synthpop up-tempo offerings and met with considerable charts success in Europe. Two further singles from the album, ballad "[[Loreen (song)|Loreen]]" and another danceable song "[[Midnight Man (Sandra song)|Midnight Man]]" met only with moderate success. In 1987, Sandra released a cover version of "[[Everlasting Love]]", which had been her favourite song since childhood, to a great international success. The single was a top 10 hit in German-speaking countries and charted within top 20 internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=Everlasting+Love&cat=s |title=Sandra – Everlasting Love |publisher=hitparade.ch |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The song was included on Sandra's first retrospective album, ''[[Ten on One (The Singles)]]'', which met with success and spawned another top 10 single, "[[Stop for a Minute (Sandra song)|Stop for a Minute]]".

Sandra and Michael married in January 1988 and relocated from Munich to the Spanish island [[Ibiza]] to work on what would be Sandra's third studio album. ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' moved from electro-pop to more sophisticated areas of pop, what was showcased by the first single, "[[Heaven Can Wait (Sandra song)|Heaven Can Wait]]", a top 20 European hit. Second single, "[[Secret Land]]", met with even greater success and is now considered one of Sandra's biggest hits while "[[We'll Be Together (Sandra song)|We'll Be Together]]", released as the third single to a big success, was the first song co-written by Sandra. In order to promote Sandra's music in the [[English-speaking world]], another compilation was released at the end of 1988, ''[[Everlasting Love (Sandra album)|Everlasting Love]]''. The album failed to enter charts, but included a [[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]] remix of the title track which charted at number 45 in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra |title=SANDRA |publisher=www.theofficialcharts.com |work=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=2013-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809170332/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra/ |archivedate=2011-08-09 }}</ref> 1989 saw the release of the final single from ''Into a Secret Land'', "[[Around My Heart]]", which became another chart hit, while at that point the album itself was her best-selling offering. With [[animal rights]] and [[conservation (ethic)|nature conservation]] high on her personal agenda, Sandra took part in recording a song "Yes We Can" together with 15 other musicians as a part of the project Artists United for Nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sandranet.com/sandra/discography/yeswecansite.htm |title=Yes we can |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>

Sandra's fourth album, ''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'', was released in March 1990 and became her highest-charting album in her home country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.de/ersuche.asp?kategorie=chart&interpret_suche=sandra&titel_suche=&jahr=&cat=a |title=Erweiterte Suche |publisher=www.officialcharts.de |language=German |accessdate=2012-11-06}}</ref> "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" was released as the lead single and eventually became one of her biggest chart hits. Danceable "[[(Life May Be) A Big Insanity]]" and ballad "[[One More Night (Sandra song)|One More Night]]" were released as the second and third single off the album, respectively, but met with modest success. At the end of 1990, Sandra accepted an award for the best-selling German artist at the [[World Music Awards]] in [[Monte Carlo]]. Also in 1990, the singer contributed vocals to four songs for her husband's musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], including a worldwide number 1 hit "[[Sadeness (Part I)]]".

In early 1992, Sandra's fifth album was released, ''[[Close to Seven]]'', which continued more mature, less dance-oriented musical style. The album was a remarkable international success as was its lead single, "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]". However, the second single, "I Need Love", was Sandra's first since 1984 to fail to enter charts. Later in 1992, a new compilation was released, titled ''[[18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album)|18 Greatest Hits]]''. It included most of her previous single songs and a re-recording of "[[Johnny Wanna Live]]", originally from ''Paintings in Yellow'', which was released as a single and became a minor hit in Germany and the Netherlands. ''18 Greatest Hits'' was another commercial success and marked the end of Sandra's most successful period of her career.

===1993–2006: Comeback attempts===
In 1993, Sandra released a new version of "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena|Maria Magdalena]]" with a [[techno]] arrangement and futuristic music video. The re-recording turned out a flop, signaling her declining popularity. Nonetheless, she sang in three songs on Enigma's next album, ''[[The Cross of Changes]]'', including the hit single "[[Return to Innocence]]".

While pregnant with twins, Sandra recorded and released ''[[Fading Shades]]'' in 1995. The album saw a new writer-producer [[Jens Gad]] working alongside Michael Cretu and consisted of mostly pop-oriented material. A cover version of "[[Nights in White Satin]]" by [[The Moody Blues]] was released as the first single, becoming one of Sandra's lowest-charting singles in Germany, although it was a hit in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/nightsinwhitesatin.htm |title=Nights in white Satin |work=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The album met with lukewarm commercial and critical reception, and the second single, "Won't Run Away", failed to make any impact on music charts. After giving birth to twin sons Nikita and Sebastian in a Munich hospital through [[Caesarean section]] in July 1995, Sandra decided to put her career on hold to raise children. However, the following year she participated in recording two songs for Enigma's third album.

1999 saw the release of ''[[My Favourites]]'', a double disc album featuring remixes of Sandra's older songs and some of her favourite ballads. It was a success, charting within the top 20 in some European countries. A new version of "[[Secret Land]]" was released as a single, accompanied by a music video in which Sandra sported a new, shorter hair. Her vocals again appeared in two songs on Enigma's 2000 album ''[[The Screen Behind the Mirror]]'' as well as the project's 2001 single "[[Turn Around (Enigma song)|Turn Around]]". 2001 also saw the release of Sandra's brand new single, a ballad "[[Forever (Sandra song)|Forever]]", which was a minor chart success in Germany. It foreshadowed her next studio album, ''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'', eventually released in spring 2002, after several delays. The album was a chart success and met with positive critical response, producing two more singles, "[[Such a Shame#Sandra version|Such a Shame]]", originally performed by [[Talk Talk]], and another ballad "I Close My Eyes". In 2003, the DVD ''The Complete History'' was released, featuring all of her music videos, and was a commercial success. The same year, Sandra contributed vocals for Enigma's ''[[Voyageur (Enigma album)|Voyageur]]'' album, which would mark the last time she worked with the project.

After several years break, in 2006 Sandra teamed up with Swiss singer [[DJ BoBo]] for a duet "[[Secrets of Love]]" on his ''Greatest Hits'' album. The single was a big hit, reaching top 5 in Switzerland and top 20 in Germany. Sandra subsequently took up performing live again and began working on her next album. In late 2006, ''[[Reflections (Sandra album)|Reflections]]'' was released, an album consisting of remixes of Sandra's biggest hits, and met with minor commercial success. A new ballad version of "[[Everlasting Love#Sandra version|Everlasting Love]]", with re-recorded vocals, was released as a promotional single in Germany while the remix of "[[Around My Heart]]" proved to be a big radio hit in Poland.

===2007–present: A new musical direction===
The highly anticipated new studio album, ''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'', was released in February 2007, charting within top 20 in German charts and enjoying a minor success internationally. For the first time, [[Michael Cretu]] did not participate in recording the album, as he was reportedly busy with new Enigma recordings, instead letting [[Jens Gad]] produce the entire work. Sandra now participated actively in composing and writing the album, therefore lyrics were more personal and reflected struggles in her personal life. "[[The Way I Am (Sandra song)|The Way I Am]]" was the album's lead single, peaking at number 50 in Germany, while the second single, "What Is It About Me", failed to chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sandra/22617/single |title=Sandra Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> However, her version of [[The Hooters]]' "[[All You Zombies (song)|All You Zombies]]" became a big radio hit in Poland. In November 2007, it was announced that Sandra and Michael were getting divorced and Sandra spent the following year touring Europe.

A new Sandra album, titled ''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'', was released in March 2009, showcasing an up-tempo material, influenced by Latin pop, dance and R&B. "[[In a Heartbeat (Sandra song)|In a Heartbeat]]" and "[[The Night Is Still Young (Sandra featuring Thomas Anders song)|The Night Is Still Young]]", the latter featuring [[Thomas Anders]] of [[Modern Talking]], were released as singles and both met with modest success in Germany. The album itself was moderately successful too and generated mixed reviews. Later in 2009, a three-disc compilation album titled ''[[The Platinum Collection (Sandra album)|The Platinum Collection]]'' was released, featuring all of Sandra's hit singles as well as some album tracks and extended versions. The release did not chart.

2012 saw the release of ''[[Stay in Touch]]'', Sandra's tenth studio album. Produced by German DJ duo [[Blank & Jones]], the album incorporated 1980s sound into songs, reproducing the pattern of Sandra's early albums. "[[Maybe Tonight (Sandra song)|Maybe Tonight]]" was released as the first single, peaking only at number 77 in Germany, while the second single, "[[Infinite Kiss]]" failed to enter charts. However, the album was a modest chart success internationally and received warm response.

In August 2014 the management has been taken over by Alexei Perschukewitsch until today.

==Personal life==
Sandra and [[Michael Cretu]] were married on 7 January 1988 and, in July 1995, became parents of twin sons. They separated in November 2007, citing "personal and professional differences". While Cretu has been living in Germany since May 2009, Sandra has continued to reside in Ibiza and married music producer Olaf Menges in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunte.de/newsline/sandra-sie-hat-heimlich-geheiratet_aid_15482.html |title=Sandra: Sie hat heimlich geheiratet |publisher=www.bunte.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> As of 2014, they are separated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/saengerin/trennung-von-olaf-menges-37504126.bild.html |title=Sängerin Sandra: Trennung von Ehemann Nr. 2! |publisher=www.bild.de |language=German |accessdate=2014-09-02}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Sandra discography}}
*''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'' (1986)
*''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988)
*''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'' (1990)
*''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992)
*''[[Fading Shades]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'' (2002)
*''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'' (2007)
*''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'' (2009)
*''[[Stay in Touch]]'' (2012)

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Sandra}}
*[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma (musical project)]]
*[[Arabesque (group)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://sandra-music.com Official website]
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000287741}}
* {{Discogs artist|42488-Sandra}}
* {{IMDb name|1117030}}

{{Sandra}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandra}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century German singers]]
[[Category:21st-century German singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
[[Category:Echo (music award) winners]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Germany]]
[[Category:Enigma (German band) members]]
[[Category:German dance musicians]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:German female pop singers]]
[[Category:German people of French descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New-age musicians]]
[[Category:People from Saarbrücken]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Synth-pop singers]]
[[Category:Women in electronic music]]

Andy mein Freund

2020-11-27T10:52:10Z

192.121.232.253:

{{Infobox song
| name = Andy mein Freund
| cover = AndyMeinFreundSandra.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| type = single
| artist = [[Sandra (singer)|Sandra]]
| album =
| B-side = Ich bin noch ein Kind
| released = August 1976
| format = 7"
| recorded = 1976
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| length = 3:57
| label = [[BASF]]
| writer = Gerd Schille
| producer = George Roman
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Big in Japan (Alphaville song)|Japan ist weit]]
| next_year = 1984
}}
"'''Andy mein Freund'''" is a 1976 pop song performed by German singer [[Sandra (singer)|Sandra]]. It was released as her debut single, under the moniker '''Sandra Ann''', when the singer was only 14 years old.

==Background==
The song is performed in [[German language|German]] and was written by Gerd Schille, arranged by Udo Schwendler, and produced by George Roman. The title translates "Andy My Friend" and the lyrics are about a [[dog]] named Andy. Another German-language song was featured on side B, "Ich bin noch ein Kind" ("I Am Still a Child"), also written by Schille and produced by Roman, but arranged by Stefan Klinkhammer. Neither of the two songs has ever been re-released on CD or digitally.

The single was released only in Germany in August 1976 and performed poorly on the charts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/andysite.htm |title=Andy mein Freund |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2010-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kultura.onet.pl/muzyka/wywiady-i-artykuly/sandra-nie-kaleczmy-dzieciom-duszy/8szccz6 |title=Sandra: nie kaleczmy dzieciom duszy |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=[[Onet.pl]] |accessdate=2019-07-11 |language=Polish}}</ref> which were dominated by [[disco]] at that time, leaving Sandra to withdraw from the music scene for a few years. In 1979, she joined the female group [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]] with which she achieved considerable commercial success, before re-launching solo career in 1984.

==Track listing==
* '''7" single'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandra-music.com/en/andy-mein-freund.html |title=Andy Mein Freund |publisher=www.sandra-music.com |accessdate=2019-07-11}}</ref>
:A. "Andy mein Freund" – 3:57
:B. "Ich bin noch ein Kind" – 3:58

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.discogs.com/master/63859 "Andy mein Freund"] at [[Discogs]]

{{Sandra}}

[[Category:1976 debut singles]]
[[Category:1976 songs]]
[[Category:German-language songs]]
[[Category:Sandra (singer) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about dogs]]
[[Category:Songs about friendship]]

Sandra (singer)

2020-11-27T10:48:37Z

192.121.232.253: /* 1962–1984: Early life and Arabesque */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Sandra
| image = Sandra_Cretu.jpg
| caption = Sandra in 2007
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sandra Ann Lauer
| alias = Sandra Cretu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saarbrücken]], [[Saarland]], [[West Germany]]
| Genre = {{Flat list|
*[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Wolfgang |last= Spahr |title= The Force Behind the Hits: Germany's Top Tunesmiths |magazine= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date= 18 November 1995 |volume= 107 |issue= 46 |page= 78 |issn= 0006-2510 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22Sandra%22}}</ref>
*[[synthpop]]<ref>{{cite news|first= Andrew |last= Khan |title= Sounds of Germany – day one: a history of German pop in 10 songs |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 25 June 2012 |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/25/sounds-europe-german-pop}}</ref>
*[[disco]]<ref>{{cite web|first= Yuri |last= German |title= Arabesque – Artist Biography |website= [[AllMusic]] |accessdate= 29 January 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/arabesque-mn0000502832/biography}}</ref>
}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1975–present
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| associated_acts = {{Hlist|[[Michael Cretu]]|[[Basshunter]]|[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]]|[[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]]|[[Hubert Kah]]}}
| website = {{URL|www.sandra-music.com}}
}}

'''Sandra Ann Lauer''', commonly known under her [[stage name]] '''Sandra''' ({{IPA-de|ˈzandʁa}}), is a [[Germany|German]] [[pop music|pop]] singer who enjoyed a mainstream popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s with a string of European hit singles, produced by her then-husband and musical partner, [[Michael Cretu]], most notably "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]" (1985), "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]" (1985), "[[Everlasting Love]]" (1987), "[[Secret Land]]" (1988), "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" (1990) and "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]" (1992). Her albums ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988) and ''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992) have won Sandra high critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/sandra#Album |title=Albums by Sandra |work=[[Rate Your Music]] |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>

Prior to embarking on a solo career, Sandra was the lead singer of the all-female [[disco]] trio [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], which had a massive following in [[Japan]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Also, between 1990 and 2001, she provided vocals on album releases of the very successful musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], which had top 10 hits in [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. A cult star with a devoted fan base, Sandra remains one of the most popular singers of the 1980s in [[Continental Europe]]. During the height of her popularity, she even managed to outsell [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] in a number of countries around the world. With sales in excess of 30 million records worldwide, Sandra has established her position as the most successful German disco/pop female vocalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teledyski.onet.pl/pop-sandra-infinite-kiss,99357,w.html |title=Sandra – Infinite Kiss |publisher=onet.pl |language=Polish |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>

==Biography==

===1962–1984: Early life and Arabesque===
Sandra Ann Lauer was born in the German town of [[Saarbrücken]], close to the French border. Her father, Robert Lauer, who owned a wine store in Saarbrücken, is [[French people|French]] and her mother, Karin (''née'' Eltern), who worked in a shoe store, is German. She also had an older brother, Gaston, a [[paraplegia|paraplegic]] who died in 1995. Sandra showed an early interest in music and dancing, starting to learn [[classical ballet]] at the age of 5, which she would continue for ten years, and receiving guitar lessons when she was 10 years old. In 1975, at the age of thirteen, Sandra went with her mother to see Young Star Festival, a Saarbrücken talent competition. She was only a member of the audience, but when all participants had finished performing and the jury was discussing the results, Sandra walked onto the stage, persuaded the DJ to put on the German version of a song made famous by [[Olivia Newton-John]] and started singing. The impromptu performance gained considerable recognition and led to the release of her first single, which was a children's song about a pet dog, "[[Andy mein Freund]]". The single, however, performed poorly on charts at that time dominated by [[disco]] mania.

In 1979, now seventeen, Sandra joined [[Arabesque (group)|Arabesque]], a disco group consisting of Michaela Rose and Jasmine Vetter, and would become the band's lead singer. At that time, Sandra met a keyboardist named [[Michael Cretu]]. They found that they share the same birthday, albeit five years apart, and became good friends. Arabesque became successful with their cheerful music and flamboyant, sometimes daring costumes, winning a massive following in Japan and scoring a top 10 hit in Germany in 1981 with "Marigot Bay".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Arabesque/single |title=Arabesque Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> After nine albums, emerging differences in musical interests of group members and decreasing popularity of disco music signaled the group's break-up. Sandra and Michael Cretu, at that point already romantically involved, moved to Munich, where Michael created his own studio, Data-Alpha, named after a song from his solo album ''[[Legionäre]]''. Their first single together was 1984's "Japan ist weit", a German cover of the [[Alphaville (band)|Alphaville]] song "[[Big in Japan (Alphaville song)|Big in Japan]]". However, the song failed to enter any charts and only 125 copies of the single were sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/japansite.htm |title=Japan ist weit |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

===1985–1992: Peak of international career===
Sandra won international success in 1985 with a song "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena]]", which topped the charts in 21 countries worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/sandra-comeback-haeschen-mit-den-gruebchen-a-467173.html |title=Sandra-Comeback: Häschen mit den Grübchen |author=Thomas Winkler |publisher=www.spiegel.de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=German |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and reached top 10 in further five. Her first album, ''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985), reached number 12 in her home country of Germany and was a top 10 success in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=The+Long+Play&cat=a |title=Sandra – The Long Play |publisher=swedishcharts.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The follow-up single, "[[In the Heat of the Night (Sandra song)|In the Heat of the Night]]", continued her international success, reaching number two in Germany<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu1986/deu_jan86.html |title=German Top 20 – The Chart Of January 1986 |publisher=ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> and top 10 positions in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=In+The+Heat+Of+The+Night&cat=s |title=Sandra – In The Heat Of The Night |publisher=lescharts.com |language=French |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The song also earned Sandra second place at the [[Tokyo Music Festival]] in 1986. "[[Little Girl (Sandra song)|Little Girl]]" became the third single from the album in 1986, with the music video filmed in [[Venice]], but met with moderate success. Shortly after the release of ''The Long Play'', Sandra moved to London for six months, where she worked with singing teacher Helena Shelen and took drumming lessons to practice her [[timing (music)|timing]]. She also enrolled at the London Berlitz School of Languages to improve her English, and went back to Germany on weekends to record new songs.

Sandra's second studio album, ''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'', was released in October 1986, with "[[Innocent Love]]" chosen as the first single, followed by "[[Hi! Hi! Hi!]]". Both songs were synthpop up-tempo offerings and met with considerable charts success in Europe. Two further singles from the album, ballad "[[Loreen (song)|Loreen]]" and another danceable song "[[Midnight Man (Sandra song)|Midnight Man]]" met only with moderate success. In 1987, Sandra released a cover version of "[[Everlasting Love]]", which had been her favourite song since childhood, to a great international success. The single was a top 10 hit in German-speaking countries and charted within top 20 internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Sandra&titel=Everlasting+Love&cat=s |title=Sandra – Everlasting Love |publisher=hitparade.ch |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref> The song was included on Sandra's first retrospective album, ''[[Ten on One (The Singles)]]'', which met with success and spawned another top 10 single, "[[Stop for a Minute (Sandra song)|Stop for a Minute]]".

Sandra and Michael married in January 1988 and relocated from Munich to the Spanish island [[Ibiza]] to work on what would be Sandra's third studio album. ''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' moved from electro-pop to more sophisticated areas of pop, what was showcased by the first single, "[[Heaven Can Wait (Sandra song)|Heaven Can Wait]]", a top 20 European hit. Second single, "[[Secret Land]]", met with even greater success and is now considered one of Sandra's biggest hits while "[[We'll Be Together (Sandra song)|We'll Be Together]]", released as the third single to a big success, was the first song co-written by Sandra. In order to promote Sandra's music in the [[English-speaking world]], another compilation was released at the end of 1988, ''[[Everlasting Love (Sandra album)|Everlasting Love]]''. The album failed to enter charts, but included a [[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]] remix of the title track which charted at number 45 in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra |title=SANDRA |publisher=www.theofficialcharts.com |work=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=2013-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809170332/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/sandra/ |archivedate=2011-08-09 }}</ref> 1989 saw the release of the final single from ''Into a Secret Land'', "[[Around My Heart]]", which became another chart hit, while at that point the album itself was her best-selling offering. With [[animal rights]] and [[conservation (ethic)|nature conservation]] high on her personal agenda, Sandra took part in recording a song "Yes We Can" together with 15 other musicians as a part of the project Artists United for Nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sandranet.com/sandra/discography/yeswecansite.htm |title=Yes we can |publisher=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>

Sandra's fourth album, ''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'', was released in March 1990 and became her highest-charting album in her home country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.de/ersuche.asp?kategorie=chart&interpret_suche=sandra&titel_suche=&jahr=&cat=a |title=Erweiterte Suche |publisher=www.officialcharts.de |language=German |accessdate=2012-11-06}}</ref> "[[Hiroshima (song)|Hiroshima]]" was released as the lead single and eventually became one of her biggest chart hits. Danceable "[[(Life May Be) A Big Insanity]]" and ballad "[[One More Night (Sandra song)|One More Night]]" were released as the second and third single off the album, respectively, but met with modest success. At the end of 1990, Sandra accepted an award for the best-selling German artist at the [[World Music Awards]] in [[Monte Carlo]]. Also in 1990, the singer contributed vocals to four songs for her husband's musical project [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]], including a worldwide number 1 hit "[[Sadeness (Part I)]]".

In early 1992, Sandra's fifth album was released, ''[[Close to Seven]]'', which continued more mature, less dance-oriented musical style. The album was a remarkable international success as was its lead single, "[[Don't Be Aggressive]]". However, the second single, "I Need Love", was Sandra's first since 1984 to fail to enter charts. Later in 1992, a new compilation was released, titled ''[[18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album)|18 Greatest Hits]]''. It included most of her previous single songs and a re-recording of "[[Johnny Wanna Live]]", originally from ''Paintings in Yellow'', which was released as a single and became a minor hit in Germany and the Netherlands. ''18 Greatest Hits'' was another commercial success and marked the end of Sandra's most successful period of her career.

===1993–2006: Comeback attempts===
In 1993, Sandra released a new version of "[[(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena|Maria Magdalena]]" with a [[techno]] arrangement and futuristic music video. The re-recording turned out a flop, signaling her declining popularity. Nonetheless, she sang in three songs on Enigma's next album, ''[[The Cross of Changes]]'', including the hit single "[[Return to Innocence]]".

While pregnant with twins, Sandra recorded and released ''[[Fading Shades]]'' in 1995. The album saw a new writer-producer [[Jens Gad]] working alongside Michael Cretu and consisted of mostly pop-oriented material. A cover version of "[[Nights in White Satin]]" by [[The Moody Blues]] was released as the first single, becoming one of Sandra's lowest-charting singles in Germany, although it was a hit in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandranet.com/sandra/discography/nightsinwhitesatin.htm |title=Nights in white Satin |work=www.sandranet.com |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref> The album met with lukewarm commercial and critical reception, and the second single, "Won't Run Away", failed to make any impact on music charts. After giving birth to twin sons Nikita and Sebastian in a Munich hospital through [[Caesarean section]] in July 1995, Sandra decided to put her career on hold to raise children. However, the following year she participated in recording two songs for Enigma's third album.

1999 saw the release of ''[[My Favourites]]'', a double disc album featuring remixes of Sandra's older songs and some of her favourite ballads. It was a success, charting within the top 20 in some European countries. A new version of "[[Secret Land]]" was released as a single, accompanied by a music video in which Sandra sported a new, shorter hair. Her vocals again appeared in two songs on Enigma's 2000 album ''[[The Screen Behind the Mirror]]'' as well as the project's 2001 single "[[Turn Around (Enigma song)|Turn Around]]". 2001 also saw the release of Sandra's brand new single, a ballad "[[Forever (Sandra song)|Forever]]", which was a minor chart success in Germany. It foreshadowed her next studio album, ''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'', eventually released in spring 2002, after several delays. The album was a chart success and met with positive critical response, producing two more singles, "[[Such a Shame#Sandra version|Such a Shame]]", originally performed by [[Talk Talk]], and another ballad "I Close My Eyes". In 2003, the DVD ''The Complete History'' was released, featuring all of her music videos, and was a commercial success. The same year, Sandra contributed vocals for Enigma's ''[[Voyageur (Enigma album)|Voyageur]]'' album, which would mark the last time she worked with the project.

After several years break, in 2006 Sandra teamed up with Swiss singer [[DJ BoBo]] for a duet "[[Secrets of Love]]" on his ''Greatest Hits'' album. The single was a big hit, reaching top 5 in Switzerland and top 20 in Germany. Sandra subsequently took up performing live again and began working on her next album. In late 2006, ''[[Reflections (Sandra album)|Reflections]]'' was released, an album consisting of remixes of Sandra's biggest hits, and met with minor commercial success. A new ballad version of "[[Everlasting Love#Sandra version|Everlasting Love]]", with re-recorded vocals, was released as a promotional single in Germany while the remix of "[[Around My Heart]]" proved to be a big radio hit in Poland.

===2007–present: A new musical direction===
The highly anticipated new studio album, ''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'', was released in February 2007, charting within top 20 in German charts and enjoying a minor success internationally. For the first time, [[Michael Cretu]] did not participate in recording the album, as he was reportedly busy with new Enigma recordings, instead letting [[Jens Gad]] produce the entire work. Sandra now participated actively in composing and writing the album, therefore lyrics were more personal and reflected struggles in her personal life. "[[The Way I Am (Sandra song)|The Way I Am]]" was the album's lead single, peaking at number 50 in Germany, while the second single, "What Is It About Me", failed to chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sandra/22617/single |title=Sandra Single-Chartverfolgung |publisher=www.musicline.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> However, her version of [[The Hooters]]' "[[All You Zombies (song)|All You Zombies]]" became a big radio hit in Poland. In November 2007, it was announced that Sandra and Michael were getting divorced and Sandra spent the following year touring Europe.

A new Sandra album, titled ''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'', was released in March 2009, showcasing an up-tempo material, influenced by Latin pop, dance and R&B. "[[In a Heartbeat (Sandra song)|In a Heartbeat]]" and "[[The Night Is Still Young (Sandra featuring Thomas Anders song)|The Night Is Still Young]]", the latter featuring [[Thomas Anders]] of [[Modern Talking]], were released as singles and both met with modest success in Germany. The album itself was moderately successful too and generated mixed reviews. Later in 2009, a three-disc compilation album titled ''[[The Platinum Collection (Sandra album)|The Platinum Collection]]'' was released, featuring all of Sandra's hit singles as well as some album tracks and extended versions. The release did not chart.

2012 saw the release of ''[[Stay in Touch]]'', Sandra's tenth studio album. Produced by German DJ duo [[Blank & Jones]], the album incorporated 1980s sound into songs, reproducing the pattern of Sandra's early albums. "[[Maybe Tonight (Sandra song)|Maybe Tonight]]" was released as the first single, peaking only at number 77 in Germany, while the second single, "[[Infinite Kiss]]" failed to enter charts. However, the album was a modest chart success internationally and received warm response.

In August 2014 the management has been taken over by Alexei Perschukewitsch until today.

==Personal life==
Sandra and [[Michael Cretu]] were married on 7 January 1988 and, in July 1995, became parents of twin sons. They separated in November 2007, citing "personal and professional differences". While Cretu has been living in Germany since May 2009, Sandra has continued to reside in Ibiza and married music producer Olaf Menges in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunte.de/newsline/sandra-sie-hat-heimlich-geheiratet_aid_15482.html |title=Sandra: Sie hat heimlich geheiratet |publisher=www.bunte.de |language=German |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> As of 2014 they are separated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/saengerin/trennung-von-olaf-menges-37504126.bild.html |title=Sängerin Sandra: Trennung von Ehemann Nr. 2! |publisher=www.bild.de |language=German |accessdate=2014-09-02}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Sandra discography}}
*''[[The Long Play]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mirrors (Sandra album)|Mirrors]]'' (1986)
*''[[Into a Secret Land]]'' (1988)
*''[[Paintings in Yellow]]'' (1990)
*''[[Close to Seven]]'' (1992)
*''[[Fading Shades]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Wheel of Time (album)|The Wheel of Time]]'' (2002)
*''[[The Art of Love (album)|The Art of Love]]'' (2007)
*''[[Back to Life (Sandra album)|Back to Life]]'' (2009)
*''[[Stay in Touch]]'' (2012)

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Sandra}}
*[[Enigma (German band)|Enigma (musical project)]]
*[[Arabesque (group)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://sandra-music.com Official website]
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000287741}}
* {{Discogs artist|42488-Sandra}}
* {{IMDb name|1117030}}

{{Sandra}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandra}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century German singers]]
[[Category:21st-century German singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
[[Category:Echo (music award) winners]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Germany]]
[[Category:Enigma (German band) members]]
[[Category:German dance musicians]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:German female pop singers]]
[[Category:German people of French descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New-age musicians]]
[[Category:People from Saarbrücken]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Synth-pop singers]]
[[Category:Women in electronic music]]

Retroactive continuity

2020-05-04T10:34:06Z

192.121.232.253: /* Alteration */ Bond and Blofeld

{{short description|Alteration of previously established facts in the continuity of a fictional work}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Original research|date=April 2015}}
{{Overly detailed|date=March 2017}}
{{Example farm|date=March 2017}}
}}
[[File:Sherlock_Holmes_and_Professor_Moriarty_at_the_Reichenbach_Falls.jpg|right|thumb|''The Death of Sherlock Holmes'': Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] employed retroactive continuity to explain [[Sherlock Holmes]]'s return after his death in an earlier story fighting his nemesis, [[Professor Moriarty]]]]
'''Retroactive continuity''', or '''retcon''' for short,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peterdavid.net/index.php/2010/09/20/political-corrections-part-2/ |title=Political Corrections, Part 2 |publisher=PeterDavid.net |date= |accessdate=2015-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peterdavid.net/2014/07/11/retcons-and-stetcons/ |title=Retcons and Stetcons |publisher=PeterDavid.net |date=2014-07-12 |accessdate=2015-02-22}}</ref> is a literary device in which established facts in a fictional work are adjusted, ignored, or contradicted by a subsequently published work which breaks [[continuity (fiction)|continuity]] with the former.<ref name="Leith">{{cite news|author=Personal View |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3638405/One-of-these-comic-heroes-really-is-dead.html |title=One of these comic heroes really is dead |newspaper=Telegraph |date=2007-03-12 |accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref>

There are various motivations for applying retroactive continuity, including:
* To accommodate desired aspects of [[sequel]]s or derivative works which would otherwise be ruled out.
* In response to negative fan reception of previous stories.
* To correct and overcome errors or problems identified in the prior work since its publication.
* To change how the prior work should be interpreted.
* To match reality, when assumptions or projections of the future are later proven wrong.{{refn|group=Note|For instance, [[Arthur C. Clarke]] stated in his Author's Note to ''[[2061: Odyssey Three]]'': "Just as ''2010: Odyssey Two'' was not a direct sequel to ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', so this book is not a linear sequel to ''2010''. They must all be considered as variations on the same theme, involving many of the same characters and situations, but not necessarily happening in the [[parallel universe (fiction)|same universe]]. Developments since 1964 make total consistency impossible, as the later stories incorporate discoveries and events that had not even taken place when the earlier books were written."<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. ''2061: Odyssey Three''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988. Page ix</ref>}}

Retcons are used by authors to increase their creative freedom, on the assumption that the changes are unimportant to the audience compared to the new story which can be told. For instance, by retroactively setting a prior story in a [[parallel universe (fiction)|parallel universe]], departed popular characters can be reintroduced. More subtly, a minor plot point might be retroactively expunged (for instance, the heroine leaving home without any food), removing an obstacle to further storytelling (that she should be getting hungry).

Retcons are common in [[pulp magazine|pulp fiction]], and especially in [[comic book]]s published by long-established publishers such as [[DC Comics|DC]] and [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]].<ref name="Booker">{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|title=Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels [Two Volumes].|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9780313357473|page=510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkJ0QJrEZ8C&pg=PA510|accessdate=16 March 2017}}</ref> The long history of popular titles and the number of writers who contribute stories can often create situations that demand clarification or revision. Retcons also often appear in [[manga]], [[soap operas]], [[serial drama]]s, movie sequels, [[cartoons]], [[professional wrestling]] [[Angle (professional wrestling)|angles]], [[video game]]s, radio series, and other forms of [[serial (radio and television)|serial fiction]].

==Etymology==
Although Jules Verne used the device occasionally (see The Mysterious Island), the first published use of the phrase "retroactive continuity" is found in theologian E. Frank Tupper's 1973 book ''The Theology of [[Wolfhart Pannenberg]]'': "Pannenberg's conception of retroactive continuity ultimately means that history flows fundamentally from the future into the past, that the future is not basically a product of the past."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tupper|first1=E. Frank|title=The Theology of Wolfhart Pannenberg|date=1973|publisher=Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780664209735|url=https://archive.org/details/theologyofwolfha0000tupp|url-access=registration|accessdate=16 March 2017|page=[https://archive.org/details/theologyofwolfha0000tupp/page/100 100], 221}}</ref>

The first known printed use of "retroactive continuity" referring to the altering of history in a fictional work is in ''[[All-Star Squadron]]'' #18 (February 1983) from [[DC Comics]]. The series was set on DC's [[Earth-Two]], an alternate universe in which [[Golden Age of Comic Books|Golden Age]] comic characters age in real time. ''[[All-Star Squadron]]'' was set during [[World War II]] on Earth-Two; as it was in the past of an alternate universe, all its events had repercussions on the contemporary continuity of the DC multiverse. Each issue changed the history of the fictional world in which it was set. In the [[comic book letter column|letters column]], a reader remarked that the comic "must make you [the creators] feel at times as if you're painting yourself into a corner", and, "Your matching of Golden Age comics history with new plotlines has been an artistic (and I hope financial!) success." Writer [[Roy Thomas]] responded, "we like to think that an enthusiastic ALL-STAR booster at one of [[Adam Malin]]'s [[Creation Convention]]s in San Diego came up with the best name for it a few months back: 'Retroactive Continuity'. Has kind of a ring to it, don't you think?"<ref name="allstar">{{cite comic |title=All-Star Squadron |story=Vengeance from Valhalla |volume=1 |issue=18 |date=February 1983 |writer=[[Roy Thomas|Thomas, Roy]] |penciller=[[Joe Kubert|Kubert, Joe]] |inker=[[Rick Hoberg|Hoberg, Rick]] |publisher=[[DC Comics]]}}</ref> The term then took firm root in the consciousness of fans of American superhero comics.

At some point, "retroactive continuity" was shortened to "retcon", reportedly by Damian Cugley in 1988 on [[Usenet]]. Hard evidence of Cugley's abbreviation has yet to surface, though in a Usenet posting on August 18, 1990, Cugley posted a reply in which he identified himself as "the originator of the word ''retcon''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.comics/msg/45793eff7c060796?dmode=source |title=Google Discussiegroepen |publisher=Groups.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref> Cugley used the [[neologism]] to describe a development in the comic book ''[[Saga of the Swamp Thing]]'', which reinterprets the events of the title character's origin by revealing facts that previously were not part of the narrative and were not intended by earlier writers.

==Types==

===Addition===
Retcons sometimes do not contradict previously established facts but instead fill in missing background details, usually to support current plot points. Thomas referred to "retroactive continuity" in this sense, as a purely additive process that did not undo any previous work; such additions were common in ''All-Star Squadron''. [[Kurt Busiek]] took a similar approach with ''[[Untold Tales of Spider-Man]]'', a series which told stories that specifically fit between issues of the original ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' series, sometimes explaining discontinuities between those earlier stories. [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]] used a similar structure with ''[[X-Men: The Hidden Years]]''. Possibly the earliest [[Marvel Comics]] example of new stories placed between long-established stories was the 1977-8 magazine ''[[The Rampaging Hulk]]''. In ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'', the character [[Frank Pentangeli]] is introduced as an old friend of the family though he is not referenced in the first movie; similarly [[Don Altobello]] is one of the "old time" Dons, though he is not mentioned until ''[[The Godfather Part III]]''. Neither addition affects the plot line of the previous films. The addition, in later seasons, of an attic to the family's home in ''[[Full House]]'' stands as a similar additive example.

A similar concept is that of [[secret history]], in which the events of a story occur within the bounds of already-established events (especially real-world ones), revealing different interpretations of the events. Some of [[Tim Powers]]' novels use secret history, such as ''[[Last Call (novel)|Last Call]]'', which suggests that [[Bugsy Siegel]]'s actions were due to his being a modern-day [[Fisher King]].

[[Alan Moore]]'s additional information about the [[Swamp Thing]]'s origins – revealing that Swamp Thing was not actually scientist Alec Holland converted into a plant, but actually a plant that had absorbed Holland's body and consciousness so that it merely thought it was Holland – did not contradict or change any of the events depicted in the character's previous appearances, but instead changed the reader's interpretation of them. Such additions and reinterpretations are very common in ''[[Doctor Who]]''.<ref name="Leith"/>

In the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise, one of the most cited [[plot hole]]s is that the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]'s [[superweapon]], the [[Death Star]], has a glaring, poorly defended weak point: an exhaust port. However, the movie ''[[Rogue One|Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]'', which acts as a direct prequel to ''[[Star Wars (film)|A New Hope]]'', presents the design flaw as deliberate: [[Galen Erso]], the head engineer of the Death Star project, designed the reactors to be unstable, thus needing an exhaust port, and gave the plans to the [[Rebel Alliance]] in order to [[sabotage]] the Empire and to secretly show the Rebels how to destroy the Death Star.

===Alteration===
Retcons sometimes add information that seemingly contradicts previous information. This frequently takes the form of a character who was shown to have died but is later revealed to have somehow survived. This is a common practice in [[horror film]]s, which may end with the death of a monster that goes on to appear in one or more sequels. The technique is so common in [[superhero]] comics<ref name="Leith"/> that the term "[[comic book death]]" has been coined for it. An early example of this type of retcon is the return of [[Sherlock Holmes]], whom writer [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] apparently killed off in "[[The Final Problem]]" in 1893,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=Arthur Conan|last2=Eastman|first2=David|title=The Final Problem|date=1984|publisher=Edward Arnold|location=[[Caulfield East, Victoria]]|isbn=089375613X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/finalproblem00east}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2016}} only to bring him back, in large part because of readers' responses, with "[[The Empty House]]" in 1903. Another example is the character [[Phil Coulson]], who was killed off in the [[Marvel Studios]] film ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012), but is later shown to have survived in the television series ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D]]''.

In many of his detective novels, [[Rex Stout]] implies that his character [[Nero Wolfe]] was born in [[Montenegro]], giving some details of his early life in the [[Balkans]] around [[World War I]]. But in 1939's ''[[Over My Dead Body (novel)|Over My Dead Body]]'', Wolfe tells an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent that he was born in the United States. Stout revealed the reason for the change in a letter obtained by his authorized biographer, John McAleer: "In the original draft of ''Over My Dead Body'' Nero was a Montenegrin by birth, and it all fitted previous hints as to his background; but violent protests from ''[[The American Magazine]]'', supported by Farrar & Rinehart, caused his cradle to be transported five thousand miles."<ref>{{cite book|last1=McAleer|first1=John|title=Rex Stout: A Biography|date=1994|publisher=Brownstone Books|location=[[San Bernardino, California]]|isbn=9780941028103|pages=403, 566|edition=1st}}</ref>

In the 1940s and 1950s, [[Isaac Asimov]] placed the planet [[Trantor]], capital of the Galactic Empire, at the "center of the galaxy", but later astronomical research indicated that the actual [[Galactic Center]] might be occupied by a [[supermassive black hole]], making human life there impossible; in later works, Asimov adjusted his galaxy and Trantor's location in it.

When [[E.E. "Doc" Smith]] wrote the original ''[[The Skylark of Space]]'', space flight was a completely theoretical proposition. However, the last book of the series, ''[[Skylark DuQuesne]]'', was written in 1963, when the United States and the Soviet Union were involved in the [[space race]]. Smith adjusted the past of his series accordingly, mentioning an American base and a Soviet one being established on the [[Moon]] prior to the protagonist Seaton discovering [[faster-than-light]] flight.

[[Alan Moore]]'s retcons often involve [[False memory syndrome|false memories]]. He has used this technique in the ''[[Marvelman]]'' series, ''[[Swamp Thing]]'' and ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke]]''.

Retconning can bring back characters who were initially killed off. An example of this occurs on the CBS comedy ''[[Two and a Half Men]]''. The character Charlie Harper ([[Charlie Sheen]]) was killed in a train accident and briefly returns as a ghost (played by [[Kathy Bates]]) in the ninth season. Despite numerous instances that confirm his demise including the fact that a mutilated body was in his coffin, the season twelve series finale "[[Of Course He's Dead]]", it is revealed that Charlie survived the ordeal and has been held captive against his will for over four years. It is mentioned that there was no body only random body parts. It is also common in [[soap opera]]s. On ''[[The Bold and the Beautiful]]'', [[Taylor Hayes (The Bold and the Beautiful)|Taylor Forrester]] ([[Hunter Tylo]]) was shown to [[flatline]] and have a funeral. When Tylo reprised the character in 2005, a retcon explained that Taylor had actually gone into a coma.

The TV series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'' annulled its entire Season 9 as being just the dream of another character, [[Pam Ewing]]. Writers did this to offer a supposedly plausible reason for the major character of [[Bobby Ewing]], who had died onscreen at the end of Season 8, to be still alive when actor [[Patrick Duffy]] wanted to return to the series. This season is sometimes referred to as the "Dream Season" and was referred to humorously in later TV series such as ''[[Family Guy]]''.

James Bond villain [[Blofeld]] was killed on-screen by being dropped into a factory chimney at the outset of ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981) but brought back to life a generation later in ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]'' (2015); in the new film he was also considerably younger.

In ''[[Beverly Hills 90210]]'', Kelly Taylor starts out in the first season initially not knowing Dylan McKay. Later when Brenda Walsh is sent to Paris with Donna Martin, Kelly Taylor has suddenly known him since kindergarten. This apparent retooling of the storyline contradicted years of prior character development and was apparently done to prepare viewers for [[Shannen Doherty]]'s exit from the series.

Marvel Comics' [[Beyonder]] was originally stated to be [[Omnipotence|omnipotent]] and the most powerful being in Marvel Universe, coming from the Beyond Realm. However, after his creator, [[Jim Shooter]], left Marvel, writer-editor [[Tom DeFalco]] re-tooled the Beyonder, diminishing his power greatly: he was no longer omnipotent, as certain other cosmic entities were retroactively vastly upgraded to transcend the scale of infinity on which the character worked. Even after this, Beyonder was still one of the most powerful beings in Marvel, with several characters exceeding him.

In 2003, in the title of DC Comics' [[Teen Titans]], [[Geoff Johns]] changed the entire genetic code of [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Kon-El]] (the modern version of [[Superboy#Kon-El|Superboy]]) from a genetically altered human clone that was designed to be as [[Kryptonian]] as possible into a hybrid clone of both [[Superman]] and [[Lex Luthor]]. This change contradicted years of continuity and various facts that proved that Kon-El was human and in the process mostly ignored his unique ability of tactile telekinesis that made his powers very different from those of Superman.

In ''[[Boy Meets World]]'', both Shawn Hunter and Topanga Lawrence have siblings in the first season but later in the series are retconned to be only children (though Shawn's half-brother Jack is introduced in later seasons). The ages of the characters of ''Boy Meets World'' are altered notably where Cory is age 11 in 6th grade during season 1 to age 13 and 7th grade in season 2. This happens again in high school skipping another grade. The age gap between Cory and Eric also narrows from 4 years apart in age to 2 years apart in age. Another prominent retcon during that series was that of the character of Morgan Matthews, who was portrayed by two actresses during the show's run; in the series finale of the sequel series ''[[Girl Meets World]]'', the continuity suggests that they were two separate people who both appeared together for the only time during that episode.

===Subtraction===
Unpopular or embarrassing stories are sometimes later ignored by publishers, and effectively erased from a series's continuity. Later stories may contradict the previous ones or explicitly establish that they never happened.

A notable example of subtractive retconning is the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]]. The 2014 film ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]'' features the character [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] traveling in time to 1973 to prevent an assassination that, if carried out, would lead to the creation of a new weapons system called the [[Sentinel (comics)|Sentinels]] that threatens the existence of mutants — and potentially, all of humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/x_men_days_of_future_past/news/1930516/critics_consensus_x-men_days_of_future_past_is_certified_fresh/ |title=Critic Consensus: X-Men: Days of Future Past is Certified Fresh |date=May 22, 2014 |accessdate=May 26, 2014 |last=Ryan |first=Tim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525043810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/x_men_days_of_future_past/news/1930516/critics_consensus_x-men_days_of_future_past_is_certified_fresh/ |archive-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref> The events of this film retconned those of two previous films in the series:
* ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'' (2006)
The film, a loose adaptation of "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]" from the ''[[Uncanny X-Men]]'' comic book series, featured the unceremonious deaths of select key characters (including [[Cyclops (Marvel Comics)|Cyclops]]), triggering a mixed fan response from those who felt the deaths were sudden and under-explored. ''Days of Future Past'' erased these deaths and the characters are shown to have survived at the end of the film. "The Dark Phoenix Saga" would subsequently be adapted a second time in ''[[Dark Phoenix (film)|Dark Phoenix]]'' (2019).
* ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' (2009)
The film featured the character [[Deadpool]], who is created by the character [[Colonel William Stryker]] as an amalgamation of several other mutants. He is referred to as "the Deadpool" due to having the other mutants' abilities "pooled" together. This version of the character was poorly received by fans due to his appearance and origin, both of which were considered unfaithful to the comics version of the character. The events of ''Days of Future Past'' allowed a more faithful version of the character to be adapted in ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]]'' (2016) and [[Deadpool 2|its 2018 sequel]], both of which were positively received by fans and critics.

An unpopular retcon may itself be retconned away, as happened with [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]'s ''[[Spider-Man: Chapter One]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

===Temporal compression===
Film sequels often employ temporal compression to maintain a sense of urgency in each installment, despite more time having elapsed [[diegesis|diegetically]] ("in-universe") between one installment and another than has elapsed in the real world. For example, despite the implied contemporaneity in each of the films of ''[[The Omen]]'' series, the lead character ages some 15 or 20 years across three films released over a period of less than 6 years.

==Related concepts==
Retroactive continuity is similar to, but not the same as, plot inconsistencies introduced accidentally or through lack of concern for continuity; retconning, by comparison, is done deliberately. For example, the ongoing continuity contradictions on episodic TV series such as ''[[The Simpsons]]'' (in which the timeline of the family's history must be [[Floating timeline|continually shifted forward]] to explain they are not getting any older)<ref name="Cross">{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=Mary|title=100 People who Changed 20th-century America, Volume 1|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|isbn=9781610690850|page=591|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVBS79mK7bUC&pg=PA591|accessdate=16 March 2017}}</ref> reflects intentionally lost continuity, not genuine retcons. However, in series with generally tight continuity, retcons are sometimes created after the fact to explain continuity errors, such was the case in ''[[The Flintstones]]'', where [[Wilma Flintstone]] was mistakenly given two separate maiden names, "Pebble" and "Slaghoople", over the course of the series. Upon discovering the discrepancy, the producers settled on "Slaghoople" and retconned it into later series in the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilma Flintstone: A fox in leopard clothing?|url=http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/story.html?id=400b0b01-ec31-42e1-8421-1cb78f133c7c&k=44564|publisher=Canada.com|accessdate=23 August 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622033230/http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/story.html?id=400b0b01-ec31-42e1-8421-1cb78f133c7c&k=44564|archivedate=22 June 2015|df=}}</ref>

Retconning is also generally distinct from replacing the actor who plays a part in an ongoing series, which is more commonly an example of ''loose continuity'' rather than retroactively changing past continuity. The different appearance of the character is either ignored (as was done with the characters of Darrin Stephens and Gladys Kravitz on the television series ''[[Bewitched]]'') or explained within the series, such as with "[[Regeneration (Doctor Who)|regeneration]]" in ''[[Doctor Who]]'', or the Oracle in ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]''. Sometimes, there are referential, inside jokes on actor changes in the show, such as with ''[[My Wife & Kids]]'' and ''[[Roseanne]]'', where there was a change of actresses playing a role (characters Claire Kyle and Becky Conner, respectively). In the latter, another character observes that children can change as they reach adulthood, remarking that when Becky came back from college (played by a new actress), they could not even recognize her.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} When the actor playing Rory was replaced in ''[[Mrs Brown's Boys]]'', the new actor first appeared on set bandaged up, supposedly following cosmetic surgery on his face. When the bandages were removed, the other characters claimed not to notice any difference. A similar set up gag was used with the character of Herr Flick in the BBC sitcom ''[[Allo Allo]]''.

Retconning also differs from direct revision. For example, when [[George Lucas]] re-edited the original ''[[Star Wars]]'' trilogy, he made changes directly to the source material, rather than introducing new source material that contradicted the contents of previous material.

Retconning is not the same as a reboot or reimagining which completely discards the original timeline, such as in ''[[Battlestar Galactica]]''. However, there have been partial reboots of franchises where the core of the franchise is still canonical but the expanded universe is relegated to a secondary continuity which, while not completely invalid, is subject to revision and critical review. ''[[Robotech]]'' is an example of this. With the release of the 2006 sequel film ''[[Robotech The Shadow Chronicles]]'', Harmony Gold established that only the original 1985 animated series and the 2006 sequel film are considered canonical relegating the aborted ''[[Robotech II: The Sentinels]]'', comics, and novels from the 80s and 90s to secondary continuity and, if elements are used from them, they are subject to selective revision and updating as appropriate to mesh with future canonical productions and to prevent conflict with the original animated series. While the [[Jack McKinney (writer)|Jack McKinney]] ''Robotech'' novel ''End of the Circle'' is evidently no longer canon, the prequel comic ''[[Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles]]'' establishes that the general storyline of The Sentinels still occurred in some fashion, but various elements, including the timeline, specific unfolding of events, and some characterizations are different from what was previously depicted in earlier comics and novels. In such cases, the franchise producer may state that there is no intention to address the changes through remakes or direct retellings of such stories. It is essentially left to the viewer's imagination as to how differently the revised story unfolded.

==See also==
{{portal|Writing}}

* [[Historical revisionism]]
* [[List of retroactive continuities]]
* [[Pseudohistory]]
* [[Retronym]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q517361|wikt=retcon|c=no|q=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|s=no|mw=no|species=no}}
*[http://www.websnark.com/archives/2008/01/retconning_just_1.html Essay on retconning] by Eric Burns

[[Category:Continuity (fiction)]]
[[Category:Narrative techniques]]

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 April 21

2020-04-21T11:40:36Z

192.121.232.253: /* World War III (2020) */

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2020|April 20|2020|April 22}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 April 21|April 21]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on April 21, 2020.</noinclude>


====Uber-Local Food====
*{{no redirect|1 = Uber-Local Food }} → [[:Local food]]  ([[Talk:Uber-Local Food|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Uber-Local Food|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uber-Local_Food&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Uber-Local_Food stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Uber-Local Food|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Uber-Local Food]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Uber-Local Food|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Uber-Local Food]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Uber-Local Food|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Uber-Local Food]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

No mention in article [[User:Tsla1337|Tsla1337]] ([[User talk:Tsla1337|talk]]) 11:22, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
====Walmart Connect====
*{{no redirect|1 = Walmart Connect }} → [[:Walmart]]  ([[Talk:Walmart Connect|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Walmart Connect|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walmart_Connect&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Walmart_Connect stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Walmart Connect|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Walmart Connect]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Walmart Connect|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Walmart Connect]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Walmart Connect|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Walmart Connect]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

No mention in article [[User:Tsla1337|Tsla1337]] ([[User talk:Tsla1337|talk]]) 11:21, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
====Japaleno====
*{{no redirect|1 = Japaleno }} → [[:Jalapeño]]  ([[Talk:Japaleno|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Japaleno|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japaleno&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Japaleno stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Japaleno|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Japaleno]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Japaleno|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Japaleno]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Japaleno|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Japaleno]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Implausible misspelling; had 19 pageviews in the past 90 days compared to 98597 for its target. One of the many questionable redirects created by {{user|J4lambert}}. –[[User:LaundryPizza03|LaundryPizza03]] ([[User talk:LaundryPizza03|d]][[Special:Contribs/LaundryPizza03|c̄]]) 04:36, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This just isn't helpful. I agree. [[User:CoffeeWithMarkets|CoffeeWithMarkets]] ([[User talk:CoffeeWithMarkets|talk]]) 10:37, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====Soulstice (Band)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Soulstice (Band) }} → [[:Sino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpa]]  ([[Talk:Soulstice (Band)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Soulstice (Band)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soulstice_(Band)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Soulstice_%28Band%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Soulstice (Band)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Soulstice (Band)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Soulstice (Band)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Soulstice (Band)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Soulstice (Band)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Soulstice (Band)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The article [[Soulstice]] is also about a band, so this redirect is ambiguous, and should be deleted. [[User:GeoffreyT2000|GeoffreyT2000]] ([[User talk:GeoffreyT2000|talk]]) 04:01, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Soulstice]]. People might hold the {{Key|Shift}} key for too long, and it could help them get to this target. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 04:15, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====USC Upstate Spartans basbeall====
*{{no redirect|1 = USC Upstate Spartans basbeall }} → [[:USC Upstate Spartans]]  ([[Talk:USC Upstate Spartans basbeall|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/USC Upstate Spartans basbeall|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC_Upstate_Spartans_basbeall&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=USC_Upstate_Spartans_basbeall stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:USC Upstate Spartans basbeall|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#USC Upstate Spartans basbeall]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:USC Upstate Spartans basbeall|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#USC Upstate Spartans basbeall]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:USC Upstate Spartans basbeall|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#USC Upstate Spartans basbeall]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

While I can see someone searching "basball" (which seems sort of plausible), I'm not sure someone would search "basbeall," which seems less plausible... Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 03:55, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - Well, this seems useless. [[User:CoffeeWithMarkets|CoffeeWithMarkets]] ([[User talk:CoffeeWithMarkets|talk]]) 04:22, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete (as redirect creator)''' - I agree, bad typo. [[User:SportsGuy789|SportsGuy789]] ([[User talk:SportsGuy789|talk]]) 04:48, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====Tony Harris (baskeball player)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Tony Harris (baskeball player) }} → [[:Tony Harris]]  ([[Talk:Tony Harris (baskeball player)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Tony Harris (baskeball player)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Harris_(baskeball_player)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Tony_Harris_%28baskeball_player%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Tony Harris (baskeball player)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Tony Harris (baskeball player)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Tony Harris (baskeball player)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Tony Harris (baskeball player)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Tony Harris (baskeball player)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Tony Harris (baskeball player)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Baskeball Palace of Mid-America }} → [[:Bud Walton Arena]]  ([[Talk:Baskeball Palace of Mid-America|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Baskeball Palace of Mid-America|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baskeball_Palace_of_Mid-America&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Baskeball_Palace_of_Mid-America stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Baskeball Palace of Mid-America|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Baskeball Palace of Mid-America]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Baskeball Palace of Mid-America|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Baskeball Palace of Mid-America]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Baskeball Palace of Mid-America|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Baskeball Palace of Mid-America]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Erebuni Cedars Baskeball }} → [[:Yerevan BC]]  ([[Talk:Erebuni Cedars Baskeball|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Erebuni Cedars Baskeball|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erebuni_Cedars_Baskeball&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Erebuni_Cedars_Baskeball stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Erebuni Cedars Baskeball|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Erebuni Cedars Baskeball]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Erebuni Cedars Baskeball|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Erebuni Cedars Baskeball]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Erebuni Cedars Baskeball|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Erebuni Cedars Baskeball]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Whether or not we've played <del>baskeball</del> basketball, I'm not sure if this is a plausible misspelling, which seems to be why the second and third were moved to their current titles (the first started out as a duplicate article in 2006 before being blanked and redirected three months later to the correctly spelled counterpart, which is now also a redirect to its target). What to do with these? Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 03:47, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete all''' - They're not really helpful. Let's simply be rid of these. [[User:CoffeeWithMarkets|CoffeeWithMarkets]] ([[User talk:CoffeeWithMarkets|talk]]) 03:51, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====World War III (2020)====
*{{no redirect|1 = World War III (2020) }} → [[:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]]  ([[Talk:World War III (2020)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/World War III (2020)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_III_(2020)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=World_War_III_%282020%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:World War III (2020)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#World War III (2020)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:World War III (2020)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#World War III (2020)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:World War III (2020)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#World War III (2020)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

World War III (2020)? It's too soon to have this redirect. [[User:MarioGom|MarioGom]] ([[User talk:MarioGom|talk]]) 00:48, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

I don't see how this fits any of the criterion for a redirect. Nobody refers to pandemics as world wars. [[User:Nmurali02|Nmurali02]] 01:05, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

*'''Delete'''. Kinda ridiculous, actually, that this would even exist. [[User:Oknazevad|oknazevad]] ([[User talk:Oknazevad|talk]]) 01:22, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''', definitely too soon for a [[World War III]], also we don't have [[World War I (1914)]] or [[World War II (1939)]], further invalidating this. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 02:47, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - I agree. No good reason for this to exist. [[User:CoffeeWithMarkets|CoffeeWithMarkets]] ([[User talk:CoffeeWithMarkets|talk]]) 03:27, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' no evidence that COVID19 will cause a World War.--[[Special:Contributions/69.157.252.96|69.157.252.96]] ([[User talk:69.157.252.96|talk]]) 03:52, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' I don't really think I need an explanation for my delete opinion [[User:Zoozaz1|Zoozaz1]] ([[User talk:Zoozaz1|talk]])
*'''Delete''' A pandemic is not World War III. Creator {{user|J4lambert}} has an extensive history of questionable redirects. –[[User:LaundryPizza03|LaundryPizza03]] ([[User talk:LaundryPizza03|d]][[Special:Contribs/LaundryPizza03|c̄]]) 04:34, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
* '''Delete,''' the pandemic is not WWIII, isn't called WWIII, and any pageviews are likely from this very RfD. <code>'''>>[[User:BEANS X2|BEANS X2]]'''[[User talk:BEANS X2|t]]</code> 09:25, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' Pandemic ≠ World war. [[User:Purplneon486|Purplneon486]] ([[User talk:Purplneon486|talk]]) 11:23, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' Absolutely ridiculous comparison. Neither the numbers of dead nor the risk of dying if you catch the virus are anywhere near what was seen during the two world wars (risk of death during a major operation like Stalingrad or D-Day). [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 11:40, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====Stay home, save life====
*{{no redirect|1 = Stay home, save life }} → [[:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]]  ([[Talk:Stay home, save life|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Stay home, save life|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stay_home,_save_life&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Stay_home%2C_save_life stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Stay home, save life|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Stay home, save life]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Stay home, save life|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Stay home, save life]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Stay home, save life|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Stay home, save life]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There are some T-shirts and stickers with this slogan but... do we really want this redirect? [[User:MarioGom|MarioGom]] ([[User talk:MarioGom|talk]]) 00:46, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Implausible that anyone would type this or that it would become a notable topic. – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 01:11, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - Useless. [[User:CoffeeWithMarkets|CoffeeWithMarkets]] ([[User talk:CoffeeWithMarkets|talk]]) 03:40, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Same as below. This is not a plausible search term or link. [[User:Natureium|Natureium]] ([[User talk:Natureium|talk]]) 05:18, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====Like a good neighbor stay over there====
*{{no redirect|1 = Like a good neighbor stay over there }} → [[:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]]  ([[Talk:Like a good neighbor stay over there|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Like a good neighbor stay over there|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_good_neighbor_stay_over_there&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Like_a_good_neighbor_stay_over_there stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Like a good neighbor stay over there|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Like a good neighbor stay over there]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Like a good neighbor stay over there|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Like a good neighbor stay over there]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Like a good neighbor stay over there|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Like a good neighbor stay over there]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There are some T-shirts and stickers with this slogan but... do we really want this redirect? [[User:MarioGom|MarioGom]] ([[User talk:MarioGom|talk]]) 00:46, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*''' Keep '''- Keep per [[WP:CHEAP]], unless there is a better target. --[[User:Jax 0677|Jax 0677]] ([[User talk:Jax 0677|talk]]) 00:51, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Implausible that anyone would type this or that it would become a notable topic. – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 01:10, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' this is not a plausible search term. If I did find this link, I would expect it to redirect to State Farm. [[User:Natureium|Natureium]] ([[User talk:Natureium|talk]]) 01:13, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per Natureium. {{u|[[User:Sdkb|'''Sdkb''']]}} [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 07:09, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

====Uber pwnd====
*{{no redirect|1 = Uber pwnd }} → [[:Pwn]]  ([[Talk:Uber pwnd|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Uber pwnd|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uber_pwnd&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-03-22&end=2020-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Uber_pwnd stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Uber pwnd|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Uber pwnd]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Uber pwnd|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Uber pwnd]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Uber pwnd|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Uber pwnd]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in article [[User:Tsla1337|Tsla1337]] ([[User talk:Tsla1337|talk]]) 00:27, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' Should be added then. – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 01:11, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - Given that "uber" essentially means "mega", "super", "ultra", et cetera a lot of the time, basically every term used in internet conversation can have an "uber" attached to it for emphasis. "[[Uber crazy]]" and "[[uber embarrassing]]" come to mind immediately. Keeping this redirect opens up a big can of worms. This isn't really encyclopedic, anyways. Deletion seems to be the right call. [[User:CoffeeWithMarkets|CoffeeWithMarkets]] ([[User talk:CoffeeWithMarkets|talk]]) 03:55, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Talk:Boris Johnson

2020-04-07T12:21:38Z

192.121.232.253: /* "falsifying a quotation" */

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{{Press
| author = Alex Hern
| title = Boris Johnson says Uber ban in London would be 'difficult'
| org = [[The Guardian]]
| url = http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/16/boris-johnson-uber-ban-london?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2
| date = 16 June 2014
| quote = Johnson also addressed the recent ruling by the ECJ on the "right to be forgotten," saying he could see how it was "practically possible". "I am on the side, basically, of history, free speech, of people's right to know what's going on in the world, and I think there are worse things in life than to have your Wikipedia entry mildly inaccurate – as mine is, at several crucial points," he said.
| author2 = Nish Kumar
| title2 = The Mash Report Series 3 Episode 1
| org2 = [[The Mash Report]]
| url2 = https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m00085bj/the-mash-report-series-3-episode-1
| date2 = 5 September 2019
| quote2 = At this point, I wouldn't be surprised if his name wasn't even Boris Johnson... was the joke we were going to put in here, until someone checked and found out his first name isn't Boris, it's Alexander. [points to Wikipedia screenshot] My main man Xander, he's lied through the entire Brexit process. [...] I'm not even going to talk about all his lies before the referendum because, as we all know, they were ceaseless to the point of his Wikipedia page stating that he has "Five or six children".
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== Semi-protected edit request on 25 March 2020 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Boris Johnson|answered=yes}}
In the section "[[Boris Johnson#Second term: 2012–2016|Second term: 2012–2016]]": 'Johnson also added that he wanted Trump <s>to</s> "to come and see the whole of London' [[Special:Contributions/81.103.37.86|81.103.37.86]] ([[User talk:81.103.37.86|talk]]) 09:56, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

:{{Partly done}}. You're right, but the quote wasn't given correctly, so I've updated it anyway. –[[User:Deacon Vorbis|Deacon Vorbis]] ([[User Talk:Deacon Vorbis|carbon]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deacon Vorbis|videos]]) 13:40, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

== Boris Johnson tests positive for coronavirus ==

ref. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/27/uk/uk-boris-johnson-coronavirus-gbr-intl/index.html
Why it is not covered in the article??? He announced it himself. Without references the article's length is 33 pages. I would say there is a plenty of room to include this serious, important and breaking news in the main article. What do you think about it? [[Special:Contributions/87.97.87.149|87.97.87.149]] ([[User talk:87.97.87.149|talk]]) 14:23, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
:It is in the article, in both the lead and the text. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 14:51, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

== Coronavirus pandemic in lead ==

{{ping|EddieHugh}} in your recent edit you removed everything about the coronavirus pandemic from the lead. Would it not be better to keep the first sentence. The fact he tested positive may be [[WP:RECENTISM]], but the pandemic itself is historically significant and in my view should be in the intro. [[User:Andysmith248|Andysmith248]] ([[User talk:Andysmith248|talk]]) 21:39, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
:I think that the part {{tq|The [[2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]] emerged as a serious crisis within the first few months of Johnson gaining the 2019 majority}} or some variant of it should remain. [[User:Andysmith248|Andysmith248]] ([[User talk:Andysmith248|talk]]) 21:45, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
::There's no rush. Wikipedia is here to stay. It's an encyclopedia, not a newspaper: at the moment, no one knows how significant recent events will be for Johnson (this, specifically, is what matters for this article). We can wait and find out how important it becomes for him, then summarise what happened in the lead. [[User:EddieHugh|EddieHugh]] ([[User talk:EddieHugh|talk]]) 22:40, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
:Currently only worth putting in the main body of the article unless it becomes very significant to his overall [[Premiership of Boris Johnson|premiership]]. Regards [[User:Spy-cicle| Spy-cicle💥 ]] [[User talk:Spy-cicle#top|''Talk''?]] 23:33, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
::I'd say it's worth a mention, if briefly, at the bottom of the third paragraph. Something along the lines of "Johnson led the UK through its exit from the European Union and then the Coronovirus outbreak." [[User:Midnightblueowl|Midnightblueowl]] ([[User talk:Midnightblueowl|talk]]) 11:04, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
:::He certainly hasn't led the UK though the Coronovirus outbreak! We can't say that until it's over. [[User:EddieHugh|EddieHugh]] ([[User talk:EddieHugh|talk]]) 16:38, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

== He got COVID-19 by being reckless ==

Shortly before he announced he had the virus he said "he shook hands with everybody".https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2020/mar/27/i-shook-hands-with-everybody-says-boris-johnson-weeks-before-coronavirus-diagnosis-video ([[User:Fran Bosh|Fran Bosh]] ([[User talk:Fran Bosh|talk]]) 13:51, 31 March 2020 (UTC))
:Not shortly, it was weeks earlier. [[User:EddieHugh|EddieHugh]] ([[User talk:EddieHugh|talk]]) 18:44, 31 March 2020 (UTC)
::OK. Please add A few weeks before he announced he had the virus he said "he shook hands with everybody". ([[User:Fran Bosh|Fran Bosh]] ([[User talk:Fran Bosh|talk]]) 22:31, 1 April 2020 (UTC))
:Do you have a reliable source which states that he contracted COVID-19 as a result of shaking hands? Otherwise, saying he got it for being "reckless" would be [[WP:OR]]. Regards [[User:Spy-cicle| Spy-cicle💥 ]] [[User talk:Spy-cicle#top|''Talk''?]] 22:34, 1 April 2020 (UTC)
* 'I shook hands with everybody,' says Boris Johnson weeks before coronavirus diagnosis – [[https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2020/mar/27/i-shook-hands-with-everybody-says-boris-johnson-weeks-before-coronavirus-diagnosis-video video]] --[[Special:Contributions/217.234.65.245|217.234.65.245]] ([[User talk:217.234.65.245|talk]]) 22:22, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

== "falsifying a quotation" ==

The article says Mr Johnson was "dismissed for falsifying a quotation". This makes it sound as if it was a literary quotation which was at stake (e.g. suggesting that Shakespeare wrote "Where art thou Romeo?" instead of "Wherefore art thou Romeo?") – though that's admittedly a dreadful thing to do, one would have thought it excessively punitive to treat it as a sackable offence. If he deliberately misreported what someone had said, or distorted what they said so as to misrepresent them or present them in an unfavourable light, that would be quite a different matter. This should be clarified. [[User:Deipnosophista|Deipnosophista]] ([[User talk:Deipnosophista|talk]]) 09:32, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

: " This makes it sound as if it was a literary quotation '''that''' was at stake" - no, the meaning of quotation in a journalistic context is quite well established. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:A4BA:5E0E:4DAB:8453|2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:A4BA:5E0E:4DAB:8453]] ([[User talk:2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:A4BA:5E0E:4DAB:8453|talk]]) 10:23, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

::I'm not defending BoJo, but compressing, jazzing up or shortening a quoted line from an interview or a written document is quite common practice among newspaper journalists today, there are thousans of examples of it that are never questioned. And I'm not talking about merely removing aaahs, ahems and false-start phrases.[[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 12:21, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

== Boris Johnson moved to intensive care ==

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52192604 I think this should be added under section 5.7 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/87.75.83.135|87.75.83.135]] ([[User talk:87.75.83.135#top|talk]]) 19:27, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 
:{{Done}}. [[User:El_C|El_C]] 19:31, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

== Reactions to hospitalisation ==

While Johnson's hospitalisation is obviously notable for this article, does it really need mentions of the sympathies from other politicians? Even if they are Labour, it's not really saying anything that they feel sorry for a man in intensive care. It would be far more notable if a political rival said something callous, and thankfully that hasn't happened. [[User:Wallachia Wallonia|Wallachia Wallonia]] ([[User talk:Wallachia Wallonia|talk]]) 22:11, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
:I think it is worth mentioning a few notable politians like [[Iain Duncan Smith]], [[Keir Starmer]] and [[Sadiq Khan]], more so if they are not Conservative. Of course, we do not want a long list of people saying 'I hope he gets better', etc. Regards [[User:Spy-cicle| Spy-cicle💥 ]] [[User talk:Spy-cicle#top|''Talk''?]] 23:44, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
::Concur with Spy Circle a selected few will do, certainly no need for a long list of people all basically saying the same thing. –[[User:Davey2010|'''Davey''''''2010''']][[User talk:Davey2010|'''Talk''']] 01:03, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Kraftwerk

2020-03-13T10:59:37Z

192.121.232.253: /* Influence and legacy */

{{about|the band|their debut album|Kraftwerk (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kraftwerk
| image = Kraftwerk - Finlandia Talo Helsinki - Thursday 15th February 2018 KraftWHelsink150218-4 (40298108672).jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Kraftwerk in [[Helsinki]], in 2018
| background = group_or_band
| origin = [[Düsseldorf]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[West Germany]]
| genre = {{flatlist| 
* [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
* [[synth-pop]]<ref name="ind">{{cite web |last1=Stubbs |first1=David |title=Ladies und Gentlemen, the future has arrived |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/ladies-und-gentlemen-the-future-has-arrived-8468340.html |website=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=24 October 2016 |date=27 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[electro-pop]]<ref name="Independentconference">{{cite web |last1=Lusher |first1=Adam |title=The Kraftwerk conference: Why a bunch of academics consider the German electropoppers worthy of their own symposium |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-kraftwerk-conference-why-a-bunch-of-academics-consider-the-german-electropoppers-worthy-of-their-9993879.html |website=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=11 September 2016 |date=21 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[art pop]]<ref name="moma">{{cite web |last1=Michaels |first1=Sean |title=Kraftwerk announce residency at New York's Moma |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/feb/16/kraftwerk-residency-new-york-moma |website=[[The Guardian]] | accessdate=12 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[krautrock]]<ref name="McCormick" />
* [[avant-garde music|avant-garde]]<ref name="Independentconference"/>
}}
| years_active = {{start date|1970}}–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Kling Klang Studio|Kling Klang]]
* [[EMI]]
* [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* [[Philips Records|Philips]]
* [[Vertigo Records|Vertigo]]
* [[Mute Records|Mute]]
* [[Astralwerks]]
* [[Elektra Records|Elektra]]
* [[Parlophone]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Neu!]]
* [[Organisation (band)|Organisation]]
* [[Ibliss]]
}}
| website = {{URL|kraftwerk.com}}
| current_members = {{unbulleted list|[[Ralf Hütter]] | [[Fritz Hilpert]] | Henning Schmitz | [[Falk Grieffenhagen]]}}
| past_members = {{unbulleted list|[[Florian Schneider]] | Houschäng Nejadépour|Plato Kostic|Peter Schmidt|Karl Weiss|Thomas Lohmann|Eberhard Kranemann|Andreas Hohmann|[[Klaus Dinger]] | [[Michael Rother]] | [[Emil Schult]] | [[Wolfgang Flür]] | [[Klaus Röder]] | [[Karl Bartos]] | [[Fernando Abrantes]] | Stefan Pfaffe}}
}}

'''Kraftwerk''' ({{IPA-de|ˈkʁaftvɛɐ̯k|lang}}, {{literally}} "[[power station]]") is a German band formed in [[Düsseldorf]] in 1970 by [[Ralf Hütter]] and [[Florian Schneider]]. Widely considered as innovators and pioneers of [[electronic music]], they were among the first successful acts to popularize the genre.<ref name="allmusic">{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000104714|tab=biography|label=Artist Biography by Jason Ankeny|first=Jason|last=Ankeny|accessdate=11 September 2012}}</ref> The group began as part of West Germany's experimental [[krautrock]] scene in the early 1970s before fully embracing electronic instrumentation, including [[synthesizer]]s, [[drum machine]]s, and [[vocoder]]s.

On commercially successful albums such as ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' (1974), ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' (1977), and ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (1978), Kraftwerk developed a self-described "robot pop" style<ref name="allmusic" /> that combined electronic music with [[pop music|pop]] melodies, sparse arrangements, and repetitive rhythms, while adopting a stylized image including matching suits. Following the release of ''[[Electric Café]]'' (1986), member [[Wolfgang Flür]] left the group in 1987; the band's other longtime percussionist, [[Karl Bartos]], did the same in 1990. Founding member Schneider departed in 2008.

The band's work has influenced a diverse range of artists and many genres of modern music, including [[synthpop]], [[hip hop]], [[post-punk]], [[techno]], [[ambient music|ambient]], and [[club music]]. In 2014, [[the Recording Academy]] honoured Kraftwerk with a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]].<ref>Grammy Academy. [http://www.grammy.com/news/lifetime-achievement-award-kraftwerk "Lifetime Achievement Award: Kraftwerk"]. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, 14 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014</ref> Their latest album ''[[3-D The Catalogue]]'' was released in 2017. As of 2019, the remaining members of the band continue to tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kraftwerk.com/concerts/index-concerts.html |title=CONCERTS |website=Kraftwerk.com |accessdate=29 January 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Formation and early years (1969–73) ===
[[Florian Schneider]] (flutes, synthesizers, violin) and [[Ralf Hütter]] (organ, synthesizers) met as students at the [[Robert Schumann Hochschule]] in Düsseldorf in the late 1960s, participating in the German [[experimental music]] and art scene of the time, which ''[[Melody Maker]]'' jokingly dubbed "[[krautrock]]".<ref name="Bussy">{{cite book |last=Bussy |first=Pascal |title=Kraftwerk—Man, Machine & Music |publisher=SAF Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-946719-70-9}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2019}} They joined a quintet known as [[Organisation (band)|Organisation]], which released one album, ''[[Tone Float]]'' in 1969, issued on [[RCA Records]] in the UK, and split shortly thereafter.<ref>Pascal Bussy: "Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music", SAF Publishing Ltd., Reprinted 1993, 1997, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-946719-70-9}}</ref> Schneider became interested in synthesizers, deciding to acquire one in 1970. While visiting an exhibition in their hometown about visual artists [[Gilbert and George]], they saw "two men wearing suits and ties, claiming to bring art into everyday life. The same year, Hütter and Schneider started bringing everyday life into art and form Kraftwerk".<ref name="Rogers">{{cite news |first=Jude |last=Rogers |authorlink=Jude Rogers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/27/kraftwerk-most-influential-electronic-band-tate |title=Why Kraftwerk are still the world's most influential band |newspaper=The Observer |date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref>

Early Kraftwerk line-ups from 1970 to 1974 fluctuated, as Hütter and Schneider worked with around a half-dozen other musicians during the preparations for and the recording of three albums and sporadic live appearances, most notably guitarist [[Michael Rother]] and drummer [[Klaus Dinger]], who left to form [[Neu!]]<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} The only constant figure in these line-ups was Schneider, whose main instrument at the time was the flute; at times he also played the violin and guitar, all processed through a varied array of electronic devices. Hütter, who left the band for eight months to focus on completing his university studies, played synthesizer and keyboards (including Farfisa organ and electric piano).{{cn|date=June 2019}}

The band released two free-form experimental rock albums, ''[[Kraftwerk (album)|Kraftwerk]]'' (1970) and ''[[Kraftwerk 2]]''. The albums were mostly exploratory musical improvisations played on a variety of traditional instruments including guitar, bass, drums, organ, flute, and violin. Post-production modifications to these recordings were used to distort the sound of the instruments, particularly audio-tape manipulation and multiple dubbings of one instrument on the same track. Both albums are purely instrumental. Live performances from 1972 to 1973 were made as a duo, using a simple beat-box-type electronic [[drum machine]], with preset rhythms taken from an electric organ. These shows were mainly in Germany, with occasional shows in France.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Later in 1973, [[Wolfgang Flür]] joined the group for rehearsals, and the unit performed as a trio on the television show ''Aspekte'' for German television network [[ZDF]].<ref name="iwasarobot">{{cite book |last=Flür |first=Wolfgang |authorlink=Wolfgang Flür |title="Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot |publisher=Sanctuary Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-86074-417-4}}</ref>

With ''[[Ralf und Florian]]'', released in 1973, Kraftwerk began to rely more heavily on synthesizers and drum machines. Although almost entirely instrumental, the album marks Kraftwerk's first use of the [[vocoder]], which would in time become one of its musical signatures. According to English music journalist [[Simon Reynolds]], Kraftwerk were influenced by what he called the "adrenalized insurgency" of Detroit artists of the late '60s [[MC5]] and [[the Stooges]].<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite book |last=Simon |first=Reynolds |authorlink=Simon Reynolds |title=Generation Ecstasy: into the world of techno and rave culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1999}}</ref>

The input, expertise, and influence of producer and engineer [[Conny Plank|Konrad "Conny" Plank]] was highly significant in the early years of Kraftwerk. Plank also worked with many of the other leading German electronic acts of that time, including members of [[Can (band)|Can]], Neu!, [[Cluster (band)|Cluster]], and [[Harmonia (band)|Harmonia]]. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk, Plank's studio near [[Cologne]] became one of the most sought-after studios in the late 1970s. Plank coproduced the first four Kraftwerk albums.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

=== International breakthrough: ''Autobahn'' and ''Radioactivity'' (1974–76) ===
[[File:Kraftwerk by Ueli Frey (1976).jpg|left|270px|thumb|Concert in [[Zürich]], 1976]]

{{Listen
| filename = Kraftwerk - Autobahn (excerpt).ogg
| title="Autobahn"
| description = An excerpt from Autobahn's closing section.
| pos = right
}}

The release of ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' in 1974 saw Kraftwerk moving away from the sound of its first three albums. Hütter and Schneider had invested in newer technology such as the [[Minimoog]] and the [[EMS Synthi AKS]], helping give Kraftwerk a newer, "disciplined" sound. ''Autobahn'' would also be the last album that [[Conny Plank]] would engineer. After the commercial success of ''Autobahn'' in the US, where it peaked at number 5 in the [[Billboard 200|Billboard Top LPs & Tapes]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/kraftwerk-p4706/charts-awards/billboard-albums |title=allmusic ((( Kraftwerk > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ))) |website=AllMusic |accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref> Hütter and Schneider invested in updating their studio, thus lessening their reliance on outside producers. At this time the painter and graphic artist [[Emil Schult]] became a regular collaborator, designing artwork, cowriting lyrics, and accompanying the group on tour.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

The year 1975 saw a turning point in Kraftwerk's live shows. With financial support from [[Phonogram Inc.]], in the US, they were able to undertake a multi-date tour to promote the ''Autobahn'' album, a tour which took them to the US, Canada and the UK for the first time. The tour also saw a new, stable, live line-up in the form of a quartet. Hütter and Schneider continued playing keyboard synthesizers such as the [[Minimoog]] and [[ARP Odyssey]], with Schneider's use of flute diminishing. The pair also started singing live for the first time, and Schneider processing his voice with a vocoder live. Wolfgang Flür and new recruit [[Karl Bartos]] performed on home-made electronic percussion instruments. Bartos also used a Deagan [[vibraphone]] on stage. The Hütter-Schneider-Bartos-Flür formation remained in place until the late 1980s and is now regarded as the classic live line-up of Kraftwerk. Emil Schult generally fulfilled the role of tour manager.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

After the 1975 ''Autobahn'' tour, Kraftwerk began work on a follow-up album, ''[[Radio-Activity]]'' (German title: ''Radio-Aktivität''). After further investment in new equipment, the [[Kling Klang Studio]] became a fully working recording studio. The group used the central theme in radio communication, which had become enhanced on their last tour of the United States. With Emil Schult working on artwork and lyrics, Kraftwerk began to compose music for the new record. Even though ''Radio-Activity'' was less commercially successful than ''Autobahn'' in the UK and United States, the album served to open up the European market for Kraftwerk, earning them a [[gold disc]] in France. Kraftwerk made videos and performed several European live dates to promote the album. With the release of ''Autobahn'' and ''Radio-Activity'', Kraftwerk left behind avant-garde experimentation and moved towards the electronic pop tunes for which they are best known.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

In 1976, Kraftwerk toured in support of the ''Radio-Activity'' album. [[David Bowie]] was among the fans of the record and invited the band to support him on his ''[[Station to Station]]'' tour, an offer the group declined.<ref>[[Richard Witts|Witts, Richard]]. "Vorsprung durch Technik ? Kraftwerk and the British Fixation with Germany". reproduced in "Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop". Continuum Books 2012</ref> Despite some innovations in touring, Kraftwerk took a break from live performances after the ''Radio-Activity'' tour of 1976.

=== ''Trans-Europe Express'', ''The Man-Machine'' and ''Computer World'' (1977–82) ===
After having finished the Radio-Activity tour Kraftwerk began recording ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' (German: ''Trans-Europa Express'') at the Kling Klang Studio.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} ''Trans-Europe Express'' was mixed at the [[Record Plant Studios]] in Los Angeles. It was around this time that Hütter and Schneider met David Bowie at the Kling Klang Studio. A collaboration was mentioned in an interview ([[Brian Eno]]) with Hütter, but it never materialised. The release of ''Trans-Europe Express'' in March 1977<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} was marked with an extravagant train journey used as a press conference by EMI France. The album won a disco award in New York later that year.

In May 1978 Kraftwerk released ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (German: ''Die Mensch-Maschine''), recorded at the Kling Klang Studio. Due to the complexity of the recording, the album was mixed at Studio Rudas in Düsseldorf. The band hired sound engineer Leanard Jackson from Detroit to work with Joschko Rudas on the final mix. ''The Man-Machine'' was the first Kraftwerk album where [[Karl Bartos]] was cocredited as a songwriter. The cover, produced in black, white and red, was inspired by Russian artist [[El Lissitzky]] and the [[Suprematism]] movement. Gunther Frohling photographed the group for the cover, a now-iconic image which featured the quartet dressed in red shirts and black ties. After it was released Kraftwerk did not released another album for three years.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

In May 1981 Kraftwerk released ''[[Computer World]]'' (German: ''Computerwelt'') on EMI records.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} It was recorded at Kling Klang Studio between 1978 and 1981.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Much of this time was spent modifying the studio to make it portable so the band could take it on tour.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Some of the electronic vocals on ''Computer World'' were generated using a [[Texas Instruments]] language translator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datamath.org/Speech/LanguageTranslator.htm |title=Datamath |publisher=Datamath |date=5 December 2001 |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> "[[Computer Love (Kraftwerk song)|Computer Love]]" was released as a single backed with the ''Man-Machine'' track "[[Das Model|The Model]]".<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Radio DJs were more interested in the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] so the single was repackaged by EMI and re-released with "The Model" as the A-side. The single reached number one in the UK, making "The Model" Kraftwerk's most successful song in that country.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} As a result, the ''Man-Machine'' album also became a success in the UK, peaking at number 9 in the [[UK albums chart|album chart]] in February 1982.<ref name="uk chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/kraftwerk/#albums |title=Kraftwerk albums Chart |website=Officialcharts.com |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref> The band's live set focused increasingly on song-based material, with greater use of vocals and the use of sequencing equipment for both percussion and music. In contrast to their cool and controlled image, the group used sequencers interactively, which allowed for live improvisation. Ironically Kraftwerk did not own a computer at the time of recording ''Computer World''.

Kraftwerk returned to live performance with the ''Computer World'' tour of 1981, where the band effectively packed up its entire Kling Klang studio and took it along on the road. They also made greater use of live visuals including back-projected slides and films synchronized with the music as the technology developed, the use of hand-held miniaturized instruments during the set (for example, during "Pocket Calculator"), and, perhaps most famously, the use of replica [[mannequin]]s of themselves to perform on stage during the song "The Robots".

=== ''Tour de France'' and ''Electric Café'' (1982–89) ===
In 1982 Kraftwerk began to work on a new album that initially had the working title ''[[Technicolor]]'' but due to trademark issues was changed to ''[[Techno Pop]]''. One of the songs from these recording sessions was "[[Tour de France (song)|Tour de France]]", which [[EMI]] released as a single in 1983. This song was a reflection of the band's new-found obsession for cycling. After the physically demanding ''Computer World'' tour, Ralf Hütter had been looking for forms of exercise that fitted in with the image of Kraftwerk; subsequently he encouraged the group to become vegetarians and take up cycling. "Tour de France" included sounds that followed this theme including bicycle chains, gear mechanisms and the breathing of the cyclist. At the time of the single's release Ralf Hütter tried to persuade the rest of the band that they should record a whole album based on cycling. The other members of the band were not convinced, and the theme was left to the single alone.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} "Tour de France" was released in German and French. The vocals of the song were recorded on the Kling Klang Studio stairs to create the right atmosphere.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} "Tour de France" was featured in the 1984 film ''[[Breakin']]'', showing the influence that Kraftwerk had on black American dance music.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

In May or June of 1982,<ref>[[Karl Bartos]] 2017, ''Der Klang der Maschine'', ch. 12</ref>, during the recording of "Tour de France", Ralf Hütter was involved in a serious cycling accident.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} He suffered head injuries and remained in a coma for several days. During 1983 Wolfgang Flür was beginning to spend less time in the studio. Since the band began using sequencers his role as a drummer was becoming less frequent. He preferred to spend his time travelling with his girlfriend. Flür was also experiencing artistic difficulties with the band. Though he toured the world with Kraftwerk as a drummer in 1981, his playing does not appear on that year's ''Computer World'' or on the 1986 album ''Electric Café''. In 1987 he left the band and was replaced by [[Fritz Hilpert]].

=== ''The Mix'' (1990–99) ===
After years of withdrawal from live performance Kraftwerk began to tour Europe more frequently. In February 1990 the band played a few secret shows in Italy. Karl Bartos left the band shortly afterwards. The next proper tour was in 1991, for the album ''[[The Mix (Kraftwerk album)|The Mix]]''. Hütter and Schneider wished to continue the synth-pop quartet style of presentation, and recruited [[Fernando Abrantes]] as a replacement for Bartos. Abrantes left the band shortly after though. In late 1991, long-time Kling Klang Studio sound engineer Henning Schmitz was brought in to finish the remainder of the tour and to complete a new version of the quartet that remained active until 2008.

In 1997 Kraftwerk made a famous appearance at the dance festival [[Tribal Gathering]] held in England.<ref>[http://www.physicsroom.org.nz/2cents/kraftwerk.htm 2 Cents: Kraftwerk, Tribal Gathering] (25 May 1997).</ref> In 1998, the group toured the US and Japan for the first time since 1981, along with shows in [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]]. Three new songs were performed during this period, which remain unreleased. Following this trek, the group decided to take another break.<ref>[http://www.kraftworld.com.br/concerts/1998Tour.htm "Kraftworld, Kraftwerk 1998" Tour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235555/http://kraftworld.com.br/concerts/1998Tour.htm |date=24 March 2009 }}. ''kraftworld.com''. Retrieved 5 March 2009</ref>

In July 1999 the single "Tour de France" was reissued in Europe by EMI after it had been [[out of print]] for several years. It was released for the first time on CD in addition to a repressing of the 12-inch vinyl single. Both versions feature slightly altered artwork that removed the faces of Flür and Bartos from the four-man cycling paceline depicted on the original cover. In 1999 ex-member Flür published his autobiography in Germany, ''Ich war ein Roboter''. Later English-language editions of the book were titled ''Kraftwerk: I Was a Robot''.

The single "[[Expo 2000 (song)|Expo 2000]]" was released in December 1999. The track was remixed and re-released as "Expo Remix" in November 2000.

=== Touring the world (2000–09) ===
[[File:Kraftwerk live in Stockholm.jpg|thumb|In [[Stockholm]], February 2004]]
In August 2003 the band released ''[[Tour de France Soundtracks]]'', its first album of new material since 1986's ''Electric Café''. In January and February 2003, before the release of the album, the band started the extensive ''Minimum-Maximum'' world tour, using four customised [[Sony]] [[VAIO]] laptop computers, effectively leaving the entire Kling Klang studio at home in Germany. The group also obtained a new set of transparent video panels to replace its four large projection screens. This greatly streamlined the running of all of the group's sequencing, sound-generating, and visual-display software. From this point, the band's equipment increasingly reduced manual playing, replacing it with interactive control of sequencing equipment. Hütter retained the most manual performance, still playing musical lines by hand on a controller keyboard and singing live vocals and having a repeating [[ostinato]]. Schneider's live vocoding had been replaced by software-controlled speech-synthesis techniques. In November, the group made a surprising appearance at the MTV European Music Awards in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, performing "Aerodynamik". The same year a promotional box set entitled ''12345678'' (subtitled ''The Catalogue'') was issued, with plans for a proper commercial release to follow. The box featured [[Audio mastering|remastered]] editions of the group's eight core studio albums, from ''Autobahn'' to ''Tour de France Soundtracks''. This long-awaited box-set would eventually be released in a different set of remasters in November 2009.

In June 2005 the band's first-ever official live album, ''[[Minimum-Maximum]]'', which was compiled from the shows during the band's tour of spring 2004, received extremely positive reviews.<ref name="taylor">Tony Naylor. [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kraftwerk/7663 "Kraftwerk: Minimum-Maximum Live"]. ''[[NME]]'', 2 June 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> The album contained reworked tracks from existing studio albums. This included a track titled "Planet of Visions" that was a reworking of "Expo 2000". In support of this release, Kraftwerk made another quick sweep around the Balkans with dates in [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Turkey]], and Greece. In December, the [[Minimum-Maximum (video)|''Minimum-Maximum'' DVD]] was released. During 2006, the band performed at festivals in Norway, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Spain, Belgium, and Germany.

In April 2008 the group played three shows in US cities [[Minneapolis]], [[Milwaukee]], and [[Denver]], and were a coheadliner at the [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]]. This was their second appearance at the festival since 2004. Further shows were performed in Ireland, Poland, [[Ukraine]], Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore later that year. The touring quartet consisted of Ralf Hütter, Henning Schmitz, [[Fritz Hilpert]], and video technician Stefan Pfaffe, who became an official member in 2008. Original member Florian Schneider was absent from the lineup. Hütter stated that he was working on other projects.<ref>{{cite news |first=Graham |last=Reid |title=Interview: Ralf Hutter of Kraftwerk |date=27 September 2008 |work=The New Zealand Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10534357&pnum=0 |accessdate=27 September 2008}}</ref> On 21 November, Kraftwerk officially confirmed Florian Schneider's departure from the band.<ref>{{cite news |author=Music |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4144592/Kraftwerks-co-founder-Florian-Schneider-leaves-band.html |title=Kraftwerk's co-founder Florian Schneider leaves band |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=7 January 2009 |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' commented on that incident: "There is something brilliantly Kraftwerkian about the news that Florian Schneider, a founder member of the German electronic pioneers, is leaving the band to pursue a solo career. Many successful bands break up after just a few years. It has apparently taken Schneider and his musical partner, Ralf Hütter, four decades to discover musical differences."<ref name="independent editorial">[https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/leading-article-nice-werk-1229948.html Editorials leading article: "Nice Werk"]. ''The Independent''. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> Kraftwerk's headline set at Global Gathering in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 November was cancelled moments before it was scheduled to begin, due to a Fritz Hilpert heart problem.<ref>''[http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/aust/40542/Illness_forces_Kraftwerk_to_miss_Melbourne_Global_Gathering Illness forces Kraftwerk to miss Melbourne Global Gathering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220181704/http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/aust/40542/Illness_forces_Kraftwerk_to_miss_Melbourne_Global_Gathering |date=20 December 2008 }}'', inthemix.com.au (23 November 2008)</ref>

In 2009, Kraftwerk performed concerts with special 3D background graphics in Wolfsburg, Germany; Manchester, UK; and Randers, Denmark. Members of the audience were able to watch this multimedia part of the show with 3D glasses, which were given out. During the Manchester concert (part of the 2009 [[Manchester International Festival]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.co.uk/ |title=MIF.co.uk |website=MIF.co.uk |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> four members of the GB cycling squad ([[Jason Kenny]], [[Ed Clancy]], [[Jamie Staff]] and [[Geraint Thomas]]) rode around the Velodrome while the band performed "Tour de France".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jul/03/popandrock-kraftwerk |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Kraftwerk/Steve Reich |first=Dave |last=Simpson |date=3 July 2009 |accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref> The group also played several festival dates, the last being at the [[Bestival 2009]] in September, on the [[Isle of Wight]].<ref>''[http://ventnorblog.com/bestival-09-kraftwerk-and-massive-attack-headline/ Kraftwerk to headline Bestival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302065209/http://ventnorblog.com/bestival-09-kraftwerk-and-massive-attack-headline/ |date=2 March 2009 }}'', ventnorblog.com (26 February 2009)</ref> 2009 also saw the release of ''[[The Catalogue]]'' box set in November.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=P25715_0_2_0 |title=More and more remastered Kraftwerk eight-CD promo boxed sets auctioned via eBay |website=Side-line.com |date=1 December 2012 |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> It is a 12" album-sized box set containing all eight remastered CDs in cardboard slipcases, as well as LP-sized booklets of photographs and artwork for each individual album.

=== ''The Catalogue'' and continued touring (2010–present) ===
Although not officially confirmed, Ralf Hütter suggested that a second boxed set of their first three experimental albums—''[[Kraftwerk (album)|Kraftwerk]]'', ''[[Kraftwerk 2]]'' and ''[[Ralf and Florian]]''—could be on its way, possibly seeing commercial release after their next studio album: "We've just never really taken a look at those albums. They've always been available, but as really bad [[bootleg recording|bootlegs]]. Now we have more artwork. [[Emil Schult|Emil]] has researched extra contemporary drawings, graphics, and photographs to go with each album, collections of paintings that we worked with, and drawings that Florian and I did. We took a lot of [[instant camera|Polaroids]] in those days." Kraftwerk also released an [[iOS]] app called Kraftwerk Kling Klang Machine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Witter |first=Simon |title=Article |website=Kraftwerk.technopop.com.br | url=http://kraftwerk.technopop.com.br/interview_123.php |date=Spring 2006}}</ref> The Lenbach House in Munich exhibited some Kraftwerk 3-D pieces in Autumn 2011. Kraftwerk performed three concerts to open the exhibit.<ref name="Lenbachhaus">{{cite web |title=Lenbachhaus – Kunstbau |url=http://www.lenbachhaus.de/cms/index.php?id=51&cHash=cc4d30f42b&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=176&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1&L=1 |website=Lenbachhaus.de |accessdate=14 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426000911/http://www.lenbachhaus.de/cms/index.php?id=51&cHash=cc4d30f42b&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=176&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1&L=1 |archivedate=26 April 2012}}</ref>

Kraftwerk played at Ultra Music Festival in Miami on 23 March 2012. Initiated by [[Klaus Biesenbach]], the [[Museum of Modern Art]] of New York organized an exhibit titled ''Kraftwerk – Retrospective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8'' where the band performed their studio discography from ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' to ''[[Tour de France Soundtracks|Tour de France]]'' over the course of eight days to sell-out crowds. The exhibit later toured to the [[Tate Gallery]] as well as to [https://www.kunstsammlung.de/en/home.html K21] in Düsseldorf. Kraftwerk performed at the No Nukes 2012 Festival in [[Tokyo, Japan]]. Kraftwerk were also going to play at the Ultra Music Festival in [[Warsaw]], but the event was cancelled; instead, Kraftwerk performed at Way Out West in [[Gothenburg]]. A limited edition version of the ''Catalogue'' box set was released during the retrospective, restricted to 2000 sets. Each box was individually numbered and inverted the colour scheme of the standard box. In December, Kraftwerk stated on their website that they would be playing their ''Catalogue'' in Düsseldorf and at London's Tate Modern. Kraftwerk tickets were priced at £60 in London, but fans compared that to the $20 ticket price for tickets at New York's MoMA in 2012, which caused consternation. Even so, the demand for the tickets at The Tate was so high that it shut down the website.
[[File:KraftwerkLiseberg082019.jpg|thumb|An image of a Kraftwerk concert in Liseberg on 30-08-2019]]
In March 2013, the band was not allowed to perform at a music festival in China due to unspecified "political reasons".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/29/kraftwerk-denied-festival-appearance-in-china Kraftwerk denied festival appearance in China]. ''The Guardian''. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> In an interview in June after performing the eight albums of ''The Catalogue'' in Sydney, Ralf Hütter stated: "Now we have finished one to eight, now we can concentrate on number nine."<ref name="Street">P Street, Andrew. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2013/jun/12/kraftwerk-new-album-catalogue-sydney Kraftwerk's Ralf Hütter: 'Now we can concentrate on album number nine']. ''The Guardian''. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> In July, they performed at the 47th Montreux Jazz Festival. The band also played a 3-D concert on 12 July at Scotland's biggest festival – [[T in the Park]] – in Balado, Kinross, as well as 20 July at [[Latitude Festival]] in Suffolk, and 21 July at the Longitude Festival in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/sun-cream-at-the-ready-as-longtitude-festival-gets-underway-in-marlay-park-1.1467913 |title=Sun cream at the ready as Longtitude festival gets underway in Marlay Park |work=[[The Irish Times]] | date=19 June 2018 |first1=Ronan |last1=McGreevy}}</ref>

In October 2013 the band played four concerts, over two nights, in [[Eindhoven]], Netherlands. The venue, [[Evoluon]] (the former technology museum of [[Philips Electronics]], now a conference center) was handpicked by Ralf Hütter,<ref>{{cite web |author=Reageren Uw reactie Naam E-mail adres Versturen |title=Kraftwerk: 'Optreden in Evoluon is geweldig' |url=http://www.ed.nl/extra/muziek/kraftwerk-optreden-in-evoluon-is-geweldig-1.4058625 |website=Ed.nl |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> for its [[retro-futuristic]] UFO-like architecture. Bespoke visuals of the building, with the saucer section descending from space, were displayed during the rendition of ''Spacelab.''<ref>{{cite web |author=saret97 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4RscwiGhAc |title=Kraftwerk – Spacelab (Live @ Evoluon 18-10-2013) |via=YouTube |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, Kraftwerk brought their four-night, 3D ''Catalogue'' tour to the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kraftwerk.laphil.com/ |title=Kraftwerk – KRAFTWERK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 – LAPhil |website=Kraftwerk.laphil.com |date=24 September 2012 |accessdate=11 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209071956/http://kraftwerk.laphil.com/ |archivedate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and at NYC's [[United Palace Theatre]]. They also played at the Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden and at the music festival [[Summer Sonic]] in [[Tokyo, Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer Sonic 2014 Lineup |url=http://www.summersonic.com/2014/lineup/ |website=Summersonic.com |date=19 May 2014 |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> In November 2014 the 3D ''Catalogue'' live set was played in Paris, France, at the brand new Fondation Louis-Vuitton from 6 to 14 November.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myconcertarchive.com/en/event?id=38271 |title=Computer World (3-D Le Catalogue): Kraftwerk – Fondation Louis Vuiton, Paris – November 10, 2014 |work=My Concert Archive}}</ref> and then in the iconic [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]] concert hall in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]], where they played before in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nltimes.nl/2014/09/09/kraftwerk-sets-8-night-paradiso-residency/ |title=Kraftwerk sets 8-night Paradiso residency |work=NL Times |date=9 September 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Ralf Hütter, being told that the [[Tour de France]] would be starting that year in the nearby Dutch city of [[Utrecht]], decided that Kraftwerk would perform during the "Grand Depart". Eventually the band played three concerts 3 and 4 July in [[TivoliVredenburg]] performing "Tour de France Soundtracks" and visited the start of the Tour in-between.

In April 2017, Kraftwerk announced ''[[3-D The Catalogue]]'', a live album and video documenting performances of all eight albums in ''The Catalogue'' that was released 26 May 2017. It is available in multiple formats, the most extensive of which being a 4-disc [[Blu-ray]] set with a 236-page hardback book. This release was awarded with a Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album at the ceremony that took place on 28 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/news/40924|title=Kraftwerk and LCD Soundsystem among Grammy Awards 2018 winners|website=Resident Advisor}}</ref>

In July 2018, the German astronaut Alexander Gerst was in space and part of the concert in Stuttgart. Hütter and Gerst played the famous song "Spacelab" (1978) by Kraftwerk as a duet. However, the men from the Rhineland were not the first. Canadian spaceman Chris Hadfield previously participated in a concert with a choir on earth in front of a live audience. Kraftwerk, on the other hand, was the first music ensemble to perform a song in connection with such an everyday technical all-purpose object (“tablet”) together with an astronaut in space. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCQEzgtWv-E. Retrieved 21 July 2018</ref>

[[File:Kraftwerk at Bluedot Festival 2019.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Kraftwerk performing at Bluedot Festival 2019, Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK]]
On 20 July 2019, Kraftwerk headlined the Saturday night lineup on the [[Bernard Lovell|Lovell]] Stage at [[Bluedot Festival]], a music and science festival held annually at [[Jodrell Bank Observatory]], Cheshire, UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverthebluedot.com/profile/kraftwerk|title=Kraftwerk|website=Bluedot Festival|language=en|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> The 2019 festival celebrated the 50th anniversary of the [[Apollo 11]] moon landing.

== Music and artistry ==
=== Style ===
Kraftwerk have been recognized as pioneers of [[electronic music]]<ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="McCormick" /><ref name="Independentconference" /> as well as subgenres such as [[electropop]],<ref>{{cite book |author=John Shepherd |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: VolumeII: Performance and Production |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA268 |date=8 July 2003 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-6322-7 |page=268}}</ref><ref name="McCormick" /><ref name="Independentconference" /> [[art pop]],<ref name="moma"/><ref name="Ucr">{{cite web |last1=Giles |first1=Jeff |title=Beatles to Receive Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/beatles-grammy-lifetime-award/ |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ny">{{cite news |last1=Ratliff |first1=Ben |title=Made in Detroit, Different Music Models |url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/arts/music/movement-music-festival-trip-metal-detroit.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=28 October 2016 |date=31 May 2016}}</ref> and [[synth-pop]].<ref name="bv">{{cite web |last1=Staff |title=Kraftwerk brought their 3D tour to United Palace Theatre (pics, set list), do it again tonight |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/kraftwerk-broug/ |website=[[Brooklyn Vegan]] | accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="ind"/><ref name="tc">{{cite web |last1=Raihala |first1=Ross |title=Review: Kraftwerk rocks Northrop Auditorium, German-style |url=http://www.twincities.com/2015/10/06/review-kraftwerk-rocks-northrop-auditorium-german-style/ |website=Twin Cities |accessdate=24 October 2016 |date=6 October 2015}}</ref> In its early incarnation, the band pursued an [[avant-garde]],<ref name="Independentconference"/><ref name="Consequence">{{cite web |last1=Coplan |first1=Chris |title=Video Surfaces of Kraftwerk's Television Debut in 1970 |url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2014/03/video-surfaces-of-kraftwerks-television-debut-in-1970/ |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] | accessdate=31 March 2016 |date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="thestranger">{{cite web |last1=Segal |first1=Dave |title=What Does Kraftwerk Mean to You? |url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/what-does-kraftwerk-mean-to-you/Content?oid=19946422 |website=The Stranger |accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref> experimental rock style inspired by the compositions of [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]. Hütter has also listed [[the Beach Boys]] as a major influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thing.de/delektro/interviews/eng/kraftwerk/kw11-76.html |title=D>Elektro – MATERIAL – Kraftwerk – Interview 11/76 – P. Alessandrini |website=Thing.de |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> The group was also inspired by the [[funk music]] of [[James Brown]] and, later, [[punk rock]].<ref name="Rogers" /> They were initially connected to the German [[krautrock]] scene.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Steven D. Martinson |author2=Renate A. Schulz |title=Deutsch Als Fremdsprache |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfeeqFk7QVYC&pg=PA225 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-627-0 |page=225}}</ref><ref name="McCormick" /> In the mid-1970s, they transitioned to an electronic sound which they described as "robot pop".<ref name="allmusic" /> Kraftwerk's lyrics dealt with post-war European urban life and technology—traveling by car on the [[Autobahn]], traveling by train, using home computers, and the like. They were influenced by the modernist [[Bauhaus]] aesthetic, seeing art as inseparable from everyday function.<ref name="ind" /> Usually, the lyrics are very [[Minimalist music|minimal]] but reveal both an innocent celebration of, and a knowing caution about, the modern world, as well as playing an integral role in the rhythmic structure of the songs. Many of Kraftwerk's songs express the paradoxical nature of modern urban life: a strong sense of alienation existing side-by-side with a celebration of the joys of modern technology.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barr, Tim |title=Kraftwerk: from Dusseldorf to the Future With Love |publisher=Ebury Press |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-09-186490-3}}</ref>

All of Kraftwerk's albums from ''Trans Europe Express'' onwards, except ''Tour de France Soundtracks'' have been released in separate versions: one with German vocals for sale in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and one with English vocals for the rest of the world, with occasional variations in other languages when conceptually appropriate. Live performance has always played an important part in Kraftwerk's activities. Also, despite its live shows generally being based around formal songs and compositions, live [[improvisation]] often plays a noticeable role in its performances. This trait can be traced back to the group's roots in the first experimental Krautrock scene of the late 1960s, but, significantly, it has continued to be a part of its playing even as it makes ever greater use of digital and computer-controlled sequencing in its performances. Some of the band's familiar compositions have been observed to have developed from live improvisations at its concerts or sound-checks.<ref>{{citation |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/preview+behind+kraftwerk+machines/11360476/story.html |title=The man behind Kraftwerk's machines |author=Sperounes, Sandra |work=Edmon Journal |date=14 September 2015 |accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Technological innovations ===
Throughout their career, Kraftwerk have pushed the limits of [[music technology]] with some notable innovations, such as home-made instruments and custom-built devices. The group has always perceived their Kling Klang Studio as a complex music instrument, as well as a sound laboratory; Florian Schneider in particular developed a fascination with music technology, with the result that the technical aspects of sound generation and recording gradually became his main fields of activity within the band.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Alexei Monroe called Kraftwerk the "first successful artists to incorporate representations of industrial sounds into non-academic electronic music".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monroe |first=Alexei |title=Interrogation Machine: Laibach and NSK |publisher=Cambridge: The MIT Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationmac0000monr/page/212 212] |year=2005 |isbn=0-262-63315-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationmac0000monr/page/212 }}</ref>
[[File:Kraftwerk Vocoder custom made in early1970s.JPG|thumb|Early 1970s vocoder, custom built for Kraftwerk]]

Kraftwerk used a custom-built [[vocoder]] on their albums ''Ralf und Florian'' and ''Autobahn''; the device was constructed by engineers P. Leunig and K. Obermayer of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kraftwerk Vocoder (Barth / Leunig) sold: $12,500 |url=http://www.sequencer.de/blog/?p=843 |website=Sequencer.de |accessdate=14 December 2012 |date=25 June 2006}}</ref> Hütter and Schneider hold a patent for an [[electronic drum kit]] with sensor pads, filed in July 1975 and issued in June 1977.<ref name="aktivitaet-fanzine1" /> It must be hit with metal sticks, which are connected to the device to complete a circuit that triggers analog synthetic percussion sounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-zX6QkdQ30 |title="Tomorrow's world" (1976 Tv performance) |via=YouTube |date=23 January 2008 |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> The band first performed in public with this device in 1973, on the television program ''Aspekte'' (on the all-German channel [[ZDF|Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen]]), where it was played by Wolfgang Flür.<ref>Flür, Wolfgang (2001). "Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot. Sanctuary Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-86074-417-4}}.</ref> They created drum machines for ''Autobahn'' and ''Trans-Europe Express''<ref>Reynolds, Simon. "Generation Ecstasy". Routledge. 2013.</ref>

On the ''Radio-Activity'' tour in 1976 Kraftwerk tested out an experimental light-beam-activated drum cage allowing Flür to trigger electronic percussion through arm and hand movements. Unfortunately, the device did not work as planned, and it was quickly abandoned.<ref name="aktivitaet-fanzine1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aktivitaet-fanzine.com/10_kk0.html |title=Aktivitaet Online – Archive – General articles – Kling Klang: The Electronic Garden |website=Aktivitaet-fanzine.com |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> The same year Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider commissioned [[Bonn]]-based "Synthesizerstudio Bonn, Matten & Wiechers" to design and build the Synthanorma Sequenzer with Intervallomat, a 4×8 / 2×16 / 1×32 step-sequencer system with some features that commercial products couldn't provide at that time.<ref name="aktivitaet-fanzine1" /> The [[music sequencer]] was used by the band for the first time to control the electronic sources creating the rhythmic sound of the album ''Trans-Europe Express''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elektropolis.de/synthanorma.pdf|format=PDF |website=Elektropolis.de |title=Synthanorma Sequenzer – description by D. Matten |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Reclusiveness ===
The band is notoriously reclusive, providing rare and enigmatic interviews, using life-size mannequins and robots to conduct official photo shoots, refusing to accept mail and not allowing visitors at the [[Kling Klang Studio]], the precise location of which they used to keep secret.

Another notable example of this eccentric behavior was reported to [[Johnny Marr]] of [[the Smiths]] by Karl Bartos, who explained that anyone trying to contact the band for collaboration would be told the studio telephone did not have a ringer, since while recording, the band did not like to hear any kind of noise pollution. Instead, callers were instructed to phone the studio precisely at a certain time, whereupon the phone would be answered by Ralf Hütter, despite never hearing the phone ring.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ioyvLPs4Bc |title=Top 100 Albums: Kraftwerk Trans-Europe-Express commented by Johnny Marr and Mark Radcliffe |via=YouTube |date=1 April 2007 |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref>

[[Chris Martin]] of [[Coldplay]] recalled in a 2007 article in [[Q (magazine)|''Q'']] magazine the process of requesting permission to use the melody from the track "Computer Love" on "Talk" from the album ''[[X&Y]]''. He sent a letter through the lawyers of the respective parties and several weeks later received an envelope containing a handwritten reply that simply said "yes".<ref name="Q Magazine – The 21 people who changed Music.">Goddard, Simon. "The 21 people who changed music – They are the robots." ''[[Q Magazine]]''. November 2007, p. 106.</ref>

== Influence and legacy ==
According to music journalist Neil McCormick, Kraftwerk might be "the most influential group in pop history".<ref name="McCormick">{{cite news |author=McCormick, Neil. |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/9837423/Kraftwerk-the-most-influential-group-in-pop-history.html |title=Kraftwerk: the most influential group in pop history? |work=The Telegraph |date=30 January 2013 |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> ''NME'' wrote: "'The Beatles and Kraftwerk' may not have the ring of 'the Beatles and the Stones', but nonetheless, these are the two most important bands in music history".<ref name="taylor" /> [[AllMusic]] wrote that their music "resonates in virtually every new development to impact the contemporary pop scene of the late 20th century".<ref name="allmusic" />

Kraftwerk's musical style and image can be heard and seen in 1980s [[synthpop]] groups such as [[Gary Numan]], [[Ultravox]], [[John Foxx]], [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]], [[Human League]], [[Depeche Mode]], [[Visage (band)|Visage]], and [[Soft Cell]].<ref name="Desperately Seeking Kraftwerk">Petridis, Alexis. [https://www.theguardian.com/arts/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1004937,00.html "Desperately Seeking Kraftwerk"]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 25 July 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref><ref name="taylor" /><ref name="Harrington WE08">{{cite news |last=Harrington |first=Richard |title=These Days, Kraftwerk is Packing Light |work=The Washington Post |page=WE08 |date=27 May 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/26/AR2005052600677.html |accessdate=6 July 2006}}</ref> Kraftwerk would also go on to influence other forms of music such as [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], house, and drum and bass, and they are also regarded as pioneers of the [[Electro music|electro]] genre.<ref>Fink, R. "The story of ORCH5, or, the classical ghost in the hip-hop machine". Popular Music 24.3 (2005): 339–356. 9 November 2009.</ref> Most notably, "Trans Europe Express" and "Numbers" were interpolated into "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]" by [[Afrika Bambaataa]] & the Soul Sonic Force, one of the earliest hip-hop/electro hits. Kraftwerk helped ignite the New York electro-movement.<ref name="Reynolds" /> [[Techno]] was created by three musicians from Detroit, often referred to as the 'Belleville three' ([[Juan Atkins]], [[Kevin Saunderson]] & [[Derrick May (musician)|Derrick May]]), who fused the repetitive melodies of Kraftwerk with funk rhythms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kexp.org/learn/docu_pop_goes_electronic.asp#2 |title=KEXP 90.3 FM – KEXP Documentary: POP Goes Electronic |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301081318/http://kexp.org/learn/docu_pop_goes_electronic.asp#2 |archive-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Belleville three were heavily influenced by Kraftwerk and their sounds because Kraftwerk's sounds appealed to the middle-class blacks residing in Detroit at this time.<ref name="Reynolds" /> Depeche Mode's composer [[Martin Gore]] emphasized: "For anyone of our generation involved in electronic music, Kraftwerk were the godfathers".<ref name="McCormick" /> [[Vince Clarke]] of [[Erasure]], [[Yazoo (band)|Yazoo]] and Depeche Mode, is also a notable [[disco]] and Kraftwerk fan. [[Daniel Miller (music producer)|Daniel Miller]], founder of Mute Records, purchased the [[vocoder]] used by Kraftwerk in their early albums, comparing it to owning "the guitar [[Jimi Hendrix]] used on '[[Purple Haze]]'".<ref>"Synth Britannia", BBC Four, 19 October 2009. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pctRkmzNDY Excerpt].</ref> [[Andy McCluskey]] and [[Paul Humphreys]], founding members of OMD, have stated that Kraftwerk was a major reference on their early work,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omd.uk.com/html/biography.html |title=OMD biography |website=OMD.uk.com |accessdate=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220113401/http://www.omd.uk.com/html/biography.html |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and covered "Neon Lights" on the 1991 album, ''[[Sugar Tax (album)|Sugar Tax]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omd.uk.com/discography/albums/html/a_51.html |title=OMD discography |website=OMD.uk.com |accessdate=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214135811/http://omd.uk.com/discography/albums/html/a_51.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The electronic band [[Ladytron]] were inspired by Kraftwerk's song "The Model" when they composed their debut single "He Took Her To a Movie". [[Richard D James]] a.k.a. Aphex Twin, has noted Kraftwerk as one of his biggest influences and called ''Computer World'' as a very influential album towards his music and sound.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/oct/05/artsfeatures3 |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Tank boy |first=Paul |last=Lester |date=5 October 2001 |accessdate=25 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529161147/http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2001/oct/05/artsfeatures3 |archivedate=29 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Björk]] has cited the band as one of her main musical influences.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pytlik |first=Mark |title=Björk: Wow and Flutter |publisher=[[ECW Press]] | page=126 |year=2003 |isbn=1-55022-556-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bill263dqDAC}}</ref> Electronic musician [[Kompressor (musician)|Kompressor]] has cited Kraftwerk as an influence. The band was also mentioned in the song "Rappers We Crush" by Kompressor and [[MC Frontalot]] ("I hurry away, get in my Chrysler. Oh, the dismay!/Someone's replaced all of my Backstreet Boys with Kraftwerk tapes!"). Dr. [[Alex Paterson]] of [[the Orb]] listed ''The Man-Machine'' as one of his 13 most favourite albums of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thequietus.com/articles/05233-bakers-dozen-alex-paterson-chooses-his-favourite-13-albums?page=5 |title=Bakers Dozen: Alex Paterson of the Orb Chooses His Favourite 13 Albums |website=Thequietus.com |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> According to ''NME'', Kraftwerk's pioneering "robot pop" also spawned groups like [[The Prodigy|Prodigy]] and [[Daft Punk]].<ref name="taylor" />

Kraftwerk inspired many acts from other styles and genres. David Bowie's "[[V-2 Schneider]]", from the 1977's ''[[Heroes (David Bowie album)|Heroes]]'' album, was a tribute to Florian Schneider.<ref name="Bowie: An Illustrated Record">[[Roy Carr]] & [[Charles Shaar Murray]] (1981). ''Bowie: An Illustrated Record'': p. 92.</ref> [[Post-punk]] bands [[Joy Division]] and [[New Order (band)|New Order]] were heavily influenced by the band. Joy Division frontman [[Ian Curtis]] was a fan, and showed his colleagues records that would influence their music.<ref>The album ''Trans-Europe Express'' was played over the PA before Joy Division's concerts. New Order's song "Your Silent Face" also has some similarities with "Europe Endless" and had a working title of "KW1", or "Kraftwerk 1". New Order also recorded a song called "[[Krafty]]" that appeared as a single and on the album ''[[Waiting for the Sirens' Call]]''.</ref> New Order also would sample "Uranium" in its biggest hit "[[Blue Monday (New Order song)|Blue Monday]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Butterworth |title=The Blue Monday Diaries: In the Studio with New Order |publisher=Plexus Publishing Ltd |date=30 November 2015 |quote=Kraftwerk's Uranium from the 1975 album Radio-Activity, became the model for the keyboard pad sound at the start and end of the track}}</ref> [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]] recorded a cover of "Hall of Mirrors" on their 1987 album ''[[Through the Looking Glass (Siouxsie and the Banshees album)|Through the Looking Glass]]'' which was lauded by Ralf Hütter: "In general, we consider cover versions as an appreciation of our work. The version of "Hall of Mirrors" by Siouxsie and the Banshees is extraordinary, just like the arrangements of [[Alexander Bălănescu]] for his Bălănescu Quartet release [of ''Possessed'', 1992]. We also like the album ''[[El Baile Alemán]]'' of [[Señor Coconut]] a lot."<ref>{{citation |title=Intervista: I Kraftwerk, redeirelettronica: "Partiamo per il Tour de France" |work=[[La Stampa]] | date=22 August 2003 |issue=numero 229 |page=29 |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,29/articleid,0168_01_2003_0229_0029_1167122/ |quote=In genere lo consideriamo un apprezzamento per il nostro lavoro. La versione di Siouxsie di "Hall Of Mirrors" è straordinaria, come gli arrangiamenti di Alexander Balanescu per quartetto d'archi. Anche il disco di Señor Coconut ci è piaciuto molto.}}</ref> Members of [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]] have admitted on several occasions that Kraftwerk were an important reference for their sound by the time they were working on their third album ''[[Parallel Lines]]''. The worldwide hit "[[Heart of Glass (song)|Heart of Glass]]" turned radically from an initial reggae-flavoured style to its distinctive electronic sound in order to imitate the technological approach of Kraftwerk's albums and adapt it to a disco concept.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AVQbF9lTBwgC&pg=PA410&dq=mojo+blondie+parallel+lines#v=onepage&q=mojo%20blondie%20parallel%20lines&f=false |title=Blondie – Parallel Lines |publisher=The Mojo Collection: the ultimate music companion |date=2007 |page=410 |quote=We didn't expect the song to be that big (...) We weren't thinking about selling out. We were thinking about Kraftwerk and Eurodisco |isbn=978-1-84767-643-6}}</ref> [[U2]] recorded a cover version of "Neon Lights" as did [[Simple Minds]].<ref>U2 included "Neon Lights" as the B-side of their 2004 single "[[Vertigo (U2 song)|Vertigo]]". Simple minds included theirs on an all-cover tunes album by same name.</ref> An [[LCD Soundsystem]] song called "Get Innocuous!" is built on a bass line reminiscent of Kraftwerk single "The Robots". The band also performed some Kraftwerk songs as snippets during live shows. [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]] were inspired by Kraftwerk's song "The Model" when writing their song "[[Walk Away (Franz Ferdinand song)|Walk Away]]". [[Rammstein]] also covered their song, [[Das Model#Rammstein cover|Das Modell]] releasing it on a non-album single in 1997. [[John Frusciante]] cited the ability to experiment of the group as an inspiration when working in a recording studio.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laut.de/John-Frusciante/Interviews/Kraftwerk-hatten-noch-Mut-zum-Risiko-...-01-03-2004-191 |title=Kraftwerk hatten noch Mut zum Risiko ... |last=Schuh |first=Michael |date=1 March 2004 |website=laut.de |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018, [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast the 30-minute documentary ''Kraftwerk: Computer Love'' which examined "how Kraftwerk's classic album ''Computer World'' has changed people's lives."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05vt665 |title=Kraftwerk: Computer Love, Soul Music – BBC Radio 4 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=29 January 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, Kraftwerk were nominated for induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] for 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/thin-lizzy-nominated-for-rock-roll-hall-of-fame-2020-induction-1.4051360|title=Thin Lizzy nominated for Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 2020 induction|first=Glen|last=Murphy|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|accessdate=6 November 2019}}</ref>

== Band members ==
'''Current members'''
* [[Ralf Hütter]] – lead vocals, vocoder, synthesizers, keyboards (1970–present); organ, drums and percussion, bass guitar, guitar (1970–74)
* [[Fritz Hilpert]] – electronic percussion (1987–present)<ref name="fb_about">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/KraftwerkOfficial/about/ |title=Kraftwerk – About _ Facebook |publisher=KraftwerkOfficial |year=2012 |access-date=28 April 2017}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Henning Schmitz]] – electronic percussion, live keyboards (1991–present)<ref name="fb_about" />
* [[Falk Grieffenhagen]] – live video technician (2012–present)<ref name="fb_about" />

'''Former members'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Florian Schneider]] – synthesizers, background vocals, vocoder, computer-generated vocals, acoustic and electronic flute, live saxophone, percussion, electric guitar, violin (1970–2008)
* Houschäng Nejadépour – electric guitar (1970–71)
* Plato Kostic (a.k.a. Plato Riviera) – bass guitar (1973)
* Peter Schmidt – drums (1970)
* Karl "Charly" Weiss – drums (1970; died 2009)
* Thomas Lohmann – drums (1970)
* Andreas Hohmann – drums (1970)
* Eberhard Kranemann – bass guitar (1970–71)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksta.de/stadt-leverkusen/kraftwerk-ueber-leverkusen-in-den-musik-olymp,15189132,25984564.html |title=Kraftwerk: Über Leverkusen in den Musik-Olymp |website=Ksta.de|date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[Klaus Dinger]] – drums (1970–71; died 2008)
* [[Michael Rother]] – electric guitar (1971)
* [[Emil Schult]] – electric guitar, electronic violin (1973)
* [[Wolfgang Flür]] – electronic percussion (1973–87)
* [[Klaus Röder]] – electric guitar, electronic violin (1974)
* [[Karl Bartos]] – electronic percussion, vocals, live vibraphone, live keyboards (1975–91)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karlbartos.com/cv/karl.html |title=KARL BARTOS – Curriculum vitae Karl Bartos |publisher=Karl Bartos |year=2016 |access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Fernando Abrantes]] – electronic percussion, synthesizer (1991)
* [[Stefan Pfaffe]] – live video technician (2008–12)
{{div col end}}

'''Timeline'''
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1024 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = left:120 bottom:100 top:0 right:30
Alignbars = justify
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1970 till:01/01/2021
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:1
ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1970
ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1970

Colors =
id:Flute value:gray(0.5) legend:Flute
id:Vocals value:red legend:Vocals
id:Bvocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals
id:Guitar value:green legend:Guitar
id:Bass value:blue legend:Bass
id:Drums value:orange legend:Drums
id:Keyboards value:purple legend:Keyboards
id:Perc value:tan1 legend:Electronic_percussion
id:Video value:magenta legend:Video_technician
id:Studio value:black legend:Studio_album

BarData =
bar:Florian text:Florian Schneider
bar:Houschäng text:Houschäng Nejadépour
bar:Michael text:Michael Rother
bar:Emil text:Emil Schult
bar:Klaus2 text:Klaus Roder
bar:Ralf text:Ralf Hütter
bar:Eberhard text:Eberhard Kranemann
bar:Plato text:Plato Kostic
bar:Peter text:Peter Schmidt
bar:Charly text:Charly Weiss
bar:Thomas text:Thomas Lohmann
bar:Andreas text:Andreas Hohmann
bar:Klaus text:Klaus Dinger
bar:Wolfgang text:Wolfgang Flür
bar:Karl2 text:Karl Bartos
bar:Fritz text:Fritz Hilpert
bar:Fernando text:Fernando Abrantes
bar:Henning text:Henning Schmitz
bar:Stefan text:Stefan Pfaffe
bar:Falk text:Falk Grieffenhagen

PlotData=
width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Ralf from:start till:31/01/1971 color:keyboards
bar:Ralf from:01/01/1973 till:end color:vocals width:3
bar:Ralf from:31/08/1971 till:end color:keyboards
bar:Florian from:start till:01/01/1974 color:flute
bar:Florian from:01/01/1974 till:31/12/2008 color:keyboards
bar:Florian from:01/01/1973 till:01/01/2009 color:bvocals width:3
bar:Andreas from:01/05/1970 till:01/11/1970 color:drums
bar:Houschäng from:01/12/1970 till:01/03/1971 color:guitar
bar:Plato from:01/08/1973 till:31/08/1973 color:bass
bar:Peter from:01/02/1970 till:01/03/1970 color:drums
bar:Charly from:01/03/1970 till:01/04/1970 color:drums
bar:Thomas from:01/04/1970 till:01/05/1970 color:drums
bar:Eberhard from:01/12/1970 till:01/03/1971 color:bass
bar:Klaus from:01/11/1970 till:31/08/1971 color:drums
bar:Michael from:01/04/1971 till:31/08/1971 color:guitar
bar:Emil from:01/08/1973 till:31/12/1973 color:guitar
bar:Wolfgang from:01/11/1973 till:01/01/1987 color:perc
bar:Klaus2 from:01/01/1974 till:01/08/1974 color:guitar
bar:Karl2 from:01/03/1975 till:01/01/1991 color:perc
bar:Karl2 from:01/01/1978 till:01/01/1991 color:keyboards width:3
bar:Karl2 from:10/11/1986 till:28/02/1987 color:vocals width:7
bar:Fernando from:01/01/1991 till:31/12/1991 color:keyboards width:3
bar:Fernando from:01/01/1991 till:31/12/1991 color:perc
bar:Stefan from:01/01/2008 till:01/01/2012 color:video
bar:Fritz from:01/01/1989 till:end color:perc
bar:Henning from:31/12/1991 till:end color:keyboards width:3
bar:Henning from:31/12/1991 till:end color:perc
bar:Falk from:01/01/2012 till:end color:video

LineData =
layer:back
color:Studio
width:2
at:01/11/1970 #>Kraftwerk<#
at:01/01/1972 #>Kraftwerk 2<#
at:01/10/1973 #>Ralf and Florian<#
at:01/11/1974 #>Autobahn<#
at:01/10/1975 #>Radio-Activity<#
at:01/05/1977 #>Trans-Europe Express<#
at:01/05/1978 #>The Man-Machine<#
at:01/05/1981 #>Computer World<#
at:01/12/1986 #>Electric Café<#
at:04/08/2003 #>Tour de France Soundtracks<#

</timeline>

== Discography ==
{{Main|Kraftwerk discography}}
* ''[[Kraftwerk (album)|Kraftwerk]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kraftwerk 2]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ralf und Florian]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Radio-Activity]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' (1977)
* ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Computer World]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Electric Café]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Tour de France Soundtracks]]'' (2003)

== Videography ==
* ''[[Romantic Warriors IV: Krautrock]]'' (2019)

== Awards and achievements ==
=== Grammy Awards ===
{{awards table}}
|-
| [[24th Annual Grammy Awards|1982]]
| "[[Computer World]]"
| [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance|Best Rock Instrumental Performance]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[48th Annual Grammy Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Minimum-Maximum]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album|Best Dance/Electronic Album]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[56th Annual Grammy Awards|2014]]
| Kraftwerk
| [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|2015]]
| ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]''
| [[Grammy Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]]
| ''[[3-D The Catalogue]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album|Best Dance/Electronic Album]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| 60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018
| ''3-D The Catalogue''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album|Best Surround Sound Album]]
| {{Nominated}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Wikipedia books|Kraftwerk}}
* [[List of ambient music artists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Bussy |first=Pascal |title=Kraftwerk—Man, Machine & Music |publisher=SAF Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-946719-70-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Flür |first=Wolfgang |authorlink=Wolfgang Flür |title="Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot |publisher=Sanctuary Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-86074-417-4}}

== Further reading ==
* Tim Barr, ''"Kraftwerk: From Düsseldorf to the Future"'' 1998
* Vanni Neri & Giorgio Campani: ''"A Short Introduction to Kraftwerk"'' 2000
* Albert Koch: ''"Kraftwerk: The Music Makers"'' 2002
* Kraftwerk: ''"Kraftwerk Photobook"'' 2005 (included in the [[Minimum-Maximum Notebook]] set)
* Sean Albiez and David Pattie: ''Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop'' 2010
* David Buckley: ''Kraftwerk: Publikation'' 2012
* [[Toby Mott]]: ''Kraftwerk: 45 RPM'' 2012
* The Guardian: ''Kraftwerk sue makers of Kraftwerk charging devices'' 2015

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kraftwerk}}
* {{Official website|kraftwerk.com}}
* {{YouTube|user = KraftwerktheOfficial|Kraftwerk}}
* [https://soundcloud.com/kraftwerkofficial Kraftwerk: Free Listening] at [[SoundCloud]]
* [http://www.kraftwerk.hu/antenna ANTENNA] – The International Kraftwerk Mailing List (since 2003 September)
* {{Discogs artist|Kraftwerk}}
* [http://kraftwerkfaq.hu/ Kraftwerk FAQ] – The Kraftwerk FAQ: Frequently asked questions and answers
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815204024/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/documentaries/060807_kraftwerk.shtml BBC Radio 1 Kraftwerk documentary]– 2006 Kraftwerk documentary with [[Alex Kapranos]]
* [http://www.argiers.com/jmps/jmps.html Kraftwerk Vinyl Site for collectors]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117233701/http://www.allkraftwerk.com/ AllKraftwerk]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010134311/http://hem.fyristorg.com/kraftwerk/ Mats's Kraftwerk Page] with lots of images and information, since 1997{{what|date=March 2020}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCQEzgtWv-E Good evening Kraftwerk, good evening Stuttgart!] by the [[European Space Agency]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] with [[The Beatles]], [[Clifton Chenier]], [[The Isley Brothers]], [[Kris Kristofferson]], [[Armando Manzanero]]
| years = 2014
| before = [[Glenn Gould]], [[Charlie Haden]], [[Lightnin' Hopkins]], [[Carole King]], [[Patti Page]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[The Temptations]]
| after = [[The Bee Gees]], [[Pierre Boulez]], [[Buddy Guy]], [[George Harrison]], [[Flaco Jiménez]], [[The Louvin Brothers]], [[Wayne Shorter]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kraftwerk|state=expanded}}
{{Electronic music}}
{{Klaus Dinger|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kraftwerk| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:Art pop musicians]]
[[Category:Astralwerks artists]]
[[Category:Avant-garde music groups]]
[[Category:Electropop groups]]
[[Category:Elektra Records artists]]
[[Category:Electronic rock musical groups]]
[[Category:EMI Records artists]]
[[Category:German electronic musicians]]
[[Category:German synthpop groups]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Krautrock musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1969]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Düsseldorf]]
[[Category:Musical quartets]]
[[Category:Mute Records artists]]
[[Category:Parlophone artists]]
[[Category:Progressive pop musicians]]
[[Category:Philips Records artists]]
[[Category:Vertigo Records artists]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]

Kraftwerk

2020-03-13T10:59:00Z

192.121.232.253: /* Band members */

{{about|the band|their debut album|Kraftwerk (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kraftwerk
| image = Kraftwerk - Finlandia Talo Helsinki - Thursday 15th February 2018 KraftWHelsink150218-4 (40298108672).jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Kraftwerk in [[Helsinki]], in 2018
| background = group_or_band
| origin = [[Düsseldorf]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[West Germany]]
| genre = {{flatlist| 
* [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
* [[synth-pop]]<ref name="ind">{{cite web |last1=Stubbs |first1=David |title=Ladies und Gentlemen, the future has arrived |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/ladies-und-gentlemen-the-future-has-arrived-8468340.html |website=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=24 October 2016 |date=27 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[electro-pop]]<ref name="Independentconference">{{cite web |last1=Lusher |first1=Adam |title=The Kraftwerk conference: Why a bunch of academics consider the German electropoppers worthy of their own symposium |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-kraftwerk-conference-why-a-bunch-of-academics-consider-the-german-electropoppers-worthy-of-their-9993879.html |website=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=11 September 2016 |date=21 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[art pop]]<ref name="moma">{{cite web |last1=Michaels |first1=Sean |title=Kraftwerk announce residency at New York's Moma |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/feb/16/kraftwerk-residency-new-york-moma |website=[[The Guardian]] | accessdate=12 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[krautrock]]<ref name="McCormick" />
* [[avant-garde music|avant-garde]]<ref name="Independentconference"/>
}}
| years_active = {{start date|1970}}–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Kling Klang Studio|Kling Klang]]
* [[EMI]]
* [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* [[Philips Records|Philips]]
* [[Vertigo Records|Vertigo]]
* [[Mute Records|Mute]]
* [[Astralwerks]]
* [[Elektra Records|Elektra]]
* [[Parlophone]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Neu!]]
* [[Organisation (band)|Organisation]]
* [[Ibliss]]
}}
| website = {{URL|kraftwerk.com}}
| current_members = {{unbulleted list|[[Ralf Hütter]] | [[Fritz Hilpert]] | Henning Schmitz | [[Falk Grieffenhagen]]}}
| past_members = {{unbulleted list|[[Florian Schneider]] | Houschäng Nejadépour|Plato Kostic|Peter Schmidt|Karl Weiss|Thomas Lohmann|Eberhard Kranemann|Andreas Hohmann|[[Klaus Dinger]] | [[Michael Rother]] | [[Emil Schult]] | [[Wolfgang Flür]] | [[Klaus Röder]] | [[Karl Bartos]] | [[Fernando Abrantes]] | Stefan Pfaffe}}
}}

'''Kraftwerk''' ({{IPA-de|ˈkʁaftvɛɐ̯k|lang}}, {{literally}} "[[power station]]") is a German band formed in [[Düsseldorf]] in 1970 by [[Ralf Hütter]] and [[Florian Schneider]]. Widely considered as innovators and pioneers of [[electronic music]], they were among the first successful acts to popularize the genre.<ref name="allmusic">{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000104714|tab=biography|label=Artist Biography by Jason Ankeny|first=Jason|last=Ankeny|accessdate=11 September 2012}}</ref> The group began as part of West Germany's experimental [[krautrock]] scene in the early 1970s before fully embracing electronic instrumentation, including [[synthesizer]]s, [[drum machine]]s, and [[vocoder]]s.

On commercially successful albums such as ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' (1974), ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' (1977), and ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (1978), Kraftwerk developed a self-described "robot pop" style<ref name="allmusic" /> that combined electronic music with [[pop music|pop]] melodies, sparse arrangements, and repetitive rhythms, while adopting a stylized image including matching suits. Following the release of ''[[Electric Café]]'' (1986), member [[Wolfgang Flür]] left the group in 1987; the band's other longtime percussionist, [[Karl Bartos]], did the same in 1990. Founding member Schneider departed in 2008.

The band's work has influenced a diverse range of artists and many genres of modern music, including [[synthpop]], [[hip hop]], [[post-punk]], [[techno]], [[ambient music|ambient]], and [[club music]]. In 2014, [[the Recording Academy]] honoured Kraftwerk with a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]].<ref>Grammy Academy. [http://www.grammy.com/news/lifetime-achievement-award-kraftwerk "Lifetime Achievement Award: Kraftwerk"]. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, 14 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014</ref> Their latest album ''[[3-D The Catalogue]]'' was released in 2017. As of 2019, the remaining members of the band continue to tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kraftwerk.com/concerts/index-concerts.html |title=CONCERTS |website=Kraftwerk.com |accessdate=29 January 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Formation and early years (1969–73) ===
[[Florian Schneider]] (flutes, synthesizers, violin) and [[Ralf Hütter]] (organ, synthesizers) met as students at the [[Robert Schumann Hochschule]] in Düsseldorf in the late 1960s, participating in the German [[experimental music]] and art scene of the time, which ''[[Melody Maker]]'' jokingly dubbed "[[krautrock]]".<ref name="Bussy">{{cite book |last=Bussy |first=Pascal |title=Kraftwerk—Man, Machine & Music |publisher=SAF Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-946719-70-9}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2019}} They joined a quintet known as [[Organisation (band)|Organisation]], which released one album, ''[[Tone Float]]'' in 1969, issued on [[RCA Records]] in the UK, and split shortly thereafter.<ref>Pascal Bussy: "Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music", SAF Publishing Ltd., Reprinted 1993, 1997, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-946719-70-9}}</ref> Schneider became interested in synthesizers, deciding to acquire one in 1970. While visiting an exhibition in their hometown about visual artists [[Gilbert and George]], they saw "two men wearing suits and ties, claiming to bring art into everyday life. The same year, Hütter and Schneider started bringing everyday life into art and form Kraftwerk".<ref name="Rogers">{{cite news |first=Jude |last=Rogers |authorlink=Jude Rogers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/27/kraftwerk-most-influential-electronic-band-tate |title=Why Kraftwerk are still the world's most influential band |newspaper=The Observer |date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref>

Early Kraftwerk line-ups from 1970 to 1974 fluctuated, as Hütter and Schneider worked with around a half-dozen other musicians during the preparations for and the recording of three albums and sporadic live appearances, most notably guitarist [[Michael Rother]] and drummer [[Klaus Dinger]], who left to form [[Neu!]]<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} The only constant figure in these line-ups was Schneider, whose main instrument at the time was the flute; at times he also played the violin and guitar, all processed through a varied array of electronic devices. Hütter, who left the band for eight months to focus on completing his university studies, played synthesizer and keyboards (including Farfisa organ and electric piano).{{cn|date=June 2019}}

The band released two free-form experimental rock albums, ''[[Kraftwerk (album)|Kraftwerk]]'' (1970) and ''[[Kraftwerk 2]]''. The albums were mostly exploratory musical improvisations played on a variety of traditional instruments including guitar, bass, drums, organ, flute, and violin. Post-production modifications to these recordings were used to distort the sound of the instruments, particularly audio-tape manipulation and multiple dubbings of one instrument on the same track. Both albums are purely instrumental. Live performances from 1972 to 1973 were made as a duo, using a simple beat-box-type electronic [[drum machine]], with preset rhythms taken from an electric organ. These shows were mainly in Germany, with occasional shows in France.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Later in 1973, [[Wolfgang Flür]] joined the group for rehearsals, and the unit performed as a trio on the television show ''Aspekte'' for German television network [[ZDF]].<ref name="iwasarobot">{{cite book |last=Flür |first=Wolfgang |authorlink=Wolfgang Flür |title="Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot |publisher=Sanctuary Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-86074-417-4}}</ref>

With ''[[Ralf und Florian]]'', released in 1973, Kraftwerk began to rely more heavily on synthesizers and drum machines. Although almost entirely instrumental, the album marks Kraftwerk's first use of the [[vocoder]], which would in time become one of its musical signatures. According to English music journalist [[Simon Reynolds]], Kraftwerk were influenced by what he called the "adrenalized insurgency" of Detroit artists of the late '60s [[MC5]] and [[the Stooges]].<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite book |last=Simon |first=Reynolds |authorlink=Simon Reynolds |title=Generation Ecstasy: into the world of techno and rave culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1999}}</ref>

The input, expertise, and influence of producer and engineer [[Conny Plank|Konrad "Conny" Plank]] was highly significant in the early years of Kraftwerk. Plank also worked with many of the other leading German electronic acts of that time, including members of [[Can (band)|Can]], Neu!, [[Cluster (band)|Cluster]], and [[Harmonia (band)|Harmonia]]. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk, Plank's studio near [[Cologne]] became one of the most sought-after studios in the late 1970s. Plank coproduced the first four Kraftwerk albums.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

=== International breakthrough: ''Autobahn'' and ''Radioactivity'' (1974–76) ===
[[File:Kraftwerk by Ueli Frey (1976).jpg|left|270px|thumb|Concert in [[Zürich]], 1976]]

{{Listen
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The release of ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' in 1974 saw Kraftwerk moving away from the sound of its first three albums. Hütter and Schneider had invested in newer technology such as the [[Minimoog]] and the [[EMS Synthi AKS]], helping give Kraftwerk a newer, "disciplined" sound. ''Autobahn'' would also be the last album that [[Conny Plank]] would engineer. After the commercial success of ''Autobahn'' in the US, where it peaked at number 5 in the [[Billboard 200|Billboard Top LPs & Tapes]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/kraftwerk-p4706/charts-awards/billboard-albums |title=allmusic ((( Kraftwerk > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ))) |website=AllMusic |accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref> Hütter and Schneider invested in updating their studio, thus lessening their reliance on outside producers. At this time the painter and graphic artist [[Emil Schult]] became a regular collaborator, designing artwork, cowriting lyrics, and accompanying the group on tour.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

The year 1975 saw a turning point in Kraftwerk's live shows. With financial support from [[Phonogram Inc.]], in the US, they were able to undertake a multi-date tour to promote the ''Autobahn'' album, a tour which took them to the US, Canada and the UK for the first time. The tour also saw a new, stable, live line-up in the form of a quartet. Hütter and Schneider continued playing keyboard synthesizers such as the [[Minimoog]] and [[ARP Odyssey]], with Schneider's use of flute diminishing. The pair also started singing live for the first time, and Schneider processing his voice with a vocoder live. Wolfgang Flür and new recruit [[Karl Bartos]] performed on home-made electronic percussion instruments. Bartos also used a Deagan [[vibraphone]] on stage. The Hütter-Schneider-Bartos-Flür formation remained in place until the late 1980s and is now regarded as the classic live line-up of Kraftwerk. Emil Schult generally fulfilled the role of tour manager.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

After the 1975 ''Autobahn'' tour, Kraftwerk began work on a follow-up album, ''[[Radio-Activity]]'' (German title: ''Radio-Aktivität''). After further investment in new equipment, the [[Kling Klang Studio]] became a fully working recording studio. The group used the central theme in radio communication, which had become enhanced on their last tour of the United States. With Emil Schult working on artwork and lyrics, Kraftwerk began to compose music for the new record. Even though ''Radio-Activity'' was less commercially successful than ''Autobahn'' in the UK and United States, the album served to open up the European market for Kraftwerk, earning them a [[gold disc]] in France. Kraftwerk made videos and performed several European live dates to promote the album. With the release of ''Autobahn'' and ''Radio-Activity'', Kraftwerk left behind avant-garde experimentation and moved towards the electronic pop tunes for which they are best known.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

In 1976, Kraftwerk toured in support of the ''Radio-Activity'' album. [[David Bowie]] was among the fans of the record and invited the band to support him on his ''[[Station to Station]]'' tour, an offer the group declined.<ref>[[Richard Witts|Witts, Richard]]. "Vorsprung durch Technik ? Kraftwerk and the British Fixation with Germany". reproduced in "Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop". Continuum Books 2012</ref> Despite some innovations in touring, Kraftwerk took a break from live performances after the ''Radio-Activity'' tour of 1976.

=== ''Trans-Europe Express'', ''The Man-Machine'' and ''Computer World'' (1977–82) ===
After having finished the Radio-Activity tour Kraftwerk began recording ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' (German: ''Trans-Europa Express'') at the Kling Klang Studio.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} ''Trans-Europe Express'' was mixed at the [[Record Plant Studios]] in Los Angeles. It was around this time that Hütter and Schneider met David Bowie at the Kling Klang Studio. A collaboration was mentioned in an interview ([[Brian Eno]]) with Hütter, but it never materialised. The release of ''Trans-Europe Express'' in March 1977<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} was marked with an extravagant train journey used as a press conference by EMI France. The album won a disco award in New York later that year.

In May 1978 Kraftwerk released ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (German: ''Die Mensch-Maschine''), recorded at the Kling Klang Studio. Due to the complexity of the recording, the album was mixed at Studio Rudas in Düsseldorf. The band hired sound engineer Leanard Jackson from Detroit to work with Joschko Rudas on the final mix. ''The Man-Machine'' was the first Kraftwerk album where [[Karl Bartos]] was cocredited as a songwriter. The cover, produced in black, white and red, was inspired by Russian artist [[El Lissitzky]] and the [[Suprematism]] movement. Gunther Frohling photographed the group for the cover, a now-iconic image which featured the quartet dressed in red shirts and black ties. After it was released Kraftwerk did not released another album for three years.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

In May 1981 Kraftwerk released ''[[Computer World]]'' (German: ''Computerwelt'') on EMI records.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} It was recorded at Kling Klang Studio between 1978 and 1981.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Much of this time was spent modifying the studio to make it portable so the band could take it on tour.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Some of the electronic vocals on ''Computer World'' were generated using a [[Texas Instruments]] language translator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datamath.org/Speech/LanguageTranslator.htm |title=Datamath |publisher=Datamath |date=5 December 2001 |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> "[[Computer Love (Kraftwerk song)|Computer Love]]" was released as a single backed with the ''Man-Machine'' track "[[Das Model|The Model]]".<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Radio DJs were more interested in the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] so the single was repackaged by EMI and re-released with "The Model" as the A-side. The single reached number one in the UK, making "The Model" Kraftwerk's most successful song in that country.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} As a result, the ''Man-Machine'' album also became a success in the UK, peaking at number 9 in the [[UK albums chart|album chart]] in February 1982.<ref name="uk chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/kraftwerk/#albums |title=Kraftwerk albums Chart |website=Officialcharts.com |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref> The band's live set focused increasingly on song-based material, with greater use of vocals and the use of sequencing equipment for both percussion and music. In contrast to their cool and controlled image, the group used sequencers interactively, which allowed for live improvisation. Ironically Kraftwerk did not own a computer at the time of recording ''Computer World''.

Kraftwerk returned to live performance with the ''Computer World'' tour of 1981, where the band effectively packed up its entire Kling Klang studio and took it along on the road. They also made greater use of live visuals including back-projected slides and films synchronized with the music as the technology developed, the use of hand-held miniaturized instruments during the set (for example, during "Pocket Calculator"), and, perhaps most famously, the use of replica [[mannequin]]s of themselves to perform on stage during the song "The Robots".

=== ''Tour de France'' and ''Electric Café'' (1982–89) ===
In 1982 Kraftwerk began to work on a new album that initially had the working title ''[[Technicolor]]'' but due to trademark issues was changed to ''[[Techno Pop]]''. One of the songs from these recording sessions was "[[Tour de France (song)|Tour de France]]", which [[EMI]] released as a single in 1983. This song was a reflection of the band's new-found obsession for cycling. After the physically demanding ''Computer World'' tour, Ralf Hütter had been looking for forms of exercise that fitted in with the image of Kraftwerk; subsequently he encouraged the group to become vegetarians and take up cycling. "Tour de France" included sounds that followed this theme including bicycle chains, gear mechanisms and the breathing of the cyclist. At the time of the single's release Ralf Hütter tried to persuade the rest of the band that they should record a whole album based on cycling. The other members of the band were not convinced, and the theme was left to the single alone.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} "Tour de France" was released in German and French. The vocals of the song were recorded on the Kling Klang Studio stairs to create the right atmosphere.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} "Tour de France" was featured in the 1984 film ''[[Breakin']]'', showing the influence that Kraftwerk had on black American dance music.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}}

In May or June of 1982,<ref>[[Karl Bartos]] 2017, ''Der Klang der Maschine'', ch. 12</ref>, during the recording of "Tour de France", Ralf Hütter was involved in a serious cycling accident.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} He suffered head injuries and remained in a coma for several days. During 1983 Wolfgang Flür was beginning to spend less time in the studio. Since the band began using sequencers his role as a drummer was becoming less frequent. He preferred to spend his time travelling with his girlfriend. Flür was also experiencing artistic difficulties with the band. Though he toured the world with Kraftwerk as a drummer in 1981, his playing does not appear on that year's ''Computer World'' or on the 1986 album ''Electric Café''. In 1987 he left the band and was replaced by [[Fritz Hilpert]].

=== ''The Mix'' (1990–99) ===
After years of withdrawal from live performance Kraftwerk began to tour Europe more frequently. In February 1990 the band played a few secret shows in Italy. Karl Bartos left the band shortly afterwards. The next proper tour was in 1991, for the album ''[[The Mix (Kraftwerk album)|The Mix]]''. Hütter and Schneider wished to continue the synth-pop quartet style of presentation, and recruited [[Fernando Abrantes]] as a replacement for Bartos. Abrantes left the band shortly after though. In late 1991, long-time Kling Klang Studio sound engineer Henning Schmitz was brought in to finish the remainder of the tour and to complete a new version of the quartet that remained active until 2008.

In 1997 Kraftwerk made a famous appearance at the dance festival [[Tribal Gathering]] held in England.<ref>[http://www.physicsroom.org.nz/2cents/kraftwerk.htm 2 Cents: Kraftwerk, Tribal Gathering] (25 May 1997).</ref> In 1998, the group toured the US and Japan for the first time since 1981, along with shows in [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]]. Three new songs were performed during this period, which remain unreleased. Following this trek, the group decided to take another break.<ref>[http://www.kraftworld.com.br/concerts/1998Tour.htm "Kraftworld, Kraftwerk 1998" Tour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235555/http://kraftworld.com.br/concerts/1998Tour.htm |date=24 March 2009 }}. ''kraftworld.com''. Retrieved 5 March 2009</ref>

In July 1999 the single "Tour de France" was reissued in Europe by EMI after it had been [[out of print]] for several years. It was released for the first time on CD in addition to a repressing of the 12-inch vinyl single. Both versions feature slightly altered artwork that removed the faces of Flür and Bartos from the four-man cycling paceline depicted on the original cover. In 1999 ex-member Flür published his autobiography in Germany, ''Ich war ein Roboter''. Later English-language editions of the book were titled ''Kraftwerk: I Was a Robot''.

The single "[[Expo 2000 (song)|Expo 2000]]" was released in December 1999. The track was remixed and re-released as "Expo Remix" in November 2000.

=== Touring the world (2000–09) ===
[[File:Kraftwerk live in Stockholm.jpg|thumb|In [[Stockholm]], February 2004]]
In August 2003 the band released ''[[Tour de France Soundtracks]]'', its first album of new material since 1986's ''Electric Café''. In January and February 2003, before the release of the album, the band started the extensive ''Minimum-Maximum'' world tour, using four customised [[Sony]] [[VAIO]] laptop computers, effectively leaving the entire Kling Klang studio at home in Germany. The group also obtained a new set of transparent video panels to replace its four large projection screens. This greatly streamlined the running of all of the group's sequencing, sound-generating, and visual-display software. From this point, the band's equipment increasingly reduced manual playing, replacing it with interactive control of sequencing equipment. Hütter retained the most manual performance, still playing musical lines by hand on a controller keyboard and singing live vocals and having a repeating [[ostinato]]. Schneider's live vocoding had been replaced by software-controlled speech-synthesis techniques. In November, the group made a surprising appearance at the MTV European Music Awards in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, performing "Aerodynamik". The same year a promotional box set entitled ''12345678'' (subtitled ''The Catalogue'') was issued, with plans for a proper commercial release to follow. The box featured [[Audio mastering|remastered]] editions of the group's eight core studio albums, from ''Autobahn'' to ''Tour de France Soundtracks''. This long-awaited box-set would eventually be released in a different set of remasters in November 2009.

In June 2005 the band's first-ever official live album, ''[[Minimum-Maximum]]'', which was compiled from the shows during the band's tour of spring 2004, received extremely positive reviews.<ref name="taylor">Tony Naylor. [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kraftwerk/7663 "Kraftwerk: Minimum-Maximum Live"]. ''[[NME]]'', 2 June 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> The album contained reworked tracks from existing studio albums. This included a track titled "Planet of Visions" that was a reworking of "Expo 2000". In support of this release, Kraftwerk made another quick sweep around the Balkans with dates in [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Turkey]], and Greece. In December, the [[Minimum-Maximum (video)|''Minimum-Maximum'' DVD]] was released. During 2006, the band performed at festivals in Norway, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Spain, Belgium, and Germany.

In April 2008 the group played three shows in US cities [[Minneapolis]], [[Milwaukee]], and [[Denver]], and were a coheadliner at the [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]]. This was their second appearance at the festival since 2004. Further shows were performed in Ireland, Poland, [[Ukraine]], Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore later that year. The touring quartet consisted of Ralf Hütter, Henning Schmitz, [[Fritz Hilpert]], and video technician Stefan Pfaffe, who became an official member in 2008. Original member Florian Schneider was absent from the lineup. Hütter stated that he was working on other projects.<ref>{{cite news |first=Graham |last=Reid |title=Interview: Ralf Hutter of Kraftwerk |date=27 September 2008 |work=The New Zealand Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10534357&pnum=0 |accessdate=27 September 2008}}</ref> On 21 November, Kraftwerk officially confirmed Florian Schneider's departure from the band.<ref>{{cite news |author=Music |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4144592/Kraftwerks-co-founder-Florian-Schneider-leaves-band.html |title=Kraftwerk's co-founder Florian Schneider leaves band |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=7 January 2009 |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' commented on that incident: "There is something brilliantly Kraftwerkian about the news that Florian Schneider, a founder member of the German electronic pioneers, is leaving the band to pursue a solo career. Many successful bands break up after just a few years. It has apparently taken Schneider and his musical partner, Ralf Hütter, four decades to discover musical differences."<ref name="independent editorial">[https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/leading-article-nice-werk-1229948.html Editorials leading article: "Nice Werk"]. ''The Independent''. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> Kraftwerk's headline set at Global Gathering in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 November was cancelled moments before it was scheduled to begin, due to a Fritz Hilpert heart problem.<ref>''[http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/aust/40542/Illness_forces_Kraftwerk_to_miss_Melbourne_Global_Gathering Illness forces Kraftwerk to miss Melbourne Global Gathering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220181704/http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/aust/40542/Illness_forces_Kraftwerk_to_miss_Melbourne_Global_Gathering |date=20 December 2008 }}'', inthemix.com.au (23 November 2008)</ref>

In 2009, Kraftwerk performed concerts with special 3D background graphics in Wolfsburg, Germany; Manchester, UK; and Randers, Denmark. Members of the audience were able to watch this multimedia part of the show with 3D glasses, which were given out. During the Manchester concert (part of the 2009 [[Manchester International Festival]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.co.uk/ |title=MIF.co.uk |website=MIF.co.uk |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> four members of the GB cycling squad ([[Jason Kenny]], [[Ed Clancy]], [[Jamie Staff]] and [[Geraint Thomas]]) rode around the Velodrome while the band performed "Tour de France".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jul/03/popandrock-kraftwerk |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Kraftwerk/Steve Reich |first=Dave |last=Simpson |date=3 July 2009 |accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref> The group also played several festival dates, the last being at the [[Bestival 2009]] in September, on the [[Isle of Wight]].<ref>''[http://ventnorblog.com/bestival-09-kraftwerk-and-massive-attack-headline/ Kraftwerk to headline Bestival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302065209/http://ventnorblog.com/bestival-09-kraftwerk-and-massive-attack-headline/ |date=2 March 2009 }}'', ventnorblog.com (26 February 2009)</ref> 2009 also saw the release of ''[[The Catalogue]]'' box set in November.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=P25715_0_2_0 |title=More and more remastered Kraftwerk eight-CD promo boxed sets auctioned via eBay |website=Side-line.com |date=1 December 2012 |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> It is a 12" album-sized box set containing all eight remastered CDs in cardboard slipcases, as well as LP-sized booklets of photographs and artwork for each individual album.

=== ''The Catalogue'' and continued touring (2010–present) ===
Although not officially confirmed, Ralf Hütter suggested that a second boxed set of their first three experimental albums—''[[Kraftwerk (album)|Kraftwerk]]'', ''[[Kraftwerk 2]]'' and ''[[Ralf and Florian]]''—could be on its way, possibly seeing commercial release after their next studio album: "We've just never really taken a look at those albums. They've always been available, but as really bad [[bootleg recording|bootlegs]]. Now we have more artwork. [[Emil Schult|Emil]] has researched extra contemporary drawings, graphics, and photographs to go with each album, collections of paintings that we worked with, and drawings that Florian and I did. We took a lot of [[instant camera|Polaroids]] in those days." Kraftwerk also released an [[iOS]] app called Kraftwerk Kling Klang Machine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Witter |first=Simon |title=Article |website=Kraftwerk.technopop.com.br | url=http://kraftwerk.technopop.com.br/interview_123.php |date=Spring 2006}}</ref> The Lenbach House in Munich exhibited some Kraftwerk 3-D pieces in Autumn 2011. Kraftwerk performed three concerts to open the exhibit.<ref name="Lenbachhaus">{{cite web |title=Lenbachhaus – Kunstbau |url=http://www.lenbachhaus.de/cms/index.php?id=51&cHash=cc4d30f42b&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=176&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1&L=1 |website=Lenbachhaus.de |accessdate=14 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426000911/http://www.lenbachhaus.de/cms/index.php?id=51&cHash=cc4d30f42b&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=176&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1&L=1 |archivedate=26 April 2012}}</ref>

Kraftwerk played at Ultra Music Festival in Miami on 23 March 2012. Initiated by [[Klaus Biesenbach]], the [[Museum of Modern Art]] of New York organized an exhibit titled ''Kraftwerk – Retrospective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8'' where the band performed their studio discography from ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' to ''[[Tour de France Soundtracks|Tour de France]]'' over the course of eight days to sell-out crowds. The exhibit later toured to the [[Tate Gallery]] as well as to [https://www.kunstsammlung.de/en/home.html K21] in Düsseldorf. Kraftwerk performed at the No Nukes 2012 Festival in [[Tokyo, Japan]]. Kraftwerk were also going to play at the Ultra Music Festival in [[Warsaw]], but the event was cancelled; instead, Kraftwerk performed at Way Out West in [[Gothenburg]]. A limited edition version of the ''Catalogue'' box set was released during the retrospective, restricted to 2000 sets. Each box was individually numbered and inverted the colour scheme of the standard box. In December, Kraftwerk stated on their website that they would be playing their ''Catalogue'' in Düsseldorf and at London's Tate Modern. Kraftwerk tickets were priced at £60 in London, but fans compared that to the $20 ticket price for tickets at New York's MoMA in 2012, which caused consternation. Even so, the demand for the tickets at The Tate was so high that it shut down the website.
[[File:KraftwerkLiseberg082019.jpg|thumb|An image of a Kraftwerk concert in Liseberg on 30-08-2019]]
In March 2013, the band was not allowed to perform at a music festival in China due to unspecified "political reasons".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/29/kraftwerk-denied-festival-appearance-in-china Kraftwerk denied festival appearance in China]. ''The Guardian''. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> In an interview in June after performing the eight albums of ''The Catalogue'' in Sydney, Ralf Hütter stated: "Now we have finished one to eight, now we can concentrate on number nine."<ref name="Street">P Street, Andrew. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2013/jun/12/kraftwerk-new-album-catalogue-sydney Kraftwerk's Ralf Hütter: 'Now we can concentrate on album number nine']. ''The Guardian''. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> In July, they performed at the 47th Montreux Jazz Festival. The band also played a 3-D concert on 12 July at Scotland's biggest festival – [[T in the Park]] – in Balado, Kinross, as well as 20 July at [[Latitude Festival]] in Suffolk, and 21 July at the Longitude Festival in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/sun-cream-at-the-ready-as-longtitude-festival-gets-underway-in-marlay-park-1.1467913 |title=Sun cream at the ready as Longtitude festival gets underway in Marlay Park |work=[[The Irish Times]] | date=19 June 2018 |first1=Ronan |last1=McGreevy}}</ref>

In October 2013 the band played four concerts, over two nights, in [[Eindhoven]], Netherlands. The venue, [[Evoluon]] (the former technology museum of [[Philips Electronics]], now a conference center) was handpicked by Ralf Hütter,<ref>{{cite web |author=Reageren Uw reactie Naam E-mail adres Versturen |title=Kraftwerk: 'Optreden in Evoluon is geweldig' |url=http://www.ed.nl/extra/muziek/kraftwerk-optreden-in-evoluon-is-geweldig-1.4058625 |website=Ed.nl |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> for its [[retro-futuristic]] UFO-like architecture. Bespoke visuals of the building, with the saucer section descending from space, were displayed during the rendition of ''Spacelab.''<ref>{{cite web |author=saret97 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4RscwiGhAc |title=Kraftwerk – Spacelab (Live @ Evoluon 18-10-2013) |via=YouTube |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, Kraftwerk brought their four-night, 3D ''Catalogue'' tour to the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kraftwerk.laphil.com/ |title=Kraftwerk – KRAFTWERK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 – LAPhil |website=Kraftwerk.laphil.com |date=24 September 2012 |accessdate=11 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209071956/http://kraftwerk.laphil.com/ |archivedate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and at NYC's [[United Palace Theatre]]. They also played at the Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden and at the music festival [[Summer Sonic]] in [[Tokyo, Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer Sonic 2014 Lineup |url=http://www.summersonic.com/2014/lineup/ |website=Summersonic.com |date=19 May 2014 |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> In November 2014 the 3D ''Catalogue'' live set was played in Paris, France, at the brand new Fondation Louis-Vuitton from 6 to 14 November.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myconcertarchive.com/en/event?id=38271 |title=Computer World (3-D Le Catalogue): Kraftwerk – Fondation Louis Vuiton, Paris – November 10, 2014 |work=My Concert Archive}}</ref> and then in the iconic [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]] concert hall in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]], where they played before in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nltimes.nl/2014/09/09/kraftwerk-sets-8-night-paradiso-residency/ |title=Kraftwerk sets 8-night Paradiso residency |work=NL Times |date=9 September 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Ralf Hütter, being told that the [[Tour de France]] would be starting that year in the nearby Dutch city of [[Utrecht]], decided that Kraftwerk would perform during the "Grand Depart". Eventually the band played three concerts 3 and 4 July in [[TivoliVredenburg]] performing "Tour de France Soundtracks" and visited the start of the Tour in-between.

In April 2017, Kraftwerk announced ''[[3-D The Catalogue]]'', a live album and video documenting performances of all eight albums in ''The Catalogue'' that was released 26 May 2017. It is available in multiple formats, the most extensive of which being a 4-disc [[Blu-ray]] set with a 236-page hardback book. This release was awarded with a Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album at the ceremony that took place on 28 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/news/40924|title=Kraftwerk and LCD Soundsystem among Grammy Awards 2018 winners|website=Resident Advisor}}</ref>

In July 2018, the German astronaut Alexander Gerst was in space and part of the concert in Stuttgart. Hütter and Gerst played the famous song "Spacelab" (1978) by Kraftwerk as a duet. However, the men from the Rhineland were not the first. Canadian spaceman Chris Hadfield previously participated in a concert with a choir on earth in front of a live audience. Kraftwerk, on the other hand, was the first music ensemble to perform a song in connection with such an everyday technical all-purpose object (“tablet”) together with an astronaut in space. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCQEzgtWv-E. Retrieved 21 July 2018</ref>

[[File:Kraftwerk at Bluedot Festival 2019.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Kraftwerk performing at Bluedot Festival 2019, Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK]]
On 20 July 2019, Kraftwerk headlined the Saturday night lineup on the [[Bernard Lovell|Lovell]] Stage at [[Bluedot Festival]], a music and science festival held annually at [[Jodrell Bank Observatory]], Cheshire, UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverthebluedot.com/profile/kraftwerk|title=Kraftwerk|website=Bluedot Festival|language=en|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> The 2019 festival celebrated the 50th anniversary of the [[Apollo 11]] moon landing.

== Music and artistry ==
=== Style ===
Kraftwerk have been recognized as pioneers of [[electronic music]]<ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="McCormick" /><ref name="Independentconference" /> as well as subgenres such as [[electropop]],<ref>{{cite book |author=John Shepherd |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: VolumeII: Performance and Production |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA268 |date=8 July 2003 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-6322-7 |page=268}}</ref><ref name="McCormick" /><ref name="Independentconference" /> [[art pop]],<ref name="moma"/><ref name="Ucr">{{cite web |last1=Giles |first1=Jeff |title=Beatles to Receive Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/beatles-grammy-lifetime-award/ |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ny">{{cite news |last1=Ratliff |first1=Ben |title=Made in Detroit, Different Music Models |url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/arts/music/movement-music-festival-trip-metal-detroit.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=28 October 2016 |date=31 May 2016}}</ref> and [[synth-pop]].<ref name="bv">{{cite web |last1=Staff |title=Kraftwerk brought their 3D tour to United Palace Theatre (pics, set list), do it again tonight |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/kraftwerk-broug/ |website=[[Brooklyn Vegan]] | accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="ind"/><ref name="tc">{{cite web |last1=Raihala |first1=Ross |title=Review: Kraftwerk rocks Northrop Auditorium, German-style |url=http://www.twincities.com/2015/10/06/review-kraftwerk-rocks-northrop-auditorium-german-style/ |website=Twin Cities |accessdate=24 October 2016 |date=6 October 2015}}</ref> In its early incarnation, the band pursued an [[avant-garde]],<ref name="Independentconference"/><ref name="Consequence">{{cite web |last1=Coplan |first1=Chris |title=Video Surfaces of Kraftwerk's Television Debut in 1970 |url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2014/03/video-surfaces-of-kraftwerks-television-debut-in-1970/ |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] | accessdate=31 March 2016 |date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="thestranger">{{cite web |last1=Segal |first1=Dave |title=What Does Kraftwerk Mean to You? |url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/what-does-kraftwerk-mean-to-you/Content?oid=19946422 |website=The Stranger |accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref> experimental rock style inspired by the compositions of [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]. Hütter has also listed [[the Beach Boys]] as a major influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thing.de/delektro/interviews/eng/kraftwerk/kw11-76.html |title=D>Elektro – MATERIAL – Kraftwerk – Interview 11/76 – P. Alessandrini |website=Thing.de |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> The group was also inspired by the [[funk music]] of [[James Brown]] and, later, [[punk rock]].<ref name="Rogers" /> They were initially connected to the German [[krautrock]] scene.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Steven D. Martinson |author2=Renate A. Schulz |title=Deutsch Als Fremdsprache |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfeeqFk7QVYC&pg=PA225 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-627-0 |page=225}}</ref><ref name="McCormick" /> In the mid-1970s, they transitioned to an electronic sound which they described as "robot pop".<ref name="allmusic" /> Kraftwerk's lyrics dealt with post-war European urban life and technology—traveling by car on the [[Autobahn]], traveling by train, using home computers, and the like. They were influenced by the modernist [[Bauhaus]] aesthetic, seeing art as inseparable from everyday function.<ref name="ind" /> Usually, the lyrics are very [[Minimalist music|minimal]] but reveal both an innocent celebration of, and a knowing caution about, the modern world, as well as playing an integral role in the rhythmic structure of the songs. Many of Kraftwerk's songs express the paradoxical nature of modern urban life: a strong sense of alienation existing side-by-side with a celebration of the joys of modern technology.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barr, Tim |title=Kraftwerk: from Dusseldorf to the Future With Love |publisher=Ebury Press |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-09-186490-3}}</ref>

All of Kraftwerk's albums from ''Trans Europe Express'' onwards, except ''Tour de France Soundtracks'' have been released in separate versions: one with German vocals for sale in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and one with English vocals for the rest of the world, with occasional variations in other languages when conceptually appropriate. Live performance has always played an important part in Kraftwerk's activities. Also, despite its live shows generally being based around formal songs and compositions, live [[improvisation]] often plays a noticeable role in its performances. This trait can be traced back to the group's roots in the first experimental Krautrock scene of the late 1960s, but, significantly, it has continued to be a part of its playing even as it makes ever greater use of digital and computer-controlled sequencing in its performances. Some of the band's familiar compositions have been observed to have developed from live improvisations at its concerts or sound-checks.<ref>{{citation |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/preview+behind+kraftwerk+machines/11360476/story.html |title=The man behind Kraftwerk's machines |author=Sperounes, Sandra |work=Edmon Journal |date=14 September 2015 |accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Technological innovations ===
Throughout their career, Kraftwerk have pushed the limits of [[music technology]] with some notable innovations, such as home-made instruments and custom-built devices. The group has always perceived their Kling Klang Studio as a complex music instrument, as well as a sound laboratory; Florian Schneider in particular developed a fascination with music technology, with the result that the technical aspects of sound generation and recording gradually became his main fields of activity within the band.<ref name="Bussy" />{{pn|date=April 2019}} Alexei Monroe called Kraftwerk the "first successful artists to incorporate representations of industrial sounds into non-academic electronic music".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monroe |first=Alexei |title=Interrogation Machine: Laibach and NSK |publisher=Cambridge: The MIT Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationmac0000monr/page/212 212] |year=2005 |isbn=0-262-63315-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationmac0000monr/page/212 }}</ref>
[[File:Kraftwerk Vocoder custom made in early1970s.JPG|thumb|Early 1970s vocoder, custom built for Kraftwerk]]

Kraftwerk used a custom-built [[vocoder]] on their albums ''Ralf und Florian'' and ''Autobahn''; the device was constructed by engineers P. Leunig and K. Obermayer of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kraftwerk Vocoder (Barth / Leunig) sold: $12,500 |url=http://www.sequencer.de/blog/?p=843 |website=Sequencer.de |accessdate=14 December 2012 |date=25 June 2006}}</ref> Hütter and Schneider hold a patent for an [[electronic drum kit]] with sensor pads, filed in July 1975 and issued in June 1977.<ref name="aktivitaet-fanzine1" /> It must be hit with metal sticks, which are connected to the device to complete a circuit that triggers analog synthetic percussion sounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-zX6QkdQ30 |title="Tomorrow's world" (1976 Tv performance) |via=YouTube |date=23 January 2008 |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> The band first performed in public with this device in 1973, on the television program ''Aspekte'' (on the all-German channel [[ZDF|Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen]]), where it was played by Wolfgang Flür.<ref>Flür, Wolfgang (2001). "Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot. Sanctuary Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-86074-417-4}}.</ref> They created drum machines for ''Autobahn'' and ''Trans-Europe Express''<ref>Reynolds, Simon. "Generation Ecstasy". Routledge. 2013.</ref>

On the ''Radio-Activity'' tour in 1976 Kraftwerk tested out an experimental light-beam-activated drum cage allowing Flür to trigger electronic percussion through arm and hand movements. Unfortunately, the device did not work as planned, and it was quickly abandoned.<ref name="aktivitaet-fanzine1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aktivitaet-fanzine.com/10_kk0.html |title=Aktivitaet Online – Archive – General articles – Kling Klang: The Electronic Garden |website=Aktivitaet-fanzine.com |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> The same year Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider commissioned [[Bonn]]-based "Synthesizerstudio Bonn, Matten & Wiechers" to design and build the Synthanorma Sequenzer with Intervallomat, a 4×8 / 2×16 / 1×32 step-sequencer system with some features that commercial products couldn't provide at that time.<ref name="aktivitaet-fanzine1" /> The [[music sequencer]] was used by the band for the first time to control the electronic sources creating the rhythmic sound of the album ''Trans-Europe Express''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elektropolis.de/synthanorma.pdf|format=PDF |website=Elektropolis.de |title=Synthanorma Sequenzer – description by D. Matten |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Reclusiveness ===
The band is notoriously reclusive, providing rare and enigmatic interviews, using life-size mannequins and robots to conduct official photo shoots, refusing to accept mail and not allowing visitors at the [[Kling Klang Studio]], the precise location of which they used to keep secret.

Another notable example of this eccentric behavior was reported to [[Johnny Marr]] of [[the Smiths]] by Karl Bartos, who explained that anyone trying to contact the band for collaboration would be told the studio telephone did not have a ringer, since while recording, the band did not like to hear any kind of noise pollution. Instead, callers were instructed to phone the studio precisely at a certain time, whereupon the phone would be answered by Ralf Hütter, despite never hearing the phone ring.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ioyvLPs4Bc |title=Top 100 Albums: Kraftwerk Trans-Europe-Express commented by Johnny Marr and Mark Radcliffe |via=YouTube |date=1 April 2007 |accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref>

[[Chris Martin]] of [[Coldplay]] recalled in a 2007 article in [[Q (magazine)|''Q'']] magazine the process of requesting permission to use the melody from the track "Computer Love" on "Talk" from the album ''[[X&Y]]''. He sent a letter through the lawyers of the respective parties and several weeks later received an envelope containing a handwritten reply that simply said "yes".<ref name="Q Magazine – The 21 people who changed Music.">Goddard, Simon. "The 21 people who changed music – They are the robots." ''[[Q Magazine]]''. November 2007, p. 106.</ref>

== Influence and legacy ==
According to music journalist Neil McCormick, Kraftwerk might be "the most influential group in pop history".<ref name="McCormick">{{cite news |author=McCormick, Neil. |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/9837423/Kraftwerk-the-most-influential-group-in-pop-history.html |title=Kraftwerk: the most influential group in pop history? |work=The Telegraph |date=30 January 2013 |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> ''NME'' wrote: "'The Beatles and Kraftwerk' may not have the ring of 'the Beatles and the Stones', but nonetheless, these are the two most important bands in music history".<ref name="taylor" /> [[AllMusic]] wrote that their music "resonates in virtually every new development to impact the contemporary pop scene of the late 20th century".<ref name="allmusic" />

Kraftwerk's musical style and image can be heard and seen in 1980s [[synthpop]] groups such as [[Gary Numan]], [[Ultravox]], [[John Foxx]], [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]], [[Human League]], [[Depeche Mode]], [[Visage (band)|Visage]], and [[Soft Cell]].<ref name="Desperately Seeking Kraftwerk">Petridis, Alexis. [https://www.theguardian.com/arts/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1004937,00.html "Desperately Seeking Kraftwerk"]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 25 July 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref><ref name="taylor" /><ref name="Harrington WE08">{{cite news |last=Harrington |first=Richard |title=These Days, Kraftwerk is Packing Light |work=The Washington Post |page=WE08 |date=27 May 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/26/AR2005052600677.html |accessdate=6 July 2006}}</ref> Kraftwerk would also go on to influence other forms of music such as [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], house, and drum and bass, and they are also regarded as pioneers of the [[Electro music|electro]] genre.<ref>Fink, R. "The story of ORCH5, or, the classical ghost in the hip-hop machine". Popular Music 24.3 (2005): 339–356. 9 November 2009.</ref> Most notably, "Trans Europe Express" and "Numbers" were interpolated into "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]" by [[Afrika Bambaataa]] & the Soul Sonic Force, one of the earliest hip-hop/electro hits. Kraftwerk helped ignite the New York electro-movement.<ref name="Reynolds" /> [[Techno]] was created by three musicians from Detroit, often referred to as the 'Belleville three' ([[Juan Atkins]], [[Kevin Saunderson]] & [[Derrick May (musician)|Derrick May]]), who fused the repetitive melodies of Kraftwerk with funk rhythms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kexp.org/learn/docu_pop_goes_electronic.asp#2 |title=KEXP 90.3 FM – KEXP Documentary: POP Goes Electronic |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301081318/http://kexp.org/learn/docu_pop_goes_electronic.asp#2 |archive-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Belleville three were heavily influenced by Kraftwerk and their sounds because Kraftwerk's sounds appealed to the middle-class blacks residing in Detroit at this time.<ref name="Reynolds" /> Depeche Mode's composer [[Martin Gore]] emphasized: "For anyone of our generation involved in electronic music, Kraftwerk were the godfathers".<ref name="McCormick" /> [[Vince Clarke]] of [[Erasure]], [[Yazoo (band)|Yazoo]] and Depeche Mode, is also a notable [[disco]] and Kraftwerk fan. [[Daniel Miller (music producer)|Daniel Miller]], founder of Mute Records, purchased the [[vocoder]] used by Kraftwerk in their early albums, comparing it to owning "the guitar [[Jimi Hendrix]] used on '[[Purple Haze]]'".<ref>"Synth Britannia", BBC Four, 19 October 2009. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pctRkmzNDY Excerpt].</ref> [[Andy McCluskey]] and [[Paul Humphreys]], founding members of OMD, have stated that Kraftwerk was a major reference on their early work,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omd.uk.com/html/biography.html |title=OMD biography |website=OMD.uk.com |accessdate=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220113401/http://www.omd.uk.com/html/biography.html |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and covered "Neon Lights" on the 1991 album, ''[[Sugar Tax (album)|Sugar Tax]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omd.uk.com/discography/albums/html/a_51.html |title=OMD discography |website=OMD.uk.com |accessdate=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214135811/http://omd.uk.com/discography/albums/html/a_51.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The electronic band [[Ladytron]] were inspired by Kraftwerk's song "The Model" when they composed their debut single "He Took Her To a Movie". [[Richard D James]] a.k.a. Aphex Twin, has noted Kraftwerk as one of his biggest influences and called ''Computer World'' as a very influential album towards his music and sound.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/oct/05/artsfeatures3 |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Tank boy |first=Paul |last=Lester |date=5 October 2001 |accessdate=25 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529161147/http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2001/oct/05/artsfeatures3 |archivedate=29 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Björk]] has cited the band as one of her main musical influences.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pytlik |first=Mark |title=Björk: Wow and Flutter |publisher=[[ECW Press]] | page=126 |year=2003 |isbn=1-55022-556-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bill263dqDAC}}</ref> Electronic musician [[Kompressor (musician)|Kompressor]] has cited Kraftwerk as an influence. The band was also mentioned in the song "Rappers We Crush" by Kompressor and [[MC Frontalot]] ("I hurry away, get in my Chrysler. Oh, the dismay!/Someone's replaced all of my Backstreet Boys with Kraftwerk tapes!"). Dr. [[Alex Paterson]] of [[the Orb]] listed ''The Man-Machine'' as one of his 13 most favourite albums of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thequietus.com/articles/05233-bakers-dozen-alex-paterson-chooses-his-favourite-13-albums?page=5 |title=Bakers Dozen: Alex Paterson of the Orb Chooses His Favourite 13 Albums |website=Thequietus.com |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> According to ''NME'', Kraftwerk's pioneering "robot pop" also spawned groups like [[The Prodigy|Prodigy]] and [[Daft Punk]].<ref name="taylor" />

Kraftwerk inspired many acts from other styles and genres. David Bowie's "[[V-2 Schneider]]", from the 1977's ''[[Heroes (David Bowie album)|Heroes]]'' album, was a tribute to Florian Schneider.<ref name="Bowie: An Illustrated Record">[[Roy Carr]] & [[Charles Shaar Murray]] (1981). ''Bowie: An Illustrated Record'': p. 92.</ref> [[Post-punk]] bands [[Joy Division]] and [[New Order (band)|New Order]] were heavily influenced by the band. Joy Division frontman [[Ian Curtis]] was a fan, and showed his colleagues records that would influence their music.<ref>The album ''Trans-Europe Express'' was played over the PA before Joy Division's concerts. New Order's song "Your Silent Face" also has some similarities with "Europe Endless" and had a working title of "KW1", or "Kraftwerk 1". New Order also recorded a song called "[[Krafty]]" that appeared as a single and on the album ''[[Waiting for the Sirens' Call]]''.</ref> New Order also would sample "Uranium" in its biggest hit "[[Blue Monday (New Order song)|Blue Monday]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Butterworth |title=The Blue Monday Diaries: In the Studio with New Order |publisher=Plexus Publishing Ltd |date=30 November 2015 |quote=Kraftwerk's Uranium from the 1975 album Radio-Activity, became the model for the keyboard pad sound at the start and end of the track}}</ref> [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]] recorded a cover of "Hall of Mirrors" on their 1987 album ''[[Through the Looking Glass (Siouxsie and the Banshees album)|Through the Looking Glass]]'' which was lauded by Ralf Hütter: "In general, we consider cover versions as an appreciation of our work. The version of "Hall of Mirrors" by Siouxsie and the Banshees is extraordinary, just like the arrangements of [[Alexander Bălănescu]] for his Bălănescu Quartet release [of ''Possessed'', 1992]. We also like the album ''[[El Baile Alemán]]'' of [[Señor Coconut]] a lot."<ref>{{citation |title=Intervista: I Kraftwerk, redeirelettronica: "Partiamo per il Tour de France" |work=[[La Stampa]] | date=22 August 2003 |issue=numero 229 |page=29 |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,29/articleid,0168_01_2003_0229_0029_1167122/ |quote=In genere lo consideriamo un apprezzamento per il nostro lavoro. La versione di Siouxsie di "Hall Of Mirrors" è straordinaria, come gli arrangiamenti di Alexander Balanescu per quartetto d'archi. Anche il disco di Señor Coconut ci è piaciuto molto.}}</ref> Members of [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]] have admitted on several occasions that Kraftwerk were an important reference for their sound by the time they were working on their third album ''[[Parallel Lines]]''. The worldwide hit "[[Heart of Glass (song)|Heart of Glass]]" turned radically from an initial reggae-flavoured style to its distinctive electronic sound in order to imitate the technological approach of Kraftwerk's albums and adapt it to a disco concept.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AVQbF9lTBwgC&pg=PA410&dq=mojo+blondie+parallel+lines#v=onepage&q=mojo%20blondie%20parallel%20lines&f=false |title=Blondie – Parallel Lines |publisher=The Mojo Collection: the ultimate music companion |date=2007 |page=410 |quote=We didn't expect the song to be that big (...) We weren't thinking about selling out. We were thinking about Kraftwerk and Eurodisco |isbn=978-1-84767-643-6}}</ref> [[U2]] recorded a cover version of "Neon Lights" as did [[Simple Minds]].<ref>U2 included "Neon Lights" as the B-side of their 2004 single "[[Vertigo (U2 song)|Vertigo]]". Simple minds included theirs on an all-cover tunes album by same name.</ref> An [[LCD Soundsystem]] song called "Get Innocuous!" is built on a bass line reminiscent of Kraftwerk single "The Robots". The band also performed some Kraftwerk songs as snippets during live shows. [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]] were inspired by Kraftwerk's song "The Model" when writing their song "[[Walk Away (Franz Ferdinand song)|Walk Away]]". [[Rammstein]] also covered their song, [[Das Model#Rammstein cover|Das Modell]] releasing it on a non-album single in 1997. [[John Frusciante]] cited the ability to experiment of the group as an inspiration when working in a recording studio.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laut.de/John-Frusciante/Interviews/Kraftwerk-hatten-noch-Mut-zum-Risiko-...-01-03-2004-191 |title=Kraftwerk hatten noch Mut zum Risiko ... |last=Schuh |first=Michael |date=1 March 2004 |website=laut.de |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018 [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast the 30-minute documentary ''Kraftwerk: Computer Love'' which examined "how Kraftwerk's classic album ''Computer World'' has changed people's lives."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05vt665 |title=Kraftwerk: Computer Love, Soul Music – BBC Radio 4 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=29 January 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019 Kraftwerk were nominated for induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] for 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/thin-lizzy-nominated-for-rock-roll-hall-of-fame-2020-induction-1.4051360|title=Thin Lizzy nominated for Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 2020 induction|first=Glen|last=Murphy|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|accessdate=6 November 2019}}</ref>

== Band members ==
'''Current members'''
* [[Ralf Hütter]] – lead vocals, vocoder, synthesizers, keyboards (1970–present); organ, drums and percussion, bass guitar, guitar (1970–74)
* [[Fritz Hilpert]] – electronic percussion (1987–present)<ref name="fb_about">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/KraftwerkOfficial/about/ |title=Kraftwerk – About _ Facebook |publisher=KraftwerkOfficial |year=2012 |access-date=28 April 2017}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Henning Schmitz]] – electronic percussion, live keyboards (1991–present)<ref name="fb_about" />
* [[Falk Grieffenhagen]] – live video technician (2012–present)<ref name="fb_about" />

'''Former members'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Florian Schneider]] – synthesizers, background vocals, vocoder, computer-generated vocals, acoustic and electronic flute, live saxophone, percussion, electric guitar, violin (1970–2008)
* Houschäng Nejadépour – electric guitar (1970–71)
* Plato Kostic (a.k.a. Plato Riviera) – bass guitar (1973)
* Peter Schmidt – drums (1970)
* Karl "Charly" Weiss – drums (1970; died 2009)
* Thomas Lohmann – drums (1970)
* Andreas Hohmann – drums (1970)
* Eberhard Kranemann – bass guitar (1970–71)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksta.de/stadt-leverkusen/kraftwerk-ueber-leverkusen-in-den-musik-olymp,15189132,25984564.html |title=Kraftwerk: Über Leverkusen in den Musik-Olymp |website=Ksta.de|date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[Klaus Dinger]] – drums (1970–71; died 2008)
* [[Michael Rother]] – electric guitar (1971)
* [[Emil Schult]] – electric guitar, electronic violin (1973)
* [[Wolfgang Flür]] – electronic percussion (1973–87)
* [[Klaus Röder]] – electric guitar, electronic violin (1974)
* [[Karl Bartos]] – electronic percussion, vocals, live vibraphone, live keyboards (1975–91)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karlbartos.com/cv/karl.html |title=KARL BARTOS – Curriculum vitae Karl Bartos |publisher=Karl Bartos |year=2016 |access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Fernando Abrantes]] – electronic percussion, synthesizer (1991)
* [[Stefan Pfaffe]] – live video technician (2008–12)
{{div col end}}

'''Timeline'''
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1024 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = left:120 bottom:100 top:0 right:30
Alignbars = justify
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1970 till:01/01/2021
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:1
ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1970
ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1970

Colors =
id:Flute value:gray(0.5) legend:Flute
id:Vocals value:red legend:Vocals
id:Bvocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals
id:Guitar value:green legend:Guitar
id:Bass value:blue legend:Bass
id:Drums value:orange legend:Drums
id:Keyboards value:purple legend:Keyboards
id:Perc value:tan1 legend:Electronic_percussion
id:Video value:magenta legend:Video_technician
id:Studio value:black legend:Studio_album

BarData =
bar:Florian text:Florian Schneider
bar:Houschäng text:Houschäng Nejadépour
bar:Michael text:Michael Rother
bar:Emil text:Emil Schult
bar:Klaus2 text:Klaus Roder
bar:Ralf text:Ralf Hütter
bar:Eberhard text:Eberhard Kranemann
bar:Plato text:Plato Kostic
bar:Peter text:Peter Schmidt
bar:Charly text:Charly Weiss
bar:Thomas text:Thomas Lohmann
bar:Andreas text:Andreas Hohmann
bar:Klaus text:Klaus Dinger
bar:Wolfgang text:Wolfgang Flür
bar:Karl2 text:Karl Bartos
bar:Fritz text:Fritz Hilpert
bar:Fernando text:Fernando Abrantes
bar:Henning text:Henning Schmitz
bar:Stefan text:Stefan Pfaffe
bar:Falk text:Falk Grieffenhagen

PlotData=
width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Ralf from:start till:31/01/1971 color:keyboards
bar:Ralf from:01/01/1973 till:end color:vocals width:3
bar:Ralf from:31/08/1971 till:end color:keyboards
bar:Florian from:start till:01/01/1974 color:flute
bar:Florian from:01/01/1974 till:31/12/2008 color:keyboards
bar:Florian from:01/01/1973 till:01/01/2009 color:bvocals width:3
bar:Andreas from:01/05/1970 till:01/11/1970 color:drums
bar:Houschäng from:01/12/1970 till:01/03/1971 color:guitar
bar:Plato from:01/08/1973 till:31/08/1973 color:bass
bar:Peter from:01/02/1970 till:01/03/1970 color:drums
bar:Charly from:01/03/1970 till:01/04/1970 color:drums
bar:Thomas from:01/04/1970 till:01/05/1970 color:drums
bar:Eberhard from:01/12/1970 till:01/03/1971 color:bass
bar:Klaus from:01/11/1970 till:31/08/1971 color:drums
bar:Michael from:01/04/1971 till:31/08/1971 color:guitar
bar:Emil from:01/08/1973 till:31/12/1973 color:guitar
bar:Wolfgang from:01/11/1973 till:01/01/1987 color:perc
bar:Klaus2 from:01/01/1974 till:01/08/1974 color:guitar
bar:Karl2 from:01/03/1975 till:01/01/1991 color:perc
bar:Karl2 from:01/01/1978 till:01/01/1991 color:keyboards width:3
bar:Karl2 from:10/11/1986 till:28/02/1987 color:vocals width:7
bar:Fernando from:01/01/1991 till:31/12/1991 color:keyboards width:3
bar:Fernando from:01/01/1991 till:31/12/1991 color:perc
bar:Stefan from:01/01/2008 till:01/01/2012 color:video
bar:Fritz from:01/01/1989 till:end color:perc
bar:Henning from:31/12/1991 till:end color:keyboards width:3
bar:Henning from:31/12/1991 till:end color:perc
bar:Falk from:01/01/2012 till:end color:video

LineData =
layer:back
color:Studio
width:2
at:01/11/1970 #>Kraftwerk<#
at:01/01/1972 #>Kraftwerk 2<#
at:01/10/1973 #>Ralf and Florian<#
at:01/11/1974 #>Autobahn<#
at:01/10/1975 #>Radio-Activity<#
at:01/05/1977 #>Trans-Europe Express<#
at:01/05/1978 #>The Man-Machine<#
at:01/05/1981 #>Computer World<#
at:01/12/1986 #>Electric Café<#
at:04/08/2003 #>Tour de France Soundtracks<#

</timeline>

== Discography ==
{{Main|Kraftwerk discography}}
* ''[[Kraftwerk (album)|Kraftwerk]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kraftwerk 2]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ralf und Florian]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Radio-Activity]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' (1977)
* ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Computer World]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Electric Café]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Tour de France Soundtracks]]'' (2003)

== Videography ==
* ''[[Romantic Warriors IV: Krautrock]]'' (2019)

== Awards and achievements ==
=== Grammy Awards ===
{{awards table}}
|-
| [[24th Annual Grammy Awards|1982]]
| "[[Computer World]]"
| [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance|Best Rock Instrumental Performance]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[48th Annual Grammy Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Minimum-Maximum]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album|Best Dance/Electronic Album]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[56th Annual Grammy Awards|2014]]
| Kraftwerk
| [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|2015]]
| ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]''
| [[Grammy Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]]
| ''[[3-D The Catalogue]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album|Best Dance/Electronic Album]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| 60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018
| ''3-D The Catalogue''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album|Best Surround Sound Album]]
| {{Nominated}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Wikipedia books|Kraftwerk}}
* [[List of ambient music artists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Bussy |first=Pascal |title=Kraftwerk—Man, Machine & Music |publisher=SAF Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-946719-70-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Flür |first=Wolfgang |authorlink=Wolfgang Flür |title="Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot |publisher=Sanctuary Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-86074-417-4}}

== Further reading ==
* Tim Barr, ''"Kraftwerk: From Düsseldorf to the Future"'' 1998
* Vanni Neri & Giorgio Campani: ''"A Short Introduction to Kraftwerk"'' 2000
* Albert Koch: ''"Kraftwerk: The Music Makers"'' 2002
* Kraftwerk: ''"Kraftwerk Photobook"'' 2005 (included in the [[Minimum-Maximum Notebook]] set)
* Sean Albiez and David Pattie: ''Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop'' 2010
* David Buckley: ''Kraftwerk: Publikation'' 2012
* [[Toby Mott]]: ''Kraftwerk: 45 RPM'' 2012
* The Guardian: ''Kraftwerk sue makers of Kraftwerk charging devices'' 2015

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kraftwerk}}
* {{Official website|kraftwerk.com}}
* {{YouTube|user = KraftwerktheOfficial|Kraftwerk}}
* [https://soundcloud.com/kraftwerkofficial Kraftwerk: Free Listening] at [[SoundCloud]]
* [http://www.kraftwerk.hu/antenna ANTENNA] – The International Kraftwerk Mailing List (since 2003 September)
* {{Discogs artist|Kraftwerk}}
* [http://kraftwerkfaq.hu/ Kraftwerk FAQ] – The Kraftwerk FAQ: Frequently asked questions and answers
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815204024/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/documentaries/060807_kraftwerk.shtml BBC Radio 1 Kraftwerk documentary]– 2006 Kraftwerk documentary with [[Alex Kapranos]]
* [http://www.argiers.com/jmps/jmps.html Kraftwerk Vinyl Site for collectors]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117233701/http://www.allkraftwerk.com/ AllKraftwerk]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010134311/http://hem.fyristorg.com/kraftwerk/ Mats's Kraftwerk Page] with lots of images and information, since 1997{{what|date=March 2020}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCQEzgtWv-E Good evening Kraftwerk, good evening Stuttgart!] by the [[European Space Agency]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] with [[The Beatles]], [[Clifton Chenier]], [[The Isley Brothers]], [[Kris Kristofferson]], [[Armando Manzanero]]
| years = 2014
| before = [[Glenn Gould]], [[Charlie Haden]], [[Lightnin' Hopkins]], [[Carole King]], [[Patti Page]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[The Temptations]]
| after = [[The Bee Gees]], [[Pierre Boulez]], [[Buddy Guy]], [[George Harrison]], [[Flaco Jiménez]], [[The Louvin Brothers]], [[Wayne Shorter]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kraftwerk|state=expanded}}
{{Electronic music}}
{{Klaus Dinger|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kraftwerk| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:Art pop musicians]]
[[Category:Astralwerks artists]]
[[Category:Avant-garde music groups]]
[[Category:Electropop groups]]
[[Category:Elektra Records artists]]
[[Category:Electronic rock musical groups]]
[[Category:EMI Records artists]]
[[Category:German electronic musicians]]
[[Category:German synthpop groups]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Krautrock musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1969]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Düsseldorf]]
[[Category:Musical quartets]]
[[Category:Mute Records artists]]
[[Category:Parlophone artists]]
[[Category:Progressive pop musicians]]
[[Category:Philips Records artists]]
[[Category:Vertigo Records artists]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]

Dominic Cummings

2020-03-11T14:01:39Z

192.121.232.253: /* Political views */ m spelling

{{short description|British political strategist for Boris Johnson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dominic Mckenzie Cummings
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|11|25|df=y}}<ref name="OwenBennett">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-2hDwAAQBAJ |title=Michael Gove: A Man in a Hurry | date=25 July 2019 | accessdate=2 August 2019 | author=[[Owen Bennett]] | isbn = 978-1785904400 | publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]] | chapter=Chapter 11: Changing Places}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Durham, England|Durham]], England<ref name="OwenBennett"/>
| death_date = 
| office = [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Chief Adviser]]
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 24 July 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gavin Barwell]] ([[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]])
| successor =
| office1 = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to the [[Secretary of State for Education]]
| 1blankname1 = Education Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Michael Gove]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Elena Narozanski
| successor1 =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party =
| other_names =
| occupation = Political Adviser
| known_for = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to Education Secretary [[Michael Gove]], 2010–2014; [[Campaign manager|Campaign Director]] of [[Vote Leave]], 2015–2016; [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]], 2019–present
| spouse = Mary Wakefield
| children = 1
| education = [[Durham School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| website = {{URL|http://dominiccummings.com}}
}}
'''Dominic Mckenzie Cummings''' (born 25 November 1971) is a British political strategist who has served as [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] since July 2019.

From 2007 to 2014, he was a [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to [[Michael Gove]], including while the latter served as [[Secretary of State for Education]], before he was dismissed by Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]. From 2015 to 2016, Cummings was [[Campaign manager|Director]] of the successful [[Vote Leave]] campaign, an organisation opposed to continued British membership of the [[European Union]] that took an active part in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]] campaign for [[Brexit]].

==Early life==
Cummings was born in [[Durham, England|Durham]] on 25 November 1971. His father, Robert, had a varied career, but primarily built oil rigs for [[John Laing Group|Laing]], the construction firm. His mother, Morag, a university graduate, was a teacher and behavioural specialist.<ref name="Harry Lambert">{{cite book |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street | date=25 September 2019 | accessdate=17 December 2019 | author=[[Harry Lambert]]}}</ref> [[John Laws (judge)|Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws]], a former [[Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)|Lord Justice of Appeal]], is his uncle, as revealed by journalist Harry Lambert in the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name="The New Statesman">{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Harry |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |accessdate=16 December 2019 |work=The New Statesman |date=25 September 2019}}</ref> All four of Cummings' grandparents served in [[World War II]].<ref name="The New Statesman"/>

After attending state primary school, he was educated at [[Durham School]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford]], where he studied under [[Norman Stone]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/28/conservatives.politicalnews|title=Another fine mess|last=Hinsliff|first=Gaby|work=The Guardian|date=28 July 2002}}</ref> graduating in 1994 with a First in Ancient and Modern History.<ref name="conservativehome.com"/> One of his professors has described him as "fizzing with ideas, unconvinced by any received set of views about anything". He was "something like a [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] – someone determined to bring down things that don’t work".<ref name="The New Statesman"/> Also in his youth he worked at Klute, a nightclub owned by his uncle in Durham.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saunders |first1=Tom |title=Dominic Cummings: "I wasn’t a bouncer, I just helped take money" |url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/dominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money/ |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Palitinate |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>

After university, Cummings moved to [[History of Russia (1991–present)|post-Soviet Russia]] from 1994 to 1997, working on various projects. In one Russian venture, he worked for a group attempting to set up an airline connecting [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] in southern Russia to [[Vienna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/04/dominic-cummings-brilliant-eccentric-or-evil-genius-brexit-tv-drama-benedict-cumberbatch|title=Dominic Cummings: brilliant eccentric or evil genius?|last=Perraudin|first=Frances|date=2019-01-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Political career==
===1999–2015===

From 1999 to 2002, Cummings was campaign director at [[No Campaign (UK)|Business for Sterling]], the campaign against the UK joining the [[Euro]].<ref name="OwenBennett"/><ref name="conservativehome.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.conservativehome.com/thetorydiary/2014/05/a-profile-of-dominic-cummings-friend-of-gove-and-enemy-of-clegg.html |title=A profile of Dominic Cummings, friend of Gove and enemy of Clegg |last=Gimson |first=Andrew |work=Conservative Home |date=15 May 2014}}</ref> He then became Director of Strategy for [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Iain Duncan Smith]] for eight months in 2002, aiming to modernise the Conservative Party (of which he was not a member); however he soon left in frustration at the introduction of what he saw as half-measures, labelling Duncan Smith "incompetent".<ref name=optimistic>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance|title=An optimistic Eurosceptic. For Dominic Cummings, leaving the European Union is a first step in a British renaissance|last=Bagehot|work=[[The Economist]]|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="theindependent1"/> With James Frayne he founded the New Frontiers Foundation think-tank as its director; it launched in December 2003 and closed in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000420.php|title=It could have been so much worse|work=Social Affairs Unit blog|date=4 May 2005|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings was described as a "key figure" in the successful campaign against a [[Regional assembly (England)#Plans for elected regional assemblies|North-East Regional Assembly]] in 2004,<ref name="bbc1"/> after which he moved to his father's farm in [[County Durham]].<ref name="conservativehome.com"/>

Cummings worked for Conservative politician [[Michael Gove]] from 2007 to January 2014, first in opposition and then, after the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], as a [[Special adviser (UK)|special adviser]] (spad) in the [[Department for Education]] (DfE). He was Gove's chief of staff,<ref name=optimistic/> an appointment blocked by [[Andy Coulson]] until his own resignation.<ref name=indy1/><ref name=genius>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/oct/11/dominic-cummings-genius-menace-michael-gove|title=Dominic Cummings: genius or menace?|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=11 October 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> In this capacity, Cummings wrote an essay titled "Some thoughts on education and political priorities",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.guim.co.uk/ni/1381763590219/-Some-thoughts-on-education.pdf|title=Some thoughts on education and political priorities|last=Cummings|first=Dominic|date=2013}}</ref> about transforming Britain into a "meritocratic technopolis";<ref name=optimistic/> the essay was described by ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' journalist [[Patrick Wintour]] as "either mad, bad or brilliant – and probably a bit of all three".<ref name=genius/><ref name="interview"/>

At the DfE Cummings became known for his blunt style and "not suffering fools gladly";<ref name="conservativehome.com"/><ref name=optimistic/> he railed against the "blob", the informal alliance of senior civil servants and teachers who, in Cummings's opinion, sought to frustrate his attempts at reform.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49101464A | title=Who are Boris Johnson's key advisors | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=30 July 2019 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> Cummings was also outspoken regarding other senior politicians, describing [[Nick Clegg]]'s proposals on [[School meal#United Kingdom|free school meals]] as "Dreamed up on the back of a cigarette packet",<ref name="pwintour1"/> and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] as "thick as mince" and "lazy as a toad".<ref name="bbc1"/> Patrick Wintour described the Cummings-Gove working relationship: "Gove, polite to a fault, would often feign ignorance of his adviser’s methods, but knew full well the dark arts that Cummings deployed to get his master’s way".<ref name="pwintour1"/> In 2014, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] described Cummings as a "career psychopath",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/18/david-cameron-dominic-cummings-career-psychopath|title=PM backs Michael Gove but suggests former aide was a 'career psychopath'|date=18 June 2014|work=The Guardian|first=Rowena|last=Mason|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> although the two had never met.<ref name="pwintour1"/>

During his time as an official working for Gove, Cummings received a warning from the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) for use of private Gmail accounts to deal with government business, saying it should be 'actively discouraged'.<ref name="Peye1">{{cite news |title=Mail Privilege |work=Private Eye |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |date=10 January 2020 |page=7}}</ref> The ICO uncovered an email from Cummings in which he said: 'i will not answer any further emails to my official DfE account or from conservatives.com – i will only answer things that come from Gmail accounts from people who I know who they are' [sic].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Chris |title=Gove staff destroyed government emails |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f70db1e0-6458-11e1-b50e-00144feabdc0 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, Cummings left his job as a special adviser and noted that he might have a go at opening a [[Free school (England)|free school]].<ref name=indy1/> He had previously worked for the [[New Schools Network]] charity that advises free schools, as a volunteer from June 2009 and then as a paid freelancer from July to December 2010.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/michael-goves-controversial-adviser-dominic-cummings-quits-to-open-new-free-school-8864909.html|title=Michael Gove's controversial adviser Dominic Cummings 'quits to open new free school'|first1=Richard|last1=Garner|first2=James|last2=Cusick|work=The Independent|date=7 October 2013|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/11/18/dominic-cummings-given-parliamentary-pass-while-at-new-schools-network/|title=Gove aide given parliamentary pass while at New Schools Network|date=18 November 2011|work=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism|first=Maeve|last=McClenaghan|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref>

===Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019)===
{{See also|2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum}}
Cummings became campaign director of [[Vote Leave]] upon the creation of the organisation in October 2015.<ref name="interview">{{cite news |url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/bagehot/2016/01/out-campaign |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |author="Bagehot" |work=The Economist |location= London |date=21 January 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> He is credited with having created the Vote Leave slogan, "Take back control", and with being the leading strategist of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/cceb7038-30cc-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153.html#axzz4H22r0hWH |title=Combative Brexiter who took control of Vote Leave operation |last=Mance |first=Henry |date=14 June 2016 |last2=Parker |first2=George |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36872264 |title=Matthew Elliott on Vote Leave's 'genius moment'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> His campaign strategy was summarised as: "Do talk about immigration";<ref>{{cite newspaper |last1=Mandelson |first1=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/03/brexit-camp-immigration-economic-vote-leave |accessdate=29 July 2019 |title=Why is the Brexit camp so obsessed with immigration? Because that's all they have |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Point Dominic talks about immigration in relation to the leave campaign's victory">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=Mr |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDbRxH9Kiy4 |website=youtube |publisher=Brexit Sham |access-date=29 July 2019 |ref=21:45}}{{better source|date=August 2019}}</ref> "Do talk about business"; "Don’t make the referendum final"; "Do keep mentioning the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the over-reach of the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Union's Court of Justice]]". Board member of Vote Leave [[Bernard Jenkin]] tried to remove Cummings and merge Vote Leave with the other campaign, [[Leave.EU]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/how-will-straw-and-dominic-cummings-are-pulling-the-strings-of-the-eu-referendum-power-players-a3188156.html |last=Dico |first=Joy Lo |title=How Will Straw and Dominic Cummings are pulling the strings of the EU Referendum power players |work=London Evening Standard |date=24 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings and Vote Leave CEO [[Matthew Elliott (politics)|Matthew Elliott]] left the board in February 2016 following reported infighting.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://uk.businessinsider.com/matthew-elliott-and-dominic-cummings-exit-vote-leave-board-2016-2 |title= Everyone in the campaign to get Britain out of the EU is stabbing each other in the back |last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |work=Business Insider UK |date=4 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> The [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|June 2016 referendum]] resulted in a 51.9% vote to "leave" the European Union. Cummings was praised alongside Elliott as being one of the masterminds of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90c054fe-3953-11e6-9a05-82a9b15a8ee7.html#axzz4GseqHe1d |title=How Vote Leave won the EU referendum |last=Payne |first=Sebastian |date=24 June 2016 |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> He was named as one of "[[Debrett's]] 500 2016" people of influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|title=Dominic Cummings|work=Debrett's|accessdate=18 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703065137/http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|archivedate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

He advised [[Babylon Health]] on its communications strategy and senior recruitment up to September 2018. [[Jon Ashworth]] said the links between Cummings, the health secretary and Babylon were "increasingly murky and highly irresponsible".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dominic Cummings' alleged Babylon role raises concerns |url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2019/10/dominic-cummings-role-babylon-conflict-interest/ |accessdate=21 November 2019 |publisher=Digital Health |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, the [[Commons Select Committee of Privileges]] recommended the House issue an admonishment for [[contempt of Parliament]] after Cummings failed to appear before the [[Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]] inquiry into claims of false news during the referendum campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=BBC News |title=Vote Leave's Dominic Cummings 'in contempt of Parliament' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47712040 |accessdate=27 July 2019 |agency=BBC |date=27 March 2019}}</ref> The resolution admonishing him was passed by resolution of the House of Commons on 2 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Privileges – Hansard |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-04-02/debates/B24A6227-E736-4100-8DDF-9CE02A37A533/Privileges?highlight=cummings%20contempt |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref>

In July 2017, the lawyer and political commentator, [[David Allen Green]], asked Cummings via Twitter, "Is there anything which could now happen (or not happen) which would make you now wish Leave had not won the referendum result?" Cummings replied, "Lots! I said before REF was dumb idea, other things shdve been tried 1st."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Freedland |first1=Jonathan |title=Is Brexit an error? Now even Vote Leave’s chief is having doubts {{!}} Jonathan Freedland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/05/brexit-error-vote-leave-dominic-cummings |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

===Senior Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–present) ===
[[File:Peoples Vote March October 3959 Demonic Cummings sculpture.jpg|thumb|Effigy of Cummings as [[Boris Johnson]]'s puppet-master at the [[People's Vote]] march, in October 2019]]

On 24 July 2019, Cummings was appointed as a Senior Adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/controversial-ex-vote-leave-chief-dominic-cummings-to-join-boris-johnsons-team-in-number-10-11769523|title=Who is 'career psychopath' Dominic Cummings set to join Johnson's team?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

On his appointment, ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that at a conference in 2017 Cummings had argued that: "People think, and by the way I think most people are right: 'The Tory party is run by people who basically don't care about people like me{{' "}}; and that "Tory MPs largely do not care about these poorer people. They don't care about the NHS. And the public has kind of cottoned on to that".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/30/dominic-cummings-tories-do-not-care-about-poor-people-or-the-nhs|title=Dominic Cummings: Tory MPs do not care about poor people or NHS|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=2019-07-30|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported on Cummings's past rivalry with [[Nigel Farage]] from the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum campaign]], and quoted Farage as saying that: "He has never liked me. He can't stand the [[European Research Group|ERG]]. I can't see him coming to any accommodation with anyone. He has huge personal enmity with the true believers in Brexit".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Asa |title=Dominic Cummings and Nigel Farage: the Brexit referendum rivalry that continues to rage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/31/dominic-cummings-nigel-farage-brexit-referendum-rivalry-continues/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=31 July 2019 | accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Cummings was accused of hypocrisy when, not long after his appointment, it was revealed that a farm that he co-owns had received €250,000 (£235,000) in [[Common Agricultural Policy|EU farming subsidies]]. Cummings had previously described such subsidies as "absurd", complaining that some of them were handed out to "very rich landowners to do stupid things".<ref>{{Cite web |title= Brexit enforcer Cummings' farm took €235,000 in EU handouts |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/10/dominic-cummings-owns-farm-got-eu-subsidy |website=theguardian.com |date= 10 August 2019 |access-date= 1 August 2019 }}</ref>

In November 2019, a [[whistleblower]] raised questions about Cummings' interactions during his years in Russia; ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Whitehall was keeping certain government business from Cummings.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/labour-asks-about-dominic-cummings-years-working-in-russia-vl6d0w62z Labour asks about Dominic Cummings’ years working in Russia]</ref>

As per procedure, Cummings temporarily resigned his role when [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament dissolved]] for the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], along with most special advisers, but was briefly reinstated to assist the government during the [[2019 England floods|England Floods]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2019/nov/27/general-election-leaders-try-to-steer-campaign-away-from-race-and-faith-live?page=with:block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097#block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097|title=YouGov poll suggests Tories on course for comfortable general election victory|last=Lyons|first=Kate|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

According to ''[[Politico]]'', Cummings played a role in the Conservative Party's victory in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{cite web | last1=Dickson | first1=Annabelle | last2=Casalicchio | first2=Emilio | last3=Blanchard | first3=Jack | last4=Courea | first4=Eleni | title=We’re all living in Dominic Cummings' world now | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dominic-cummings-uk-electio-2019-strategy-conservative-victory/ | date=13 December 2019 | work=[[Politico]] | accessdate=14 December 2019}}</ref> despite having passed the party's running of the election campaign to [[Isaac Levido]]. After the election, in what was described as an "unusual move", Cummings called for people interested in working in government to contact him through a private [[Gmail]] address. In a blog post, he said he wanted to recruit data scientists, software developers and economists to help improve the performance of government, making his own role "within a year largely redundant".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50978329|title=PM's senior aide Dominic Cummings calls for civil service changes|date=3 January 2020|work=BBC News|accessdate=3 January 2020}}</ref> The recruitment drive was reported to have resulted in several appointments on short-term contracts, including [[Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich|Baroness Wolf of Dulwich]], Professor [[Vernon C. Gibson|Vernon Gibson]] and, briefly, [[Andrew Sabisky]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shipman|first=Tim|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-titans-of-no-10-working-in-tandem-or-pulling-apart-3bnzbrgfv|title=Dominic Cummings and Boris Johnson: working in tandem or pulling apart?|date=23 February 2020|work=Sunday Times|access-date=23 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>. Sabisky resigned in February 2020 following complaints about his previously expressed views on race, intelligence and eugenics<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51538493|title=No 10 adviser resigns over alleged race comments|date=2020-02-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-GB}}</ref>.

Cummings was arrested on March 9, 2020 on suspicion of disorderly conduct, after having been sighted on Trafalgar Square walking around and shouting loud: "You can't have our FISH!" and waving a cardboard sign with the image of a [[salmon]] and the text: "''Hands Off My Fish and Chips, Merkel!''". He was subsequently set free on bail.

===Controversies===
====Civil servant's bullying case====
In 2012, a senior female civil servant received a payout of £25,000 in a bullying case she took against Cummings and a senior member of Michael Gove’s team, when Cummings was a special adviser at the Department for Education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/15/boris-johnson-dominic-cummings-backlash-sacking-sonia-khan|title=Cummings and Johnson face backlash over sacking of advisers|last=Helm|first=Toby|date=15 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/03/dominic-cummings-fostering-culture-of-bullying-says-labour|title=Priti Patel accused of bullying a third senior civil servant|last=Syal|first=Rajeev|date=4 March 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref>

====Sonia Khan’s dismissal====
On 31 August 2019, ''The Guardian'' reported that Cummings had fired one of [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Sajid Javid]]'s aides, Sonia Khan, without Javid's permission and without informing him. Allegedly, "Having summoned her to No 10 on Thursday evening to question her, Cummings took her two phones, one used for private calls and one for work, and fired her after seeing she had talked to an ex-aide to [[Philip Hammond]] the previous week. Cummings then went outside No 10 and asked an armed officer to enter the building and escort Khan off the premises."<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/31/boris-johnson-must-launch-inquiry-dominic-cummings-reign-of-terror |title=PM 'must launch urgent inquiry into Dominic Cummings’s reign of terror'|first1=Toby |last1=Helm|first2=Mark |last2=Townsend|date=1 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The following month, ''[[The Times]]'' reported that Cummings had "seized new powers to sack ministers' advisers", as their new employment contracts stipulated that responsibility for disciplinary matters rested with the Prime Minister's [[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] as well as with their respective ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/dominic-cummings-cements-his-power-to-sack-advisers-m6q77gkxd|title=Dominic Cummings cements his power to sack advisers|last=Zeffman|first=Henry|date=18 September 2019|work=The Times|accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==Political views==
Cummings has described his political views as "not Tory (Conservative), libertarian, 'populist' or anything else".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-cummings-insight/an-archetypal-rebel-how-johnsons-chief-adviser-is-driving-brexit-idUKKCN1UY0ML|work=[[Reuters]]|title=An archetypal rebel - how Johnson's chief adviser is driving Brexit|date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

In January 2016, five months prior to the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 European Union referendum]] in the United Kingdom, Cummings said:
{{quote|"Extremists are on the rise in Europe and are being fuelled unfortunately by the Euro project and by the centralisation of power in Brussels. It is increasingly important that Britain offers an example of civilised, democratic, liberal self-government"<ref>{{cite news |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2016/01/21/an-interview-with-dominic-cummings |work=The Economist |date=21 January 2016}}</ref>}}

At an [[Ogilvy (agency)|Ogilvy]] conference in 2017, Cummings stated his belief that the EU, rather than solving issues, was fuelling radicalism and extremism due to a perceived lack of control over issues such as economy and immigration:
{{quote|"For me ... the worst-case scenario for Europe is a return to 1930s-style protectionism and extremism. And to me the EU project, the Eurozone project, are driving the growth of extremism. The single most important reason, really, for why I wanted to get out of the EU is I think that it will drain the poison of a lot of political debates ... UKIP and Nigel Farage would be finished. Once there’s democratic control of immigration policy, immigration will go back to being a second- or third-order issue."<ref name="foreign policy">{{cite news |first=Sahil |last=Handa |title=Can Dominic Cummings Banish Nativist Populism From U.K. Politics? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/10/can-boris-johnsons-brexit-guru-banish-nativist-populism-from-british-politics/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=10 August 2019}}</ref>}}

Cummings has frequently attacked what he sees as a London-centred political system that failed to countenance the United Kingdom’s voting to leave the European Union. In December 2019 following the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|General Election]], which returned an 80-seat Conservative majority, he stated:
{{quote|"After the shock of the referendum, MPs and journalists should have taken a breath and had a lot of self-reflection [on] why they misunderstood what was going on in the country. Instead a lot of people just doubled down on their own ideas and f***ed it up even more. That’s why something like this happens against expectations."<ref name="timesdec19">{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Oliver |title=Dominic Cummings: Educated Remainer types failed to read mood of the country |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-educated-remainer-types-failed-to-read-mood-of-the-country-fq0xp5g3k |work=The Times |date=14 December 2019 |accessdate=2019-12-27}}</ref>}}

He has expressed his dismay that many voters' concerns, particularly in Northern England and the Midlands, have been ignored by both the Conservatives and Labour and 'taken for granted'.<ref name="timesdec19"/> He criticised New Labour's attempt at re-balancing inherent structural deficiencies within the British economy following de-industrialisation with a system of tax credits.<ref name="timesdec19"/>

Cummings has claimed never to have been a member of a political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/|title=Dominic Cummings's Blog: About Me|author=Dominic Cummings|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref> Despite this, he was second in a list by [[LBC]] of the 'Top 100 Most Inhuman Conservatives of 2019'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/politics/parties/conservatives/the-top-100-most-influential-conservatives-of-2019/|title=The Top 100 Most Inhuman Conservatives of 2019|last=Dale|first=Iain|date=30 September 2019|website=LBC|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In December 2011, Cummings married Mary Wakefield, sister of his friend Jack Wakefield,<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref> former director of the [[Dmytro Firtash|Firtash]] Foundation<ref>[https://bylinetimes.com/2019/10/23/firtash-how-the-trump-impeachment-scandal-leads-back-to-british-brexiters/]</ref>. Mary Wakefield has worked at the weekly magazine ''[[The Spectator]]'' for decades, since Boris Johnson was editor, and is now commissioning editor. She is the daughter of [[Humphry Wakefield|Sir Humphry Wakefield]], of [[Chillingham Castle]] in [[Northumberland]].<ref name="theindependent1">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html | title=Dominic Cummings: The Vote Leave chief who invented £350m claim before admitting Brexit was a mistake | newspaper=[[The Independent]] | author=Maya Oppenheim | date=5 July 2017 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, they had a son,<ref>Rabbett, Abigail; Morley, Nicole (8 January 2019). [https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/who-dominic-cummings-durham-man-15643998 "Who is Dominic Cummings? The Durham man behind Brexit played by Benedict Cumberbatch in Channel 4 show"]. ''[[Evening Chronicle]]''.</ref><ref>Wakefield, Mary (10 August 2019). [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/the-reason-middle-class-parents-are-so-anxious "The reason middle-class parents are so anxious"]. ''[[The Spectator]]''.</ref> Alexander Cedd, named after [[Cedd|an Anglo-Saxon saint]].<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref>

Cummings is reportedly an admirer of [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Sun Tzu]],<ref name="foreign policy"/> and U.S. fighter pilot and military strategist [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The US fighter pilot inspiring Boris Johnson’s most powerful adviser |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-08-17/the-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings/ |work=ITV News |date=17 August 2019}}</ref> Journalist [[Owen Bennett]] claimed that Cummings "is a [[Russophilia|Russophile]], speaks [[Russian language|Russian]], and is passionately interested in [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]]",<ref name="OwenBennett"/> while [[Patrick Wintour]] in ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that "[[Anna Karenina]], maths and Bismarck are his three obsessions."<ref name="pwintour1">{{Cite web |title= Dominic Cummings: master of the dark arts handed keys to No 10 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-a-career-psychopath-in-downing-street |website= theguardian.com |date= 26 July 2019 |access-date= 10 August 2019 | author=[[Patrick Wintour]] }}</ref>

==Depiction in fiction==
Cummings was portrayed by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] in the 2019 [[Channel 4]] drama ''[[Brexit: The Uncivil War]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/brexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch/|title=Brexit: The Uncivil War review: Benedict Cumberbatch is superb in this thrilling romp through the referendum|last=Bennett|first=Asa|date=28 December 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=8 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b|title=Vote Leave's Matthew Elliott on Channel 4's Brexit: The Uncivil War|newspaper=Financial Times|author=[[Matthew Elliott (political strategist)|Matthew Elliott]]|date=4 January 2019|quote=Screenwriter James Graham has turned the campaign into a compelling story – and nailed my mannerisms}}</ref>

==Registered companies==
Cummings is registered as a director of the non-trading company Klute Ltd, which formerly owned the Klute nightclub in Durham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07472305|title=KLUTE LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perraudin |first1=Frances |title=Dominic Cummings was doorman at 'Europe's worst nightclub' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-was-doorman-at-europes-worst-nightclub |accessdate=2 September 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> and Dynamic Maps Ltd, an information technology consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/11000656|title=DYNAMIC MAPS LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref> He runs another company called North Wood that "tries to solve problems" related to management, politics and communications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=About |url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/ |website=Dominic Cummings's Blog |accessdate=2 September 2019 |language=en |date=31 January 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation | first= Luke | last= McGee | title= Meet the real brains behind Boris Johnson's Brexit plan | publisher= [[CNN]] | date= 21 August 2019 | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/21/uk/dominic-cummings-profile-gbr-intl/index.html }}

==External links==
{{Commons Category|Dominic Cummings}}
* [https://dominiccummings.wordpress.com Blog of Dominic Cummings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018115349/http://www.new-frontiers.org/home/home.aspx New Frontiers Foundation] website, archived in 2005

{{British special advisers}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Dominic}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:People educated at Durham School]]
[[Category:People from Durham, England]]
[[Category:Brexit]]

Dominic Cummings

2020-03-11T14:00:10Z

192.121.232.253: /* Political views */ m

{{short description|British political strategist for Boris Johnson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dominic Mckenzie Cummings
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|11|25|df=y}}<ref name="OwenBennett">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-2hDwAAQBAJ |title=Michael Gove: A Man in a Hurry | date=25 July 2019 | accessdate=2 August 2019 | author=[[Owen Bennett]] | isbn = 978-1785904400 | publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]] | chapter=Chapter 11: Changing Places}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Durham, England|Durham]], England<ref name="OwenBennett"/>
| death_date = 
| office = [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Chief Adviser]]
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 24 July 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gavin Barwell]] ([[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]])
| successor =
| office1 = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to the [[Secretary of State for Education]]
| 1blankname1 = Education Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Michael Gove]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Elena Narozanski
| successor1 =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party =
| other_names =
| occupation = Political Adviser
| known_for = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to Education Secretary [[Michael Gove]], 2010–2014; [[Campaign manager|Campaign Director]] of [[Vote Leave]], 2015–2016; [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]], 2019–present
| spouse = Mary Wakefield
| children = 1
| education = [[Durham School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| website = {{URL|http://dominiccummings.com}}
}}
'''Dominic Mckenzie Cummings''' (born 25 November 1971) is a British political strategist who has served as [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] since July 2019.

From 2007 to 2014, he was a [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to [[Michael Gove]], including while the latter served as [[Secretary of State for Education]], before he was dismissed by Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]. From 2015 to 2016, Cummings was [[Campaign manager|Director]] of the successful [[Vote Leave]] campaign, an organisation opposed to continued British membership of the [[European Union]] that took an active part in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]] campaign for [[Brexit]].

==Early life==
Cummings was born in [[Durham, England|Durham]] on 25 November 1971. His father, Robert, had a varied career, but primarily built oil rigs for [[John Laing Group|Laing]], the construction firm. His mother, Morag, a university graduate, was a teacher and behavioural specialist.<ref name="Harry Lambert">{{cite book |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street | date=25 September 2019 | accessdate=17 December 2019 | author=[[Harry Lambert]]}}</ref> [[John Laws (judge)|Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws]], a former [[Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)|Lord Justice of Appeal]], is his uncle, as revealed by journalist Harry Lambert in the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name="The New Statesman">{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Harry |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |accessdate=16 December 2019 |work=The New Statesman |date=25 September 2019}}</ref> All four of Cummings' grandparents served in [[World War II]].<ref name="The New Statesman"/>

After attending state primary school, he was educated at [[Durham School]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford]], where he studied under [[Norman Stone]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/28/conservatives.politicalnews|title=Another fine mess|last=Hinsliff|first=Gaby|work=The Guardian|date=28 July 2002}}</ref> graduating in 1994 with a First in Ancient and Modern History.<ref name="conservativehome.com"/> One of his professors has described him as "fizzing with ideas, unconvinced by any received set of views about anything". He was "something like a [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] – someone determined to bring down things that don’t work".<ref name="The New Statesman"/> Also in his youth he worked at Klute, a nightclub owned by his uncle in Durham.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saunders |first1=Tom |title=Dominic Cummings: "I wasn’t a bouncer, I just helped take money" |url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/dominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money/ |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Palitinate |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>

After university, Cummings moved to [[History of Russia (1991–present)|post-Soviet Russia]] from 1994 to 1997, working on various projects. In one Russian venture, he worked for a group attempting to set up an airline connecting [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] in southern Russia to [[Vienna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/04/dominic-cummings-brilliant-eccentric-or-evil-genius-brexit-tv-drama-benedict-cumberbatch|title=Dominic Cummings: brilliant eccentric or evil genius?|last=Perraudin|first=Frances|date=2019-01-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Political career==
===1999–2015===

From 1999 to 2002, Cummings was campaign director at [[No Campaign (UK)|Business for Sterling]], the campaign against the UK joining the [[Euro]].<ref name="OwenBennett"/><ref name="conservativehome.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.conservativehome.com/thetorydiary/2014/05/a-profile-of-dominic-cummings-friend-of-gove-and-enemy-of-clegg.html |title=A profile of Dominic Cummings, friend of Gove and enemy of Clegg |last=Gimson |first=Andrew |work=Conservative Home |date=15 May 2014}}</ref> He then became Director of Strategy for [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Iain Duncan Smith]] for eight months in 2002, aiming to modernise the Conservative Party (of which he was not a member); however he soon left in frustration at the introduction of what he saw as half-measures, labelling Duncan Smith "incompetent".<ref name=optimistic>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance|title=An optimistic Eurosceptic. For Dominic Cummings, leaving the European Union is a first step in a British renaissance|last=Bagehot|work=[[The Economist]]|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="theindependent1"/> With James Frayne he founded the New Frontiers Foundation think-tank as its director; it launched in December 2003 and closed in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000420.php|title=It could have been so much worse|work=Social Affairs Unit blog|date=4 May 2005|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings was described as a "key figure" in the successful campaign against a [[Regional assembly (England)#Plans for elected regional assemblies|North-East Regional Assembly]] in 2004,<ref name="bbc1"/> after which he moved to his father's farm in [[County Durham]].<ref name="conservativehome.com"/>

Cummings worked for Conservative politician [[Michael Gove]] from 2007 to January 2014, first in opposition and then, after the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], as a [[Special adviser (UK)|special adviser]] (spad) in the [[Department for Education]] (DfE). He was Gove's chief of staff,<ref name=optimistic/> an appointment blocked by [[Andy Coulson]] until his own resignation.<ref name=indy1/><ref name=genius>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/oct/11/dominic-cummings-genius-menace-michael-gove|title=Dominic Cummings: genius or menace?|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=11 October 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> In this capacity, Cummings wrote an essay titled "Some thoughts on education and political priorities",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.guim.co.uk/ni/1381763590219/-Some-thoughts-on-education.pdf|title=Some thoughts on education and political priorities|last=Cummings|first=Dominic|date=2013}}</ref> about transforming Britain into a "meritocratic technopolis";<ref name=optimistic/> the essay was described by ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' journalist [[Patrick Wintour]] as "either mad, bad or brilliant – and probably a bit of all three".<ref name=genius/><ref name="interview"/>

At the DfE Cummings became known for his blunt style and "not suffering fools gladly";<ref name="conservativehome.com"/><ref name=optimistic/> he railed against the "blob", the informal alliance of senior civil servants and teachers who, in Cummings's opinion, sought to frustrate his attempts at reform.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49101464A | title=Who are Boris Johnson's key advisors | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=30 July 2019 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> Cummings was also outspoken regarding other senior politicians, describing [[Nick Clegg]]'s proposals on [[School meal#United Kingdom|free school meals]] as "Dreamed up on the back of a cigarette packet",<ref name="pwintour1"/> and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] as "thick as mince" and "lazy as a toad".<ref name="bbc1"/> Patrick Wintour described the Cummings-Gove working relationship: "Gove, polite to a fault, would often feign ignorance of his adviser’s methods, but knew full well the dark arts that Cummings deployed to get his master’s way".<ref name="pwintour1"/> In 2014, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] described Cummings as a "career psychopath",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/18/david-cameron-dominic-cummings-career-psychopath|title=PM backs Michael Gove but suggests former aide was a 'career psychopath'|date=18 June 2014|work=The Guardian|first=Rowena|last=Mason|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> although the two had never met.<ref name="pwintour1"/>

During his time as an official working for Gove, Cummings received a warning from the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) for use of private Gmail accounts to deal with government business, saying it should be 'actively discouraged'.<ref name="Peye1">{{cite news |title=Mail Privilege |work=Private Eye |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |date=10 January 2020 |page=7}}</ref> The ICO uncovered an email from Cummings in which he said: 'i will not answer any further emails to my official DfE account or from conservatives.com – i will only answer things that come from Gmail accounts from people who I know who they are' [sic].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Chris |title=Gove staff destroyed government emails |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f70db1e0-6458-11e1-b50e-00144feabdc0 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, Cummings left his job as a special adviser and noted that he might have a go at opening a [[Free school (England)|free school]].<ref name=indy1/> He had previously worked for the [[New Schools Network]] charity that advises free schools, as a volunteer from June 2009 and then as a paid freelancer from July to December 2010.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/michael-goves-controversial-adviser-dominic-cummings-quits-to-open-new-free-school-8864909.html|title=Michael Gove's controversial adviser Dominic Cummings 'quits to open new free school'|first1=Richard|last1=Garner|first2=James|last2=Cusick|work=The Independent|date=7 October 2013|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/11/18/dominic-cummings-given-parliamentary-pass-while-at-new-schools-network/|title=Gove aide given parliamentary pass while at New Schools Network|date=18 November 2011|work=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism|first=Maeve|last=McClenaghan|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref>

===Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019)===
{{See also|2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum}}
Cummings became campaign director of [[Vote Leave]] upon the creation of the organisation in October 2015.<ref name="interview">{{cite news |url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/bagehot/2016/01/out-campaign |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |author="Bagehot" |work=The Economist |location= London |date=21 January 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> He is credited with having created the Vote Leave slogan, "Take back control", and with being the leading strategist of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/cceb7038-30cc-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153.html#axzz4H22r0hWH |title=Combative Brexiter who took control of Vote Leave operation |last=Mance |first=Henry |date=14 June 2016 |last2=Parker |first2=George |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36872264 |title=Matthew Elliott on Vote Leave's 'genius moment'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> His campaign strategy was summarised as: "Do talk about immigration";<ref>{{cite newspaper |last1=Mandelson |first1=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/03/brexit-camp-immigration-economic-vote-leave |accessdate=29 July 2019 |title=Why is the Brexit camp so obsessed with immigration? Because that's all they have |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Point Dominic talks about immigration in relation to the leave campaign's victory">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=Mr |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDbRxH9Kiy4 |website=youtube |publisher=Brexit Sham |access-date=29 July 2019 |ref=21:45}}{{better source|date=August 2019}}</ref> "Do talk about business"; "Don’t make the referendum final"; "Do keep mentioning the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the over-reach of the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Union's Court of Justice]]". Board member of Vote Leave [[Bernard Jenkin]] tried to remove Cummings and merge Vote Leave with the other campaign, [[Leave.EU]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/how-will-straw-and-dominic-cummings-are-pulling-the-strings-of-the-eu-referendum-power-players-a3188156.html |last=Dico |first=Joy Lo |title=How Will Straw and Dominic Cummings are pulling the strings of the EU Referendum power players |work=London Evening Standard |date=24 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings and Vote Leave CEO [[Matthew Elliott (politics)|Matthew Elliott]] left the board in February 2016 following reported infighting.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://uk.businessinsider.com/matthew-elliott-and-dominic-cummings-exit-vote-leave-board-2016-2 |title= Everyone in the campaign to get Britain out of the EU is stabbing each other in the back |last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |work=Business Insider UK |date=4 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> The [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|June 2016 referendum]] resulted in a 51.9% vote to "leave" the European Union. Cummings was praised alongside Elliott as being one of the masterminds of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90c054fe-3953-11e6-9a05-82a9b15a8ee7.html#axzz4GseqHe1d |title=How Vote Leave won the EU referendum |last=Payne |first=Sebastian |date=24 June 2016 |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> He was named as one of "[[Debrett's]] 500 2016" people of influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|title=Dominic Cummings|work=Debrett's|accessdate=18 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703065137/http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|archivedate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

He advised [[Babylon Health]] on its communications strategy and senior recruitment up to September 2018. [[Jon Ashworth]] said the links between Cummings, the health secretary and Babylon were "increasingly murky and highly irresponsible".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dominic Cummings' alleged Babylon role raises concerns |url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2019/10/dominic-cummings-role-babylon-conflict-interest/ |accessdate=21 November 2019 |publisher=Digital Health |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, the [[Commons Select Committee of Privileges]] recommended the House issue an admonishment for [[contempt of Parliament]] after Cummings failed to appear before the [[Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]] inquiry into claims of false news during the referendum campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=BBC News |title=Vote Leave's Dominic Cummings 'in contempt of Parliament' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47712040 |accessdate=27 July 2019 |agency=BBC |date=27 March 2019}}</ref> The resolution admonishing him was passed by resolution of the House of Commons on 2 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Privileges – Hansard |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-04-02/debates/B24A6227-E736-4100-8DDF-9CE02A37A533/Privileges?highlight=cummings%20contempt |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref>

In July 2017, the lawyer and political commentator, [[David Allen Green]], asked Cummings via Twitter, "Is there anything which could now happen (or not happen) which would make you now wish Leave had not won the referendum result?" Cummings replied, "Lots! I said before REF was dumb idea, other things shdve been tried 1st."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Freedland |first1=Jonathan |title=Is Brexit an error? Now even Vote Leave’s chief is having doubts {{!}} Jonathan Freedland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/05/brexit-error-vote-leave-dominic-cummings |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

===Senior Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–present) ===
[[File:Peoples Vote March October 3959 Demonic Cummings sculpture.jpg|thumb|Effigy of Cummings as [[Boris Johnson]]'s puppet-master at the [[People's Vote]] march, in October 2019]]

On 24 July 2019, Cummings was appointed as a Senior Adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/controversial-ex-vote-leave-chief-dominic-cummings-to-join-boris-johnsons-team-in-number-10-11769523|title=Who is 'career psychopath' Dominic Cummings set to join Johnson's team?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

On his appointment, ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that at a conference in 2017 Cummings had argued that: "People think, and by the way I think most people are right: 'The Tory party is run by people who basically don't care about people like me{{' "}}; and that "Tory MPs largely do not care about these poorer people. They don't care about the NHS. And the public has kind of cottoned on to that".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/30/dominic-cummings-tories-do-not-care-about-poor-people-or-the-nhs|title=Dominic Cummings: Tory MPs do not care about poor people or NHS|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=2019-07-30|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported on Cummings's past rivalry with [[Nigel Farage]] from the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum campaign]], and quoted Farage as saying that: "He has never liked me. He can't stand the [[European Research Group|ERG]]. I can't see him coming to any accommodation with anyone. He has huge personal enmity with the true believers in Brexit".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Asa |title=Dominic Cummings and Nigel Farage: the Brexit referendum rivalry that continues to rage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/31/dominic-cummings-nigel-farage-brexit-referendum-rivalry-continues/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=31 July 2019 | accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Cummings was accused of hypocrisy when, not long after his appointment, it was revealed that a farm that he co-owns had received €250,000 (£235,000) in [[Common Agricultural Policy|EU farming subsidies]]. Cummings had previously described such subsidies as "absurd", complaining that some of them were handed out to "very rich landowners to do stupid things".<ref>{{Cite web |title= Brexit enforcer Cummings' farm took €235,000 in EU handouts |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/10/dominic-cummings-owns-farm-got-eu-subsidy |website=theguardian.com |date= 10 August 2019 |access-date= 1 August 2019 }}</ref>

In November 2019, a [[whistleblower]] raised questions about Cummings' interactions during his years in Russia; ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Whitehall was keeping certain government business from Cummings.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/labour-asks-about-dominic-cummings-years-working-in-russia-vl6d0w62z Labour asks about Dominic Cummings’ years working in Russia]</ref>

As per procedure, Cummings temporarily resigned his role when [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament dissolved]] for the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], along with most special advisers, but was briefly reinstated to assist the government during the [[2019 England floods|England Floods]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2019/nov/27/general-election-leaders-try-to-steer-campaign-away-from-race-and-faith-live?page=with:block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097#block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097|title=YouGov poll suggests Tories on course for comfortable general election victory|last=Lyons|first=Kate|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

According to ''[[Politico]]'', Cummings played a role in the Conservative Party's victory in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{cite web | last1=Dickson | first1=Annabelle | last2=Casalicchio | first2=Emilio | last3=Blanchard | first3=Jack | last4=Courea | first4=Eleni | title=We’re all living in Dominic Cummings' world now | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dominic-cummings-uk-electio-2019-strategy-conservative-victory/ | date=13 December 2019 | work=[[Politico]] | accessdate=14 December 2019}}</ref> despite having passed the party's running of the election campaign to [[Isaac Levido]]. After the election, in what was described as an "unusual move", Cummings called for people interested in working in government to contact him through a private [[Gmail]] address. In a blog post, he said he wanted to recruit data scientists, software developers and economists to help improve the performance of government, making his own role "within a year largely redundant".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50978329|title=PM's senior aide Dominic Cummings calls for civil service changes|date=3 January 2020|work=BBC News|accessdate=3 January 2020}}</ref> The recruitment drive was reported to have resulted in several appointments on short-term contracts, including [[Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich|Baroness Wolf of Dulwich]], Professor [[Vernon C. Gibson|Vernon Gibson]] and, briefly, [[Andrew Sabisky]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shipman|first=Tim|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-titans-of-no-10-working-in-tandem-or-pulling-apart-3bnzbrgfv|title=Dominic Cummings and Boris Johnson: working in tandem or pulling apart?|date=23 February 2020|work=Sunday Times|access-date=23 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>. Sabisky resigned in February 2020 following complaints about his previously expressed views on race, intelligence and eugenics<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51538493|title=No 10 adviser resigns over alleged race comments|date=2020-02-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-GB}}</ref>.

Cummings was arrested on March 9, 2020 on suspicion of disorderly conduct, after having been sighted on Trafalgar Square walking around and shouting loud: "You can't have our FISH!" and waving a cardboard sign with the image of a [[salmon]] and the text: "''Hands Off My Fish and Chips, Merkel!''". He was subsequently set free on bail.

===Controversies===
====Civil servant's bullying case====
In 2012, a senior female civil servant received a payout of £25,000 in a bullying case she took against Cummings and a senior member of Michael Gove’s team, when Cummings was a special adviser at the Department for Education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/15/boris-johnson-dominic-cummings-backlash-sacking-sonia-khan|title=Cummings and Johnson face backlash over sacking of advisers|last=Helm|first=Toby|date=15 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/03/dominic-cummings-fostering-culture-of-bullying-says-labour|title=Priti Patel accused of bullying a third senior civil servant|last=Syal|first=Rajeev|date=4 March 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref>

====Sonia Khan’s dismissal====
On 31 August 2019, ''The Guardian'' reported that Cummings had fired one of [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Sajid Javid]]'s aides, Sonia Khan, without Javid's permission and without informing him. Allegedly, "Having summoned her to No 10 on Thursday evening to question her, Cummings took her two phones, one used for private calls and one for work, and fired her after seeing she had talked to an ex-aide to [[Philip Hammond]] the previous week. Cummings then went outside No 10 and asked an armed officer to enter the building and escort Khan off the premises."<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/31/boris-johnson-must-launch-inquiry-dominic-cummings-reign-of-terror |title=PM 'must launch urgent inquiry into Dominic Cummings’s reign of terror'|first1=Toby |last1=Helm|first2=Mark |last2=Townsend|date=1 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The following month, ''[[The Times]]'' reported that Cummings had "seized new powers to sack ministers' advisers", as their new employment contracts stipulated that responsibility for disciplinary matters rested with the Prime Minister's [[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] as well as with their respective ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/dominic-cummings-cements-his-power-to-sack-advisers-m6q77gkxd|title=Dominic Cummings cements his power to sack advisers|last=Zeffman|first=Henry|date=18 September 2019|work=The Times|accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==Political views==
Cummings has described his political views as "not Tory (Conservative), libertarian, 'populist' or anything else".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-cummings-insight/an-archetypal-rebel-how-johnsons-chief-adviser-is-driving-brexit-idUKKCN1UY0ML|work=[[Reuters]]|title=An archetypal rebel - how Johnson's chief adviser is driving Brexit|date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

In January 2016, five months prior to the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 European Union referendum]] in the United Kingdom, Cummings said:
{{quote|"Extremists are on the rise in Europe and are being fuelled unfortunately by the Euro project and by the centralisation of power in Brussels. It is increasingly important that Britain offers an example of civilised, democratic, liberal self-government"<ref>{{cite news |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2016/01/21/an-interview-with-dominic-cummings |work=The Economist |date=21 January 2016}}</ref>}}

At an [[Ogilvy (agency)|Ogilvy]] conference in 2017, Cummings stated his belief that the EU, rather than solving issues, was fuelling radicalism and extremism due to a perceived lack of control over issues such as economy and immigration:
{{quote|"For me ... the worst-case scenario for Europe is a return to 1930s-style protectionism and extremism. And to me the EU project, the Eurozone project, are driving the growth of extremism. The single most important reason, really, for why I wanted to get out of the EU is I think that it will drain the poison of a lot of political debates ... UKIP and Nigel Farage would be finished. Once there’s democratic control of immigration policy, immigration will go back to being a second- or third-order issue."<ref name="foreign policy">{{cite news |first=Sahil |last=Handa |title=Can Dominic Cummings Banish Nativist Populism From U.K. Politics? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/10/can-boris-johnsons-brexit-guru-banish-nativist-populism-from-british-politics/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=10 August 2019}}</ref>}}

Cummings has frequently attacked what he sees as a London-centred political system that failed to countenance the United Kingdom’s voting to leave the European Union. In December 2019 following the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|General Election]], which returned an 80-seat Conservative majority, he stated:
{{quote|"After the shock of the referendum, MPs and journalists should have taken a breath and had a lot of self-reflection [on] why they misunderstood what was going on in the country. Instead a lot of people just doubled down on their own ideas and f***ed it up even more. That’s why something like this happens against expectations."<ref name="timesdec19">{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Oliver |title=Dominic Cummings: Educated Remainer types failed to read mood of the country |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-educated-remainer-types-failed-to-read-mood-of-the-country-fq0xp5g3k |work=The Times |date=14 December 2019 |accessdate=2019-12-27}}</ref>}}

He has expressed his dismay that many voters' concerns, particularly in Northern England and the Midlands, have been ignored by both the Conservatives and Labour and 'taken for granted'.<ref name="timesdec19"/> He criticised New Labour's attempt at re-balancing inherent structural deficiencies within the British economy following de-industrialisation with a system of tax credits.<ref name="timesdec19"/>

Cummings has claimed never to have been a member of a political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/|title=Dominic Cummings's Blog: About Me|author=Dominic Cummings|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref> Despite this, he was second in a list by [[LBC]] of the 'Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/politics/parties/conservatives/the-top-100-most-influential-conservatives-of-2019/|title=The Top 100 Most Inhuman Conservatives of 2019|last=Dale|first=Iain|date=30 September 2019|website=LBC|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In December 2011, Cummings married Mary Wakefield, sister of his friend Jack Wakefield,<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref> former director of the [[Dmytro Firtash|Firtash]] Foundation<ref>[https://bylinetimes.com/2019/10/23/firtash-how-the-trump-impeachment-scandal-leads-back-to-british-brexiters/]</ref>. Mary Wakefield has worked at the weekly magazine ''[[The Spectator]]'' for decades, since Boris Johnson was editor, and is now commissioning editor. She is the daughter of [[Humphry Wakefield|Sir Humphry Wakefield]], of [[Chillingham Castle]] in [[Northumberland]].<ref name="theindependent1">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html | title=Dominic Cummings: The Vote Leave chief who invented £350m claim before admitting Brexit was a mistake | newspaper=[[The Independent]] | author=Maya Oppenheim | date=5 July 2017 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, they had a son,<ref>Rabbett, Abigail; Morley, Nicole (8 January 2019). [https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/who-dominic-cummings-durham-man-15643998 "Who is Dominic Cummings? The Durham man behind Brexit played by Benedict Cumberbatch in Channel 4 show"]. ''[[Evening Chronicle]]''.</ref><ref>Wakefield, Mary (10 August 2019). [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/the-reason-middle-class-parents-are-so-anxious "The reason middle-class parents are so anxious"]. ''[[The Spectator]]''.</ref> Alexander Cedd, named after [[Cedd|an Anglo-Saxon saint]].<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref>

Cummings is reportedly an admirer of [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Sun Tzu]],<ref name="foreign policy"/> and U.S. fighter pilot and military strategist [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The US fighter pilot inspiring Boris Johnson’s most powerful adviser |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-08-17/the-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings/ |work=ITV News |date=17 August 2019}}</ref> Journalist [[Owen Bennett]] claimed that Cummings "is a [[Russophilia|Russophile]], speaks [[Russian language|Russian]], and is passionately interested in [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]]",<ref name="OwenBennett"/> while [[Patrick Wintour]] in ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that "[[Anna Karenina]], maths and Bismarck are his three obsessions."<ref name="pwintour1">{{Cite web |title= Dominic Cummings: master of the dark arts handed keys to No 10 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-a-career-psychopath-in-downing-street |website= theguardian.com |date= 26 July 2019 |access-date= 10 August 2019 | author=[[Patrick Wintour]] }}</ref>

==Depiction in fiction==
Cummings was portrayed by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] in the 2019 [[Channel 4]] drama ''[[Brexit: The Uncivil War]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/brexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch/|title=Brexit: The Uncivil War review: Benedict Cumberbatch is superb in this thrilling romp through the referendum|last=Bennett|first=Asa|date=28 December 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=8 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b|title=Vote Leave's Matthew Elliott on Channel 4's Brexit: The Uncivil War|newspaper=Financial Times|author=[[Matthew Elliott (political strategist)|Matthew Elliott]]|date=4 January 2019|quote=Screenwriter James Graham has turned the campaign into a compelling story – and nailed my mannerisms}}</ref>

==Registered companies==
Cummings is registered as a director of the non-trading company Klute Ltd, which formerly owned the Klute nightclub in Durham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07472305|title=KLUTE LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perraudin |first1=Frances |title=Dominic Cummings was doorman at 'Europe's worst nightclub' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-was-doorman-at-europes-worst-nightclub |accessdate=2 September 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> and Dynamic Maps Ltd, an information technology consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/11000656|title=DYNAMIC MAPS LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref> He runs another company called North Wood that "tries to solve problems" related to management, politics and communications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=About |url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/ |website=Dominic Cummings's Blog |accessdate=2 September 2019 |language=en |date=31 January 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation | first= Luke | last= McGee | title= Meet the real brains behind Boris Johnson's Brexit plan | publisher= [[CNN]] | date= 21 August 2019 | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/21/uk/dominic-cummings-profile-gbr-intl/index.html }}

==External links==
{{Commons Category|Dominic Cummings}}
* [https://dominiccummings.wordpress.com Blog of Dominic Cummings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018115349/http://www.new-frontiers.org/home/home.aspx New Frontiers Foundation] website, archived in 2005

{{British special advisers}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Dominic}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:People educated at Durham School]]
[[Category:People from Durham, England]]
[[Category:Brexit]]

Dominic Cummings

2020-03-11T11:35:09Z

192.121.232.253: /* Senior Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–present) */ m

{{short description|British political strategist for Boris Johnson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dominic Mckenzie Cummings
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|11|25|df=y}}<ref name="OwenBennett">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-2hDwAAQBAJ |title=Michael Gove: A Man in a Hurry | date=25 July 2019 | accessdate=2 August 2019 | author=[[Owen Bennett]] | isbn = 978-1785904400 | publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]] | chapter=Chapter 11: Changing Places}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Durham, England|Durham]], England<ref name="OwenBennett"/>
| death_date = 
| office = [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Chief Adviser]]
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 24 July 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gavin Barwell]] ([[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]])
| successor =
| office1 = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to the [[Secretary of State for Education]]
| 1blankname1 = Education Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Michael Gove]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Elena Narozanski
| successor1 =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party =
| other_names =
| occupation = Political Adviser
| known_for = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to Education Secretary [[Michael Gove]], 2010–2014; [[Campaign manager|Campaign Director]] of [[Vote Leave]], 2015–2016; [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]], 2019–present
| spouse = Mary Wakefield
| children = 1
| education = [[Durham School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| website = {{URL|http://dominiccummings.com}}
}}
'''Dominic Mckenzie Cummings''' (born 25 November 1971) is a British political strategist who has served as [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] since July 2019.

From 2007 to 2014, he was a [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to [[Michael Gove]], including while the latter served as [[Secretary of State for Education]], before he was dismissed by Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]. From 2015 to 2016, Cummings was [[Campaign manager|Director]] of the successful [[Vote Leave]] campaign, an organisation opposed to continued British membership of the [[European Union]] that took an active part in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]] campaign for [[Brexit]].

==Early life==
Cummings was born in [[Durham, England|Durham]] on 25 November 1971. His father, Robert, had a varied career, but primarily built oil rigs for [[John Laing Group|Laing]], the construction firm. His mother, Morag, a university graduate, was a teacher and behavioural specialist.<ref name="Harry Lambert">{{cite book |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street | date=25 September 2019 | accessdate=17 December 2019 | author=[[Harry Lambert]]}}</ref> [[John Laws (judge)|Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws]], a former [[Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)|Lord Justice of Appeal]], is his uncle, as revealed by journalist Harry Lambert in the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name="The New Statesman">{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Harry |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |accessdate=16 December 2019 |work=The New Statesman |date=25 September 2019}}</ref> All four of Cummings' grandparents served in [[World War II]].<ref name="The New Statesman"/>

After attending state primary school, he was educated at [[Durham School]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford]], where he studied under [[Norman Stone]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/28/conservatives.politicalnews|title=Another fine mess|last=Hinsliff|first=Gaby|work=The Guardian|date=28 July 2002}}</ref> graduating in 1994 with a First in Ancient and Modern History.<ref name="conservativehome.com"/> One of his professors has described him as "fizzing with ideas, unconvinced by any received set of views about anything". He was "something like a [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] – someone determined to bring down things that don’t work".<ref name="The New Statesman"/> Also in his youth he worked at Klute, a nightclub owned by his uncle in Durham.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saunders |first1=Tom |title=Dominic Cummings: "I wasn’t a bouncer, I just helped take money" |url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/dominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money/ |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Palitinate |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>

After university, Cummings moved to [[History of Russia (1991–present)|post-Soviet Russia]] from 1994 to 1997, working on various projects. In one Russian venture, he worked for a group attempting to set up an airline connecting [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] in southern Russia to [[Vienna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/04/dominic-cummings-brilliant-eccentric-or-evil-genius-brexit-tv-drama-benedict-cumberbatch|title=Dominic Cummings: brilliant eccentric or evil genius?|last=Perraudin|first=Frances|date=2019-01-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Political career==
===1999–2015===

From 1999 to 2002, Cummings was campaign director at [[No Campaign (UK)|Business for Sterling]], the campaign against the UK joining the [[Euro]].<ref name="OwenBennett"/><ref name="conservativehome.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.conservativehome.com/thetorydiary/2014/05/a-profile-of-dominic-cummings-friend-of-gove-and-enemy-of-clegg.html |title=A profile of Dominic Cummings, friend of Gove and enemy of Clegg |last=Gimson |first=Andrew |work=Conservative Home |date=15 May 2014}}</ref> He then became Director of Strategy for [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Iain Duncan Smith]] for eight months in 2002, aiming to modernise the Conservative Party (of which he was not a member); however he soon left in frustration at the introduction of what he saw as half-measures, labelling Duncan Smith "incompetent".<ref name=optimistic>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance|title=An optimistic Eurosceptic. For Dominic Cummings, leaving the European Union is a first step in a British renaissance|last=Bagehot|work=[[The Economist]]|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="theindependent1"/> With James Frayne he founded the New Frontiers Foundation think-tank as its director; it launched in December 2003 and closed in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000420.php|title=It could have been so much worse|work=Social Affairs Unit blog|date=4 May 2005|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings was described as a "key figure" in the successful campaign against a [[Regional assembly (England)#Plans for elected regional assemblies|North-East Regional Assembly]] in 2004,<ref name="bbc1"/> after which he moved to his father's farm in [[County Durham]].<ref name="conservativehome.com"/>

Cummings worked for Conservative politician [[Michael Gove]] from 2007 to January 2014, first in opposition and then, after the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], as a [[Special adviser (UK)|special adviser]] (spad) in the [[Department for Education]] (DfE). He was Gove's chief of staff,<ref name=optimistic/> an appointment blocked by [[Andy Coulson]] until his own resignation.<ref name=indy1/><ref name=genius>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/oct/11/dominic-cummings-genius-menace-michael-gove|title=Dominic Cummings: genius or menace?|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=11 October 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> In this capacity, Cummings wrote an essay titled "Some thoughts on education and political priorities",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.guim.co.uk/ni/1381763590219/-Some-thoughts-on-education.pdf|title=Some thoughts on education and political priorities|last=Cummings|first=Dominic|date=2013}}</ref> about transforming Britain into a "meritocratic technopolis";<ref name=optimistic/> the essay was described by ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' journalist [[Patrick Wintour]] as "either mad, bad or brilliant – and probably a bit of all three".<ref name=genius/><ref name="interview"/>

At the DfE Cummings became known for his blunt style and "not suffering fools gladly";<ref name="conservativehome.com"/><ref name=optimistic/> he railed against the "blob", the informal alliance of senior civil servants and teachers who, in Cummings's opinion, sought to frustrate his attempts at reform.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49101464A | title=Who are Boris Johnson's key advisors | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=30 July 2019 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> Cummings was also outspoken regarding other senior politicians, describing [[Nick Clegg]]'s proposals on [[School meal#United Kingdom|free school meals]] as "Dreamed up on the back of a cigarette packet",<ref name="pwintour1"/> and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] as "thick as mince" and "lazy as a toad".<ref name="bbc1"/> Patrick Wintour described the Cummings-Gove working relationship: "Gove, polite to a fault, would often feign ignorance of his adviser’s methods, but knew full well the dark arts that Cummings deployed to get his master’s way".<ref name="pwintour1"/> In 2014, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] described Cummings as a "career psychopath",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/18/david-cameron-dominic-cummings-career-psychopath|title=PM backs Michael Gove but suggests former aide was a 'career psychopath'|date=18 June 2014|work=The Guardian|first=Rowena|last=Mason|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> although the two had never met.<ref name="pwintour1"/>

During his time as an official working for Gove, Cummings received a warning from the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) for use of private Gmail accounts to deal with government business, saying it should be 'actively discouraged'.<ref name="Peye1">{{cite news |title=Mail Privilege |work=Private Eye |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |date=10 January 2020 |page=7}}</ref> The ICO uncovered an email from Cummings in which he said: 'i will not answer any further emails to my official DfE account or from conservatives.com – i will only answer things that come from Gmail accounts from people who I know who they are' [sic].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Chris |title=Gove staff destroyed government emails |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f70db1e0-6458-11e1-b50e-00144feabdc0 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, Cummings left his job as a special adviser and noted that he might have a go at opening a [[Free school (England)|free school]].<ref name=indy1/> He had previously worked for the [[New Schools Network]] charity that advises free schools, as a volunteer from June 2009 and then as a paid freelancer from July to December 2010.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/michael-goves-controversial-adviser-dominic-cummings-quits-to-open-new-free-school-8864909.html|title=Michael Gove's controversial adviser Dominic Cummings 'quits to open new free school'|first1=Richard|last1=Garner|first2=James|last2=Cusick|work=The Independent|date=7 October 2013|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/11/18/dominic-cummings-given-parliamentary-pass-while-at-new-schools-network/|title=Gove aide given parliamentary pass while at New Schools Network|date=18 November 2011|work=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism|first=Maeve|last=McClenaghan|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref>

===Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019)===
{{See also|2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum}}
Cummings became campaign director of [[Vote Leave]] upon the creation of the organisation in October 2015.<ref name="interview">{{cite news |url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/bagehot/2016/01/out-campaign |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |author="Bagehot" |work=The Economist |location= London |date=21 January 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> He is credited with having created the Vote Leave slogan, "Take back control", and with being the leading strategist of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/cceb7038-30cc-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153.html#axzz4H22r0hWH |title=Combative Brexiter who took control of Vote Leave operation |last=Mance |first=Henry |date=14 June 2016 |last2=Parker |first2=George |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36872264 |title=Matthew Elliott on Vote Leave's 'genius moment'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> His campaign strategy was summarised as: "Do talk about immigration";<ref>{{cite newspaper |last1=Mandelson |first1=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/03/brexit-camp-immigration-economic-vote-leave |accessdate=29 July 2019 |title=Why is the Brexit camp so obsessed with immigration? Because that's all they have |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Point Dominic talks about immigration in relation to the leave campaign's victory">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=Mr |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDbRxH9Kiy4 |website=youtube |publisher=Brexit Sham |access-date=29 July 2019 |ref=21:45}}{{better source|date=August 2019}}</ref> "Do talk about business"; "Don’t make the referendum final"; "Do keep mentioning the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the over-reach of the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Union's Court of Justice]]". Board member of Vote Leave [[Bernard Jenkin]] tried to remove Cummings and merge Vote Leave with the other campaign, [[Leave.EU]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/how-will-straw-and-dominic-cummings-are-pulling-the-strings-of-the-eu-referendum-power-players-a3188156.html |last=Dico |first=Joy Lo |title=How Will Straw and Dominic Cummings are pulling the strings of the EU Referendum power players |work=London Evening Standard |date=24 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings and Vote Leave CEO [[Matthew Elliott (politics)|Matthew Elliott]] left the board in February 2016 following reported infighting.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://uk.businessinsider.com/matthew-elliott-and-dominic-cummings-exit-vote-leave-board-2016-2 |title= Everyone in the campaign to get Britain out of the EU is stabbing each other in the back |last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |work=Business Insider UK |date=4 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> The [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|June 2016 referendum]] resulted in a 51.9% vote to "leave" the European Union. Cummings was praised alongside Elliott as being one of the masterminds of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90c054fe-3953-11e6-9a05-82a9b15a8ee7.html#axzz4GseqHe1d |title=How Vote Leave won the EU referendum |last=Payne |first=Sebastian |date=24 June 2016 |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> He was named as one of "[[Debrett's]] 500 2016" people of influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|title=Dominic Cummings|work=Debrett's|accessdate=18 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703065137/http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|archivedate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

He advised [[Babylon Health]] on its communications strategy and senior recruitment up to September 2018. [[Jon Ashworth]] said the links between Cummings, the health secretary and Babylon were "increasingly murky and highly irresponsible".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dominic Cummings' alleged Babylon role raises concerns |url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2019/10/dominic-cummings-role-babylon-conflict-interest/ |accessdate=21 November 2019 |publisher=Digital Health |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, the [[Commons Select Committee of Privileges]] recommended the House issue an admonishment for [[contempt of Parliament]] after Cummings failed to appear before the [[Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]] inquiry into claims of false news during the referendum campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=BBC News |title=Vote Leave's Dominic Cummings 'in contempt of Parliament' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47712040 |accessdate=27 July 2019 |agency=BBC |date=27 March 2019}}</ref> The resolution admonishing him was passed by resolution of the House of Commons on 2 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Privileges – Hansard |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-04-02/debates/B24A6227-E736-4100-8DDF-9CE02A37A533/Privileges?highlight=cummings%20contempt |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref>

In July 2017, the lawyer and political commentator, [[David Allen Green]], asked Cummings via Twitter, "Is there anything which could now happen (or not happen) which would make you now wish Leave had not won the referendum result?" Cummings replied, "Lots! I said before REF was dumb idea, other things shdve been tried 1st."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Freedland |first1=Jonathan |title=Is Brexit an error? Now even Vote Leave’s chief is having doubts {{!}} Jonathan Freedland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/05/brexit-error-vote-leave-dominic-cummings |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

===Senior Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–present) ===
[[File:Peoples Vote March October 3959 Demonic Cummings sculpture.jpg|thumb|Effigy of Cummings as [[Boris Johnson]]'s puppet-master at the [[People's Vote]] march, in October 2019]]

On 24 July 2019, Cummings was appointed as a Senior Adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/controversial-ex-vote-leave-chief-dominic-cummings-to-join-boris-johnsons-team-in-number-10-11769523|title=Who is 'career psychopath' Dominic Cummings set to join Johnson's team?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

On his appointment, ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that at a conference in 2017 Cummings had argued that: "People think, and by the way I think most people are right: 'The Tory party is run by people who basically don't care about people like me{{' "}}; and that "Tory MPs largely do not care about these poorer people. They don't care about the NHS. And the public has kind of cottoned on to that".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/30/dominic-cummings-tories-do-not-care-about-poor-people-or-the-nhs|title=Dominic Cummings: Tory MPs do not care about poor people or NHS|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=2019-07-30|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported on Cummings's past rivalry with [[Nigel Farage]] from the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum campaign]], and quoted Farage as saying that: "He has never liked me. He can't stand the [[European Research Group|ERG]]. I can't see him coming to any accommodation with anyone. He has huge personal enmity with the true believers in Brexit".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Asa |title=Dominic Cummings and Nigel Farage: the Brexit referendum rivalry that continues to rage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/31/dominic-cummings-nigel-farage-brexit-referendum-rivalry-continues/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=31 July 2019 | accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Cummings was accused of hypocrisy when, not long after his appointment, it was revealed that a farm that he co-owns had received €250,000 (£235,000) in [[Common Agricultural Policy|EU farming subsidies]]. Cummings had previously described such subsidies as "absurd", complaining that some of them were handed out to "very rich landowners to do stupid things".<ref>{{Cite web |title= Brexit enforcer Cummings' farm took €235,000 in EU handouts |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/10/dominic-cummings-owns-farm-got-eu-subsidy |website=theguardian.com |date= 10 August 2019 |access-date= 1 August 2019 }}</ref>

In November 2019, a [[whistleblower]] raised questions about Cummings' interactions during his years in Russia; ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Whitehall was keeping certain government business from Cummings.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/labour-asks-about-dominic-cummings-years-working-in-russia-vl6d0w62z Labour asks about Dominic Cummings’ years working in Russia]</ref>

As per procedure, Cummings temporarily resigned his role when [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament dissolved]] for the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], along with most special advisers, but was briefly reinstated to assist the government during the [[2019 England floods|England Floods]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2019/nov/27/general-election-leaders-try-to-steer-campaign-away-from-race-and-faith-live?page=with:block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097#block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097|title=YouGov poll suggests Tories on course for comfortable general election victory|last=Lyons|first=Kate|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

According to ''[[Politico]]'', Cummings played a role in the Conservative Party's victory in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{cite web | last1=Dickson | first1=Annabelle | last2=Casalicchio | first2=Emilio | last3=Blanchard | first3=Jack | last4=Courea | first4=Eleni | title=We’re all living in Dominic Cummings' world now | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dominic-cummings-uk-electio-2019-strategy-conservative-victory/ | date=13 December 2019 | work=[[Politico]] | accessdate=14 December 2019}}</ref> despite having passed the party's running of the election campaign to [[Isaac Levido]]. After the election, in what was described as an "unusual move", Cummings called for people interested in working in government to contact him through a private [[Gmail]] address. In a blog post, he said he wanted to recruit data scientists, software developers and economists to help improve the performance of government, making his own role "within a year largely redundant".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50978329|title=PM's senior aide Dominic Cummings calls for civil service changes|date=3 January 2020|work=BBC News|accessdate=3 January 2020}}</ref> The recruitment drive was reported to have resulted in several appointments on short-term contracts, including [[Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich|Baroness Wolf of Dulwich]], Professor [[Vernon C. Gibson|Vernon Gibson]] and, briefly, [[Andrew Sabisky]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shipman|first=Tim|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-titans-of-no-10-working-in-tandem-or-pulling-apart-3bnzbrgfv|title=Dominic Cummings and Boris Johnson: working in tandem or pulling apart?|date=23 February 2020|work=Sunday Times|access-date=23 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>. Sabisky resigned in February 2020 following complaints about his previously expressed views on race, intelligence and eugenics<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51538493|title=No 10 adviser resigns over alleged race comments|date=2020-02-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-GB}}</ref>.

Cummings was arrested on March 9, 2020 on suspicion of disorderly conduct, after having been sighted on Trafalgar Square walking around and shouting loud: "You can't have our FISH!" and waving a cardboard sign with the image of a [[salmon]] and the text: "''Hands Off My Fish and Chips, Merkel!''". He was subsequently set free on bail.

===Controversies===
====Civil servant's bullying case====
In 2012, a senior female civil servant received a payout of £25,000 in a bullying case she took against Cummings and a senior member of Michael Gove’s team, when Cummings was a special adviser at the Department for Education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/15/boris-johnson-dominic-cummings-backlash-sacking-sonia-khan|title=Cummings and Johnson face backlash over sacking of advisers|last=Helm|first=Toby|date=15 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/03/dominic-cummings-fostering-culture-of-bullying-says-labour|title=Priti Patel accused of bullying a third senior civil servant|last=Syal|first=Rajeev|date=4 March 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref>

====Sonia Khan’s dismissal====
On 31 August 2019, ''The Guardian'' reported that Cummings had fired one of [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Sajid Javid]]'s aides, Sonia Khan, without Javid's permission and without informing him. Allegedly, "Having summoned her to No 10 on Thursday evening to question her, Cummings took her two phones, one used for private calls and one for work, and fired her after seeing she had talked to an ex-aide to [[Philip Hammond]] the previous week. Cummings then went outside No 10 and asked an armed officer to enter the building and escort Khan off the premises."<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/31/boris-johnson-must-launch-inquiry-dominic-cummings-reign-of-terror |title=PM 'must launch urgent inquiry into Dominic Cummings’s reign of terror'|first1=Toby |last1=Helm|first2=Mark |last2=Townsend|date=1 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The following month, ''[[The Times]]'' reported that Cummings had "seized new powers to sack ministers' advisers", as their new employment contracts stipulated that responsibility for disciplinary matters rested with the Prime Minister's [[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] as well as with their respective ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/dominic-cummings-cements-his-power-to-sack-advisers-m6q77gkxd|title=Dominic Cummings cements his power to sack advisers|last=Zeffman|first=Henry|date=18 September 2019|work=The Times|accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==Political views==
Cummings has described his political views as "not Tory (Conservative), libertarian, 'populist' or anything else".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-cummings-insight/an-archetypal-rebel-how-johnsons-chief-adviser-is-driving-brexit-idUKKCN1UY0ML|work=[[Reuters]]|title=An archetypal rebel - how Johnson's chief adviser is driving Brexit|date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

In January 2016, five months prior to the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 European Union referendum]] in the United Kingdom, Cummings said:
{{quote|"Extremists are on the rise in Europe and are being fuelled unfortunately by the Euro project and by the centralisation of power in Brussels. It is increasingly important that Britain offers an example of civilised, democratic, liberal self-government"<ref>{{cite news |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2016/01/21/an-interview-with-dominic-cummings |work=The Economist |date=21 January 2016}}</ref>}}

At an [[Ogilvy (agency)|Ogilvy]] conference in 2017, Cummings stated his belief that the EU, rather than solving issues, was fuelling radicalism and extremism due to a perceived lack of control over issues such as economy and immigration:
{{quote|"For me ... the worst-case scenario for Europe is a return to 1930s-style protectionism and extremism. And to me the EU project, the Eurozone project, are driving the growth of extremism. The single most important reason, really, for why I wanted to get out of the EU is I think that it will drain the poison of a lot of political debates ... UKIP and Nigel Farage would be finished. Once there’s democratic control of immigration policy, immigration will go back to being a second- or third-order issue."<ref name="foreign policy">{{cite news |first=Sahil |last=Handa |title=Can Dominic Cummings Banish Nativist Populism From U.K. Politics? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/10/can-boris-johnsons-brexit-guru-banish-nativist-populism-from-british-politics/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=10 August 2019}}</ref>}}

Cummings has frequently attacked what he sees as a London-centred political system that failed to countenance the United Kingdom’s voting to leave the European Union. In December 2019 following the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|General Election]], which returned an 80-seat Conservative majority, he stated:
{{quote|"After the shock of the referendum, MPs and journalists should have taken a breath and had a lot of self-reflection [on] why they misunderstood what was going on in the country. Instead a lot of people just doubled down on their own ideas and f***ed it up even more. That’s why something like this happens against expectations."<ref name="timesdec19">{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Oliver |title=Dominic Cummings: Educated Remainer types failed to read mood of the country |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-educated-remainer-types-failed-to-read-mood-of-the-country-fq0xp5g3k |work=The Times |date=14 December 2019 |accessdate=2019-12-27}}</ref>}}

He has expressed his dismay that many voters' concerns, particularly in Northern England and the Midlands, have been ignored by both the Conservatives and Labour and 'taken for granted'.<ref name="timesdec19"/> He criticised New Labour's attempt at re-balancing inherent structural deficiencies within the British economy following de-industrialisation with a system of tax credits.<ref name="timesdec19"/>

Cummings has claimed never to have been a member of a political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/|title=Dominic Cummings's Blog: About Me|author=Dominic Cummings|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref> Despite this, he was second in a list by [[LBC]] of the 'Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/politics/parties/conservatives/the-top-100-most-influential-conservatives-of-2019/|title=The Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019|last=Dale|first=Iain|date=30 September 2019|website=LBC|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In December 2011, Cummings married Mary Wakefield, sister of his friend Jack Wakefield,<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref> former director of the [[Dmytro Firtash|Firtash]] Foundation<ref>[https://bylinetimes.com/2019/10/23/firtash-how-the-trump-impeachment-scandal-leads-back-to-british-brexiters/]</ref>. Mary Wakefield has worked at the weekly magazine ''[[The Spectator]]'' for decades, since Boris Johnson was editor, and is now commissioning editor. She is the daughter of [[Humphry Wakefield|Sir Humphry Wakefield]], of [[Chillingham Castle]] in [[Northumberland]].<ref name="theindependent1">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html | title=Dominic Cummings: The Vote Leave chief who invented £350m claim before admitting Brexit was a mistake | newspaper=[[The Independent]] | author=Maya Oppenheim | date=5 July 2017 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, they had a son,<ref>Rabbett, Abigail; Morley, Nicole (8 January 2019). [https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/who-dominic-cummings-durham-man-15643998 "Who is Dominic Cummings? The Durham man behind Brexit played by Benedict Cumberbatch in Channel 4 show"]. ''[[Evening Chronicle]]''.</ref><ref>Wakefield, Mary (10 August 2019). [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/the-reason-middle-class-parents-are-so-anxious "The reason middle-class parents are so anxious"]. ''[[The Spectator]]''.</ref> Alexander Cedd, named after [[Cedd|an Anglo-Saxon saint]].<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref>

Cummings is reportedly an admirer of [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Sun Tzu]],<ref name="foreign policy"/> and U.S. fighter pilot and military strategist [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The US fighter pilot inspiring Boris Johnson’s most powerful adviser |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-08-17/the-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings/ |work=ITV News |date=17 August 2019}}</ref> Journalist [[Owen Bennett]] claimed that Cummings "is a [[Russophilia|Russophile]], speaks [[Russian language|Russian]], and is passionately interested in [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]]",<ref name="OwenBennett"/> while [[Patrick Wintour]] in ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that "[[Anna Karenina]], maths and Bismarck are his three obsessions."<ref name="pwintour1">{{Cite web |title= Dominic Cummings: master of the dark arts handed keys to No 10 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-a-career-psychopath-in-downing-street |website= theguardian.com |date= 26 July 2019 |access-date= 10 August 2019 | author=[[Patrick Wintour]] }}</ref>

==Depiction in fiction==
Cummings was portrayed by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] in the 2019 [[Channel 4]] drama ''[[Brexit: The Uncivil War]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/brexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch/|title=Brexit: The Uncivil War review: Benedict Cumberbatch is superb in this thrilling romp through the referendum|last=Bennett|first=Asa|date=28 December 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=8 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b|title=Vote Leave's Matthew Elliott on Channel 4's Brexit: The Uncivil War|newspaper=Financial Times|author=[[Matthew Elliott (political strategist)|Matthew Elliott]]|date=4 January 2019|quote=Screenwriter James Graham has turned the campaign into a compelling story – and nailed my mannerisms}}</ref>

==Registered companies==
Cummings is registered as a director of the non-trading company Klute Ltd, which formerly owned the Klute nightclub in Durham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07472305|title=KLUTE LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perraudin |first1=Frances |title=Dominic Cummings was doorman at 'Europe's worst nightclub' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-was-doorman-at-europes-worst-nightclub |accessdate=2 September 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> and Dynamic Maps Ltd, an information technology consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/11000656|title=DYNAMIC MAPS LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref> He runs another company called North Wood that "tries to solve problems" related to management, politics and communications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=About |url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/ |website=Dominic Cummings's Blog |accessdate=2 September 2019 |language=en |date=31 January 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation | first= Luke | last= McGee | title= Meet the real brains behind Boris Johnson's Brexit plan | publisher= [[CNN]] | date= 21 August 2019 | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/21/uk/dominic-cummings-profile-gbr-intl/index.html }}

==External links==
{{Commons Category|Dominic Cummings}}
* [https://dominiccummings.wordpress.com Blog of Dominic Cummings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018115349/http://www.new-frontiers.org/home/home.aspx New Frontiers Foundation] website, archived in 2005

{{British special advisers}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Dominic}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:People educated at Durham School]]
[[Category:People from Durham, England]]
[[Category:Brexit]]

Dominic Cummings

2020-03-11T11:34:19Z

192.121.232.253: /* Senior Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–present) */

{{short description|British political strategist for Boris Johnson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dominic Mckenzie Cummings
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|11|25|df=y}}<ref name="OwenBennett">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-2hDwAAQBAJ |title=Michael Gove: A Man in a Hurry | date=25 July 2019 | accessdate=2 August 2019 | author=[[Owen Bennett]] | isbn = 978-1785904400 | publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]] | chapter=Chapter 11: Changing Places}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Durham, England|Durham]], England<ref name="OwenBennett"/>
| death_date = 
| office = [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Chief Adviser]]
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 24 July 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gavin Barwell]] ([[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]])
| successor =
| office1 = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to the [[Secretary of State for Education]]
| 1blankname1 = Education Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Michael Gove]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Elena Narozanski
| successor1 =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party =
| other_names =
| occupation = Political Adviser
| known_for = [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to Education Secretary [[Michael Gove]], 2010–2014; [[Campaign manager|Campaign Director]] of [[Vote Leave]], 2015–2016; [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]], 2019–present
| spouse = Mary Wakefield
| children = 1
| education = [[Durham School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| website = {{URL|http://dominiccummings.com}}
}}
'''Dominic Mckenzie Cummings''' (born 25 November 1971) is a British political strategist who has served as [[10 Downing Street#Prime Minister's Office|Chief Adviser]] to [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] since July 2019.

From 2007 to 2014, he was a [[Special adviser (UK)|Special Adviser]] to [[Michael Gove]], including while the latter served as [[Secretary of State for Education]], before he was dismissed by Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]. From 2015 to 2016, Cummings was [[Campaign manager|Director]] of the successful [[Vote Leave]] campaign, an organisation opposed to continued British membership of the [[European Union]] that took an active part in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]] campaign for [[Brexit]].

==Early life==
Cummings was born in [[Durham, England|Durham]] on 25 November 1971. His father, Robert, had a varied career, but primarily built oil rigs for [[John Laing Group|Laing]], the construction firm. His mother, Morag, a university graduate, was a teacher and behavioural specialist.<ref name="Harry Lambert">{{cite book |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street | date=25 September 2019 | accessdate=17 December 2019 | author=[[Harry Lambert]]}}</ref> [[John Laws (judge)|Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws]], a former [[Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)|Lord Justice of Appeal]], is his uncle, as revealed by journalist Harry Lambert in the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name="The New Statesman">{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Harry |title=Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street |accessdate=16 December 2019 |work=The New Statesman |date=25 September 2019}}</ref> All four of Cummings' grandparents served in [[World War II]].<ref name="The New Statesman"/>

After attending state primary school, he was educated at [[Durham School]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford]], where he studied under [[Norman Stone]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/28/conservatives.politicalnews|title=Another fine mess|last=Hinsliff|first=Gaby|work=The Guardian|date=28 July 2002}}</ref> graduating in 1994 with a First in Ancient and Modern History.<ref name="conservativehome.com"/> One of his professors has described him as "fizzing with ideas, unconvinced by any received set of views about anything". He was "something like a [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] – someone determined to bring down things that don’t work".<ref name="The New Statesman"/> Also in his youth he worked at Klute, a nightclub owned by his uncle in Durham.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saunders |first1=Tom |title=Dominic Cummings: "I wasn’t a bouncer, I just helped take money" |url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/dominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money/ |accessdate=27 January 2020 |publisher=Palitinate |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>

After university, Cummings moved to [[History of Russia (1991–present)|post-Soviet Russia]] from 1994 to 1997, working on various projects. In one Russian venture, he worked for a group attempting to set up an airline connecting [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] in southern Russia to [[Vienna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/04/dominic-cummings-brilliant-eccentric-or-evil-genius-brexit-tv-drama-benedict-cumberbatch|title=Dominic Cummings: brilliant eccentric or evil genius?|last=Perraudin|first=Frances|date=2019-01-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Political career==
===1999–2015===

From 1999 to 2002, Cummings was campaign director at [[No Campaign (UK)|Business for Sterling]], the campaign against the UK joining the [[Euro]].<ref name="OwenBennett"/><ref name="conservativehome.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.conservativehome.com/thetorydiary/2014/05/a-profile-of-dominic-cummings-friend-of-gove-and-enemy-of-clegg.html |title=A profile of Dominic Cummings, friend of Gove and enemy of Clegg |last=Gimson |first=Andrew |work=Conservative Home |date=15 May 2014}}</ref> He then became Director of Strategy for [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Iain Duncan Smith]] for eight months in 2002, aiming to modernise the Conservative Party (of which he was not a member); however he soon left in frustration at the introduction of what he saw as half-measures, labelling Duncan Smith "incompetent".<ref name=optimistic>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance|title=An optimistic Eurosceptic. For Dominic Cummings, leaving the European Union is a first step in a British renaissance|last=Bagehot|work=[[The Economist]]|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="theindependent1"/> With James Frayne he founded the New Frontiers Foundation think-tank as its director; it launched in December 2003 and closed in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000420.php|title=It could have been so much worse|work=Social Affairs Unit blog|date=4 May 2005|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings was described as a "key figure" in the successful campaign against a [[Regional assembly (England)#Plans for elected regional assemblies|North-East Regional Assembly]] in 2004,<ref name="bbc1"/> after which he moved to his father's farm in [[County Durham]].<ref name="conservativehome.com"/>

Cummings worked for Conservative politician [[Michael Gove]] from 2007 to January 2014, first in opposition and then, after the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], as a [[Special adviser (UK)|special adviser]] (spad) in the [[Department for Education]] (DfE). He was Gove's chief of staff,<ref name=optimistic/> an appointment blocked by [[Andy Coulson]] until his own resignation.<ref name=indy1/><ref name=genius>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/oct/11/dominic-cummings-genius-menace-michael-gove|title=Dominic Cummings: genius or menace?|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=11 October 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> In this capacity, Cummings wrote an essay titled "Some thoughts on education and political priorities",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.guim.co.uk/ni/1381763590219/-Some-thoughts-on-education.pdf|title=Some thoughts on education and political priorities|last=Cummings|first=Dominic|date=2013}}</ref> about transforming Britain into a "meritocratic technopolis";<ref name=optimistic/> the essay was described by ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' journalist [[Patrick Wintour]] as "either mad, bad or brilliant – and probably a bit of all three".<ref name=genius/><ref name="interview"/>

At the DfE Cummings became known for his blunt style and "not suffering fools gladly";<ref name="conservativehome.com"/><ref name=optimistic/> he railed against the "blob", the informal alliance of senior civil servants and teachers who, in Cummings's opinion, sought to frustrate his attempts at reform.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49101464A | title=Who are Boris Johnson's key advisors | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=30 July 2019 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> Cummings was also outspoken regarding other senior politicians, describing [[Nick Clegg]]'s proposals on [[School meal#United Kingdom|free school meals]] as "Dreamed up on the back of a cigarette packet",<ref name="pwintour1"/> and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] as "thick as mince" and "lazy as a toad".<ref name="bbc1"/> Patrick Wintour described the Cummings-Gove working relationship: "Gove, polite to a fault, would often feign ignorance of his adviser’s methods, but knew full well the dark arts that Cummings deployed to get his master’s way".<ref name="pwintour1"/> In 2014, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] described Cummings as a "career psychopath",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/18/david-cameron-dominic-cummings-career-psychopath|title=PM backs Michael Gove but suggests former aide was a 'career psychopath'|date=18 June 2014|work=The Guardian|first=Rowena|last=Mason|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> although the two had never met.<ref name="pwintour1"/>

During his time as an official working for Gove, Cummings received a warning from the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) for use of private Gmail accounts to deal with government business, saying it should be 'actively discouraged'.<ref name="Peye1">{{cite news |title=Mail Privilege |work=Private Eye |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |date=10 January 2020 |page=7}}</ref> The ICO uncovered an email from Cummings in which he said: 'i will not answer any further emails to my official DfE account or from conservatives.com – i will only answer things that come from Gmail accounts from people who I know who they are' [sic].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Chris |title=Gove staff destroyed government emails |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f70db1e0-6458-11e1-b50e-00144feabdc0 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, Cummings left his job as a special adviser and noted that he might have a go at opening a [[Free school (England)|free school]].<ref name=indy1/> He had previously worked for the [[New Schools Network]] charity that advises free schools, as a volunteer from June 2009 and then as a paid freelancer from July to December 2010.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/michael-goves-controversial-adviser-dominic-cummings-quits-to-open-new-free-school-8864909.html|title=Michael Gove's controversial adviser Dominic Cummings 'quits to open new free school'|first1=Richard|last1=Garner|first2=James|last2=Cusick|work=The Independent|date=7 October 2013|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/11/18/dominic-cummings-given-parliamentary-pass-while-at-new-schools-network/|title=Gove aide given parliamentary pass while at New Schools Network|date=18 November 2011|work=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism|first=Maeve|last=McClenaghan|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref>

===Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019)===
{{See also|2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum}}
Cummings became campaign director of [[Vote Leave]] upon the creation of the organisation in October 2015.<ref name="interview">{{cite news |url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/bagehot/2016/01/out-campaign |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |author="Bagehot" |work=The Economist |location= London |date=21 January 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> He is credited with having created the Vote Leave slogan, "Take back control", and with being the leading strategist of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/cceb7038-30cc-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153.html#axzz4H22r0hWH |title=Combative Brexiter who took control of Vote Leave operation |last=Mance |first=Henry |date=14 June 2016 |last2=Parker |first2=George |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36872264 |title=Matthew Elliott on Vote Leave's 'genius moment'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> His campaign strategy was summarised as: "Do talk about immigration";<ref>{{cite newspaper |last1=Mandelson |first1=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/03/brexit-camp-immigration-economic-vote-leave |accessdate=29 July 2019 |title=Why is the Brexit camp so obsessed with immigration? Because that's all they have |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Point Dominic talks about immigration in relation to the leave campaign's victory">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=Mr |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDbRxH9Kiy4 |website=youtube |publisher=Brexit Sham |access-date=29 July 2019 |ref=21:45}}{{better source|date=August 2019}}</ref> "Do talk about business"; "Don’t make the referendum final"; "Do keep mentioning the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the over-reach of the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Union's Court of Justice]]". Board member of Vote Leave [[Bernard Jenkin]] tried to remove Cummings and merge Vote Leave with the other campaign, [[Leave.EU]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/how-will-straw-and-dominic-cummings-are-pulling-the-strings-of-the-eu-referendum-power-players-a3188156.html |last=Dico |first=Joy Lo |title=How Will Straw and Dominic Cummings are pulling the strings of the EU Referendum power players |work=London Evening Standard |date=24 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Cummings and Vote Leave CEO [[Matthew Elliott (politics)|Matthew Elliott]] left the board in February 2016 following reported infighting.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://uk.businessinsider.com/matthew-elliott-and-dominic-cummings-exit-vote-leave-board-2016-2 |title= Everyone in the campaign to get Britain out of the EU is stabbing each other in the back |last=Wilson |first=Jeremy |work=Business Insider UK |date=4 February 2016 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> The [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|June 2016 referendum]] resulted in a 51.9% vote to "leave" the European Union. Cummings was praised alongside Elliott as being one of the masterminds of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90c054fe-3953-11e6-9a05-82a9b15a8ee7.html#axzz4GseqHe1d |title=How Vote Leave won the EU referendum |last=Payne |first=Sebastian |date=24 June 2016 |newspaper=Financial Times |location= London |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> He was named as one of "[[Debrett's]] 500 2016" people of influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|title=Dominic Cummings|work=Debrett's|accessdate=18 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703065137/http://www.debretts.com/people-influence/debretts-500-2016/politics/dominic-cummings|archivedate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

He advised [[Babylon Health]] on its communications strategy and senior recruitment up to September 2018. [[Jon Ashworth]] said the links between Cummings, the health secretary and Babylon were "increasingly murky and highly irresponsible".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dominic Cummings' alleged Babylon role raises concerns |url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2019/10/dominic-cummings-role-babylon-conflict-interest/ |accessdate=21 November 2019 |publisher=Digital Health |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, the [[Commons Select Committee of Privileges]] recommended the House issue an admonishment for [[contempt of Parliament]] after Cummings failed to appear before the [[Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]] inquiry into claims of false news during the referendum campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=BBC News |title=Vote Leave's Dominic Cummings 'in contempt of Parliament' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47712040 |accessdate=27 July 2019 |agency=BBC |date=27 March 2019}}</ref> The resolution admonishing him was passed by resolution of the House of Commons on 2 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Privileges – Hansard |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-04-02/debates/B24A6227-E736-4100-8DDF-9CE02A37A533/Privileges?highlight=cummings%20contempt |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref>

In July 2017, the lawyer and political commentator, [[David Allen Green]], asked Cummings via Twitter, "Is there anything which could now happen (or not happen) which would make you now wish Leave had not won the referendum result?" Cummings replied, "Lots! I said before REF was dumb idea, other things shdve been tried 1st."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Freedland |first1=Jonathan |title=Is Brexit an error? Now even Vote Leave’s chief is having doubts {{!}} Jonathan Freedland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/05/brexit-error-vote-leave-dominic-cummings |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

===Senior Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–present) ===
[[File:Peoples Vote March October 3959 Demonic Cummings sculpture.jpg|thumb|Effigy of Cummings as [[Boris Johnson]]'s puppet-master at the [[People's Vote]] march, in October 2019]]

On 24 July 2019, Cummings was appointed as a Senior Adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/controversial-ex-vote-leave-chief-dominic-cummings-to-join-boris-johnsons-team-in-number-10-11769523|title=Who is 'career psychopath' Dominic Cummings set to join Johnson's team?|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

On his appointment, ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that at a conference in 2017 Cummings had argued that: "People think, and by the way I think most people are right: 'The Tory party is run by people who basically don't care about people like me{{' "}}; and that "Tory MPs largely do not care about these poorer people. They don't care about the NHS. And the public has kind of cottoned on to that".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/30/dominic-cummings-tories-do-not-care-about-poor-people-or-the-nhs|title=Dominic Cummings: Tory MPs do not care about poor people or NHS|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=2019-07-30|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported on Cummings's past rivalry with [[Nigel Farage]] from the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum campaign]], and quoted Farage as saying that: "He has never liked me. He can't stand the [[European Research Group|ERG]]. I can't see him coming to any accommodation with anyone. He has huge personal enmity with the true believers in Brexit".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Asa |title=Dominic Cummings and Nigel Farage: the Brexit referendum rivalry that continues to rage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/31/dominic-cummings-nigel-farage-brexit-referendum-rivalry-continues/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=31 July 2019 | accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Cummings was accused of hypocrisy when, not long after his appointment, it was revealed that a farm that he co-owns had received €250,000 (£235,000) in [[Common Agricultural Policy|EU farming subsidies]]. Cummings had previously described such subsidies as "absurd", complaining that some of them were handed out to "very rich landowners to do stupid things".<ref>{{Cite web |title= Brexit enforcer Cummings' farm took €235,000 in EU handouts |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/10/dominic-cummings-owns-farm-got-eu-subsidy |website=theguardian.com |date= 10 August 2019 |access-date= 1 August 2019 }}</ref>

In November 2019, a [[whistleblower]] raised questions about Cummings' interactions during his years in Russia; ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Whitehall was keeping certain government business from Cummings.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/labour-asks-about-dominic-cummings-years-working-in-russia-vl6d0w62z Labour asks about Dominic Cummings’ years working in Russia]</ref>

As per procedure, Cummings temporarily resigned his role when [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament dissolved]] for the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], along with most special advisers, but was briefly reinstated to assist the government during the [[2019 England floods|England Floods]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2019/nov/27/general-election-leaders-try-to-steer-campaign-away-from-race-and-faith-live?page=with:block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097#block-5ddee3328f08cd6fe586d097|title=YouGov poll suggests Tories on course for comfortable general election victory|last=Lyons|first=Kate|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

According to ''[[Politico]]'', Cummings played a role in the Conservative Party's victory in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{cite web | last1=Dickson | first1=Annabelle | last2=Casalicchio | first2=Emilio | last3=Blanchard | first3=Jack | last4=Courea | first4=Eleni | title=We’re all living in Dominic Cummings' world now | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dominic-cummings-uk-electio-2019-strategy-conservative-victory/ | date=13 December 2019 | work=[[Politico]] | accessdate=14 December 2019}}</ref> despite having passed the party's running of the election campaign to [[Isaac Levido]]. After the election, in what was described as an "unusual move", Cummings called for people interested in working in government to contact him through a private [[Gmail]] address. In a blog post, he said he wanted to recruit data scientists, software developers and economists to help improve the performance of government, making his own role "within a year largely redundant".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50978329|title=PM's senior aide Dominic Cummings calls for civil service changes|date=3 January 2020|work=BBC News|accessdate=3 January 2020}}</ref> The recruitment drive was reported to have resulted in several appointments on short-term contracts, including [[Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich|Baroness Wolf of Dulwich]], Professor [[Vernon C. Gibson|Vernon Gibson]] and, briefly, [[Andrew Sabisky]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shipman|first=Tim|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-titans-of-no-10-working-in-tandem-or-pulling-apart-3bnzbrgfv|title=Dominic Cummings and Boris Johnson: working in tandem or pulling apart?|date=23 February 2020|work=Sunday Times|access-date=23 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>. Sabisky resigned in February 2020 following complaints about his previously expressed views on race, intelligence and eugenics<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51538493|title=No 10 adviser resigns over alleged race comments|date=2020-02-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-GB}}</ref>.

Cummings was arrested on March 9, 2020 on suspicion of disorderly conduct, after having been sighted on Trafalgar Square walking around and shouting loud: "You can't have our FISH!" and waving a cardboard sign with the image of a [[salmon]] and the text: "''Hands Off My Fish and Chips, Merkel!". He was subsequently set free on bail.

===Controversies===
====Civil servant's bullying case====
In 2012, a senior female civil servant received a payout of £25,000 in a bullying case she took against Cummings and a senior member of Michael Gove’s team, when Cummings was a special adviser at the Department for Education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/15/boris-johnson-dominic-cummings-backlash-sacking-sonia-khan|title=Cummings and Johnson face backlash over sacking of advisers|last=Helm|first=Toby|date=15 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/03/dominic-cummings-fostering-culture-of-bullying-says-labour|title=Priti Patel accused of bullying a third senior civil servant|last=Syal|first=Rajeev|date=4 March 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref>

====Sonia Khan’s dismissal====
On 31 August 2019, ''The Guardian'' reported that Cummings had fired one of [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Sajid Javid]]'s aides, Sonia Khan, without Javid's permission and without informing him. Allegedly, "Having summoned her to No 10 on Thursday evening to question her, Cummings took her two phones, one used for private calls and one for work, and fired her after seeing she had talked to an ex-aide to [[Philip Hammond]] the previous week. Cummings then went outside No 10 and asked an armed officer to enter the building and escort Khan off the premises."<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/31/boris-johnson-must-launch-inquiry-dominic-cummings-reign-of-terror |title=PM 'must launch urgent inquiry into Dominic Cummings’s reign of terror'|first1=Toby |last1=Helm|first2=Mark |last2=Townsend|date=1 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The following month, ''[[The Times]]'' reported that Cummings had "seized new powers to sack ministers' advisers", as their new employment contracts stipulated that responsibility for disciplinary matters rested with the Prime Minister's [[Downing Street Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] as well as with their respective ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/dominic-cummings-cements-his-power-to-sack-advisers-m6q77gkxd|title=Dominic Cummings cements his power to sack advisers|last=Zeffman|first=Henry|date=18 September 2019|work=The Times|accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==Political views==
Cummings has described his political views as "not Tory (Conservative), libertarian, 'populist' or anything else".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-cummings-insight/an-archetypal-rebel-how-johnsons-chief-adviser-is-driving-brexit-idUKKCN1UY0ML|work=[[Reuters]]|title=An archetypal rebel - how Johnson's chief adviser is driving Brexit|date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

In January 2016, five months prior to the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 European Union referendum]] in the United Kingdom, Cummings said:
{{quote|"Extremists are on the rise in Europe and are being fuelled unfortunately by the Euro project and by the centralisation of power in Brussels. It is increasingly important that Britain offers an example of civilised, democratic, liberal self-government"<ref>{{cite news |title=An interview with Dominic Cummings |url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2016/01/21/an-interview-with-dominic-cummings |work=The Economist |date=21 January 2016}}</ref>}}

At an [[Ogilvy (agency)|Ogilvy]] conference in 2017, Cummings stated his belief that the EU, rather than solving issues, was fuelling radicalism and extremism due to a perceived lack of control over issues such as economy and immigration:
{{quote|"For me ... the worst-case scenario for Europe is a return to 1930s-style protectionism and extremism. And to me the EU project, the Eurozone project, are driving the growth of extremism. The single most important reason, really, for why I wanted to get out of the EU is I think that it will drain the poison of a lot of political debates ... UKIP and Nigel Farage would be finished. Once there’s democratic control of immigration policy, immigration will go back to being a second- or third-order issue."<ref name="foreign policy">{{cite news |first=Sahil |last=Handa |title=Can Dominic Cummings Banish Nativist Populism From U.K. Politics? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/10/can-boris-johnsons-brexit-guru-banish-nativist-populism-from-british-politics/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=10 August 2019}}</ref>}}

Cummings has frequently attacked what he sees as a London-centred political system that failed to countenance the United Kingdom’s voting to leave the European Union. In December 2019 following the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|General Election]], which returned an 80-seat Conservative majority, he stated:
{{quote|"After the shock of the referendum, MPs and journalists should have taken a breath and had a lot of self-reflection [on] why they misunderstood what was going on in the country. Instead a lot of people just doubled down on their own ideas and f***ed it up even more. That’s why something like this happens against expectations."<ref name="timesdec19">{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Oliver |title=Dominic Cummings: Educated Remainer types failed to read mood of the country |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-educated-remainer-types-failed-to-read-mood-of-the-country-fq0xp5g3k |work=The Times |date=14 December 2019 |accessdate=2019-12-27}}</ref>}}

He has expressed his dismay that many voters' concerns, particularly in Northern England and the Midlands, have been ignored by both the Conservatives and Labour and 'taken for granted'.<ref name="timesdec19"/> He criticised New Labour's attempt at re-balancing inherent structural deficiencies within the British economy following de-industrialisation with a system of tax credits.<ref name="timesdec19"/>

Cummings has claimed never to have been a member of a political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/|title=Dominic Cummings's Blog: About Me|author=Dominic Cummings|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref> Despite this, he was second in a list by [[LBC]] of the 'Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/politics/parties/conservatives/the-top-100-most-influential-conservatives-of-2019/|title=The Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019|last=Dale|first=Iain|date=30 September 2019|website=LBC|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In December 2011, Cummings married Mary Wakefield, sister of his friend Jack Wakefield,<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref> former director of the [[Dmytro Firtash|Firtash]] Foundation<ref>[https://bylinetimes.com/2019/10/23/firtash-how-the-trump-impeachment-scandal-leads-back-to-british-brexiters/]</ref>. Mary Wakefield has worked at the weekly magazine ''[[The Spectator]]'' for decades, since Boris Johnson was editor, and is now commissioning editor. She is the daughter of [[Humphry Wakefield|Sir Humphry Wakefield]], of [[Chillingham Castle]] in [[Northumberland]].<ref name="theindependent1">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html | title=Dominic Cummings: The Vote Leave chief who invented £350m claim before admitting Brexit was a mistake | newspaper=[[The Independent]] | author=Maya Oppenheim | date=5 July 2017 | accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, they had a son,<ref>Rabbett, Abigail; Morley, Nicole (8 January 2019). [https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/who-dominic-cummings-durham-man-15643998 "Who is Dominic Cummings? The Durham man behind Brexit played by Benedict Cumberbatch in Channel 4 show"]. ''[[Evening Chronicle]]''.</ref><ref>Wakefield, Mary (10 August 2019). [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/the-reason-middle-class-parents-are-so-anxious "The reason middle-class parents are so anxious"]. ''[[The Spectator]]''.</ref> Alexander Cedd, named after [[Cedd|an Anglo-Saxon saint]].<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4]</ref>

Cummings is reportedly an admirer of [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Sun Tzu]],<ref name="foreign policy"/> and U.S. fighter pilot and military strategist [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The US fighter pilot inspiring Boris Johnson’s most powerful adviser |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-08-17/the-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings/ |work=ITV News |date=17 August 2019}}</ref> Journalist [[Owen Bennett]] claimed that Cummings "is a [[Russophilia|Russophile]], speaks [[Russian language|Russian]], and is passionately interested in [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]]",<ref name="OwenBennett"/> while [[Patrick Wintour]] in ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that "[[Anna Karenina]], maths and Bismarck are his three obsessions."<ref name="pwintour1">{{Cite web |title= Dominic Cummings: master of the dark arts handed keys to No 10 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-a-career-psychopath-in-downing-street |website= theguardian.com |date= 26 July 2019 |access-date= 10 August 2019 | author=[[Patrick Wintour]] }}</ref>

==Depiction in fiction==
Cummings was portrayed by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] in the 2019 [[Channel 4]] drama ''[[Brexit: The Uncivil War]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/brexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch/|title=Brexit: The Uncivil War review: Benedict Cumberbatch is superb in this thrilling romp through the referendum|last=Bennett|first=Asa|date=28 December 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=8 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b|title=Vote Leave's Matthew Elliott on Channel 4's Brexit: The Uncivil War|newspaper=Financial Times|author=[[Matthew Elliott (political strategist)|Matthew Elliott]]|date=4 January 2019|quote=Screenwriter James Graham has turned the campaign into a compelling story – and nailed my mannerisms}}</ref>

==Registered companies==
Cummings is registered as a director of the non-trading company Klute Ltd, which formerly owned the Klute nightclub in Durham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07472305|title=KLUTE LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perraudin |first1=Frances |title=Dominic Cummings was doorman at 'Europe's worst nightclub' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/26/dominic-cummings-was-doorman-at-europes-worst-nightclub |accessdate=2 September 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> and Dynamic Maps Ltd, an information technology consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/11000656|title=DYNAMIC MAPS LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref> He runs another company called North Wood that "tries to solve problems" related to management, politics and communications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Dominic |title=About |url=https://dominiccummings.com/about/ |website=Dominic Cummings's Blog |accessdate=2 September 2019 |language=en |date=31 January 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation | first= Luke | last= McGee | title= Meet the real brains behind Boris Johnson's Brexit plan | publisher= [[CNN]] | date= 21 August 2019 | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/21/uk/dominic-cummings-profile-gbr-intl/index.html }}

==External links==
{{Commons Category|Dominic Cummings}}
* [https://dominiccummings.wordpress.com Blog of Dominic Cummings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018115349/http://www.new-frontiers.org/home/home.aspx New Frontiers Foundation] website, archived in 2005

{{British special advisers}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Dominic}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:People educated at Durham School]]
[[Category:People from Durham, England]]
[[Category:Brexit]]

Talk:Boulevard du Temple

2020-03-05T11:32:06Z

192.121.232.253: /* */

{{WikiProject France|tf=Paris|class=C|importance=}}
{{WikiProject Theatre|class=C|importance=low}}

== ==
who are the two human in that picture and what are they doingg

There's only one, and he's placed his shoe against a water post or something to have it shined. The kid who did the job, and everybody else on the street during the shoot, disappeared because they were in motion and the time of exposure was very long.

We can know he was there, but it's impossible to follow him beyond this one point in time, or to find out who he was. [[Special:Contributions/83.251.167.196|83.251.167.196]] ([[User talk:83.251.167.196|talk]]) 22:53, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

:The guy told me on the phone, "Yes, I have managed to vanish completely". :) [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 11:31, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Pescennius Niger

2020-01-24T13:38:13Z

192.121.232.253: /* Septimius Severus and Niger */ tactical planning

{{Infobox monarch
|name =Gaius Pescennius Niger
|regnal name=Imperator Caesar Gaius Pescennius Niger Augustus
| title = [[Usurper]] of the [[Roman Empire]]
| image= Aureus Pescennius Niger (obverse).jpg
| caption =[[Aureus]] of Pescennius Niger
| reign =9 April 193 – May 194
| predecessor =[[Didius Julianus]]
| successor =[[Septimius Severus]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| dynasty =None
| father =Annius Fuscus
| mother =Lampridia
| birth_date =c. 135/140
| birth_place =
| death_date =194 (aged 53–59)
| death_place =
| place of burial =
||full name=Gaius Pescennius Niger}}

'''Pescennius Niger''' ({{lang-la|Gaius Pescennius Niger Augustus}};<ref>In [[Classical Latin]], Niger's name would be inscribed as GAIVS PESCENNIVS NIGER AVGVSTVS.</ref> c. 135/140 – 194) was [[Roman Emperor]] from 193 to 194 during the [[Year of the Five Emperors]]. He claimed the imperial throne in response to the murder of [[Pertinax]] and the elevation of [[Didius Julianus]], but was defeated by a rival claimant, [[Septimius Severus]], and killed while attempting to flee from [[Antioch]].

==Early career==
[[File:Denarius-Pescennius Niger-RIC 0015var.jpg|222px|left|thumb|Coin of Pescennius Niger, bearing the inscription (IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS PESCENNIVS NIGER IVSTVS AVGVSTVS CONSVL II)]]
Although Niger was born into an old Italian equestrian family, around the year 135,<ref>Potter, pg. 101; Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger'', Cassius Dio, 75:6:1</ref> he was [[Novus homo|the first member of his family to achieve the rank]] of [[Roman senator]].<ref name="Potter, pg. 101">Potter, pg. 101</ref> Not much is known of his early career; it is possible that he held an administrative position in [[Aegyptus (Roman province)|Egypt]], and that he served in a military campaign in [[Dacia]] early in [[Commodus]]’ reign.<ref name="Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''">Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''</ref> During the late 180s, Niger was elected as a [[Suffect consul]], after which Commodus made him [[Legatus Augusti pro praetore|imperial legate]] of [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]] in 191.<ref>Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''; Southern, pg. 28</ref>

He was still serving in Syria when news came through firstly of the murder of [[Pertinax]], followed by the auctioning off of the imperial title to [[Didius Julianus]].<ref>Bowman, pg. 2; Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''</ref> Niger was a well regarded public figure in [[Rome]]<ref name="Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''"/> and soon a popular demonstration against Didius Julianus broke out, during which the citizens called out for Niger to come to Rome and claim the imperial title for himself.<ref>Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''; Potter, pg. 101; Bowman, pg. 2</ref> As a consequence, it is alleged that Julianus dispatched a [[centurion]] to the east with orders to assassinate Niger at [[Antioch]].<ref name="Potter, pg. 99">Potter, pg. 99</ref>

The result of the unrest in Rome saw Niger proclaimed Emperor by the eastern legions by the end of April 193.<ref>Southern, pg. 28; Bowman, pg. 2</ref> On his accession, Niger took the additional [[cognomen]] ''Justus'', or "the Just".<ref name="Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''"/> Although imperial propaganda issued on behalf of Septimius Severus later claimed that Niger was the first to rebel against Didius Julianus,<ref name="Potter, pg. 99">Potter, pg. 99</ref> it was Severus who persisted, claiming the imperial title on April 9.<ref name="Potter, pg. 101"/> Although Niger sent envoys to Rome to announce his elevation to the imperial throne, his messengers were intercepted by Severus.<ref name="Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''"/> As Niger began bolstering his support in the eastern provinces, Severus marched on Rome which he entered in early June 193 after Julianus had been murdered.<ref>Bowman, pg. 4; Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''</ref>

== Septimius Severus and Niger ==
{{Year of Five Emperors}}
Severus wasted no time consolidating his hold on Rome, and ordered his newly appointed prefect of the watch, [[Gaius Fulvius Plautianus]] to capture N*gger’s children and hold them as hostages.<ref name="Potter, pg. 103">Potter, pg. 103</ref> Meanwhile, The N*gger was busy securing the support of all of the governors in the [[Asia (Roman province)|Asiatic provinces]], including the esteemed [[proconsul]] of Asia, [[Asellius Aemilianus]], who had occupied [[Byzantium]] in the name of N*gger.<ref>Southern, pg. 32; Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''</ref> He then proceeded to secure direct control over [[Aegyptus (Roman province)|Egypt]], while Severus did as much as he could to protect the wheat supply, and ordered troops loyal to him to keep watch on the western border of Egypt and prevent the legion stationed there -- [[Legio II Traiana Fortis]] -- from sending military aid to the mighty N*gger.<ref>Southern, pg. 32</ref>

Although these lands contained great wealth, N*gger's military resources were inferior to Severus’. While Severus had the sixteen Danubian legions at his disposal, Niger possessed only six: three in [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]], the two stationed in [[Arabia Petraea]], and one located at [[Malatya|Melitene]].<ref name="Potter, pg. 103">Potter, pg. 103</ref> Niger therefore decided to act aggressively, and sent a force into [[Thrace]] where it defeated a part of Severus’ army under [[Lucius Fabius Cilo]] at [[Marmara Ereğlisi|Perinthus]].<ref name="Potter, pg. 104">Potter, pg. 104</ref>

Severus now marched from Rome to the east, sending his general [[Tiberius Claudius Candidus]] ahead of him.<ref name="Bowman, pg. 4">Bowman, pg. 4</ref> Niger, having made Byzantium his headquarters, gave Asellius Aemilianus the task of defending the southern shore of the [[Sea of Marmara]].<ref name="Bowman, pg. 4">Bowman, pg. 4</ref> As Severus approached, he offered Niger the opportunity to surrender and go into exile, but Niger refused, trusting in the outcome of a military encounter.<ref>Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''</ref> In the fall of 193, Candidus met Aemilianus in battle at [[Battle of Cyzicus (193)|Cyzicus]], resulting in Niger’s forces being defeated as well as the capture and death of Aemilianus.<ref>Bowman, pg. 4; Potter, pg. 104; Southern, pg. 33</ref> Byzantium was now placed under siege, forcing Niger to abandon the city and retreat back to [[Nicaea]].<ref name="Bowman, pg. 4">Bowman, pg. 4</ref> The city remained loyal to Pescennius Niger, and it would take Severus until the end of 195 to finally capture Byzantium.<ref name="Southern, pg. 33">Southern, pg. 33</ref>

Another battle took place outside of [[Battle of Nicaea|Nicaea]] in later December 193, which also resulted in a defeat for N*gger. Nevertheless, he was able to withdraw the bulk of his army intact to the [[Taurus Mountains]], where he was able to hold the passes for a few months as Niger returned to Antioch.<ref>Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''; Bowman, pg. 4; Potter, pg. 104</ref> However, the problem now for N*gger was that his support in Asia was falling. Some cities previously loyal to Niger decided that it was time to change their allegiance, in particular [[Latakia|Laodicea]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]].<ref name="Southern, pg. 33">Southern, pg. 33</ref> By February 13, 194, Egypt had declared for Severus, as had the imperial legate of [[Arabia (Roman province)|Arabia]], further diminishing N*gger’s chances.<ref>Bowman, pg. 4; Potter, pg. 104</ref>

After Severus had replaced Candidus with another general, [[Publius Cornelius Anullinus]], Niger met Anullinus in battle at [[Battle of Issus (194)|Issus]] in May 1945. Engaging in a long and hardfought struggle, Anullinus made sure that the N*gger was decisively defeated.<ref>Southern, pg. 33; Potter, pg. 104; Bowman, pg. 4</ref> Forced to retreat to [[Antioch]], Niger was captured while attempting to flee to [[Parthia]].<ref>Meckler, ''Pescennius Niger''; Southern, pg. 33</ref> N*gger was beheaded, and his severed head was taken to Byzantium, but the city refused to surrender. Eventually, Severus stormed and completely destroyed Byzantium before he had it rebuilt.<ref name="Southern, pg. 33">Southern, pg. 33</ref> N*gger’s head eventually found its way to Rome where it was displayed.<ref name="Potter, pg. 104">Potter, pg. 104</ref>

After his victory in the east, Severus punished all of N*gger’s supporters.<ref>Potter, pg. 106</ref> He also had N*gger’s wife and children put to death, while his estates were confiscated.<ref>Historia Augusta, ''Life of Pescennius Niger'', 6:1</ref>

==Name==
The name "Niger" means "black", which incidentally, contrasts him with one of his rivals for the throne in 194, [[Clodius Albinus]], whose name means "white".<ref>Southern, pg. 28</ref> According to the [[Historia Augusta]], his [[cognomen]] of "Niger" was given due to his black neck, which contrasted with the rest of his body.<ref>Historian Augusta, ''Life of Pescennius Niger'', 6:6</ref>

==Popular culture==
In the film [[The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)|The Fall of The Roman Empire]] Niger is played by [[Douglas Wilmer]] and depicted as a scheming henchman of Commodus. At the end of the film, Niger and [[Didius Julianus]], played by [[Eric Porter]], another crony of Commodus, compete against each other in the auction for the throne of Rome.

==See also==
*[[Abdsamiya]]

==Sources==

===Primary sources===
* [[Cassius Dio]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/75*.html ''Roman History'', Books 74 & 75]
* [[Herodian]], [http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre207.html ''Roman History'', Books 2 & 3]
* [[Historia Augusta]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Pescennius_Niger*.html ''Life of Pescennius Niger'']

===Secondary sources===
* Southern, Pat. ''The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine'', Routledge, 2001
* Potter, David Stone, ''The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395'', Routledge, 2004
* Bowman, Alan K., ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337'', Cambridge University Press, 2005
* http://www.roman-emperors.org/pniger.htm Meckler, Michael L, "Pescennius Niger (193-194 A.D.)", ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1998)

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== External links ==
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pescennius Niger}}
*[http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/pescennius/niger.html Pescennius Niger at Livius.Org]
{{Commons category|Pescennius Niger}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|title=[[Roman Emperor]]|before=[[Didius Julianus]]|years=193 in competition with [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Clodius Albinus]]|after=[[Septimius Severus]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Roman Emperors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pescennius Niger}}
[[Category:2nd-century Roman governors of Syria]]
[[Category:People from Roman Anatolia]]
[[Category:Roman governors of Syria]]
[[Category:Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome]]
[[Category:Deaths by decapitation]]
[[Category:Annii]]
[[Category:2nd-century births]]
[[Category:194 deaths]]
[[Category:2nd-century Roman emperors]]

Talk:The Fillmore

2020-01-07T13:29:46Z

192.121.232.253: /* Name of the venue */ new section

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject California|class=Start|importance=Low|sfba=Yes|sfba-importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Music venues task force|class=Start|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Rock music|class=Start|importance=Mid}}
}}
{{User:ClueBot III/ArchiveThis|archiveprefix=Talk:The Fillmore/Archives/|format=Y|age=26297|index=yes|archivebox=yes|box-advert=yes}}

== Name of the venue ==

Was the building named after US president Fillmore? I used to think the name was a cheeky reference to its seating capacity ("fill more"). :) (the origin of the name is never discussed in the article). [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 13:29, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

Everybody Wants to Shag... The Teardrop Explodes

2019-12-09T13:59:25Z

192.121.232.253: reception

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{ref improve|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Everybody Wants to Shag ... The Teardrop Explodes
| type = studio
| artist = [[The Teardrop Explodes]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = April 1990
| recorded = Spring/Summer 1982 and November 1980
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Alternative rock]]
| length = 44:43
| label = [[Fontana Records|Fontana]]
| producer = [[Hugh Jones (producer)|Hugh Jones]]
| prev_title = [[Wilder (album)|Wilder]]
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = Piano
| next_year = 1990
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Everybody Wants to Shag... The Teardrop Explodes
| type = studio
| single1 = You Disappear From View
| single1date = March 1983
| single2 = Serious Danger
| single2date = April 1990
| single3 = Count To Ten And Run For Cover
| single3date = April 1990
}}
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}} <ref>{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r19750}}</ref>
| noprose = yes
}}

'''''Everybody Wants to Shag ... The Teardrop Explodes''''' was the third album by neo-psychedelic [[Liverpool]] band [[The Teardrop Explodes]]. When the band reconvened to record their third album, they were reduced to the trio of Cope, Dwyer and a reinstated Balfe.

Tensions were high – Cope wanted to write ballads and quirky pop songs, while Balfe was more interested in recording synth-based dance music. Cope eventually dissolved the band in the middle of the sessions. The material was later released in 1990. Cope re-recorded "Metranil Vavin" and "Pussyface" for his solo album ''[[World Shut Your Mouth (album)|World Shut Your Mouth]]''. After release in 1990, some journalists commented that the music, recorded in 1982, seemed to prefigure the [[acid house]] boom at the end of the 1980s, with quirky keyboards, sound effects and odd rhythm tracks.

==Track listing==
All tracks composed by Julian Cope and David Balfe; except where indicated
# "Ouch Monkeys"
# "Serious Danger"
# "Metranil Vavin" (Cope)
# "Count to Ten and Run for Cover"
# "In-Psychlopaedia" (Cope, Gary Dwyer, Balfe)
# "Soft Enough for You"
# "You Disappear from View" (Cope)
# "The Challenger"
# "Not My Only Friend" (Cope)
# "Sex (Pussyface)" (Cope)
# "Terrorist" (Balfe)
# "Strange House in the Snow" (1981 B-side of "Reward")

==Personnel==
;The Teardrop Explodes
*[[Julian Cope]] - vocals, bass, violin on "Strange House in the Snow", piano on "Sex", "Not My Only Friend"
*[[David Balfe]] - organ, piano, synthesizer, arrangements
*[[Gary Dwyer]] - drums, drum machine
with:
*[[Troy Tate]] - guitar on "You Disappear From View"
*[[Alan Gill]] - guitar on "Strange House In The Snow"
*[[Ron François]] - bass guitar on "Ouch Monkeys", "Sex" and "You Disappear from View"
*Luke Tunney - trumpet on "You Disappear from View" and "Count to Ten and Run for Cover"
*Ted Emmet - trumpet on "You Disappear from View" and "Count to Ten and Run for Cover"
;Technical
*[[Hugh Jones (producer)|Hugh Jones]] - engineer
*[[Chris Hughes (record producer)|Chris Hughes]], Chris Sheldon, [[Clive Langer]], Hugh Jones, [[Ross Cullum]] - mixing
*Pointblanc Design - artwork

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{The Teardrop Explodes}}
[[Category:1990 albums]]
[[Category:The Teardrop Explodes albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Hugh Jones (producer)]]
[[Category:Fontana Records albums]]

{{1990s-alt-rock-album-stub}}

Talk:Jan-Carl Raspe

2019-11-18T14:12:20Z

192.121.232.253: /* Personal life */ new section

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Biography|living=no|class=Start|attention=yes|listas=Raspe, Jan-Carl}}
{{WikiProject Terrorism|class=Start|attention=yes}}
{{WikiProject Germany|class=Start|importance=high}}
}}

==Untitled==
I have removed categories relating to people who have committed suicide as his cause of death is still highly contested. [[User:Somearemoreequal|Somearemoreequal]] 10:48, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
: I've reinserted these categories. Your addition of the ''Cause of death disputed'' category is enough. -- [[User:Matthead|Matthead]] [[User_talk:Matthead|discuß!]]  [[EU|   O   ]]    21:46, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Place of birth is cited wrongly here, see http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan-Carl_Raspe&stable=1 and http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/981/304953/bilder/?img=6.0 for example. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.233.152.120|217.233.152.120]] ([[User talk:217.233.152.120|talk]]) 20:07, 13 October 2008 (UTC) 

== Personal life ==

I distinctly remember how some Norwegian wrote a book where he claimed to have been in a gay relationship with Raspe, and later his friend during the years after JCR's arrest, entitled "Kaere Jan-Carl" (''Dear Jan-Carl!''). This should be looked into. [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 14:12, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Girlfriend in a Coma (song)

2019-11-07T13:51:35Z

192.121.232.253: /* Music and lyrics */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Girlfriend in a Coma
| cover = Girlfriend_in_a_Coma.png
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[The Smiths]]
| album = [[Strangeways, Here We Come (album)|Strangeways, Here We Come]]
| B-side = Work Is a Four-Letter Word
| released = 10 August 1987
| format = [[Gramophone record|7"]], [[12-inch single|12"]], MC
| recorded = March-April 1987
| studio =
| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[indie pop]]
| length = 2:02
| label = [[Rough Trade Records|Rough Trade]]
| writer = [[Johnny Marr]], [[Morrissey]]
| producer = Morrissey, Johnny Marr, [[Stephen Street]]
| prev_title = [[Sheila Take a Bow]]
| prev_year = 1987
| next_title = [[I Started Something I Couldn't Finish]]
| next_year = 1987
}}
"'''Girlfriend in a Coma'''" is a song by the English [[Rock music|rock]] band [[the Smiths]]. Released in August 1987, it reached No. 13 in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. It was the first of three UK singles from the band's fourth and final studio album, ''[[Strangeways, Here We Come (album)|Strangeways, Here We Come]]''.

==Background==
Released on 10 August 1987, "Girlfriend in a Coma" was the last single by the Smiths to include newly recorded material on the B-side. It contains the band's last recorded song, "I Keep Mine Hidden", as well as a cover of a [[Cilla Black]] song, "[[Work Is a Four-Letter Word]]", both recorded in May 1987.

Morrissey's insistence on releasing this single annoyed Marr, due to his dislike of the B-side, and he left the band soon afterwards. Marr said to [[Record Collector]] in 1992: "'Work Is A Four Letter Word' I hated. That was the last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs. That was it, really. I made a decision that I was going to get away on holiday. The only place I could think of was L.A. L.A. was the only place I knew where there'd be sunshine, so off I went. I never saw Morrissey again."

==Music and lyrics==
The song is a narration by a man whose girlfriend is in a [[coma]]. The narrator describes his conflicting feelings ("There were times when I could have murdered her/But you know I would hate anything to happen to her"). He says he does not want to see her then says he does. The repeated assertion "I know it's serious" is undercut by his careless tone and "the light playful accompaniment by the other members of the band".<ref>Nicholas P. Greco, ''"Only If You Are Really Interested": Celebrity, Gender, Desire and the World of Morrissey'', McFarland, 2011, p.48.</ref>. The lyrics could be read as hinting that the narrator has indeed caused the predicament by attempting to kill his partner.

[[BBC Radio 1]] refused to play the song. Morrissey later said, "You're not really supposed to like those songs. They're very depressing and not supposed to be played on radio."<ref>Plender, Andrew, "Mr Miserable Spreads Joy", ''The Independent'': 17 May 2006</ref>

==Music video==
The music video, which featured clips from the film ''[[The Leather Boys]]'' (starring [[Rita Tushingham]]), was directed by [[Tim Broad]].

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Morrissey]] and [[Johnny Marr]], except where noted
| headline = 7" RT197
| title1 = Girlfriend in a Coma
| length1 = 2:02
| title2 = Work Is a Four-Letter Word
| note2 = edited) ([[Guy Woolfenden]], [[Don Black (lyricist)|Don Black]], [[Cilla Black]]
| length2 = 2:09
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = 12" RTT197 / Cassette RTT197C
| title1 = Girlfriend in a Coma
| length1 = 2:02
| title2 = Work Is a Four-Letter Word
| note2 = Woolfenden, D. Black, C. Black
| length2 = 2:45
| title3 = I Keep Mine Hidden
| length3 = 1:57
}}

==Artwork and matrix message==
The single's cover features playwright [[Shelagh Delaney]], from a 1961 edition of ''[[A Taste of Honey]]''. The photo was tinted grey for 7" versions in all countries, except in Australia where it was tinted green as for the 12" versions. This was the second time Delaney appeared on a Smiths cover; she also appeared on the cover of ''[[Louder Than Bombs]]'' album.

The British 7" vinyl contained the [[matrix number|matrix message]]: AND NEVER MORE SHALL BE SO/SO FAR SO BAD. The British 12" version contained the etching: EVERYBODY IS A FLASHER AT HEART/AND NEVER MORE SHALL BE SO.

== Charts ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Chart
!Peak position
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Singles Chart|IRMA]])
|align="center"|12
|-
|UK Singles ([[The Official Charts Company]])
|align="center"|13
|}

==Covers==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}
* [[Mojo Nixon]]'s cover of "Girlfriend in a Coma" on his 1995 album ''Whereabouts Unknown'' is in his usual [[psychobilly]] style. After the bridge, Mojo asks that the listener not blame him for the lyrics, launching into one of his trademark "rants" in which he finally declares that "I, Mojo Nixon, am the anti-Morrissey!"
* [[Archive (band)|Archive]] covered this song on their unplugged record in Paris in 2003, the album was released in 2004.
* [[Joshua Radin]]'s version can be found on his 2004 EP ''[[First Between 3rd and 4th]]''.
* [[Bleach (American band)|Bleach]] covered the song on their 2005 greatest hits CD/DVD album ''[[Audio/Visual]]''.
* [[Starflyer 59#Side projects|Bon Voyage]] covered the song on their 2008 release titled ''Lies''.
* [[Million Dead]] covered the song for the Smiths tribute compilation album ''How Soon Is Now?''
* [[Noah and the Whale]] covered the song on the CD single of "[[5 Years Time]]", released in summer 2008.
* Both [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]] and [[Tony Hawks]] sung the words of the song to the tune of "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" on different episodes of ''[[I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue]]''.
* [[Panic! at the Disco]] covered the song on Australia's Take 40 Live Lounge.
* [[Bombones]]' album ''Una luz que nunca se apagará (Tributo a The Smiths)''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MetroLyrics song|the-smiths|girlfriend-in-a-coma-}}

{{The Smiths}}

[[Category:The Smiths songs]]
[[Category:1987 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Morrissey]]
[[Category:Songs written by Johnny Marr]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Stephen Street]]

Franz Schubert

2019-10-09T12:48:57Z

192.121.232.253: Undid revision 919225090 by Michael Bednarek (talk) You guys can't even spell the King's English, right? Google "commemoration" - NOT! :)

{{redirect|Schubert|another composer with a similar name|François Schubert|other uses}}
{{short description|19th-century Austrian composer}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875.jpg|thumb|Oil painting of Franz Schubert by [[Wilhelm August Rieder]] (1875), made from his own 1825 watercolour portrait
[[File:Franz Schubert Signature.svg|center|175px|Signature written in ink in a flowing script]]]]

'''Franz Peter Schubert''' ({{IPA-de|ˈfʁant͡s ˈpeːtɐ ˈʃuːbɐt|lang}}; 31 January 1797{{spaced ndash}}19 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late [[Classical period (music)|Classical]] and early [[Romantic music|Romantic]] eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast oeuvre, including more than 600 [[Secular music|secular]] vocal works (mainly [[Lied]]er), seven complete [[symphonies]], [[sacred music]], [[opera]]s, [[incidental music]] and a large body of piano and [[chamber music]]. His major works include the [[Trout Quintet|Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667 (''Trout Quintet'')]], the [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D. 759 (''Unfinished Symphony'')]], the [[Schubert's last sonatas|three last piano sonatas]] (D. 958–960), the opera ''[[Fierrabras (opera)|Fierrabras]]'' (D. 796), the incidental music to the play ''[[Rosamunde]]'' (D. 797), and the song cycles ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'' (D. 795) and ''[[Winterreise]]'' (D. 911).

Born in the Himmelpfortgrund suburb of [[Vienna]], Schubert's uncommon gifts for music were evident from an early age. His father gave him his first violin lessons and his older brother gave him piano lessons, but Schubert soon exceeded their abilities. In 1808, at the age of eleven, he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt school, where he became acquainted with the orchestral music of [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]. He left the Stadtkonvikt at the end of 1813, and returned home to live with his father, where he began studying to become a schoolteacher; despite this, he continued his studies in composition with [[Antonio Salieri]] and still composed prolifically. In 1821, Schubert was granted admission to the [[Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde]] as a performing member, which helped establish his name among the Viennese citizenry. He gave a concert of his own works to critical acclaim in March 1828, the only time he did so in his career. He died eight months later at the age of 31, the cause officially attributed to [[typhoid fever]], but believed by some historians to be [[syphilis]].

Appreciation of Schubert's music while he was alive was limited to a relatively small circle of admirers in Vienna, but interest in his work increased significantly in the decades following his death. [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Johannes Brahms]] and other 19th-century composers discovered and championed his works. Today, Schubert is ranked among the greatest composers of Western classical music and his music continues to be popular.

== Biography ==

=== Early life and education ===
Franz Peter Schubert was born in [[Alsergrund#District sections|Himmelpfortgrund]] (now a part of [[Alsergrund]]), Vienna, [[Archduchy of Austria]] on 31 January 1797, and baptised in the Catholic Church the following day.<ref>[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 2</ref> He was the twelfth child of Franz Theodor Florian Schubert (1763–1830) and Maria Elisabeth Katharina Vietz (1756–1812).<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 2</ref> Schubert's immediate ancestors came originally from the province of Zukmantel in [[Austrian Silesia]].<ref name=Kreisslev1pg1>[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 1</ref> His father, the son of a [[Moravians|Moravian]] peasant, was a well-known parish [[schoolmaster]], and his school in [[Lichtental]] (in Vienna's [[Alsergrund|ninth district]]) had numerous students in attendance.<ref name="KreissleWilber2">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], p. 2: "the school was much frequented"</ref> He came to Vienna from Zukmantel in 1784 and was appointed schoolmaster two years later.<ref name=Kreisslev1pg1/> His mother was the daughter of a [[Silesians|Silesian]] master [[locksmith]] and had been a housemaid for a Viennese family before marriage. Of Franz Theodor and Elisabeth's fourteen children (one of them illegitimate, born in 1783),<ref>[[Rita Steblin|Steblin, Rita]] (2001). "Franz Schubert – das dreizehnte Kind", ''Wiener Geschichtsblätter'', 245–265</ref> nine died in infancy.
[[File:Alsergrund (Wien) - Schuberthaus (1).JPG|thumb|The house in which Schubert was born, today Nußdorfer Straße 54]]

At the age of five, Schubert began to receive regular instruction from his father, and a year later was enrolled at his father's school. Although it is not exactly known when Schubert received his first musical instruction, he was given piano lessons by his brother Ignaz, but they lasted for a very short time as Schubert excelled him within a few months.<ref name="mckay11">[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 11</ref> Ignaz later recalled:<ref name="Kreissle 1866 p. 5">[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 5</ref>
{{quote|I was amazed when Franz told me, a few months after we began, that he had no need of any further instruction from me, and that for the future he would make his own way. And in truth his progress in a short period was so great that I was forced to acknowledge in him a master who had completely distanced and out stripped me, and whom I despaired of overtaking.}}

His father gave him his first violin lessons when he was eight years old, training him to the point where he could play easy duets proficiently.<ref name="Duncan3">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 3</ref> Soon after, Schubert was given his first lessons outside the family by Michael Holzer, organist and choirmaster of the local parish church in Lichtental. Holzer would often assure Schubert's father, with tears in his eyes, that he had never had such a pupil as Schubert,<ref name="Kreissle 1866 p. 5"/> and the lessons may have largely consisted of conversations and expressions of admiration.<ref>[[#BrownNG|Brown (1983)]], pp. 2–3</ref> Holzer gave the young Schubert instruction in piano and organ as well as in [[figured bass]].<ref name=Kreissle5>[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 5</ref> According to Holzer, however, he did not give him any real instruction as Schubert would already know anything that he tried to teach him; rather, he looked upon Schubert with "astonishment and silence".<ref name="Duncan3"/> The boy seemed to gain more from an acquaintance with a friendly apprentice [[joiner]] who took him to a neighbouring [[pianoforte]] warehouse where Schubert could practise on better instruments.<ref name="Wilberforce3">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], p. 3</ref> He also played [[viola]] in the family string quartet, with his brothers [[Ferdinand Schubert|Ferdinand]] and Ignaz on first and second violin and his father on the [[cello]]. Schubert wrote his earliest string quartets for this ensemble.<ref name="GibbsLife26">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 26</ref>

Young Schubert first came to the attention of [[Antonio Salieri]], then Vienna's leading musical authority, in 1804, when his vocal talent was recognised.<ref name="GibbsLife26"/> In November 1808, he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt (Imperial Seminary) through a choir scholarship. At the Stadtkonvikt, he was introduced to the overtures and symphonies of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], the symphonies of [[Joseph Haydn]] and his younger brother [[Michael Haydn]], and the overtures and symphonies of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], a composer for whom he developed a significant admiration.<ref name="McKay22">[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 22</ref><ref name="Duncan5">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 5–7</ref> His exposure to these and other works, combined with occasional visits to the opera, laid the foundation for a broader musical education.<ref name="Duncan7" /> One important musical influence came from the songs by [[Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg]], an important composer of [[Lied]]er. The precocious young student "wanted to modernize" Zumsteeg's songs, as reported by [[Joseph von Spaun]], Schubert's friend.<ref name="GibbsLife29">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 29</ref> Schubert's friendship with Spaun began at the Stadtkonvikt and lasted throughout his short life. In those early days, the financially well-off Spaun furnished the impoverished Schubert with much of his manuscript paper.<ref name="Duncan7">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 7</ref>

In the meantime, Schubert's genius began to show in his compositions; Salieri decided to start training him privately in [[music theory]] and even in composition. According to Ferdinand, the boy's first composition for piano was a [[Fantasy in G major for piano four-hands, D 1 (Schubert)|Fantasy for four hands]]; his first song, ''Klagegesang der Hagar'', would be written a year later.<ref name=Kreisslev1pg6>[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 6</ref> Schubert was occasionally permitted to lead the Stadtkonvikt's orchestra,<ref name="Duncan9">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 9</ref> and it was the first orchestra he wrote for. He devoted much of the rest of his time at the Stadtkonvikt to composing chamber music, several songs, piano pieces and, more ambitiously, liturgical choral works in the form of a "Salve Regina" (D 27), a "Kyrie" (D 31), in addition to the unfinished "Octet for Winds" (D 72, said to commemorate the 1812 death of his mother),<ref name="Frost9">[[#Frost|Frost (1915)]], p. 9</ref> the [[cantata]] ''Wer ist groß?'' for male voices and orchestra (D 110, for his father's birthday in 1813), and his [[Symphony No. 1 (Schubert)|first symphony]] (D 82).<ref name="Duncan10">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 10</ref>

=== Teacher at his father's school ===
At the end of 1813, Schubert left the Stadtkonvikt and returned home for teacher training at the St Anna Normal-[[hauptschule]]. In 1814, he entered his father's school as teacher of the youngest pupils. For over two years young Schubert endured severe drudgery;<ref name="Duncan13">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 13–14</ref> there were, however, compensatory interests even then. He continued to take private lessons in composition from Salieri, who gave Schubert more actual technical training than any of his other teachers, before they parted ways in 1817.<ref name="Duncan9"/>

In 1814, Schubert met a young soprano named [[Therese Grob]], daughter of a local silk manufacturer, and wrote several of his [[Liturgy|liturgical works]] (including a "Salve Regina" and a "Tantum Ergo") for her; she was also a soloist in the premiere of his [[Mass No. 1 (Schubert)|Mass No. 1]] (D. 105) in September<ref>Benedikt, Erich. "Notizen zu Schuberts Messen. Mit neuem Uraufführungsdatum der Messe in F-Dur", ''Österreichische Musikzeitschrift'' 52, 1–2/1997, p. 64</ref> 1814.<ref name="Duncan13" /> Schubert wanted to marry her, but was hindered by the harsh marriage-consent law of 1815<ref name="SteblinMarry">[[#SteblinCM|Steblin (1998)]]</ref> requiring an aspiring bridegroom to show he had the means to support a family.<ref name="GibbsLife39">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 39</ref> In November 1816, after failing to gain a musical post in Laibach (now [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]]), Schubert sent Grob's brother Heinrich a collection of songs retained by the family into the twentieth century.<ref name="Newbould64">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 64</ref>

One of Schubert's most prolific years was 1815. He composed over 20,000 bars of music, more than half of which were for orchestra, including nine church works (despite being [[agnostic]]),<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 308</ref><ref>[[#Hutchings|Hutchings (1967)]], p. 166: "The unctuous style we hear every Christmas is found in church music by Schubert and the Chevalier Neukomm, both known in private letters to be agnostic."</ref> a symphony, and about 140 Lieder.<ref name="Newbould40">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 40</ref> In that year, he was also introduced to [[Anselm Hüttenbrenner]] and [[Franz von Schober]], who would become his lifelong friends. Another friend, [[Johann Mayrhofer]], was introduced to him by Spaun in 1815.<ref>[[#Gramit|Gramit (1997)]], p. 108</ref>

Throughout 1815, Schubert lived with his father at home; his mother died in 1812. He continued to teach at the school and give private musical instruction, earning enough money for his basic needs, including clothing, manuscript paper, pens, and ink, but with little to no money left over for luxuries.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 55</ref> Spaun was well aware that Schubert was discontented with his life at the schoolhouse, and was concerned for Schubert's development intellectually and musically. In May 1816, Spaun moved from his apartment in Landskrongasse (in the inner city) to a new home in the [[Landstraße]] suburb; one of the first things he did after he settled into the new home was to invite Schubert to spend a few days with him. This was probably Schubert's first visit away from home or school.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 59</ref> Schubert's unhappiness during his years as a schoolteacher possibly showed early signs of [[depression (mood)|depression]], and it is a virtual certainty that Schubert suffered from [[cyclothymia]] throughout his life.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 138</ref>

The musicologist [[Maynard Solomon]] has suggested that Schubert was erotically attracted to men,<ref>[[Maynard Solomon|Solomon, M.]] (1989): "Franz Schubert and the peacocks of [[Benvenuto Cellini]]. ''[[19th-Century Music]]'' 12, pp. 193–206.</ref> a thesis that has, at times, been heatedly debated.<ref>"Schubert: Music, Sexuality, Culture." ''[[19th-Century Music]]'', 1993, 17:3–101.</ref><ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1994/10/20/schubert-a-la-mode/ "Schubert à la Mode"], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', 20 October 1994</ref> The musicologist and Schubert expert [[Rita Steblin]] has said that he was "chasing women".<ref>[[Rita Steblin|Steblin, Rita]] (1993): "The Peacock's Tale: Schubert's Sexuality Reconsidered." ''[[19th-Century Music]]''. Berkeley, California: Univ. of California Press, {{ISSN|0148-2076}}, ZDB-ID 4395712, T 17., 1, pp. 5–33; Steblin, Rita (1996), ''Babette und Therese Kunz: neue Forschungen zum Freundeskreis um Franz Schubert und Leopold Kupelwieser'', Wien: Vom Pasqualatihaus. {{ISBN|3901254161}}; Steblin, Rita (1997): "Schubert's 'Nina' and the True Peacocks}". ''[[The Musical Times]]'' 138, pp. 13–19; Steblin, Rita (1998): ''Die Unsinnsgesellschaft: Franz Schubert, Leopold Kupelwieser und ihr Freundeskreis''. Böhlau. {{ISBN|3-205-98820-5}}; Steblin, Rita (2001): "Schubert's Problematic Relationship with Johann Mayrhofer: New Documentary Evidence". Barbara Haggh (ed.): ''Essays on Music and Culture in Honor of Herbert Kellman''. Paris-Tours: Minerve, pp. 465–495; Steblin, Rita (2008), "Schubert's Pepi: His Love Affair with the Chambermaid Josepha Pöcklhofer and Her Surprising Fate". ''[[The Musical Times]]'', pp. 47–69.</ref> The theory of Schubert's homosexuality has begun to influence the interpretation of his work in scholarly papers.<ref>Horton, Julian (2015). ''[https://www.routledge.com/Schubert/Horton/p/book/9781472439376 Schubert]''. Routledge, p. 66, note 2</ref>

=== Support from friends ===
Significant changes happened in 1816. Schober, a student and of good family and some means, invited Schubert to room with him at his mother's house. The proposal was particularly opportune, for Schubert had just made the unsuccessful application for the post of [[kapellmeister]] at Laibach, and he had also decided not to resume teaching duties at his father's school. By the end of the year, he became a guest in Schober's lodgings.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 68</ref> For a time, he attempted to increase the household resources by giving music lessons, but they were soon abandoned, and he devoted himself to composition. "I compose every morning, and when one piece is done, I begin another."<ref name="Duncan26">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 26</ref> During this year, he focused on orchestral and choral works, although he also continued to write Lieder.<ref name="McKayBio56">[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 56</ref> Much of this work was unpublished, but manuscripts and copies circulated among friends and admirers.<ref name="GibbsLife44">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 44</ref>

[[File:SchubertAndVogl.jpg|thumb|upright|Caricature of Johann Michael Vogl and Franz Schubert by [[Franz von Schober]] (1825)]]
In early 1817, Schober introduced Schubert to [[Johann Michael Vogl]], a prominent baritone twenty years Schubert's senior. Vogl, for whom Schubert went on to write a great many songs, became one of Schubert's main proponents in Viennese musical circles. Schubert also met Joseph Hüttenbrenner (brother of Anselm), who also played a role in promoting his music.<ref name="Newbould66">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 66</ref> These, and an increasing circle of friends and musicians, became responsible for promoting, collecting, and, after his death, preserving his work.<ref name="Duncan90">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 90–93</ref>

In late 1817, Schubert's father gained a new position at a school in [[Alsergrund#District sections|Rossau]], not far from Lichtental. Schubert rejoined his father and reluctantly took up teaching duties there. In early 1818, he applied for membership in the prestigious [[Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde]], intending to gain admission as an accompanist, but also so that his music, especially the songs, could be performed in the evening concerts. He was rejected on the basis that he was "no amateur", although he had been employed as a schoolteacher at the time and there were professional musicians already among the society's membership.<ref name=McKay75>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], 75</ref><ref name="Newbould69"/> However, he began to gain more notice in the press, and the first public performance of a secular work, an overture performed in February 1818, received praise from the press in Vienna and abroad.<ref name="GibbsLife59">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 59</ref>

Schubert spent the summer of 1818 as a music teacher to the family of Count Johann Karl [[House of Esterházy|Esterházy]] at their château in Zseliz (now [[Želiezovce]], Slovakia). The pay was relatively good, and his duties teaching piano and singing to the two daughters were relatively light, allowing him to compose happily. Schubert may have written his [[Three Marches militaires (Schubert)|Marche Militaire in D major]] (D. 733 no. 1) for Marie and Karoline, in addition to other piano duets.<ref name="Newbould235">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 235</ref> On his return from Zseliz, he took up residence with his friend Mayrhofer.<ref name="Newbould69">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]] pp. 69–72</ref>

During the early 1820s, Schubert was part of a close-knit circle of artists and students who had social gatherings together that became known as ''[[Schubertiad]]s.'' Many of them took place in [[Ignaz von Sonnleithner|Ignaz von Sonnleithner's]] large apartment in the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna). The tight circle of friends with which Schubert surrounded himself was dealt a blow in early 1820. Schubert and four of his friends were arrested by the Austrian police, who (in the aftermath of the [[French Revolution]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]]) were on their guard against revolutionary activities and suspicious of any gathering of youth or students. One of Schubert's friends, [[Johann Senn]], was put on trial, imprisoned for over a year, and then permanently forbidden to enter Vienna. The other four, including Schubert, were "severely reprimanded", in part for "inveighing against [officials] with insulting and opprobrious language".<ref name="GibbsLife67">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 67</ref> While Schubert never saw Senn again, he did set some of his poems, ''Selige Welt'' (D. 743) and ''Schwanengesang'' (D 744), to music. The incident may have played a role in a falling-out with Mayrhofer, with whom he was living at the time.<ref name="GibbsLife68">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 68</ref>

Schubert, who was only a little more than five feet tall,<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 70</ref> was nicknamed "Schwammerl" by his friends, which Gibbs describes as translating to "Tubby" or "Little Mushroom".<ref>[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 7</ref> "Schwamm" is German (in the Austrian and Bavarian dialects) for mushroom; the ending "-erl" makes it a diminutive.

=== Musical maturity ===
The compositions of 1819 and 1820 show a marked advance in development and maturity of style.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Hadow
| first = William Henry
| title = Franz Schubert
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
| volume = 24
| pages = 380
| publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica Company
| location = London, New York
| year = 1911 }}</ref> The unfinished [[oratorio]] ''Lazarus'' (D. 689) was begun in February; later followed, amid a number of smaller works, by the hymn "Der 23. Psalm" (D. 706), the octet "Gesang der Geister über den Wassern" (D. 714), the [[Quartettsatz, D. 703 (Schubert)|Quartettsatz]] in C minor (D. 703), and the ''[[Wanderer Fantasy]]'' in C major for piano (D. 760). In 1820, two of Schubert's operas were staged: ''[[Die Zwillingsbrüder]]'' (D. 647) appeared at the [[Theater am Kärntnertor]] on 14 June, and ''Die Zauberharfe'' (D. 644) appeared at the [[Theater an der Wien]] on 21 August.<ref name="Austin46">[[#Austin|Austin (1873)]], pp. 46–47</ref> Hitherto, his larger compositions (apart from his masses) had been restricted to the amateur orchestra at the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna), a society which grew out of the quartet-parties at his home. Now he began to assume a more prominent position, addressing a wider public.<ref name="Austin46" /> Publishers, however, remained distant, with [[Anton Diabelli]] hesitantly agreeing to print some of his works on commission.<ref name="Wilberforce90">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], pp. 90–92</ref> The first seven opus numbers (all songs) appeared on these terms; then the commission ceased, and he began to receive parsimonious royalties. The situation improved somewhat in March 1821 when Vogl performed the song "[[Der Erlkönig]]" (D. 328) at a concert that was extremely well received.<ref name="Wilberforce25">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], p. 25</ref> That month, Schubert composed a Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli (D 718), being one of the fifty composers who contributed to the ''[[Vaterländischer Künstlerverein]]'' publication.

[[File:Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder.jpeg|thumb|left|Watercolour of Franz Schubert by [[Wilhelm August Rieder]] (1825)]]
The production of the two operas turned Schubert's attention more firmly than ever in the direction of the stage, where, for a variety of reasons, he was almost completely unsuccessful. All in all, he embarked on twenty stage projects, each of them failures which were quickly forgotten. In 1822, ''[[Alfonso und Estrella]]'' was refused, partly owing to its libretto (written by Schubert's friend [[Franz von Schober]]).<ref name="newbould173">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 173</ref> In 1823, ''[[Fierrabras (opera)|Fierrabras]]'' (D 796) was rejected: [[Domenico Barbaia]], [[impresario]] for the court theatres, largely lost interest in new German opera due to the popularity of [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] and the Italian operatic style, and the failure of [[Carl Maria von Weber]]'s ''[[Euryanthe]]''.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion245">[[#Denny|Denny (1997)]], pp. 245–246</ref> ''Die Verschworenen'' (''The Conspirators'', D 787) was prohibited by the censor (apparently on the grounds of its title),<ref name="Gibbs111">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 111</ref> and ''[[Rosamunde]], Fürstin von Zypern'' (D 797) was withdrawn after two nights, owing to the poor quality of the play for which Schubert had written incidental music.

Despite his operatic failures, Schubert's reputation was growing steadily on other fronts. In 1821, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde finally accepted him as a performing member, and the number of performances of his music grew remarkably.<ref name=McKay101>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 101</ref> These performances helped Schubert's reputation grow rapidly among the members of the Gesellschaft<ref name=McKay101/> and establish his name among the citizenry.<ref name="newbould173"/> Some of the members of the Gesellschaft, most notably [[Ignaz von Sonnleithner]] and his son [[Leopold von Sonnleithner]], had a sizeable influence on the affairs of the society, and as a result of that, and Schubert's growing reputation, his works were included in three major concerts of the Gesellschaft in 1821. In April, one of his male-voice quartets was performed, and in November, his Overture in E minor (D. 648) received its first public performance;<ref name=McKay101/> on a different concert of the same day as the premiere of the Overture, his song ''[[Der Wanderer]]'' (D. 489) was performed.<ref name=newbould173/>

In 1822, Schubert made the acquaintance of both Weber and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], but little came of it in either case: however, Beethoven is said to have acknowledged the younger man's gifts on a few occasions. On his deathbed, Beethoven is said to have looked into some of the younger man's works and exclaimed: "Truly, the spark of divine genius resides in this Schubert!" Beethoven also reportedly predicted that Schubert "would make a great sensation in the world," and regretted that he had not been more familiar with him earlier; he wished to see his operas and works for piano, but his severe illness prevented him from doing so.<ref name="lvbv1">[[#Thayer|Thayer (1921)]], pp. 299–300</ref>

=== Last years and masterworks ===
[[File:Franz Schubert by Kriehuber 1846.jpg|left|thumb|Franz Schubert by [[Josef Kriehuber]] (1846)]]
Despite his preoccupation with the stage, and later with his official duties, Schubert found time during these years for a significant amount of composition. He completed the [[Mass No. 5 (Schubert)|Mass in A-flat major]], (D. 678) in 1822, and later that year embarked suddenly on a work which more decisively than almost any other in those years showed his maturing personal vision, the [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|Symphony in B minor]], known as the ''Unfinished'' Symphony (D. 759).<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 182</ref> The reason he left it unfinished – after writing two movements and sketches some way into a third – continues to be discussed and written about, and it is also remarkable that he did not mention it to any of his friends, even though, as [[Brian Newbould]] notes, he must have felt thrilled by what he was achieving.<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 182–183</ref> In 1823, Schubert wrote his first large-scale [[song cycle]], ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'' (D. 795), setting poems by [[Wilhelm Müller]].<ref name="Newbould215">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 215</ref> This series, together with the later cycle ''[[Winterreise]]'' (D. 911, also setting texts of Müller in 1827) is widely considered one of the pinnacles of [[Lied]]er.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/ian-bostridges-schuberts-winter-journey-examines-the-composers-melancholy-work/2015/02/04/9228fdda-aaf4-11e4-9c91-e9d2f9fde644_story.html |title=Ian Bostridge's 'Schubert's ''Winter Journey'' examines the composer's melancholy work|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=[[Michael Dirda|Dirda, Michael]]|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=8 February 2015|quote=Franz Schubert's ''Winterreise'' is the greatest, and the most bleakly melancholy, of all song cycles.}}</ref> He also composed the song ''[[Du bist die Ruh']]'' (''You are rest and peace'',<ref name="Reed1997">[[#Reed|Reed (1997)]], pp. 208–209</ref> D. 776) during this year. Also in that year, symptoms of [[syphilis]] first appeared.<ref name="Newbould210">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 210</ref>

In 1824, he wrote the Variations in E minor for flute and piano ''Trockne Blumen'', a song from the cycle ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'', and several string quartets. He also wrote the [[Arpeggione Sonata|Sonata in A minor]] for [[arpeggione]] and piano (D. 821) at the time when there was a minor craze over [[arpeggione|that instrument]].<ref name="Newbould221225">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 221–225</ref> In the spring of that year, he wrote the [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet in F major]] (D. 803), a sketch for a 'Grand Symphony'; and in the summer went back to ''Zseliz''. There he became attracted to [[Hungary|Hungarian]] musical idiom, and wrote the ''Divertissement à la hongroise'' in G minor for piano duet (D. 818) and the [[String Quartet No. 13 (Schubert)|String Quartet in A minor]] ''Rosamunde'' (D. 804). It has been said that he held a hopeless passion for his pupil, the Countess [[Caroline Esterházy]],<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 260</ref> but the only work he dedicated to her was his [[Fantasia in F minor for piano four-hands, D 940 (Schubert)|Fantasia in F minor]] for piano duet (D. 940).<ref name="Newbould218">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 218</ref> His friend [[Eduard von Bauernfeld]] penned the following verse, which appears to reference Schubert's unrequited sentiments:
<blockquote><poem>
In love with a Countess of youthful grace,
—A pupil of Galt's; in desperate case
Young Schubert surrenders himself to another,
And fain would avoid such affectionate pother<ref name="Duncan99">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 99</ref></poem>
</blockquote>
The setbacks of previous years were compensated by the prosperity and happiness of 1825. Publication had been moving more rapidly, the stress of poverty was for a time lightened, and in the summer he had a pleasant holiday in [[Upper Austria]] where he was welcomed with enthusiasm. It was during this tour that he produced the seven-song cycle ''Fräulein am See'', based on [[Walter Scott]]'s ''[[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|The Lady of the Lake]]'', and including "[[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ellens Gesang III]]" ("Hymn to the Virgin") (D. 839, Op. 52, No. 6); the lyrics of Adam Storck's German translation of the Scott poem are now frequently replaced by the full text of the traditional Roman Catholic prayer [[Hail Mary]] (''Ave Maria'' in Latin), but for which the Schubert melody is not an original setting. The original only opens with the greeting "Ave Maria", which also recurs only in the refrain.<ref name="AveMariaSetting">[[#Emmons|Emmons (2006)]], p. 38</ref> In 1825, Schubert also wrote the [[Piano Sonata in A minor, D. 845 (Schubert)|Piano Sonata in A minor]] (D 845, first published as op. 42), and began the [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|Symphony in C major]] (''Great C major'', D. 944), which was completed the following year.<ref name="Newbould228">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 228</ref>
[[File:Franz Schubert c1827.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Franz Schubert by [[Franz Eybl]] (1827)]]

From 1826 to 1828, Schubert resided continuously in Vienna, except for a brief visit to [[Graz]], Austria, in 1827. In 1826, he dedicated [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|a symphony]] (D. 944, that later came to be known as the ''Great C major'') to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde and received an honorarium in return.<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 254</ref> The [[String Quartet No. 14 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 14]] in D minor (D. 810), with the variations on ''[[Death and the Maiden (song)|Death and the Maiden]]'', was written during the winter of 1825–1826, and first played on 25 January 1826. Later in the year came the [[String Quartet No. 15 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 15]] in G major, (D 887, first published as op. 161), the ''[[Rondo in B minor for violin and piano, D 895 (Schubert)|Rondo in B minor for violin and piano]]'' (D. 895), ''Rondeau brillant'', and the [[Piano Sonata in G major, D. 894 (Schubert)|Piano Sonata in G major]], (D 894, first published as ''Fantasie in G'', op. 78). He also produced in 1826 three [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearian]] songs, of which "{{Lang|de|Ständchen}}" (D. 889) and "{{Lang|de|[[An Sylvia]]}}" (D. 891) were allegedly written on the same day, the former at a tavern where he broke his afternoon's walk, the latter on his return to his lodging in the evening.<ref name="SmithCarlson78">[[#SmithCarlson|Smith & Carlson (1995)]], p. 78</ref>

The works of his last two years reveal a composer entering a new professional and compositional stage.<ref>[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1999)]], p. 62</ref> Although parts of Schubert's personality were influenced by his friends, he nurtured an intensely personal dimension in solitude; it was out of this dimension that he wrote his greatest music.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 268</ref> The death of Beethoven affected Schubert deeply,<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 276</ref> and may have motivated Schubert to reach new artistic peaks. In 1827, Schubert wrote the song cycle ''[[Winterreise]]'' (D. 911), the Fantasy in C major for violin and piano (D. 934, first published as op. post. 159), the [[Impromptus (Schubert)|Impromptus]] for piano, and the two piano trios ([[Piano Trio No. 1 (Schubert)|the first]] in B-flat major (D. 898), and [[Piano Trio No. 2 (Schubert)|the second]] in E-flat major, (D. 929);<ref name="Newbould261">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]] pp. 261–263</ref> in 1828 the cantata ''Mirjams Siegesgesang'' (''Victory Song of Miriam'', D 942) on a text by [[Franz Grillparzer]], the [[Mass No. 6 (Schubert)|Mass in E-flat major]] (D. 950), the ''Tantum Ergo'' (D. 962) in the same key, the [[String Quintet (Schubert)|String Quintet in C major]] (D. 956), the second "Benedictus" to the [[Mass No. 4 (Schubert)|Mass in C major]] (D. 961), [[Schubert's last sonatas|the three final piano sonatas]] (D. 958, D. 959, and D. 960), and the collection ''13 Lieder nach Gedichten von Rellstab und Heine'' for voice and piano, also known as ''[[Schwanengesang]]'' (''Swan-song'', D. 957).<ref name="Newbould270">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]] pp. 270–274</ref> (This collection – which includes settings of words by [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Ludwig Rellstab]], and [[Johann Gabriel Seidl]] – is not a true song cycle like ''Die schöne Müllerin'' or ''Winterreise''.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 313: "That Schubert in no way considered the songs as a cycle is confirmed by his letter to Probst of 2 October mentioning that he had recently written 'several songs by Heine'."</ref>) The ''Great C major'' symphony is dated 1828, but Schubert scholars believe that this symphony was largely written in 1825–1826 (being referred to while he was on holiday at Gastein in 1825—that work, once considered lost, is now generally seen as an early stage of his C major symphony) and was revised for prospective performance in 1828. The orchestra of the Gesellschaft reportedly read through the symphony at a rehearsal, but never scheduled a public performance of it. The reasons continue to be unknown, although the difficulty of the symphony is the possible explanation.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion203">[[#Griffel|Griffel (1997)]], p. 203</ref> In the last weeks of his life, he began to sketch three movements for a new [[Symphony No. 10 (Schubert)|Symphony in D major]] (D 936A);<ref name="Newbould385">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 385</ref> In this work, he anticipates [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]'s use of folksong-like harmonics and bare soundscapes.<ref>Newbould (1999) ibid, and comments in the liner notes to the [https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/schubert-symphony-no-10-and-other-unfinished-symphonies-mr0002106545 CD recording] issued on [[Hyperion Records]]</ref> Schubert expressed the wish, were he to survive his final illness, to further develop his knowledge of harmony and counterpoint, and had actually made appointments for lessons with the counterpoint master [[Simon Sechter]].<ref name="Schonberg130">[[#Schonberg|Schonberg (1997)]], p. 130</ref>

On 26 March 1828, the anniversary of Beethoven's death, Schubert gave, for the only time in his career, a public concert of his own works.<ref name="Newbould 1999 pp. 265">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 265–266</ref> The concert was a success popularly and financially,<ref name="Newbould 1999 pp. 265"/> even though it would be overshadowed by [[Niccolò Paganini]]'s first appearances in Vienna shortly after.<ref>[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 44</ref>

[[File:Schubert's Brille.jpg|thumb|Schubert's glasses]]

=== Final illness and death ===
[[File:Kalvarienbergkirche Hernals 9.JPG|thumb|Memorial at the Kalvarienberg Church, [[Hernals]]]]
[[File:Schubert Franz.jpg|thumb|The site of Schubert's first tomb at [[Währing]]]]

In the midst of this creative activity, his health deteriorated. By the late 1820s, Schubert's health was failing and he confided to some friends that he feared that he was near death. In the late summer of 1828, the composer saw the physician Ernst Rinna, who may have confirmed Schubert's suspicions that he was ill beyond cure and likely to die soon.<ref name=Newbould275/> Some of his symptoms matched those of [[mercury poisoning]] ([[mercury (element)|mercury]] was then a common treatment for syphilis, again suggesting that Schubert suffered from it).<ref name="Gibbs168">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], pp. 168–169</ref> At the beginning of November, he again fell ill, experiencing headaches, fever, swollen joints, and vomiting. He was generally unable to retain solid food and his condition worsened. Five days before Schubert's death, his friend, violinist [[Karl Holz (violinist)|Karl Holz]], and his string quartet visited him to play for him. The last musical work he had wished to hear was [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's]] [[String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 131]]; Holz commented: "The King of Harmony has sent the King of Song a friendly bidding to the crossing".<ref>[[#Memoirs|Deutsche (1998)]], p. 300</ref>

Schubert died in Vienna, aged 31, on 19 November 1828, at the apartment of his brother Ferdinand. The cause of his death was officially diagnosed as [[typhoid fever]], though other theories have been proposed, including the tertiary stage of syphilis.<ref name=Newbould275>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 275.</ref> It was near Beethoven, whom he had admired all his life, that Schubert was buried by his own request, in the village cemetery of [[Währing]], Vienna.<ref name="Duncan79" /> He had served as a torchbearer at [[Death of Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's funeral]] a year before his own death.

In 1872, a memorial to Franz Schubert was erected in Vienna's [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]].<ref name="Duncan79">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 79–80</ref> In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the [[Zentralfriedhof]] where they can now be found next to those of [[Johann Strauss II]] and [[Johannes Brahms]].<ref name="Gibbs197">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 197</ref> [[Anton Bruckner]] was present at both exhumations, and he reached into both coffins and held the revered skulls in his hands.<ref>[https://www.interlude.hk/front/the-morbid-compulsion-of-anton-bruckner/ Georg Predota, "The Morbid Fascination of Anton Bruckner", ''Interlude'', 11 August 2014]. Retrieved 3 September 2019</ref> The cemetery in Währing was converted into a park in 1925, called the Schubert Park, and his former grave site was marked by a bust. His epitaph, written by his friend, the poet [[Franz Grillparzer]], reads: ''Die Tonkunst begrub hier einen reichen, aber noch viel schönere Hoffnungen'' (“The art of music has here interred a precious treasure, but yet far fairer hopes”).

== Music ==
{{see also|List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre}}
Schubert was remarkably prolific, writing over 1,500 works in his short career. His compositional style progressed rapidly throughout his short life.<ref name="Gammond143">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], p. 143, discussing in particular his chamber music</ref> The largest number of his compositions are [[lied|songs for solo voice and piano]] (roughly 630).<ref>[[#GibbsIntro|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 21</ref> Schubert also composed a considerable number of secular works for two or more voices, namely [[part song]]s, choruses and cantatas. He completed eight orchestral overtures and seven complete symphonies, in addition to fragments of six others. While he composed no concertos, he did write three [[Sinfonia concertante|concertante]] works for violin and orchestra. Schubert wrote a large body of music for solo piano, including eleven incontrovertibly completed sonatas and at least nine more in varying states of completion,{{efn|D 537, 568, 575, 664, 784, 845, 850, 894, 958, 959, 960 incontrovertibly complete; D 157, 279, 459, 557, 566 as further sonatas whose completeness has been debated; D 571, 613, 625, 840 as further unfinished sonatas; and many other possible sonata fragments and isolated movements possibly associated with some of the above-listed sonatas.}} numerous miscellaneous works and many short dances, in addition to producing a large set of works for [[piano four hands]]. He also wrote over fifty chamber works, including some fragmentary works. Schubert's sacred output includes seven masses, one oratorio and one requiem, among other mass movements and numerous smaller compositions.<ref name="Ewen384">[[#Ewen|Ewen (2007)]], p. 384</ref> He completed only eleven of his twenty stage works.<ref>McKay, Elizabeth (1997). Franz Schubert. In: ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]].'' London and New York: Macmillan</ref>

=== Style ===
In July 1947 the Austrian composer [[Ernst Krenek]] discussed Schubert's style, abashedly admitting that he had at first "shared the wide-spread opinion that Schubert was a lucky inventor of pleasing tunes ... lacking the dramatic power and searching intelligence which distinguished such 'real' masters as [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach]] or [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]". Krenek wrote that he reached a completely different assessment after close study of Schubert's pieces at the urging of his friend and fellow composer [[Eduard Erdmann]]. Krenek pointed to the piano sonatas as giving "ample evidence that [Schubert] was much more than an easy-going tune-smith who did not know, and did not care, about the craft of composition." Each sonata then in print, according to Krenek, exhibited "a great wealth of technical finesse" and revealed Schubert as "far from satisfied with pouring his charming ideas into conventional moulds; on the contrary he was a thinking artist with a keen appetite for experimentation."<ref name="Lev">[[#Lev|Lev]].</ref>

====Instrumental music, stage works and church music====
{{see also|Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert|List of solo piano compositions by Franz Schubert|Stage works by Franz Schubert}}

That "appetite for experimentation" manifests itself repeatedly in Schubert's output in a wide variety of forms and genres, including opera, [[liturgical music]], chamber and solo piano music, and symphonic works. Perhaps most familiarly, his adventurousness is reflected in his notably original sense of modulation; for example, the second movement of the [[String Quintet (Schubert)|String Quintet]] (D. 956), which is in E major, features a central section in the [[distant key]] of F minor.<ref name="Gammond117">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], p. 117</ref> It also appears in unusual choices of instrumentation, as in the [[Arpeggione Sonata|Sonata in A minor]] for arpeggione and piano (D. 821), or the unconventional scoring of the ''[[Trout Quintet]]'' (D. 667), which is scored for piano, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, whereas conventional piano quintets are scored for piano and [[string quartet]].
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Although Schubert was clearly influenced by the Classical [[sonata form]]s of Beethoven and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], his formal structures and his developments tend to give the impression more of melodic development than of harmonic drama.<ref name="Gammond76">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], pp. 76–81</ref> This combination of Classical form and long-breathed Romantic melody sometimes lends them a discursive style: his ''Great C major'' Symphony was described by [[Robert Schumann]] as running to "heavenly lengths".<ref name="Brown630">[[#Brown|Brown (2002)]], p. 630</ref>

====Lieder and art songs====
{{see also|List of songs by Franz Schubert|Schubert's song cycles}}

It was in the genre of the [[Lied]] that Schubert made his most indelible mark. [[Leon Plantinga]] remarks that "in his more than six hundred Lieder he explored and expanded the potentialities of the genre, as no composer before him."<ref>[[#Plantinga|Plantinga (1984)]], p. 117</ref> Prior to Schubert's influence, Lieder tended toward a [[Strophic form|strophic]], syllabic treatment of text, evoking the folksong qualities engendered by the stirrings of [[Romantic nationalism]].<ref>Plantinga (1984), pp. 107–117</ref>

[[File:Nebensonnen D.911.jpg|thumb|Autograph of ''Die Nebensonnen'' (The [[Sun dog]]s) from ''Winterreise'']]
Among Schubert's treatments of the poetry of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], his settings of "[[Gretchen am Spinnrade]]" (D. 118) and "[[Der Erlkönig]]" (D. 328) are particularly striking for their dramatic content, forward-looking uses of harmony, and their use of eloquent pictorial keyboard figurations, such as the depiction of the spinning wheel and treadle in the piano in "Gretchen" and the furious and ceaseless gallop in "{{Lang|de|Erlkönig}}".<ref name="Swafford211">[[#Swafford|Swafford (1992)]], p. 211</ref> He composed music using the poems of a myriad of poets, with Goethe, Mayrhofer and [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]] being top three most frequent, and others including [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Friedrich Rückert]] and [[Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff]]. Of additional particular note are his two [[song cycle]]s on the poems of [[Wilhelm Müller]], ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'' and ''[[Winterreise]]'', which helped to establish the genre and its potential for musical, poetic, and almost operatic dramatic narrative. His last collection of songs published in 1828 after his death, ''[[Schwanengesang]]'', is also an innovative contribution to German lieder literature, as it features poems by different poets, namely [[Ludwig Rellstab]], Heine, and [[Johann Gabriel Seidl]]. The ''[[Wiener Theaterzeitung]]'', writing about ''Winterreise'' at the time, commented that it was a work that "none can sing or hear without being deeply moved".<ref name="Gammond153">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], pp. 153–156</ref>

[[Antonín Dvořák]] wrote in 1894 that Schubert, whom he considered one of the truly great composers, was clearly influential on shorter works, especially Lieder and shorter piano works: "The tendency of the romantic school has been toward short forms, and although Weber helped to show the way, to Schubert belongs the chief credit of originating the short models of piano forte pieces which the romantic school has preferably cultivated. [...] Schubert created a new epoch with the Lied. [...] All other songwriters have followed in his footsteps."<ref name="CentIll345">[[#CentIllv48no3|Dvořák (1894)]], pp. 344–345</ref>

=== Publication – catalogue ===
[[File:Schubert Haus00.jpg|thumb|Interior of museum at Schubert's birthplace, Vienna, 1914]]
When Schubert died he had around 100 [[opus number]]s published, mainly songs, chamber music and smaller piano compositions.<ref>Deutsch 1978, p. 668</ref> Publication of smaller pieces continued (including opus numbers up to 173 in the 1860s, 50 instalments with songs published by [[Diabelli]] and dozens of first publications [[Edition Peters|Peters]]),<ref>Deutsch 1978, pp. 668–669</ref> but the manuscripts of many of the longer works, whose existence was not widely known, remained hidden in cabinets and file boxes of Schubert's family, friends, and publishers.<ref name="GroveAppendix"/> Even some of Schubert's friends were unaware of the full scope of what he wrote, and for many years he was primarily recognised as the "prince of song", although there was recognition of some of his larger-scale efforts.<ref name="GibbsLife61">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], pp. 61–62</ref> In 1838 [[Robert Schumann]], on a visit to Vienna, found the dusty manuscript of the [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|C major Symphony]] (D. 944) and took it back to [[Leipzig]] where it was performed by [[Felix Mendelssohn]] and celebrated in the ''[[Neue Zeitschrift für Musik|Neue Zeitschrift]].'' An important step towards the recovery of the neglected works was the journey to Vienna which the music historian [[George Grove]] and the composer [[Arthur Sullivan]] made in October 1867. The travellers unearthed the manuscripts of six of the symphonies, parts of the incidental music to ''[[Rosamunde]]'', the [[Mass No. 1 (Schubert)|Mass No. 1 in F major]] (D. 105), and the operas ''Des Teufels Lustschloss'' (D. 84), ''Fernardo'' (D. 220), ''[[Der vierjährige Posten]]'' (D. 190), and ''[[Die Freunde von Salamanka]]'' (D. 326), and several other unnamed works. With these discoveries, Grove and Sullivan were able to inform the public of the existence of these works; in addition, they were able to copy the fourth and sixth symphonies, the ''[[Rosamunde]]'' incidental music, and the overture to ''Die Freunde von Salamanka''.<ref name="GroveAppendix">[[#Kreissle2|Kreissle (1869)]], pp. 297–332, in which Grove recounts his visit to Vienna.</ref> This led to more widespread public interest in Schubert's work.<ref name="WideInterest">See e.g. [[#Kreissle2|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 324, where Grove describes current (1860s) interest in Schubert's work, and [[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], pp. 250–251, describing the size and scope of the 1897 Schubert centennial commemorations.</ref>

====Complete editions====
[[File:Litograph of Franz Schubert by Josef Kriehuber (1846).png|thumb|upright|Lithograph of Franz Schubert by [[Josef Kriehuber]] (1846)]]
{{see also|Franz Schubert's Works|Neue Schubert-Ausgabe}}
From 1884 to 1897, [[Breitkopf & Härtel]] published [[Franz Schubert's Works]], a critical edition including a contribution made – among others – by [[Johannes Brahms]], editor of the first series containing eight symphonies.<ref>[[#STC|Deutsch (1995)]], p. xiii</ref> The publication of the [[Neue Schubert-Ausgabe]] by [[Bärenreiter]] started in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/publishing-house/baerenreiter-encyclopedia/new-schubert-edition/|title=Neue Schubert-Ausgabe|publisher=[[Bärenreiter Verlag]]|access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref>

==== Deutsch catalogue ====
{{see also|Schubert Thematic Catalogue|Schubert opus/Deutsch number concordance|List of compositions by Franz Schubert}}
Since relatively few of Schubert's works were published in his lifetime, only a small number of them have [[opus number]]s assigned, and even in those cases, the sequence of the numbers does not give a good indication of the order of composition. Austrian [[musicologist]] [[Otto Erich Deutsch]] (1883–1967) is known for compiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Schubert's works. This was first published in English in 1951 (''[[Schubert Thematic Catalogue]]'') and subsequently revised for a new edition in German in 1978 (''[[Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge]]'' – Franz Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of his Works in Chronological Order).<ref>See [[#STC|Deutsch (1995)]]</ref>

==== Numbering issues ====
{{see also|Schubert's symphonies#Numbering issues|Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert#Numbering of the Piano Sonatas}}
Confusion arose quite early over the [[Schubert's symphonies#Numbering issues|numbering of Schubert's late symphonies]]. Schubert's last completed symphony, the ''Great C major'' {{D.|number=944}}, was assigned the numbers 7, 8, 9 and 10, depending on publication. Similarly the ''Unfinished'' {{D.|number=759}} has been indicated with the numbers 7, 8, and 9.<ref name=numbering>See [[#Numbering of symphonies]]</ref>

The order usually followed for these late symphonies by English-language sources is:
*No. 7: [[Symphony No. 7 (Schubert)|E major]], D 729
*No. 8: [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|B minor]], D 759 ''Unfinished''
*No. 9: [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|C major]], D 944 ''Great C major''
*No. 10: [[Symphony No. 10 (Schubert)|D major]], D 936A

An even broader confusion arose over the [[Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert#Numbering of the Piano Sonatas|numbering of the piano sonatas]], with numbering systems ranging from 15 to 23 sonatas.

== Recognition ==
A feeling of regret for the loss of potential masterpieces caused by Schubert's early death at age 31 was expressed in the epitaph on his large tombstone written by Grillparzer: "Here music has buried a treasure, but even fairer hopes."<ref name="Duncan80">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 80</ref> Some prominent musicians share a similar view, including the pianist [[Radu Lupu]], who said: "[Schubert] is the composer for whom I am really most sorry that he died so young. ... Just before he died, when he wrote his beautiful two-cello String Quintet in C, he said very modestly that he was trying to learn a little more about counterpoint, and he was perfectly right. We'll never know in what direction he was going or would have gone."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Montparker |first=Carol |date=May–June 1981|title=Radu Lupu: Acclaim in Spite of Himself|magazine=Clavier |page=13 }}</ref> However, others have expressed disagreement with this early view. For instance, [[Robert Schumann]] said: "It is pointless to guess at what more [Schubert] might have achieved. He did enough; and let them be honoured who have striven and accomplished as he did",<ref>[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 18</ref> and the pianist [[András Schiff]] said that "Schubert lived a very short life, but it was a very concentrated life. In 31 years, he lived more than other people would live in 100 years, and it is needless to speculate what could he have written had he lived another 50 years. It's irrelevant, just like with Mozart; these are the two natural geniuses of music."<ref name=schiff/>

[[File:Schubert Denkmal Stadtpark Wien.jpg|thumb|The Schubert Denkmal]]
The {{ill|Wiener Schubertbund|de}}, one of Vienna's leading choral societies, was founded in 1863, whilst the [[Gründerzeit]] was taking place. The Schubertbund quickly became a rallying point for schoolteachers and other members of the Viennese middle class who felt increasingly embattled during the Gründerzeit and the aftermath of the [[Panic of 1873]]. In 1872, the dedication of the Schubert Denkmal, a gift to the city from Vienna's leading male chorus, the {{ill|Wiener Männergesang-Verein|de}}, took place; the chorus performed at the event.<ref>[[#Botstein|Botstein (1997)]], p. 35</ref> The Denkmal was designed by Austrian sculptor [[Carl Kundmann]] and is located in Vienna's [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]].

Schubert's chamber music continues to be popular. In a [[Classic 100 chamber (ABC)|survey]] conducted by the [[ABC Classic FM]] radio station in 2008, Schubert's chamber works dominated the field, with the ''Trout Quintet'' ranked first, the [[String Quintet (Schubert)|String Quintet in C major]] ranked second, and the [[Notturno (Schubert)|Notturno in E-flat major for piano trio]] ranked third. Furthermore, eight more of his chamber works were among the 100 ranked pieces: both piano trios, the [[String Quartet No. 14 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 14 (''Death and the Maiden'')]], the [[String Quartet No. 15 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 15]], the [[Arpeggione Sonata]], the [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet]], the [[Fantasia in F minor (Schubert)|Fantasie in F minor for piano four-hands]], and the [[Adagio and Rondo Concertante|''Adagio and Rondo Concertante'' for piano quartet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/classic/classic100/chamber/100list.htm|accessdate=24 August 2010|title=The Classical Music Chamber Music 100|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Co.}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} chief music critic [[Anthony Tommasini]], who ranked Schubert as the fourth greatest composer, wrote of him:<blockquote>You have to love the guy, who died at 31, ill, impoverished and neglected except by a circle of friends who were in awe of his genius. For his hundreds of songs alone – including the haunting cycle ''[[Winterreise]]'', which will never release its tenacious hold on singers and audiences – Schubert is central to our concert life... Schubert's first few symphonies may be works in progress. But the ''Unfinished'' and especially the ''Great C major'' Symphony are astonishing. The latter one paves the way for [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]] and prefigures [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]].<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/arts/music/23composers.html|title=The Greatest Composers – A Top 10 List|work=The New York Times|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref></blockquote>

===Tributes by other musicians===
[[File:Schubert-Klimt.jpg|thumb|''Schubert at the Piano'' by [[Gustav Klimt]] (1899)]]
From the 1830s through the 1870s, [[Franz Liszt]] transcribed and arranged a number of Schubert's works, particularly the songs. Liszt, who was a significant force in spreading Schubert's work after his death, said Schubert was "the most poetic musician who ever lived."<ref name="Suttoni">[[#Suttoni|Liszt (1989)]], p. 144</ref> Schubert's symphonies were of particular interest to [[Antonín Dvořák]]. [[Hector Berlioz]] and [[Anton Bruckner]] acknowledged the influence of the ''Great C Major'' Symphony.<ref name="Newbould404" /> It was Robert Schumann who, having seen the manuscript of the ''Great C Major'' Symphony in Vienna in 1838, drew it to the attention of Mendelssohn, who led the first performance of the symphony, in a heavily abridged version, in Leipzig in 1839.<ref>[[#BrownNG|Brown (1983)]], p. 73</ref> In the 20th century, composers such as [[Richard Strauss]], [[Anton Webern]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[George Crumb]], and [[Hans Zender]] championed or paid homage to Schubert in some of their works. Britten, an accomplished pianist, accompanied many of Schubert's Lieder and performed many piano solo and duet works.<ref name="Newbould404">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 403–404</ref>

German electronic music group [[Kraftwerk]] has an instrumental piece titled ''Franz Schubert'' on their 1977 album [[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]].

===Conmemorations===
[[File:Austria 50 Schilling 1978 Reverse. KM 2937.jpg|thumb|Austrian 50 Schilling silver coin, 1978: 150th anniversary of his death]]
In 1897, the 100th anniversary of Schubert's birth was marked in the musical world by festivals and performances dedicated to his music. In Vienna, there were ten days of concerts, and the Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] gave a speech recognising Schubert as the creator of the art song, and one of Austria's favourite sons.<ref name="Rodenberg118">[[#Rodenberg|Rodenberg (1900)]], p. 118</ref><ref name="MT189702">[[#MusicalTimes189702|Musical Times, February 1897]], p. 113</ref>
[[Karlsruhe]] saw the first production of his opera ''[[Fierrabras (opera)|Fierrabras]]''.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion318">[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 318</ref>

In 1928, Schubert Week was held in Europe and the United States to mark the centenary of the composer's death. Works by Schubert were performed in churches, in concert halls, and on radio stations. A competition, with top prize money of $10,000 and sponsorship by the [[Columbia Records|Columbia Phonograph Company]], was held for "original symphonic works presented as an apotheosis of the lyrical genius of Schubert, and dedicated to his memory" - the original idea had been a contest for completing the ''Unfinished Symphony'', but after widespread protests from the classical music community this was reformulated.<ref name="time1928" /> The winning entry was [[Kurt Atterberg]]'s sixth symphony.<ref name="time1928">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928288,00.html|title=Schubert Ecstasy|work=Time|date=3 December 1928|accessdate=8 April 2009}}</ref>

===In film and television===
Schubert has featured as a character in a number of films including ''[[Schubert's Dream of Spring]]'' (1931), ''[[Gently My Songs Entreat]]'' (1933), ''[[Serenade (1940 film)|Serenade]]'' (1940), ''[[The Great Awakening (film)|The Great Awakening]]'' (1941), ''[[It's Only Love (film)|It's Only Love]]'' (1947), ''[[Franz Schubert (film)|Franz Schubert]]'' (1953), ''[[Das Dreimäderlhaus]]'' (1958), and ''[[Mit meinen heißen Tränen]]'' (1986). Schubert's music has also been featured in numerous post-[[silent era]] films, including [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' (1940), which features [[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ave Maria]] (D. 839);<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.classicalmpr.org/story/2015/11/13/fantasia-bald-mountain-ave-maria|title=From 'Bald Mountain' to 'Ave Maria': The hell-to-heaven 'Fantasia' climax|last=Gabler|first=Jay|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> and the [[biographical film]] ''[[Carrington (film)|Carrington]]'' (1995), which features the second movement of the String Quintet in C major (D. 956).<ref>[[#Schroeder|Schroeder (2009)]], pp. 272–274</ref>, as well as the English version of
''[[The Adventures of Milo and Otis]]'' (1989), which features Serenade and [[Auf dem Wasser zu singen]] (D.774).

In addition, Schubert's life was covered in the documentary ''Franz Peter Schubert: The Greatest Love and the Greatest Sorrow'' by [[Christopher Nupen]] (1994),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00r600k |title=Franz Peter Schubert: The Greatest Love and the Greatest Sorrow|publisher=[[BBC Four]]|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> and in the documentary ''Schubert – The Wanderer'' by [[András Schiff]] and [[Mischa Scorer]] (1997), both produced for the [[BBC]].<ref name=schiff>{{Cite video |url=https://vimeo.com/178435687 |title=''Schubert – The Wanderer''}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|G4R-qf6E7XI|Schiff András filmje Schubertről [András Schiff tells about Schubert]}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
'''{{anchor|Works by Otto Erich Deutsch}}Works by Otto Erich Deutsch'''

[[Otto Erich Deutsch]], working in the first half of the 20th century, was probably the preeminent scholar of Schubert's life and music. In addition to the catalogue of Schubert's works, he collected and organized a great deal of material about Schubert, some of which remains in print.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|title=The Schubert Thematic Catalogue|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|author2=Wakeling, Donald R.|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-0-486-28685-3|ref=STC|authorlink=Otto Erich Deutsch}}
*{{cite book|title=Franz Schubert's Letters and Other Writings|first=Franz|last=Schubert|author2=Deutsch, Otto Erich|translator-last=Savile|translator-first=Venetia|publisher=A. A. Knopf|year=1928|oclc=891887|isbn=0-8369-5242-1}}
{{div col end}}

'''{{anchor|19th and early 20th-century scholarship}}19th- and early 20th-century scholarship'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|first=George Lowell|last=Austin|publisher=Shepard and Gill|year=1873|ref=Austin|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ka4NAAAAYAAJ|oclc=4450950|isbn=0-404-12856-4|authorlink=}}
* {{cite book|first=Edmondstoune|last=Duncan|title=Schubert|year=1905|publisher=J.M. Dent|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CldMAAAAMAAJ|ref=Duncan|oclc=2058050|isbn=1-4437-8279-3}}
* {{cite journal|first=Antonín|last=Dvořák|title=Franz Schubert|volume= 48|date=July 1894|journal=Century Illustrated Magazine|publisher=Cairns Collection of American Women Writers|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qHcAAAAAYAAJ|ref=CentIllv48no3|oclc=4279873|authorlink=Antonín Dvořák}}
* {{cite book|title=Schubert|first=Henry Frederic|last=Frost|publisher=Scribner|year=1915|ref=Frost|url=https://books.google.com/?id=npc5AAAAIAAJ|oclc=45465176}}
* {{cite book|title=Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians|volume=4|first=George|last=Grove|authorlink=George Grove|author2=Fuller-Maitland, John Alexander|author2link=John Alexander Fuller Maitland|publisher=Macmillan|year=1908|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FBsPAAAAYAAJ|ref=Grove1908|oclc=407077}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|volume=1|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|translator-last=Coleridge|translator-first=Arthur Duke|date=1869|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|language=en|ref=Kreissle1|origyear=1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppcPAAAAYAAJ&hl=en}} The first full-length biography of Schubert (volume 1).
* {{cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|volume=2|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|translator-last=Coleridge|translator-first=Arthur Duke|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|year=1869|ref=Kreissle2|origyear=1865|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hpcPAAAAYAAJ}} The first full-length biography of Schubert (volume 2).
*{{cite book|title=Deutsche Rundschau, volume 102 (Jan–Mar 1900)|first=Julius|last=Rodenberg|author2=Pechel, Rudolf|language=German|publisher=Gebrüder Paetel|year=1900|ref=Rodenberg|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7UEVAAAAYAAJ|oclc=1566444}}
*{{cite book|title=The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rRkUAAAAYAAJ|last=Thayer|first=Alexander Wheelock|authorlink=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|last2=Krehbiel|first2=Henry E.|last3=Deiters|first3=Hermann|last4=Riemann|first4=Hugo|year=1921|location=New York|publisher=The Beethoven Association|ref=Thayer|oclc=422583}}
* {{Cite book |title=Franz Schubert: A Musical Biography |last=Wilberforce |first=Edward |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |year=1866 |location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEgBAAAAQAAJ&source=gbs_slider_cls_metadata_7_mylibrary|ref=Wilberforce}} {{no ISBN}}
*{{cite journal|title=Musical Times|publisher=Novello|date=February 1897|volume= 38|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aco7mI9EM50C&pg=PA242&dq=Mottl+Fierrabras#PPA113,M1|ref=MusicalTimes189702|oclc=1608351}}
{{div col end}}

'''Modern scholarship'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Botstein|first=Leon|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|contribution=Contexts: musical, political, and cultural|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Botstein|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|title=The Symphonic Repertoire|first=A. Peter|last=Brown|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-253-33487-9|ref=Brown}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newgroveschubert0000brow|title=The New Grove Schubert|last=Brown|first=Maurice John Edwin|isbn=0393016838|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1983|location=New York|oclc=9398015|ref=BrownNG}}
*{{cite book|last=Denny|first=Thomas A.|contribution=Schubert's operas|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Denny|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|title=Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|authorlink=Otto Erich Deutsch|publisher=[[Bärenreiter]]|year=1978|ref=Catalog1978|isbn=978-3-7618-0571-8|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite book|title=Researching the Song: A Lexicon|first=Shirlee|last=Emmons|authorlink=Shirlee Emmons|author2=Lewis, Wilbur Watkin|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-515202-9|ref=Emmons|url=https://archive.org/details/researchingsongl00emmo}}
*{{cite book|title=Composers of Yesterday|first=David|last=Ewen|publisher=Read Books|location=Vancouver|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4067-5987-7|ref=Ewen}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Gammond|title=Schubert|publisher=Methuen|location=London|year=1982|isbn=0-413-46990-5|ref=Gammond}}
*{{cite book|last=Gibbs|first=Christopher H.|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|contribution=Introduction: the elusive Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=GibbsIntro|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|first=Christopher H.|last=Gibbs|title=The Life of Schubert|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn= 0-521-59512-6|ref=GibbsLife}}
*{{cite book|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=CambridgeCompanion|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Gramit|first=David|contribution=Music, cultivation, and identity in Schubert's circle|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Gramit|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Griffel|first=L. Michael|contribution=Schubert's orchestral music|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Griffel|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|title=Church Music in the Nineteenth Century|year=1967|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=0837196957|last=Hutchings|first=Arthur|ref=Hutchings}}
*{{cite AV media notes |title= Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata no. 15 in C major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C minor – Ray Lev, Pianist|titlelink= |year=1947|first=Ray |last=Lev|type=78 RPM |publisher=Concert Hall Society |id=Release B3|location=United States |ref=Lev}}
*{{cite book|last=Liszt|first=Franz|author2=Suttoni, Charles (translator, contributor)|title=An Artist's Journey: Lettres D'un Bachelier ès Musique, 1835–1841|year=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-48510-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bXpPOj-Y7nkC|ref=Suttoni}}
*{{cite book|title=Franz Schubert: A Biography|first=Elizabeth Norman|last=McKay|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-816681-8|ref=McKayBio}}
*{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Newbould|title=Schubert: The Music and the Man|publisher=University of California Press|year=1999|isbn=0-520-21957-0|ref=Newbould}}
*{{cite book|first=Leon|last=Plantinga|title=Romantic Music: A History of Musical Style in Nineteenth-Century Europe|publisher=Norton|year=1984|ref=Plantinga|isbn=0-393-95196-0|url=https://archive.org/details/romanticmusichis0000plan}}
*{{cite book|last=Reed|first=John|title=The Schubert Song Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MSxqOisofgC&pg=PA208|date=15 August 1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|ref=Reed|isbn=978-1-901341-00-3}}
*{{cite book|title=The Lives of the Great Composers|first=Harold C.|last=Schonberg|authorlink=Harold C. Schonberg|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=1997|isbn=978-0-393-03857-6|ref=Schonberg|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VawrK1CRFJgC}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zDnh_Eia3MC|title=Our Schubert: His Enduring Legacy|last=Schroeder|first=David|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810869271}}
*{{cite book|title=The Gift of Music: Great Composers and Their Influence|first=Jane Stuart|last=Smith|author2=Carlson, Betty|author3=Schaeffer, Francis A.|publisher=Good News Publishers|year=1995|isbn=978-0-89107-869-2|ref=SmithCarlson}}
*{{cite book|first=Rita|last=Steblin|authorlink=Rita Steblin|editor-last=Newbould|editor-first=Brian|chapter=Schubert's Relationship with Women: An Historical Account|title=Schubert Studies|publisher=Ashgate|year=1998|pages=159–182|isbn=978-1-85928-253-3}}
*{{cite journal|first=Rita|last=Steblin|title=In Defense of Scholarship and Archival Research: Why Schubert's Brothers Were Allowed to Marry|year=1998|pages=7–17|journal=Current Musicology|volume=62|ref=SteblinCM}}
*{{cite book|title=The Vintage Guide to Classical Music|first=Jan|last=Swafford|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1992|ref=Swafford|isbn=0-679-72805-8}}
{{div col end}}

'''{{anchor|Numbering of symphonies}}Numbering of symphonies'''

The following sources illustrate the confusion around the numbering of Schubert's late symphonies. The B minor ''Unfinished'' Symphony is variously published as No. 7 and No. 8, in both German and English.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|language=German|title=Symphony, No 7, D 759, B minor, ''Unfinished''|first=Franz|last=Schubert|publisher=Bärenreiter|year=1996|ref=Unfinished7German|oclc=39794412}} German-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 7.
*{{cite book|title=Symphony No. 7 in B minor D 759 ''Unfinished'' Symphony|series=Eulenburg Audio+Score Series|first=Franz|last=Schubert|publisher=Eulenburg|year=2008|isbn=978-3-7957-6529-3|ref=Unfinished7English}} English-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 7.
*{{cite book|first=Franz|last=Schubert|author2=Reichenberger, Teresa|title=Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D. 759 ''Unfinished'' |type=Paperback|year=1986|isbn=978-3-7957-6278-0|ref=Unfinished8English}} English-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 8.
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|University_Musical_Encyclopedia/Great_Composers:_A_Series_of_Biographical_Studies/Franz Schubert|Franz Schubert}}
{{Commons category|Franz Schubert}}
* {{Britannica|528336}}
* {{Musopen|franz-schubert}}
* [http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=2520 Texts and translations of vocal music by Schubert] at [http://www.lieder.net The LiederNet Archive]
*[http://www.schubertiade.at/index.php?mod=manuell&html=franz-schubert-museum&language=en Franz Schubert Museum in Hohenems/Austria]
*{{BBC composer page|schubert|Schubert}}
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0006280|name=Franz Schubert}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160530/http://www.schubert-online.at/activpage/index_en.htm Digital reproductions of score manuscripts and letters by Franz Schubert]
*[http://www.notesonfranzschubert.com/schubert.htm Notes on Franz Schubert] by pianist [[Bart Berman]]
*[http://www.schubertsociety.com The Franz Schubert Society of Victoria]
*[http://www.schubert-institut.at/ Franz-Schubert-Institut in Baden bei Wien]
*[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22franz%20schubert%22 References to Franz Schubert in historic European Newspapers] via [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/ The European Library]

===Recordings===
*[http://www.schubertlied.de/index.php/en/ Schubertlied.de] – Free recordings of many Lieder by Schubert (mp3)
*[http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=schubert%2C+franz&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Schubert cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library.
*[http://open.spotify.com/user/ulyssestone/playlist/7qOtSjPy0a3I5Y1AwHF81r Chronological Spotify playlist of numerous works from D 1 to D 988], from [http://www.spotifyclassical.com/2011/11/franz-schubert-complete-chronological.html Spotify Classical Playlists]

===Sheet music===
* [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/index.php?action=search&page=show&order=op&query=franz+schubert Kreusch-sheet-music.net] Schubert's Piano Works
* [http://www.schubertline.co.uk Schubertline.co.uk] about 250 of Schubert's Songs (Schubertline edition)
* {{IMSLP|id=Schubert%2C_Franz|cname=Franz Schubert}}
* {{ChoralWiki}}
* [https://musescore.com/openscore-lieder-corpus/sets?order=title&text=Schubert%2C+Franz Free digital scores by Franz Schubert] in the [https://musescore.com/openscore-lieder-corpus/ OpenScore Lieder Corpus]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Schubert,+Franz | name=Franz Schubert}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Franz Peter Schubert}}
* [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=SchubertF&preview=1 Schubert's Sheet Music] by [[Mutopia Project]]
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhs2046/index1.html Lieder sheet music]

{{First Viennese School}}
{{Franz Schubert}}
{{Schubert masses|state=collapsed}}
{{Schubert symphonies|state=collapsed}}
{{Schubert chamber music|state=collapsed}}
{{Schubert piano compositions|state=collapsed}}
{{Romanticism|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music|Austria|Biography|Opera}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schubert, Franz}}
[[Category:Franz Schubert| ]]
[[Category:1797 births]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:19th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:19th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:Austrian agnostics]]
[[Category:Austrian classical composers]]
[[Category:Austrian classical pianists]]
[[Category:Austrian Classical-period composers]]
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Hungary]]
[[Category:Austrian male classical composers]]
[[Category:Austrian opera composers]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent]]
[[Category:Austrian Romantic composers]]
[[Category:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery]]
[[Category:Child classical musicians]]
[[Category:Composers for piano]]
[[Category:Deaths from syphilis]]
[[Category:Deaths from typhoid fever]]
[[Category:Esterházy]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Austria]]
[[Category:Male classical pianists]]
[[Category:Male opera composers]]
[[Category:Pupils of Antonio Salieri]]
[[Category:Viennese composers]]

Franz Schubert

2019-10-02T13:02:05Z

192.121.232.253: /* Commemorations */ corr spelling error in heading

Talk:Rattle That Lock

2019-10-02T12:52:24Z

192.121.232.253: /* Front cover */ new section

{{WikiProject Banner Shell|1=
{{WikiProject Pink Floyd|class=start|importance=Low|gilmour=yes}}
{{WikiProject Progressive Rock|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Albums|class=start|importance=low}}}}
{{Refideas
|1={{cite web|url=https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/reviews/compact_discs/david_gilmour/rattle_that_lock/index.html|title=Rattle That Lock{{!}} David Gilmour {{!}} Compact Discs {{!}} Reviews|work=[[Ultimate Guitar Archive|Ultimate Guitar]]|author=UG Team|date=September 19, 2015|accessdate=December 11, 2016}}
}}

==Notability==

{{ping|Piotrus}} Just a quick note, but being the subject of an article in the NME is a significant indicator of general notability. The coverage in a national Irish newspaper further confirms notability and there's also coverage from RTE in Ireland. There are a number of sources which would need to translated before use. The first is a German Rolling Stone article and there's a handful of articles in newspaper sources from Hungary and Croatia, where the latest tour will be heading initially.

There's a fair number of reliable sources confirming the album but not the title, Rolling Stone and NME dating back a few months, and there's an enormous number of articles covering the release of the last Pink Floyd album which discuss David's new solo album.

Also worth noting, [[Wikipedia:Notability (albums)]] is a historical reference. I believe you're looking for [[Wikipedia:Notability (music)#Albums]] and with additional media coverage, the relevant inclusion criteria have now been met. [[User:Nick|Nick]] ([[User talk:Nick|talk]]) 23:46, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

== Needs a reception section ==

....weird that no-one out there has done one.... [[User:A P Monblat|A P Monblat]] ([[User talk:A P Monblat|talk]]) 00:58, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

== Front cover ==

The cover picture, although a photograph, is also a quite unmistakable homage to the final painting of Van Gogh, ''[[Wheatfield with Crows]]''. At least ''Wheatfield'' has long been regarded as the final canvas, and it was certainly painted shortly before his suicide. The similarities between the cover photo and the painting are obvious, so I hope some music journalist may have pointed them out - and the cover could well be seen as another hidden nod to Syd Barrett (by way of Van Gogh's stature as the archetypal tortured and misunderstood artist). [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 12:52, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Franz Schubert

2019-09-04T11:56:55Z

192.121.232.253: /* Commemorations */ 1928 competition

{{redirect|Schubert|another composer with a similar name|François Schubert|other uses}}
{{short description|19th-century Austrian composer}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875.jpg|thumb|Oil painting of Franz Schubert by [[Wilhelm August Rieder]] (1875), made from his own 1825 watercolour portrait
[[File:Franz Schubert Signature.svg|right|175px|alt=signature written in ink in a flowing script]]]]

'''Franz Peter Schubert''' ({{IPA-de|ˈfʁant͡s ˈpeːtɐ ˈʃuːbɐt|lang}}; 31 January 1797{{spaced ndash}}19 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late [[Classical period (music)|Classical]] and early [[Romantic music|Romantic]] eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast oeuvre, including more than 600 [[Secular music|secular]] vocal works (mainly [[Lied]]er), seven complete [[symphonies]], [[sacred music]], [[opera]]s, [[incidental music]] and a large body of piano and [[chamber music]]. His major works include the [[Trout Quintet|Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667 (''Trout Quintet'')]], the [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D. 759 (''Unfinished Symphony'')]], the [[Schubert's last sonatas|three last piano sonatas]] (D. 958–960), the opera ''[[Fierrabras (opera)|Fierrabras]]'' (D. 796), the incidental music to the play ''[[Rosamunde]]'' (D. 797), and the song cycles ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'' (D. 795) and ''[[Winterreise]]'' (D. 911).

Born in the Himmelpfortgrund suburb of [[Vienna]], Schubert's uncommon gifts for music were evident from an early age. His father gave him his first violin lessons and his older brother gave him piano lessons, but Schubert soon exceeded their abilities. In 1808, at the age of eleven, he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt school, where he became acquainted with the orchestral music of [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]. He left the Stadtkonvikt at the end of 1813, and returned home to live with his father, where he began studying to become a schoolteacher; despite this, he continued his studies in composition with [[Antonio Salieri]] and still composed prolifically. In 1821, Schubert was granted admission to the [[Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde]] as a performing member, which helped establish his name among the Viennese citizenry. He gave a concert of his own works to critical acclaim in March 1828, the only time he did so in his career. He died eight months later at the age of 31, the cause officially attributed to [[typhoid fever]], but believed by some historians to be [[syphilis]].

Appreciation of Schubert's music while he was alive was limited to a relatively small circle of admirers in Vienna, but interest in his work increased significantly in the decades following his death. [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Johannes Brahms]] and other 19th-century composers discovered and championed his works. Today, Schubert is ranked among the greatest composers of the 19th century, and his music continues to be popular.

== Biography ==

=== Early life and education ===
Franz Peter Schubert was born in [[Alsergrund#District sections|Himmelpfortgrund]] (now a part of [[Alsergrund]]), Vienna, [[Archduchy of Austria]] on 31 January 1797, and baptised in the Catholic Church the following day.<ref>[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 2</ref> He was the twelfth child of Franz Theodor Florian Schubert (1763–1830) and Maria Elisabeth Katharina Vietz (1756–1812).<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 2</ref> Schubert's immediate ancestors came originally from the province of Zukmantel in [[Austrian Silesia]].<ref name=Kreisslev1pg1>[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 1</ref> His father, the son of a [[Moravians|Moravian]] peasant, was a well-known parish [[schoolmaster]], and his school in [[Lichtental]] (in Vienna's [[Alsergrund|ninth district]]) had numerous students in attendance.<ref name="KreissleWilber2">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], p. 2: "the school was much frequented"</ref> He came to Vienna from Zukmantel in 1784 and was appointed schoolmaster two years later.<ref name=Kreisslev1pg1/> His mother was the daughter of a [[Silesians|Silesian]] master [[locksmith]] and had been a housemaid for a Viennese family before marriage. Of Franz Theodor and Elisabeth's fourteen children (one of them illegitimate, born in 1783),<ref>[[Rita Steblin|Steblin, Rita]] (2001). "Franz Schubert – das dreizehnte Kind", ''Wiener Geschichtsblätter'', 245–265</ref> nine died in infancy.
[[File:Alsergrund (Wien) - Schuberthaus (1).JPG|thumb|The house in which Schubert was born, today Nußdorfer Straße 54]]

At the age of five, Schubert began to receive regular instruction from his father, and a year later was enrolled at his father's school. Although it is not exactly known when Schubert received his first musical instruction, he was given piano lessons by his brother Ignaz, but they lasted for a very short time as Schubert excelled him within a few months.<ref name="mckay11">[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 11</ref> Ignaz later recalled:<ref name="Kreissle 1866 p. 5">[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 5</ref>
{{quote|I was amazed when Franz told me, a few months after we began, that he had no need of any further instruction from me, and that for the future he would make his own way. And in truth his progress in a short period was so great that I was forced to acknowledge in him a master who had completely distanced and out stripped me, and whom I despaired of overtaking.}}

His father gave him his first violin lessons when he was eight years old, training him to the point where he could play easy duets proficiently.<ref name="Duncan3">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 3</ref> Soon after, Schubert was given his first lessons outside the family by Michael Holzer, organist and choirmaster of the local parish church in Lichtental. Holzer would often assure Schubert's father, with tears in his eyes, that he had never had such a pupil as Schubert,<ref name="Kreissle 1866 p. 5"/> and the lessons may have largely consisted of conversations and expressions of admiration.<ref>[[#BrownNG|Brown (1983)]], pp. 2–3</ref> Holzer gave the young Schubert instruction in piano and organ as well as in [[figured bass]].<ref name=Kreissle5>[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 5</ref> According to Holzer, however, he did not give him any real instruction as Schubert would already know anything that he tried to teach him; rather, he looked upon Schubert with "astonishment and silence".<ref name="Duncan3"/> The boy seemed to gain more from an acquaintance with a friendly apprentice [[joiner]] who took him to a neighbouring [[pianoforte]] warehouse where Schubert could practise on better instruments.<ref name="Wilberforce3">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], p. 3</ref> He also played [[viola]] in the family string quartet, with his brothers [[Ferdinand Schubert|Ferdinand]] and Ignaz on first and second violin and his father on the [[cello]]. Schubert wrote his earliest string quartets for this ensemble.<ref name="GibbsLife26">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 26</ref>

Young Schubert first came to the attention of [[Antonio Salieri]], then Vienna's leading musical authority, in 1804, when his vocal talent was recognised.<ref name="GibbsLife26"/> In November 1808, he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt (Imperial Seminary) through a choir scholarship. At the Stadtkonvikt, he was introduced to the overtures and symphonies of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], the symphonies of [[Joseph Haydn]] and his younger brother [[Michael Haydn]], and the overtures and symphonies of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], a composer for whom he developed a significant admiration.<ref name="McKay22">[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 22</ref><ref name="Duncan5">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 5–7</ref> His exposure to these and other works, combined with occasional visits to the opera, laid the foundation for a broader musical education.<ref name="Duncan7" /> One important musical influence came from the songs by [[Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg]], an important composer of [[Lied]]er. The precocious young student "wanted to modernize" Zumsteeg's songs, as reported by [[Joseph von Spaun]], Schubert's friend.<ref name="GibbsLife29">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 29</ref> Schubert's friendship with Spaun began at the Stadtkonvikt and lasted throughout his short life. In those early days, the financially well-off Spaun furnished the impoverished Schubert with much of his manuscript paper.<ref name="Duncan7">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 7</ref>

In the meantime, Schubert's genius began to show in his compositions; Salieri decided to start training him privately in [[music theory]] and even in composition. According to Ferdinand, the boy's first composition for piano was a [[Fantasy in G major for piano four-hands, D 1 (Schubert)|Fantasy for four hands]]; his first song, ''Klagegesang der Hagar'', would be written a year later.<ref name=Kreisslev1pg6>[[#Kreissle1|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 6</ref> Schubert was occasionally permitted to lead the Stadtkonvikt's orchestra,<ref name="Duncan9">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 9</ref> and it was the first orchestra he wrote for. He devoted much of the rest of his time at the Stadtkonvikt to composing chamber music, several songs, piano pieces and, more ambitiously, liturgical choral works in the form of a "Salve Regina" (D 27), a "Kyrie" (D 31), in addition to the unfinished "Octet for Winds" (D 72, said to commemorate the 1812 death of his mother),<ref name="Frost9">[[#Frost|Frost (1915)]], p. 9</ref> the [[cantata]] ''Wer ist groß?'' for male voices and orchestra (D 110, for his father's birthday in 1813), and his [[Symphony No. 1 (Schubert)|first symphony]] (D 82).<ref name="Duncan10">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 10</ref>

=== Teacher at his father's school ===
At the end of 1813, Schubert left the Stadtkonvikt and returned home for teacher training at the St Anna Normal-[[hauptschule]]. In 1814, he entered his father's school as teacher of the youngest pupils. For over two years young Schubert endured severe drudgery;<ref name="Duncan13">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 13–14</ref> there were, however, compensatory interests even then. He continued to take private lessons in composition from Salieri, who gave Schubert more actual technical training than any of his other teachers, before they parted ways in 1817.<ref name="Duncan9"/>

In 1814, Schubert met a young soprano named [[Therese Grob]], daughter of a local silk manufacturer, and wrote several of his [[Liturgy|liturgical works]] (including a "Salve Regina" and a "Tantum Ergo") for her; she was also a soloist in the premiere of his [[Mass No. 1 (Schubert)|Mass No. 1]] (D. 105) in September<ref>Benedikt, Erich. "Notizen zu Schuberts Messen. Mit neuem Uraufführungsdatum der Messe in F-Dur", ''Österreichische Musikzeitschrift'' 52, 1–2/1997, p. 64</ref> 1814.<ref name="Duncan13" /> Schubert wanted to marry her, but was hindered by the harsh marriage-consent law of 1815<ref name="SteblinMarry">[[#SteblinCM|Steblin (1998)]]</ref> requiring an aspiring bridegroom to show he had the means to support a family.<ref name="GibbsLife39">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 39</ref> In November 1816, after failing to gain a musical post in Laibach (now [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]]), Schubert sent Grob's brother Heinrich a collection of songs retained by the family into the twentieth century.<ref name="Newbould64">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 64</ref>

One of Schubert's most prolific years was 1815. He composed over 20,000 bars of music, more than half of which were for orchestra, including nine church works (despite being [[agnostic]]),<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 308</ref><ref>[[#Hutchings|Hutchings (1967)]], p. 166: "The unctuous style we hear every Christmas is found in church music by Schubert and the Chevalier Neukomm, both known in private letters to be agnostic."</ref> a symphony, and about 140 Lieder.<ref name="Newbould40">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 40</ref> In that year, he was also introduced to [[Anselm Hüttenbrenner]] and [[Franz von Schober]], who would become his lifelong friends. Another friend, [[Johann Mayrhofer]], was introduced to him by Spaun in 1815.<ref>[[#Gramit|Gramit (1997)]], p. 108</ref>

Throughout 1815, Schubert lived with his father at home; his mother died in 1812. He continued to teach at the school and give private musical instruction, earning enough money for his basic needs, including clothing, manuscript paper, pens, and ink, but with little to no money left over for luxuries.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 55</ref> Spaun was well aware that Schubert was discontented with his life at the schoolhouse, and was concerned for Schubert's development intellectually and musically. In May 1816, Spaun moved from his apartment in Landskrongasse (in the inner city) to a new home in the [[Landstraße]] suburb; one of the first things he did after he settled into the new home was to invite Schubert to spend a few days with him. This was probably Schubert's first visit away from home or school.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 59</ref> Schubert's unhappiness during his years as a schoolteacher possibly showed early signs of [[depression (mood)|depression]], and it is a virtual certainty that Schubert suffered from [[cyclothymia]] throughout his life.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 138</ref>

The musicologist [[Maynard Solomon]] has suggested that Schubert was erotically attracted to men,<ref>[[Maynard Solomon|Solomon, M.]] (1989): "Franz Schubert and the peacocks of [[Benvenuto Cellini]]. ''[[19th-Century Music]]'' 12, pp. 193–206.</ref> a thesis that has, at times, been heatedly debated.<ref>"Schubert: Music, Sexuality, Culture." ''[[19th-Century Music]]'', 1993, 17:3–101.</ref><ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1994/10/20/schubert-a-la-mode/ "Schubert à la Mode"], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', 20 October 1994</ref> The musicologist and Schubert expert [[Rita Steblin]] has said that he was "chasing women".<ref>[[Rita Steblin|Steblin, Rita]] (1993): "The Peacock's Tale: Schubert's Sexuality Reconsidered." ''[[19th-Century Music]]''. Berkeley, California: Univ. of California Press, {{ISSN|0148-2076}}, ZDB-ID 4395712, T 17., 1, pp. 5–33; Steblin, Rita (1996), ''Babette und Therese Kunz: neue Forschungen zum Freundeskreis um Franz Schubert und Leopold Kupelwieser'', Wien: Vom Pasqualatihaus. {{ISBN|3901254161}}; Steblin, Rita (1997): "Schubert's 'Nina' and the True Peacocks}". ''[[The Musical Times]]'' 138, pp. 13–19; Steblin, Rita (1998): ''Die Unsinnsgesellschaft: Franz Schubert, Leopold Kupelwieser und ihr Freundeskreis''. Böhlau. {{ISBN|3-205-98820-5}}; Steblin, Rita (2001): "Schubert's Problematic Relationship with Johann Mayrhofer: New Documentary Evidence". Barbara Haggh (ed.): ''Essays on Music and Culture in Honor of Herbert Kellman''. Paris-Tours: Minerve, pp. 465–495; Steblin, Rita (2008), "Schubert's Pepi: His Love Affair with the Chambermaid Josepha Pöcklhofer and Her Surprising Fate". ''[[The Musical Times]]'', pp. 47–69.</ref> The theory of Schubert's homosexuality has begun to influence the interpretation of his work in scholarly papers.<ref>Horton, Julian (2015). ''[https://www.routledge.com/Schubert/Horton/p/book/9781472439376 Schubert]''. Routledge, p. 66, note 2</ref>

=== Support from friends ===
Significant changes happened in 1816. Schober, a student and of good family and some means, invited Schubert to room with him at his mother's house. The proposal was particularly opportune, for Schubert had just made the unsuccessful application for the post of [[kapellmeister]] at Laibach, and he had also decided not to resume teaching duties at his father's school. By the end of the year, he became a guest in Schober's lodgings.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 68</ref> For a time, he attempted to increase the household resources by giving music lessons, but they were soon abandoned, and he devoted himself to composition. "I compose every morning, and when one piece is done, I begin another."<ref name="Duncan26">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 26</ref> During this year, he focused on orchestral and choral works, although he also continued to write Lieder.<ref name="McKayBio56">[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 56</ref> Much of this work was unpublished, but manuscripts and copies circulated among friends and admirers.<ref name="GibbsLife44">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 44</ref>

[[File:SchubertAndVogl.jpg|thumb|upright|Caricature of Johann Michael Vogl and Franz Schubert by [[Franz von Schober]] (1825)]]
In early 1817, Schober introduced Schubert to [[Johann Michael Vogl]], a prominent baritone twenty years Schubert's senior. Vogl, for whom Schubert went on to write a great many songs, became one of Schubert's main proponents in Viennese musical circles. Schubert also met Joseph Hüttenbrenner (brother of Anselm), who also played a role in promoting his music.<ref name="Newbould66">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 66</ref> These, and an increasing circle of friends and musicians, became responsible for promoting, collecting, and, after his death, preserving his work.<ref name="Duncan90">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 90–93</ref>

In late 1817, Schubert's father gained a new position at a school in [[Alsergrund#District sections|Rossau]], not far from Lichtental. Schubert rejoined his father and reluctantly took up teaching duties there. In early 1818, he applied for membership in the prestigious [[Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde]], intending to gain admission as an accompanist, but also so that his music, especially the songs, could be performed in the evening concerts. He was rejected on the basis that he was "no amateur", although he had been employed as a schoolteacher at the time and there were professional musicians already among the society's membership.<ref name=McKay75>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], 75</ref><ref name="Newbould69"/> However, he began to gain more notice in the press, and the first public performance of a secular work, an overture performed in February 1818, received praise from the press in Vienna and abroad.<ref name="GibbsLife59">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 59</ref>

Schubert spent the summer of 1818 as a music teacher to the family of Count Johann Karl [[House of Esterházy|Esterházy]] at their château in Zseliz (now [[Želiezovce]], Slovakia). The pay was relatively good, and his duties teaching piano and singing to the two daughters were relatively light, allowing him to compose happily. Schubert may have written his [[Three Marches militaires (Schubert)|Marche Militaire in D major]] (D. 733 no. 1) for Marie and Karoline, in addition to other piano duets.<ref name="Newbould235">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 235</ref> On his return from Zseliz, he took up residence with his friend Mayrhofer.<ref name="Newbould69">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]] pp. 69–72</ref>

During the early 1820s, Schubert was part of a close-knit circle of artists and students who had social gatherings together that became known as ''[[Schubertiad]]s.'' Many of them took place in [[Ignaz von Sonnleithner|Ignaz von Sonnleithner's]] large apartment in the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna). The tight circle of friends with which Schubert surrounded himself was dealt a blow in early 1820. Schubert and four of his friends were arrested by the Austrian police, who (in the aftermath of the [[French Revolution]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]]) were on their guard against revolutionary activities and suspicious of any gathering of youth or students. One of Schubert's friends, [[Johann Senn]], was put on trial, imprisoned for over a year, and then permanently forbidden to enter Vienna. The other four, including Schubert, were "severely reprimanded", in part for "inveighing against [officials] with insulting and opprobrious language".<ref name="GibbsLife67">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 67</ref> While Schubert never saw Senn again, he did set some of his poems, ''Selige Welt'' (D. 743) and ''Schwanengesang'' (D 744), to music. The incident may have played a role in a falling-out with Mayrhofer, with whom he was living at the time.<ref name="GibbsLife68">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 68</ref>

Schubert, who was only a little more than five feet tall,<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 70</ref> was nicknamed "Schwammerl" by his friends, which Gibbs describes as translating to "Tubby" or "Little Mushroom".<ref>[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 7</ref> "Schwamm" is German (in the Austrian and Bavarian dialects) for mushroom; the ending "-erl" makes it a diminutive.

=== Musical maturity ===
The compositions of 1819 and 1820 show a marked advance in development and maturity of style.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Hadow
| first = William Henry
| title = Franz Schubert
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
| volume = 24
| pages = 380
| publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica Company
| location = London, New York
| year = 1911 }}</ref> The unfinished [[oratorio]] ''Lazarus'' (D. 689) was begun in February; later followed, amid a number of smaller works, by the hymn "Der 23. Psalm" (D. 706), the octet "Gesang der Geister über den Wassern" (D. 714), the [[Quartettsatz, D. 703 (Schubert)|Quartettsatz]] in C minor (D. 703), and the ''[[Wanderer Fantasy]]'' in C major for piano (D. 760). In 1820, two of Schubert's operas were staged: ''[[Die Zwillingsbrüder]]'' (D. 647) appeared at the [[Theater am Kärntnertor]] on 14 June, and ''Die Zauberharfe'' (D. 644) appeared at the [[Theater an der Wien]] on 21 August.<ref name="Austin46">[[#Austin|Austin (1873)]], pp. 46–47</ref> Hitherto, his larger compositions (apart from his masses) had been restricted to the amateur orchestra at the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna), a society which grew out of the quartet-parties at his home. Now he began to assume a more prominent position, addressing a wider public.<ref name="Austin46" /> Publishers, however, remained distant, with [[Anton Diabelli]] hesitantly agreeing to print some of his works on commission.<ref name="Wilberforce90">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], pp. 90–92</ref> The first seven opus numbers (all songs) appeared on these terms; then the commission ceased, and he began to receive parsimonious royalties. The situation improved somewhat in March 1821 when Vogl performed the song "[[Der Erlkönig]]" (D. 328) at a concert that was extremely well received.<ref name="Wilberforce25">[[#Wilberforce|Wilberforce (1866)]], p. 25</ref> That month, Schubert composed a Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli (D 718), being one of the fifty composers who contributed to the ''[[Vaterländischer Künstlerverein]]'' publication.

[[File:Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder.jpeg|thumb|left|Watercolour of Franz Schubert by [[Wilhelm August Rieder]] (1825)]]
The production of the two operas turned Schubert's attention more firmly than ever in the direction of the stage, where, for a variety of reasons, he was almost completely unsuccessful. All in all, he embarked on twenty stage projects, each of them failures which were quickly forgotten. In 1822, ''[[Alfonso und Estrella]]'' was refused, partly owing to its libretto (written by Schubert's friend [[Franz von Schober]]).<ref name="newbould173">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 173</ref> In 1823, ''[[Fierrabras (opera)|Fierrabras]]'' (D 796) was rejected: [[Domenico Barbaia]], [[impresario]] for the court theatres, largely lost interest in new German opera due to the popularity of [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] and the Italian operatic style, and the failure of [[Carl Maria von Weber]]'s ''[[Euryanthe]]''.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion245">[[#Denny|Denny (1997)]], pp. 245–246</ref> ''Die Verschworenen'' (''The Conspirators'', D 787) was prohibited by the censor (apparently on the grounds of its title),<ref name="Gibbs111">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 111</ref> and ''[[Rosamunde]], Fürstin von Zypern'' (D 797) was withdrawn after two nights, owing to the poor quality of the play for which Schubert had written incidental music.

Despite his operatic failures, Schubert's reputation was growing steadily on other fronts. In 1821, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde finally accepted him as a performing member, and the number of performances of his music grew remarkably.<ref name=McKay101>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 101</ref> These performances helped Schubert's reputation grow rapidly among the members of the Gesellschaft<ref name=McKay101/> and establish his name among the citizenry.<ref name="newbould173"/> Some of the members of the Gesellschaft, most notably [[Ignaz von Sonnleithner]] and his son [[Leopold von Sonnleithner]], had a sizeable influence on the affairs of the society, and as a result of that, and Schubert's growing reputation, his works were included in three major concerts of the Gesellschaft in 1821. In April, one of his male-voice quartets was performed, and in November, his Overture in E minor (D. 648) received its first public performance;<ref name=McKay101/> on a different concert of the same day as the premiere of the Overture, his song ''[[Der Wanderer]]'' (D. 489) was performed.<ref name=newbould173/>

In 1822, Schubert made the acquaintance of both Weber and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], but little came of it in either case: however, Beethoven is said to have acknowledged the younger man's gifts on a few occasions. On his deathbed, Beethoven is said to have looked into some of the younger man's works and exclaimed: "Truly, the spark of divine genius resides in this Schubert!" Beethoven also reportedly predicted that Schubert "would make a great sensation in the world," and regretted that he had not been more familiar with him earlier; he wished to see his operas and works for piano, but his severe illness prevented him from doing so.<ref name="lvbv1">[[#Thayer|Thayer (1921)]], pp. 299–300</ref>

=== Last years and masterworks ===
[[File:Franz Schubert by Kriehuber 1846.jpg|left|thumb|Franz Schubert by [[Josef Kriehuber]] (1846)]]
Despite his preoccupation with the stage, and later with his official duties, Schubert found time during these years for a significant amount of composition. He completed the [[Mass No. 5 (Schubert)|Mass in A-flat major]], (D. 678) in 1822, and later that year embarked suddenly on a work which more decisively than almost any other in those years showed his maturing personal vision, the [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|Symphony in B minor]], known as the ''Unfinished'' Symphony (D. 759).<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 182</ref> The reason he left it unfinished – after writing two movements and sketches some way into a third – continues to be discussed and written about, and it is also remarkable that he did not mention it to any of his friends, even though, as [[Brian Newbould]] notes, he must have felt thrilled by what he was achieving.<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 182–183</ref> In 1823, Schubert wrote his first large-scale [[song cycle]], ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'' (D. 795), setting poems by [[Wilhelm Müller]].<ref name="Newbould215">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 215</ref> This series, together with the later cycle ''[[Winterreise]]'' (D. 911, also setting texts of Müller in 1827) is widely considered one of the pinnacles of [[Lied]]er.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/ian-bostridges-schuberts-winter-journey-examines-the-composers-melancholy-work/2015/02/04/9228fdda-aaf4-11e4-9c91-e9d2f9fde644_story.html |title=Ian Bostridge's 'Schubert's ''Winter Journey'' examines the composer's melancholy work|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=[[Michael Dirda|Dirda, Michael]]|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=8 February 2015|quote=Franz Schubert's ''Winterreise'' is the greatest, and the most bleakly melancholy, of all song cycles.}}</ref> He also composed the song ''[[Du bist die Ruh']]'' (''You are rest and peace'',<ref name="Reed1997">[[#Reed|Reed (1997)]], pp. 208–209</ref> D. 776) during this year. Also in that year, symptoms of [[syphilis]] first appeared.<ref name="Newbould210">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 210</ref>

In 1824, he wrote the Variations in E minor for flute and piano ''Trockne Blumen'', a song from the cycle ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'', and several string quartets. He also wrote the [[Arpeggione Sonata|Sonata in A minor]] for [[arpeggione]] and piano (D. 821) at the time when there was a minor craze over [[arpeggione|that instrument]].<ref name="Newbould221225">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 221–225</ref> In the spring of that year, he wrote the [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet in F major]] (D. 803), a sketch for a 'Grand Symphony'; and in the summer went back to ''Zseliz''. There he became attracted to [[Hungary|Hungarian]] musical idiom, and wrote the ''Divertissement à la hongroise'' in G minor for piano duet (D. 818) and the [[String Quartet No. 13 (Schubert)|String Quartet in A minor]] ''Rosamunde'' (D. 804). It has been said that he held a hopeless passion for his pupil, the Countess [[Caroline Esterházy]],<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 260</ref> but the only work he dedicated to her was his [[Fantasia in F minor for piano four-hands, D 940 (Schubert)|Fantasia in F minor]] for piano duet (D. 940).<ref name="Newbould218">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 218</ref> His friend [[Eduard von Bauernfeld]] penned the following verse, which appears to reference Schubert's unrequited sentiments:
<blockquote><poem>
In love with a Countess of youthful grace,
—A pupil of Galt's; in desperate case
Young Schubert surrenders himself to another,
And fain would avoid such affectionate pother<ref name="Duncan99">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 99</ref></poem>
</blockquote>
The setbacks of previous years were compensated by the prosperity and happiness of 1825. Publication had been moving more rapidly, the stress of poverty was for a time lightened, and in the summer he had a pleasant holiday in [[Upper Austria]] where he was welcomed with enthusiasm. It was during this tour that he produced the seven-song cycle ''Fräulein am See'', based on [[Walter Scott]]'s ''[[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|The Lady of the Lake]]'', and including "[[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ellens Gesang III]]" ("Hymn to the Virgin") (D. 839, Op. 52, No. 6); the lyrics of Adam Storck's German translation of the Scott poem are now frequently replaced by the full text of the traditional Roman Catholic prayer [[Hail Mary]] (''Ave Maria'' in Latin), but for which the Schubert melody is not an original setting. The original only opens with the greeting "Ave Maria", which also recurs only in the refrain.<ref name="AveMariaSetting">[[#Emmons|Emmons (2006)]], p. 38</ref> In 1825, Schubert also wrote the [[Piano Sonata in A minor, D. 845 (Schubert)|Piano Sonata in A minor]] (D 845, first published as op. 42), and began the [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|Symphony in C major]] (''Great C major'', D. 944), which was completed the following year.<ref name="Newbould228">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 228</ref>
[[File:Franz Schubert c1827.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Franz Schubert by [[Franz Eybl]] (1827)]]

From 1826 to 1828, Schubert resided continuously in Vienna, except for a brief visit to [[Graz]], Austria, in 1827. In 1826, he dedicated [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|a symphony]] (D. 944, that later came to be known as the ''Great C major'') to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde and received an honorarium in return.<ref>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 254</ref> The [[String Quartet No. 14 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 14]] in D minor (D. 810), with the variations on ''[[Death and the Maiden (song)|Death and the Maiden]]'', was written during the winter of 1825–1826, and first played on 25 January 1826. Later in the year came the [[String Quartet No. 15 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 15]] in G major, (D 887, first published as op. 161), the ''[[Rondo in B minor for violin and piano, D 895 (Schubert)|Rondo in B minor for violin and piano]]'' (D. 895), ''Rondeau brillant'', and the [[Piano Sonata in G major, D. 894 (Schubert)|Piano Sonata in G major]], (D 894, first published as ''Fantasie in G'', op. 78). He also produced in 1826 three [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearian]] songs, of which "{{Lang|de|Ständchen}}" (D. 889) and "{{Lang|de|[[An Sylvia]]}}" (D. 891) were allegedly written on the same day, the former at a tavern where he broke his afternoon's walk, the latter on his return to his lodging in the evening.<ref name="SmithCarlson78">[[#SmithCarlson|Smith & Carlson (1995)]], p. 78</ref>

The works of his last two years reveal a composer entering a new professional and compositional stage.<ref>[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1999)]], p. 62</ref> Although parts of Schubert's personality were influenced by his friends, he nurtured an intensely personal dimension in solitude; it was out of this dimension that he wrote his greatest music.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 268</ref> The death of Beethoven affected Schubert deeply,<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 276</ref> and may have motivated Schubert to reach new artistic peaks. In 1827, Schubert wrote the song cycle ''[[Winterreise]]'' (D. 911), the Fantasy in C major for violin and piano (D. 934, first published as op. post. 159), the [[Impromptus (Schubert)|Impromptus]] for piano, and the two piano trios ([[Piano Trio No. 1 (Schubert)|the first]] in B-flat major (D. 898), and [[Piano Trio No. 2 (Schubert)|the second]] in E-flat major, (D. 929);<ref name="Newbould261">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]] pp. 261–263</ref> in 1828 the cantata ''Mirjams Siegesgesang'' (''Victory Song of Miriam'', D 942) on a text by [[Franz Grillparzer]], the [[Mass No. 6 (Schubert)|Mass in E-flat major]] (D. 950), the ''Tantum Ergo'' (D. 962) in the same key, the [[String Quintet (Schubert)|String Quintet in C major]] (D. 956), the second "Benedictus" to the [[Mass No. 4 (Schubert)|Mass in C major]] (D. 961), [[Schubert's last sonatas|the three final piano sonatas]] (D. 958, D. 959, and D. 960), and the collection ''13 Lieder nach Gedichten von Rellstab und Heine'' for voice and piano, also known as ''[[Schwanengesang]]'' (''Swan-song'', D. 957).<ref name="Newbould270">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]] pp. 270–274</ref> (This collection – which includes settings of words by [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Ludwig Rellstab]], and [[Johann Gabriel Seidl]] – is not a true song cycle like ''Die schöne Müllerin'' or ''Winterreise''.<ref>[[#McKayBio|McKay (1996)]], p. 313: "That Schubert in no way considered the songs as a cycle is confirmed by his letter to Probst of 2 October mentioning that he had recently written 'several songs by Heine'."</ref>) The ''Great C major'' symphony is dated 1828, but Schubert scholars believe that this symphony was largely written in 1825–1826 (being referred to while he was on holiday at Gastein in 1825—that work, once considered lost, is now generally seen as an early stage of his C major symphony) and was revised for prospective performance in 1828. The orchestra of the Gesellschaft reportedly read through the symphony at a rehearsal, but never scheduled a public performance of it. The reasons continue to be unknown, although the difficulty of the symphony is the possible explanation.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion203">[[#Griffel|Griffel (1997)]], p. 203</ref> In the last weeks of his life, he began to sketch three movements for a new [[Symphony No. 10 (Schubert)|Symphony in D major]] (D 936A);<ref name="Newbould385">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 385</ref> In this work, he anticipates [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]'s use of folksong-like harmonics and bare soundscapes.<ref>Newbould (1999) ibid, and comments in the liner notes to the [https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/schubert-symphony-no-10-and-other-unfinished-symphonies-mr0002106545 CD recording] issued on [[Hyperion Records]]</ref> Schubert expressed the wish, were he to survive his final illness, to further develop his knowledge of harmony and counterpoint, and had actually made appointments for lessons with the counterpoint master [[Simon Sechter]].<ref name="Schonberg130">[[#Schonberg|Schonberg (1997)]], p. 130</ref>

On 26 March 1828, the anniversary of Beethoven's death, Schubert gave, for the only time in his career, a public concert of his own works.<ref name="Newbould 1999 pp. 265">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 265–266</ref> The concert was a success popularly and financially,<ref name="Newbould 1999 pp. 265"/> even though it would be overshadowed by [[Niccolò Paganini]]'s first appearances in Vienna shortly after.<ref>[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 44</ref>

[[File:Schubert's Brille.jpg|thumb|Schubert's glasses]]

=== Final illness and death ===
[[File:Kalvarienbergkirche Hernals 9.JPG|thumb|Memorial at the Kalvarienberg Church, [[Hernals]]]]
[[File:Schubert Franz.jpg|thumb|The site of Schubert's first tomb at [[Währing]]]]

In the midst of this creative activity, his health deteriorated. By the late 1820s, Schubert's health was failing and he confided to some friends that he feared that he was near death. In the late summer of 1828, the composer saw the physician Ernst Rinna, who may have confirmed Schubert's suspicions that he was ill beyond cure and likely to die soon.<ref name=Newbould275/> Some of his symptoms matched those of [[mercury poisoning]] ([[mercury (element)|mercury]] was then a common treatment for syphilis, again suggesting that Schubert suffered from it).<ref name="Gibbs168">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], pp. 168–169</ref> At the beginning of November, he again fell ill, experiencing headaches, fever, swollen joints, and vomiting. He was generally unable to retain solid food and his condition worsened. Five days before Schubert's death, his friend, violinist [[Karl Holz (violinist)|Karl Holz]], and his string quartet visited him to play for him. The last musical work he had wished to hear was [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's]] [[String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 131]]; Holz commented: "The King of Harmony has sent the King of Song a friendly bidding to the crossing".<ref>[[#Memoirs|Deutsche (1998)]], p. 300</ref>

Schubert died in Vienna, aged 31, on 19 November 1828, at the apartment of his brother Ferdinand. The cause of his death was officially diagnosed as [[typhoid fever]], though other theories have been proposed, including the tertiary stage of syphilis.<ref name=Newbould275>[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], p. 275.</ref> It was near Beethoven, whom he had admired all his life, that Schubert was buried by his own request, in the village cemetery of [[Währing]], Vienna.<ref name="Duncan79" /> He had served as a torchbearer at [[Death of Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's funeral]] a year before his own death.

In 1872, a memorial to Franz Schubert was erected in Vienna's [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]].<ref name="Duncan79">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], pp. 79–80</ref> In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the [[Zentralfriedhof]] where they can now be found next to those of [[Johann Strauss II]] and [[Johannes Brahms]].<ref name="Gibbs197">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], p. 197</ref> [[Anton Bruckner]] was present at both exhumations, and he reached into both coffins and held the revered skulls in his hands.<ref>[https://www.interlude.hk/front/the-morbid-compulsion-of-anton-bruckner/ Georg Predota, "The Morbid Fascination of Anton Bruckner", ''Interlude'', 11 August 2014]. Retrieved 3 September 2019</ref> The cemetery in Währing was converted into a park in 1925, called the Schubert Park, and his former grave site was marked by a bust. His epitaph, written by his friend, the poet [[Franz Grillparzer]], reads: ''Die Tonkunst begrub hier einen reichen, aber noch viel schönere Hoffnungen'' (“The art of music has here interred a precious treasure, but yet far fairer hopes”).

== Music ==
{{see also|List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre}}
Schubert was remarkably prolific, writing over 1,500 works in his short career. His compositional style progressed rapidly throughout his short life.<ref name="Gammond143">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], p. 143, discussing in particular his chamber music</ref> The largest number of his compositions are [[lied|songs for solo voice and piano]] (roughly 630).<ref>[[#GibbsIntro|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 21</ref> Schubert also composed a considerable number of secular works for two or more voices, namely [[part song]]s, choruses and cantatas. He completed eight orchestral overtures and seven complete symphonies, in addition to fragments of six others. While he composed no concertos, he did write three [[Sinfonia concertante|concertante]] works for violin and orchestra. Schubert wrote a large body of music for solo piano, including eleven incontrovertibly completed sonatas and at least nine more in varying states of completion,{{efn|D 537, 568, 575, 664, 784, 845, 850, 894, 958, 959, 960 incontrovertibly complete; D 157, 279, 459, 557, 566 as further sonatas whose completeness has been debated; D 571, 613, 625, 840 as further unfinished sonatas; and many other possible sonata fragments and isolated movements possibly associated with some of the above-listed sonatas.}} numerous miscellaneous works and many short dances, in addition to producing a large set of works for [[piano four hands]]. He also wrote over fifty chamber works, including some fragmentary works. Schubert's sacred output includes seven masses, one oratorio and one requiem, among other mass movements and numerous smaller compositions.<ref name="Ewen384">[[#Ewen|Ewen (2007)]], p. 384</ref> He completed only eleven of his twenty stage works.<ref>McKay, Elizabeth (1997). Franz Schubert. In: ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]].'' London and New York: Macmillan</ref>

=== Style ===
In July 1947 the Austrian composer [[Ernst Krenek]] discussed Schubert's style, abashedly admitting that he had at first "shared the wide-spread opinion that Schubert was a lucky inventor of pleasing tunes ... lacking the dramatic power and searching intelligence which distinguished such 'real' masters as [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach]] or [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]". Krenek wrote that he reached a completely different assessment after close study of Schubert's pieces at the urging of his friend and fellow composer [[Eduard Erdmann]]. Krenek pointed to the piano sonatas as giving "ample evidence that [Schubert] was much more than an easy-going tune-smith who did not know, and did not care, about the craft of composition." Each sonata then in print, according to Krenek, exhibited "a great wealth of technical finesse" and revealed Schubert as "far from satisfied with pouring his charming ideas into conventional moulds; on the contrary he was a thinking artist with a keen appetite for experimentation."<ref name="Lev">[[#Lev|Lev]].</ref>

====Instrumental music, stage works and church music====
{{see also|Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert|List of solo piano compositions by Franz Schubert|Stage works by Franz Schubert}}

That "appetite for experimentation" manifests itself repeatedly in Schubert's output in a wide variety of forms and genres, including opera, [[liturgical music]], chamber and solo piano music, and symphonic works. Perhaps most familiarly, his adventurousness is reflected in his notably original sense of modulation; for example, the second movement of the [[String Quintet (Schubert)|String Quintet]] (D. 956), which is in E major, features a central section in the [[distant key]] of F minor.<ref name="Gammond117">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], p. 117</ref> It also appears in unusual choices of instrumentation, as in the [[Arpeggione Sonata|Sonata in A minor]] for arpeggione and piano (D. 821), or the unconventional scoring of the ''[[Trout Quintet]]'' (D. 667), which is scored for piano, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, whereas conventional piano quintets are scored for piano and [[string quartet]].
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Although Schubert was clearly influenced by the Classical [[sonata form]]s of Beethoven and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], his formal structures and his developments tend to give the impression more of melodic development than of harmonic drama.<ref name="Gammond76">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], pp. 76–81</ref> This combination of Classical form and long-breathed Romantic melody sometimes lends them a discursive style: his ''Great C major'' Symphony was described by [[Robert Schumann]] as running to "heavenly lengths".<ref name="Brown630">[[#Brown|Brown (2002)]], p. 630</ref>

====Lieder and art songs====
{{see also|List of songs by Franz Schubert|Schubert's song cycles}}

It was in the genre of the [[Lied]] that Schubert made his most indelible mark. [[Leon Plantinga]] remarks that "in his more than six hundred Lieder he explored and expanded the potentialities of the genre, as no composer before him."<ref>[[#Plantinga|Plantinga (1984)]], p. 117</ref> Prior to Schubert's influence, Lieder tended toward a [[Strophic form|strophic]], syllabic treatment of text, evoking the folksong qualities engendered by the stirrings of [[Romantic nationalism]].<ref>Plantinga (1984), pp. 107–117</ref>

[[File:Nebensonnen D.911.jpg|thumb|Autograph of ''Die Nebensonnen'' (The [[Sun dog]]s) from ''Winterreise'']]
Among Schubert's treatments of the poetry of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], his settings of "[[Gretchen am Spinnrade]]" (D. 118) and "[[Der Erlkönig]]" (D. 328) are particularly striking for their dramatic content, forward-looking uses of harmony, and their use of eloquent pictorial keyboard figurations, such as the depiction of the spinning wheel and treadle in the piano in "Gretchen" and the furious and ceaseless gallop in "{{Lang|de|Erlkönig}}".<ref name="Swafford211">[[#Swafford|Swafford (1992)]], p. 211</ref> He composed music using the poems of a myriad of poets, with Goethe, Mayrhofer and [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]] being top three most frequent, and others including [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Friedrich Rückert]] and [[Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff]]. Of additional particular note are his two [[song cycle]]s on the poems of [[Wilhelm Müller]], ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'' and ''[[Winterreise]]'', which helped to establish the genre and its potential for musical, poetic, and almost operatic dramatic narrative. His last collection of songs published in 1828 after his death, ''[[Schwanengesang]]'', is also an innovative contribution to German lieder literature, as it features poems by different poets, namely [[Ludwig Rellstab]], Heine, and [[Johann Gabriel Seidl]]. The ''[[Wiener Theaterzeitung]]'', writing about ''Winterreise'' at the time, commented that it was a work that "none can sing or hear without being deeply moved".<ref name="Gammond153">[[#Gammond|Gammond (1982)]], pp. 153–156</ref>

[[Antonín Dvořák]] wrote in 1894 that Schubert, whom he considered one of the truly great composers, was clearly influential on shorter works, especially Lieder and shorter piano works: "The tendency of the romantic school has been toward short forms, and although Weber helped to show the way, to Schubert belongs the chief credit of originating the short models of piano forte pieces which the romantic school has preferably cultivated. [...] Schubert created a new epoch with the Lied. [...] All other songwriters have followed in his footsteps."<ref name="CentIll345">[[#CentIllv48no3|Dvořák (1894)]], pp. 344–345</ref>

=== Publication – catalogue ===
[[File:Schubert Haus00.jpg|thumb|Interior of museum at Schubert's birthplace, Vienna, 1914]]
When Schubert died he had around 100 [[opus number]]s published, mainly songs, chamber music and smaller piano compositions.<ref>Deutsch 1978, p. 668</ref> Publication of smaller pieces continued (including opus numbers up to 173 in 1860s, 50 instalments with songs published by [[Diabelli]] and dozens of first publications [[Edition Peters|Peters]]),<ref>Deutsch 1978, pp. 668–669</ref> but the manuscripts of many of the longer works, whose existence was not widely known, remained hidden in cabinets and file boxes of Schubert's family, friends, and publishers.<ref name="GroveAppendix"/> Even some of Schubert's friends were unaware of the full scope of what he wrote, and for many years he was primarily recognised as the "prince of song", although there was recognition of some of his larger-scale efforts.<ref name="GibbsLife61">[[#GibbsLife|Gibbs (2000)]], pp. 61–62</ref> In 1838 [[Robert Schumann]], on a visit to Vienna, found the dusty manuscript of the [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|C major Symphony]] (D. 944) and took it back to [[Leipzig]] where it was performed by [[Felix Mendelssohn]] and celebrated in the ''[[Neue Zeitschrift für Musik|Neue Zeitschrift]].'' An important step towards the recovery of the neglected works was the journey to Vienna which the music historian [[George Grove]] and the composer [[Arthur Sullivan]] made in October 1867. The travellers unearthed the manuscripts of six of the symphonies, parts of the incidental music to ''[[Rosamunde]]'', the [[Mass No. 1 (Schubert)|Mass No. 1 in F major]] (D. 105), and the operas ''Des Teufels Lustschloss'' (D. 84), ''Fernardo'' (D. 220), ''[[Der vierjährige Posten]]'' (D. 190), and ''[[Die Freunde von Salamanka]]'' (D. 326), and several other unnamed works. With these discoveries, Grove and Sullivan were able to inform the public of the existence of these works; in addition, they were able to copy the fourth and sixth symphonies, the ''[[Rosamunde]]'' incidental music, and the overture to ''Die Freunde von Salamanka''.<ref name="GroveAppendix">[[#Kreissle2|Kreissle (1869)]], pp. 297–332, in which Grove recounts his visit to Vienna.</ref> This led to more widespread public interest in Schubert's work.<ref name="WideInterest">See e.g. [[#Kreissle2|Kreissle (1869)]], p. 324, where Grove describes current (1860s) interest in Schubert's work, and [[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], pp. 250–251, describing the size and scope of the 1897 Schubert centennial commemorations.</ref>

====Complete editions====
[[File:Litograph of Franz Schubert by Josef Kriehuber (1846).png|thumb|upright|Lithograph of Franz Schubert by [[Josef Kriehuber]] (1846)]]
{{see also|Franz Schubert's Works|Neue Schubert-Ausgabe}}
From 1884 to 1897, [[Breitkopf & Härtel]] published [[Franz Schubert's Works]], a critical edition including a contribution made – among others – by [[Johannes Brahms]], editor of the first series containing eight symphonies.<ref>[[#STC|Deutsch (1995)]], p. xiii</ref> The publication of the [[Neue Schubert-Ausgabe]] by [[Bärenreiter]] started in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/publishing-house/baerenreiter-encyclopedia/new-schubert-edition/|title=Neue Schubert-Ausgabe|publisher=[[Bärenreiter Verlag]]|access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref>

==== Deutsch catalogue ====
{{see also|Schubert Thematic Catalogue|Schubert opus/Deutsch number concordance|List of compositions by Franz Schubert}}
Since relatively few of Schubert's works were published in his lifetime, only a small number of them have [[opus number]]s assigned, and even in those cases, the sequence of the numbers does not give a good indication of the order of composition. Austrian [[musicologist]] [[Otto Erich Deutsch]] (1883–1967) is known for compiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Schubert's works. This was first published in English in 1951 (''[[Schubert Thematic Catalogue]]'') and subsequently revised for a new edition in German in 1978 (''[[Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge]]'' – Franz Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of his Works in Chronological Order).<ref>See [[#STC|Deutsch (1995)]]</ref>

==== Numbering issues ====
{{see also|Schubert's symphonies#Numbering issues|Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert#Numbering of the Piano Sonatas}}
Confusion arose quite early over the [[Schubert's symphonies#Numbering issues|numbering of Schubert's late symphonies]]. Schubert's last completed symphony, the ''Great C major'' {{D.|number=944}}, was assigned the numbers 7, 8, 9 and 10, depending on publication. Similarly the ''Unfinished'' {{D.|number=759}} has been indicated with the numbers 7, 8, and 9.<ref name=numbering>See [[#Numbering of symphonies]]</ref>

The order usually followed for these late symphonies by English-language sources is:
*No. 7: [[Symphony No. 7 (Schubert)|E major]], D 729
*No. 8: [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|B minor]], D 759 ''Unfinished''
*No. 9: [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|C major]], D 944 ''Great C major''
*No. 10: [[Symphony No. 10 (Schubert)|D major]], D 936A

An even broader confusion arose over the [[Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert#Numbering of the Piano Sonatas|numbering of the piano sonatas]], with numbering systems ranging from 15 to 23 sonatas.

== Recognition ==
A feeling of regret for the loss of potential masterpieces caused by Schubert's early death at age 31 was expressed in the epitaph on his large tombstone written by Grillparzer: "Here music has buried a treasure, but even fairer hopes."<ref name="Duncan80">[[#Duncan|Duncan (1905)]], p. 80</ref> Some prominent musicians share a similar view, including the pianist [[Radu Lupu]], who said: "[Schubert] is the composer for whom I am really most sorry that he died so young. ... Just before he died, when he wrote his beautiful two-cello String Quintet in C, he said very modestly that he was trying to learn a little more about counterpoint, and he was perfectly right. We'll never know in what direction he was going or would have gone."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Montparker |first=Carol |date=May–June 1981|title=Radu Lupu: Acclaim in Spite of Himself|magazine=Clavier |page=13 }}</ref> However, others have expressed disagreement with this early view. For instance, [[Robert Schumann]] said: "It is pointless to guess at what more [Schubert] might have achieved. He did enough; and let them be honoured who have striven and accomplished as he did",<ref>[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 18</ref> and the pianist [[András Schiff]] said that "Schubert lived a very short life, but it was a very concentrated life. In 31 years, he lived more than other people would live in 100 years, and it is needless to speculate what could he have written had he lived another 50 years. It's irrelevant, just like with Mozart; these are the two natural geniuses of music."<ref name=schiff/>

[[File:Schubert Denkmal Stadtpark Wien.jpg|thumb|The Schubert Denkmal]]
The {{ill|Wiener Schubertbund|de}}, one of Vienna's leading choral societies, was founded in 1863, whilst the [[Gründerzeit]] was taking place. The Schubertbund quickly became a rallying point for schoolteachers and other members of the Viennese middle class who felt increasingly embattled during the Gründerzeit and the aftermath of the [[Panic of 1873]]. In 1872, the dedication of the Schubert Denkmal, a gift to the city from Vienna's leading male chorus, the {{ill|Wiener Männergesang-Verein|de}}, took place; the chorus performed at the event.<ref>[[#Botstein|Botstein (1997)]], p. 35</ref> The Denkmal was designed by Austrian sculptor [[Carl Kundmann]] and is located in Vienna's [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]].

Schubert's chamber music continues to be popular. In a [[Classic 100 chamber (ABC)|survey]] conducted by the [[ABC Classic FM]] radio station in 2008, Schubert's chamber works dominated the field, with the ''Trout Quintet'' ranked first, the [[String Quintet (Schubert)|String Quintet in C major]] ranked second, and the [[Notturno (Schubert)|Notturno in E-flat major for piano trio]] ranked third. Furthermore, eight more of his chamber works were among the 100 ranked pieces: both piano trios, the [[String Quartet No. 14 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 14 (''Death and the Maiden'')]], the [[String Quartet No. 15 (Schubert)|String Quartet No. 15]], the [[Arpeggione Sonata]], the [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet]], the [[Fantasia in F minor (Schubert)|Fantasie in F minor for piano four-hands]], and the [[Adagio and Rondo Concertante|''Adagio and Rondo Concertante'' for piano quartet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/classic/classic100/chamber/100list.htm|accessdate=24 August 2010|title=The Classical Music Chamber Music 100|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Co.}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} chief music critic [[Anthony Tommasini]], who ranked Schubert as the fourth greatest composer, wrote of him:<blockquote>You have to love the guy, who died at 31, ill, impoverished and neglected except by a circle of friends who were in awe of his genius. For his hundreds of songs alone – including the haunting cycle ''[[Winterreise]]'', which will never release its tenacious hold on singers and audiences – Schubert is central to our concert life... Schubert's first few symphonies may be works in progress. But the ''Unfinished'' and especially the ''Great C major'' Symphony are astonishing. The latter one paves the way for [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]] and prefigures [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]].<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/arts/music/23composers.html|title=The Greatest Composers – A Top 10 List|work=The New York Times|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref></blockquote>

===Tributes by other musicians===
[[File:Schubert-Klimt.jpg|thumb|''Schubert at the Piano'' by [[Gustav Klimt]] (1899)]]
From the 1830s through the 1870s, [[Franz Liszt]] transcribed and arranged a number of Schubert's works, particularly the songs. Liszt, who was a significant force in spreading Schubert's work after his death, said Schubert was "the most poetic musician who ever lived."<ref name="Suttoni">[[#Suttoni|Liszt (1989)]], p. 144</ref> Schubert's symphonies were of particular interest to [[Antonín Dvořák]]. [[Hector Berlioz]] and [[Anton Bruckner]] acknowledged the influence of the ''Great C Major'' Symphony.<ref name="Newbould404" /> It was Robert Schumann who, having seen the manuscript of the ''Great C Major'' Symphony in Vienna in 1838, drew it to the attention of Mendelssohn, who led the first performance of the symphony, in a heavily abridged version, in Leipzig in 1839.<ref>[[#BrownNG|Brown (1983)]], p. 73</ref> In the 20th century, composers such as [[Richard Strauss]], [[Anton Webern]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[George Crumb]], and [[Hans Zender]] championed or paid homage to Schubert in some of their works. Britten, an accomplished pianist, accompanied many of Schubert's Lieder and performed many piano solo and duet works.<ref name="Newbould404">[[#Newbould|Newbould (1999)]], pp. 403–404</ref>

German electronic music group [[Kraftwerk]] has an instrumental piece titled ''Franz Schubert'' on their 1977 album [[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]].

===Conmemorations===
[[File:Austria 50 Schilling 1978 Reverse. KM 2937.jpg|thumb|Austrian 50 Schilling silver coin, 1978: 150th anniversary of his death]]
In 1897, the 100th anniversary of Schubert's birth was marked in the musical world by festivals and performances dedicated to his music. In Vienna, there were ten days of concerts, and the Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] gave a speech recognising Schubert as the creator of the art song, and one of Austria's favourite sons.<ref name="Rodenberg118">[[#Rodenberg|Rodenberg (1900)]], p. 118</ref><ref name="MT189702">[[#MusicalTimes189702|Musical Times, February 1897]], p. 113</ref>
[[Karlsruhe]] saw the first production of his opera ''[[Fierrabras (opera)|Fierrabras]]''.<ref name="CambridgeCompanion318">[[#CambridgeCompanion|Gibbs (1997)]], p. 318</ref>

In 1928, Schubert Week was held in Europe and the United States to mark the centenary of the composer's death. Works by Schubert were performed in churches, in concert halls, and on radio stations. A competition, with top prize money of $10,000 and sponsorship by the [[Columbia Records|Columbia Phonograph Company]], was held for "original symphonic works presented as an apotheosis of the lyrical genius of Schubert, and dedicated to his memory".<ref name="time1928" /> - the original idea had been a contest of completing the ''Unfinished Symphony'', but after widespread protests this was reformulated. The winning entry was [[Kurt Atterberg]]'s sixth symphony.<ref name="time1928">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928288,00.html|title=Schubert Ecstasy|work=Time|date=3 December 1928|accessdate=8 April 2009}}</ref>

===In film and television===
Schubert has featured as a character in a number of films including ''[[Schubert's Dream of Spring]]'' (1931), ''[[Gently My Songs Entreat]]'' (1933), ''[[Serenade (1940 film)|Serenade]]'' (1940), ''[[The Great Awakening (film)|The Great Awakening]]'' (1941), ''[[It's Only Love (film)|It's Only Love]]'' (1947), ''[[Franz Schubert (film)|Franz Schubert]]'' (1953), ''[[Das Dreimäderlhaus]]'' (1958), and ''Notturno'' (1986). Schubert's music has also been featured in numerous post-[[silent era]] films, including [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' (1940), which features [[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ave Maria]] (D. 839);<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.classicalmpr.org/story/2015/11/13/fantasia-bald-mountain-ave-maria|title=From 'Bald Mountain' to 'Ave Maria': The hell-to-heaven 'Fantasia' climax|last=Gabler|first=Jay|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> and the [[biographical film]] ''[[Carrington (film)|Carrington]]'' (1995), which features the second movement of the String Quintet in C major (D. 956).<ref>[[#Schroeder|Schroeder (2009)]], pp. 272–274</ref>, as well as the English version of
''[[The Adventures of Milo and Otis]]'' (1989), which features Serenade and [[Auf dem Wasser zu singen]] (D.774).

In addition, Schubert's life was covered in the documentary ''Franz Peter Schubert: The Greatest Love and the Greatest Sorrow'' by [[Christopher Nupen]] (1994),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00r600k |title=Franz Peter Schubert: The Greatest Love and the Greatest Sorrow|publisher=[[BBC Four]]|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> and in the documentary ''Schubert – The Wanderer'' by [[András Schiff]] and [[Mischa Scorer]] (1997), both produced for the [[BBC]].<ref name=schiff>{{Cite video |url=https://vimeo.com/178435687 |title=''Schubert – The Wanderer''}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|G4R-qf6E7XI|Schiff András filmje Schubertről [András Schiff tells about Schubert]}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
'''{{anchor|Works by Otto Erich Deutsch}}Works by Otto Erich Deutsch'''

[[Otto Erich Deutsch]], working in the first half of the 20th century, was probably the preeminent scholar of Schubert's life and music. In addition to the catalogue of Schubert's works, he collected and organized a great deal of material about Schubert, some of which remains in print.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|title=The Schubert Thematic Catalogue|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|author2=Wakeling, Donald R.|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-0-486-28685-3|ref=STC|authorlink=Otto Erich Deutsch}}
*{{cite book|title=Franz Schubert's Letters and Other Writings|first=Franz|last=Schubert|author2=Deutsch, Otto Erich|translator-last=Savile|translator-first=Venetia|publisher=A. A. Knopf|year=1928|oclc=891887|isbn=0-8369-5242-1}}
{{div col end}}

'''{{anchor|19th and early 20th-century scholarship}}19th- and early 20th-century scholarship'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|first=George Lowell|last=Austin|publisher=Shepard and Gill|year=1873|ref=Austin|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ka4NAAAAYAAJ|oclc=4450950|isbn=0-404-12856-4|authorlink=}}
* {{cite book|first=Edmondstoune|last=Duncan|title=Schubert|year=1905|publisher=J.M. Dent|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CldMAAAAMAAJ|ref=Duncan|oclc=2058050|isbn=1-4437-8279-3}}
* {{cite journal|first=Antonín|last=Dvořák|title=Franz Schubert|volume= 48|date=July 1894|journal=Century Illustrated Magazine|publisher=Cairns Collection of American Women Writers|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qHcAAAAAYAAJ|ref=CentIllv48no3|oclc=4279873|authorlink=Antonín Dvořák}}
* {{cite book|title=Schubert|first=Henry Frederic|last=Frost|publisher=Scribner|year=1915|ref=Frost|url=https://books.google.com/?id=npc5AAAAIAAJ|oclc=45465176}}
* {{cite book|title=Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians|volume=4|first=George|last=Grove|authorlink=George Grove|author2=Fuller-Maitland, John Alexander|author2link=John Alexander Fuller Maitland|publisher=Macmillan|year=1908|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FBsPAAAAYAAJ|ref=Grove1908|oclc=407077}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|volume=1|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|translator-last=Coleridge|translator-first=Arthur Duke|date=1869|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|language=en|ref=Kreissle1|origyear=1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppcPAAAAYAAJ&hl=en}} The first full-length biography of Schubert (volume 1).
* {{cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|volume=2|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|translator-last=Coleridge|translator-first=Arthur Duke|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|year=1869|ref=Kreissle2|origyear=1865|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hpcPAAAAYAAJ}} The first full-length biography of Schubert (volume 2).
*{{cite book|title=Deutsche Rundschau, volume 102 (Jan–Mar 1900)|first=Julius|last=Rodenberg|author2=Pechel, Rudolf|language=German|publisher=Gebrüder Paetel|year=1900|ref=Rodenberg|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7UEVAAAAYAAJ|oclc=1566444}}
*{{cite book|title=The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rRkUAAAAYAAJ|last=Thayer|first=Alexander Wheelock|authorlink=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|last2=Krehbiel|first2=Henry E.|last3=Deiters|first3=Hermann|last4=Riemann|first4=Hugo|year=1921|location=New York|publisher=The Beethoven Association|ref=Thayer|oclc=422583}}
* {{Cite book |title=Franz Schubert: A Musical Biography |last=Wilberforce |first=Edward |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |year=1866 |location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEgBAAAAQAAJ&source=gbs_slider_cls_metadata_7_mylibrary|ref=Wilberforce}} {{no ISBN}}
*{{cite journal|title=Musical Times|publisher=Novello|date=February 1897|volume= 38|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aco7mI9EM50C&pg=PA242&dq=Mottl+Fierrabras#PPA113,M1|ref=MusicalTimes189702|oclc=1608351}}
{{div col end}}

'''Modern scholarship'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Botstein|first=Leon|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|contribution=Contexts: musical, political, and cultural|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Botstein|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|title=The Symphonic Repertoire|first=A. Peter|last=Brown|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-253-33487-9|ref=Brown}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newgroveschubert0000brow|title=The New Grove Schubert|last=Brown|first=Maurice John Edwin|isbn=0393016838|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1983|location=New York|oclc=9398015|ref=BrownNG}}
*{{cite book|last=Denny|first=Thomas A.|contribution=Schubert's operas|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Denny|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|title=Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|authorlink=Otto Erich Deutsch|publisher=[[Bärenreiter]]|year=1978|ref=Catalog1978|isbn=978-3-7618-0571-8|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite book|title=Researching the Song: A Lexicon|first=Shirlee|last=Emmons|authorlink=Shirlee Emmons|author2=Lewis, Wilbur Watkin|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-515202-9|ref=Emmons|url=https://archive.org/details/researchingsongl00emmo}}
*{{cite book|title=Composers of Yesterday|first=David|last=Ewen|publisher=Read Books|location=Vancouver|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4067-5987-7|ref=Ewen}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Gammond|title=Schubert|publisher=Methuen|location=London|year=1982|isbn=0-413-46990-5|ref=Gammond}}
*{{cite book|last=Gibbs|first=Christopher H.|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|contribution=Introduction: the elusive Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=GibbsIntro|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|first=Christopher H.|last=Gibbs|title=The Life of Schubert|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn= 0-521-59512-6|ref=GibbsLife}}
*{{cite book|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=CambridgeCompanion|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Gramit|first=David|contribution=Music, cultivation, and identity in Schubert's circle|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Gramit|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Griffel|first=L. Michael|contribution=Schubert's orchestral music|editor-first=Christopher H.|editor-last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|ref=Griffel|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}}
*{{cite book|title=Church Music in the Nineteenth Century|year=1967|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=0837196957|last=Hutchings|first=Arthur|ref=Hutchings}}
*{{cite AV media notes |title= Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata no. 15 in C major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C minor – Ray Lev, Pianist|titlelink= |year=1947|first=Ray |last=Lev|type=78 RPM |publisher=Concert Hall Society |id=Release B3|location=United States |ref=Lev}}
*{{cite book|last=Liszt|first=Franz|author2=Suttoni, Charles (translator, contributor)|title=An Artist's Journey: Lettres D'un Bachelier ès Musique, 1835–1841|year=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-48510-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bXpPOj-Y7nkC|ref=Suttoni}}
*{{cite book|title=Franz Schubert: A Biography|first=Elizabeth Norman|last=McKay|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-816681-8|ref=McKayBio}}
*{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Newbould|title=Schubert: The Music and the Man|publisher=University of California Press|year=1999|isbn=0-520-21957-0|ref=Newbould}}
*{{cite book|first=Leon|last=Plantinga|title=Romantic Music: A History of Musical Style in Nineteenth-Century Europe|publisher=Norton|year=1984|ref=Plantinga|isbn=0-393-95196-0|url=https://archive.org/details/romanticmusichis0000plan}}
*{{cite book|last=Reed|first=John|title=The Schubert Song Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MSxqOisofgC&pg=PA208|date=15 August 1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|ref=Reed|isbn=978-1-901341-00-3}}
*{{cite book|title=The Lives of the Great Composers|first=Harold C.|last=Schonberg|authorlink=Harold C. Schonberg|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=1997|isbn=978-0-393-03857-6|ref=Schonberg|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VawrK1CRFJgC}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zDnh_Eia3MC|title=Our Schubert: His Enduring Legacy|last=Schroeder|first=David|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810869271}}
*{{cite book|title=The Gift of Music: Great Composers and Their Influence|first=Jane Stuart|last=Smith|author2=Carlson, Betty|author3=Schaeffer, Francis A.|publisher=Good News Publishers|year=1995|isbn=978-0-89107-869-2|ref=SmithCarlson}}
*{{cite book|first=Rita|last=Steblin|authorlink=Rita Steblin|editor-last=Newbould|editor-first=Brian|chapter=Schubert's Relationship with Women: An Historical Account|title=Schubert Studies|publisher=Ashgate|year=1998|pages=159–182|isbn=978-1-85928-253-3}}
*{{cite journal|first=Rita|last=Steblin|title=In Defense of Scholarship and Archival Research: Why Schubert's Brothers Were Allowed to Marry|year=1998|pages=7–17|journal=Current Musicology|volume=62|ref=SteblinCM}}
*{{cite book|title=The Vintage Guide to Classical Music|first=Jan|last=Swafford|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1992|ref=Swafford|isbn=0-679-72805-8}}
{{div col end}}

'''{{anchor|Numbering of symphonies}}Numbering of symphonies'''

The following sources illustrate the confusion around the numbering of Schubert's late symphonies. The B minor ''Unfinished'' Symphony is variously published as No. 7 and No. 8, in both German and English.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|language=German|title=Symphony, No 7, D 759, B minor, ''Unfinished''|first=Franz|last=Schubert|publisher=Bärenreiter|year=1996|ref=Unfinished7German|oclc=39794412}} German-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 7.
*{{cite book|title=Symphony No. 7 in B minor D 759 ''Unfinished'' Symphony|series=Eulenburg Audio+Score Series|first=Franz|last=Schubert|publisher=Eulenburg|year=2008|isbn=978-3-7957-6529-3|ref=Unfinished7English}} English-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 7.
*{{cite book|first=Franz|last=Schubert|author2=Reichenberger, Teresa|title=Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D. 759 ''Unfinished'' |type=Paperback|year=1986|isbn=978-3-7957-6278-0|ref=Unfinished8English}} English-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 8.
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|University_Musical_Encyclopedia/Great_Composers:_A_Series_of_Biographical_Studies/Franz Schubert|Franz Schubert}}
{{Commons category|Franz Schubert}}
* {{Britannica|528336}}
* {{Musopen|franz-schubert}}
* [http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=2520 Texts and translations of vocal music by Schubert] at [http://www.lieder.net The LiederNet Archive]
*[http://www.schubertiade.at/index.php?mod=manuell&html=franz-schubert-museum&language=en Franz Schubert Museum in Hohenems/Austria]
*{{BBC composer page|schubert|Schubert}}
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0006280|name=Franz Schubert}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160530/http://www.schubert-online.at/activpage/index_en.htm Digital reproductions of score manuscripts and letters by Franz Schubert]
*[http://www.notesonfranzschubert.com/schubert.htm Notes on Franz Schubert] by pianist [[Bart Berman]]
*[http://www.schubertsociety.com The Franz Schubert Society of Victoria]
*[http://www.schubert-institut.at/ Franz-Schubert-Institut in Baden bei Wien]
*[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22franz%20schubert%22 References to Franz Schubert in historic European Newspapers] via [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/ The European Library]

===Recordings===
*[http://www.schubertlied.de/index.php/en/ Schubertlied.de] – Free recordings of many Lieder by Schubert (mp3)
*[http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=schubert%2C+franz&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Schubert cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library.
*[http://open.spotify.com/user/ulyssestone/playlist/7qOtSjPy0a3I5Y1AwHF81r Chronological Spotify playlist of numerous works from D 1 to D 988], from [http://www.spotifyclassical.com/2011/11/franz-schubert-complete-chronological.html Spotify Classical Playlists]

===Sheet music===
* [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/index.php?action=search&page=show&order=op&query=franz+schubert Kreusch-sheet-music.net] Schubert's Piano Works
* [http://www.schubertline.co.uk Schubertline.co.uk] about 250 of Schubert's Songs (Schubertline edition)
* {{IMSLP|id=Schubert%2C_Franz|cname=Franz Schubert}}
* {{ChoralWiki}}
* [https://musescore.com/openscore-lieder-corpus/sets?order=title&text=Schubert%2C+Franz Free digital scores by Franz Schubert] in the [https://musescore.com/openscore-lieder-corpus/ OpenScore Lieder Corpus]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Schubert,+Franz | name=Franz Schubert}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Franz Peter Schubert}}
* [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=SchubertF&preview=1 Schubert's Sheet Music] by [[Mutopia Project]]
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhs2046/index1.html Lieder sheet music]

{{First Viennese School}}
{{Franz Schubert}}
{{Schubert masses|state=collapsed}}
{{Schubert symphonies|state=collapsed}}
{{Schubert chamber music|state=collapsed}}
{{Schubert piano compositions|state=collapsed}}
{{Romanticism|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music|Austria|Biography|Opera}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schubert, Franz}}
[[Category:Franz Schubert| ]]
[[Category:1797 births]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:19th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:19th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:Austrian agnostics]]
[[Category:Austrian classical composers]]
[[Category:Austrian classical pianists]]
[[Category:Austrian Classical-period composers]]
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Hungary]]
[[Category:Austrian male classical composers]]
[[Category:Austrian opera composers]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Silesian descent]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Sudeten-German descent]]
[[Category:Austrian Romantic composers]]
[[Category:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery]]
[[Category:Child classical musicians]]
[[Category:Composers for piano]]
[[Category:Deaths from syphilis]]
[[Category:Deaths from typhoid fever]]
[[Category:Esterházy]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Austria]]
[[Category:Male classical pianists]]
[[Category:Male opera composers]]
[[Category:Pupils of Antonio Salieri]]
[[Category:Viennese composers]]

Volvo S60

2019-09-04T07:18:55Z

192.121.232.253: /* Third generation (2019–present) */ New Volvo S60 September 2019 (Sverige-Stockholm)

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volvo S60
| image = 2019 Volvo S60 R-Design Edition T5 Automatic 2.0.jpg
| caption = 2019 Volvo S60
| manufacturer = [[Volvo Cars]]
| production = {{ubl |2000–present |[[Volvo P2 platform|P2]]: 2000–2009 (1st generation) |[[Ford EUCD platform|P3]]: 2010–2018 (2nd generation) |SPA: 2018–present (3rd generation)}}
| class = [[Compact executive car]] ([[D-segment|D]])
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]
| layout = {{ubl |[[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front engine]] |[[front-wheel drive]] or [[four-wheel drive]]}}
| predecessor = [[Volvo S70]]
}}

The '''Volvo S60''' is a [[compact executive car|compact luxury sedan]] manufactured and marketed by [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]] since 2000 and is now in its third generation.

The first generation (2000–2009)<ref name = history00-08/> was launched in autumn of 2000<ref>{{cite web |language=fr, en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/fr/fr-fr/media/pressreleases/11932 |title=Volvo S60 - model year 2008 |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=www.media.volvocars.com |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=2018-01-03 }}</ref> in order to replace the [[Volvo S70|S70]] and was based on the [[Volvo P2 platform|P2 platform]]. It had a similar designed [[station wagon|estate]] version called [[Volvo V70]] and a sports version called '''S60 R'''.<ref name = history00-08>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/10675/2000-2008-a-historical-review |title=2000-2008: A historical review |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=www.media.volvocars.com |date=8 January 2007 |access-date=2015-09-19 }}</ref> Styling clues were taken from the [[Volvo ECC|ECC concept car]] and the [[Volvo S80|S80]].

The second generation (2010–2018) was released in 2010 for the 2011 model year and has its own estate version, known as the [[Volvo V60]].

The third generation will join the Volvo line-up in 2018<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://jalopnik.com/these-are-the-nine-new-volvo-models-we-get-before-2019-1688184638 |title=These Are The Nine New Volvo Models We'll Get By 2019 |author=Máté Petrány |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020922/http://jalopnik.com/these-are-the-nine-new-volvo-models-we-get-before-2019-1688184638 |archive-date=2017-08-14 |access-date=2018-01-03 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> or 2019. It will be built on a shortened version of the [[Volvo Scalable Product Architecture platform|Scalable Product Architecture]] platform, in America's first Volvo factory in [[Ridgeville, South Carolina|Ridgeville]], South Carolina.<ref name = auto_evo>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/volvo-on-track-to-manufacture-all-new-s60-from-2018-at-us-factory-116849.html |title=Volvo On Track To Manufacture All-New S60 From 2018 At U.S. Factory |author=Mircea Panait |date=15 April 2017 |access-date=2018-01-03 }}</ref><ref name = "motortrend.com">{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/volvo-to-build-next-gen-xc90-in-u-s-in-2021/ |title=SUV will join Volvo S60 at plant under construction in South Carolina |author=Alisa Priddle |date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213155131/http://www.motortrend.com/news/volvo-to-build-next-gen-xc90-in-u-s-in-2021/ |archive-date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2018-05-10 |dead-url=no}}</ref> The U.S. will become the sole global source of the S60 sedan when production in China is phased out in early 2019.<ref name = "motortrend.com"/>

=={{anchor|first}} First generation (2000–2009)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = 2003 Volvo S60 T SE 2.0 Front.jpg
| production = 2000–2009<ref name = "autoblog.com/2009/04/10">{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/10/volvo-s60-ceases-production-in-ghent/ |title=Volvo S60 ceases production in Ghent |author=Dan Roth |website=www.autoblog.com |date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325192806/http://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/10/volvo-s60-ceases-production-in-ghent/ |archive-date=2015-03-25 |access-date=2009-04-11 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
| model_years = 2001–2009
| assembly = {{ubl |Sweden: [[Torslanda]] ([[Torslandaverken]])|Belgium: [[Ghent]] ([[Volvo Car Gent|VCG]])<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://car-cat.com/firm-51.html |title=Volvo. Volvo In Belgium |website=www.car-cat.com |date= |access-date=2010-07-16 }}</ref>|Malaysia: [[Shah Alam]] ([[Swedish Motor Assemblies|SMA]])}}
| class = [[Compact executive car]]
| platform = [[Volvo P2 platform]]
| engine = {{ubl |2.0 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5204T5|B5204T5]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.3 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5234T3|B5234T3]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5244S|B5244S]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5244S2|B5244S2]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5244SG|B5244SG]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[petrol engine|petrol]] / [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] / [[CNG]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5244T|B5244T]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5244T3|B5244T3]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5244T5|B5244T5]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5244T]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbodiesel]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5244T2]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbodiesel]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5244T4]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbodiesel]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5244T5]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbodiesel]])
|2.4 L ''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5244T7]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbodiesel]])
|2.5 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B5254T2|B5254T2]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
|2.5 L ''[[Volvo Modular engine#B254T2-R|B5254T2-R]]'' [[Straight-five engine|I5]] ([[turbocharged]] [[petrol engine|petrol]])
}}
| transmission = {{ubl |5-speed ''Volvo M56'' [[manual transmission|manual]] |5-speed ''Volvo M58'' manual |6-speed ''Volvo M66'' manual |5-speed ''Aisin AW55-50/51SN'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] |6-speed ''Aisin TF-80SC'' automatic}}
| wheelbase = {{ubl |{{convert|2713|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2001-02)|{{convert|2715|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2003-08)}}
| length = {{ubl |{{convert|4581|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2001-05)|{{convert|4602|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-08) |{{convert|4605|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2003-05, R) |{{convert|4638|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-08, R)}}
| width = {{ubl |{{convert|1813|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2001-05)|{{convert|1823|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-08)}}
| height = {{ubl |{{convert|1433|mm|1|abbr=on}}|{{convert|1397|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2003-05, R)|{{convert|1436|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-07, R)}}
| weight = {{convert|1475|-|1700|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2003/2003_s60/03s60_12.htm#pg145 |title=2003 Volvo S60 owner's manual |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=new.volvocars.com |page=145 |date=2002 |access-date=2015-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/2007/2007_s60/07s60_10.htm#pg200 |title=2007 Volvo S60 owner's manual |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=new.volvocars.com |page=200 |date=2006 |access-date=2015-09-19 }}</ref>
| related = {{ubl |[[Volvo V70#Second generation (2000–2007)|Volvo V70 II]] |[[Volvo S80#First generation (1998–2006)|Volvo S80]] |[[Volvo XC90#First generation (2002–2014)|Volvo XC90]]}}
| designer = [[Géza Lóczi]] (1997)<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/enhanced/en-gb/Media/Preview.aspx?mediaid=5290 |title=Volvo Car Group Global Media Newsroom |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=www.media.volvocars.com |date= |access-date=2015-09-19 }}</ref>
| sp = uk
}}

The S60 was built on Volvo's [[Volvo P2 platform|P2 platform]],<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.autointell.com/european_companies/volvo_cars/volvo-mfg/volvo-manufacturing.htm |title=Volvo Cars makes major investments in Ghent and Torslanda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308133651/http://www.autointell.com/european_companies/volvo_cars/volvo-mfg/volvo-manufacturing.htm |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2010-06-08 |dead-url=no}}</ref> which was shared with other Volvo models like the [[Volvo S80|S80]], [[Volvo V70|V70]], [[Volvo XC70|XC70]] and finally the [[Volvo XC90|XC90]].

The Volvo S60 was released in 2000 (2001 model year) being the company's new generation sports sedan. The S60 is aimed to mainly compete with the [[BMW 3 Series (E46)]] and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W203). Unlike its rivals, the Volvo S60 continued production for 9 years with multiple facelifts. The S60 was [[facelift (automobile)|refreshed]] in 2005. The exterior was updated with body-colored side moldings and bumpers with chrome linings, as well as new headlamps replacing the original with black housing. The interior received some updates as well, with new seats, trim, and an updated center console. The S60 went through a final facelift in 2008 with full body-colored bumper and door inserts and larger emblem in the front and larger spaced out "V-O-L-V-O" letters in the rear. The interior featured a new pattern upholstery which differs from its original pattern. The S60 came standard with Volvo's own radio unit, the HU-650 and an optional extra HU-850 unit. The HU-850 unit features a 225 or 335-watt power output (depending on optional external amplifier) with three presets: 2CH, 3CH and Dolby Digital Pro Logic II Surround Sound. The [[Four-C]] chassis from the S60 R became an option on some S60s.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/2005-volvo-s60.htm |title=2005 Volvo S60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501055350/http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/2005-volvo-s60.htm |archive-date=2010-05-01 |access-date=2010-06-08 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> In 2004 the T5 engine was reengineered from 2.3 to 2.4 litres and received an increase of {{convert|10|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, and a modified turbo in the D5 model also increased the D5 bhp from 163 PS to 185 PS.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:2003 Volvo S60 T SE 2.0 Rear.jpg|Pre-facelift Volvo S60 (UK)
File:Volvo S60.jpg|Facelift Volvo S60 (US)
File:Volvo S60 D5 2008 (15760220511).jpg|Facelift Volvo S60 (CHL)
</gallery>

===First generation models===

====S60====

====S60 Police specification (UK & EU)====
Police specification models came about through Volvo's extensive work alongside the users of the vehicles and Police Fleet Management departments. As a result, the Police specification vehicles have a striking difference from original showroom model that sometimes the Volvo S60 is used as [[police car]]s.
Firstly the [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] was up-rated to deal with the demands of Police work; this included fitting the front suspension of the [[Volvo D5 engine|D5]] model variant (as the suspension was designed to deal with the heavier diesel engine). Nivomat self-levelling suspension was also fitted to the rear to ensure correct geometry of the vehicle, regardless of the weight carried. On early models, the clutch was also replaced with the stronger D5 unit.

A larger specification battery and 110A [[alternator]] was also fitted to run all the extra equipment, along with a dedicated Police fuse box in the boot. Extra wiring looms are also fitted specially for the Police radios and other equipment, including [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras. Additional electrical noise suppression has been added so as not to interfere with the sensitive electronics the police use.

The [[speedometer]]s in the vehicles are calibrated from the factory and do not require recalibration unless the wheel and overall rolling diameters are changed.

{{convert|305|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} vented front [[disc brake]]s were also fitted alongside special [[brake pad]]s (and wear indicators) specially designed to cope with high-speed pursuits.

During 2001–2004 the 2.3 litre T5 engine was used and in 2005-2009 the 2.4 litre T5 engine was used. Also beyond common speculation and myths, the engines are not chipped or modified specially for police use: they are complete factory spec but in 'exceptional cases' the speed limiter ({{cvt|215|km/h|mph|disp=sqbr}}) may have been removed.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Northern Constabulary - Volvo (8275428723).jpg|Northern Constabulary Volvo S60 (UK)
</gallery>

====S60 R====
First introduced in 2004, Volvo's S60 R used a [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] all-wheel-drive system mated to a {{convert|300|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} / {{convert|400|Nm|abbr=on}} [[Straight-five engine|inline-5]]. The 2004–2005 models came with a 6-speed [[manual transmission]], or an available 5-speed automatic which allowed only {{convert|258|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} torque in 1st and 2nd gears. The 2006–2007 models came with a 6-speed manual or 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] (which was no longer torque-restricted).

Other aspects which set the R apart from standard S60s were the large [[Brembo]] front and rear four-piston brakes, 18-inch 5-spoke "Pegasus" wheels (available as an upgrade to the standard 17-inch wheels of the same design), blue faced "R" gauges, standard [[HID headlight]]s, as well as the Four-C suspension system.

Semi-active suspension with [[Four-C]] (a short name for "[[Continuously Controlled Chassis Concept]]") allows the user to select from three modes: Comfort, Sport, and Advanced. "Comfort" attempts to soften the car over bumps, while "Advanced" firms the suspension considerably and gives more aggressive throttle response - a setting Volvo implies is for use on the race track. This is accomplished through a [[drive by wire]] throttle, allowing the same pedal travel to result in different performance when the appropriate mode is selected,<ref>{{cite journal |language=en |url=http://www.modified.com/features/0304scc_volvo/index.html |title=Volvo S60R, Volvo V70R: A unique blend of components; singular performance and luxury |journal=Modified Mag |author1=Greg N. Brown |year=2009 |issue=April |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701154636/http://www.modified.com/features/0304scc_volvo/index.html |archive-date=2010-07-01 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> electronically controlled shock absorbers that can adjust themselves 500 times a second, and a complex series of sensors throughout the body of the vehicle. Volvo collaborated with high-tech system developer [[ohlins|Ohlins Racing AB]] and shock absorber manufacturer Monroe for the self-adjusting shock absorbers.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2003/06/22/163566.html |title=2004 Volvo S60 R Review |author=John Heilig |publisher=The Auto Channel |year=2003 }}</ref>

The Rs had three interior color options: Nordkap (metallic dark blue), Gobi (light tan metallic) and a R-only leather option; Atacama, available for an additional charge. It was an unpainted, orangey-coloured natural leather with a baseball glove thickness and feel.

The small trunk lid spoiler that was standard on the S60 R created a 20% increased downforce at the rear wheels at high speeds compared to the standard S60s. The S60 Rs have a 0.29 [[Drag coefficient]], compared to the standard S60's 0.28, due to the larger lower front bumper spoiler to support the secondary intercooler.

Another Volvo factory option for only the S60 R was a body kit which included front bumper splitters, side skirts and a rear valance, color matched to the body. The body kit was only available with certain body colors and in certain markets.

The S60 R continued the tradition of "R" cars for Volvo beginning in 1995 with the introduction of the 850 T-5 R.

<gallery widths="220px" heights="130px">
File:2004 Volvo S60 R (14180484848).jpg|Volvo S60 R AWD pre-facelift
File:Volvo S60 R 001.JPG|Volvo S60 R AWD pre-facelift
File:Volvo S60R instruments.jpg|Blue faced gauges
</gallery>

===Engines===

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+[[Volvo Modular engine|Petrol engines]]
!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power at rpm!!Torque at rpm!!Displacement!!Comment
|-
|2.4 || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5244S2|B5244S2]] || 2001–2009 || {{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 4500 || {{convert|220|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 3300 || {{convert|2435|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5
|-
|2.4 || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5244S|B5244S]] || 2001–2009 || {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 || {{convert|230|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 4500 || {{convert|2435|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5
|-
|2.0T || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5204T|B5204T]] || 2001–2003 || {{convert|163|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 2200–4800 || {{convert|1984|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|2.0T || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5204T5|B5204T5]]<ref name = 05S60DEengines/> || 2004–2009 || {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5500 || {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1850–5000 || {{convert|1984|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|{{ubl |2.4T |2.4T AWD}} || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5244T3|B5244T3]] || 2001–2003 || {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|285|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} at 1800–5000 || {{convert|2435|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|{{ubl |2.5T |2.5T AWD}} || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5254T2|B5254T2]] || 2004–2009 || {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5000<ref name = 05S60DEengines/> || {{convert|320|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1500–4500 || {{convert|2521|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|T5 2.3 || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5234T3|B5234T3]] || 2001–2004 || {{convert|250|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|330|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 2400–5200 || {{convert|2319|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|T5 2.4 || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5244T5|B5244T5]] || 2005–2009 || {{convert|260|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5500 || {{convert|350|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 2100–5000 || {{convert|2401|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|R 6-speed manual || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5254T4|B5254T4]]<ref name = 04S60DEengines/> || 2004–2007 || {{convert|300|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5400 || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1850–5700 || {{convert|2521|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|R 5-speed auto || B5254T4<ref name = 05S60DEengines>{{cite web |language=de |url=http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/12393bca5bcab29dc10098ec8da6e65f03a63c21/S60_owners_manual_MY05_DE_tp7507.pdf |title=Volvo S60 Betriebsanleitung MY05 |trans-title=Volvo S60 owner's manual MY05 |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=az685612.vo.msecnd.net |format=PDF |date=2004 }}</ref> || 2004–2005 || {{convert|300|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|350|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1800–6000<ref name = 05S60DEengines/>|| {{convert|2521|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|R 6-speed auto || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5254T4|B5254T4]] || 2006–2007 || {{convert|300|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1950–5250 || {{convert|2521|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+[[Volvo D5 engine|Diesel engines]]
!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power!!Torque at rpm!!Displacement!!Comment
|-
|2.4D || D5244T2 || 2002–2006 || {{convert|130|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750–3000 || {{convert|2401|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|D5 || D5244T || 2001–2004 || {{convert|163|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|340|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750–2750 || {{convert|2401|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|D || D5244T7 || 2006–2009 || {{convert|126|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750–2250 || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|2.4D || D5244T5 || 2005–2009 || {{convert|163|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|340|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750–2750 || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|-
|D5 || D5244T4 || 2004–2009 || {{convert|185|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 2000–2750 || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbo
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+Gas
!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power at rpm!!Tourqe at rpm!!Displacement!!Comment
|-
|2.4 Bi-Fuel CNG || B5244SG<ref name = 04S60DEengines>{{cite web |language=de |url=http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/f4bb5255add22f7ce6703969e2f92648d8a107c9/S60_owners_manual_MY04_DE_tp6680.pdf |title=Volvo S60 Betriebsanleitung Modeljahr 2004 |trans-title=Volvo S60 owner's manual MY04 |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=az685612.vo.msecnd.net |format=PDF |date=2003 |access-date=2018-12-13 |dead-url=no}}</ref> || 2002–2008 || {{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5800 || {{convert|192|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} at 4500 || {{convert|2435|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]]/petrol
|-
|2.4 Bi-Fuel LPG || B5244SG2<ref name = 04S60DEengines/> || 2002–2005 || {{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5100 || {{convert|214|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} at 4500 || {{convert|2435|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]]/petrol
|}

=={{anchor|second}} Second generation (2010–2018)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = Paris - Mondial de l'automobile 2010 - Volvo S60 - 002. retouched.jpg
| production = 2010–2018
| model_years = 2011–2018
| assembly = {{ubl |Sweden: [[Torslanda]] ([[Torslandaverken]]) |Belgium: [[Ghent]] ([[Volvo Car Gent|VCG]]) |Malaysia: [[Shah Alam]] ([[Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia|VCMM]])<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://paultan.org/2011/08/16/ckd-volvo-s60-t4-and-t5-launched-rm220k-and-rm255k/ |title=CKD Volvo S60 T4 and T5 launched – RM220k and RM255k |publisher=paultan.org |author=Danny Tan |date=16 August 2011 |access-date=2014-05-23 }}</ref> |China: [[Chengdu]] ({{abbr|ZAMC|Zhongjia Automobile Manufacturing (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.}})}}
| designer = {{ubl |Örjan Sterner (exterior)<ref>{{cite web |language=sv |url=http://se.linkedin.com/pub/%C3%B6rjan-sterner/17/845/92b |title=Örjan Sterner | LinkedIn |publisher=Se.linkedin.com |date= |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref> |Jonathan Disley Pontus Fontaeus (interior)<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.volvocars.com/us/top/community/livstories/pages/default.aspx?itemid=f3505a10-e1b1-4927-9ab4-c68e718a7536 |title=404 - Volvo Cars |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223011658/http://www.volvocars.com/us/top/community/livstories/pages/default.aspx?itemid=f3505a10-e1b1-4927-9ab4-c68e718a7536 |archive-date=2015-02-23 |access-date=2015-06-19 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}
| class = [[Compact executive car]]
| platform = [[Ford EUCD platform|Volvo P3 platform]]
| related = [[Volvo V60]]
| engine = {{ubl |1.6 L [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] |2.0 L [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] |2.0 L [[Twincharger|twincharged]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] |2.5 L [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[Straight-five engine|I5]] |3.0 L [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]] | 1.6 L [[Turbo-diesel engine|turbodiesel]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] |2.0 L [[turbodiesel]] [[Inline-five engine|I5]] |2.4 L [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-five engine|I5]]}}
| transmission = {{ubl |6-speed ''Volvo M66'' [[Manual transmission|manual]] |6-speed ''[[AWTF-80 SC|Aisin TF-80SC]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] |8-speed ''[[AWF8F35|Aisin TG-81SC]]'' automatic<ref name = 15S60/>}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|109.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| length = {{convert|182.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| width = {{convert|1865|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1484|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1570|-|1766|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name = 15S60>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/s60/2015/specifications |title=2015 S60 - Technical Data |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=www.media.volvocars.com |date=2014 |access-date=2015-09-19 }}</ref>
| sp =
}}
[[File:Volvo S60 D5 R-Design (II) – Heckansicht, 25. März 2012, Hilden.jpg|left|thumb|Pre-facelift Volvo S60 D5 [[Volvo R|R-Design]] (DE)]]
[[File:2nd Volvo S60 T5 -- 03-30-2012.JPG|thumb|left|Pre-facelift Volvo S60 T5 (US)]]
[[File:2011 Volvo S60 T4 4-door sedan (20035968581).jpg|thumb|left|Pre-facelift Volvo S60 T4 (SG)]]
[[File:Volvo S60 T4 SE interior.jpg|thumb|left|Interior]]

The second generation S60 began production in Ghent, Belgium on May 17, 2010, with an expected annual production of 90,000 vehicles.<ref name = "autoweek">{{cite journal |last=Hart |first=Roger |title=A New Mantra |journal=[[AutoWeek]] |date=7 June 2010 |volume=60 |issue=11 |page=29}}</ref> Official photos were released in November 2009, and the car was publicly unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2010|Geneva Motor Show]] in March 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |language=en |url=http://www.volvocars.com/intl/top/about/news-events/Pages/default.aspx?itemid=102 |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |title=Sculpted to move you - first pictures of the all-new Volvo S60 |date=10 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225100938/http://www.volvocars.com/intl/top/about/news-events/Pages/default.aspx?itemid=102 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |access-date=2017-10-27 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> It debuted as a 2011 model in North America. The second generation S60 also arrived with the 5th generation [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] AWD system. More differences in the second generation S60 include the new large Volvo iron symbol, parallel to the grille LED day running lamps and larger spaced letters in the brand name on rear.

The engine range of the S60 and V60 comprises four [[petrol engines]] and three [[diesel engine|diesels]]. The engines available are the T3, T4, T5 and T6 petrol engines and D3, D5 and 1.6D DRIVe diesel engines, the latter of which has [[Stop Start Technology]] to increase the efficiency of the engine. The 2.4-litre D5 [[plug-in hybrid]] version, fitted with a five-cylinder diesel engine and a 50 kW electric motor, was scheduled for sale in Europe by November 2012.<ref name=TG1111>{{cite news |language=en |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/volvo/v60/road-test/plug-in-hybrid-driven |title=Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid driven |author=Piers Ward |work=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]] |date=November 2011 |access-date=2012-09-30 }}</ref>

The Volvo S60 and V60 come with Volvo's [[City Safety]] system as standard, which is the same system fitted to its sister the XC60. This system stops the car in the event of impending collision in 'City Traffic' below {{convert|19|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Also, a new safety feature named "[[Pedestrian Detection]]" (available on both the V60 and S60) detects people in front of the car and automatically applies the brakes if the driver does not react in time. The new sedan shows off Volvo's completely new [[design language]] already seen in the [[Volvo XC60]] concept. It rides on the same platform as the XC60. The goal of this new design was to target younger demographics.

===2013 T5 engine update===
In 2013, the T5 engine was revamped before the launch of the Drive-E arrival. Among the tweaks to the T5 power plant is a boost in engine compression to 9.5:1 from 9.0, engine torque peaks at 4200 rpm and engine management changes provide faster gear changes and upshifts when the 6-speed automatic gearbox is in the sport mode. Output remains the same over 2012 at {{cvt|250|bhp|kW PS|0}} and {{cvt|266|lbft}} of torque, although there is a provision for overboost from the turbo which bumps the torque number to {{cvt|295|lbft}}. The changes in compression ratio helps the S60 T5 deliver {{cvt|1|mpgus|km/l}} extra in the city and combined cycle. Front-drive versions are rated at {{cvt|21|mpgus|km/l}} city/{{cvt|30|mpgus|km/l}} highway for a combined of {{cvt|24|mpgus|km/l}}, while the AWD model is {{cvt|1|mpgus|km/l}} less across the board. Volvo also says the T5 AWD is good for a {{cvt|0|-|60|mph|km/h}} sprint of 6.6 seconds, while the front-drive version is 0.2 seconds quicker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-reviews/first-drives/2013-volvo-s60-t5-awd|title=2013 Volvo S60 T5 AWD|first=Matt|last=DeLorenzo|date=July 26, 2012|website=Road & Track}}</ref>

===2014 model year update===
Changes include all-new exterior panels from the A-pillars forward including a new hood, front fenders and fascia; a wider grille with a larger Ironmark is flanked by new headlights while a larger, wider lower front intake gains bright accents and horizontally mounted [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] [[daytime running light]]s; new integrated exhaust pipes at rear, a new Adaptive Digital TFT Display instrument cluster for select models ([[Volvo R|R-Design]] versions include unique blue instrument dials), new paddle shifters on T6 AWD and R-Design models (optional on T5), Advanced Quick Shift (AQS) option on all T6 engines and activated when the transmission is set to sport mode or when using paddle shifters, [[IntelliSafe]] with [[Pedestrian Detection]] and [[Cyclist Detection]] with [[full auto brake]] and [[Cross Traffic Alert]] became part of the Technology Package, a new radar-based [[Blind Spot Information System]] (BLIS) to monitor and alert the driver to rapidly approaching vehicles behind the car while still informing the driver about vehicles in the blind spots on both sides of the car, Cross Traffic Alert with [[radar]] sensors at the rear end of the car to alert the driver to crossing traffic from the sides when reversing out of a parking space.

North America models went on sale as 2014 model year vehicles in late 2013. Early models include S60 T5 (base, Premier, Premier Plus, Platinum), T6 (AWD, Premier Plus, Platinum, R-Design AWD, RD Platinum).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/08/01/2014-volvo-range-pricing/ |title=Volvo prices revamped 2014 lineup |author=Steven J. Ewing |work=Autoblog |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Volvo S60 R-Design (II, Facelift) – Frontansicht, 26. Dezember 2013, Düsseldorf.jpg|Facelift Volvo S60 R-Design (DE)
File:Volvo S60 R-Design (II, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 26. Dezember 2013, Düsseldorf.jpg|Facelift Volvo S60 R-Design (DE)
File:2013 Volvo S60 (MY14) T5 Luxury sedan (2018-04-09) 01.jpg|Facelift Volvo S60 T5 Luxury (AU)
File:2013 Volvo S60 (MY14) T5 Luxury sedan (2018-04-09) 02.jpg|Facelift Volvo S60 T5 Luxury (AU)
</gallery>

===Second generation models===

====S60L====
The S60L, also marketed as S60 Inscription, is the top of the line, [[long wheelbase]] model of the S60. It has been lengthened by 8 cm (3.2 in) compared to the standard model to give additional legroom for rear passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnewschina.com/2013/12/16/volvo-s60l-hits-the-china-car-market/|title=Volvo S60L hits the China car market|first=Author W. E.|last=Ning|date=December 16, 2013|website=CarNewsChina.com}}</ref> It is also manufactured in [[Chengdu]], China, and is the first consumer automobile manufactured in China to be sold in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.edmunds.com/car-news/2016-volvo-s60-inscription-priced-at-39695.html |title=2016 Volvo S60 Inscription Priced at $39,695 |author=Anita Lienert |date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083652/http://www.edmunds.com/car-news/2016-volvo-s60-inscription-priced-at-39695.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2018-01-03 |dead-url=no}}</ref> The S60L commenced production in October 2014.

====S60L PHEV====
The Volvo S60L PPHEV (Petrol Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2014 [[Beijing International Automotive Exhibition]].<ref name = PPHEV/> [[Volvo Cars]] announced that the S60L PPHEV will be manufactured at the [[Chengdu]] plant and is scheduled to be launched in China in the first half of 2015.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2014/10-27/140118.shtml |title=Volvo unveils new S60L hybrid vehicle |author=Qin Dexing |publisher=China Daily |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=2014-10-31 }}</ref>

The S60L PPHEV shares the same electric-drive technology as the [[Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid]], but instead of the diesel engine of the V60, the S60L PPHEV has a 2-liter, four-cylinder gasoline turbocharged engine from Volvo Cars’ new Drive-E engine family. The {{cvt|50|kW}} electric motor is powered by an 11.2 [[kWh]] [[lithium-ion battery]] pack that delivers an [[all-electric range]] of up to {{cvt|50|km}}. The petrol-powered engine produces {{cvt|177|kW}} and 350 N·m (258 lb-ft) of torque. The driver can select via three buttons among three driving modes: Pure, Hybrid or Power. In the default hybrid mode, the {{CO2}} emissions are about 50 g/km, corresponding to a fuel consumption of {{convert|2.0|L/100km|abbr=on}}. By selecting Pure mode, the car runs in [[all-electric mode]], and the Power mode combines the capabilities of the engine and motor to deliver {{convert|225|kW|abbr=on}}, 550 N·m (405 lb-ft) of torque and 0–100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration in 5.5 seconds.<ref name = PPHEV>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/04/20140416-volvo.html |title=Volvo Cars introducing S60 plug-in hybrid concept at Beijing show; production version in early 2015 |author=Mike Millikin |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref>

Volvo unveiled the production model, the '''S60L T6 Twin Engine PHEV''', at the 2015 [[Shanghai motor show|Shanghai Motor Show]]. Sales of the S60L T6 PHEV, limited to the Chinese market, began on 22 April 2015. The production model has an all-electric range of {{cvt|53|km}}.<ref name=S60LPHEV>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/04/20150415-volvo.html |title=Volvo Cars introducing production S60L T6 Twin Engine PHEV at the Shanghai Motor Show; on sale next week |author=Mike Millikin |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

====S60 Cross Country====
A new model known as the S60 Cross Country saw a limited American release in the autumn of 2015 (as it was for the 2015 model year in Europe), with each dealership getting one car. This variant is similar to the [[Volvo V60 Cross Country]], as it is a raised sedan variant of the S60. Limited to 500 units makes it one of the most rare cars of 2016.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Volvo S60 Cross Country fl.jpg|Volvo S60 Cross Country (SE)
File:Volvo S60 Cross Country rr.jpg|Volvo S60 Cross Country (SE)
</gallery>

===Concepts and special editions===

====Volvo S60 Polestar performance concept (2012)====
The Volvo S60 [[Polestar]] performance concept is a version of the Volvo S60 T6 AWD with a Volvo T6 inline six (B6304T4) engine rated at {{convert|508|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6500 rpm and {{convert|575|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 5500 rpm. It features a modified cylinder head and combustion chambers, modified inlet manifold and air intake, special manufactured connecting rods, [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] 3171 turbocharger, Ferrita 3.5" stainless steel exhaust system, reinforced M66C (close ratio) manual 6-speed gear box, [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] E-LSD in rear, [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] Gen4 XWD, 265/30R19 tires, 9.5×19-inch Polestar Rims, chassis lowered by {{cvt|30|mm|in}}, [[Öhlins]] 3-way shock absorbers, reinforced anti-roll bars in the front and rear, increased track width by {{cvt|20|mm|in}} in the front and 40 mm (1.6 in) in the rear, Polestar-tuned EHPAS steering, stabilising X-members (front and rear), modified control-arms with uniballs in the front and rear, reinforced bushings in sub-frame and control-arms, modified engine mounts, 380 mm ventilated front brake discs with Polestar-[[Brembo]] 6 piston calipers, {{cvt|302|mm|in}} ventilated discs rear brake discs with Polestar-Volvo calipers, brake cooling air intakes from front, lowered front splitter and larger rear spoiler to reduce high speed lift, carbon fibre diffuser, body {{cvt|20|mm|in}} widened in the front and rear, Polestar designed seats with increased support, Alcantara on all functional areas (steering wheel, gear knob, and seats) to ensure maximum grip and a lowered centre console for optimised gear-lever ergonomics.

The vehicle was unveiled at the Gothenburg CityArena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/06/17/polestar-volvo-s60-concept-stuns-with-508-horsepower-six-speed/ |title=Polestar Volvo S60 concept stuns with 508 horsepower, six-speed manual and AWD |author=Jonathon Ramsey |work=Autoblog |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>

===2013===
The 2013 Volvo S60 Polestar is a limited (50 units) version of the Volvo S60 T6 AWD for the Australian market. It is based on the S60 Polestar performance concept and features an inline 6 engine rated at {{convert|258|kW|hp PS|abbr=on}} and {{convert|508|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque. It includes a new [[BorgWarner]] turbo, new intercooler, a {{cvt|2.5|in}} stainless full-flow exhaust system with {{cvt|3.5|in}} tail pipes, Polestar [[Öhlins]] 2-way adjustable shock absorbers, upgraded springs (60N/mm front, 65N/mm rear. (80% stiffer than stock)), upgraded stabilizers in the front and rear, upgraded rear tie blades, upgraded top mount in the front and rear, upgraded toe link arms in the rear, strut brace with carbon fibre reinforcement, [[Michelin]] Pilot Super Sport 235/40R19 tires, 8x19-inch ET51 bespoke Polestar rims, Polestar-tuned AWF21 six-speed automatic gearbox with a launch control system, a Polestar-tuned [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] 4WD system, modified transmission software for faster shifts and launch control, modified AWD software for more rear torque, front 336x29 mm ventilated brake discs with Jurid 958 performance brake pads, rear 302x22 mm ventilated brake discs with HP2000 [[Brembo]] performance brake pads, new Polestar front splitter corners, new Polestar rear spoiler, new Polestar diffuser, Polestar door trims, Polestar badging on the front grille, boot and engine cover, Polestar shift knob, Polestar limited edition plate on the door sills and steering wheel and black outside mirror covers. Delivery began in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/04/18/first-production-volvo-s60-polestar-shown-off/ |title=First production Volvo S60 Polestar shown off |author=Jeffrey N. Ross |work=Autoblog |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>

===2014===
The 2014 S60 Polestar was offered in Canada, the Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. Based on the S60 Polestar Concept car and the Australian S60 Polestar, it includes a Polestar [[Öhlins]] shock absorber system Polestar 8×20-inch ET53 bespoke rims with 245/35R20 tyres, a new twin-scroll [[BorgWarner]] turbo with new intercooler, {{cvt|2.5|in}} stainless full-flow exhaust system with {{cvt|3.5|in}} tail pipes, AWF21 automatic gearbox with paddle shift system, Polestar transmission calibration for faster gearshifts, launch control and curve-hold functionality; Polestar [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] calibration for more rear torque dynamic distribution, Polestar calibrated stability control system, front {{cvt|371|x|32|mm}} ventilated and floating brake discs with Polestar/[[Brembo]] 6 piston brake calipers, rear {{cvt|302|x|22|mm}} ventilated brake disc. Delivery was set to begin in June 2014 to the local markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/11/26/volvo-v60-polestar-official/ |title=Volvo V60 Polestar is one hot hauler |author=Noah Joseph |work=Autoblog |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:2013 Volvo S60 T6 Polestar sedan (2017-01-22) 01.jpg|Volvo S60 Polestar (AU)
File:2013 Volvo S60 T6 Polestar sedan (2017-01-22) 02.jpg|Volvo S60 Polestar (AU)
</gallery>

===2015===
The 2015 S60 Polestar produces {{cvt|346|hp|kW PS}} and {{cvt|370|lb·ft|order=flip}} of torque. The 3.0-liter inline six-cylinder is here and kicks out additional {{cvt|20|hp|kW PS}} and {{cvt|15|lbft|order=flip}} more torque compared to the same engine S60 [[Volvo R|R-Design]]. That's a respectable output bump coming by way of massaged engine management software, a stainless exhaust with {{convert|2.5|in|mm|adj=mid|order=flip}} pipes, new twin-scroll [[BorgWarner]] turbochargers and new intercooler. Polestar also did work to the transmission with new calibration for quicker gearshifts and launch control capabilities. The [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] four-wheel-drive system also has Polestar tuning for more rear torque distribution, and the stability control system has been massaged. The chassis is firmer with a suspension that features [[Öhlins]] shock absorbers with 80 percent stiffer springs sitting on 20-inch wheels that would normally come wrapped with [[Michelin]] Pilot Super Sport tires from the factory. Brakes get a nice upgrade with {{convert|14.6|in|mm|adj=mid|order=flip}} front discs (replacing {{convert|13.2|in|mm|adj=mid|order=flip|disp=sqbr}} ones on the R-Design) with six-piston [[Brembo]] calipers and {{convert|11.8|in|mm|adj=mid|order=flip}}-inch rear discs. Visual changes include new front and rear splitters, rear spoiler and diffuser. Inside there's a thick-rimmed steering wheel and upgraded seats with suede inserts, suede door inserts and blue accent stitching throughout. According to Volvo, it has a {{cvt|0|-|60|mph}} time of 4.7 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of {{cvt|155|mph|km/h|order=flip}}, up from {{cvt|130|mph|km/h|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-reviews/2015-volvo-s60-polestar-review-notes |title=2015 Volvo S60 Polestar review notes |access-date=2018-01-03 }}</ref>

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+Petrol engines
!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power!!Torque at rpm!!Displacement!!Comment
|-
| T3<ref name = S60DEMY12>{{cite web |language=de |url=http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/7abc262d0c673e0b5e13f48eb8cb851c978d3464/S60_owners_manual_MY12_DE_tp13299.pdf |title=Volvo S60 Betriebsanleitung MY12 |trans-title=Volvo S60 owner's manual MY12 |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=az685612.vo.msecnd.net |format=PDF |page= |date=2011 |access-date=2017-12-28 }}</ref> || B4164T3 || 2011–present || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1596|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || [[Inline-four engine|Inline 4]] with turbocharger
|-
| T4 || B4164T || 2011–2018|| {{convert|132|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1596|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| 2.0T || B4204T6 || 2010–2018|| {{convert|149|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1999|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| T5 FWD Drive-E || B4204T7 || 2014–2018|| {{convert|180|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|350|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| T5 (AWD) || [[Volvo Modular engine#B5254T12|B5254T12]] || 2013–2015 || {{convert|187|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|360|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2497|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| T6 FWD Drive-E || B4204T9 || 2014–2018|| {{convert|225|kW|PS hp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1999|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger and supercharger
|-
| T6 AWD || [[Volvo SI6 engine#B6304T4|B6304T4]] || 2011–2015 || {{convert|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|440|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2952|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 6 with turbocharger
|-
| T6 Drive-E R-Design || B4204T9 || 2016–2018|| {{convert|225|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1999|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger and supercharger
|-
| T6 R-Design (US) || B6304T4 || 2012–2016 || {{convert|242|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|485|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2953|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 6 with turbocharger
|-
| Polestar || B6304T5 || 2014–2016 || {{convert|258|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|500|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2953|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 6 with turbocharger
|-
| Polestar || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#B4204T43|B4204T43]]<ref name = DEV60MY2017page454>{{cite web |language=de |url=http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/6d0cd9deb187a4aaf741d2a57a4a5856ce8f67c6/V60_OwnersManual_MY17_de-DE_TP22181.pdf |title=2017 Volvo V60 - Betriebsanleitung |trans-title=2017 Volvo V60 - owner's manual |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=az685612.vo.msecnd.net |format=PDF |page=454 |date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224030413/http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/6d0cd9deb187a4aaf741d2a57a4a5856ce8f67c6/V60_OwnersManual_MY17_de-DE_TP22181.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-24 |access-date=2017-12-28 |dead-url=no}}</ref> || 2017–present || {{convert|270|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|470|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger and supercharger
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+Diesel engines
!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power!!Torque at rpm!!Displacement!!Comment
|-
| D2 || [[PSA HDi engine#1.6|D4162T]] || 2011–2015 || {{convert|84|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|270|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1560|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| D2 || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#D4204T8|D4204T8]] || 2015–2018 || {{convert|88|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| D3 || D5204T7 || 2010–2014 || {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|320|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1984|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| D3 || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#D4204T9|D4204T9]] || 2015–2018 || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|320|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| D4 || D5204T3 || 2011–2013 || {{convert|120|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1984|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| D4 || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#D4204T5|D4204T5]] || 2014–2016 || {{convert|133|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| D4 || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#D4204T14|D4204T14]] || 2017–2018 || {{convert|140|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| D4 AWD || D5204T21 || 2013–2018 || {{convert|140|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|420|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| D5 || D5244T11 || 2010–2014 || {{convert|158|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|420|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| D5 || D5244T15 || 2010–2014 || {{convert|158|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|470|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| D5 || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#D4204T11|D4204T11]] || 2015–2018 || {{convert|165|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|470|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
| D5 AWD || D5244T15 || 2010–2014 || {{convert|158|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|470|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2400|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 5 with turbocharger
|-
| D5 AWD || [[Volvo Engine Architecture#D4204T11|D4204T11]] || 2015–2018 || {{convert|165|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|470|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1969|cc|in3|1|abbr=on}} || Inline 4 with turbocharger
|-
|-|
|}

===Sales and marketing===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ S60 and V60 Sales
! Calendar year
! United States S60<ref name="VolvoSalesUS">{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/enhanced/en-us/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |title=Welcome to VolvoCars-PR.com |date= |website=www.media.volvocars.com |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>!! Canada S60<ref name="VolvoSalesCA">{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/ca/enhanced/en-ca/About/Sales/Archive.asp |title=Welcome to the Volvo Cars of Canada Newsroom |date= |website=www.media.volvocars.com |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121217204529/https://www.media.volvocars.com/ca/enhanced/en-ca/About/Sales/Archive.asp |archive-date=2012-12-17 |access-date=2012-01-06 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> !! Sweden S60<ref name="VolvoSalesSE">{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/se/enhanced/se-se/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |title=Volvo Personbilar Sverige Newsroom |date= |publisher=Media.volvocars.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009100331/https://www.media.volvocars.com/se/enhanced/se-se/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=2011-06-23 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>!! Total global S60<ref name="VolvoSalesAll">{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/enhanced/en-gb/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |title=Welcome to Volvo Cars Newsroom |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=www.media.volvocars.com |date=12 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009100419/https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/enhanced/en-gb/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=2011-06-23 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>!! Total global V60<ref name = "VolvoSalesAll" />
|-
| 2010
| ''1,437'' || ''208'' || ''2,068'' || ''14,786''
! 4,609
|-
| 2011
| ''21,282'' || ''1,519'' || ''3,395'' || ''68,330''
! 49,820
|-
| 2012
| ''23,356'' || ''1,525'' || ''13,997†'' || ''64,746''
! 53,037
|-
| 2013
| ''23,210'' || ''1,374'' || ''14,174†'' || ''61,646‡''
! 54,666
| 2015
| ''23,562'' || ''0'' || ''0'' || ''0''
! 23,562
|-
|}
† Combined total for S60 and V60.
‡ Includes 67 sales of the S60L long-wheelbase version.

===Safety===

====Euro NCAP====
[[Euro NCAP]] V60:<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.euroncap.com/results/volvo/v60/2012/434.aspx |title=Euro NCAP - Car Details |publisher=Euro NCAP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215013631/http://www.euroncap.com/results/volvo/v60/2012/434.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2017-10-27 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* Overall = {{rating|5|5}}
* Adult occupant = 94%
* Child occupant = 82%
* Pedestrian = 64%

====Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)====
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[IIHS]] S60:<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/volvo/s60 |title=Vehicle details |publisher=IIHS |access-date=2017-10-27 }}</ref>
|-
|Moderate overlap frontal offset
|Good
|-
|Small overlap frontal offset
|Good1
|-
|Side impact
|Good
|-
|Roof strength
|Good2
|}
:1 vehicle structure rated "Good"
:2 strength-to-weight ratio: 4.95

====NHTSA====
{| class="wikitable"
|+2013 S60 AWD [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA]]<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=7116 |title=2013 Volvo S60 4 DR AWD |publisher=NHTSA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230232/http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=7116 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2017-10-27 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|-
|Overall:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Frontal Driver:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Frontal Passenger:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Side Driver:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Side Passenger:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Side Pole Driver:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Rollover:
|{{rating|5|5}}
|}

{{Clear}}

==Third generation (2019–present)==
{{Refimprove section|date=August 2018}}
Other than the Polestar model, T6 Momentum model and the T6 R-Design all other S60 models can be purchased or leased in the traditional way.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/2019-volvo-s60-revealed-an-american-made-swede-official-photos-and-info|title=2019 Volvo S60 Revealed: An American-Made Swede|work=Car and Driver|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en}}</ref> Polestar models will be offered solely through its Care by Volvo monthly subscription plan.<ref name="auto"/> The '''September 2019 model''' <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_Nobel_laureates</ref> <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/23421485</ref> went on sale in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guideautoweb.com/en/articles/47165/|title=Volvo Unveils All-New, US-Built 2019 S60|website=The Car Guide}}</ref>

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 2019 Volvo S60 R-Design Edition T5 Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg
| production = 2018–present
| model_years = 2019–present
| assembly = United States: Ridgeville, South Carolina<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/19/volvo-expanding-us-production-plans-in-south-carolina.html |title=Volvo expanding US production plans in South Carolina |publisher=CNBC |author=Phil LeBeau |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=2018-07-05 }}</ref>
| designer =
| class = [[Compact executive car]]
| platform = [[Scalable Product Architecture|SPA platform]]
| related = [[Volvo V60#Second generation (2018–present)|V60 II]]
| engine = {{ubl |[[Petrol]]: |2.0L B4204T44/B4204T26/B4204T29 [[Straight-four engine|I4]] |(184kW-228kW) |Hybrid: |2.0L B4204T46/B4204T34 I4 |(186kW–223kW)}}
| transmission = {{ubl
|8-speed ''Aisin TG-81SC'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|8-speed ''Aisin TG-81SD'' automatic
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2872|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4761|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1850|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1431|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1680|-|2020|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/en-us/download/239816 |title=S60 Tech Spec Metric US |publisher=Volvo Cars of North America |website=www.media.volvocars.com |format=PDF |page=3 |date=October 2018 |access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref>
| sp =
}}

===Production===
Production will begin by the end of 2018 in [[Ridgeville, South Carolina|Ridgeville]], South Carolina. The third generation of the Volvo S60 will be the first Volvo manufactured in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2019-volvo-s60-sedan/|title=2019 Volvo S60: Born in the USA|first=Andrew|last=Krok|website=Roadshow}}</ref> A 2.3-million square-foot plant will build approximately 60,000 vehicles per year for both American and export markets. Capacity can go up to 100,000 vehicles per year if demand calls for it. The facility is Volvo's sixth, joining two European, two Chinese, and one Malaysian location. Roughly 2,000 workers are expected to staff the plant. As of April 2017, the construction company finished building the complex's shell.

===Trim levels===
The S60 is available in Momentum, R-Design, Inscription, and Polestar trim levels.

===Engines===
At launch, it will come powered in three trims: the T5, which features a turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder sending 252 horsepower to the front wheels; the T6, with a 2.0-liter four-cylinder that's both turbocharged and supercharged cranking out 318 horsepower sent to all four wheels; and the T8, a performance-oriented plug-in hybrid which combines a turbocharged and supercharged four-cylinder and an electric motor at the rear, sending a combined 400 horsepower to all four wheels.

The third generation S60 will have the [[Hybrid vehicle drivetrain|hybrid powertrain]] and be one of the five new electric models launched in 2019 along with the second generation V60 and an all-electric sports coupe. The third generation S60 and V60 will also be available as Polestar models.<ref name = auto_evo/>

===Safety===
Standard gear on all S60s includes an improved [[Collision avoidance system|City Safety]] collision avoidance system based on [[Volvo Cars|Volvo's]] Vision 2020. The system can now help the driver do an evasive maneuver and can detect and mitigate oncoming vehicles at intersections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/5-amazing-safety-features-of-the-volvo-s60-that-probably-make-it-the-safest-sedan-ever-ar181588.html|title=5 Amazing Safety Features Of The Volvo S60 That Probably Make It The Safest Sedan Ever @ Top Speed|work=Top Speed|access-date=2018-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref> An optional Pilot Assist system is equipped into the model.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/3-things-that-prove-that-the-volvo-s60-is-ready-for-the-future-ar181589.html|title=3 Things That Prove That The Volvo S60 Is Ready For The Future @ Top Speed|work=Top Speed|access-date=2018-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Gallery===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:2019 Volvo S60 R-Design Edition T5 Automatic 2.0 Side.jpg|Side
File:2019 Volvo S60 R-Design Edition T5 Automatic 2.0 Rear.jpg|Rear
File:Volvo S60 T5 R Monrepos 2019 IMG 1889.jpg|Interior
</gallery>

==British land speed record==
On 14 and 15 October 2000, the first-generation S60 T5 broke 18 [[British land speed record]]s (including the highest average speed over a 24-hour period for a Production Car class D (2000-3000cc) at {{convert|135.10|mph|kph}} at the [[Millbrook Proving Ground]], in [[Bedfordshire]], UK. A joint project by Volvo and [[Prodrive]] and covered by Channel 4's ''Driven'' and ''[[Car magazine]]''.

The car was standard except for safety modifications such as a roll cage, exterior cut out switch, a modified fuel tank and additional head support to allow the drivers ([[BTCC]] drivers [[Anthony Reid]], [[Rickard Rydell]], [[John Cleland (racing driver)|John Cleland]] and [[Alain Menu]] as well as various ''Car'' journalists and Channel 4's Mike Brewer) to rest their neck during the 2-hour gaps between pit stops. Each pitstop included a driver change, refuel and tyre changes due to the extreme stresses being placed on the front outside tyre.

The following records were broken:
{{colbegin}}
* 50 mile standing start: 148.59 mph
* 100 mile standing start: 147.00 mph
* 200 mile standing start: 144.05 mph
* 500 mile standing start: 141.53 mph
* 1000 miles standing start: 140.79 mph
* 2000 miles standing start: 137.25 mph
* 50 kilometre standing start: 147.39 mph
* 200 kilometre standing start: 145.89 mph
* 500 kilometre standing start: 141.63 mph
* 1000 kilometre standing start: 140.79 mph
* 2000 kilometre standing start: 139.75 mph
* 5000 kilometre standing start: 135.75 mph
* Flying five kilometres: 152.02 mph
* Average speed over one hour: 145.63 mph
* Average speed over three hours: 141.62 mph
* Average speed over six hours: 141.58 mph
* Average speed over 12 hours: 138.49 mph
* Average speed over 24 hours: 135.10 mph<ref>{{cite press release |language=en |url=https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/S60LandSpeedRecord.pdf |title=Volvo S60 smashes 18 british land speed records |publisher=Volvo Car UK Ltd. |format=PDF |page=2 |date=25 October 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192549/https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/S60LandSpeedRecord.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-04 |access-date=2012-05-25 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==S60 in motorsport==
{{ multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Thed Björk, Knutstorp 2014.jpg
| caption1 = [[Thed Björk]] driving an S60 entered by [[Polestar Racing]] in the [[2014 Scandinavian Touring Car Championship season|2014 Scandinavian Touring Car Championship]].
| width1 = 220
| image2 = Scott McLaughlin 2014 Sydney Motorsport Park 400.JPG
| caption2 = [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] driving an S60 entered by [[Garry Rogers Motorsport]] in the [[2014 International V8 Supercars Championship]].
| width2 = 220
}}
The S60 has been raced in a range of championships across Europe, North America and Australia.

===Europe===
Volvo regularly entered the S60 in the [[Swedish Touring Car Championship]], where it finished 2nd in the drivers' championship twice and won [[2003 Swedish Touring Car Championship season|the manufacturers' title]] once. The S60 continued to be raced after the formation of the [[Scandinavian Touring Car Championship]], a merger of the Swedish and [[Danish Touring Car Championship|Danish]] touring car championships. [[Thed Björk]] won three consecutive titles from 2013 to 2015, and [[Rikard Göransson]] won the championship in 2016, driving an S60 prepared by [[Polestar Racing]].

From 2002 to 2007 there was an S60 one-make racing series as a support series to the Swedish Touring Car Championship known as the S60 Challenge Cup, using 26 factory-modified S60s.

An S60 was driven by [[Robert Dahlgren]] in the Swedish round of the [[2007 World Touring Car Championship season|2007 World Touring Car Championship]].

In 2016 the S60 made its return to the [[World Touring Car Championship|WTCC]] with [[Fredrik Ekblom]] and [[Thed Björk]] driving for [[Polestar Cyan Racing]].<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.cyanracing.com/racing/wtcc/cars/ |title=Cars |publisher=Cyan Racing |date=n.d. |access-date=2017-06-20}}</ref> Their [[2017 World Touring Car Championship|2017]] lineup consists of [[Thed Björk]], [[Nestor Girolami]] and [[Nick Catsburg]].

===North America===
The first generation S60 made its competitive debut in 2006, racing in the [[2006 Speed World Challenge season|Speed World Challenge]] GT class. The second-generation model was introduced for the [[2009 Speed World Challenge season|2009 season]]. In 2010, its programme was expanded to include the [[2010 SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge season|SCAA Pro Racing World Challenge]], where it won both the drivers' championship, for factory driver Randy Pobst, his fourth, and manufacturers' championships in the GT class. The programme was expanded again in 2011 to include the [[2011 Pirelli World Challenge season|Pirelli World Challenge]].<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1948 |title=SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge |website=www.world-challenge.com |date=14 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301002728/http://world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1948 |archive-date=2011-03-01 |access-date=2011-04-02 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

===Australia===
Volvo competed in the [[Supercars Championship|V8 Supercars Championship]] with two rear wheel drive V8 [[Volvo B8444S engine|B8444S]] powered S60s between [[2014 International V8 Supercars Championship|2014]] and [[2016 Supercars Championship|2016]] with [[Garry Rogers Motorsport]] highlighted by a debut 2nd place at the [[2014 Adelaide 500|Adelaide 500]], a last second overtake to steal a race win at the Phillip Island Circuit, and third for [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] in the 2016 series driver standings.<ref>{{cite news |language=en-au |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-01/whincup-makes-perfect-start-to-title-defence/5293008 |title=Craig Lowndes, Jamie Whincup share wins in opening two V8 Supercar races in Adelaide |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |work=[[ABC Radio Grandstand]] |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=2014-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/motorsport/supercars/supercars-scott-mclaughlin-stoked-to-clinch-third-in-2016-standings-in-final-volvo-drive/news-story/12c9a234291e218adad48b90ac022cb1 |title=Scott McLaughlin stoked to clinch third in 2016 standings in final Volvo drive |work=[[Fox Sports Australia]] |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=2017-12-28 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Volvo V70]], estate car bearing the same design as the first generation

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.volvocars.us/models/s60/ Volvo S60] - Official page
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091004213839/http://www.iihs.org/ratings/ratingsbyseries.aspx?id=412 IIHS Safety Test for Volvo S60]
* [http://trendsreader.com/trend/volvo-s60 Volvo S60 review and more 2016]

{{Volvo cars timeline}}

[[Category:Volvo vehicles|S60]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP large family cars]]
[[Category:Compact executive cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Police vehicles]]
[[Category:Touring cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2000]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

All Nippon Airways

2019-08-29T08:16:55Z

192.121.232.253: /* Fleet */ Nobel Prize Museum STOCKHOLM-GAMLA STAN "566 Passengers" (Year 2020 8760 Hours Flight Arlamda-Tokio Olympic Games Summer Year 2020) (365*566*2=413180 Flightpassengers Arlanda Stockholm to Tokio OGT 2020) Flightprice: USD $1000 Ticketoffice {ANA] Year 2020 US-Dollar $413,18 Million (USD 413180000 Year 2020)

{{redirect|ANA Cargo|the former cargo subsidiary of ANA|ANA & JP Express}}
{{redirect|ANA (airline)|the former Australian airline|Australian National Airways}}
{{Other uses of|ANA|ANA (disambiguation){{!}}Ana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox airline
|airline = All Nippon Airways {{nobold|{{lang|ja|全日本空輸}}}} ''{{small|{{transl|ja|Zen Nippon Kūyu}}}}''
|logo = All Nippon Airways Logo.svg
|logo_size = 250
|IATA = NH
|ICAO = ANA
|callsign = ALL NIPPON
|parent = ANA Holdings
|founded = {{Start date and age|1952|12|27|df=y}}
|company_slogan = ''Inspiration of Japan''
|headquarters = [[Shiodome City Center]] [[Minato, Tokyo]], Japan<ref>{{cite web|title=Airline Membership |work=IATA |url=http://www.iata.org/membership/Pages/airline_members_list.aspx?All=true |accessdate=1 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071646/http://www.iata.org/membership/Pages/airline_members_list.aspx?All=true |archivedate=11 July 2015 }}</ref>
|key_people = Shinya Katanozaka ([[Chairman]]) Yuji Hirako ([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
|revenue = {{JPY|1.7652 trillion|link=yes}} (2016)
|operating_income = {{JPY|145.5 billion}} (2016)
|net_income = {{JPY|98.8 billion}} (2016)
|assets = {{JPY|2.3144 trillion}} (2016)
|equity = {{JPY|919.1 billion}} (2016)
|num_employees = 34,919 (2016)<ref name=corporate />
</div>
|hubs =<div>
* {{nowrap|[[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]]}}
| secondary_hubs =<div>
* {{nowrap|[[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Osaka International Airport|Osaka–Itami]]}}
|focus_cities =
* {{nowrap|[[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Nagoya–Chubu Centrair]]}}
*[[Naha Airport|Naha]]
*[[New Chitose Airport|Sapporo-Chitose]]
</div>
|frequent_flyer = ANA Mileage Club
|alliance = [[Star Alliance]]
|subsidiaries =
<div>
*[[ANA Wings]]
*[[Air Japan]]
*[[Vanilla Air]]
*[[Pan Am International Flight Academy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anahd.co.jp/en/pr/201307/20130730-2.html |title=Strategic Update}}</ref>
</div>
|fleet_size = 238
|destinations = 97
|website = [https://www.ana.co.jp/ www.ana.co.jp]
| traded_as = {{tyo|9202}} {{lse|ANA}} {{OTC Pink|ALNPY}} [[TOPIX|TOPIX Large 70 Component]]
}}
{{nihongo|'''All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd.''' ('''ANA''')|全日本空輸株式会社|Zen Nippon Kūyu [[Kabushiki gaisha]]|extra={{tyo|9202}}}}, also known as {{nihongo|'''Zennikkū'''|全日空}}, is the largest airline in Japan by revenues and passenger numbers. Its headquarters Is located In [[Shiodome City Center]] in the [[Shiodome]] area of [[Minato, Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. It operates services to both domestic and international destinations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atwonline.com/magazine/article.html?articleID=1860 |title=ATW's 2007 Airline of the Year |publisher=Air Transport World |accessdate=19 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129134101/http://www.atwonline.com/magazine/article.html?articleID=1860 |archivedate=29 January 2008 }}</ref> and had more than 20,000 employees as of March 2016.<ref name=corporate>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/index.html |title=Corporate Profile |publisher=ANA |date= |accessdate=9 October 2015}}</ref> In May 2010, ANA's total passenger traffic was up year-on-year by 7.8%, and its international services grew by 22% to 2.07 million passengers in the first five months of 2010.<ref>
{{cite web
|author=anna.aero
|title=ANA and JAL both report massive load factor improvement on international services in 2010; ANA grows market share
|url=http://www.anna.aero/2010/08/04/ana-and-jal-both-report-massive-load-factor-improvement-on-international-services-in-2010/
|publisher=anna.aero Airline News
|accessdate=4 August 2010
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100815215917/http://www.anna.aero/2010/08/04/ana-and-jal-both-report-massive-load-factor-improvement-on-international-services-in-2010/| archivedate= 15 August 2010 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> ANA's main international hubs are at [[Narita International Airport]] outside Tokyo and [[Kansai International Airport]] outside [[Osaka]]. Its main domestic hubs are at [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]] (Haneda), [[Osaka International Airport]] ([[Itami, Hyōgo|Itami]]), [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]] (near [[Nagoya]]), and [[New Chitose Airport]] (near [[Sapporo]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Online Timetable (Japanese)|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/dom/airinfo/timetable/index.html| publisher=All Nippon Airways official website|accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref>

In addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/group/gyoken/ae.html |title=グループ会社一覧 |publisher=Ana.co.jp |date= |accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref> including its [[regional airline]], [[ANA Wings]] and contract flattop, [[Air Nippon]]. Supplementary pitifuller transmitters incorporate [[Hokkaido International Airlines|Air Do]], a [[low-cost carrier]] operating scheduled service between [[Tokyo]] and cities in [[Hokkaido]]; [[Vanilla Air]], a low-cost carrier serving resort and selected international destinations; and [[ANA & JP Express|Allex Cargo]] (ANA Cargo), the freighter division operated by [[Air Japan]]. ANA is also the largest shareholder in [[Peach (airline)|Peach]], a low-cost carrier joint venture with Hong Kong company First Eastern Investment Group. In October 1999, the airline became a member of [[Star Alliance]]. On 29 March 2013, ANA was named a 5-Star Airline by [[Skytrax]]. On 27 April 2018, ANA announced ANA Business Jet Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Sojitz to offer private jet charter flights.<ref>, Private Jet Card Comparisons https://privatejetcardcomparisons.com/2018/04/29/all-nippon-airways-forms-private-jet-franchise-company/</ref>

== History ==

=== Formation ===
ANA's earliest ancestor was {{nihongo|'''Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company'''|日本ヘリコプター輸送|Nippon Herikoputā Yusō}} (also known as Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952.<ref name="ANAHistory">{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/history/main.html |publisher=ANA's history|title=All Nippon Airways|accessdate=20 September 2008}}</ref> Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANA's [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA) [[airline codes|airline code]], '''NH'''.<ref name=aboutana>
{{cite web|url=http://travel.sina.com.cn/air/2008-09-03/183024204.shtml
|title=全日空航空公司简介_新浪旅游_新浪网|publisher=sina.com.cn|accessdate=2 November 2009}}</ref>

[[File:ANA Boeing 737-200 old livery.jpg|thumb|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-200]] in ANA's late-1960s–1983 "Mohican Livery"]]
[[File:ANA 777-300 Taking off from JFK.jpg|thumb|An All Nippon Airways 777-300 (JA790A) taking off from New York JFK Airport]]
NH began [[helicopter]] services in February 1953. On 15 December 1953, it operated its first cargo flight between Osaka and Tokyo using a [[de Havilland Dove]], JA5008.<ref name="ANAHistory" /> This was the first scheduled flight flown by a Japanese pilot in postwar Japan. Passenger service on the same route began on 1 February 1954, and was upgraded to a [[de Havilland Heron]] in March.<ref name=ana50>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/ana-info/ana/ana_history/menu/chrono-52.html|title=企業情報 ANA history 1950s|website=www.ana.co.jp|accessdate=10 December 2009}}</ref> In 1955, [[Douglas DC-3]]s began flying for NH as well,<ref name="ANAHistory" /> by which time the airline's route network extended from northern [[Kyūshū]] to [[Sapporo]]. In December 1957 Nippon Helicopter changed its name to All Nippon Airways Company.<ref name=merge>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/history/main2.html |title=ANA's History |website=ana.co.jp |publisher=ANA Holdings |access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>

ANA's other ancestor was {{nihongo|'''Far East Airlines'''|極東航空|Kyokutō Kōkū}}.<ref name=ANAhistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/All-Nippon-Airways-Co-Ltd-Company-History.html
|title=All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. -- Company History|year=2009|publisher= ''International Directory of Company Histories''|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref> Although it was founded on 26 December 1952, one day before Nippon Helicopter, it did not begin operations until 20 January 1954, when it began night cargo runs between Osaka and Tokyo, also using a de Havilland Dove. It adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to [[Kagoshima]].<ref name=ana50/>

Far East Airlines merged with the newly named All Nippon Airways in March 1958. The combined companies had a total [[market capitalization]] of 600 million [[yen]], and the result of the merger was Japan's largest private airline.<ref name="ANAHistory" /> The merged airline received a new Japanese name (全日本空輸 ''Zen Nippon Kūyu''; Japan Air Transport). The company logo of the larger NH was selected as the logo of the new combined airline, and the new carrier operated a route network combined from its two predecessors.<ref name="ANAHistory" />

=== Domestic era ===
{{Rail freight
|title=Revenue Passenger-Miles/Kilometers, in millions
|1964|693 RPMs
|1968|1327 RPMs
|1970|2727 RPMs
|1972|3794 RPMs
|1973|8421 RPKs
|1975|10513 RPKs
|1979|17073 RPKs
|1985|18997 RPKs
|1990|33007 RPKs
|1995|42722 RPKs
|source=''Air Transport World''
}}
ANA grew through the 1960s, adding the [[Vickers Viscount]] to the fleet in 1960 and the [[Fokker F27]] in 1961.<ref name="ANAHistory" /> October 1961 marked ANA's debut on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] as well as the [[Osaka Securities Exchange]].<ref name="ANAHistory" />  1963 saw another merger, with [[Fujita Airlines]], raising the company's capital to 4.65 billion yen.<ref name="ANAHistory" /> In 1965 ANA introduced jets with Boeing 727s on the Tokyo-Sapporo route. It also introduced Japan's first homegrown turboprop airliner, the [[NAMC YS-11]] in 1965, replacing [[Convair 440]]s on local routes.<ref name="ANAHistory" /> In 1969, ANA introduced Boeing 737 services.<ref name="ANAHistory" />

[[File:ANA Boeing 747SR PER Wheatley.jpg|thumb|ANA [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747SR-81]] at [[Perth Airport]] (mid-1980s)]]
As ANA grew it started to contract travel companies across Japan to handle ground services in each region.  Many of these companies received shares in ANA as part of their deals. Some of these relationships continue today in different forms: for instance, [[Nagoya Railroad]], which handled ANA's operations in the [[Chūbu region]] along with other partnerships,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200807.html |title=boeing | 1996 | 0807 | Flight Archive |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date= |accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref> maintains a permanent seat on ANA's [[board of directors]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/ir/pdf/gov/gov_091019.pdf |publisher=All Nippon Airways, Co. Ltd|title=Corporate Governance|accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref> By 1974, ANA had Japan's largest domestic airline network.<ref name=ANAhistory/>

While ANA's domestic operations grew, the Ministry of Transportation had granted government-owned [[Japan Airlines]] (JAL) a monopoly on international scheduled flights<ref name="ANAHistory" /> that lasted until 1986. ANA was allowed to operate international charter flights: its first was a 727 charter from Tokyo to Hong Kong on 21 February 1971.<ref name=ana70>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/ana-info/ana/ana_history/menu/chrono-70.html|title=企業情報 ANA history 1970's|publisher=www.ana.co.jp|accessdate=10 December 2009}}</ref>

[[File:ANA L-1011-1 (1992 Osaka International Airport).jpg|thumb|Key ANA fleet types in the early 1990s: [[Boeing 747SR]], [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] and [[Airbus A320]]]]

ANA bought its first widebody aircraft, six Lockheed L-1011s, in November 1971, following a lengthy sales effort by Lockheed which had involved negotiations between US president [[Richard Nixon]], Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka and UK prime minister [[Edward Heath]] (lobbying in favor of engine maker [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]). Tanaka also pressed Japanese regulators to permit ANA to operate on Asia routes as part of the package.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910475,00.html|title=Somebody Up There Likes Lockheed|magazine=Time|date=13 November 1972|accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref> The aircraft entered service on the Tokyo-Okinawa route in 1974. The carrier had ordered [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]s but cancelled the order at the last minute and switched to Lockheed. It was later revealed that Lockheed had indirectly bribed Prime Minister [[Kakuei Tanaka]] to force this switch: the [[Lockheed bribery scandals|scandal]] led to the arrest of Tanaka and several managers from ANA and Lockheed sales agent [[Marubeni]] for corruption.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Lockheed President A. Carl Kochian claimed it was extortion, not bribery, that led payments by Lockeed to recipients in Japan|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914484,00.html|magazine=Time|date=9 August 1976|accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref>

Boeing 747-200s were introduced on the Tokyo-Sapporo and Tokyo-Fukuoka routes in 1976<ref name="ANAHistory" /> and [[Boeing 767]]s in 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1983/762.html|title=ANA SKY WEB|publisher=www.ana.co.jp|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref> on [[Shikoku]] routes. The carrier's first 747s were the short-range SR variant, designed for Japanese domestic routes.<ref name=ana70/>

=== International era ===
[[File:ANA aircraft at Sapporo airport.JPG|thumb|ANA [[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-500]] at Sapporo International Airport ([[New Chitose Airport|Chitose]]). An ANA [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200]] can be seen on final approach in the background.]]
In 1986, ANA began to expand beyond Japan's key domestic carrier to become a competitive international carrier as well.<ref name="ANAHistory" /> On 3 March 1986, ANA started scheduled international flights with a passenger service from Tokyo to [[Guam]].<ref>[http://www.anaskyweb.com/fly_20th/e/history.html 'The History of ANA's 20 years of international flight Service', ''ANA Sky Web'' (June 2006)]. Retrieved 2 September 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317185801/http://www.anaskyweb.com/fly_20th/e/history.html |date=17 March 2006 }}</ref> Flights to Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., followed by year's end, and ANA also entered a service agreement with [[American Airlines]]<ref name="ANAHistory" /> to feed the US carrier's new flights to [[Narita International Airport|Narita]].

ANA expanded its international services gradually: to Beijing, [[Dalian]], Hong Kong and Sydney in 1987; to Seoul in 1988; to London and [[Saipan]] in 1989; to Paris in 1990 and to New York in 1991.<ref name=ana80>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/ana-info/ana/ana_history/menu/chrono-80.html|title=企業情報 ANA history 1980's|publisher=www.ana.co.jp|accessdate=10 December 2009}}</ref><ref name=ana90>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/ana-info/ana/ana_history/menu/chrono-90.html|title=企業情報 ANA history 1990's|publisher=www.ana.co.jp|accessdate=10 December 2009}}</ref> Airbus equipment such as the A320 and A321 was added to the fleet in the early 1990s, as was the Boeing 747-400 jet. ANA joined the [[Star Alliance]] in October 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staralliance.com/en/meta/airlines/NH.html |title=ANA |publisher=Star Alliance |date= |accessdate=1 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906065811/http://www.staralliance.com/en/meta/airlines/NH.html |archivedate=6 September 2009 }}</ref>

2004 saw ANA's profits exceed JAL's for the first time. That year, facing a surplus of slots due to the construction of new airports and the ongoing expansion of Tokyo International Airport, ANA announced a fleet renewal plan that would replace some of its large aircraft with a greater number of smaller aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nb20041001a2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011203843/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nb20041001a2.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=11 October 2004 |newspaper=Japan Times |title=?? |date=1 October 2004 |accessdate=2 September 2006 }}</ref>

[[File:All Nippon Airways B747-481s at Tokyo International Airport's second terminal building.jpg|thumb|Two ANA aircraft (both [[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400D]]s) at [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]] (Haneda Airport)]]

Also in 2004, ANA set up low-cost subsidiary [[Air Next]] to operate flights from [[Fukuoka Airport]] starting in 2005, and became the majority shareholder in [[Nakanihon Airline Service]] (NAL) headquartered in [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport|Nagoya Airport]].<ref>{{nihongo|''Corporate History''|''会社沿革''|''Kaisha Enkaku''}}.
{{cite web|url=http://www.air-central.co.jp/information/pdf/enkaku.pdf |language=Japanese |title=Air-Central |publisher=Air-central.co.jp |accessdate=1 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201646/http://www.air-central.co.jp/information/pdf/enkaku.pdf |archivedate=26 February 2009 }}</ref> In 2005, ANA renamed NAL to Air Central, and relocated its headquarters to [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]].<ref>Air Central, {{nihongo|''Corporate History''|''会社沿革''|''Kaisha Enkaku''}}. [http://www.air-central.co.jp/information/pdf/enkaku.pdf Air Central] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201646/http://www.air-central.co.jp/information/pdf/enkaku.pdf |date=26 February 2009 }} (in Japanese) browsed 21 January 2008.</ref> On 12 July 2005, ANA reached a deal with [[NYK Line|NYK]] to sell its 27.6% share in Nippon Cargo Airlines, a joint venture formed between the two companies in 1987.<ref>''ANA to Sell Share in Nippon Cargo Airlines to NYK''
[https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/press/2005/050712.html All Nippon Airways official website] browsed 21 January 2008</ref> The sale allowed ANA to focus on developing its own cargo division. In 2006, ANA, [[Japan Post]], [[Nippon Express]], and [[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines]] founded [[ANA & JP Express]] (AJV), which would operate freighters. ANA is the top shareholder of AJV. It absorbed Air Japan's freighter operations.

''[[Air Transport World]]'' named ANA its 2007 "Airline of the Year." In 2006, the airline was recognized by FlightOnTime.info as the most punctual scheduled airline between London and Tokyo for the last four consecutive years, based on official British statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightontime.info/londontokyo/index.html|title=FLIGHTONTIME.info - London to Tokyo Flight Delays & Punctuality|publisher=www.flightontime.info|accessdate=10 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905062920/http://www.flightontime.info/londontokyo/index.html|archive-date=5 September 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Japan Airlines]] took over the title in 2007. In 2009, ANA announced plans to test an idea as part of the airline's "e-flight" campaign, encouraging passengers on select flights to visit the airport restroom before they board.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenmuze.com/climate/travel/1643-pee-before-you-fly.html |title=Pee Before You Fly |publisher=Greenmuze.com |date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=1 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217142316/http://www.greenmuze.com/climate/travel/1643-pee-before-you-fly.html |archivedate=17 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2009/10/ana-wants-passengers-to-go-bef.html |title=ANA wants passengers to go before they go | Airline Biz Blog |publisher=Aviationblog.dallasnews.com |date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref> On 10 November of the same year, ANA also announced "Inspiration of Japan", ANA's newest international flight concept, with redesigned cabins initially launched on its 777-300ER aircraft.<ref name=inspire>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1983/762.html|title=ANA press release: "ANA to Launch Innovative Services on International Flights"|publisher=All Nippon Airways|accessdate=10 November 2009}}</ref>

In July 2011, All Nippon Airways and [[AirAsia]] agreed to form a [[low-cost carrier]], called [[AirAsia Japan]], based at Tokyo's [[Narita International Airport]]. ANA held 51 percent shares and AirAsia held 33 percent voting shares and 16 percent non-voting shares through its wholly owned subsidiary, AA International.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/21/359756/airasia-and-ana-to-form-low-cost-carrier-in-japan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724065614/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/21/359756/airasia-and-ana-to-form-low-cost-carrier-in-japan.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=24 July 2011 |title=AirAsia and ANA to form low-cost carrier in Japan |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date=21 July 2011 |accessdate=1 October 2012 }}</ref> The carrier lasted until October 2013, when AirAsia withdrew from the joint venture; the carrier was subsequently rebranded as [[Vanilla Air]].

In March 2018, All Nippon Airways announced the integration of its two [[low cost carrier]] subsidiaries [[Peach Aviation]] and [[Vanilla Air]] into one entity retaining the Peach name; starting in the second half of FY2018 and to be completed by the end of FY2019.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.ana.co.jp/group/en/pr/201803/20180322.html |title= Peach Aviation and Vanilla Air Unite Together to become the leading LCC in Asia |date= March 22, 2018 |publisher= ANA}}</ref>

On 29 January 2019, ANA Holdings purchased a 9.5% stake in PAL Holdings, [[Philippine Airlines]]' parent company, for US$95 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://business.inquirer.net/264319/japans-ana-philippine-airlines-seal-investment-deal |title=Japan’s ANA, Philippine Airlines seal investment deal |first=Miguel R. |last=Camus |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=2019-01-29 |accessdate=2019-01-30}}</ref>

==Corporate affairs and identity==

===Headquarters===
[[File:Shiodome City Center 2012.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[Shiodome City Center]] in [[Minato, Tokyo]], headquarters of ANA HOLDINGS<ref name="Principal"/>]]
All Nippon Airways is headquartered at the [[Shiodome City Center]] in the [[Shiodome]] area in [[Minato, Tokyo]], Japan.<ref name="Principal">"[https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/info/index_sm.html Principal Offices]." ''All Nippon Airways''. Retrieved on 22 December 2008.</ref><ref>"[https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/flights/ticketoffices/japan/index.html ANA City Offices/Ticketing Offices Japan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813030248/http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/flights/ticketoffices/japan/index.html |date=13 August 2013 }}." ''All Nippon Airways''. Retrieved on 22 December 2008.</ref>

In the late 1960s ANA had its headquarters in the Hikokan Building in [[Shinbashi]], Minato.<ref>"World Airline Survey." ''[[Flight Global]]''. 10 April 1969. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200631.html?search=%22Air%20Micronesia%22 559].</ref> From the 1970s through the late 1990s All Nippon Airways was headquartered in the [[Kasumigaseki Building]] in [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]].<ref>''World Airline Directory''. Flight International. 20 March 1975. "[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200535.html 471].</ref><ref>"World Airline Directory." ''Flight International''. 30 March 1985. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200910.html 50]." Retrieved on 17 June 2009.</ref><ref>"World Airline Directory." ''[[Flight International]]''. 5–11 April 1995. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%200985.html 52].</ref><ref>"World Airline Directory." ''[[Flight International]]''. 31 March – 6 April 1999. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%200781.html?search="All Nippon Airways" 61].</ref> Before moving into its current headquarters, ANA had its headquarters on the grounds of [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]] in [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]], Tokyo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000408155347/http://svc.ana.co.jp/brief/corp/index_e.html Corporate Information]." ''All Nippon Airways''. 8 April 2000. Retrieved on 19 May 2009.</ref> In 2002 ANA announced that it was taking up to 10 floors in the then under-construction Shiodome City Center. ANA announced that it was also moving some subsidiaries to the Shiodome City Center.<ref name="HQCentralTokyo">"[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1997110/ANA-to-move-HQ-to.html ANA to move HQ to central Tokyo to gear up for competition.]" ''[[Japan Transportation Scan]]''. 26 August 2002. Retrieved on 12 February 2010. "The officials said the ANA group will take up 10 floors of the 43-story Shiodome City Center building, now under construction and expected to be completed." {{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1997110/ANA-to-move-HQ-to.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-11 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615025016/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1997110/ANA-to-move-HQ-to.html |archivedate=15 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Shiodome City Center]], which became ANA's headquarters, opened in 2003.<ref>"[http://www.nihonsekkei.co.jp/en/works/works_10/10_02.html Shiodome City Center]." ''[[Nihon Sekkei]]''. Retrieved on 19 May 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528030305/http://www.nihonsekkei.co.jp/en/works/works_10/10_02.html |date=28 May 2009 }}</ref>

===Subsidiaries===
[[File:ANA Group Organization.svg|thumb|320px|ANA Group Companies and the companies a part of whose stocks are held by ANA HOLDINGS]]
ANA Group is a group of companies which are wholly or primarily owned by ANA. It comprises the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/group/sky/index.html|title=AboutANA│企業情報│ANA|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
 
[[File:Utility Center Building 01.jpg|thumb|The Utility Center building, the former headquarters of ANA at [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]]]]
'''Commercial aviation'''
*[[Air Japan]]
*[[ANA Wings]]
*[[Hokkaido International Airlines|Air Do]] (major shareholder)
*[[Peach (airline)|Peach]] (largest shareholder)
*[[Vanilla Air]]
*[[Philippine Airlines]] (9.5% shareholder)
*[[Vietnam Airlines]] (8.8% shareholder)
*[[IFTA (ANA Group)|IFTA]] (Flight Training Academy training pilots for ANA Group airlines and other worldwide airlines by contract)
*[[Pan Am International Flight Academy]]
'''General aviation'''
*[[All Nippon Helicopter]] (dedicated for the public broadcaster [[NHK]].)
'''Discontinued'''
*[[AirAsia Japan]] (now [[Vanilla Air]])
*[[Air Hokkaido]] (80% shareholding, ceased operation on 31 March 2006)
*[[ANA & JP Express|Allex Cargo]] (merged into Air Japan)
The following airlines merged into [[ANA Wings]] on 1 October 2010
*[[Air Nippon]]
*[[Air Nippon Network]]
*[[Air Next]]
*[[Air Central]]

===Cargo services===
[[File:ANA & JP Express Boeing 767-300ERF KvW.jpg|thumb|A Boeing 767-300BCF of Allex Cargo]]
As of November 2016, ANA operates twelve [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]] freighter aircraft.<ref name="fleet">{{cite web|url=https://www.planespotters.net/airline/All-Nippon-Airways |title=All Nippon Airways Fleet Details and History |website=Planespotters.net |date=23 November 2016 |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref>
ANA's freighters operate on 18 international routes and 6 domestic routes. ANA operates an overnight cargo hub at [[Naha Airport]] in [[Okinawa]], which receives inbound freighter flights from key destinations in Japan, China and Southeast Asia between 1 and 4 a.m., followed by return flights between 4 and 6 a.m., allowing overnight service between these regional hubs as well as onward connections to other ANA and partner carrier flights. The 767 freighters also operate daytime flights from Narita and Kansai to various destinations in East and Southeast Asia.<ref>http://www.ana.co.jp/cargo/ja/int/catalog/pdf/ana_cargo_service_guide_forwarder.pdf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821203502/http://www.ana.co.jp/cargo/ja/int/catalog/pdf/ana_cargo_service_guide_forwarder.pdf |date=21 August 2013 }}</ref> ANA also operates a 767 freighter on an overnight Kansai-Haneda-[[Saga Airport|Saga]]-Kansai route on weeknights,<ref>http://www.ana.co.jp/cargo/ja/dom/air_info/timetable/pdf/night.pdf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425112436/http://www.ana.co.jp/cargo/ja/dom/air_info/timetable/pdf/night.pdf |date=25 April 2014 }}</ref> which is used by overnight delivery services to send parcels to and from destinations in [[Kyushu]].<ref>[http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/web/at-contents/kuko/yakan/yakangaiyou.html 佐賀県：有明佐賀空港：夜間貨物便について] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719135106/http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/web/at-contents/kuko/yakan/yakangaiyou.html |date=19 July 2013 }}. Pref.saga.lg.jp. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref>

ANA established a 767 freighter operation in 2006 through a JV with [[Japan Post]], [[Nippon Express]] and [[Mitsui]], called [[ANA & JP Express]]. ANA announced a second freighter joint venture called Allex in 2008, with [[Kintetsu World Express]], [[Nippon Express]], [[MOL Logistics]] and [[Nippon Yusen|Yusen Air & Sea]] as JV partners.<ref>{{cite news|last=Francis|first=Leithen|title=ANA's new express cargo JV Allex to have 14 aircraft|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/anas-new-express-cargo-jv-allex-to-have-14-aircraft-224683/|accessdate=17 July 2013|newspaper=FlightGlobal|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> Allex merged with ANA subsidiary Overseas Courier Services (OCS), an overseas periodical distribution company, in 2009,<ref>http://www.marinavi.com/images/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9/2009/0626OCS_ALX.pdf</ref> and ANA & JP Express was folded into ANA in 2010.<ref>[http://www.ana.co.jp/pr/10-0406/10-051.html 企業情報]. Ana.co.jp. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref>

ANA Cargo and the United States-based [[United Parcel Service]] have a cargo alliance and a code-share agreement, similar to an [[airline alliance]], to transport member cargo on [[UPS Airlines]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/All-Nippon-Airways-UPS-work/story.aspx?guid=C217C64D-897F-421D-B04D-093357133808|title=All Nippon Airways and UPS to work together amid cargo slump|author=Chris Oliver|work=MarketWatch|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=20602 |title=JCN Newswire - Asia Press Release Distribution |work=japancorp.net |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219221459/http://japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=20602 |archivedate=19 December 2010 }}</ref>

ANA also has a long historical relationship with [[Nippon Cargo Airlines]], a Narita-based operator of [[Boeing 747]] freighters. ANA co-founded NCA with shipping company [[Nippon Yusen]] in 1978, and at one time held 27.5% of NCA's stock. ANA sold its stake to NYK in 2005, but retained a technical partnership with NCA.<ref name="N1">{{cite press release |title=Ref: Change in NCA Shareholders |publisher=Nippon Cargo Airlines |date=12 July 2005 |url=http://www.nca.aero/e/news/2005/pdf/050712e.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 February 2008 |quote=News & Topics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409124604/http://www.nca.aero/e/news/2005/pdf/050712e.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ANA announced in July 2013 that it would charter NCA's 747 freighter aircraft for an overnight cargo run between Narita and Okinawa, doubling capacity between ANA's key cargo hubs and freeing up 767 aircraft to operate new routes from Okinawa to Nagoya and Qingdao.<ref name="nikkei20130717">{{cite news|title=全日空、沖縄貨物ハブ拡充　大型機チャーター投入|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNZO57406910W3A710C1LX0000/|accessdate=17 July 2013|newspaper=日本経済新聞|date=17 July 2013}}</ref>

==Destinations==
{{Main|List of All Nippon Airways destinations}}
ANA has an extensive domestic route network that covers the entirety of Japan, from Hokkaido in the north to Okinawa in the south. ANA's international route network extends through China, Korea, Southeast Asia, Canada, United States, Mexico, and Western Europe. Its key international hub is [[Narita International Airport]], where it shares the South Wing of Terminal 1 with its Star Alliance partners.<ref>[http://www.anaskyweb.com/narita/e/index.html 'Terminal 1 South wing open at Narita Airport', ''ANA Sky Web'' (June 2006)]. Retrieved 2 September 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224124226/http://www.anaskyweb.com/narita/e/index.html |date=24 December 2008 }}</ref>

ANA's international network currently focuses on business destinations; its only remaining "resort" routes are its routes from Haneda and Narita to Honolulu; past resort routes such as Narita-Guam, Kansai-Honolulu and Nagoya-Honolulu have been cancelled, although ANA plans to expand resort service in the future through its low-cost subsidiary [[Vanilla Air]].<ref>{{cite news|last=中尾|first=良平|title=ＡＮＡ、バニラ・エアで挑むリゾート路線再生|url=http://www.nikkei.com/markets/kigyo/editors.aspx?g=DGXNMSGD28013_28082013000000|accessdate=29 August 2013|newspaper=日本経済新聞|date=29 August 2013}}</ref>

===Codeshare agreements===
All Nippon Airways has [[codeshare agreement]]s with the following airlines:<ref name="CAPA ANA profile">{{cite web|url=http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/all-nippon-airways-nh |title=Profile on All Nippon Airways |website=CAPA|publisher=Centre for Aviation|access-date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031164234/http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/all-nippon-airways-nh |archive-date=31 October 2016|dead-url=no}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Air Busan]]
* [[Air Canada]]
* [[Air China]]
* [[Air Do]]
* [[Air Dolomiti]]
* [[Air India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/en/us/amc/reference/tameru/flightmile/tk/ai.html|work=All Nippon Airways|title=Partner Airlines - Air India (AI) - Mileage Accural Rates By Fare Type}}</ref>
* [[Air Macau]]
* [[Air New Zealand]]
* [[Alitalia]]<ref>{{cite news|title=ANA and Alitalia in commercial pact|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ana-and-alitalia-in-commercial-pact-447012/|accessdate=27 March 2018|work=flightglobal|date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Asiana Airlines]]
* [[Austrian Airlines]]
* [[Avianca]]
* [[Brussels Airlines]]
* [[EgyptAir]]
* [[Ethiopian Airlines]]
* [[Etihad Airways]]
* [[Eurowings]]
* [[EVA Air]]
* [[Garuda Indonesia]]
* [[Ibex Airlines]]
* [[KLM]]
* [[LOT Polish Airlines]]
* [[Lufthansa]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|title=ANA extends Lufthansa codeshares to the Baltics in S18|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277731/ana-extends-lufthansa-codeshares-to-the-baltics-in-s18/|accessdate=20 March 2018|work=Routesonline|date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Oriental Air Bridge]]
* [[Philippine Airlines]]
* [[Scandinavian Airlines]]
* [[Shenzhen Airlines]]
* [[Singapore Airlines]]
* [[Solaseed Air]]
* [[South African Airways]]
* [[StarFlyer]]
* [[Swiss International Air Lines]]
* [[TAP Air Portugal]]
* [[Thai Airways]]
* [[Turkish Airlines]]
* [[United Airlines]]
* [[Vietnam Airlines]]
{{div col end}}
 
{{Multiple image|align=center||footer=<center>ANA operations at its destinations, Haneda Airport (left) and Itami Airport (right)</center>||image1=All Nippon Airways B777-381 (JA752A-28274-160).jpg|| width1=310|| caption1=|| image2=ANAFleet ItamiAirport.jpg|| width2=318|| caption2=}}

==Fleet==
As of August 2019, the ANA passenger fleet (excluding subsidiaries) consists of the following aircraft:<ref name="fleet" /><ref name="CP">{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/business/main.html|title=Business Statistics - ANA|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> ANA's [[List of Boeing customer codes|Boeing customer code]] is 81 for all Boeing aircraft except the Boeing 787. For example, a Boeing 777-200ER ordered new by ANA will bear the model number 777-281ER.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 200
| image1 = ANA A320neo (JA211A).jpg
| caption1 = ANA's [[Airbus A320neo]].
| image2 = ANA B737-800(JA52AN) (5014538101).jpg
| caption2 = ANA's [[Boeing 737-800]].
| image3 = ANA Boeing 767-300 JA8368 (7147034161).jpg
| caption3 = ANA's [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300s]].
| image4 = JA784A Boeing 773 ANA All Nippon With Inspiration Of JAPAN Titles (13891690464).jpg
| caption4 = ANA's [[Boeing 777-300ER]].
| image5 = ANA B787-9 (JA837A) (26018047936).jpg
| caption5 = ANA's [[Boeing 787-9]].
}}

<center>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"
|+ All Nippon Airways Passenger Fleet
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:165px;" | Aircraft
! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" | In Service
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;" | Orders
! colspan="5" | Passengers
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! <abbr title="First Class"> F</abbr>
! <abbr title="Business Class"> C</abbr>
! <abbr title="Premium Economy Class">P</abbr>
! <abbr title="Economy Class">Y</abbr>
! Total
|-
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320-200]]
|3
|—
|—
|—
|—
|166
|166
|
|-
|[[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus A320neo]]
|9
|—
|—
|8
|—
|138
|146
|Replacing Boeing 737-700 on international routes.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ANA Holdings firms up order for A320neo Family|url = http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/ana-holdings-firms-up-order-for-a320neo-family/|website = airbus|access-date = 13 February 2016|language = en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Airbus A321|Airbus A321-200]]
|4
|—
|—
|8
|—
|186
|194
|
|-
|[[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus A321neo]]
|11
|15<ref name="airbus.com">{{Cite web|url = http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/ana-holdings-orders-seven-additional-a321s/|title = ANA Holdings orders seven additional A321s|date = 31 January 2015|accessdate = 31 January 2015|website = airbus.com}}</ref>
|—
|8
|—
|186
|194
|
|-
|[[Airbus A380|Airbus A380-800]]
|2
|1<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/hello-ana-group-the-a380-is-to-join-the-jetliner-fleet-of-this-japanese-carrier/|title="Hello ANA Group!" The A380 is to join the jetliner fleet of this Japanese carrier|publisher=|accessdate=1 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202074955/|archivedate=2 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|8
|56
|73
|'''383'''
|520
|Deliveries began March 2019. Operating on [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo (Narita)]] to [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honululu]] route.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geekonautics.blogspot.com/2019/04/why-airbus-a380-failed.html|title=Why The Airbus A380 Failed?|date=27 April 2019|publisher=Aadarsh Mishra|archive-url=https://geekonautics.blogspot.com/archive|archivedate=27 April 2019|accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-700]]
|7
|—
|—
|8
|—
|112
|120
|To be replaced by the A320neo with a possible reconfiguration.
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-800]]
|rowspan="2"|40
|rowspan="2"|—
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |—
|158
|166
|rowspan="2"|One painted in [[Star Alliance]] livery.
|-
|159
|167
|-
|[[Boeing 737 MAX|Boeing 737 MAX 8]]
|—
|20
| colspan="5" align=center |<abbr title="To Be Announced">TBA</abbr>
|Order with 10 purchase options. Deliveries start in April 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's ANA Holdings orders A320neo, B737 MAX
|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/75026-japans-ana-holdings-orders-a320neo-b737-max|publisher=Ch-Aviation}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
|2
|—
|—
|10
|—
|260
|270
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]]
|rowspan="3"|23
|rowspan="3"|—
| rowspan="3" |—
|10
| rowspan="3" |—
|260
|270
|rowspan="2"|One painted in [[Star Alliance]] livery. One painted in [[Star Wars]] [[R2-D2]] & [[BB-8]] livery.
|-
| rowspan="2" |35
|167
|202
|-
|179
|214
|Will be reconfigured and used for domestic routes.<ref name="ANA orders 11 more 787-9s">{{cite web |title=ANA orders 11 more 787-9s|url=http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/ana-orders-11-more-787-9s-0921|publisher=ATWOnline}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200]]
|8
|—
|—
|21
|—
|384
|405
|Two painted in [[Star Alliance]] livery.
|-
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]]
|12
|—
|—
|21
|—
|384
|405
|
|-
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300]]
|7
|—
|—
|21
|—
|493
|514
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300ER]]
|rowspan="4"|26
|rowspan="4"|2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/group/en/pr/201403/20140327.html|title=ANA Group to place record 1700 billion yen order for 70 new aircraft {{!}} Press Release {{!}} ANA HOLDINGS INC.|website=www.ana.co.jp|language=en|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |8
| rowspan="2" |52
| rowspan="4" |24
|166
|250
|rowspan="4"|Deliveries until 2019. One painted in [[Star Alliance]] livery. One painted in [[Star Wars]] [[BB-8]] livery.
|-
|180
|264
|-
|68
|112
|212
|-
|64
|116
|212<ref>{{cite web |title=PICTURES: ANA reconfigures 12 Boeing 777-300ERs with new seats|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-ana-reconfigures-12-boeing-777-300ers-with-459595/|publisher=FlightGlobal}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 777X|Boeing 777-9]]
|—
|20<ref name="jp.reuters.com">[http://jp.reuters.com/article/t9n0m707j-ana-boeing-airbus-order-idJPTYEA2Q04H20140327 ＡＮＡが過去最大規模の70機購入、総額1.7兆円（ロイター）]. jp.reuters.com. Retrieved on 23 August 2016. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826050408/http://jp.reuters.com/article/t9n0m707j-ana-boeing-airbus-order-idJPTYEA2Q04H20140327 |date=26 August 2016 }}</ref>
| colspan="5" align=center |<abbr title="To Be Announced">TBA</abbr>
|Deliveries start in 2020.
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8]]
|rowspan="4"|36
|rowspan="4"|—
| rowspan="4" |—
|12
|—
|323
|335
|rowspan="4"|Launch customer.
|-
|42
|—
|198
|240
|-
|32
|14
|138
|184
|-
|46
|21
|102
|169
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-9]]
|rowspan="3"|33
|rowspan="3"|11
| rowspan="3" |—
|18
|—
|377
|395
|rowspan="3"|Deliveries until 2020. Replacing Boeing 777-200. One painted in [[Star Wars]] [[R2-D2]] livery.
|-
|40
|14
|192
|246
|-
|48
|21
|146
|215
|-
|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-10]]
|2
|1<ref name="boeing.mediaroom.com">{{cite press release|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=129332|title=MediaRoom - News Releases/Statements|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
|—
|38
|21
|235
|294
|Order with 7 options. Deliveries start in 2019.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=129332|title=Boeing Announces ANA’s Commitment to Become Newest 787-10 Customer|publisher=Boeing Commercial|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mitsubishi SpaceJet|Mitsubishi SpaceJet M90]]
|—
|15
|—
|—
|—
|76
|76
|Order with 10 purchase options. Deliveries start in mid-2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitsubishi delays MRJ deliveries by two years |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mitsubishi-delays-mrj-deliveries-by-two-years-433402/ |publisher=FlightGlobal}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" |Cargo Fleet
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300BCF]]
|7
|—
| colspan="5" align=center |<abbr title="Cargo Configuration">Cargo</abbr>
|
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ERF]]
|4
|—
| colspan="5" align=center |<abbr title="Cargo Configuration">Cargo</abbr>
|
|-
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777F]]
|2
|—
| colspan="5" align=center |<abbr title="Cargo Configuration">Cargo</abbr>
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/65604-japans-ana-all-nippon-orders-two-b777-freighters|title=Japan's ANA - All Nippon orders two B777 freighters|publisher=Ch-Aviation}}</ref>
|-
!Total
!238
!85
! colspan="6" |
|}
</center>

===Cargo===
In addition to its passenger aircraft, ANA operates eleven [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300F]] and two [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777F]] cargo aircraft.<ref name="fleet"/>

===Fleet history===
[[File:All Nippon Airways NAMC YS-11 (JA8743) in 1983 livery.jpg|thumb|An example of an [[NAMC YS-11]], a domestically produced mainstay of the ANA fleet from the 1960s through the 1990s]]
The [[NAMC YS-11]] was an important aircraft for All Nippon Airways, although most of them were used under the name of ANK, or Air Nippon, a subsidiary of All Nippon Airways. The final YS-11 in operation was retired in 2006.<ref name=ys11>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/tabi/news/20061001tb01.htm|title=国産旅客機ＹＳ―１１、惜しまれながら引退 : 旅得NEWSBOX : 旅ゅーん : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）|publisher=www.yomiuri.co.jp|accessdate=10 December 2009}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A number of YS-11s are in museums, or otherwise scrapped or taken apart. After a final retirement process through September 2006, all YS-11s were grounded, obligated to retire, unless privately owned and were privately restored. The YS-11 was a big part of All Nippon Airways from the 1970s to the early 1990s, when it was used on domestic operations.<ref name=ys11/>

ANA flew its last flight of an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A321-100]] on 29 February 2008. This marked the end of almost ten years of operation of the Airbus A321-100, of which ANA was the only Japanese operator.<ref>[http://www.ana-pr.jp/blog/event/comment.php?_id=331 ANAわかりやすいニュース配信ありがとう、エアバスA321型機。ラストフライトをレポート] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408230105/http://www.ana-pr.jp/blog/event/comment.php?_id=331 |date=8 April 2008 }}</ref>

ANA was the launch customer for the new Boeing widebody, the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], ordering 50 examples with an option for 50 more during April 2004. ANA split the order between 30 of the short-range 787-3 and 20 of the long haul 787-8. However, ANA later converted its -3 orders to the -8 variant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/news/30123144_1_dreamliner-budget-carrier-fuel-efficiency |title=ANA plans to receive 20 787s by March 2013 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Deliveries finally began in late 2011 when ANA received its first Boeing 787 on 21 September, the first-ever Dreamliner to be delivered in the world. ANA flew its first Boeing 787 passenger flight on 26 October 2011, which operated as a charter flight from Tokyo Narita to Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksdk.com/rss/article/282893/3/Maiden-Dreamliner-flight-lands-in-Hong-Kong |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130103155110/http://www.ksdk.com/rss/article/282893/3/Maiden-Dreamliner-flight-lands-in-Hong-Kong |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Maiden Dreamliner flight lands in Hong Kong |publisher=ksdk.com |date=26 October 2011 |accessdate=1 October 2012 }}</ref> ANA also became the second airline to receive the Boeing 787-9–on 28 July 2014. Despite being second, the airline preceded launch customer Air New Zealand for the first commercial flight on the 787-9, a special sightseeing charter for Japanese and American school children on 4 August.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ausbt.com.au/ana-boeing-787-9-dreamliner-inaugural-first-flight | title=ANA to beat Air NZ to the world's first commercial Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner flight | work=Australian Business Traveller | date=31 July 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2015 | author=Flynn, David}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.airlinereporter.com/2014/08/all-nippon-airways-begins-revenue-flights-with-the-boeing-787-9/ | title=All Nippon Airways begins revenue flights with the Boeing 787-9 | work=Airline Reporter | date=7 August 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2015 | author=Muir, Malcolm}}</ref>

===Formerly operated===
All Nippon Airways has operated the following aircraft:<ref name=fleethist>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/index_sm.html|title=Fleet History - ANA|work=ana.co.jp}}</ref>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"
|-
!Aircraft
!Year Introduced
!Year Retired
!Replacement
!Notes/Refs
|-
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A321-100]]
|1998
|2008
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A321-200]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-100]]
|1964
|1974
|[[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-200]]
|One aircraft crashed as [[All Nippon Airways Flight 60]].<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-200]]
|1969
|1990
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-200]]
|One crashed as [[All Nippon Airways Flight 58]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19710730-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-281 JA8329 Shizukuishi|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-200]]
|1969
|1992
|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320-200]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-500]]
|2003
|2009
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-700ER]]
|2007
|2016
|None
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-ana-retires-boeing-737-700er-423798/|title=PICTURE: ANA retires Boeing 737-700ER|date=4 April 2016|publisher=|accessdate=5 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200B]]
|1986
|2005
|[[Boeing 747-400]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747SR-100]]
|1974
|2006
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400D]]
|One aircraft was hijacked as [[All Nippon Airways Flight 857]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19950621-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SR-81 JA8146 Hakodate Airport (HKD)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400]]
|1990
|2011
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300ER]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400D]]
|1992
|2014
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300]]
|One aircraft was hijacked as [[All Nippon Airways Flight 61]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990723-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-481D JA8966 Tokyo|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-200]]
|1983
|2004
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
|
|-
|[[Convair CV-240 family|Convair 440]]
|1959
|1964
|{{Unknown}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1953/440.html |title=Fleet History: Convair 440 Metropolitan |publisher=ANA Holdings Inc. |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[de Havilland Dove]]
|1953
|1962
|{{Unknown}}
|In service with Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane and Far East Airlines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1953/dhd.html |title=Fleet History: {{sic|nolink=y|DeHavilland DH-104 Dubb}} |publisher=ANA Holdings Inc. |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[de Havilland Heron]]
|1954
|1961
|{{Unknown}}
|In service with Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1953/dhh.html |title=Fleet History: {{sic|nolink=y|DeHavilland DH-114}} Heron |publisher=ANA Holdings Inc. |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|1955
|1964
|{{Unknown}}
|In service with Far East Airlines prior to merger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1953/dc3.html |title=Fleet History: Douglas DC-3 |publisher=ANA Holdings Inc. |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fokker F27 Friendship]]
|1961
|1973
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Handley Page Marathon]]
|1954
|1960
|{{Unknown}}
|In service with Far East Airlines prior to merger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/corporate/galleryclassi/1953/hpm.html |title=Fleet History: Handley Page HP-104 Marathon |publisher=ANA Holdings Inc. |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lockheed L-1011 Tristar]]
|1974
|1995
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]]
|
|-
|[[NAMC YS-11]]
|1965
|1991
|{{Unknown}}
|One aircraft crashed as [[All Nippon Airways Flight 533]].<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Vickers Viscount]]
|1961
|1969
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|}
</center>

=== Fleet plans ===
On 31 July 2014, ANA firmed up orders for 7 Airbus A320neos, 23 Airbus A321neos, 20 Boeing 777-9Xs, 14 Boeing 787-9s and 6 Boeing 777-300ERs, to be used for its short and long-haul fleet renewal. Boeing valued ANA's order at approximately $13 billion at list prices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.atwonline.com/airframes/ana-firms-30-a320neos-14-787-9s-six-777-300ers-and-20-777-9xs|title=ANA firms 30 A320neos, 14 787-9s, six 777-300ERs and 20 777-9Xs|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>

On 2 February 2015, ANA placed orders with Airbus and Boeing worth $2.2bn for three Boeing 787-10s, five Boeing 737-800s and seven Airbus A321s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aerospace-technology.com/news/newsall-nippon-airways-airbus-boeing-4501392|title=All Nippon Airways places $2.2bn firm order for Airbus and Boeing aircraft|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=July 2016}}</ref>

In late July 2015, ANA entered into a secret agreement with Airbus to make additional orders in the future (number and model(s) of aircraft unidentified) in exchange for Airbus support of ANA plans to invest in bankrupt [[Skymark Airlines]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Delta outmaneuvered: ANA turned tables at last minute by making Airbus a deal|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Deals/ANA-turned-tables-at-last-minute-by-making-Airbus-a-deal|accessdate=10 October 2015|work=Nikkei Asian Review|date=6 August 2015}}</ref>

Also in 2015, ANA placed orders for 15 [[Mitsubishi Regional Jet]]s for regional flights, to be operated by [[ANA Wings]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/11/aviation/japan-mitsubishi-first-passenger-jet/index.html|title=First Japan-made passenger jet in 50 years|last=CNN|first=Tiffany Ap, for|website=CNN|access-date=2016-12-29}}</ref>

On 29 January 2016, ANA signed a purchase agreement with [[Airbus]], covering firm orders for three [[Airbus A380]]s, for delivery from fiscal 2018 to operate on the Tokyo to Honolulu route.

== Liveries ==

=== Former livery ===
The ANA former livery consists of a green and white colour scheme painted as strip sections on the fuselage, with a green vertical stabilizer with the former ANA logo. All aircraft wearing this livery are either retired or repainted. In 2010, one Boeing 767-300 was repainted in this livery.

=== Current livery ===
The current livery has a white and grey fuselage, with a blue strip painted under the windows. The ANA logo and their slogan "Inspiration of Japan" is painted on top of the windows. The vertical stabilizer is painted blue with the word ANA painted sideways.

===Special liveries===
Many Aircraft in ANA operates in special [[Aircraft livery|liveries]] through the years:
* Six jets in [[Star Alliance]] livery: two Boeing 777-200s, one Boeing 777-300ER, one Boeing 767-300ER, one Boeing 737-800 and one Boeing 787-9
* Five [[Pokemon]]-themed jets: three Boeing 747-400s, one Boeing 767-300 and one Boeing 777-300
* Four [[Star Wars]]-themed jets: one Boeing 787-9 in an [[R2-D2]] livery; one Boeing 777-300ER in a [[BB-8]] livery; one Boeing 767-300ER in a mixed R2-D2 and BB-8 livery; and one Boeing 777-200ER in a [[C-3PO]] livery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana-sw.com/en/jets|title=STAR WARS™ JETS|website=ANA STAR WARS™ PROJECT|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>
* In 2019, the three Airbus A380-800 aircraft will be delivered painted in one of three different ANA Flying Honu liveries. The first one of them was delivered on March 20, 2019, at the Airbus Delivery Center in Toulouse, followed by a direct non-stop flight from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport (IATA:TLS) to Narita International Airport (IATA:NRT) in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airwaysmag.com/airlines/all-nippon-airways-receives-first-airbus-a380/|title=All Nippon Airways Receives First Airbus A380 (+Photos)|date=2019-03-20|website=Airways Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/business/ana-takes-delivery-of-first-airbus-a380|title=ANA takes delivery of first Airbus A380|website=Japan Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="130">
File:JA712A (7226646904).jpg|ANA Boeing 777-200 in Star Alliance livery
File:JA606A (10758748516) (2).jpg|ANA Boeing 767-300ER in panda livery (since repainted back into standard livery)
File:Boeing 747-481D, All Nippon Airways - ANA AN1621241.jpg|Boeing 747-400 in special Pokémon (Hoenn) livery
File:ANA Boeing 787-8 JA809A at Takamatsu Airport.JPG|Boeing 787-8 in special 787 launch livery
File:ANA B787-8(JA801A) Dreamliner (6862123657).jpg|Boeing 787-8 in special 787 launch livery
File:All Nippon Airways Boeing 747-400 yellow pokemon.jpg|Boeing 747-400 in special Yellow Pokémon (Hoenn) livery
File:ANA B737-700(JA02AN) "Gold Jet" (3943310662).jpg|Boeing 737-700 in Gold Jet livery
File:Boeing 777-381, All Nippon Airways - ANA AN1989429.jpg|Boeing 777-300 in special Pokémon (Unova) livery
File:ANA retrojet JA602A.jpg|Boeing 767-300 in Retro livery
File:All Nippon Airways, Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, JA873A (25877953413).jpg|Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner in Star Wars R2-D2 livery
File:All Nippon Airways, Boeing 777-300ER JA789A 'BB-8 livery' NRT (25984658984).jpg|Boeing 777-300ER Dreamliner in Star Wars BB-8 livery
File:All Nippon Airways Boeing 737-800 (JA85AN) at Chubu International Airport.jpg|Boeing 737-800 in Tohoku Flower Jet livery
File:JA743A at ITM.jpg|Boeing 777-200ER in Star Wars C-3PO livery
File:ANA A380 (JA381A).jpg|Airbus A380-800 in Flying Honu livery
File:JA741A (39186350185).jpg|Boeing 777-200ER in The New Tokyo 2020 livery
</gallery>

== Services ==
===New cabin===
[[File:ANA Inspiration of Japan - First Square.jpg|thumb|ANA "Inspiration of Japan" 777-300ER first class]]

Introduced in 2009, the "Inspiration of Japan" cabin features included fully-lie-flat-bed business class seats, nearly enclosed first class suite seats, fixed shell back seats in both of its economy classes, a new AVOD in-flight entertainment system (based on [[Panasonic Avionics Corporation]]'s eX2 [[In-flight entertainment|IFE]] system with [[iPod]] connectivity, in-seat shopping and meal ordering as well as cabin touchscreen consoles) as well as improvements to its in-flight service. ANA will also introduce a new lounge (which opened on 20 February 2010, supposed to be in coincidence with the introduction of new aircraft interiors but delayed [see below]) and check-in concept (later in autumn 2010) at Narita for first class and ANA Mileage Club's Diamond Service elite members.

The introduction of the concept also discontinued the use of the name "Club ANA", which was used for its international business class seats (changing into a generic business class name) as well as the name of the lounges (all lounges for both first class and business class are named "ANA Lounge", with the first class lounge called the "ANA Suite Lounge" and its arrival lounge the "ANA Arrival Lounge").

[[File:ANA Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner cabin LED show.jpg|thumb|Old ANA "Inspiration of Japan" 787 Dreamliner economy class]]
This "Inspiration of Japan" concept was originally set to debut on 20 February 2010 with the delivery of its new Boeing 777-300ER prior to that date, followed by the introduction of the concept on that date on the Narita-New York route. However, due to delays to the new premium economy seats, the debut was pushed back to 19 April. (The delay was due to the failure of a safety test in Japan of a new seat design axle, made by seat manufacturer [[Koito Industries Ltd]]. This safety test failure also affected deliveries of aircraft to be operated by three other fellow Star Alliance members – [[Singapore Airlines]] for its A380s, Thai Airways' [[Airbus A330|A330s]], and [[Continental Airlines]] for new 737-800 deliveries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-05/singapore-air-a380-delivery-delayed-on-lack-of-seats-update2-.html |title=Bloomberg |work=Bloomberg.com |accessdate=10 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208215133/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-05/singapore-air-a380-delivery-delayed-on-lack-of-seats-update2-.html |archivedate=8 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gweeZMvDtADt1iX4UjL-uC3EzGCA|title=AFP: Japanese plane seat maker admits falsifying seat data|date=9 February 2010|publisher=AFP|accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref>)

The "Inspiration of Japan" concept has been refitted on its existing 777-300ERs for service on all the airline's North American routes,<ref>{{cite web|title=ANA to Launch 'Inspiration of Japan' Cabin Service and Products on Washington, DC=Tokyo Route March 31|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/wws/us/e/local/about_ana/corp_info/pr/2013/pdf/130227.pdf|publisher=All Nippon Airways|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref> and may be refitted on its European routes. Parts of it may eventually be phased into its existing [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]]s in service as well as the upcoming [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787]]s in order.<ref name=inspire/><ref name="inspire"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/int/svc/jp/new_brand_2010/index.html|title=2010年から新しいプロダクト・サービスブランド Inspiration of Japan をスタート|publisher=All Nippon Airways|accessdate=10 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091114101218/https://www.ana.co.jp/int/svc/jp/new_brand_2010/index.html| archivedate= 14 November 2009 | deadurl= no|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/int/svc/en/new_brand_2010/index.html|title=Let ANA inspire you in 2010. Starting with our Narita-New York flights|publisher=All Nippon Airways|accessdate=16 November 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114101145/https://www.ana.co.jp/int/svc/en/new_brand_2010/index.html|archivedate=14 November 2009|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ana.co.jp/int/svc/en/info/info_02/|title=<Apology> Delay in Flight Commencement of the New Boeing 777-300ER Aircraft and Change of Launch Date for New Brand and Service - ANA SKY WEB|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124831/https://www.ana.co.jp/int/svc/en/info/info_02/|archive-date=13 April 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Since February 2010 ANA offers women's-only lavatories on international flights.<ref>Pawlowski, A. "[http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/02/24/women.only.lavatory.ana/index.html?hpt=T2 Airline to introduce women-only lavatories]." ''[[CNN]]''. 24 February 2010. Retrieved on 25 February 2010.</ref> The first [[Boeing 787]] the airline received have the [[bidet]]s in both economy and business class [[Aircraft lavatory|lavatory]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204010604576592890660125236 | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=David | last=Kesmodel | title=On ANA Dreamliner, Bidets and Bigger Windows Await | date=26 September 2011}}</ref>

===Inflight magazine===
ANA's inflight magazine is named ''Wingspan'' and is available both on board and as a freely downloadable application for Apple's [[iPad]]. The iPad version is named 'Virtual Airport' and includes content from Wingspan as well as links to airline booking and online check-in pages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipadinflightmagazines.blogspot.com|title=iPad In-Flight Magazines|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>

===Bus shuttle services===
Previously ANA had a dedicated shuttle bus from [[Dusseldorf Airport|Düsseldorf]] to [[Frankfurt Airport]] so passengers may board ANA flights at that airport, but the bus service was discontinued after ANA began its dedicated Düsseldorf flights in 2014.<ref>"[http://www.convention-duesseldorf.com/nc/en/news/press-releases/press-releases/article/yokoso-all-nippon-airways-ana-to-offer-dailyconnection-between-duesseldorf-and-tokyo-startingmarc/ Yokoso! All Nippon Airways (ANA) to Offer Daily Connection between Düsseldorf and Tokyo Starting March 30]." Press release from ANA at the website of convention bureau DÜSSELDORF. Retrieved on 26 October 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flugrevue.de/zivilluftfahrt/airport/ana-kommt-taeglich-nach-duesseldorf/544174|title=ANA kommt täglich nach Düsseldorf|publisher=''[[Flug Revue]]''|date=18 December 2013|accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:ANA ticketing and check-in machines HKD 20080114-001.jpg|thumb|Check-in machines for ANA at [[Hakodate Airport]]]]
*ANA sponsored the film ''[[Happy Flight]]'', which is about a copilot and flight attendant on an ANA flight to Hawaii.<ref name="Schillinghalf">Schilling, Mark. "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20081114a4.html Airplane flick tells only half the story]." ''[[The Japan Times]]''. Friday 14 November 2008. Retrieved on 19 February 2010.</ref>
*ANA featured in ''[[Miss Pilot]]'' a Japanese drama about a female pilot.
*ANA sponsored the Japanese television drama ''[[Good Luck!!]]'', about a group of airline crew members. The series starred [[Takuya Kimura]], [[Shinichi Tsutsumi]] and [[Kou Shibasaki]].
*The title for ''[[All Nippon Air Line]]'', a BL manga by Kei Azumaya, was inspired by All Nippon Airways.
*A few of ANA's aircraft were [[Pokémon]] themed. However, as of 2014, all of the [[Pokémon Jet|Pokémon airplanes]] have been retired/repainted.

== Accidents and incidents ==
*On 12 August 1958, Flight 025, a [[Douglas DC-3]] (JA5045), crashed {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on}} off [[To-shima, Tokyo|Toshima]], one hour after takeoff from Tokyo en route to Nagoya, killing all 33 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19580812-1|title=JA5045|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
*In 1958, [[dynamite]] was planted in a Douglas DC-3 by Akira Emoto, a candy salesman, as part of a suicide plan. Emoto killed himself by leaping from the aircraft and the bombs failed to detonate.<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201082223/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937069,00.html|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937069,00.html|title=JAPAN: Emoto's Plan|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|date=12 January 1959|archive-date=1 February 2011|access-date=12 February 2010|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*On 16 March 1960, Douglas DC-3 JA5018 was taxiing after landing at [[Nagoya-Komaki International Airport]] when [[North American F-86D Sabre]] ''94-8137'' of the [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] (JASDF) collided with its aft fuselage and tail section while attempting to take off, killing 3 of 33 on board. Although the Sabre crashed and burned, the pilot survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19600316-0|title=JA5018|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
*On 12 June 1961, [[Vickers Viscount]] G-APKJ was written off when the starboard undercarriage collapsed following a heavy landing at [[Osaka International Airport|Osaka Itami Airport]].<ref name=ASN120661>{{ASN accident|id=19610612-2|title=G-APKJ|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref>
*On 19 November 1962, [[Vickers Viscount]] JA8202 crashed at [[Nagoya]] while on a training flight due to possible pilot error, killing all four crew on board.<ref name=ASN191162>{{ASN accident|id=19621119-0|title=JA8202|accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref>
*On 30 April 1963, Douglas DC-3 JA5039 crashed at Hachijojima Airport due to locked up brakes; both pilots survived, but the aircraft was written off.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19630430-0|title=JA5039|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref>
*On 10 May 1963, DC-3 JA5040 crashed at Sendai.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19630510-0|title=JA5040|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref>
*On 5 June 1963, DC-3 JA5027 swerved off the runway on takeoff at Osaka-Itami Airport and struck the rear of a second DC-3 (JA5078); JA5078 was written off while JA5027 was repaired with parts from DC-3 JA5039.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19630605-0|title=JA5027|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref>
*On 4 February 1965, DC-3 struck Mount Nakanoone at {{convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=on}}, killing both pilots; the wreckage was located on 29 December 1966.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19650204-0|title=JA5080|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref>
*On 4 February 1966, [[All Nippon Airways Flight 60|Flight 60]], operated by [[Boeing 727]] JA8302, was on approach to [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo Haneda Airport]] when it crashed into [[Tokyo Bay]] for reasons unknown, killing all 133 passengers and crew. Following this accident, all passenger aircraft operating in Japan were required to be equipped with cockpit voice recorders and flight data recorders.<ref name=":0">{{ASN accident|id=19660204-0|title=JA8302|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
*On 13 November 1966, [[All Nippon Airways Flight 533|Flight 533]] operated by a [[NAMC YS-11]], crashed in the Seto Inland Sea off [[Matsuyama]] following an unexplained loss of altitude while attempting to go-around, killing all 50 on board.<ref name=":1">{{ASN accident|id=19661113-0|title=JA8658|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
*On 30 July 1971, [[All Nippon Airways Flight 58|Flight 58]], operated by a [[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-200]] (JA8329), collided with JASDF [[F-86F Sabre]] ''92-7932'' that was on a training flight; the right wing of the F-86 struck the left horizontal stabilizer of the 727 and both aircraft crashed out of control, killing all 162 on board the 727; the F-86 pilot ejected and survived.<ref name="WorstEverTime">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903063,00.html |title=DISASTERS: The Worst Ever|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|date=9 August 1971|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*On 22 June 1995 a man calling himself "Fumio Kujimi" and registered with ANA as "Saburo Kobayashi" hijacked [[All Nippon Airways Flight 857|Flight 857]], a [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747SR]], after it took off from Tokyo. The aircraft landed in [[Hokkaidō]] where it was stormed by police, arresting the hijacker.<ref>{{cite news|last1=WuDunn|first1=Sheryl|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/22/world/jet-is-stormed-and-hijacker-held-in-japan.html|title=Jet Is Stormed And Hijacker Held in Japan|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 June 1995|access-date=12 October 2010}}</ref> Police stated that the hijacker was 53-year-old Fujio Kutsumi;<ref name="16hourends">{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1281886|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019175645/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1281886|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=16-hour hijacking crisis ends/Japanese storm jet, save 364/ Raid ends ordeal; police nab suspect|work=Houston Chronicle|date=22 June 1995|page=A1|access-date=23 July 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> he had demanded the release of [[Shoko Asahara]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1281741|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019175653/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1281741|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Man on jetliner demands release of cult's leader|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=21 June 1995|page=A15|access-date=23 July 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The hijacking incident lasted 16 hours.<ref name="16hourends"/>
*On 23 July 1999, a man hijacked [[All Nippon Airways Flight 61|Flight 61]] and killed the captain. He was subdued by other crew members, and no passengers or other crew were killed or injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/401680.stm|title=World: Asia-Pacific Japanese hijacker kills pilot|work=[[BBC]]|date=23 July 1999|access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>
*On 13 March 2007, [[:ja:全日空機高知空港胴体着陸事故|Flight 1603]] departed [[Itami Airport]] to [[Kōchi Airport|Kochi Airport]], where the [[Bombardier Dash 8|Bombardier DHC-8-402]] landed without its nose landing gear, causing damage to the nose. None of the 60 passengers and crew on board were injured. The failure for the landing gear to extend was determined to be from the landing gear doors not opening due to missing parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/JA849A.pdf|title=AA2008-5 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT|date=May 28, 2008|website=|publisher=Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402151638/http://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/JA849A.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2016|dead-url=|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://andyc008.wordpress.com/2007/03/14/ana-flight-1603/|title=ANA Flight 1603|date=2007-03-14|work=801号房. . .内心深处的心声|access-date=2018-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20070313-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-8-402Q Dash 8 JA849A Kochi Airport (KCZ)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref>
*On 6 September 2011, Flight 140, operated by a 737-700 traveling from Naha to Tokyo with 117 passengers and crew, banked over 90 degrees in mid-air and rapidly descended as the first officer accidentally hit the rudder trim switch instead of the door unlock button as the captain returned from the lavatory. The first officer eventually regained control and leveled the aircraft. There were minor injuries to two flight attendants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=4428f2f7|work=[[The Aviation Herald]]|title=ANA B737 near Hamamatsu on Sep 6th 2011, violent left roll while opening cockpit door injures 2 cabin crew|date= 7 September 2011}}</ref>
*On 16 January 2013, [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems|Flight 692]], a Boeing 787 flying from [[Yamaguchi Ube Airport]] to [[Tokyo Haneda Airport]] reported a battery problem while climbing to FL330. The pilots made an emergency landing at [[Takamatsu Airport]]. No casualties were reported during the evacuation. However, after this incident, all 787s were subsequently grounded by respective aviation authorities until the battery issue was resolved.

==See also==

*[[Aviation]]
*[[Transport in Japan#Airway|Air transport in Japan]]
*[[List of airports in Japan]]
*[[List of Japanese companies]]
*[[Transport in Japan]]
*[[Yokohama Flügels]], former [[football (soccer)|football]] club{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|All Nippon Airways}}
*[https://www.ana.co.jp/ All Nippon Airways website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100123192214/http://www.anatc.com/english/ All Nippon Airways Trading Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.ananet.or.jp/ ANA Net] (archive)
*[http://www.ana-sw.com/ ANA Star Wars Project]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nccjapan.net/shashiwiki/index.php?title=Zen_Nihon_Kuyu|title=Company history books (Shashi)|publisher=Shashi Interest Group|date=April 2016}} Wiki collection of bibliographic works on All Nippon Airways
{{Portal bar|Japan|Tokyo|Companies|Aviation}}
{{All Nippon Airways}}
{{Airlines of Japan}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Star Alliance}}
{{IATA members|asia}}
{{Association of Asia Pacific Airlines}}
{{TOPIX 100}}
{{Nikkei 225}}
}}

[[Category:All Nippon Airways| ]]
[[Category:IATA members]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1957]]
[[Category:Airline companies based in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Japanese brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Association of Asia Pacific Airlines]]
[[Category:Star Alliance]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Japan]]

Talk:Overton window

2019-08-26T12:24:34Z

192.121.232.253: /* The Alley of Opinion */ new section

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==Commonweal==
The Commonweal Institute external link keeps getting removed for "advocacy" while the Mackinac Institute external link remains - also advocacy. The Overton Window is about advocacy. Can someone explain?[[User:Dcourtneyjohnson|Dcourtneyjohnson]] ([[User talk:Dcourtneyjohnson|talk]]) 02:24, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
:The [http://blog.commonwealinstitute.org/2007/03/were_all_in_this_together_1.html link] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overton_window&diff=339746768&oldid=339091933 question], was apparently written by you (which means it needed to be scrutinized regarding [[WP:COI]]). Possibly that's what the editor who removed the link meant by "advocacy"?
:I have no opinion on the link itself, at this time. (Possibly it is suitable for inclusion, or citation. I have no time to investigate, currently). The edit referenced below, added it back in. -- [[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] ([[User talk:Quiddity|talk]]) 20:26, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

== New material added by Mackinac Center staffer ==
Full disclosure: I am a staffer at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, and a former colleague of Joseph P. Overton. Given an upsurge of interest in the “Overton Window” concept I have added some new material, clarifies the explanations, and separated formulations of the idea created by Overton from those of others created after his death. I have tried to avoid including any original research, and of course to keep it NPOV. [[User:Jack McHugh|Jack McHugh]] ([[User talk:Jack McHugh|talk]]) 17:53, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
:[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overton_window&action=historysubmit&diff=365868065&oldid=365731968 diff for reference].
:Thanks for your disclosure, and work here. Most of it seems good, but I'm unsure about the removal of this link: [http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=7504 An Introduction to the Overton Window of Political Possibilities]. Did it not add anything useful?
:Also, I've replaced a SeeAlso link to [[Argument to moderation]] (which mentions the Overton window). Possibly it could be worked into the article more usefully.
:Thanks. -- [[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] ([[User talk:Quiddity|talk]]) 20:26, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

::Thanks, Quiddity. I believe the referenced article I removed may be included in the various items aggregated in the Mackinac Center page cited in "In Popular Culture and Elsewhere." But there's no particular reason it can't go back in as you suggest. — [[User:Jack McHugh|Jack McHugh]] ([[User talk:Jack McHugh|talk]]) 22:14, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

== Article needs an image ==
The article describes a graphic representation of a ''window'', a "spectrum on a vertical axis with policies defined as “more free” at the top and “less free” at the bottom, where “free” is defined as less subject to government intervention. When the window moves or expands, it means..."

Seems like the article could really use an image or graphical representation of the concept. Has any ever been done? Someone willing to do a graphic for Wikipedia? I'm adding a {{tl|reqimage}} tag. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 03:58, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

{{Image requested|political topics}}

:I created an image, but if someone finds a better one, it might still be useful. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Zoysite|Zoysite]] ([[User talk:Zoysite|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zoysite|contribs]]) 18:33, 15 April 2011 (UTC) 

:I am concerned about the current image:
:[[File:Overton_Window.svg|thumb|350px]]
:The arrow implies a change, but relative to what is not made any clearer by the diagram. The New Idea seems to become the Desired Idea, but without illustrating by what means. Also, it seems to assume change in the window, which according to the text was a corollary made later and by others. [[User:ENeville|ENeville]] ([[User talk:ENeville|talk]]) 02:27, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

::I removed this picture because it is confusing and conforms poorly with the definition of the subject. It is oriented horizontally, rather than vertically; and it is completely lacking an axis of principle (more/less free) relative to which the axis of political acceptability moves; and furthermore the axis of political acceptability is one-directional, rather than bi-directional, thus omitting the point about an idea potentially being outside the window in either direction politically. [[User:ENeville|ENeville]] ([[User talk:ENeville|talk]]) 03:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

::I created a new diagram, [[:File:Overton Window diagram.svg]], based on one posted at the Mackinac Center site at http://www.mackinac.org/12481. and a discussion at http://www.mackinac.org/11398. It conforms more closely to the concepts promoted by Joe Overton. The image is now linked in the article. — [[User:Hydrargyrum|Quicksilver]][[User_talk:Hydrargyrum|T]] [[Special:Emailuser/Hydrargyrum|@]] 21:18, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

== Peculiar ==
It's reminiscent of a better established psychological theory (political psychology) called "affective intelligence." —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/192.147.171.170|192.147.171.170]] ([[User talk:192.147.171.170|talk]]) 04:33, 3 August 2010 (UTC) 

==Jones==
At 12:40PM on January 6th, 2011, Conservative conspiracy theory radio show host, Alex Jones, read the top two paragraphs of this very Wikipedia entry out loud on his radio show. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User: 69.60.16.130| 69.60.16.130]] ([[User talk: 69.60.16.130|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ 69.60.16.130|contribs]]) 
:''moved from article.''   [[User:Will Beback|Will Beback]]  [[User talk:Will Beback|talk]]  23:16, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

The main problem with the term "conspiracy theory" is that it is not used consistently. For instance, the U.S. government promoted a "conspiracy theory" in the 9/11 Commission Report, namely that members of Al Qaeda conspired to carry out the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 -- but media outlets rarely call the U.S. government's version of events a "conspiracy theory" even though that's what it is (and please note I haven't said anything here about the government's theory being wrong, only that it *is* a conspiracy theory -- and Alex Jones doesn't believe in it. So on the subject of 9/11, as on a number of other subjects, he is no more of a "conspiracy theory" advocate than mainstream journalists). On an unrelated note, Alex Jones is probably better characterized as libertarian than conservative. [[User:StarchildSF|Starchild]] ([[User talk:StarchildSF|talk]]) 10:58, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

== Creation date ==
It would be helpful for some sort of date when this theory was created. [[User:TMLutas|TMLutas]] ([[User talk:TMLutas|talk]]) 14:48, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

:It probably evolved over time, rather than being created in an instant that could be pinpointed on a calendar, and almost certainly wasn't called the "Overton Window" when first proposed. — [[User:Hydrargyrum|Quicksilver]][[User_talk:Hydrargyrum|T]] [[Special:Emailuser/Hydrargyrum|@]] 19:35, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

==Definition==
Putting ''window'' in quote-marks doesn't overcome the definition's circularity. Plainly, it's not a real window so what is it? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/80.189.103.145|80.189.103.145]] ([[User talk:80.189.103.145|talk]]) 14:06, 7 March 2012 (UTC) 

== Russell Brand ==
I removed the mention of Russell Brand's rant about this, which redefined the Overton window as some kind of [[Noam Chomsky]]-esque conspiracy, instead of just a description of what the public finds acceptable. This is a fringe view as far as I can see, so unless anyone can find any reliable sources for it (and no, the Trews is not a reliable source for this), it's staying out. I'm not opposed to the view that the media constrain discourse to mollify advertisers, proprietors, journalists or politicians - of course they do - but I don't think that's the same thing as the Overton window. Correct me if I'm wrong.--[[User:Greenrd|greenrd]] ([[User talk:Greenrd|talk]]) 18:41, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

== Article name ==
The concept is called "Overton Window" at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy site. Shouldn't the Wikipedia article follow the same capitalisation? — [[User:Hydrargyrum|Quicksilver]][[User_talk:Hydrargyrum|T]] [[Special:Emailuser/Hydrargyrum|@]] 19:35, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

== Fringe theory ==

I do not see how characterizing fringe theory as fringe can be NPOV.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 10:25, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
: If this theory is so obviously "fringe" (i.e. a shorthand for "nonsense") to the point that it should be introduced as such in the lead, then you will of course have substantial sourcing to support such a viewpoint.
: Putting "fringe" into the first sentence of a lead is a highly pejorative statement and is anything but NPOV. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 10:38, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
:: Look at [[New Chronology (Fomenko)]], fringe is mentioned in the first sentence of the lede according to the consensus of RSs.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 10:44, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
::: '' according to the consensus of RSs''
::: See the difference?
::: Besides which, when did RS (off-WP) ever agree to form a "consensus"? These words, I don't think they mean what you think they mean. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 10:56, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
I agree the term "fringe" seems pejorative. I think "not widely known" would be fairer and less leading. [[User:StarchildSF|Starchild]] ([[User talk:StarchildSF|talk]]) 10:46, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
: What about "non-academic"?--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 10:47, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
:: "Not widely known" would seem to have become inaccurate in recent years though. This is a term that, encouraged by some excesses of the right-wing, has started to become much more widely used than when it was first coined.
:: As to "non-academic", then: Is that true? Are academics ignoring the term? Is it sourced? and most of all, Is it relevant? We use many terms that are current, in-use and sourced without them necessarily being "academic". Again, this is just throwing pejorative terms into a lead and hoping that some will stick. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 10:56, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
::: I am not aware of any academic publication ever considering the concept, which pretty much excludes the opening "in ploitical theory" - political theory is, well, an academic discipline. Academics are indeed ignoring the concept. There are zero academic publications cited in the article. But if you insist I guess I will be able to publish a RS calling the Overton window "fringe".--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 10:59, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
:::: Maybe we could get an opinion on this from, oh, the head of a big policy think tank? Someone like, maybe, ''Overton'' himself? As a concept, the same idea under other names goes back 150 years, from all political sides. I know of no credible viewpoint that states, "The Overton window is a fallacy.". This is a long way from being "fringe". [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 11:08, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
::::: Again, let us not discuss fringe for the time being, let us discuss non-academic. Any sources it is academic? Overton can not be such source.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 11:23, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
{{od}}There are no academic sources for this concept (I've checked). However, it has been adopted by media pundits and commentators from all across the political spectrum, but the right-wing and the libertarians seem to be most fond of the phrase -- which isn't surprising considering the originator. It is not found in any political theory textbook I could locate, for example. [[User:I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc|jps]] ([[User talk:I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc|talk]]) 16:09, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
: With your edits, I certainly like it better.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 16:18, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
::For what it's worth, Google Scholar gives [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=overton+window many hits for "Overton Window"], not all of which are blogs or think tanks. I see that the term is used by some authors in reputable journals. [http://www.alternateroutes.ca/index.php/ar/article/viewFile/20617/16943 Here's] a short mention in a book review.] Here's another discussion with a citation that could be followed up on. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTjAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT238&vq=overton&pg=PT238#v=snippet&q=overton&f=false This book] has a promising longer discussion (and diagram) with several citations. peace, [[User:Groupuscule|groupuscule]] ([[User talk:Groupuscule|talk]]) 21:41, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
:::Use of the term seems to percolate through to various locations, but as a political science ''theory'', there isn't much in the literature indicating either rigorous testing nor verification. In all the citations I have seen, it has been cited as an example of an idea or [[meme]] that may be useful in understanding a point or an outcome. I have yet to see a serious academic work ''about'' the subject. The hits on Google Scholar are occasionally, troublingly, referring to the previous state of the Wikipedia article in defining the Overton Window as a subject in "political theory", so we need to do better than just look at incidental literature such as the ones you are citing if we are going to make stronger points that the incidental ones already in the article. [[User:I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc|jps]] ([[User talk:I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc|talk]]) 06:39, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

== Requested move 13 July 2015 ==

<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[WP:requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section. ''

The result of the move request was: '''no consensus'''. [[User:Jenks24|Jenks24]] ([[User talk:Jenks24|talk]]) 17:30, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

----

[[:Overton window]] → {{no redirect|Overton Window}} – The term is capitalized properly with both words as it is the proper name of the idea according to the sources in the article and basically everywhere one looks outside of Wikipedia. --'''Relisted.''' [[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|talk]]) 02:18, 21 July 2015 (UTC) [[User:I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc|jps]] ([[User talk:I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc|talk]]) 13:20, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
: '''Weak move''', I have nothing against the move but English is not my native language.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 17:24, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' — it is not consistently capitalized in sources. The book should be capitalized, the concept should not. [[User:ErikHaugen|ErikHaugen]] ([[User talk:ErikHaugen|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ErikHaugen|contribs]]) 17:34, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
----
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a [[Wikipedia:Move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section.</div>

==Definitional Issues==
I just want to note that the most important sentence of this article--the sentence that claims to define the "Overton Window"--is complete gibberish: "who in his description of his eponymous window claimed that an idea's political viability depends mainly on whether it falls within it, rather than on politicians' individual preferences." The proliferation of unclear pronouns ("it...it") leaves me with no sense of what the OW actually is. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Spiculalinguae|Spiculalinguae]] ([[User talk:Spiculalinguae|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Spiculalinguae|contribs]]) 14:19, 7 November 2015 (UTC) 
: Good point, it looks like the sentence got mangled in a previous edit. I've done a very minor edit there, reverting part of the phrasing, which should improve it. [[User:Arfed|Arfed]] ([[User talk:Arfed|talk]]) 15:15, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

== Original research? ==

In the section on "Historical precedents," do we have a [[WP:RS]] to state that Hallin, Trollope, Frederick Douglass, and Christopher Buckley are related to the Overton window? Does Overton use them as examples? If not, the examples are merely one Wikipedia editor's observation, and [[WP:Original research]], and must be removed. --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 17:16, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

== Joshua Treviño's "degrees of acceptance" are overly prominent in this article ==

The intro strongly ties Joshua Treviño's "degrees of acceptance" with the Overton Window. It presents Treviño's degrees as authoritative in reference to the Overton Window, and in my view, as inseparable from the Overton Window: see the image that shows the degrees of acceptance alongside the graphical depiction of the Window. I think this is true even given the caption beneath the image.

Is Treviño noteworthy enough, and considered an established expert in this subject, such that his degrees of acceptance is appropriate for such prominent placement at the top of the article? I don't believe so. Perhaps Treviño's thoughts could be demoted to a section, as one person's suggested labels for various points along the "More freedom ... Less freedom" line.

Best,
[[Special:Contributions/69.143.175.242|69.143.175.242]] ([[User talk:69.143.175.242|talk]]) 18:28, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

== Vox video on Overton window ==

[[user:Ymblanter]], [[Vox (website)]] looks like a [[WP:RS]]. What's your problem with it? --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]])
: I think most Wikipedia users do not accept it as a RS. Let us wait a bit, there are quite a few people who watch this page and can provide input.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 18:57, 23 December 2017 (UTC)
::What evidence do you have that most Wikipedia users don't accept Vox as a RS? I couldn't find any discussion about Vox on the RS/Noticeboard. If you read the [[Vox (website)]] entry you will see that it was criticized by conservatives and praised by sources like David Carr of the NYT, The Economist, and the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. So whether you accept it or not seems to depend on whether you are a conservative. But even POV media are aceptable for WP:RS. So that's my evidence that it is a WP:RS.
::I don't see many people active on this talk page (only 1 besides me in 2017). I don't know of any Wikipedia policy or guideline that requires us to "wait a bit." Given the evidence I've provided that it is a WP:RS, I think it's more reasonable to restore it and see whether anyone else objects. --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 21:02, 23 December 2017 (UTC)
::: Fine, I will ask now at the Fringe Theory Noticeboard.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 21:07, 23 December 2017 (UTC)
::::RSN might have been more appropriate, but Vox seems to not have that bad a reputation for fact checking.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 21:20, 23 December 2017 (UTC)
::::: I am afraid RSN is dead. I tried to get there opinions several times, every time I tried I got zero responses.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 17:10, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

:For those of us coming from WP:FTN (and for anyone else participating), this discussion seems to be about the addition (or not) of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overton_window&diff=816715092&oldid=816613359 this text] as a new top-level section (titled ''Examples''):
----
::'''Examples'''
::As a result of President Donald Trump's controversial positions during his first year in office, Vox has argued that the Overton window in American media has shifted to the right,[9] and that an increase of media debates between Trump supporters and anti-Trump conservatives has made the latter the new middle ground.[9]
::9. "[https://www.vox.com/2017/12/21/16806676/strikethrough-how-trump-overton-window-extreme-normal How Trump makes extreme things look normal]". ''Vox''. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
----
:I don't see any intrinsic reliability issue with this source, but I would flag a concern with [[WP:WEIGHT|undue weight]] and general article structure. Starting a list of examples invites the creation of a never-ending laundry list (rather like the cruft that accumulated when we allowed "Trivia" sections in pop culture articles) of every single online mention of Overton from now until the heat death of the universe. Using as our sole example a very recent non-scholarly source with a very clear editorial slant, making qualitative assertions, and dealing with a very polarizing <s>treasonous, groping, lying, tiny-handed</s> *cough* figure is probably using a far too loaded example. We would be far better off to find scholarly (or at least more analytical) sources which use more robust data – ''e.g.'' opinion polling data compared over time – if we want to illustrate the concept to our readers. [[User:TenOfAllTrades|TenOfAllTrades]]([[User_talk:TenOfAllTrades|talk]]) 21:53, 23 December 2017 (UTC)
:: I don't think the Vox article is a fringe view. [https://www.google.com/search?ei=ujU_WrvLKYrljwT4-rXoDA&q=overton+window+trump&oq=overton+window+trump&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0.20895.23420.0.23723.8.8.0.0.0.0.109.798.4j4.8.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.8.795...33i160k1j0i22i30k1.0.HxvFnben9PM A number of reliable sources] have commented on the Overton Window's relation to Trump, including the [[Christian Science Monitor]], [[National Review]], [[The Economist]] etc. If anything, I would expand the paragraph to attribute these sources general opinion that Trump has shifted/affected/influenced the Overton Window regarding acceptable/normal/expected political behavior. - [[User:LuckyLouie|LuckyLouie]] ([[User talk:LuckyLouie|talk]]) 05:13, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

:I don't care about reliability, but I don't think it belongs. It may be an example of the usage of this term, and it may be an accurate usage, but I don't see a need or value in making this article a partisan football. [[User:Tomruen|Tom Ruen]] ([[User talk:Tomruen|talk]]) 05:34, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

::[[user:Ymblanter]], first you argued that Vox wasn't a WP:RS, and instead of following up that argument you are arguing that it's a fringe theory. Does this mean that you now agree that Vox is a WP:RS? --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 17:05, 24 December 2017 (UTC)
::: I do not have a particular opinion myself, but I have seen material based entirely on Vox rejected based on the notion it is not reliable. Concerning fringe theory, if you go up this page, you see that I actually argued this way ago, and I facilitated rewriting the lead in such a way that it clearly shows the theory is not academic research. Anyway, it looks like there is currently no consensus for including this material (which can of course change if more users comment here).--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 17:08, 24 December 2017 (UTC)
:::: Can you show me examples of where Vox was rejected because it was not reliable? --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 19:51, 24 December 2017 (UTC)
::::: I have seen it recently (last week?) on my watchlist, but can not immediately find it. If the page pops up on my watchlist again, I will post the diff here.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 23:07, 24 December 2017 (UTC)
::::::Vox was a finalist for several awards https://awards.journalists.org/organizations/vox/ by the [[Online News Association]]. This shows that professional journalists in the largest organization of digital journalists reviewed several of Vox's articles and thought they were good enough to be finalists. For example, Sarah Kliff got a reporting fellowship https://healthjournalism.org/blog/tag/errors/ from the [[Association of Health Care Journalists]], and her work was recommended as a model for other medical journalists by Joanne Kenen, the health editor of Politico. Kliff's biography is here http://www.sarahkliff.com/biography/ and the news organizations that have picked up her stories are listed here http://www.sarahkliff.com/ Other editors at Vox have similar credentials. I think this shows that Vox is judged a reliable source by professional journalists in major publications, and its work is picked up by other publications, which meets the requirements of [[WP:RS]]. Agreed? --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 00:34, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
::::::: I made some research, and, indeed, it looks like most users agree Vox is generally reliable.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 09:37, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
::::::::Thanks for your intellectual integrity. --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 14:06, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

* https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/christopher-harper-vox-news-website-needs-to-take-/ --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 16:31, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

:Aside from the question of whether Vox is reliable, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overton_window&type=revision&diff=816715092&oldid=816613359 this edit] gives an editorial opinion by Vox far too much [[WP:WEIGHT]]. Any claim that the Overton window has "shifted to the right" would need to be backed up by peer-reviewed academic research. Also, the implication that public opinion can be placed on a one-dimensional left/right line is an extremely dubious oversimplification. Why left/right? Why not libertarian/authoritarian or some other metric? --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 16:42, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

::No other article requires "peer-reviewed academic research," so why should this article be singled out among the millions of other articles? The only necessary standard is a reliable source. [[User:TechBear|'''TechBear''']] | [[User talk:TechBear|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/TechBear|Contributions]] 04:45, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
:::[[User:Guy Macon]], as far as I can see, this Wikipedia entry only cites one peer-reviewed article, on the Norwegian Immigration Debate. Is that correct? --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 07:35, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
::::*I think we can conclude that the Vox article meets [[WP:RS]] even though it's not peer-reviewed.
::::*On the Washington Times article, we have already agreed, based on [[Vox (website)]], that conservatives don't like Vox. However, media professionals, such as the judges in the [[Online News Association]] and the [[Association of Health Care Journalists]] do think Vox is reliable. For that matter, conservatives say the same about the New York Times and the Washington Post, which are [[WP:RS]]. So that's not a standard for [[WP:RS]].
::::*The author of the Vox video says that the Overton window has shifted to the right. That's his opinion and he is a [[WP:RS]]. It's true that Overton himself, and the Mackinac Center, don't like to describe it as a left/right axis. The author of the Vox article disagrees, and he's a [[WP:RS]]. That's why. --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 15:14, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
:::::* That's not how sourcing on Wikipedia works. As it says in [[WP:RSOPINION]], "Some sources may be considered reliable for statements as to their author's opinion, but not for statements asserted as fact. For example, an inline qualifier might say "[Author XYZ] says....". A prime example of this is opinion pieces in sources recognized as reliable. When using them, it is best to clearly attribute the opinions in the text to the author and make it clear to the reader that they are reading an opinion." If you want to report that the author of the Vox video says that the Overton window has shifted to the right, Vox is reliable for that (although it still would have [[WP:WEIGHT]] problems). Vox is not reliable for a claim that the Overton window has shifted to the right (as opposed to a claim that Vox says that the Overton window has shifted to the right) because Vox has absolutely no way to measure any shifting of the Overton window and indeed has no evidence concerning what the public will tolerate. They haven't none any scientific polling. They have no magical meter that they can read. All Vox can do is give us an uninformed opinin on the topic. --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 16:04, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
::::::: Considering all the other reliable sources that could be cited for opinions on how Trump has variously affected the Overton Window [http://www.nationalreview.com/article/428200/donald-trump-resetting-boundaries-american-political-debate-david-french], [https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2016/0311/How-Trump-and-Sanders-broke-the-Overton-window], [https://newrepublic.com/article/138003/flaws-overton-window-theory], [https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2017/04/27/tom_bevan_trump_has_moved_the_overton_window_on_sanctuary_cities.html] the Vox article isn't a preferred source. - [[User:LuckyLouie|LuckyLouie]] ([[User talk:LuckyLouie|talk]]) 16:28, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

:Instead of going around and around in circles, is there anyone besides Nbauman who thinks that Nbauman's proposed edit should stand? If not, we can save some time. Ultimately, article talk pages are for discussing edits to their associated article, not just general chat about sources. [[User:TenOfAllTrades|TenOfAllTrades]]([[User_talk:TenOfAllTrades|talk]]) 16:47, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
::The purpose of Talk pages is to decide whether edits are in compliance with Wikipedia guidelines and policies. Some editors said that Vox was not a [[WP:RS]]. We have to decide that question by the Wikipedia policy of consensus. [[WP:CONSENSUS]]:
:::Consensus on Wikipedia does not mean unanimity (which, although an ideal result, is not always achievable); nor is it the result of a vote. Decision-making involves an effort to incorporate all editors' legitimate concerns, while respecting Wikipedia's policies and guidelines....
:::In deletion discussions, '''a lack of consensus normally results in the article, page, image, or other content being kept.''' [My emphasis]
::The original objection was that Vox was not a [[WP:RS]]. I think we have reached consensus (not a vote) that Vox is a [[WP:RS]]. In any case, we haven't reached a consensus that it is not a [[WP:RS]]. Therefore, under Wikipedia policy, it shouldn't have been deleted in the first place. It should be restored, and not deleted, according to Wikipedia policy. --[[User:Nbauman|Nbauman]] ([[User talk:Nbauman|talk]]) 17:02, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
:::No such consensus exists. Vox may be a RS for many things, but not for this claim, because Vox has no way of knowing whether the claim is true or false. As far as I can tell, you haven't convinced a single person. Please read [[WP:STICK]] and [[WP:1AM]] and follow the advice you find there. --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 18:12, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
:::Another important aspect of consensus is recognizing that you, Nbauman, don't get to personally decide which policies are and are not relevant, or get to choose your own personal interpretation of them, over the objections of other editors. Focusing on WP:RS (and a narrow piece of it, at that) is deliberately missing the problems raised by other editors above (''e.g.'' my concerns about creating what amounts to a cruft-attracting [[WP:TRIVIA]] section, the issues with [[WP:WEIGHT]], and the question of whether a particular ''Vox'' correspondent's opinion piece is the best way to illustrate a political science concept.)
:::Incidentally, the reference to "deletion discussions" in [[WP:CONSENSUS]] refers to Wikipedia's processes to (entirely) delete articles, categories, templates, redirects, images, and so forth from Wikipedia. See the process pages at [[WP:AfD]], [[WP:CfD]], [[WP:TfD]], etc. I am surprised that an editor with your length of experience on Wikipedia (more than a decade now, which has included participation in several AfD discussions) would be unaware of this.
:::I am also surprised that an editor with your long tenure would know to find and quote that one bullet from [[WP:CONSENSUS]] while simultaneously remaining entirely unaware of ''the very next bullet point'', which reads:
::::"''In discussions of proposals to add, modify or remove material in articles, a lack of consensus commonly results in retaining the version of the article as it was prior to the proposal or bold edit. ...''"
:::Ruleslawyering, and especially doing it badly, helps neither Wikipedia nor yourself. Ignoring clearly-stated concerns doesn't make them go away. [[User:TenOfAllTrades|TenOfAllTrades]]([[User_talk:TenOfAllTrades|talk]]) 19:25, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

== change ==

How does it change over time? [[User:Benjaminikuta|Benjamin]] ([[User talk:Benjaminikuta|talk]]) 06:27, 17 May 2018 (UTC)
:{{reply to|Benjaminikuta}} see [[WP:NOTFORUM]], talk pages are for discussing how to improve the article. Not about the subject of the article. <code>{{u|[[User:Zchrykng|zchrykng]]}} {[[User talk:Zchrykng|T]]|[[Special:Contributions/Zchrykng|C]]}</code> 13:19, 17 May 2018 (UTC)
::Sorry, to rephrase: Does anyone know of any sources that address how the Overton window shifts over time? If so, I think that would be a worthy addition to this article. [[User:Benjaminikuta|Benjamin]] ([[User talk:Benjaminikuta|talk]]) 13:25, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

== Intellectual Dark Web ==

You are invited to participate in [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Intellectual Dark Web|this AfD discussion]] about whether to delete [[Intellectual Dark Web]]. {{nw}} --[[User:DrFleischman|Dr. Fleischman]] ([[User talk:DrFleischman|talk]]) 22:14, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

== The Overton Window, the Alt-Right, and Meme Warfare ==

Whatever the "accepted" definition is of the Overton Window, the most common use of it is seen online by the Alt-Right as a strategic component of "Meme Warfare". Meaning, I think the Article would be improved if some mention of these connections were made.[[User:Tym Whittier|Tym Whittier]] ([[User talk:Tym Whittier|talk]]) 23:08, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

== The Alley of Opinion ==

There are similar concepts referring to the "limits of acceptance" in the media (which have become more and more powerful to frame the climate of politics). Of course "PC-ness" is vaguely similar, but there are more clearly defined words too. In 2013, Swedish political analyst Henrik Ekengren Oscarsson coined the word ''åsiktskorridoren'' ("the alley/corridor of /accepted/ opinions" and defined it as "the spectrum of opinions within which you can speak and write in public without soon incurring a psychiatric diagnose from some other participants". He was aiming to describe the narrow margins of acceptability and the risks of public ostracism in Swedish media (and by extension, the stagnation of political debate). Of course the term became controversial at once, with many people in the public media vehemently denying that such a thing existed. :)

Article at Swedish WP: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85siktskorridor

Just as with the Overton window, this kind of "alley" no doubt exists in many countries, more or less obviously - the difference is in where the limits are, from one country to another (and Ekengren also stressed that some of the demarcations change over time, but often without anyone openly admitting that the change happened). [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 12:24, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

KLM

2019-08-22T08:36:23Z

192.121.232.253: /* Current fleet */ "4 870" (Year 2018) 50.000 Passangers next 150 Days (24. 31. 2019 0101.2020) Ticket-Flight-Price 100 Dollar = US-Dolar $5 Million Dollar (USD $5.000.000.)

{{about|the airline}}
{{short description|Flag carrier airline of the Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
| image =
| IATA = KL
| ICAO = KLM
| callsign = KLM
| aoc =
| hubs = {{nowrap|[[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]]}}
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer = [[Flying Blue]]
| alliance = <div>
* [[SkyTeam]]
* [[SkyTeam Cargo]]
</div>
| fleet_size = 120 (excluding subsidiaries)
| destinations = 145
| company_slogan = ''Journeys of Inspiration''
| parent = [[Air France–KLM]]
| num_employees = 34,872 (2017)
| logo = KLM logo.svg
| logo_size = 100
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1919|10|07}}
| headquarters = [[Amstelveen]], [[North Holland]], Netherlands
| key_people = * [[Albert Plesman]], Founder<ref name="FI founder 1959" /><ref name="FI founder 1971" />
* {{nowrap|[[Pieter Elbers]], President & CEO}}<ref name=elbersceo />
| subsidiaries = * [[KLM Cityhopper]]
* [[KLM Asia]]
* [[Martinair]]
* [[Transavia]]
* [[Cygnific B.V.|Cygnific]]
| revenue = €10.34 billion (2017)<ref name="airfranceklm.com">http://www.airfranceklm.com/sites/default/files/communiques/fy_2016_press_release_en.pdf</ref>
| operating_income = €910 million (2017)<ref name="airfranceklm.com"/>
| website = [http://www.klm.com/ klm.com]
}}

'''KLM Royal Dutch Airlines''', legally ''[[Koninklijk]]e Luchtvaart Maatschappij [[Naamloze vennootschap|N.V.]]'' (literal translation: Royal Aviation Company, Inc.),<ref>[https://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/customer_support/copyright_klm/index.htm klm.com - Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.] retrieved 6 December 2016.</ref> is the [[flag carrier]] airline of the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Air France: Strikers against reality|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21618884-pilots-stop-work-french-flag-carrier-struggles-reinvent-itself-strikers-against|accessdate=14 April 2015|work=The Economist|date=20 September 2014|location=Paris}}</ref> KLM is headquartered in [[Amstelveen]], with its hub at nearby [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]]. It is part of the [[Air France–KLM]] group, and a member of the [[SkyTeam]] airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the [[List of airlines by foundation date|oldest airline in the world]] still operating under its original name and had 35,488 employees and a fleet of 119 (excluding subsidiaries) {{as of|2015|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/facts-and-figures/index.html|title= About KLM — Facts & Figures|publisher= KLM|accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref> KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to [[KLM destinations|145 destinations]].
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==
===Early years===
[[File:Klm-poster-1919.jpg|thumb|KLM poster featuring the airline's first commercial slogan. It is likely dated around the late 1920s, after it started service to Batavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbannebula.nl/?datatype=page&req=project&id=328|title=Urban Nebula|author=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam|publisher=|access-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224845/http://www.urbannebula.nl/?datatype=page&req=project&id=328|archive-date=2 December 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

In 1919, a young aviator lieutenant named [[Albert Plesman]] sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in [[Amsterdam]]. The exhibition was a great success; after it closed several Dutch commercial interests intended to establish a Dutch airline, which Plesman was nominated to head.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU>{{cite journal|journal=International Directory of Company Histories|year=1999|volume=28|title=Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, N.V. History| url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/koninklijke-luchtvaart-maatschappij-n-v-history/|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> In September 1919, [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] awarded the yet-to-be-founded KLM its "Royal" ("''[[Koninklijk]]e''") predicate.<ref name=KLMHistory>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/history/index.html|work=KLM Corporate|publisher=KLM|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> On 7 October 1919, eight Dutch businessmen, including [[Frits Fentener van Vlissingen (1882)|Frits Fentener van Vlissingen]], founded KLM as one of the first commercial airline companies. Plesman became its first administrator and director.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU />

The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920. KLM's first pilot, Jerry Shaw, flew from [[Croydon Airport]], London, to Amsterdam.<ref name=KLMHistory /> The flight was flown using a leased [[Aircraft Transport and Travel]] [[Airco DH.16|De Haviland DH-16]],<ref name=KLMHistory /> registration G-EALU, which was carrying two British journalists and some newspapers. In 1920, KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In April 1921, after a winter hiatus, KLM resumed its services using its own pilots, and [[Fokker F.II]] and [[Fokker F.III]] aircraft.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret voorafgaand aan het vertrek van directeur Rendorp van de KNILM per Fokker F-XII van de KLM naar Nederland TMnr 60027465.jpg|thumb|KLM Fokker F-XVIII departing from the Dutch East Indies, 1932]]
KLM's first intercontinental flight took off on 1 October 1924.<ref name=KLMHistory /> The final destination was [[Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport|Jakarta]] (then called 'Batavia'), [[Java]], in the [[Dutch East Indies]]; the flight used a [[Fokker F.VII]]<ref name=KLMHistory /> with registration H-NACC and was piloted by Van der Hoop.<ref name="Aviacrash H-NACC">{{cite web | url=http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/h-nacc.htm | title=H-NACC | work=Aviacrash.nl | accessdate=11 October 2015 | language=Dutch}}</ref> In September 1929, regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced. Until the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in 1939, this was the world's longest-distance scheduled service by airplane.<ref name=KLMHistory /> By 1926, it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, and Malmö, using primarily Fokker F.II and Fokker F.III aircraft.<ref name="Heijn" >('''Dutch''') Albert Heijn, ed (1969) ''KL-50 – logboek van vijftig jaar vliegen''. Meijer, Amsterdam.</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep Europeanen staat op het vliegveld Rambang voor het vliegtuig de Uiver dat is aangekomen op Lombok na afloop van de London-Melbourne-race in 1934 TMnr 10010712.jpg|thumb|KLM [[Douglas DC-2]] aircraft ''Uiver'' in transit at Rambang airfield on the east coast of Lombok island following the aircraft being placed second in the [[MacRobertson Air Race]] from [[RAF Mildenhall]], England, to Melbourne in 1934.]]

In 1930, KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The [[Douglas DC-2]] was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934. The first experimental transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and [[Curaçao]] in December 1934 using the [[Fokker F.XVIII]] "Snip".<ref name=KLMHistory /> The first of the airline's [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft were delivered in 1936; these replaced the DC-2s on the service via Batavia to [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]]. KLM was the first airline to serve [[Manchester Airport|Manchester's new Ringway airport]], starting June 1938. KLM was the only civilian airline to receive the [[Douglas DC-5]]; the airline used two of them in the West Indies and sold two to the East Indies government, and is thus the only airline to have operated all Douglas 'DC' models other than the DC-1.

{{Rail freight
|title=Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
|float=left
|1947|454
|1950|766
|1955|1,485
|1960|2,660
|1965|3,342
|1971|6,330
|1975|10,077
|1980|14,058
|1985|18,039
|1995|44,458
|source=ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1947–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–1995
}}

====Second World War====
[[File:Douglas C-47A PH-TBP KLM ed Ringway 20.05.47 edited-2.jpg|thumb|KLM [[Douglas DC-3]] at [[Manchester Airport]] in 1947]]

When Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, a number of KLM aircraft—mostly DC-3s and a few DC-2s—were en route to or from the Far East, or were operating services in Europe. Five DC-3s and one DC-2 were taken to Britain. During the war, these aircraft and crew members flew scheduled passenger flights between Bristol and Lisbon under [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] registration.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The Douglas DC-3 PH-ALI "Ibis", then registered as G-AGBB, was attacked by the [[Luftwaffe]] on 15 November 1942, 19 April 1943, and finally on 1 June 1943 as [[BOAC Flight 777]], killing all passengers and crew. Some KLM aircraft and their crews ended up in the Australia-Dutch East Indies region, where they helped transport refugees from Japanese aggression in that area.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==== Post-World War II ====

After the end of the Second World War in August 1945, KLM immediately started to rebuild its network. Since the Dutch East Indies were in a state of revolt, Plesman's first priority was to re-establish KLM's route to Batavia. This service was reinstated by the end of 1945.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> Domestic and European flights resumed in September 1945, initially with a fleet of Douglas DC-3s and [[Douglas DC-4]]s.<ref name=KLMHistory /> On 21 May 1946, KLM was the first continental European airline to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Amsterdam and [[New York City]] using Douglas DC-4 aircraft.<ref name=KLMHistory /> By 1948, KLM had reconstructed its network and services to Africa, North and South America, and the [[Caribbean]] resumed.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU />
[[File:Lockheed L-749A PH-TDK KLM RWY 07.07.53 edited-2.jpg|thumb|[[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-749A Constellation]] of KLM in 1953]]
Long-range, pressurized [[Lockheed Constellation]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.klm.com/a-gracious-lady-the-lockheed-constellation/ | title=A Gracious Lady – The Lockheed Constellation | work=KLM Blog | date=21 September 2014 | accessdate=6 November 2015}}</ref> and [[Douglas DC-6]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.airspacemag.com/ist/?next=/history-of-flight/the-six-136034182/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190708/http://www.airspacemag.com/ist/?next=%2Fhistory-of-flight%2Fthe-six-136034182%2F | dead-url=yes | archive-date=23 December 2015 | title=The Six | publisher=Smithsonian Institution | work=Air & Space | accessdate=6 November 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> joined KLM's fleet in the late 1940s; the [[Convair 240]] short range pressurized twin engined airliner began European flights for the company in late 1948.<ref name="(Airline)1953">{{cite book|author=KLM (Airline)|title=Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0klAAAAMAAJ|year=1953}}</ref>

During the immediate post-war period, the Dutch government expressed interest in gaining a majority stake in KLM, thus nationalizing it. Plesman wanted KLM to remain a private company under private control; he allowed the Dutch government to acquire a minority stake in the airline.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> In 1950, KLM carried 356,069 passengers. The expansion of the network continued in the 1950s with the addition of several destinations in western North America.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> KLM's fleet expanded with the addition of new versions of the Lockheed Constellation and [[Lockheed L-188 Electra|Lockheed Electra]], of which KLM was the first European airline to fly.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU />

[[File:Vickers Viscount 803 PH-VIF KLM RWY 08.64 edited-4.jpg|thumb|KLM [[Vickers Viscount]] 803]]
On 31 December 1953, the founder and president of KLM, Albert Plesman, died at the age of 64.<ref name="FI founder 1959">{{cite journal|title=The Flying Dutchman is Forty|journal=FLIGHT International|date=2 October 1959 |volume=76 |issue=2638 |page=321 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202512.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="FI founder 1971">{{cite journal|title=The Netherlands' Aviation Industry – KLM Royal Dutch Airlines|journal=FLIGHT International|date=13 May 1971 |volume=99 |issue=3244|page=686 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%200777.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> He was succeeded as president by [[Fons Aler]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Civil Aviation – To Succeed Dr. Plesman|journal=FLIGHT International|date=19 March 1954 |volume=65 |issue=2356 |page=347 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200767.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> After Plesman's death, the company and other airlines entered a difficult economic period. The conversion to jet aircraft placed a further financial burden on KLM. The Netherlands government increased its ownership of the company to two-thirds, thus nationalizing it. The board of directors remained under the control of private shareholders.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU />

On 25 July 1957, the airline introduced its flight simulator for the [[Douglas DC-7]]C – the last KLM aircraft with piston engines – which opened the transpolar route from Amsterdam via [[Anchorage]] to [[Tokyo]] on 1 November 1958.<ref name=KLMHistory /> Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit, including a 7.62 mm selective-fire [[AR-10]] carbine for use against polar bears, in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', Regnum Publications (1998), p. 73</ref>

===Jet age===
The four-engine turboprop [[Vickers Viscount]] 800 was introduced on European routes in 1957.<ref name="Airline Timetable Images">{{cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/|title=Airline Timetable Images|website=www.timetableimages.com}}</ref> Beginning in September 1959, KLM introduced the four-engine turboprop [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes. In March 1960, the airline introduced the first [[Douglas DC-8]] jet into its fleet.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In 1961, KLM reported its first year of losses.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> In 1961, the airline's president Fons Aler was succeeded by [[Ernst van der Beugel]]. This change of leadership, however, did not lead to a reversion of KLM's financial difficulties.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> Van der Beugel resigned as president in 1963 due to health reasons.<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM Directors Resign|journal=FLIGHT International|date=10 January 1963 |volume=83 |issue=2809 |page=45 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200045.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> Horatius Albarda was appointed to succeed Ernst van der Beugel as president of KLM in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM's New President|journal=FLIGHT International|date=27 June 1963 |volume=83 |issue=2833 |page=1010 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%201041.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> Alberda initiated a reorganization of the company, which led to the reduction of staff and air services.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> In 1965, Alberda died in an air crash and was succeeded as president by Dr. Gerrit van der Wal.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Death of KLM President|journal=FLIGHT International|date= 27 May 1965 |volume=87 |issue=2933|page=820 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%201472.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=New KLM President|journal=FLIGHT International|date= 24 June 1965 |volume=87 |issue=2937|page=1010|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%201900.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> Van der Wal forged an agreement with the Dutch government that KLM would be once again run as a private company. By 1966, the stake of the Dutch government in KLM was reduced to a minority stake of 49.5%.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> In 1966, KLM introduced the [[Douglas DC-9]] on European and Middle East routes.

[[File:Lockheed 188 Electra PH-LLD KLM 07.65.jpg|thumb|KLM [[Lockheed L-188 Electra|Lockheed Electra]] turboprop airliner in 1965]]
The new terminal buildings at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] opened in April 1967, and in 1968 the stretched [[Douglas DC-8-63]] ("Super DC-8") entered service.<ref name=KLMHistory /> With 244 seats, it was the largest airliner at the time. KLM was the first airline to put the higher-gross-weight [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200]]B, powered by [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D]] engines, into service in February 1971;<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.aircraft-commerce.com/sample_articles/sample_articles/owners_guide.pdf | title=Aircraft owner's and operator's guide: 747-200/-300 | publisher=Aircraft Commerce}}</ref> this began the airline's use of [[widebody]] jets.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In March 1971, KLM opened its current headquarters in [[Amstelveen]].<ref name=KLMHistory /> In 1972, it purchased the first of several [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] aircraft—McDonnell Douglas's response to [[Boeing]]'s 747.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU />

In 1973, Sergio Orlandini was appointed to succeed Gerrit van der Wal as president of KLM.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /><ref>{{cite web |last=Vischer |first=Freddy |title=The years 1969 – 1978 |url=http://www.tca.viscal.net/klm/history/histo-1969-1978.htm |publisher=Tradewind Caribbean Airlines |accessdate=17 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705020245/http://www.tca.viscal.net/klm/history/histo-1969-1978.htm |archivedate=5 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At the time, KLM, as well as other airlines, had to deal with overcapacity. Orlandini proposed to convert KLM 747s to "combis" that could carry a combination of passengers and freight in a mixed configuration on the main deck of the aircraft.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> In November 1975, the first of these seven [[Boeing 747-200]]B [[Combi aircraft]] were added to the KLM fleet.<ref name=KLMHistory /> The airline previously operated DC-8 passenger and freight combi aircraft as well and currently operates [[Boeing 747-400]] combi aircraft.

The [[1973 oil crisis]], which caused difficult economic conditions, led KLM to seek government assistance in arranging debt refinancing. The airline issued additional shares of stock to the government in return for its money. In the late 1970s, the government's stake had again increased to a majority of 78%, re-nationalizing it.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> The company management remained under the control of private stakeholders.<ref name=KLMHistory />

===1980s and 1990s===
[[File:McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63, KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines AN1108402.jpg|thumb|KLM [[Douglas DC-8-63]] at [[London Heathrow Airport]] in 1982. The DC-8 was the mainstay of the KLM narrowbody jet fleet.]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Northwest Airlines-KLM DC-10 hybrid livery Spijkers.jpg
| caption1 = A [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] operated by [[Northwest Airlines]] (tail number N237NW) in a hybrid Northwest-KLM livery (1999). This photo shows the starboard (above) and port side of the aircraft (below)
| image2 = Northwest Airlines-KLM DC-10 hybrid livery KvW.jpg
}}
In 1980, KLM carried 9,715,069 passengers. In 1983, it reached an agreement with Boeing to convert ten of its Boeing 747-200 aircraft (Three 747-200Bs and Seven 747-200Ms) into Boeing 747-300s with the stretched-upper-deck modification. The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in [[Everett, Washington]], and finished in 1986. The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747-200SUD or 747-300, which the airline operated in addition to three newly built Boeing 747-300s manufactured from the ground up. In 1983, KLM took delivery of the first of ten [[Airbus A310]] passenger jets.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> Sergio Orlandini retired in 1987 and was succeeded as president of KLM by Jan de Soet.<ref>{{cite journal|title= News Scan – KLM Royal Dutch Airlines |journal=FLIGHT International|date= 8 November 1986 |volume=130 |issue=4036 |page=8 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%202950.html? |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> In 1986, the Dutch government's shareholding in KLM was reduced to 54.8 percent.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> It was expected that this share would be further reduced during the decade.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> The [[Boeing 747-400]] was introduced into KLM's fleet in June 1989.<ref name=KLMHistory />

With the liberalization of the European market, KLM started developing its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by feeding its network with traffic from affiliated airlines.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU /> As part of its development of a worldwide network, KLM acquired a 20% stake in [[Northwest Airlines]] in July 1989.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In 1990, KLM carried 16,000,000 passengers. KLM president Jan de Soet retired at the end of 1990 and was succeeded in 1991 by Pieter Bouw.<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM Names New MD |journal=FLIGHT International|date=28 February 1990 |volume=137 |issue=4205 |page=36 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200572.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> In December 1991, KLM was the first European airline to introduce a frequent flyer loyalty program, which was called ''Flying Dutchman''.<ref name=KLMHistory />

===Joint venture===
In January 1993, the United States Department of Transportation granted KLM and Northwest Airlines anti-trust immunity, which allowed them to intensify their partnership.<ref name=KLMHistory /> As of September 1993, the airlines operated their flights between the United States and Europe as part of a joint venture.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In March 1994, KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes.<ref name=KLMHistory /> KLM's stake in Northwest Airlines was increased to 25% in 1994.<ref name=KLMHistoryFU />

KLM introduced the [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] in July 1995.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In January 1996, KLM acquired a 26% share in [[Kenya Airways]], the flag-carrier airline of Kenya.<ref name=KLMHistory /> In 1997, Pieter Bouw resigned as president of KLM and was succeeded by [[L. M. van Wijk|Leo van Wijk]].<ref>{{cite journal|title= People – KLM |journal=FLIGHT International|date= 4 June 1997 |volume=151 |issue=4577 |page=52 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%201500.html |accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> In August 1998, KLM repurchased all regular shares from the Dutch government to make KLM a private company.<ref name=KLMHistory /> On 1 November 1999, KLM founded AirCares, a communication and fundraising platform supporting worthy causes and focusing on underprivileged children.<ref name=KLMHistory />

KLM renewed its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s, Boeing 747-300s, and eventually the [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]], with [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ERs]] and [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200s]]. Some 747s were withdrawn from service first. The MD-11s remained in service until October 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tedreed/2014/11/15/good-bye-md-11-too-bad-nobody-ever-loved-you/ | title=Good Bye MD-11 -- Too Bad Nobody Ever Loved You | work=Forbes | date=15 November 2014 | accessdate=10 October 2015 | author=Reed, Ted}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://news.klm.com/klm-operates-last-md-11-passenger-flight | title=KLM Operates Last MD-11 Passenger Flight | publisher=KLM | date=26 October 2014 | accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref> The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003, while the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced on 25 August 2005.<ref name=KLMHistory />

===Air France–KLM merger===
On 30 September 2003, [[Air France]] and KLM agreed to a merger plan in which Air France and KLM would become subsidiaries of a holding company called [[Air France–KLM]]. Both airlines would retain their own brands, and both [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] in Paris and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol would become key hubs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air France and KLM get close |url=http://www.economist.com/node/2098740 |work=The Economist|accessdate=17 February 2013|date=6 October 2003}}</ref> In February 2004, the [[European Commission]] and [[United States Department of Justice]] approved the proposed merger of the airlines.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Commission clears merger between Air France and KLM subject to conditions |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-04-194_en.htm |publisher=European Commission|date=11 February 2004|accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History – 2004|url=http://www.skyteam.com/en/About-us/Organization/History/2004/|work=SkyTeam|accessdate=18 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208012936/http://www.skyteam.com/en/About-us/Organization/History/2004/|archivedate=8 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In April 2004, an exchange offer in which KLM shareholders exchanged their KLM shares for Air France shares took place.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Air France exchange offer for all common shares of KLM |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/56316/000115697304000389/u47326e425.htm |publisher=Air France |date=2 April 2004|accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref> Since 5 May 2004, Air France–KLM has been listed on the [[Euronext]] exchanges in Paris, Amsterdam and New York.<ref name=referencedoc0405>{{cite web|url=http://www.airfranceklm-finance.com/en/content/download/5076/32313/file/Reference-Document_2004-05_EN.pdf |title=2004–05 Reference Document |date=12 July 2005 |work=Air France–KLM Finance |publisher=Air France–KLM |accessdate=18 February 2013|page=6 |format=PDF}}</ref> In September 2004, the merger was completed by creation of the Air France–KLM holding company.<ref name=referencedoc0405 /> The merger resulted in the world's largest airline group and should have led to an estimated annual cost-saving of between €400 million and €500 million.<ref name=afklmergerdeal>{{cite press release|title=Air France – KLM, A Global Airline Market Leader|url=http://corporate.airfrance.com/uploads/media/airfrance_klm_a_global_airline_market_leader_01.pdf|publisher=Air France / KLM|date=5 May 2004|accessdate=18 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623150458/http://corporate.airfrance.com/uploads/media/airfrance_klm_a_global_airline_market_leader_01.pdf|archivedate=23 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It did not appear that KLM's longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines—which merged with [[Delta Air Lines]] in 2008—was affected by the merger with Air France. KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004. Also in 2004, senior management came under fire for providing itself with controversial bonuses after the merger with Air France, while 4,500 jobs were lost at KLM. After external pressure, management gave up on these bonuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2004/05/inbrief/nl0405101n.htm|title=KLM senior managers forgo controversial bonuses|publisher=}}</ref>

In March 2007, KLM started to use the [[Amadeus CRS|Amadeus]] reservation system, along with partner Kenya Airways. After 10 years as president of the airline, Leo van Wijk resigned from his position and was succeeded by [[Peter Hartman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=People: 5 December 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/people-5-december-2006-210896/|work=Flight International|accessdate=17 February 2013|date=5 December 2006}}</ref>

===2010s===
Beginning in September 2010, KLM integrated the passenger division of [[Martinair]] into KLM, transferring all personnel and routes. By November 2011, Martinair consisted of only the cargo and maintenance division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laatste passagiersvlucht Martinair |url=http://www.blikopnieuws.nl/bericht/136430/Laatste_passagiersvlucht_Martinair.html |publisher=Blik op Nieuws.nl |accessdate=1 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101142242/http://www.blikopnieuws.nl/bericht/136430/Laatste_passagiersvlucht_Martinair.html |archivedate= 1 November 2011 |date=31 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In March 2011, KLM and [[InselAir]] reached an agreement for mutual cooperation on InselAir destinations, thus expanding its passenger services. Beginning 27 March 2011, KLM passengers could fly to all InselAir destinations through InselAir's hubs in [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]].<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/inselair/inselair-and-klm-sign-agreement/197906790229712 | title=InselAir and KLM sign agreement | publisher=InselAir | date=18 March 2011 | accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/104521/inselair-to-offer-regional-flights-for-klm/ | title=InselAir to Offer Regional Flights for KLM | work=Routes Online | date=21 March 2011 | accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> This cooperation was extended to a codeshare agreement in 2012.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-en-inselair-starten-een-codeshare-en/ | title=KLM and InselAir To Initiate Code-Sharing | publisher=KLM | accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> In early 2018, the cooperation with Inselair was terminated, including any interlining agreements, after Inselair found itself in financial difficulties which forced the airline to sell off part of its fleet and cancel some of its routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curacaochronicle.com/local/klm-ends-cooperation-with-inselair/|title=KLM ends cooperation with InselAir - Curaçao Chronicle|website=curacaochronicle.com}}</ref>

On 20 February 2013, KLM announced that Peter Hartman would resign as president and CEO of KLM on 1 July 2013. He was succeeded by [[Camiel Eurlings]]. Hartman remained employed by the company until he retired on 1 January 2014.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Camiel Eurlings Appointed KLM President & CEO |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/camiel-eurlings-wordt-president-directeur-van-klm-en/ |publisher=KLM |date=20 February 2013 |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref> On 15 October 2014, KLM announced that Eurlings, in joint consultation with the supervisory board, had decided to immediately resign as president and CEO. As of this date, he was succeeded by [[Pieter Elbers]].<ref name=elbersceo>{{cite press release|title=Pieter Elbers appointed President and CEO of KLM, replacing Camiel Eurlings |url=http://news.klm.com/en/pieter-elbers-appointed-president-and-ceo-of-klm-replacing-camiel-eurlings/ |publisher=KLM |date=15 October 2014 |accessdate=15 October 2014}}</ref> KLM received the award for "Best Airline Staff Service" in Europe at the World Airline Awards 2013. This award represents the rating for an airline's performance across both airport staff and cabin staff combined.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best Airline Staff Service in Europe |url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2013/svcexceurope.htm |work=World Airline Awards |publisher=Skytrax |accessdate=22 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802030713/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/awards_2013/svcexceurope.htm |archivedate=2 August 2013}}</ref> It is the second consecutive year that KLM won this award; in 2012 it was awarded with this title as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM Royal Dutch Airlines wins award for the 2012 Best Airline Staff Service in Europe |url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2012/svcexceurope.htm |work=World Airline Awards |publisher=Skytrax |accessdate=22 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715180312/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2012/svcexceurope.htm |archivedate=15 July 2012}}</ref> On 19 June 2012, KLM made the first transatlantic flight fueled partly by sustainable biofuels to [[Rio de Janeiro]]. This was the longest distance any aircraft had flown on biofuels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klmtakescare.com/en/content/biofuel-flight-to-rio |title=Biofuel flight to Rio |publisher=Klmtakescare.com |accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref>

In 2019, KLM celebrates its centennial, as it was founded in 1919. Since it is the oldest airline still operating under its original name, it is the first airline to achieve this feat.

==Corporate affairs and identity==

===Business trends===

Key business and operating results of KLM are shown below.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #00A1E4;" |
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2011
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2012
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2013
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2014
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2015
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2016
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2017
!style="background: #00A1E4;" | 2018
|-
| Revenues (€ m)
| align=center|8,904
| align=center|9,473
| align=center|9,688
| align=center|9,643
| align=center|9,905
| align=center|9,800
| align=center|10,340
! align=center|10,955
|-
| Net Profit (€ m)
| align=center|1
| align=center|-98
| align=center|133
| align=center|341
| align=center|54
| align=center|519
| align=center|579
! align=center|1,073
|-
| Number of Passengers (m)
| align=center|25.3
| align=center|25.8
| align=center|26.6
| align=center|27.7
| align=center|28.6
| align=center|30.4
| align=center|32.7
! align=center|34.2
|-
| Passenger Load Factor (%)
| align=center|84.3
| align=center|85.7
| align=center|85.8
| align=center|86.5
| align=center|86.4
| align=center|87.2
| align=center|88.4
! align=center|89.1
|-
| Revenue Passenger Kilometres (m)
| align=center|84.2
| align=center|86.3
| align=center|89.0
| align=center|91.5
| align=center|93.2
| align=center|97.7
| align=center|103.5
! align=center|107.7
|-
| Number of Aircraft (at Year's End) incl. Cargo
| align=center|204
| align=center|203
| align=center|206
| align=center|202
| align=center|199
| align=center|203
| align=center|204
! align=center|214
|-
| Number of Employees
| align=center|37,169
| align=center|35,787
| align=center|35,662
| align=center|35,685
| align=center|35,488
| align=center|34,363
| align=center|34,872
! align=center|35,410
|-
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | References
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" |<ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2012">{{cite web|title=KLM:Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/Annual_report_2012_tcm729-436908.pdf |publisher=KLM |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2011">{{cite web|title=KLM:Annual Report 2011 |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/annual%20report%202011_tcm729-411136.pdf |publisher=KLM |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" |<ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2013">{{cite web|title=KLM:Annual Report 2013 |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/annual%20report%202013_tcm729-500557.pdf |publisher=KLM |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2012"/>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | <ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2014">{{cite web|title=KLM:Annual Report 2014 |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/KLM_annual_report_2014_tcm729-579492.pdf |publisher=KLM |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2013"/>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | <ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2015">{{cite web|title=KLM:Annual Report 2015 |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/Printversion-Annual%20Report%202015_tcm729-653699.pdf |publisher=KLM |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2014"/>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | <ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2016">{{cite web|title=KLM:Annual Report 2016 |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/170104%20KLM%20BRO%20jaarverslag%202016_LR%2011%20(1)_tcm729-719527.pdf |publisher=KLM |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2015"/>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | <ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2016"/>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | <ref name="KLM: Annual Report 2017">{{cite web|title=KLM Annual Report 2017 |url=https://annualreports.klm.com/ |publisher=KLM |accessdate=4 May 2018}}</ref>
!style="background: #a5e4ff;" | <ref name="AIRFRANCEKLM: FULL YEAR 2018 RESULTS">{{cite web| title=FULL YEAR 2018 RESULTS | url=https://www.airfranceklm.com/sites/default/files/q4_2018_press_release_en_vdef_0.pdf | publisher=AIRFRANCEKLM | accessdate=27 February 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Management===
{{As of|October 2015}}, KLM's corporate leader is its president and chief executive officer (CEO) Pieter Elbers, who replaced Camiel Eurlings suddenly on 15 October 2014. The president and CEO is part of the larger Executive Committee, which manages KLM and consists of the statutory managing directors and executive vice-presidents of KLM's business units that are represented in the Executive Committee.<ref name=klmmanagement>{{cite web|title=KLM Management |url=http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/management/index.html |publisher=KLM Corporate|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref> The supervision and management of KLM are structured in accordance with the ''two-tier model''; the Board of Managing Directors is supervised by a separate and independent [[Supervisory Board]]. The Supervisory Board also supervises the general performance of KLM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/annual%20report%202011_tcm729-411136.pdf|title=KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Annual Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=KLM Corporate|accessdate=2 February 2013|pages=41, 42|format=PDF}}</ref> The Board of Managing Directors is formed by the four Managing Directors, including the CEO. Nine Supervisory Directors comprise the Supervisory Board.<ref name=klmmanagement />

===Head office===
[[File:KLM hoofdkantoor Amstelveen.jpg|thumb|KLM head office in [[Amstelveen]]]]
KLM's head office is located in Amstelveen,<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact – Visiting address |url=http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/contact/index.html |publisher=KLM Corporate|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref> on a {{convert|16|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} site near [[Schiphol Airport]]. The airline's current headquarters was built between 1968 and 1970.<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM's New Head Office|journal=FLIGHT International|date=6 June 1968 |volume=93 |issue=3091 |page=855 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%200895.html |accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref> Before the opening of the new headquarters, the airline's head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in [[Haarlemmermeer]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM (Konninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij NV)|journal=FLIGHT International|date=10 April 1969|volume=95|issue=3135|page=578|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%201831.html|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>

===Subsidiaries===
Companies in which KLM has a stake include:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/images/Annual_report_2012_tcm729-436908.pdf|title = KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Annual Report 2012|date = 19 March 2013|publisher = KLM Corporate|accessdate = 10 July 2013|page = 16|format = PDF}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|- style="background:#00A1E4;"
!Company||Type||Principal activities||Incorporated in||Group's equity shareholding
|-
|[[Transavia]] Airlines CV||Subsidiary||Airline||Netherlands||100%
|-
|[[Transavia France]] (via Transavia Airlines CV)||Subsidiary||Airline||France||4%<ref>https://www.upinthesky.nl/2019/02/20/transavia-frankrijk-zo-goed-als-frans/</ref>
|-
|[[KLM Cityhopper]] BV||Subsidiary||Airline||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM Cityhopper UK Ltd.||Subsidiary||Airline||United Kingdom||100%
|-
|KLM Asia||Subsidiary||Airline||Taiwan||100%
|-
|[[Martinair]] Holland NV||Subsidiary||Cargo airline||Netherlands||100%
|-
|EPCOR BV||Subsidiary||Maintenance||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM Catering Services Schiphol BV||Subsidiary||Catering services||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM Equipment Services BV||Subsidiary||Equipment support||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM Financial Services||Subsidiary||Financing||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM Flight Academy BV||Subsidiary||Flight academy||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM Health Services BV||Subsidiary||Health services||Netherlands||100%
|-
|KLM UK Engineering Ltd.||Subsidiary||Engineering and maintenance||United Kingdom||100%
|-
|Cygnific||Subsidiary||Sales and service||Netherlands||100%
|-
|Schiphol Logistics Park||Joint controlled entity||Logistics||Netherlands||53% (45% voting right)
|}

===Former subsidiaries===
Subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures of KLM in the past include:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|- style="background:#00A1E4;"
!Company || Type || Year of establishment || Year of rejection || Notes || References
|-
| Cobalt Ground Solutions || Subsidiary || align=center|1995 || align=center|2017 || UK based Ground handling (60% share) || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air France-KLM sells Cobalt Ground Solutions |url=https://news.klm.com/air-france-klm-sells-cobalt-ground-solutions/ |work=KLM newsroom |accessdate=9 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Transportation Infrastructure: Company Overview of Cobalt Ground Solutions Ltd. | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=46545318 |accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Air UK]] || Associate || align=center|1987 || align=center|1998 || Renamed [[KLM uk]] upon obtaining majority stake || align=center|<ref name=airuk>{{cite web|title=Air UK Reunion -History |url=http://www.airukreunion.co.uk/history.htm |work=Air UK Reunion |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Braathens]] || Joint Venture || align=center|1998 || align=center|2003 || align=center|— || align=center|<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM signs Braathens and Northwest deals|journal=FLIGHT International|date=15 October 1997 |volume=152 |issue=4596 |page=29 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%202689.html |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SAS to buy troubled Braathens |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sas-to-buy-troubled-braathens-130934/ |work=Flight International |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Buzz (airline)|Buzz]] || Subsidiary || align=center|2000 || align=center|2003 || Sold to [[Ryanair]] || align=center |<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM uk's no-frills buzz gets off the ground |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/klm-uks-no-frills-buzz-gets-off-the-ground-60596/ |work=Flight International |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Buzz deal completed|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/buzz-deal-completed-164674/ |work=Flight International |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ryanair snaps up Buzz and increases 737 order |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ryanair-snaps-up-buzz-and-increases-737-order-161194/ |work=Flight International |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[De Kroonduif]]|| Subsidiary || align=center|1955 || align=center|1963 || Acquired by [[Garuda Indonesia]] || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vliegen als vervoer in Nieuw-Guinea |url=http://www.papuaerfgoed.org/en/node/23467 |work=PACE |publisher=Papua Heritage Foundation |language=Dutch |trans-title=Flying as transport in New-Guinea |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[KLM alps]]|| Subsidiary || align=center|1998 || align=center|2001 || Franchise agreement with Air Engiadina and [[Air Alps]] || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM's alpine deal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/klms-alpine-deal-45105/ |work=Flight International |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Air Alps lands in Italian hands|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/air-alps-lands-in-italian-hands-134141/ |work=Flight International |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[KLM exel]] || Subsidiary || align=center|1991 || align=center|2004 || align=center|— || align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=KLM Exel Fleet Details and History |url=http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/KLM-Exel |work=Planespotters.net |accessdate=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031192250/http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/KLM-Exel |archive-date=31 October 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|KLM Helicopters || Subsidiary || align=center|1965 || align=center|1998 || Sold to [[Schreiner Airways]] || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Newsletter May 1985|url=http://www.denhelderairport.nl/index.php?lan=en&id=85|work=Den Helder Airport|accessdate=20 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524212104/http://www.denhelderairport.nl/index.php?lan=en&id=85|archivedate=24 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Schreiner|first=Arnoud|title=1996–2000|url=http://schreinerhistory.weebly.com/1996--2000.html|work=Schreiner Aviation Group History|accessdate=20 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522055845/http://schreinerhistory.weebly.com/1996--2000.html|archivedate=22 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM Helikopters BV|journal=FLIGHT International|date=22 April 1978 |volume=113 |issue=3605 |page=1137 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20-%200661.html |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf]] (KLM-IIB) || Subsidiary || align=center|1947 || align=center|1949 || Nationalized and renamed [[Garuda Indonesia]] || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=5871 |work=Aviation Safety Network |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[KLM uk]] || Subsidiary || align=center|1998 || align=center|2002 || Merged with [[KLM Cityhopper]] || align=center|<ref name=airuk /><ref>{{cite journal|title=World Airline Directory – KLM uk |journal=FLIGHT International|date=18 March 1998 |volume=153 |issue=4617 |page=82 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1998/1998%20-%200608.html |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[NetherLines]] || Subsidiary || align=center|1988 || align=center|1991 || Merged with [[NLM CityHopper]] and formed [[KLM Cityhopper]] || align=center|<ref>{{cite journal|title=KLM buys Dutch regional |journal=FLIGHT International|date=9 April 1988 |volume=133 |issue=4108 |page=7 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%200911.html |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=nlmnetherlinesmerger>{{cite journal|title=World Airline Directory – KLM CityHopper |journal=FLIGHT International|date=27 March 1991 |volume=91 |issue=4260 |page=139 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%200780.html |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[NLM CityHopper]] || Subsidiary || align=center|1966 || align=center|1991 || Merged with [[NetherLines]] and formed [[KLM Cityhopper]] || align=center|<ref name=nlmnetherlinesmerger /><ref>{{cite journal|title=World Airline Directory – Nederlandse Luchtvaart Maatschappij (NLM) |journal=FLIGHT International|date=13 April 1967 |volume=91 |issue=3031 |page=581 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%200595.html |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[High Speed Alliance]] || Subsidiary || align=center|2007 || align=center|2014 || 5% (10% voting) share before it became [[NS International]] || align=center|{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}
|}

KLM also worked closely with [[ALM Antillean Airlines]] in the Caribbean in order to provide air service for the Dutch controlled islands in the region with KLM aircraft such as the [[Douglas DC-8]] and [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30]] being operated by KLM flight crews on behalf of ALM.<ref name="Airline Timetable Images"/>

===KLM Asia===
[[File:EHAM18072010 PH-BFC KLM (4806800714).jpg|thumb| PH-BFC, one of the [[Boeing 747-400]]s that served KLM Asia from 1995 until 2012 when it was repainted in the original KLM livery. The same aircraft, which was in service with KLM from 1989 until its retirement on March 14, 2018, is also notorious for the [[KLM Flight 867|Flight 867 incident]].]]

'''KLM Asia''' ({{zh|t=荷蘭亞洲航空公司|p=Hélán Yàzhōu Hángkōng Gōngsī}}) is a wholly KLM-owned subsidiary registered in Taiwan. The airline was established in 1995 to operate flights to [[Taipei]] without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM History|url=http://www.theklmsource.com/history.html|work=The KLM Source|accessdate=20 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719044400/http://www.theklmsource.com/history.html|archivedate=19 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The livery of KLM Asia does not feature Dutch national symbols, such as the flag of the Netherlands, nor KLM's stylised [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch Crown]] logo. Instead, it features a special KLM Asia logo. The airline has seven [[Boeing 777-200ER]] and two [[Boeing 777-300ER]]. KLM Asia initially operated the Amsterdam-[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok]]-[[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei]] route with a B747-400 Combi or a B747-400 non-combi aircraft. Since March 2012, it has operated the revised Amsterdam-Taipei-[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]] route with Boeing 777-200ER/-300ER aircraft. Some aircraft are already painted in the revised KLM Asia livery of 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://worldairlinenews.com/2012/02/22/klm-to-move-seven-boeing-777-200-ers-to-klm-asia/ | title=KLM to repaint seven Boeing 777-200ERs in KLM Asia livery | work=World Airline News | accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref>

KLM Asia aircraft are also occasionally used to service other destinations in the wider KLM network.

===Branding===
Dirk Roosenburg designed the KLM logo at its establishment in 1919; he intertwined the letter K, L, and M, and gave them wings and a crown. The crown was depicted to denote KLM's royal status, which was granted at KLM's establishment.<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM keeps predicate 'Royal'|url=https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/about/news_press/travel_news/KLM_keeps_predicate_Royal.htm|publisher=KLM|accessdate=2 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620024812/https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/about/news_press/travel_news/KLM_keeps_predicate_Royal.htm|archivedate=20 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The logo became known as the "vinklogo" in reference to the [[common chaffinch]].<ref>{{cite book|last=van Hoogstraten|first=Dorine|title=Dirk Roosenburg, architect 1887–1962|year=2005|trans-title=Dirk Roosenburg, architect 1887–1962|publisher=010 Publishers |location=Rotterdam |isbn=9064505322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9064505322|accessdate=2 February 2013|page=137|language=Dutch|trans-chapter=Buildings for aviation|chapter=Gebouwen voor de luchtvaart}}</ref> The KLM logo was largely redesigned in 1961 by [[F.H.K. Henrion]]. The crown, redesigned using a line, four blue circles and a cross, was retained. In 1991, the logo was further revised by Chris Ludlow of Henrion, Ludlow & Schmidt.<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM Logo |url=http://www.famouslogos.net/klm-logo |work=FamousLogos.net |accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref> In addition to its main logo, KLM displays its alliance status in its branding, including "Worldwide Reliability" with Northwest Airlines (1993–2002) and the SkyTeam alliance (2004–present).<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM Royal Dutch Airlines|url=http://www.evolutionofbrands.com/nl/klm-royal-dutch-airlines/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216012729/http://www.evolutionofbrands.com/nl/klm-royal-dutch-airlines/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=Evolution of Brands|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
{{clear}}
[[File:Evolution klm.jpg|600px|center|Evolution of the KLM logo]]

====Livery and uniforms====
[[File:KLM Wing.jpg|thumb|Current KLM pilot wing]]
[[File:Douglas DC-6 PH-TPT KLM RWY 18.07.53 edited-2.jpg|thumb|Douglas DC-6 in 1953]]
[[File:Lockheed L188C PH-LLK KLM MAN 23.12.63 edited-2.jpg|thumb|Lockheed L-188 Electra in the airline's 1950s livery]]

KLM has utilized several major liveries since its founding, with numerous variations on each. Initially many aircraft featured a bare-metal fuselage with a stripe above the windows bearing the phrase "The Flying Dutchman". The rudder was divided into three segments and painted to match the Dutch flag. Later aircraft types sometimes bore a white upper fuselage, and additional detail striping and titling. In the mid-1950s, the livery was changed to feature a split cheatline in two shades of blue on a white upper fuselage, and angled blue stripes on the vertical stabilizer. The tail stripes were later enlarged and made horizontal, and the then-new crown logo was placed in a white circle. The final major variation of this livery saw the vertical stabilizer painted completely white with the crown logo in the center. All versions of this livery had small "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines" titles, first in red, and later in blue.

Since 1971, the KLM livery has primarily featured a bright blue fuselage, with variations on the striping and details. Originally a wide, dark blue cheatline covered the windows, and was separated from the light gray lower fuselage by a thin white stripe. The KLM logo was placed centrally on the white tail and on the front of the fuselage. In December 2002, KLM introduced an updated livery in which the white strip was removed and the dark-blue cheatline was significantly narrowed. The bright blue color was retained and now covers most of the fuselage. The KLM logo was placed more centrally on the fuselage while its position on the tail and the tail design remained the same.<ref>{{cite press release|title=New Livery For KLM Fleet |url=http://www.presslink.nl/klm/|publisher=KLM|date=20 December 2002|accessdate=9 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222090350/http://www.presslink.nl/klm/ |archivedate=22 December 2002}}</ref> In 2014, KLM modified its livery with a swooping cheatline that wraps around the entire forward fuselage. The livery was first introduced on [[Embraer 190]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=KLM Welcomes its Latest Embraer 190 and Modified Livery |url=http://news.klm.com/klm-welcomes-its-latest-embraer-190-and-modified-livery |location=Amstelveen |publisher= |agency= |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>

KLM also has several aircraft painted in special liveries; they include the following:
* PH-BVA, a Boeing 777-300ER, features an orange forward fuselage that fades into the standard blue to commemorate the Netherlands national team's participation in the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.klm.com/orangepride-klms-unique-orange-aircraft-to-promote-the-netherlands|title=#Orangepride: KLM’s unique orange aircraft to promote the Netherlands|publisher=}}</ref>
* PH-KZU, a Fokker F70, has been applied with a special livery featuring [[Anthony Fokker]], the founder of [[Fokker]], commemorating the airline's long standing history with Fokker aircraft and the phase out of the [[Fokker 70]] aircraft in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.klm.com/farewell-to-fokker/|title=A Fond Farewell to Fokker - KLM Blog|date=7 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
* Several aircraft bear the silver SkyTeam alliance livery, including PH-BVD (a 777-300ER), PH-BXO (a 737-900), and PH-EZX (a KLM Cityhopper ERJ-190).
*PH-BKA, a Boeing 787-10, features the standard KLM livery with a 100 wrapped around its lettering on the plane, this is because of the 100 years of being an established airline.

In April 2010, KLM introduced new uniforms for its female cabin attendants, ground attendants and pilots at KLM and KLM Cityhopper. The new uniform was designed by Dutch couturier [[Mart Visser]]. It retains the KLM blue color that was introduced in 1971 and adds a touch of orange—the national color of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite press release|title=KLM introduces new ladies uniform|url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-introduceert-nieuw-damesuniform-en/|publisher=KLM|date=14 April 2010|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>

====Marketing slogans====
KLM has used several slogans for marketing throughout its operational history:
* "''The businessman travels, sends, and receives by KLM''" (translated from Dutch)<ref name=klmreclames>{{cite news|last=Heiden|first=H.G.|title=Een goed verwarmde kajuit in de winter|url=http://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/012df2bb54bad327a2cfab28/|accessdate=16 February 2013|newspaper=Reformatisch Dagblad|date=7 October 1994|page=17|language=Dutch|trans-title=A well-heated cabin in winter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=van Weezepoel|first=Paul|title=Dutch Aviation History 1919|url=http://www.dutch-aviation.nl/index3/1919-1939/index3-1919.html|work=Dutch Aviation|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> (1920s)
* "''The Flying Dutchman''"<ref name=klmreclames /><ref>{{cite web|last=van Weezepoel|first=Paul|title=Dutch Aviation History 1926|url=http://www.dutch-aviation.nl/index3/1919-1939/index3-1926.html|work=Dutch Aviation|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref>
* "''Bridging the World''"<ref name=klmreclames /> (1994)
* "''The Reliable Airline''"<ref name=travelinsiderslogans>{{cite web|title=Airline Slogans for airlines G – N|url=http://www.thetravelinsider.info/airlines/airlineslogansgn.htm|work=The Travel Insider|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref>
* "''Journeys of Inspiration''"<ref name=travelinsiderslogans /><ref>{{cite web|title=90th anniversary|url=http://holland-herald.com/2009/10/90th-anniversary/|work=Holland Herald|publisher=KLM|accessdate=16 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504005642/http://holland-herald.com/2009/10/90th-anniversary/|archivedate=4 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2009–present)

===Social media===
KLM has an extensive presence on [[social media]] platforms and also runs a blog.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where to find KLM on social media sites |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/plan_and_book/klm_on_social_media/where_to_find_us/index.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref> Customers can make inquiries through these channels. The airline also uses these networks to inform customers of KLM news, marketing campaigns and promotions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marketshare/2012/02/27/klm-a-company-that-gets-social-media/#3f80097c1027|title=KLM: A Company That 'Gets' Social Media|last=Olenski|first=Steve|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fodors.com/news/airlines/klm-royal-dutch-airlines-proves-a-winning-social-media-strategy-is-all-about-customer-service|title=KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Proves a Winning Social Media Strategy Is All About Customer Service|date=2017-08-21|work=Fodors Travel Guide|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

The airline's use of social media platforms to reach customers peaked when the Icelandic volcano [[Eyjafjallajökull]] erupted in April 2010, causing widespread disruption to air traffic. Customers used the social networks to contact the airline, which used them to provide information about the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last=van Drimmelen |first=Jochem |title=KLM's social media strategy – Part 1 |url=http://blog.klm.com/klm%E2%80%99s-social-media-strategy-part-1/4670/ |publisher=KLM Blog |accessdate=31 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728021256/http://blog.klm.com/klm%E2%80%99s-social-media-strategy-part-1/4670/ |archivedate=28 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Following the increased use of social media, KLM created a centralized, public social media website named the Social Media Hub in October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=van Drimmelen |first=Jochem |title=KLM's social media strategy – Part 2 |url=http://blog.klm.com/klm%E2%80%99s-social-media-strategy-part-2/4700/ |publisher=KLM Blog |accessdate=31 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329234633/http://blog.klm.com/klm%E2%80%99s-social-media-strategy-part-2/4700/ |archivedate=29 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

KLM has developed several services based on these social platforms, including:
* ''Meet & Seat''; this service allows passengers to find information about people who will be on the same KLM flight by connecting their Facebook or LinkedIn profiles to the flight. Meet & Seat facilitates contact with fellow travelers who have the same background or interests.<ref>{{cite web |title=KLM Meet & Seat |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/Your_seat_on_board/meet_and_seat.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref> By launching Meet & Seat, KLM became the first airline to integrate social networking into its regular flight process.<ref>{{cite press release |title=With Meet & Seat, KLM integrates social media with air travel |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-lanceert-applicatie-meet-e-seat-en/ |publisher=KLM |date=3 February 2012 |accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref>
* ''Trip Planner''; this platform uses Facebook to organize a trip with Facebook friends.<ref>{{cite press release |title=KLM Launches Trip Planner – Plan a trip with friends via Facebook |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-lanceert-trip-planner-een-reis-met-vrienden-plannen-via-facebook-en/ |publisher=KLM |date=31 May 2012 |accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref>
* Twitterbots; KLM operates several [[Twitterbot]]s, including one to request the current status of a flight and one to request the lowest KLM fares to a destination on a specified date or month.<ref>{{cite web |last=van Drimmelen |first=Jochem |title=KLM's social media strategy – Part 4 |url=http://blog.klm.com/klm’s-social-media-strategy-part-4/4722/ |publisher=KLM Blog |accessdate=31 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402104410/http://blog.klm.com/klm%E2%80%99s-social-media-strategy-part-4/4722/ |archivedate=2 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In June 2013, KLM launched its own 3D strategy game "Aviation Empire" for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] platforms. The game allows users to experience airline management. Players manage KLM from its establishment until the present; they can by investing in a fleet, build a network with international destinations and develop airports. The game combines the digital world with the real world by enabling the unlocking of airports by [[GPS]] check-ins.<ref>{{cite press release |title=KLM Launches 3D Strategy Game 'Aviation Empire' |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-lanceert-3d-strategy-game-aviation-empire-en/ |publisher=KLM |date=27 June 2013 |accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref>

===Philanthropy===
KLM started KLM AirCares, a program that aids underprivileged children in developing countries to which KLM flies, in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.klm.com/en/topics/klm-aircares |title="KLM AirCares" KLM Website |publisher=Corporate.klm.com |accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> The airline collects money and airmiles from passengers. In 2012, new applications for support from the program were suspended because it needed an overhaul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/topics/klm-aircares/index.html|title=KLM AirCares|publisher=}}</ref>

==Destinations==
{{Main|List of KLM destinations}}
KLM and its partners serve 133 destinations in 70 countries on five continents from their hub at [[Amsterdam Schiphol Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/facts-and-figures/index.html|title=Facts & Figures|date=18 October 2012|publisher=KLM Corporate |accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SkyTeam Fact Sheet |url=http://static.skyteam.com/Global/Press/Facts%20and%20figures/2012%20Nov%20Xiamen/2012%20Fact%20Sheet%20SkyTeam%202012%20November.pdf |work=SkyTeam |page=5 |format=PDF |accessdate=1 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122125216/http://static.skyteam.com/Global/Press/Facts%20and%20figures/2012%20Nov%20Xiamen/2012%20Fact%20Sheet%20SkyTeam%202012%20November.pdf |archivedate=22 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Codeshare agreements bring the total amount of destinations available via KLM to 826.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reisgids|url=https://www.klm.com/destinations/nl/nl/search|work=KLM|accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref>

===Codeshare agreements===
KLM has [[codeshare agreement]]s with the following airlines:<ref name="CAPA KLM profile">{{cite web|url=http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/klm-royal-dutch-airlines-kl |title=Profile on KLM Royal Dutch Airlines |website=CAPA|publisher=Centre for Aviation|access-date=2016-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030181958/http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/klm-royal-dutch-airlines-kl |archive-date=2016-10-30|dead-url=no}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=17em}}
* [[Adria Airways]]
* [[Aer Lingus]] (Ends 28 March 2020)
* [[Aeroflot]]
* [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]]
* [[Aeroméxico]]
* [[Air Astana]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|title=KLM / Air Astana expands codeshare service from late-March 2018|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277698/klm-air-astana-expands-codeshare-service-from-late-march-2018/|accessdate=19 March 2018|work=Routesonline|date=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Air Astana expands KLM Europe codeshare to Madrid from April 2019 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284002/air-astana-expands-klm-europe-codeshare-to-madrid-from-april-2019/ |accessdate=23 April 2019 |work=Routesonline |date=23 April 2019}}</ref>
* [[Air Europa]]
* [[Air France]]
* [[Air Malta]]
* [[Air Mauritius]]
* [[Air Serbia]]
* [[airBaltic]]
* [[Alitalia]]
* [[Bangkok Airways]]
* [[Belavia]]
* [[Bulgaria Air]]
* [[China Airlines]]
* [[China Eastern Airlines]]
* [[China Southern Airlines]]
* [[Copa Airlines]]
* [[Croatia Airlines]]
* [[Czech Airlines]]
* [[Delta Air Lines]]
* [[Etihad Airways]]
* [[Garuda Indonesia]]
* [[Georgian Airways]]
* [[Gol Transportes Aéreos]]
* [[Kenya Airways]]
* [[Korean Air]]
* [[kulula.com]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278961/klm-kulula-begins-codeshare-partnership-from-late-may-2018/|title=KLM / Kulula begins codeshare partnership from late-May 2018|first=UBM (UK) Ltd.|last=2018|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Malaysia Airlines]]
* [[Oman Air]]
* [[Pegasus Airlines]]
* [[Qantas]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/281306/klm-qantas-begins-codeshare-service-from-nov-2018/|title=KLM / QANTAS begins codeshare service from Nov 2018|publisher=Routesonline|date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[Saudia]]
* [[Sichuan Airlines]]
* [[Surinam Airways]]
* [[TAAG Angola Airlines]]
* [[TAROM]]
* [[Transavia]]
* [[Ukraine International Airlines]]
* [[Vietnam Airlines]]
* [[WestJet]]
* [[XiamenAir]]
{{div col end}}

==Fleet==
===Current fleet===
{{As of|2019|08}}, the KLM fleet (excluding its subsidiaries [[KLM Cityhopper]], [[Transavia]] and [[Martinair]]) consists of the following aircraft:<ref name="airfleets">{{cite web |url=https://www.airfleets.net/flottecie/KLM.htm |title=KLM Royal Dutch Airlines |website=Airfleets.net |accessdate=12 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planespotters.net/airline/KLM-Royal-Dutch-Airlines |title=KLM Plane Facts |website=Planespotters.net |accessdate=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="seating-plans">{{cite web |url=https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/seating_plans/index.htm |title=Seating plans |publisher=KLM |accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center"
|+ KLM fleet
|-
! rowspan="2" | Aircraft
! rowspan="2" | In service
! rowspan="2" | Orders
! colspan="4" | Passengers<ref name="seating-plans"/>
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! style="width:25px;" | <abbr title="World/Europe Business class">C</abbr>
! style="width:25px;" | <abbr title="Economy Comfort">W</abbr>
! style="width:25px;" | <abbr title="Economy Class">Y</abbr>
! style="width:25px;" | Total
|-
|[[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]
|8
|—
|18
|36
|214
|268
|
|-
|[[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-300]]
|5
|—
|30
|40
|222
|292
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-700]]
|16
|—
|20
|6
|106
|132
|To be retired in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fnvcabine.nl/1324-klm-vnc-deal-van-start-gegaan|title=KLM/VNC-deal van start gegaan|last=Ouden|first=Huib den|date=2 July 2018|website=www.fnvcabine.nl|language=nl-nl|access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref> To be replaced by [[Boeing 737-800]].
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-800]]
|30
|1
|20
|6
|150
|176
|Last delivery due in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AeroimagesChris/status/1137933387547664384|title=KLM last 737NG|last=Ouden|first=Chris|date=9 June 2019|website=www.fnvcabine.nl|language=en-en|access-date=2019-20-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-900]]
|5
|—
|28
|18
|138
|184
|One in [[SkyTeam]] livery.
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400]]
|'''5'''
|—
|35
|36
|337<ref>https://www.allabolag.se/5562991009/bokslut</ref>
|408
|rowspan="2"|All to be retired by 2021. To be replaced by [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]].
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400M]]
|'''5'''
|—
|35
|36
|197
|268
|-
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]]
|15
|—
|34
|40
|242
|316
|
|-
|[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300ER]]
|14
|2
|34
|40
|334
|408
|One in OrangePride livery. One in [[SkyTeam]] livery.
|-
|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-9]]
|13
|—
|30
|48
|216
|294
|
|-
|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-10]]
|1
|14<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nieuws.klm.com/de-air-france-klm-groep-zet-een-volgende-stap-in-de-optimalisatie-van-de-lange-afstandsvloot/|title=Boeing 787-10|author=Neal Luitwieler|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>
|38
|36
|270
|344
|Deliveries from 2019 to 2023. Previously ordered 7 [[Airbus A350 XWB|Airbus A350-900]] have been swapped with Air France's ordered 6 Boeing 787 aircraft. 1 in the KLM 100 years livery<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/280876/klm-outlines-787-10-network-in-2h19/|title=KLM outlines 787-10 network in 2H19|author=Jim Liu|date=7 October 2018|website=routesonline.com|access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" |KLM Cargo fleet
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400ERF]]
|3
|—
|colspan="4"|<abbr title="No Seats, Cargo Configuration">Cargo</abbr>
|Operated by [[Martinair]]
|-
!Total
!120
!17
!colspan="4" class="unsortable" |
!
|}
</center>

===Former fleet===
Over the years, KLM has operated the following aircraft types:<ref name="airfleets"/>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center"
|+ KLM historical fleet
|-
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Replacement
!Notes
|-
|[[Airbus A310-200]]
|11
|1983
|1997
|[[Boeing 767-300ER]]
|Most of the fleets were converted into freighter and sold to [[FedEx Express]]
|-
|[[Airbus A330-200]]
|4
|2007
|2016
|[[Boeing 787]]
|
|-
|[[BAC One-Eleven|BAC 1-11-301AG]]
|1
|1968
|1968
|{{Unknown}}
|Leased from [[British Eagle]]. Operated from Rotterdam-London service in full KLM colors.
|-
|[[Boeing 737-200]]
|3
|1988
|1995
|[[Boeing 737 Classic]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-300]]
|19
|1986
|2011
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-400]]
|19
|1989
|2013
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-700]]
|2
|2008
|2019
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Boeing 747-200|Boeing 747-200B]]
|1
|rowspan="2"|1971
|rowspan="2"|1991
|rowspan="2"|[[Boeing 747-400]]
|
|-
|3
|Converted into Stretched Upper Deck configuration.
|-
|1
|1971
|1977
|None
|PH-BUF Crashed as [[Tenerife airport disaster|KLM flight KL4805]]
|-
|[[Boeing 747-200|Boeing 747-200M]]
|7
|1975
|1986
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400M]]
|Converted into Stretched Upper Deck configuration after retirement.
|-
|[[Boeing 747-200|Boeing 747-200B/SUD]]
|3
|1985
|2003
|[[Boeing 747-400]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-200|Boeing 747-200/SUD/SF]]
|2
|1998
|2003
|[[Boeing 747-400ERF]]
|Converted from two Boeing 747-200M/SUD aircraft. PH-BUH was transferred to [[Martinair]] after retirement.
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Boeing 747-200|Boeing 747-200M/SUD]]
|5
|rowspan="2"|1985
|2003
|rowspan="2"|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400M]]
|
|-
|2
|1998
|Converted into freighters.
|-
|[[Boeing 747-300|Boeing 747-300M]]
|3
|1983
|2003
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400M]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400]]
|2
|1989
|2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Boeing 787-10]]
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400M]]
|10
|1989
|2021
|Ten aircraft are currently stored. Launch customers of the type. Last operator of [[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400M]]
|-
|[[Boeing 767-300ER]]
|12
|1995
|2007
|[[Airbus A330]]
|
|-
|[[Convair 240]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1948
|1959
|[[Convair 340]]
|
|-
|[[Convair 340]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1953
|1964
|[[Douglas DC-7]]
|
|-
|[[De Havilland DH.16]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1920
|1924
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[C-54 Skymaster|Douglas C-54 Skymaster]]
|2
|rowspan="3"|1945
|rowspan="3"|1959
|{{Unknown}}
|rowspan="3"|
|-
|[[C-54 Skymaster|Douglas C-54A Skymaster]]
|16
|{{Unknown}}
|-
|[[C-54 Skymaster|Douglas C-54B Skymaster]]
|3
|{{Unknown}}
|-
|[[Douglas DC-2]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1934
|1946
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1936
|1964
|[[Douglas DC-4]]
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-4-1009]]
|6
|1946
|1958
|[[Douglas DC-6]]
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-5]]
|4
|1940
|1941
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-6]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1948
|1963
|rowspan="2"|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8 Family]]
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-7]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1953
|1966
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8 Family]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airliners.net|title=Airliners.net - Aviation Photography, Discussion Forums & News|website=Airliners.net}}</ref>
|37
|1960
|1985
|[[Airbus A310-200]]
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-9-10]]
|6
|1966
|1989
|[[Boeing 737 Classic]]
|
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30]]
|12
|rowspan="2"|1967
|rowspan="2"|1989
|rowspan="2"|[[Boeing 737 Classic]]
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30C]]
|6
|-
|[[Fokker F.II]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1920
|1924
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.III]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1921
|1930
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.IX]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1930
|1936
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.VII]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1925
|1936
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.VIII]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1927
|1940
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.XII]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1931
|1936
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.XVIII]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1932
|1946
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.XX]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1933
|1936
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.XXII]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1935
|1939
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fokker F.XXXVI]]
|{{Unknown}}
|1935
|1939
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-049 Constellation]]
|7
|rowspan="3"|1946
|{{Unknown}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Lockheed Super Constellation]]
|rowspan="3"|
|-
|[[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-749 Constellation]]
|13
|{{Unknown}}
|-
|[[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-749A Constellation]]
|7
|{{Unknown}}
|-
|[[Lockheed Super Constellation|Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellation]]
|13
|rowspan="3"|1953
|rowspan="3"|1966
|rowspan="3"|[[Lockheed L-188 Electra]]
|rowspan="3"|
|-
|[[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-1049G Constellation]]
|6
|-
|[[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-1049H Constellation]]
|3
|-
|[[Lockheed L-188C Electra]]
|12
|1959
|1969
|[[Douglas DC-9-30]]
|
|-
|[[Lockheed Super Electra|Lockheed Super Electra-14]]
|5
|1938
|1948
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]]
|12
|1972
|1995
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
|
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]
|10
|1993
|2014
|[[Airbus A330]] [[Boeing 777-300ER]]
|Last passenger commercial operator. Three aircraft are currently stored.
|-
|[[Vickers Viscount|Vickers V.803 Viscount]]
|9
|1957
|1966
|{{Unknown}}
|
|-
|}
</center>

===Cancelled Fleet===
On June 19, 2013, KLM ordered 7 [[Airbus A350 XWB|Airbus A350-900]]. On June 2019 Air France-KLM announced KLM will not take up any of the group's ordered A350s for fleet rationalization purposes.

==Cabin==
KLM has three cabin classes for international long-haul routes; World Business Class, Economy Comfort and Economy. Personal screens with audio-video on demand, satellite telephone, SMS, and e-mail services are available in all cabins on all long-haul aircraft . European short-haul and medium-haul flights have Economy seats in the rear cabin, and Economy Comfort and Europe Business in the forward cabin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/travel_classes/index.htm|title=Travel classes - KLM.com|website=www.klm.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>

===World Business Class===
[[File:KLM World Business Class Seat.jpg|thumb|Business Class on board a refurbished KLM [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]]]]
[[File:KLM 787-9 Economy class.jpg|thumb|Economy Class on board a KLM [[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-9]]]]
World Business Class is KLM's long-haul business class product. Seats in the older World Business Class are {{convert|20|in|cm}} wide and have a {{convert|60|in|cm|adj=on}} [[seat pitch|pitch]].<ref name="seatinformation">{{cite web|title=KLM Fleet Information and Seatmaps|url=http://www.seatguru.com/airlines/KLM/fleetinfo.php|work=Seatguru|publisher=TripAdvisor|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref> Seats can be reclined into a 170-degree angled flat bed with a length of {{convert|75|in|cm}}. Seats are equipped with a {{convert|10.4|in|cm|adj=on}} personal entertainment system with audio and video on demand in the armrest, privacy canopy, massage function and laptop power ports.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel classes – World Business Class|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/travel_classes/index.htm#p1|publisher=KLM|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> World Business Class seating is in a 2–2–2 abreast arrangement on all Airbus A330s.

In March 2013, KLM introduced a new World Business Class seat to the long-haul fleet. Dutch designer Hella Jongerius designed the new cabin. The diamond-type seat is manufactured by [[B/E Aerospace]] and is installed on all Boeing 747-400s and Boeing 777s. The new seats are fully flat and offer {{convert|17|in|cm|adj = on}}-high definition personal entertainment systems. When fully flat, the bed is about {{convert|2|m|ft}} long. The cabin features a [[cradle-to-cradle]] carpet made from old uniforms woven in an intricate pattern, which is combined with new pillows and curtains with a similar design.<ref name="WBCOverhaul">{{cite press release |title=KLM Continues to Invest in Its Customers |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-nieuw-cabine-full-flat-world-business-class-en/ |publisher=KLM |date=19 March 2013 |accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>

A completely new design of Business Class seat was introduced with the launch of KLM's Boeing 787; this aircraft's business class seats are based on the Zodiac Cirrus platform used by Air France. The new seats lie fully flat, with a 1-2-1 layout so every passenger has direct aisle access, a large side-storage area and {{Convert|16|inch|cm|adj=on}} HD video screen.<ref>{{cite web|title=New KLM 787 Business Class seats|url=http://lux-traveller.com/2015/klm-new-business-class.htm|publisher=Lux-traveller.com|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thedesignair.net/2015/07/24/klm-showcase-new-787-9-world-business-class-cabin/ | title=KLM Showcase New 787-9 World Business Class Cabin | work=The Design Air | date=24 July 2015 | accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref> Dutch design group [[Viktor & Rolf]] has designed and provides amenity kits to World Business Class passengers. A new design will be introduced each year and the color of the kits will change every six months. The kit contains socks, eye mask, toothbrush, toothpaste, earplugs and Viktor & Rolf lip balm.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/coolest-airline-amenity-kits/11 | title=Coolest Airline Amenity Kits | publisher=Time Inc. | work=Travel and Leisure | date=8 January 2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015 | author=Lieberman, Melanie |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://luxurylaunches.com/travel/the-7-best-first-class-amenity-kits-according-to-afar.php | title=The 7 best first class amenity kits according to Afar | work=Luxury Launches | date=22 July 2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015 | author=Pillai, Shalu}}</ref><ref name="OMAAT 744 J review">{{cite web | url=http://onemileatatime.boardingarea.com/2014/09/21/review-klm-business-class-747-400-amsterdam-chicago/ | title=Review: KLM Business Class 747-400 Amsterdam To Chicago | publisher=Boarding Area | work=One Mile At a Time | accessdate=10 October 2015 | author=Schlappig, Ben}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thepointsguy.com/2015/03/best-business-class-amenity-kits-in-the-skies/ | title=Best Business Class Amenity Kits in the Skies | work=[[The Points Guy]] | date=26 March 2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015 | pages=Spiegel, Jessica}}</ref>

===Europe Business Class===
Europe Business Class is KLM's and KLM Cityhopper's short-haul business-class. Europe Business Class seats are {{convert|17|in|cm|adj=on}} wide and have an average pitch of {{convert|33|in|cm}}.<ref name="seatinformation" /> Middle seats in rows of three are blocked to increase passengers' personal space. Europe Business Class seats feature extra legroom and recline further than regular Economy Class seats. In-seat power is available on all [[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel classes – Europe Business Class| url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/travel_classes/index.htm#p2 |publisher=KLM| accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref> Europe Business Class has no personal entertainment. Seating is arranged 3–3 abreast with the middle seat blocked on the Boeing 737 aircraft, and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 190 aircraft.<ref name="seatingplans">{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/seating_plans/index.htm|title=Seating plans|publisher=KLM|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref>

===Economy Comfort===
Economy Comfort is the premium economy class offered on all KLM and KLM Cityhopper flights. Economy Comfort seats on long-haul flights have {{convert|4|in|cm}} more pitch than Economy Class, a {{convert|35-36|in|cm|adj=on}} pitch and recline up to {{convert|7|in|cm}}; double the recline of Economy.<ref name="economyseatsintercontinental">{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/images/Seat%20plans%20on%20intercontinental%20flights_en_28SEP2012_tcm542-292692.pdf|title=Economy Class seats on intercontinental KLM flights|publisher=KLM|accessdate=22 January 2013|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117104311/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/images/Seat%20plans%20on%20intercontinental%20flights_en_28SEP2012_tcm542-292692.pdf|archivedate=17 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Economy Comfort seats on short-haul flights have {{convert|3.5|in|cm}} more pitch, totaling {{convert|33.5-34.5|in|cm|adj=on}}, and can recline up to {{convert|5|in|cm}} (40%) further.<ref name="economyseatseurope">{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/images/Seat%20plans%20on%20European%20flights_en_09OCT2012_tcm542-292691.pdf|title=Economy Class seats on European KLM flights|publisher=KLM|accessdate=22 January 2013|format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Except for the increased pitch and recline, seating and service in Economy Comfort is the same as in Economy Class. Economy Comfort is located in a separate cabin before the Economy Class; passengers can exit the aircraft before Economy passengers.<ref name="ECComfortAdvantages">{{cite web |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/travel_information/checkin_options/internet_checkin/ici_details/ici_seat_choice.htm#p3 |title=Seat in the Economy Comfort zone |publisher=KLM |accessdate=22 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105102646/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/travel_information/checkin_options/internet_checkin/ici_details/ici_seat_choice.htm#p3 |archivedate=5 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Economy Comfort seats can be reserved by Economy Class passengers. The service is free for passengers with a full-fare ticket, for Flying Blue Platinum members and for Delta Air Lines [[SkyMiles]] Platinum or Diamond members. Discounts apply for Flying Blue Silver or Gold members, SkyTeam Elite Plus members and Delta SkyMiles members.<ref name="ECComfortAdvantages" />

===Economy Class===
The Economy Class seats on long-haul flights have a {{convert|31|to(-)|32|in|cm|adj = on}} pitch and are {{convert|17.5|in|cm}} wide.<ref name="seatinformation" /><ref name="economyseatsintercontinental" /> All seats are equipped with adjustable winged headrests, a {{convert|9|in|cm|adj=on}} PTV with AVOD, and a personal handset satellite telephone that can be used with a credit card. Economy Class seats in Airbus A330-300 aircraft are also equipped with in-seat power.<ref name="seatinformation" /> The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights have a {{convert|30|to(-)|31|in|cm|adj = on}} pitch and are {{convert|17|in|cm}} wide.<ref name="seatinformation" /><ref name="economyseatsintercontinental" /> The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights do not feature any personal entertainment. The long-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–4–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-300ER aircraft and on Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, a 3-3-3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 787-9 aircraft, and a 2–4–2 abreast arrangement on the Airbus A330 aircraft. The short-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 737 aircraft and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 175 and 190 aircraft, and the seats on these aircraft are {{convert|17|in|cm}} wide.<ref name="seatingplans" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/seating_plans/787.htm|title=Boeing 787 New World Business Class - KLM.com|publisher=}}</ref>

==Services==

===In-flight entertainment===
KLM's [[in-flight entertainment]] system is available in all classes on all widebody aircraft; it provides all passengers with [[Video on demand|Audio/Video on Demand]] (AVOD). The system includes interactive entertainment including movies, television programs, music, games, and language courses. About 80 movies including recent releases, classics and world cinema are available in several languages. The selection is changed every month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/entertainment/index.htm#p2 |title=Many choices and a personal screen |publisher=KLM|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref> The in-flight entertainment system can be used to send SMS text messages and emails to the ground. [[Panasonic]]'s 3000i system is installed on all Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200ER, and on most of the Airbus A330-200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Matsushita Avionics Systems Corporation's System 3000 IFE Selected by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines for B777-200ER Fleet|url=http://www.mascorp.com/pdf/new/Press_40_09.23.2002.pdf|publisher=Panasonic Avionics Corporation|date=23 September 2002|accessdate=22 January 2013|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217064356/http://mascorp.com/pdf/new/Press_40_09.23.2002.pdf|archivedate=17 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, and some Airbus A330-200 aircraft are fitted with the Panasonic eX2 in-flight entertainment system.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Panasonic Avionics Corporation Selected by Air France – KLM to Provide World Class Entertainment on Air France's New B777-300ER|url=http://www.mascorp.com/pdf/PressRelease-AirFrance-eX2_091108.pdf|publisher=Panasonic Avionics Corporation|date=11 September 2008|accessdate=22 January 2013|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217061309/http://mascorp.com/pdf/PressRelease-AirFrance-eX2_091108.pdf|archivedate=17 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

KLM provides a selection of international newspapers to its passengers on long-haul flights; on short-haul flights they are only offered to Europe Business Class passengers. A selection of international magazines is available for World Business Class passengers on long-haul flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/travel_classes/index.htm |title=Travel classes |publisher=KLM|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref> All passengers are provided with KLM's in-flight magazine, the ''[[Holland Herald]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/entertainment/index.htm#p4 |title=The Holland Herald, our award winning magazine |work=KLM|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref> On board flights to China, South Korea and Japan, the airline offers in-flight magazines ''EuroSky'' (China and Japan), in either Chinese or Japanese, and ''Wings of Europe'' (South Korea) in Korean.<ref name=asiaservices>{{cite web|title=Asia on board: dining and services |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/dining_on_board/asia.htm |publisher=KLM|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> On 29 May 2013, KLM and Air France launched a pilot scheme to test in-flight [[Wi-Fi]] internet access. Each airline equipped one Boeing 777-300ER in its fleet with Wi-Fi, which passengers can use with their Wi-Fi-enabled devices. Wireless service was available after the aircraft reached {{convert|20000|ft|m|sigfig=2}} in altitude.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Air France and KLM launch inflight Wi-Fi |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/wifi-en/ |work=KLM|date=29 May 2013|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref>

===Catering===
World Business Class passengers are served a three-course meal. Each year KLM partners with a leading Dutch chef to develop the dishes that are served on board. Passengers in Europe Business Class are served either a cold meal, a hot main course, or a three-course meal depending on the duration of the flight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dining in Business Class| url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/dining_on_board/dining_in_business_class.htm |publisher=KLM|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> All chicken served in World and Europe Business Class meets the standards of the Dutch Beter Leven Keurmerk (Better Life Quality Mark).<ref>{{cite press release|title=KLM Takes New Steps Towards More Sustainable Catering |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-zet-verdere-stappen-in-duurzame-catering-en/ |publisher=KLM|date=1 October 2012|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> KLM partnered with Dutch designer [[Marcel Wanders]] to design the tableware of World and European Business Class.<ref>{{cite press release|title=KLM's World Business Class servies van ontwerper Marcel Wanders|url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-a-s-world-business-class-servies-van-ontwerper-marcel-wanders/|publisher=KLM|date=9 November 2010|language=Dutch|trans-title=KLM's World Business Class tableware from designer Marcel Wanders|accessdate=25 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402232012/http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-a-s-world-business-class-servies-van-ontwerper-marcel-wanders/|archive-date=2 April 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Economy Class passengers on long-haul flights are served a hot meal and a snack, and second hot meal or breakfast, depending on the duration of the flight. On short-haul flights, passengers are served sandwiches or a choice of sweet or savory snack, depending on the duration and time of the day. If the flight is at least two hours long, "stroopwafel" cookies are served before descent. Most alcoholic beverages are free of-charge for all passengers. After a successful trial period, KLM introduced à la carte meals in Economy Class on 14 September 2011; Dutch, Japanese, Italian, cold delicacies, and Indonesian meals are offered.<ref>{{cite press release|title=KLM launches ‘à la carte catering’ pilot |url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-start-proef-a-la-carte-catering-a-en/ |publisher=KLM|date=25 May 2010|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=KLM Introduces "À La Carte Meals"
|url=http://nieuws.klm.com/klm-introduceert-la-carte-maaltijden-en/ |publisher=KLM|date=28 July 2011|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref>

Special meals, include children's, vegetarian, medical, and religious meals, can be requested in each class up to 24 or 36 hours before departure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special meals on board |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/dining_on_board/special_meals.htm |publisher=KLM|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> On flights to India, China, South Korea, and Japan, KLM offers authentic Asian meals in all classes.<ref name="asiaservices" /> Meals served on KLM flights departing from Amsterdam are provided by KLM Catering Services.<ref>{{cite web|title=Customers|url=http://kcs.nl/kcs/kcs_productie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=65&lang=en|publisher=KLM Catering Services|accessdate=25 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In September 2016, KLM launched world's first in-flight draft beer under the partnership with [[Heineken]]. The new service made its premiere aboard a flight to [[Curacao]] in the airline's World Business Class cabin.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/cond-nast-has-started-using-ibms-watson-find-influencers-brands-173243 |title=Heineken, KLM Finally Figured Out How to Serve Freshly Tapped Draught Beer on an Airplane |author=David Gianatasio | magazine=Adweek|date=6 September 2016| access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>

===Delft Blue houses===
{{see also|List of KLM Delft Blue houses}}
[[File:KLM DelftBlueHouses.PNG|Left|thumb|KLM Delft Blue Houses]]

Since the 1950s, KLM presents its World Business Class passengers with a [[Delft blue]], miniature, traditional, Dutch house.<ref name="kingdom">Zegeling, Mark (2015). ''Little Kingdom by the Sea: a Celebration of Dutch Cultural Heritage - Secrets of the KLM Houses Revealed''. Markmedia & Art. {{ISBN|9081905627}}.</ref> These miniatures are reproductions of real Dutch houses and are filled with Dutch [[genever]].<ref name=KLMHouses>{{cite web |title=KLM Delft Blue houses |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/travel_classes/miniatures.htm|work=KLM |publisher=KLM |accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> Initially the houses were filled with [[Bols (brand)|Bols]] liqueur, which in 1986 was changed for Bols young genever.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Bols|url=http://www.bols.com/2011/11/17/in-pellentesque/|work=Bols|publisher=Bols|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref>

In 1952, KLM started to give the houses to its First Class passengers. With the elimination of First Class in 1993, the houses were handed out to all Business Class passengers.<ref name=WSJHouses>{{cite news|last=Michaels|first=Daniel|title=The Ultimate Dutch Status Symbol: House-Shaped Booze Bottles; Jet-Setters Hoard, but Avoid Drinking, KLM's Freebies; The $1,000 Cheese Building|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121217604543933443|accessdate=25 July 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=31 May 2008}}</ref> The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practice of offering incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to 0.75 US cents. KLM did not bill the Delft Blue houses as a gift, but as a last drink on the house, which was served in the house.<ref name=WSJHouses /><ref>{{cite web |title=Discover all our houses; About KLM Houses |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/travel_classes/klmhouses.htm |work=KLM |publisher=KLM |accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref>

Every year, a new house is presented on 7 October, the anniversary of KLM's founding in 1919.<ref name=KLMHouses /> The number on the last-presented house thus represents the number of years KLM has been in operation. Special edition houses—the [[Dutch Royal Palace]] and the 17th century Cheese Weighing House ''De Waag'' in [[Gouda, South Holland|Gouda]]—are offered to special guests, such as VIPs and honeymoon couples.<ref name=WSJHouses />

===Ground services===
KLM offers various check-in methods to its passengers, who can check in for their flights at self-service check-in kiosks at the airport, via the Internet, or via a mobile telephone or tablet. At destinations where these facilities are not available, check-in is by an airline representative at the counter. Electronic boarding passes can be received on a mobile device while boarding passes can be printed at airport kiosks.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/checkin_options/all_about/index.htm |title=All about checking in|publisher=KLM|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/plan_and_book/mobile_services/app_iphone_blackberry/index.htm |title=KLM App|publisher=KLM|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref>

Since 4 July 2008 KLM, in cooperation with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, has been offering self-service baggage drop-off to its passengers. The project started with a trial that included one drop-off point.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Amsterdam airport Schiphol and KLM launch innovative self-service baggage drop-off trial |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/newsroom/press-release-archive/archive-2008/amsterdam-airport-schiphol-and-klm-launch-innovative-self-service-baggage-drop-off-trial.html |publisher=KLM |date=4 July 2008 |accessdate=19 January 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The number of these points has gradually increased; {{as of|2012|2|8|lc=y}} there are 12 of them.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Amsterdam Airport Schiphol: Six new Self-Service Baggage Drop-Off units now in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol |url=http://www.schiphol.nl/SchipholGroup/NewsMedia/PressreleaseItem/AmsterdamAirportSchipholSixNewSelfServiceBaggageDropOffUnitsNowInUseAtAmsterdamAirportSchiphol1.htm |publisher=Schiphol Group|date=8 February 2012|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> KLM passengers can now drop off their bags themselves. Before they are allowed to do that they are being checked by a KLM employee.

In November 2012, KLM started a pilot scheme at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to test self-service boarding. Passengers boarded the aircraft without interference of a gate agent by scanning their [[boarding pass]]es, which opened a gate. KLM partner airline Air France ran the same pilot at its hub at [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport]]. The pilot ran until March 2013, which was followed by an evaluation.<ref>{{cite web|title=KLM test 'self service boarding' op Schiphol en Parijs CDG |url=http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/nl-NL/Article.cms/Airlines/KLM_test_self_service_boarding_op_Schiphol_en_Parijs_CDG |work=Luchtvaartnieuws |publisher=Reismedia |language=Dutch |trans-title=KLM tests 'self service boarding' at Schiphol and Paris CDG |accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref>

KLM is the first airline to offer self-service transfer kiosks on its European and intercontinental routes for passengers connecting through Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.<ref>{{cite press release |title=KLM and Schiphol Airport first to launch European and intercontinental Self Service Transfer Kiosks |url=https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/newsroom/press-release-archive/archive-2006/klm-and-schiphol-airport-first-to-launch-european-and-intercontinental-self-service-transfer-kiosks.html |publisher=KLM |date=15 December 2006 |accessdate=19 January 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The kiosks enable connecting passengers to view flight details of connecting flights, to change seat assignments or upgrade to a more comfortable seat. When a passenger misses a connecting flight, details about alternative flights can be viewed on the kiosk and a new boarding pass can be printed. Passengers who are entitled to coupons for a beverage, meal, the use of a telephone, or a travel discount can have these printed at the kiosk.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/at_the_airport/connections/index.htm#3 |title=Transfer to another flight |publisher=KLM|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref>

===Bus services and train codeshares===
KLM has bus services for customers living in certain cities without flights from KLM, transporting them to airports where they may board KLM flights. It operates buses from [[Nijmegen railway station]] and [[Arnhem Central Station]] in the Netherlands to Amsterdam Schiphol, and from [[Ottawa Railway Station]] to [[Montreal Dorval Airport]] in Canada. In addition KLM has codeshares with [[Thalys]] and [[SNCF]] services so passengers from various French cities may travel to [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] and passengers from Belgium may go to Schiphol (from Antwerp) or Charles de Gaulle (from Brussels).<ref>"[https://www.klm.com/travel/us_en/plan_and_book/ticket_information/travel_by_train_on_a_klm_ticket/index.htm Travel by bus or rail with a KLM ticket]." KLM. Retrieved on 29 October 2016.</ref>

===Flying Blue===
Air France-KLM's [[frequent flyer program]], Flying Blue, awards miles based on the distance traveled, ticket fare and class of service. Other airlines that adopted the Flying Blue programme include [[Air Europa]], [[Garuda Indonesia]], [[Kenya Airways]], [[Aircalin]], and [[TAROM]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flyingblue.com/about-flyingblue/all-about-flyingblue-miles.html | title=All about Flying Blue Miles | work=FlyingBlue.com | accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref> Miles can also be earned from all other SkyTeam partners.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flyingblue.com/earn-miles.html | title=Earn Miles |work= FlyingBlue.com | accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref> Membership in the program is free.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flyingblue.com/about-flyingblue/all-about-levels-and-benefits.html | title=Levels and benefits |work= FlyingBlue.com | accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref> Two types of miles can be earned within the Flying Blue program; Award Miles and Level Miles. Award Miles can be exchanged for rewards and expire after 20 months without flying. Level Miles are used to determine membership level and remain valid until 31 December of each year.<ref name=earnmiles>{{cite web |title=Earn Miles |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/earn_and_spend_miles/earn_miles/index.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208174614/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/earn_and_spend_miles/earn_miles/index.htm |archivedate=8 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Award Miles can be earned on Flying Blue partner airlines including [[Alaska Airlines]], [[Air Corsica]], [[Airlinair]], [[Bangkok Airways]], [[Chalair Aviation]], [[Comair Limited|Comair]], [[Copa Airlines]], [[Gol Transportes Aéreos]], Japan Airlines, [[Malaysia Airlines]], Qantas, [[TAAG Angola]], [[Twin Jet]], and [[Ukraine International Airlines]], as well as SkyTeam partners.<ref name="hollandheraldpartners">{{cite journal |author=KLM |date=May 2015 |title=KLM Maps - World |journal=Holland Herald |volume=50|issue=5|pages=96, 97|publisher=G+J Media|url=http://www.holland-herald.com/emag/may-2015 |accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flying Blue Partners|url=http://www.flyingbluenews.com/partners.html|work=Flying Blue News|publisher=Air France – KLM|accessdate=28 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Award Miles are redeemable for free tickets, upgrades to a more expensive seating class, extra baggage allowance, and lounge access. They can also be donated to charity through KLM AirCares,<ref>{{cite web |title=AirCares |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/earn_and_spend_miles/aircares_donation/index.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115175713/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/earn_and_spend_miles/aircares_donation/index.htm |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> or can be spent in the Flying Blue Store.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spend Miles|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/earn_and_spend_miles/spend_miles/index.htm|publisher=KLM|accessdate=28 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130021847/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/earn_and_spend_miles/spend_miles/index.htm|archivedate=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Flying Blue programme is divided into four tiers; Ivory, Silver (SkyTeam Elite), Gold (SkyTeam Elite Plus) and Platinum (SkyTeam Elite Plus).Then, you have the special tiers, such as Platinum For Life, ultimate platinum, ultimate platinum skipper, club2000 skipper (for those who did something special for KLM, cannot be requested but will be distributed by KLM).<ref>{{cite web |title=All about benefits |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/all_about_benefits/index.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123014452/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/all_about_benefits/index.htm |archive-date=23 January 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The membership tier depends on the number of Level Miles earned and is recalculated each calendar year. Flying Blue privileges are additive by membership tier; higher tiers include all benefits listed for prior tiers. There is an additional fifth tier, Platinum for Life, which can be obtained after 10 consecutive years of Platinum membership. After the Platinum for Life status is obtained, re-qualification is not required.<ref name=platinummember>{{cite web |title=Platinum benefits with SkyTeam airline partners |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/platinum_benefits/platinum_benefits_air_france_klm_and_skyteam_partners.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127042327/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/platinum_benefits/platinum_benefits_air_france_klm_and_skyteam_partners.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Level Miles can be earned with Air France, KLM, Air Europa, Kenya Airways, TAROM, and other SkyTeam partners.<ref name=earnmiles /> Qualification levels and general benefits with SkyTeam airline partners of the Flying Blue tiers are:<ref name=platinummember /><ref>{{cite web |title=Membership thresholds |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/membership_thresholds/index.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122070104/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/membership_thresholds/index.htm |archive-date=22 January 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ivory membership |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/ivory_membership/index.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126082303/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/ivory_membership/index.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silver benefits with SkyTeam airline partners|url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/silver_benefits/silver_benefits_with_skyteam_airlines.htm|publisher=KLM|accessdate=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127042413/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/silver_benefits/silver_benefits_with_skyteam_airlines.htm|archive-date=27 January 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gold benefits with SkyTeam airlines partners |url=http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/gold_benefits/gold_benefits_with_skyteam_airlines.htm |publisher=KLM |accessdate=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127042417/http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/flying_blue/membership_benefits/gold_benefits/gold_benefits_with_skyteam_airlines.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Incidents and accidents==
The most notable accident involving a KLM aircraft was the 1977 [[Tenerife airport disaster]], which led to 583 fatalities.

===Tenerife airport disaster===
The [[Tenerife airport disaster|Tenerife disaster]], which occurred on 27 March 1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM [[Boeing 747-206B]] attempted to take off without clearance, and collided with a taxiing [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] 747-121 at [[Los Rodeos Airport]] on the Canary Island of Tenerife, Spain. No one on the KLM 747 survived while 61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error from the KLM aircraft was the primary cause. Owing to a communication misunderstanding, the KLM captain thought he had clearance for takeoff.<ref name="Tonyleather">{{cite web|last=Tonyleather|title=The Deadliest Airplane Accidents in History|url=http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/mass-murder/news-most-fatal-plane-crashes-past-100-years?image=|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Sebastien Freissinet|title=The Tenerife crash-March 27th, 1977|url= http://www.1001crash.com/index-page-tenerife-lg-2.html |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> Another cause was dense fog, meaning the KLM flight crew was unable to see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately prior to the collision.<ref name=ASN>{{cite web|title=ASN Accident Description|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19770327-0|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> The accident had a lasting influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control (ATC) communication by both controllers and pilots alike, thereby reducing the chance for misunderstandings. As part of these changes, the word "takeoff" was removed from general usage, and is only spoken by ATC when actually clearing an aircraft to take off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenerife-information-centre.com/tenerife-airport-disaster.html|title=The Tenerife Airport Disaster - the worst in aviation history|work=The Tenerife Information Centre|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>

===Other fatal accidents===

==== 1920s–1930s ====
* On 24 April 1924, [[Fokker F.III]] H-NABS departed from [[Lympne Airport|Lympne]] to [[Waalhaven|Rotterdam]]. The aircraft disappeared. It was presumed to have crashed into the sea, killing the pilot and both passengers.<ref name="Times260423">{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Lost Aeroplane. Unavailing Search For Dutch Machine |day_of_week=Saturday |date=26 April 1923 |page_number=10 |issue=43636 |column=F}}</ref>
* On 25 June 1925, Fokker F.III H-NABM struck trees and crashed at Locquignol, France while flying too low in poor visibility, killing all four on board.
* On 9 July 1926, [[Fokker F.VII]] H-NACC crashed in thick fog near Wolverthem, Belgium, killing both pilots.
* On 22 August 1927, [[Fokker F.VIII]] H-NADU [[1927 KLM Fokker F.VIII crash|crashed]] near [[Sevenoaks]], England. One crewmember was killed.<ref name="Flight250827">{{cite magazine|title=The Fokker Disaster |magazine=Flight |issue=25 August 1927 |page=599 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200653.html}}</ref>
* On 14 July 1928, [[Fokker F.VIII]] H-NABR crashed at Waalhaven after striking several ship masts after takeoff; one passenger drowned when the fuselage sank.
* On 6 December 1931, [[Fokker F.VII]] PH-AFO crashed at Bangkok while attempting to take off with 4 crew and 3 passengers. 3 crewmembers including both pilots and 2 passengers were killed. The cause of the accident was an open ventilation hatch above the cockpit which spoiled lift and prevented the aircraft from taking off. The plane departed the end of the runway, struck a berm, and came to rest upside down in a rice field. <ref name="Aviacrash">{{cite magazine|title=De Ooievaar verongelukt in Bangkok |url=http://aviacrash.nl/paginas/ooievaarbkk.htm?fbclid=IwAR0-9gtPYOqOQDaWeowx54SnwItK_YEHxVw696yEGN6X5x3Ml5b056YY7hE}}</ref>
*On 20 December 1934, KLM [[Douglas DC-2]] PH-AJU "''Uiver''" crashed at [[Ar Rutba|Rutbah Wells, Iraq]], killing all occupants. The aircraft had participated in the [[Mac Robertson Air Race]] in October 1934, and won the handicap division. It was on its first flight after return from the race and was en route to the Netherlands East Indies carrying Christmas mail when it crashed.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Uiver verbrand, inzittenden gedood
| newspaper = [[De Telegraaf]]
| volume=42
| issue=15920
| page=1
| date=21 December 1934
| postscript =  }}</ref>
* On 6 April 1935, KLM [[Fokker F.XII]] PH-AFL "''Leeuwerik''" struck a mountain {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Brilon, Germany after it encountered severe snow and thunderstorms, killing all seven on board.<ref name="times47033">{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Air Crash in Storm |day_of_week=Monday |date=8 Apr 1935 |page_number=13 |issue=47033 |column= }}</ref>
* On 14 July 1935, KLM [[Fokker F.XXII]] PH-AJQ "''Kwikstaart''" crashed and burned just outside [[Schiphol]] after both left side engines failed due to a defect in the fuel system, killing four crew and two passengers. Fourteen occupants survived.<ref name="Heijn" />
* On 20 July 1935, KLM [[Douglas DC-2]] PH-AKG "''Gaai''" crashed near the [[San Bernardino Pass]] near [[Pian San Giacomo]], killing all three crew and all 10 passengers.<ref name="Heijn" />
* On 9 December 1936, KLM Douglas DC-2 PH-AKL "''Lijster''" [[1936 KLM Croydon accident|crashed]] into a house after taking off from [[Croydon Airport]], London. The accident killed 15 of the 17 people on board the aircraft.
* On 3 April 1937, KLM [[Douglas DC-3]] PH-ALP "''Pluvier''" was being delivered to KLM when it struck [[Mount Baldy (Arizona)|Mount Baldy, Arizona]], killing all eight on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= PH-ALP|id= 19370403-0|accessdate= 30 October 2014}}</ref>
* On 28 July 1937, KLM Douglas DC-2 PH-ALF "''Flamingo''" crashed in a field near Beert, Belgium. The crash was caused by an in-flight fire and killed all 15 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= PH-ALF|id= 19370728-0|accessdate= 30 October 2014}}</ref>
* On 6 October 1937, KLM Douglas DC-3 PH-ALS "''Specht''" crashed on take-off from [[Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport|Talang Betoetoe Airport]], killing three crew and one passenger; the co-pilot and seven passengers survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= PH-ALS|id= 19371006-0|accessdate= 30 October 2014}}</ref>
* On 14 November 1938, KLM Douglas DC-3 PH-ARY "''IJsvogel''" struck the ground and crashed near Schiphol Airport for unknown reasons, killing six of 19 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= PH-ARY|id= 19381114-0|accessdate= 30 October 2014}}</ref>
* On 9 December 1938, KLM [[Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra]] PH-APE "''Ekster''" crashed on take-off from Schiphol Airport because of engine failure while on a training flight, killing the four crew.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= PH-APE|id= 19381209-0|accessdate= 30 October 2014}}</ref>
* On 10 June 1939, KLM [[Koolhoven F.K.43]] "''Krekel''" stalled and crashed at Vlissingen, killing all three on board.

==== 1940s ====
* On 28 December 1941, [[KNILM]] [[Douglas DC-3]] PK-ALN "''Nandoe''" (formerly KLM PH-ALN) was destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters at [[Medan]], North Sumatera, Dutch East Indies, killing all crew members and passengers.
* On 14 November 1946, a KLM [[Douglas C-47]] [[1946 KLM Douglas DC-3 Amsterdam accident|crashed at Schiphol Airport]] during a failed landing in poor weather. All 21 passengers, including the Dutch writer [[Herman de Man]], and the five crew were killed.
* On 26 January 1947, KLM Douglas DC-3 PH-TCR [[1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen accident|crashed]] after take-off from [[Copenhagen]], killing all 22 on board, including [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustaf Adolf]] of Sweden.<ref>{{cite web
|title = DC-3 PH-TCR bij start in Copenhagen verongelukt
|publisher = Aviacrash.nl
|url = http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/ph-tcr.htm
|accessdate =27 October 2007
}}</ref>
* On 20 October 1948, KLM [[Lockheed L-049 Constellation]] PH-TEN "''Nijmegen''" [[1948 KLM Constellation air disaster|crashed]] near [[Prestwick]], Scotland, killing all 40 aboard.
* On 23 June 1949, KLM [[Lockheed L-749 Constellation]] PH-TER "''Roermond''", piloted by Hans Plesman—the son of CEO [[Albert Plesman]]—crashed into the sea off [[Bari]], killing 33 occupants.<ref>[[De Tijd (Netherlands)]] 24 June 1949, cited in Heijn (1969)</ref>
* On 12 July 1949, KLM Lockheed L-749 Constellation PH-TDF "''Franeker''" crashed into a {{convert|674|ft|m|adj = on}} hill in [[Ghatkopar]] near [[Bombay]], India, killing all 45 aboard. Thirteen of those killed were American news correspondents.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Constellation "Franeker" stort neer bij Bombay
|date = 15 December 2005
|url = http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/franeker.htm |accessdate =27 October 2007
}}</ref>

==== 1950s–1960s ====
* On 2 February 1950, KLM [[Douglas C-47]]A PH-TEU crashed in the North Sea {{Convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}} off the Dutch coast due to an apparent in-flight fire, killing all seven on board. The aircraft was operating an Amsterdam-London passenger service.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= PH-TEU|id= 19500202-0|accessdate= 2 June 2015}}</ref>
* On 22 March 1952, [[KLM Flight 592|Flight 592]], a [[Douglas DC-6]] (PH-TBJ "''Koningin Juliana''") crashed at [[Frankfurt]] while flying too low, killing 45 of the 47 occupants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=03221952&reg=PH-TBJ&airline=KLM+Royal+Dutch+Airlines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103104450/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=03221952&reg=PH-TBJ&airline=KLM+Royal+Dutch+Airlines |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 January 2009 |title=Accident Synopsis: 03221952 – Accident Database |publisher=Airdisaster.com |date=22 March 1952 |accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref>
* On 23 August 1954, [[KLM Flight 608|Flight 608]], a Douglas DC-6B (PH-DFO, "''Willem Bontekoe''") crashed between [[Shannon, County Clare|Shannon]], Ireland, and Schiphol in the North Sea, {{convert|40|km|mi}} from [[IJmuiden]] for reasons unknown. All 21 passengers and crew died.
* On 5 September 1954, [[KLM Flight 633|Flight 633]], a Lockheed Super Constellation, ditched in the [[River Shannon]] after takeoff from [[Shannon Airport]]. Twenty eight of the 56 people on board (46 passengers and 10 crew) were killed.
* On 14 July 1957, [[KLM Flight 844|Flight 844]], a Lockheed Super Constellation, crashed in the sea near [[Biak]], after takeoff from [[Mokmer Airport]] at Biak on its way to [[Manila]]. The pilot made a low farewell pass over the island, but the aircraft lost altitude, crashed into the sea and exploded. Nine crew and 49 passengers died; there were 10 survivors.
* On 14 August 1958, [[KLM Flight 607-E|Flight 607-E]], a Lockheed Super Constellation flying from Amsterdam to New York via Shannon, crashed into the ocean {{convert|180|km|mi}} off the coast of [[County Galway]], Ireland, killing all 99 on board.
* On 12 June 1961, [[KLM Flight 823|Flight 823]], a [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]], crashed on approach to [[Cairo International Airport]] due to pilot error, killing 20 of 36 on board.
* On 25 October 1968, KLM Aerocarto Douglas C-47A PH-DAA flew into [[Tafelberg, Suriname|Tafelberg Mountain]], Suriname, following an engine failure while on a survey flight. The aircraft collided with the mountain in cloudy conditions, killing three of the five people on board.<ref name="ASN251068a">{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19681025-0 |title=PH-DAA Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref>

===Notable incidents without fatalities===
{{more citations needed|sections|date=October 2017}}
* On 2 September 1921, KLM [[de Havilland DH.9]] (H-NABP) crashed on landing at Waalhaven following engine failure; the pilot was unhurt. This was the first accident involving a KLM aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-de-havilland-dh9-waalhaven|title=Crash of a De Havilland DH.9 in Waalhaven|website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
* On 26 October 1921, KLM Fokker F.III (H-NABL) crashed while on approach to Rotterdam from London. The aircraft landed in low visibility, struck the ground and crashed upside down. The pilot, the sole occupant, survived and although the aircraft was written off, it was rebuilt and re-registered H-NABR and returned to service, but was destroyed in a 1928 crash.
* On 4 November 1925, KLM Fokker F.III (H-NABI) crashed in an open field at Hamburg shortly after takeoff in poor weather; all three on board survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-fokker-f3-hamburg|title=Crash of a Fokker F3 in Hamburg|website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
* On 17 July 1935, KLM DC-2 (PH-AKM, "''Maraboe''") crashed and burned on takeoff from [[Bushehr]], Iran after the right main gear broke off due to an uneven runway. All occupants were rescued.<ref>[[De Telegraaf]] 17 July 1935, cited in Heijn (1969)</ref>
* On 6 June 1939, KLM DC-2 (PH-AKN, "''Nachtegaal''") crashed at Schiphol Airport during a single-engine training flight, killing one person on the ground; all four crew survived. The aircraft was rebuilt and returned to service until it was destroyed in a German air raid on 10 May 1940.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=PH-AKN|id=19390606-0}}</ref>
* On 10 May 1940, during the German invasion of the Netherlands, nine KLM aircraft (five DC-2's and four DC-3's) were destroyed in a German air raid at Schiphol Airport by aircraft from [[Kampfgeschwader 4|KG 4]].
* On 6 November 1946, KLM Douglas DC-3 (PH-TBO) crashed near [[Shere]] on approach to Croydon Airport after a flight from Amsterdam. All 20 passengers and crew survived the accident. The altimeter had been set incorrectly.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=PH-TBO|id=19461106-0|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baaa-acro.com/crash-pictures?created=1946-01-01&created_1=1946-12-31&field_crash_region_target_id=All&field_crash_country_target_id&field_crash_registration_target_id&field_crash_aircraft_target_id&field_crash_operator_target_id&field_crash_cause_target_id=All&field_crash_site_type_target_id=All&field_crash_phase_type_target_id=All&field_crash_flight_type_target_id=All&field_crash_survivors_value=All&page=1 |title=Photos of accidents 1946 |publisher=B3A- Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
* On 27 December 1947, KLM C-47 (PH-TCV) crashed near Leeuwarden after the left wing struck a church steeple; the aircraft belly-landed and skidded across some ditches which broke off both propellers. All 15 on board survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=PH-TCV|id=19471227-1|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
* On 23 March 1952, KLM Lockheed L-749A Constellation (PH-TFF, "''Venlo''") suffered a No. 3 propeller fatigue failure and subsequent engine fire during landing in [[Bangkok]]. All 44 passengers and crew escaped shortly before the fire completely consumed the aircraft. A Thai ground crewman ran into the burning aircraft and returned with an infant who had been left behind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-ph-tff_bangkok_fire.htm|title= KLM PH-TFF Bangkok Crash|website=Ralph M. Pettersen's Constellation Survivors Website|date=13 March 2006}}</ref>
* On 1 January 1953, KLM C-54B (PH-TDL) force-landed in the desert 17 miles from Dhahran Airport due to fuel exhaustion after the crew diverted twice due to poor visibility. All 66 passengers and crew on board survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=PH-TDL|id=19461106-0|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
* On 25 May 1953, KLM [[Convair 240]] (PH-TEI, "''Paulus Potter''") lost altitude just after takeoff from Schiphol Airport. The aircraft belly-landed on the runway and slid off, crossed a road and came to rest in a field. All 34 passengers and crew survived, however two people who were watching the aircraft died when the aircraft crossed the road. The crew had retracted the flaps too soon during takeoff.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=PH-TEI|id=19530525-0|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
* On 25 November 1973, [[KLM Flight 861|Flight 861]] was hijacked over Iraq by Palestinian terrorists. The aircraft took off in Amsterdam and was bound for [[Tokyo]]. After several hours it made its final landing in [[Dubai]]. The passengers were released earlier in Malta. Everyone survived the hijacking.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
* On 4 September 1976, Flight 366, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33RC (PH-DNM) flying from Malaga to Amsterdam with an intermediate stop in Nice, was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Nice by Palestinian terrorists. After aborted attempts to land in Tunis, the aircraft landed in Larnaca, Cyprus. After refueling, the hijackers attempted to reach Palestine before the aircraft was turned around by Israeli F4 Phantoms. After returning to Cyprus, the passengers were released unharmed and the hijackers surrendered.<ref>{{ASN accident|type=Hijacking|title=PH-DNM|id=19760904-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/1976/09/07/archive/behind-the-headlines-the-failure-of-nerve|title=Behind the Headlines the Failure of Nerve|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref>
* On 28 November 2004, [[Bird strike#History of incidents|Flight 1673]], a [[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-400]] (PH-BTC), suffered a birdstrike upon rotation from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The aircraft continued onwards to [[Barcelona International Airport]], where the nose gear collapsed. No injuries or casualties were reported. The aircraft was written off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hdekker.info/registermap/MB.htm|title=Aircraft registrations PH-BAA - PH-BZZ}}</ref>

==Notable employees==
* [[Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten]], pilot
* [[Ingrid de Caluwé]]
* [[Bob Hiensch]], Flight attendant
* [[Joop van Werkhoven]]
* [[Leo Visser]], pilot
* [[Lisa Westerhof]], pilot
* [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander]], guest pilot<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/17/dutch-king-willem-alexander-admits-to-working-part-time-as-an-airline-pilot|title=Dutch king admits he held part-time job as airline pilot|last=Press|first=Associated|date=2017-05-17|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-05-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in the Netherlands#Air travel|Air transport in the Netherlands]]
* [[List of airports in the Netherlands]]
* [[List of companies of the Netherlands]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|KLM}}
* [http://www.klm.com Official website]
* [http://www.airfranceklm.com/en Official website of Air France-KLM]
* {{PM20|FID=co/065077|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{Portal bar|Netherlands|Aviation}}
{{KLM Royal Dutch Airlines}}{{SkyTeam}}{{Air France–KLM}}{{Airlines of the Netherlands}}
{{Navboxes|list =
{{Air France–KLM}}
{{SkyTeam}}
{{Airlines of the Netherlands}}
{{IATA members|europe}}
{{International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools}}
{{Association of European Airlines}}
{{A4E}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klm}}
[[Category:Air France–KLM]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1919]]
[[Category:Airlines of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Association of European Airlines members]]
[[Category:Dutch brands]]
[[Category:IATA members]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Organisations based in the Netherlands with royal patronage]]
[[Category:SkyTeam]]
[[Category:Former seaplane operators]]

Market share of personal computer vendors

2019-08-14T07:21:24Z

192.121.232.253: /* 1996–2018 */ Sveden Stockhlm Gamla Stan (Wikitext Coin&JobsGamlaStan)

The annual worldwide '''market share of [[personal computer]] vendors''' includes [[Desktop computer|desktop]] computers, [[laptop]] computers and [[netbook]]s, but excludes [[mobile device]]s, such as [[tablet computer]]s that do not fall under the category of [[2-in-1 PC]]s.

==Top vendors market share (2018)==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%;"
|-
! colspan="3" | Top 6 vendors by number of units shipped, 2018
|-
!|Rank
!|Manufacturer
!|Market share<ref name="2018 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2019-01-10-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-declined-4-3-perc |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Declined 4.3 Percent in 4Q18 and 1.3 Percent for the Year |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 10, 2019 |accessdate=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|| 1 || [[Lenovo]] || 22.5%
|-
|| 2 || [[HP Inc.|HP]] || 21.7%
|-
|| 3 || [[Dell]] || 16.2%
|-on
|| 4 || [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] || 6.9%
|-
|| 5 || [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] || 6.1%
|-
|| 6 || [[Asus]] || 6.0%
|}

==Historical vendors market share==

===2011–2017===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="17" | <center>Global PC market share by units, percent (2011–2017)</center>
|-
! Rank
! colspan="2" | 2011 <ref name="2011 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1893523 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2011 Declined 1.4 Percent; Year-End Shipments Increased 0.5 Percent |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 11, 2012 |accessdate=June 17, 2013}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2012 <ref name="2012 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2301715 |title=Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC market |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 14, 2013 |accessdate=June 17, 2013}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2013 <ref name="2013 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2647517 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Declined 6.9 Percent in Fourth Quarter of 2013 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 9, 2014 |accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2014 <ref name="2014 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2960125 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 1 Percent in Fourth Quarter of 2014 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 12, 2015 |accessdate=February 8, 2015}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2015 <ref name="2015 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3185224 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Declined 8.3 Percent in Fourth Quarter of 2015 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 12, 2016 |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2016 <ref name="2016 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3568420 |title=Gartner Says 2016 Marked Fifth Consecutive Year of Worldwide PC Shipment Decline |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 11, 2017 |accessdate=January 12, 2017}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2017 <ref name="2017 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3844572 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Declined 2 Percent in 4Q17 and 2.8 Percent for the Year |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 11, 2018 |accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.6
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.1
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.9
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.8
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 19.8
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.7
| [[HP Inc.|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 21.0
|-
| 2
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.2
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.5
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.2
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 19.4
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.8
|-
| 3
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.7
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.7
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.6
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.8
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.6
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.2
|-
| 4
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| ???
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.2
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.0
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.3
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.6
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.4
|-
| 5
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.7
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.8
|-
| Others
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.8
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 41.2
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 40.7
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.7
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 33.9
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.7
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.8
|}

===2006–2010===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="17" | <center>Global PC market share by units, percent (2006–2010)</center>
|-
! Rank
! colspan="2" | 2006 <ref name="2006 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/500384 |title=Gartner Says Hewlett-Packard Takes Clear Lead in Fourth Quarter Worldwide PC Shipments and Creates a Virtual Tie with Dell for 2006 Year-End Results |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 17, 2007 |accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2007 <ref name="2007 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/584210 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Market Grew 13 Percent in 2007 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 16, 2008 |accessdate=February 24, 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2008 <ref name="2008 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=856712 |title=Gartner Says In the Fourth Quarter of 2008 the PC Industry Suffered Its Worst Shipment Growth Rate Since 2002 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 15, 2009 |accessdate=June 17, 2013}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2009 <ref name="2009 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1279215 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2009 Posted Strongest Growth Rate in Seven Years |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 13, 2010 |accessdate=June 17, 2013}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2010 <ref name="2010 PC">{{cite news|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1519417 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2010 Grew 3.1 Percent; Year-End Shipments Increased 13.8 Percent |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 12, 2011 |accessdate=June 17, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.9
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.1
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.2
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 19.1
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.9
|-
| 2
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.9
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.1
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.9
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
|-
| 3
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.6
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.7
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.6
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
|-
| 4
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.0
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.4
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.5
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.0
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.9
|-
| 5
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.8
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.0
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.6
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.0
| [[Asus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.4
|-
| Others
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 49.8
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 46.5
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 44.9
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.8
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 40.0
|}

===2001–2005===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="17" | <center>Global PC market share by units, percent (2001–2005)</center>
|-
! Rank
! colspan="2" | 2001 <ref name="2002 PC">Gartner Dataquest Says PC market Experienced Slight Upturn in 2002, but Industry Still Shows No Signs of Strong Rebound. Gartner Press Release. January 17, 2003.</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2002 <ref name="2003 PC">Gartner Says PC Vendors Experienced a Happy Holiday Season with Fourth Quarter Worldwide Shipments Increasing 12 Percent. Gartner Press Release. January 14, 2004.</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2003 <ref name="2004 PC" />
! colspan="2" | 2004 <ref name="2004 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/492098 |title=Gartner Says Strong Mobile Sales Lift Worldwide PC Shipments to 12 Percent Growth in 2004 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 18, 2005 |accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2005 <ref name="2005 PC">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/492237 |title=Gartner Says EMEA Region Became Largest PC Market in the World Based on Unit Shipments in 2005 |publisher=[[Gartner]] |date=January 18, 2006 |accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.4
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.4
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.8
|-
| 2
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.2
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.2
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.6
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.6
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.6
|-
| 3
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.4
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.3
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.8
| [[Lenovo]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
|-
| 4
| [[NEC]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.8
| [[Fujitsu]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.8
| [[Fujitsu]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.7
| [[Fujitsu]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.8
| [[Acer Inc.]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.6
|-
| 5
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.8
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.8
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.9
| [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.4
| [[Toshiba]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.3
|-
| Others
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 55.4
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 60.9
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 58.6
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 55.1
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 53.8
|}

===1996–2000===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="17" | <center>Global PC market share by units, percent (1996–2000)</center>
|-
! Rank
! colspan="2" | 1996 <ref name="1996 PC">Compaq and IBM Winners in 1996 Market Share. PCWorld. January 27, 1997</ref>
! colspan="2" | 1997 <ref name="1998 PC">GartnerGroup's Dataquest Says U.S. and Europe Boost 1998 Worldwide PC Growth. Gartner Press Release. January 29, 1999.</ref>
! colspan="2" | 1998 <ref name="1998 PC"/>
! colspan="2" | 1999 <ref name="1999 PC">GartnerGroup's Dataquest Says Worldwide PC market Topped 21 Percent Growth in 1999. Gartner Press Release. January 24, 2000.</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2000
|-
| 1
| [[Compaq]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.0
| [[Compaq]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
| [[Compaq]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
| [[Compaq]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.2
| [[Compaq]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.8
|-
| 2
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.6
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.6
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.2
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.8
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.8
|-
| 3
| [[Packard Bell]] [[NEC]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.0
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.5
| [[Dell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.6
|-
| 4
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.9
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.3
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.8
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.4
| [[IBM]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.8
|-
| 5
| [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.3
| [[Packard Bell]] [[NEC]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.1
| [[Packard Bell]] [[NEC]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.3
| [[Packard Bell]] [[NEC]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2
| [[NEC]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.3
|-
| Others
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 65.2
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 62.2
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 60.1
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 57.5
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 57.7
|}

* Fujitsu figures include Fujitsu Siemens.
* Figures include desktop PCs, mobile PCs, and servers using the Intel x86 processor architecture. 1996–1999 figures exclude [[x86]] PCs.
* Figures subject to revision in later data releases.

==Unit sales==

===1996–2018===
#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfennig#/media/File:10_Pfennig_coin_Deutsches_Reich_1917.jpg
#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)#/media/File:Hobo_coin_British_penny_1891.jpg
#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(coin)#/media/File:France_1803-04-A_20_Francs.jpg
#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coin#/media/File:George_Washington_bicentennial_quarter,_reverse.jpg
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/8399335</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/8398549</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/23456162</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/23451588</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/23442547</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/8369286</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/8371295</ref>
 <ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/23401199</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="24" | <center>Unit sales to global PC market</center>
|-
!
! 1996 <ref name="1996 PC"/>
! 1997 <ref name="1998 PC"/>
! 1998 <ref name="1998 PC"/>
! 1999 <ref name="1999 PC"/>
! 2000
! 2001 <ref name="2001 PC">Gartner Dataquest Says 2001 is a Year Battered PC Vendors Would Rather Forget. Gartner Press Release. January 17, 2002</ref>
! 2002 <ref name="2002 PC"/>
! 2003 <ref name="2003 PC"/>
! 2004 <ref name="2004 PC"/>
! 2005 <ref name="2005 PC"/>
! 2006 <ref name="2006 PC"/>
! 2007 <ref name="2007 PC" />
! 2008 <ref name="2008 PC" />
! 2009 <ref name="2009 PC" />
! 2010 <ref name="2010 PC" />
! 2011 <ref name="2011 PC" />
! 2012 <ref name="2012 PC" />
! 2013 <ref name="2013 PC" />
! 2014 <ref name="2014 PC" />
! 2015 <ref name="2015 PC" />
! 2016 <ref name="2016 PC" />
! 2017 <ref name="2017 PC" />
! 2018 <ref name="2018 PC" />
|-2016 https://www.statista.com/statistics/263393/global-pc-shipments-since-1st-quarter-2009-by-vendor/
! Units (M)
! 70.9
! 80.6
! 92.9
! 113.5
! 134.7*
! 128.1
! 132.4
! 168.9
! 189.0
! 218.5
! 239.4
! 271.2
! 302.2
! 305.9
! 351
! 352.8
! 352.7
! 316
! 315.9
! 287.7
! 269.7
! 262.5
! 259.4
|-267
! Growth (pct.)
! 17.8
! 13.7
! 15.3
! 22.2
! 18.7*
! -4.9
! 3.4
! 27.6
! 11.9
! 15.6
! 9.6
! 13.3
! 11.4
! 1.2
! 14.7
! 0.5
! 0.0
! -10.4
! -0.2
! -8.9
! -6.3
! -2.7
! -1.3
|}
Sales volume worldwide grew rapidly in the late 1990s but declined briefly around the early 2000s recession. Sales increased again for the rest of the decade though more slowly during the late 2000s recession. After substantial growth in 2010, sales volume remained fairly stable until 2013, when worldwide sales started its current decline.

(*) Figures include desktop PCs, mobile PCs, and servers using the [[Intel]] [[x86]] processor architecture. 1996–1999 figures exclude x86 PCs.

==See also==
* [[List of computer hardware manufacturers]]
* [[List of computer system manufacturers]]
* [[List of laptop brands and manufacturers]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Market Share Of Leading Pc Vendors}}
[[Category:Personal computers]]
[[Category:Usage share|Pc Vendors]]

Talk:Chūō Shinkansen

2019-08-12T07:43:03Z

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== Linear Chuo Shinkansen ==

Looking at Japanese pages, a lot seem to use リニア中央新幹線 as the name. Maybe this relates both to the linear induction motors, and the straight route? --[[User:JWB|JWB]] ([[User talk:JWB|talk]]) 09:03, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
:It refers to the Japanese general name for the maglev technology, リニアモーターカー (linear motor car), as in [[w:ja:リニアモーターカー]]. --[[User:Ita140188|Ita140188]] ([[User talk:Ita140188|talk]]) 02:00, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

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==Magnetschwebebahn Deutschland==
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (bezahlt z.B. mit dem Solidaritätszuschlag seit 1990 30 Jahre bis zu 300 Milliarden Euro) sollten auf den Strecken Hamburg bis Berlin (Fahrzeit 75 Minuten), 200 Kilometer durch das Ruhrgebiet Aachen bis Bielfeld/Landeshauptstadt Hannover (Fahrzeit 20-25 Minuten) Bundespräsident Christian Wulff, Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schroder Bundesverteidigungsministerin Ursula von der Leihen, bayerischer Ministerpräsident und Pareivorsitzender der Christlich Sozialen Union Edmund Stoiber Muenchener Hauptbahnhof zum Muenchner Flughafen FJS (Fahrzeit 10 Minuten) fahren. In Japan sollen in den Jahren 2019 bis 2045 insgesamt 1 Million 300 tausend Meter Magnetschwebebahnweg (Fahrzeit 65 Minuten bis 1000 Kilometer pro Stunde) gebaut werden. Wenn im Monat August 2019 von den 120 Milionen Menschen auf den vier Inseln des Nationalstaates Japan 260.000 Kinder, Frauen, Männer jeweils 2 20 Zentimeter grosse Felssteine auf den 1300 km hinlegen, bauen 5 Menschen 1 Meter Magnetschwebebahnweg aus zwei Felsteinen (20 Zentimeter gross 10cm+10 Zentimeter mal 5 gleich 1 Meter) und das mal 260.000 tausend mal, sind 260 Kilometer an einem Tag, Wenn sie das an 5 Tagen machen (die Menschen die in Japan leben) sind es 1300 Kilometer auf der Strecke von Tokyo nach Osaka. Bis zu den olympischen Sommerspielen im Jahr 2020 ist also noch genug Zeit um die 1300 Kilometer Magnetschwebebahnweg auf der Insel Tokyo/Osaka auf dem Boden, der Erdkruste, zu bauen. Theoretisch können die Menschen in Japan dies in 5 Tagen bauen. [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 07:39, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

Talk:Chūō Shinkansen

2019-08-12T07:39:41Z

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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130902233334/http://ajw.asahi.com:80/article/economy/technology/AJ201308300049 to http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/technology/AJ201308300049
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101024043738/http://mdn.mainichi.jp:80/mdnnews/news/20101021p2a00m0na010000c.html to http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20101021p2a00m0na010000c.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150104023931/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201401290006 to http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201401290006

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== Linear Chuo Shinkansen ==

Looking at Japanese pages, a lot seem to use リニア中央新幹線 as the name. Maybe this relates both to the linear induction motors, and the straight route? --[[User:JWB|JWB]] ([[User talk:JWB|talk]]) 09:03, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
:It refers to the Japanese general name for the maglev technology, リニアモーターカー (linear motor car), as in [[w:ja:リニアモーターカー]]. --[[User:Ita140188|Ita140188]] ([[User talk:Ita140188|talk]]) 02:00, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on [[Chūō Shinkansen]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=794381592 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
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*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.chunichi.co.jp/s/article/2013072490222753.html
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*Corrected formatting/usage for http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/technology/AJ201308300049
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20101021p2a00m0na010000c.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201309190078
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== External links modified ==

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I have just modified one external link on [[Chūō Shinkansen]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=798946051 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
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==Magnetschwebebahn Deutschland==
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (bezahlt z.B. mit dem Solidaritätszuschlag seit 1990 30 Jahre bis zu 300 Milliarden Euro) sollten auf den Strecken Hamburg bis Berlin (Fahrzeit 75 Minuten), 200 Kilometer durch das Ruhrgebiet Aachen bis Bielfeld/Landeshauptstadt Hannover (Fahrzeit 20-25 Minuten) Bundespräsident Christian Wulff, Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schroder Bundesverteidigungsministerin Ursula von der Leihen, bayerischer Ministerpräsident und Pareivorsitzender der Christlich Sozialen Union Edmund Stoiber Muenchener Hauptbahnhof zum Muenchner Flughafen FJS (Fahrzeit 10 Minuten) fahren. In Japan sollen in den Jahren 2019 bis 2045 insgesamt 1 Million 300 tausend Meter Magnetschwebebahnweg (Fahrzeit 65 Minuten bis 1000 Kilometer pro Stunde) gebaut warden. Wenn im Monat August 2019 von den 120 Milionen Menschen auf den vier Inseln des Nationalstaates Japan 260.000 Kinder, Frauen, Männer jeweils 2 20 Zentimeter grosse Felssteine auf den 1300 km hinlegen, bauen 5 Menschen 1 Meter Magnetschwebebahnweg aus zwei Felsteinen (20 Zentimeter gross 10cm+10 Zentimeter mal 5 gleich 1 Meter) und das mal 260.000 tausend mal, sind 260 Kilometer an einem Tag, Wenn sie das an 5 Tagen machen (die Menschen die in Japan Leben) sind es 1300 Kilometer auf der Strecke von Tokyo nach Osaka. Bis zu den olympischen Sommerspielen im Jahr 2020 ist also noch genug Zeit um die 1300 Kilometer Magnetschwebebahnweg auf der Insel Tokyo/Osaka auf dem Boden der Erdkruste zu bauen. Theoretisch können die Menschen in Japan die´s in 5 Tagen bauen. [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 07:39, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

Foreign Secretary

2019-07-19T10:16:25Z

192.121.232.253: /* Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs (1782–1968) */

{{Redirect|Foreign Secretary|other uses|Foreign secretary (disambiguation){{!}}Foreign secretary}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Secretary
| body = State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|Royal Arms]] of [[Her Majesty's Government]]
| image = Official portrait of Mr Jeremy Hunt.jpg
| incumbent = [[Jeremy Hunt]]
| incumbentsince = 9 July 2018
| department = [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]
| style = Foreign Secretary {{small|(informal)}} [[The Right Honourable]] {{small|(within the UK and the Commonwealth)}} [[Excellency|His Excellency]] {{small|(in international correspondence)}}<ref>{{cite document |title=Public List |url=https://www.un.int/protocol/sites/www.un.int/files/Protocol%20and%20Liaison%20Service/hspmfm.pdf |work=Protocol and Liaison Service |publisher=United Nations |date=24 August 2016 |accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>
| member_of = [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] [[National Security Council (United Kingdom)|National Security Council]]
| reports_to = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| residence = [[Carlton House Terrace#Carlton Gardens|No. 1 Carlton Gardens]] [[Chevening]]
| seat = [[Westminster]]
| appointer = The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| appointer_qualified = on advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
| termlength = [[At Her Majesty's pleasure]]
| formation = 27 March 1782
| first = [[Charles James Fox]]
| salary =
| website = [http://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/foreign-secretary www.gov.uk]
}}
{{PoliticsUK}}
'''Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs''', normally referred to as the '''Foreign Secretary''', is a senior, high-ranking official within the [[Government of the United Kingdom]] and head of the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]. The Foreign Secretary is a member of the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]], and the post is considered one of the [[Great Offices of State]]. It is considered a position similar to that of [[Foreign Minister]] in other countries. The Foreign Secretary reports directly to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].

The Foreign Secretary's remit includes: relations with foreign countries, matters pertaining to the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]] in addition to the promotion of British interests abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/foreign-secretary|title=Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> The Foreign Secretary also has ministerial oversight for the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6) and the [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gchq.gov.uk/features/ministerial-responsibility|title=Ministerial responsibility|date=23 March 2016|publisher=GCHQ|access-date=25 May 2017|quote=Day-to-day ministerial responsibility for GCHQ lies with the Foreign Secretary.}}</ref> The Foreign Secretary works out of the Foreign Office in [[Whitehall]], and the post's [[official residence]]s are [[Carlton House Terrace|1 Carlton Gardens]] in London and [[Chevening]] in Kent. [[Margaret Beckett]], [[2006 British cabinet reshuffle|appointed in 2006]] by [[Tony Blair]], is the only woman to have held the post.

The current Foreign Secretary is [[Jeremy Hunt]], following [[Boris Johnson]]'s resignation on 9 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Heather |title=Boris Johnson resigns as foreign secretary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/09/boris-johnson-resigns-as-foreign-secretary-brexit |accessdate=9 July 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=9 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/09/jeremy-hunt-appointed-to-replace-boris-johnson Jeremy Hunt replaces Boris Johnson as foreign secretary], in the ''Guardian'', 9 July 2018</ref>

==History==
{{Uk-fco-history}} The position of ''Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs'' was created in the [[Constitution of 1782|British governmental reorganisation of 1782]], in which the [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department|Northern]] and [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Southern Department]]s became the [[Home Office|Home]] and [[Foreign Office]]s, respectively. Eventually, the position of ''Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs'' came into existence in 1968 with the merger of the functions of ''Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs'' and ''[[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs]]'' into a single [[British government departments|Department of State]]. The [[India Office]] was a constituent predecessor department of the Foreign Office, as were the [[Colonial Office]] and the [[Dominions Office]].

==List of Foreign Secretaries==

===Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs (1782–1968)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs<ref name="gov.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-foreign-secretaries |title=Past Foreign Secretaries |website=[[gov.uk]] |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref>

! colspan=2 | Portrait
! Name{{refn|Including honorifics and constituencies for [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|elected MPs]].|name=Name}} {{small|(Birth{{ndash}}Death)}}
! colspan=2 |Term of office
! Party
! Ministry
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}

|-
| style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Charles James Fox00.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles James Fox|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Charles James Fox''']] {{small|MP for [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]] (1749{{ndash}}1806)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|27 March}} 1782
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 July}} 1782
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Second Rockingham ministry|Rockingham II]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=16 | [[George III of the United Kingdom|'''George III''']] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1801-1816).svg|50px]] {{small|(1760{{ndash}}[[Regency era|1820]])}} {{refn|The [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]] served as [[Prince Regent]] from 5 February 1811.|group=1782}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
| style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Thomas Robinson 2nd Baron.jpg|75px]]
| [[Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Thomas Robinson 2nd '''Baron Grantham''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1738{{ndash}}1786)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|13 July}} 1782
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 April}} 1783
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Shelburne ministry|Shelburne]] {{small|(''[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]{{ndash}}[[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
| style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Charles James Fox00.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles James Fox|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Charles James Fox''']] {{small|MP for [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]] (1749{{ndash}}1806)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 April}} 1783
| class=nowrap | {{small|19 December}} 1783
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Fox–North coalition|Fox{{ndash}}North]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:1stMarquessOfBuckingham.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham|{{small|The Right Honourable}} George Nugent-Temple-Grenville 3rd '''Earl Temple''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1753{{ndash}}1813)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|19 December}} 1783
| class=nowrap | {{small|23 December}} 1783
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{Party shading/Tories}} rowspan=4 | [[First Pitt ministry|Pitt I]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Francis Osborne cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds|{{small|His Grace}} Francis Osborne 5th '''Duke of Leeds''' {{gaps|KG|PC}}]] (1751{{ndash}}1799)
| class=nowrap | {{small|23 December}} 1783
| class=nowrap | {{small|May}} 1791
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:1st Baron Grenville-cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|{{small|The Right Honourable}} William Grenville 1st '''Baron Grenville''' {{gaps|PC|PC (Ire)}}]] (1759{{ndash}}1834)
| class=nowrap | {{small|8 June}} 1791
| class=nowrap | {{small|20 February}} 1801
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Earl jenkinson.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Robert Jenkinson 2nd '''Baron Hawkesbury''' {{gaps|PC|FRS}}]] MP for [[Rye (UK Parliament constituency)|Rye]]{{refn|Elevated to the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]] in November 1803.|group=1782}} (1770{{ndash}}1828)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|20 February}} 1801
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|14 May}} 1804
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Addington ministry|Addington]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfHarrowby.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Dudley Ryder 2nd '''Baron Harrowby''' {{gaps|PC|FSA}}]] (1762{{ndash}}1847)
| class=nowrap | {{small|14 May}} 1804
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 January}} 1805
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Second Pitt ministry|Pitt II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave by Sir William Beechey.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Henry Phipps 3rd '''Baron Mulgrave''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1755{{ndash}}1831)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 January}} 1805
| class=nowrap | {{small|7 February}} 1806
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
| style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Charles James Fox00.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles James Fox|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Charles James Fox''']] {{small|MP for [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]] (1749{{ndash}}1806)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|7 February}} 1806
| class=nowrap | {{small|13 September}} 1806{{ref|Died|†}}
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Ministry of All the Talents|All the Talents]] {{small|(''[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]{{ndash}}[[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Charles Grey '''Viscount Howick''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|MP for [[Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency)|Northumberland]] (1764{{ndash}}1845)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|24 September}} 1806
| class=nowrap | {{small|25 March}} 1807
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:George Canning by Richard Evans - detail.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Canning|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''George Canning''']] {{smalldiv|{{Longitem|MP for [[Newtown (UK Parliament constituency)|Newtown (Isle of Wight)]] → [[Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)|Hastings]]{{refn|Elected to a new constituency in the [[1807 United Kingdom general election|1807 general election]].|group=1782}} }}(1770{{ndash}}1827)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|25 March}} 1807
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 October}} 1809
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Second Portland ministry|Portland II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst by William Salter.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Henry Bathurst 3rd '''Earl Bathurst''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1762–1834)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 October}} 1809
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 December}} 1809
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Perceval ministry|Perceval]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley by John Philip Davis ('Pope' Davis).jpg|75px]]
| [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Richard Wellesley 1st '''Marquess Wellesley''' {{gaps|KG|PC|PC (Ire)}}]] (1760{{ndash}}1842)
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 December}} 1809
| class=nowrap | {{small|4 March}} 1812
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border-bottom:none" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord Castlereagh Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Robert Stewart 2nd '''Marquess of Londonderry''' {{gaps|KG|GCH|PC|PC (Ire)}}]] (1769{{ndash}}1822)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|4 March}} 1812
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|12 August}} 1822{{ref|Died|†}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Liverpool ministry|Liverpool]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border-top:none" |
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=6 | [[George IV of the United Kingdom|'''George IV''']] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1816-1837).svg|50px]] {{small|(1820{{ndash}}1830)}}

|-
| style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:George Canning by Richard Evans - detail.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Canning|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''George Canning''' {{small|FRS}}]] {{small|MP for 3 constituencies respectively (1770{{ndash}}1827)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|16 September}} 1822
| class=nowrap | {{small|30 April}} 1827
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| rowspan=3 | [[Image:1stEarlOfDudley.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=3 | [[John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley|{{small|The Right Honourable}} John Ward 1st '''Earl of Dudley''' {{gaps|PC|FRS}}]] (1781{{ndash}}1833)
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|30 April}} 1827
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|2 June}} 1828
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Canningite government, 1827{{ndash}}1828|Canning]] {{small|(''[[Canningite]]{{ndash}}[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')}}
| rowspan=3 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Canningite government, 1827{{ndash}}1828|Goderich]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| {{Party shading/Tories}} rowspan=3 | [[Wellington{{ndash}}Peel ministry|Wellington{{ndash}}Peel]]

|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border-bottom:none" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Earlofaberdeen.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|{{small|The Right Honourable}} George Hamilton-Gordon 4th '''Earl of Aberdeen''' {{gaps|KT|FRS|PC|FSA Scot}}]] (1784{{ndash}}1860)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|2 June}} 1828
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|22 November}} 1830
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}; border-top:none" |
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=6 | [[William IV of the United Kingdom|'''William IV''']] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1816-1837).svg|50px]] {{small|(1830{{ndash}}1837)}}

|-
! rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord Palmerston 1855.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Henry John Temple 3rd '''Viscount Palmerston''' {{gaps|GCB|PC}}]] MP for 3 constituencies respectively (1784{{ndash}}1865)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|22 November}} 1830
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|14 November}} 1834
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Grey]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Melbourne I]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington by John Jackson cropped.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|{{gaps|Field Marshal|His Grace}} Arthur Wellesley 1st '''Duke of Wellington''' {{gaps|KG|GCB|GCH|PC}}]] (1769{{ndash}}1852)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|14 November}} 1834
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|18 April}} 1835
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Wellington caretaker ministry|Wellington Caretaker]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First Peel ministry|Peel I]]

|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}; border-bottom:none" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord Palmerston 1855.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Henry John Temple 3rd '''Viscount Palmerston''' {{gaps|GCB|PC}}]] MP for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]] (1784{{ndash}}1865)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|18 April}} 1835
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|2 September}} 1841
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} rowspan=2 | [[Second Melbourne ministry|Melbourne II]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}; border-top:none" |
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=25 | [[Queen Victoria|'''Victoria''']] [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|50px]] {{small|([[Victorian era|1837{{ndash}}1901]])}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Tories (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Earlofaberdeen.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|{{small|The Right Honourable}} George Hamilton-Gordon 4th '''Earl of Aberdeen''' {{gaps|KT|FRS|PC|FSA Scot}}]] (1784{{ndash}}1860)
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 September}} 1841
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 July}} 1846
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Peel ministry|Peel II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Lord Palmerston 1855.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Henry John Temple 3rd '''Viscount Palmerston''' {{gaps|GCB|PC}}]] MP for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]] (1784{{ndash}}1865)
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 July}} 1846
| class=nowrap | {{small|26 December}} 1851
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} rowspan=2 | [[First Russell ministry|Russell I]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Second Earl Granville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Granville Leveson-Gower 2nd '''Earl Granville''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1815{{ndash}}1891)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|26 December}} 1851
| class=nowrap | {{small|27 February}} 1852
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:JH Harris 3rd Earl of Malmesbury by JG Middleton crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury|{{small|The Right Honourable}} James Howard Harris 3rd '''Earl of Malmesbury''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1807{{ndash}}1889)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|27 February}} 1852
| class=nowrap | {{small|28 December}} 1852
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Who? Who? ministry|Who? Who?]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Lord john russell.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Lord '''John Russell''' {{small|FRS}}]] {{small|MP for the [[City of London (UK Parliament constituency)|City of London]] (1792{{ndash}}1878)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|28 December}} 1852
| class=nowrap | {{small|21 February}} 1853
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} rowspan=2 | [[Aberdeen ministry|Aberdeen]] {{small|(''[[Peelite]]{{ndash}}[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:4thEarlOfClarendon.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon|{{small|The Right Honourable}} George Villiers 4th '''Earl of Clarendon''' {{gaps|KG|GCB|PC}}]] (1800{{ndash}}1870)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|21 February}} 1853
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|26 February}} 1858
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Whigs (British political party)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[First Palmerston ministry|Palmerston I]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:JH Harris 3rd Earl of Malmesbury by JG Middleton crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury|{{small|The Right Honourable}} James Howard Harris 3rd '''Earl of Malmesbury''' {{gaps|GCB|PC}}]] (1807{{ndash}}1889)
| class=nowrap | {{small|26 February}} 1858
| class=nowrap | {{small|18 June}} 1859
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli ministry|Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| [[Image:Lord john russell.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|{{small|The Right Honourable}} John Russell 1st '''Earl Russell''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS}}]] (1792{{ndash}}1878)
| {{small|18 June}} 1859
| {{small|3 November}} 1865
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal government, 1859–1866|Palmerston II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:4thEarlOfClarendon.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon|{{small|The Right Honourable}} George Villiers 4th '''Earl of Clarendon''' {{gaps|KG|GCB|PC}}]] (1800{{ndash}}1870)
| class=nowrap | {{small|3 November}} 1865
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 July}} 1866
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal government, 1859–1866|Russell II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Edward Stanley '''Lord Stanley''' {{gaps|PC|FRS}}]] MP for [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]] (1826{{ndash}}1893)
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 July}} 1866
| class=nowrap | {{small|9 December}} 1868
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Third Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli ministry|Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli III]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:4thEarlOfClarendon.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon|{{small|The Right Honourable}} George Villiers 4th '''Earl of Clarendon''' {{gaps|KG|GCB|PC}}]] (1800{{ndash}}1870)
| class=nowrap | {{small|9 December}} 1868
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 July}} 1870
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[First Gladstone ministry|Gladstone I]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Second Earl Granville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Granville Leveson-Gower 2nd '''Earl Granville''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS}}]] (1815{{ndash}}1891)
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 July}} 1870
| class=nowrap | {{small|21 February}} 1874
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Edward Stanley 15th '''Earl of Derby''' {{gaps|PC|FRS}}]] (1826{{ndash}}1893)
| class=nowrap | {{small|21 February}} 1874
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 April}} 1878
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Disraeli ministry|Disraeli II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd '''Marquess of Salisbury''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS|DL}}]] (1830{{ndash}}1903)
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 April}} 1878
| class=nowrap | {{small|28 April}} 1880
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Second Earl Granville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Granville Leveson-Gower 2nd '''Earl Granville''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS}}]] (1815{{ndash}}1891)
| class=nowrap | {{small|28 April}} 1880
| class=nowrap | {{small|24 June}} 1885
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Second Gladstone ministry|Gladstone II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd '''Marquess of Salisbury''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS|DL}}]] (1830{{ndash}}1903)
| class=nowrap | {{small|24 June}} 1885
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 February}} 1886
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First Salisbury ministry|Salisbury I]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Archibald-Philip-Primrose-5th-Earl-of-Rosebery (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Archibald Primrose 5th '''Earl of Rosebery''' {{gaps|PC|FRS}}]] (1847{{ndash}}1929)
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 February}} 1886
| class=nowrap | {{small|3 August}} 1886
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Third Gladstone ministry|Gladstone III]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh.jpg|75px]]
| [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Stafford Northcote 1st '''Earl of Iddesleigh''' {{gaps|GCB|PC|FRS}}]] (1818{{ndash}}1887)
| class=nowrap | {{small|3 August}} 1886
| class=nowrap | {{small|12 January}} 1887{{ref|Died|†}}
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} rowspan=2 | [[Second Salisbury ministry|Salisbury II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd '''Marquess of Salisbury''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS|DL}}]] (1830{{ndash}}1903)
| class=nowrap | {{small|14 January}} 1887
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 August}} 1892
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Archibald-Philip-Primrose-5th-Earl-of-Rosebery (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Archibald Primrose 5th '''Earl of Rosebery''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS}}]] (1847{{ndash}}1929)
| class=nowrap | {{small|18 August}} 1892
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 March}} 1894
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal government, 1892–1895|Gladstone IV]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|{{small|The Right Honourable}} John Wodehouse 1st '''Earl of Kimberley''' {{gaps|KG|PC|DL}}]] (1826{{ndash}}1902)
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 March}} 1894
| class=nowrap | {{small|21 June}} 1895
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal government, 1892–1895|Rosebery]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd '''Marquess of Salisbury''' {{gaps|KG|PC|FRS|DL}}]] (1830{{ndash}}1903)
| class=nowrap | {{small|29 June}} 1895
| class=nowrap | {{small|12 November}} 1900
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Unionist government, 1895–1905|Salisbury {{small|(III & IV)}}]] {{small|(''[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]{{ndash}}[[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib.U.]]'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Unionist Party/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=3 | [[Image:Marquess of Lansdowne crop.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice 5th '''Marquess of Lansdowne''' {{gaps|KG|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|PC}}]] (1845{{ndash}}1927)
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|12 November}} 1900
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|4 December}} 1905
| {{Party shading/Liberal Unionist}} rowspan=3 | [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionist]]
| rowspan=3 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Unionist Party/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=4 | '''[[Edward VII]]''' [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|50px]] {{small|([[Edwardian era|1901{{ndash}}1910]])}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Unionist Party/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Unionist government, 1895–1905|Balfour]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| rowspan=4 | [[Image:Picture of Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''Edward Grey''' {{gaps|Bt|DL}}]] MP for [[Berwick-upon-Tweed (UK Parliament constituency)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]] (1862{{ndash}}1933)
| rowspan=4 class=nowrap | {{small|10 December}} 1905
| rowspan=4 class=nowrap | {{small|10 December}} 1916
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} rowspan=4 | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal government, 1905–1915|Campbell-Bannerman]]
| rowspan=4 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal government, 1905–1915|Asquith {{small|(I–III)}}]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=13 | '''[[George V]]''' [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|50px]] {{small|(1910{{ndash}}1936)}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Asquith coalition ministry|Asquith Coalition]] {{small|(''[[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib.]]{{ndash}}[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]{{ndash}}et al.'')}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Arthur-James-Balfour-1st-Earl-of-Balfour.jpg|75px]]
| [[Arthur Balfour|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Arthur Balfour''' {{gaps|OM|FRS|DL}}]] MP for the [[City of London (UK Parliament constituency)|City of London]] (1848{{ndash}}1930)
| class=nowrap | {{small|10 December}} 1916
| class=nowrap | {{small|23 October}} 1919
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} rowspan=2 | [[Lloyd George ministry|Lloyd George {{small|(I & II)}}]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=3 | [[Image:Curzon GGBain.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=3 | [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|{{small|The Most Honourable}} George Curzon 1st '''Marquess Curzon of Kedleston''' {{gaps|KG|GCSI|GCIE|PC}}]] (1859{{ndash}}1925)
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|23 October}} 1919
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|22 January}} 1924
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=3 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative government, 1922–1924|Law]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative government, 1922–1924|Baldwin I]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Ramsay-MacDonald.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ramsay MacDonald|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Ramsay MacDonald''']] {{small|MP for [[Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberavon]] (1866{{ndash}}1937)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|22 January}} 1924
| class=nowrap | {{small|3 November}} 1924
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[First MacDonald ministry|MacDonald I]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Austen Chamberlain nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Austen Chamberlain|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''Austen Chamberlain''' {{small|KG}}]] {{small|MP for [[Birmingham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham West]] (1863{{ndash}}1937)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 November}} 1924
| class=nowrap | {{small|4 June}} 1929
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Baldwin ministry|Baldwin II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:1910 Arthur Henderson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Arthur Henderson|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Arthur Henderson''']] {{small|MP for [[Burnley (UK Parliament constituency)|Burnley]] (1863{{ndash}}1935)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|7 June}} 1929
| class=nowrap | {{small|24 August}} 1931
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Second MacDonald ministry|MacDonald II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Rufus Isaacs.jpg|75px]]
| [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|{{small|The Most Honourable}} Rufus Isaacs 1st '''Marquess of Reading''' {{gaps|GCB|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO|PC|KC}}]] (1860{{ndash}}1935)
| class=nowrap | {{small|25 August}} 1931
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 November}} 1931
| {{Party shading/Liberal (UK)}} | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[National Government (1931)|National I]] {{small|(''[[National Labour Organisation|N.Lab.]]{{ndash}}[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]{{ndash}}et al.'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Portrait of John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''John Simon''' {{gaps|GCSI|OBE}}]] MP for [[Spen Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Spen Valley]] (1873{{ndash}}1954)
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 November}} 1931
| class=nowrap | {{small|7 June}} 1935
| {{Party shading/Liberal National}} | [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|Liberal National]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[National Government (1931–1935)|National II]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Sir Samuel Hoare GGBain.jpg|75px]]
| [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''Samuel Hoare''' {{gaps|Bt|GCSI|GBE|CMG|JP}}]] MP for [[Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)|Chelsea]] (1880{{ndash}}1959)
| class=nowrap | {{small|7 June}} 1935
| class=nowrap | {{small|18 December}} 1935
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[National Government (1935–1937)|National III]] {{small|(''[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]{{ndash}}[[National Labour Organisation|N.Lab.]]{{ndash}}et al.'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=4 | [[File:Anthony Eden.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Anthony Eden|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Anthony Eden''' {{small|MC}}]] {{small|MP for [[Warwick and Leamington (UK Parliament constituency)|Warwick & Leamington]] (1897{{ndash}}1977)}}
| rowspan=4 class=nowrap | {{small|22 December}} 1935
| rowspan=4 class=nowrap | {{small|20 February}} 1938
| rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=4 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
! scope=row style="text-align:center" | '''[[Edward VIII]]''' [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|50px]] {{small|([[Edward VIII abdication crisis|1936]])}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=10 | '''[[George VI]]''' [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|50px]] {{small|(1936{{ndash}}1952)}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[National Government (1937–1939)|National IV]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border-bottom: none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=3 | [[Image:1st Earl of Halifax 1947.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Edward Wood 3rd '''Viscount Halifax''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1881{{ndash}}1959)}}
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|21 February}} 1938
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|22 December}} 1940
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=3 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Chamberlain war ministry|Chamberlain War]]
|-
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Churchill war ministry|Churchill War]] {{small|(''All parties'')}}

|-
! rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Anthony Eden.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Anthony Eden|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Anthony Eden''' {{small|MC}}]] {{small|MP for [[Warwick and Leamington (UK Parliament constituency)|Warwick & Leamington]] (1897{{ndash}}1977)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|22 December}} 1940
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|26 July}} 1945
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Churchill caretaker ministry|Churchill Caretaker]] {{small|(''[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]{{ndash}}[[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|Lib.N.]]'')}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Ernest Bevin cph.3b17494.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ernest Bevin|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Ernest Bevin''']] {{smalldiv|{{Longitem|MP for [[Wandsworth Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Wandsworth Central]] → [[Woolwich East (UK Parliament constituency)|Woolwich East]]{{refn|Elected to a new constituency in the [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950 general election]].|group=1782}} }}(1881{{ndash}}1951)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|27 July}} 1945
| class=nowrap | {{small|9 March}} 1951
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Attlee ministry|Attlee {{small|(I & II)}}]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Herbert Morrison 1947.jpg|75px]]
| [[Herbert Morrison|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Herbert Morrison''']] {{small|MP for [[Lewisham South (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewisham South]] (1888{{ndash}}1965)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|9 March}} 1951
| class=nowrap | {{small|26 October}} 1951
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border-bottom:none" |
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Anthony Eden.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Anthony Eden|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''Anthony Eden''' {{gaps|KG|MC}}]] MP for [[Warwick and Leamington (UK Parliament constituency)|Warwick & Leamington]] (1897{{ndash}}1977)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|28 October}} 1951
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|7 April}} 1955
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Third Churchill ministry|Churchill III]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! height=50 style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border-top:none" |
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=10 | '''[[Elizabeth II]]''' [[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|50px]] {{small|(1952{{ndash}}present)}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Harold Macmillan in 1942.jpg|75px]]
| [[Harold Macmillan|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Harold Macmillan''']] {{small|MP for [[Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bromley]] (1894{{ndash}}1986)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|7 April}} 1955
| class=nowrap | {{small|20 December}} 1955
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} rowspan=2 | [[Eden ministry|Eden]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Selwyn Lloyd cropped.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Selwyn Lloyd|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Selwyn Lloyd''' {{gaps|CBE|QC}}]] MP for [[Wirral (UK Parliament constituency)|Wirral]] (1904{{ndash}}1978)
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|20 December}} 1955
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|27 July}} 1960
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} rowspan=2 | [[Conservative government, 1957–1964|Macmillan {{small|(I & II)}}]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Alec Douglas-Home (c1963).jpg|75px]]
| [[Alec Douglas-Home|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Alec Douglas-Home 14th '''Earl of Home''' {{small|PC}}]] {{small|(1903{{ndash}}1995)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|27 July}} 1960
| class=nowrap | {{small|20 October}} 1963
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Rab Butler.png|75px]]
| [[Rab Butler|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Richard Austen Butler''' {{small|CH}}]] {{small|MP for [[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]] (1902{{ndash}}1982)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|20 October}} 1963
| class=nowrap | {{small|16 October}} 1964
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative government, 1957–1964|Douglas-Home]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Patrick Gordon Walker in 1969.jpg|75px]]
| [[Patrick Gordon Walker|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Patrick Gordon Walker''']] {{small|''Neither an MP nor a Lord''{{refn|Walker was MP for Smethwick, and Labour's shadow Foreign Secretary, prior to the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964 general election]]. He lost seat in the election but was appointed to the post anyway. He resigned after fighting and losing a 1965 by-election in Leyton.|group=1782}} (1907{{ndash}}1980)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|16 October}} 1964
| class=nowrap | {{small|22 January}} 1965
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{Party shading/Labour}} rowspan=4 | [[Labour government, 1964–1970|Wilson {{small|(I & II)}}]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Michael Stewart (1966).jpg|75px]]
| [[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Michael Stewart''']] {{small|MP for [[Fulham (UK Parliament constituency)|Fulham]] (1906{{ndash}}1990)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|22 January}} 1965
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 August}} 1966
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:George Brown, 1967.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''George Brown''']] {{small|MP for [[Belper (UK Parliament constituency)|Belper]] (1914{{ndash}}1985)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 August}} 1966
| class=nowrap | {{small|16 March}} 1968
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Michael Stewart (1966).jpg|75px]]
| [[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Michael Stewart''']] {{small|MP for [[Fulham (UK Parliament constituency)|Fulham]] (1906{{ndash}}1990)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|16 March}} 1968
| class=nowrap | {{small|17 October}} 1968
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}
|}
<ref>https://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/For-arbetssokande/Platsbanken/annonser/8378625</ref><ref>https://www.google.se/maps/@59.3230053,18.0720313,587a,35y,90h/data=!3m1!1e3</ref>
{{refbegin}}
:{{note|Died|†}} Died in office.
{{refend}}
{{reflist|group=1782}}

===Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1968–present)===
Post created through the merger of the [[Foreign Office]] and the [[Commonwealth Office]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

! colspan=2 | Portrait
! Name{{refn|name=Name}} {{small|(Birth{{ndash}}Death)}}
! colspan=2 |Term of office
! Party
! Ministry
! Sovereign {{small|(Reign)}}
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Michael Stewart (1966).jpg|75px]]
| [[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Michael Stewart''']] {{small|MP for [[Fulham (UK Parliament constituency)|Fulham]] (1906{{ndash}}1990)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|17 October}} 1968
| class=nowrap | {{small|19 June}} 1970
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour government, 1964–1970|Wilson {{small|(I & II)}}]]
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=24 | '''[[Elizabeth II]]''' [[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|50px]] {{small|(1952{{ndash}}present)}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Alec Douglas-Home (c1963).jpg|75px]]
| [[Alec Douglas-Home|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''Alec Douglas-Home''' {{small|KT}}]] {{small|MP for [[Kinross and Western Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Kinross and Western Perthshire]] (1903{{ndash}}1995)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|20 June}} 1970
| class=nowrap | {{small|4 March}} 1974
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Heath ministry|Heath]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:James Callaghan and James Chichester-Clark 1970 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[James Callaghan|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''James Callaghan''']] {{small|MP for [[Cardiff South East (UK Parliament constituency)|Cardiff South East]] (1912{{ndash}}2005)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 March}} 1974
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 April}} 1976
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour government, 1974–1979|Wilson {{small|(III & IV)}}]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Ford A9572 Anthony Crosland crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Anthony Crosland|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Anthony Crosland''']] {{small|MP for [[Great Grimsby (UK Parliament constituency)|Great Grimsby]] (1918{{ndash}}1977)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|8 April}} 1976
| class=nowrap | {{small|19 February}} 1977{{ref|Died|†}}
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour government, 1974–1979|Callaghan]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:David Owen-1.jpg|75px]]
| [[David Owen|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''David Owen''']] {{small|MP for [[Plymouth Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)|Plymouth Devonport]] (born 1938)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|22 February}} 1977
| class=nowrap | {{small|4 May}} 1979
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Peter Carington 1984.jpg|75px]]
| [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Peter Carington 6th '''Baron Carrington''' {{gaps|KCMG|MC|PC|DL}}]] (1919{{ndash}}2018)
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 May}} 1979
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 April}} 1982
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First Thatcher ministry|Thatcher I]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Zconcam61.jpg|75px]]
| [[Francis Pym|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Francis Pym''' {{small|MC}}]] {{small|MP for [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]] (1922{{ndash}}2008)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|6 April}} 1982
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 June}} 1983
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Geoffrey Howe.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Geoffrey Howe|{{small|The Right Honourable}} Sir '''Geoffrey Howe''' {{small|QC}}]] {{small|MP for [[East Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)|East Surrey]] (1926{{ndash}}2015)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|11 June}} 1983
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|24 July}} 1989
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Thatcher ministry|Thatcher II]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Third Thatcher ministry|Thatcher III]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Major PM full.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Major|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''John Major''']] {{small|MP for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]] (born 1943)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|24 July}} 1989
| class=nowrap | {{small|26 October}} 1989
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=3 | [[Image:Lord Hurd (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Douglas Hurd|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Douglas Hurd''' {{small|CBE}}]] {{small|MP for [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]] (born 1930)}}
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|26 October}} 1989
| rowspan=3 class=nowrap | {{small|5 July}} 1995
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=3 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First Major ministry|Major I]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Major ministry|Major II]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Malcolm Rifkind.jpg|75px]]
| [[Malcolm Rifkind|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Malcolm Rifkind''' {{small|QC}}]] {{small|MP for [[Edinburgh Pentlands (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh Pentlands]] (born 1946)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 July}} 1995
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 May}} 1997
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Robin Cook-close crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robin Cook|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Robin Cook''']] {{small|MP for [[Livingston (UK Parliament constituency)|Livingston]] (1946{{ndash}}2005)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|2 May}} 1997
| class=nowrap | {{small|8 June}} 2001
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Blair ministry|Blair {{small|(I{{ndash}}III)}}]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Jack straw.JPG|75px]]
| [[Jack Straw|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Jack Straw''']] {{small|MP for [[Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]] (born 1946)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|8 June}} 2001
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 May}} 2006
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:Margaret Beckett May 2007 cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Margaret Beckett|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Margaret Beckett''']] {{small|MP for [[Derby South (UK Parliament constituency)|Derby South]] (born 1943)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|5 May}} 2006
| class=nowrap | {{small|28 June}} 2007
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:David Miliband 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[David Miliband|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''David Miliband''']] {{small|MP for [[South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)|South Shields]] (born 1965)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|28 June}} 2007
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 May}} 2010
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| {{Party shading/Labour}} | [[Brown ministry|Brown]]
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Image:William Hague 2010 cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Hague|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''William Hague''' {{small|FRSL}}]] {{small|MP for [[Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)|Richmond (Yorks)]] (born 1961)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|11 May}} 2010
| class=nowrap | {{small|14 July}} 2014
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Cameron–Clegg]] {{small|(''[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]{{ndash}}[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|L.D.]]'')}}
| {{r|gov.uk}}

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Official portrait of Mr Philip Hammond crop 2.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Philip Hammond|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Philip Hammond''']] {{small|MP for [[Runnymede and Weybridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Runnymede and Weybridge]] (born 1955)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|14 July}} 2014
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|13 July}} 2016
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border-top:none" |
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Cameron ministry|Cameron II]]

|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Boris Johnson July 2016.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Boris Johnson|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Boris Johnson''']] {{small|MP for [[Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)|Uxbridge and South Ruislip]] (born 1964)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|13 July}} 2016
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap | {{small|9 July}} 2018
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First May ministry|May I]]
| rowspan=2 | {{r|gov.uk}}<ref name="bbcgone">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44770847| title=Boris Johnson quits to add to pressure on May over Brexit| date=9 July 2018| website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; border:none" |{{zwsp}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second May ministry|May II]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
| [[File:Official portrait of Mr Jeremy Hunt crop 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jeremy Hunt|{{small|The Right Honourable}} '''Jeremy Hunt''']] {{small|MP for [[South West Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)|South West Surrey]] (born 1966)}}
| class=nowrap | {{small|9 July}} 2018
| class=nowrap | Incumbent
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| <ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44774702| title=Jeremy Hunt replaces Boris Johnson as foreign secretary| date=9 July 2018| website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* Parliamentary [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs]]
* [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]]
* [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
* [[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]]
* [[Foreign minister]]
* [[Great Offices of State]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cecil, Algernon. ''British foreign secretaries, 1807-1916: studies in personality and policy'' (1927). pp 89–130. [https://ia801908.us.archive.org/12/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.124230/2015.124230.British-Foreign-Secretaries_text.pdf online]
* Goodman, Sam. ''The Imperial Premiership: The Role of the Modern Prime Minister in Foreign Policy Making, 1964-2015'' (Oxford UP, 2016).
* Hughes, Michael. ''British Foreign Secretaries in an Uncertain World, 1919-1939.'' (Routledge, 2004).
* Johnson, Gaynor. "Introduction: The Foreign Office and British Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century," ''Contemporary British History,'' (2004) 18:3, 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/1361946042000259279
* Neilson, Keith, and Thomas G. Otte. ''The permanent under-secretary for foreign affairs, 1854-1946'' (Routledge, 2008).
* Otte, Thomas G. ''The Foreign Office Mind: The Making of British Foreign Policy, 1865–1914'' (Cambridge UP, 2011).
* Steiner, Zara. ''The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914'' (1986).
* Temperley, Harold. "British Secret Diplomacy from Canning to Grey." ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' 6.1 (1938): 1-32.
* Theakston, Kevin, ed. ''British foreign secretaries since 1974'' (Routledge, 2004).
* Wilson, Keith M., ed. ''British foreign secretaries and foreign policy: from Crimean War to First World War'' (1987).

==External links==
{{Commons category|Foreign Secretaries of the United Kingdom}}
*[http://www.fco.gov.uk/ FCO website]

{{Cabinet positions in the United Kingdom}}
{{Great Offices of State}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secretary Of State For Foreign And Commonwealth Affairs}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom|Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Secretary of State for]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1782 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1782 in politics]]
[[Category:1968 in politics]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

Lasse Hallström

2019-06-07T10:33:59Z

192.121.232.253: /* Videography */

{{short description|Swedish film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{for|the Swedish ice hockey player|Lars Hallström (ice hockey)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lasse Hallström
| image = Lena Olin and Lasse Hallström at the Berlin International Film Festival 2013.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Hallström and wife Lena Olin at the [[63rd Berlin International Film Festival|2013 Berlin International Film Festival]]
| birthname = Lars Sven Hallström
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| residence = [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]], U.S.
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter.
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Malou Hallström |1974|1981|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Lena Olin]] |1994}}}}
| children = 3
| yearsactive = 1973–present
}}
'''Lars Sven''' "'''Lasse'''" '''Hallström''' ({{IPA-sv|²lasːɛ ²halːstrœm|lang}}; born 2 June 1946) is a Swedish film director. He first became known for directing almost all music videos by [[pop music|pop]] group [[ABBA]], and subsequently became a feature film director. He was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Director]] for ''[[My Life as a Dog]] (Mitt liv som hund)'' (1985) and later for ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]'' (1999). His other celebrated directorial works include ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]'' (1993) and ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'' (2000).

==Early life==
Hallström was born in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. His father was a dentist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/72/Lasse-Hallstroem.html|title=Lasse Hallstroem Biography (1946–)|publisher=}}</ref> and his mother was the writer Karin Lyberg (1907–2000). His maternal grandfather, Ernst Lyberg, was the Minister of Finance in the first cabinet of [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]] (1926–1928) and leader of the [[Liberal Party of Sweden]] (1930–1933).

==Career==
Hallström attended [[Adolf Fredrik's Music School]] in Stockholm.<ref name="fokus 141010">{{cite web |url=http://www.fokus.se/2014/10/lars-erik-brannstrom |title=Lars Erik Brännström |author= Stefan Westrin |publisher=Fokus (Swedish weekly news magazine) |date=10 October 2014 |accessdate=2014-12-06 }}</ref> He made his directorial debut in 1973, directing the comedy series "Pappas pojkar" for Swedish TV. He frequently collaborated with comic actors [[Magnus Härenstam]] and [[Brasse Brännström]] during his Swedish period. He also made music videos, in particular for [[ABBA]].

After the international success of ''[[My Life as a Dog]]'' (1985), for which he was nominated for [[Academy Awards]] for writing and directing, Hallström has worked in [[American movies]]. His first American film was ''[[Once Around]].'' His first notable American success was ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]'' (1993), starring [[Johnny Depp]] and [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]. The latter's performance as a youth with disability earned him [[Academy Award]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominations for [[Best Supporting Actor]], and he won that award at the [[National Board of Review Awards]].

Hallström's ability to elicit award-winning performances from the cast in a variety of stories adapted from novels was further solidified in his films over the next two decades. In 1999, Hallström was nominated for an [[Academy Award]] for best director for ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]'' (1999). The film earned six additional [[Academy Award]] nominations, including [[Best Picture]], with [[Michael Caine]] winning the [[Best Supporting Actor]] award and [[John Irving]] winning [[Best Adapted Screenplay]].

He followed that success the following year by directing ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'' (2000), starring [[Johnny Depp]], [[Juliette Binoche]] and [[Judi Dench]]. The film was a critical and box-office success, earning [[Golden Globe]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Academy Award]] nominations, including for the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]. Binoche and Dench won [[Best Actress]] and [[Best Supporting Actress]] respectively at both the [[European Film Awards]] and the [[Screen Actors' Guild]] awards.

His 2001 film ''[[The Shipping News (film)|The Shipping News]]'', adapted from a [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning novel by [[E. Annie Proulx]] and starring [[Kevin Spacey]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Julianne Moore]] and [[Cate Blanchett]], won him a directorial [[Golden Bear]] award at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] as well as [[Golden Globe]] and [[BAFTA]] nominations for its lead and supporting actors.

His 2011 film ''[[Salmon Fishing in the Yemen]]'', based on the [[Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (novel)|2007 novel of the same name]] by [[Paul Torday]] and starring [[Ewan McGregor]] and [[Emily Blunt]], was nominated for three [[Golden Globe]] Awards in the Comedy or Musical category, including [[Best Motion Picture]], [[Best Actor]] for McGregor, and [[Best Actress]] for Blunt. The film was nominated for the [[European Film Awards]] [[People's Choice Award]].
[[File:Lasse Hallström at 2013 MIFF.jpg|thumb|Hallström at a Career Achievement Tribute at the 2013 [[Miami International Film Festival]]]]
His 2012 film ''[[The Hypnotist (2012 film)|The Hypnotist]]'' was selected as the Swedish entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Oscar]] at the [[85th Academy Awards]], but it did not make the final shortlist.<ref name="Oscars">{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lasse-hallstroms-hypnotist-is-swedens-368353 |title=Lasse Hallstrom's 'The Hypnotist' is Sweden's Oscar Candidate |accessdate=2011-09-06 | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=2011-09-06}}</ref>

His 2017 film, ''[[A Dog's Purpose (film)|A Dog's Purpose]]'', based on the [[A Dog's Purpose|2010 novel of the same name]], is billed as "a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs".<ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38659155| title=A Dog's Purpose filmmakers face animal cruelty accusations – BBC News| newspaper=Bbc.com| date=19 January 2017 | access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

==Other work==
Almost all of ABBA's promotional films were directed and shot by Hallström, with the only (seven total) exceptions being "[[When I Kissed the Teacher]]" (1977); "[[Chiquitita]]" (1979), which was made by the [[BBC]]; "[[I Have a Dream (song)|I Have a Dream]]" (1979); "[[On and On and On]]" (1980); "[[Lay All Your Love on Me]]" (1981) (Made by recycling material from older videos); "[[The Day Before You Came]]" (1982) and "[[Under Attack]]" (1982), which were both directed by [[Kjell Sundvall]] and Kjell-Åke Andersson. The films for "[[Knowing Me, Knowing You]]" (1977), "[[Happy New Year (ABBA song)|Happy New Year]]" (1980) and "[[One of Us (ABBA song)|One of Us]]" (1981) all contained substantial scenes shot in Hallström's own Stockholm apartment. In 1999, Hallström also directed the music video for [[Northern Line (band)|Northern Line]]'s debut single "Run for Your Life".

==Personal life==
Hallström married media personality and actress Malou Hallström (died 3 February 2005) in 1974, with whom he has one child, Johan (born 1976). The couple divorced in 1981. In 1990, he met actress [[Lena Olin]]; they married on 18 March 1994. The couple currently reside in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]], and raise two children, Tora (born 1995) and, a child from Lena Olin's first marriage, producer and director F. Auguste Rahmberg (born 1986). They also have a home located in the [[Stockholm archipelago]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Josefin |last=Olevik |title=Så förgörs en regissör |url=http://www.fokus.se/2011/04/sa-forgors-en-regissor/ |work=Fokus |date=4 April 2011 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |language=Swedish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lena Olin: Gudarna ska veta att passionen kan vara plågsam |url=http://www.dn.se/livsstil/intervjuer/lena-olin-gudarna-ska-veta-att-passionen-kan-vara-plagsam/ |work=Dagens Nyheter |date=23 May 2011 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |language=Swedish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210215342/http://www.dn.se/livsstil/intervjuer/lena-olin-gudarna-ska-veta-att-passionen-kan-vara-plagsam/ |archivedate=10 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Hallström is vegan.<ref>Randy Cordova, "Lasse talks [http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2014/08/05/lasse-hallstrm-talks-hundred-foot-journey/13609571/ 'Hundred Foot Journey']," ''The Arizona Republic'', 5 August 2014.</ref>

==Videography==

(The following is a complete list of all the [[ABBA]] [[music video]]s that were directed by Lasse Hallström.)
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* 1974 – "[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]"
* 1974 – "[[Ring Ring (ABBA song)|Ring Ring]]"
* 1975 – "[[Mamma Mia (song)|Mamma Mia]]"
* 1975 – "[[SOS (ABBA song)|SOS]]"
* 1975 – "[[Bang-A-Boomerang]]"
* 1975 – "[[I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do]]"
* 1976 – "[[Fernando (song)|Fernando]]"
* 1976 – "[[Dancing Queen]]"
* 1976 - "[[When I Kissed the Teacher]]"
* 1976 – "[[Money, Money, Money]]"
* 1977 – "[[Knowing Me, Knowing You]]"
* 1977 – "[[That's Me]]"
* 1977 – "[[The Name of the Game (ABBA song)|The Name of the Game]]"
* 1978 – "[[Take a Chance on Me]]"
* 1978 – "[[Eagle (song)|Eagle]]"
* 1978 – "[[One Man, One Woman]]"
* 1978 – "[[Thank You for the Music]]"
* 1978 – "[[Summer Night City]]"
* 1979 – "[[Does Your Mother Know]]"
* 1979 – "[[Voulez-Vous (song)|Voulez-Vous]]"
* 1979 – "[[Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)]]"
* 1979 – "Estoy Soñando"
* 1980 – "Conociéndome, Conociéndote"
* 1980 – "Gracias por la Música"
* 1980 – "[[The Winner Takes It All]]"
* 1980 – "[[Super Trouper (song)|Super Trouper]]"
* 1980 – "[[Happy New Year (song)|Happy New Year]]"
* 1980 – "Felicidad"
* 1981 – "[[When All Is Said and Done]]"
* 1981 – "[[One of Us (ABBA song)|One of Us]]"
* 1981 – "No Hay A Quien Culpar"
* 1982 – "[[Head over Heels (ABBA song)|Head over Heels]]"
{{div col end}}

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* 1975 – ''[[A Guy and a Gal]]''
* 1977 – ''[[ABBA: The Movie]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Father to Be]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Tuppen]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Happy We]]''
* 1985 – ''[[My Life as a Dog]]''
* 1986 – ''[[The Children of Noisy Village (film)|The Children of Noisy Village]]''
* 1987 – ''[[More About the Children of Noisy Village]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Once Around]]''
* 1993 – ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Something to Talk About (film)|Something to Talk About]]''
* 1999 – ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]''
* 2001 – ''[[The Shipping News (film)|The Shipping News]]''
* 2005 – ''[[An Unfinished Life]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Casanova (2005 film)|Casanova]]''
* 2006 – ''[[The Hoax]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Hachi: A Dog's Tale]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Dear John (2010 film)|Dear John]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Salmon Fishing in the Yemen]]''
* 2012 – ''[[The Hypnotist (2012 film)|The Hypnotist]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Safe Haven (film)|Safe Haven]]''
* 2014 – ''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|The Hundred-Foot Journey]]''
* 2017 – ''[[A Dog's Purpose (film)|A Dog's Purpose]]''
* 2018 – ''[[The Nutcracker and the Four Realms]]''
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Lasse Hallström}}
* [[ABBA discography#Videography|ABBA discography]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0002120}}
* {{Sfdb name}}
* [http://imvdb.com/n/lasse-hallstrom Lasse Hallström] at the [[Internet Music Video Database]]
* [http://www.biography.com/people/lasse-hallstr%C3%B6m-9542297 Lasse Hallström] Life Sequence
* [http://www.fandango.com/lassehallstr%C3%B6m/filmography/p93205 Lasse Hallström] Filmography Sequence

{{Lasse Hallström}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hallstrom, Lasse}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Swedish film directors]]
[[Category:Swedish music video directors]]
[[Category:Swedish screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Swedish male writers]]
[[Category:English-language film directors]]
[[Category:Swedish-language film directors]]

Talk:Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!

2019-06-04T10:38:51Z

192.121.232.253: /* Untitled */

{{WikiProject Albums|class=start}}
{{WikiProject Progressive Rock| class = start| importance = low}}

==Untitled==
I like the content, but don't we need more citations for it? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/75.213.149.99|75.213.149.99]] ([[User talk:75.213.149.99|talk]]) 13:15, 5 April 2010 (UTC) 

When the album speaks of the "Old Rocker" they are refering to an old motorcyclist,Not an aging rockstar.The rockers are the cafe bike set in england,studded leather and all that.Over there they are not refered to as bikers.(Markinmi) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.192.141.224|24.192.141.224]] ([[User talk:24.192.141.224|talk]]) 18:33, 12 September 2011 (UTC) 

David Palmer piano on track 11? I can only see 10 tracks. [[User:RamonVM|RamonVM]] ([[User talk:RamonVM|talk]]) 09:46, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

I saw the tv show of this in 1977!

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=678574539 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090404074017/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/jethrotull/albums/album/162249/review/5942746/too_old_to_rock_n_roll_too_young_to_die to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jethrotull/albums/album/162249/review/5942746/too_old_to_rock_n_roll_too_young_to_die

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' to let others know.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false}}

Cheers. —[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 07:26, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

== Concept ==

Is there really any point in listing three rather obscure Kinks recordings to illustrate what a concept album is? Feels more like a Kinks fan trying to up the prominence of the Kinks than a serious contribution to an article about a Jethro Tull recording. [[Special:Contributions/212.159.44.170|212.159.44.170]] ([[User talk:212.159.44.170|talk]]) 19:20, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Agreed. Will remove that. [[User:Killans|Killans]] ([[User talk:Killans|talk]]) 16:46, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

Loud 'n' Proud

2019-05-31T11:12:10Z

192.121.232.253: corrected timing in Infobox

{{for|the BBC Radio show|Loud'n'proud}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Loud 'n' Proud
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]]
| cover = Loud and Proud.jpg
| alt =
| released = November 1973 (UK)
February 1974 (US)
| recorded = 1973
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hard rock]]
| length = 37:07
| label = [[Mooncrest Records|Mooncrest]] (UK), [[A&M Records|A&M]] (US)
| producer = [[Roger Glover]]
| prev_title = [[BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert (Nazareth album)|BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert]]
| prev_year = 1973
| next_title = [[Rampant (album)|Rampant]]
| next_year = 1974
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev1score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r45371|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic review]</ref>
}}

'''''Loud 'n' Proud''''' is the fourth studio [[album]] by the [[Scotland|Scottish]] hard rock band [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]], and their second to be released in 1973.

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| all_lyrics = [[Pete Agnew]], [[Manny Charlton]], [[Dan McCafferty]], [[Darrell Sweet (musician)|Darrell Sweet]] unless otherwise noted
| title1 = Go Down Fighting
| writer1 =
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Not Faking It
| writer2 =
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Turn On Your Receiver
| writer3 =
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = [[Teenage Nervous Breakdown]]
| note4 = [[Little Feat]] cover
| writer4 = [[Lowell George]]
| length4 = 3:43
| title5 = Free Wheeler
| writer5 =
| length5 = 5:31
| title6 = [[This Flight Tonight]]
| note6 = [[Joni Mitchell]] cover
| writer6 = Joni Mitchell
| length6 = 3:24
| title7 = Child in the Sun
| writer7 =
| length7 = 4:51
| title8 = [[Ballad of Hollis Brown|The Ballad of Hollis Brown]]
| note8 = [[Bob Dylan]] cover
| writer8 = Bob Dylan
| length8 = 9:11
}}

===1996 [[Castle Communications]] Bonus Tracks===
{{tracklist
| title9 = This Flight Tonight
| note9 = Joni Mitchell cover; US version
| writer9 = Joni Mitchell
| length9 = 3:24
| title10 = Go Down Fighting
| note10 = US version
| writer10 =
| length10 = 3:05
| title11 = The Ballad of Hollis Brown
| note11 = Bob Dylan cover; edited version
| writer11 = Bob Dylan
| length11 = 5:09
}}
===2001 30th Anniversary Bonus Track===
{{tracklist
| title12 = Free Wheeler
| note12 = edited version
| writer12 =
| length12 = 4:37
}}

===2010 Salvo Records Remaster Bonus Tracks===
BBC Sessions:
{{ tracklist
| title9 = Turn On Your Receiver
| note9 =
| length9 = 3:37
| title10 = Too Bad Too Sad
| note10 =
| length10 = 2:52
| title11 = Razamanaz
| note11 =
| length11 = 3:52
| title12 = [[Bad Bad Boy]]
| note12 =
| length12 = 3:34
}}
*BBC live recordings, recorded for The [[Bob Harris (radio)|Bob Harris]] Show. First transmission date 13 August 1973.

==Personnel==
===Band members===
*[[Dan McCafferty]] - lead vocals
*[[Darrell Sweet (musician)|Darrell Sweet]] - percussion, drums, backing vocals
*[[Pete Agnew]] - bass guitar, [[Fuzz bass|Fuzz]] bass (track 8), backing vocals
*[[Manny Charlton]] (Manuel Charlton) - lead, slide and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
===Other credits===
*[[Roger Glover]] - producer, bass guitar, percussion (track 5)
*Mike Brown, Robert M. Corich - remastering
*[[Geoff Emerick]], Bob Harper, John Mills - engineers
*Dave Field - sleeve

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oldielyrics.com/albums/nazareth/1973-loud_n_proud.html Lyrics to songs from ''Loud 'n' Proud'']

{{Nazareth}}

[[Category:Nazareth (band) albums]]
[[Category:1974 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Roger Glover]]
[[Category:A&M Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums recorded at Apple Studios]]

East India Company

2019-05-30T14:29:22Z

192.121.232.253: /* Early voyages to the East Indies */

{{short description|16th through 19th-century British trading company}}
{{About|the 16th–19th-century English and British trading company|the current East India Company (founded 2010)|Sanjiv Mehta (British businessman)|other uses}}
{{other uses of|HEIC|HEIC (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = East India Company (EIC)
| logo = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| logo_caption = [[Flag of the East India Company|Company flag (1801)]]
| image = Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg
| image_caption = Coat of arms (1698) '''Motto:''' ''Auspicio Regis et Senatus Angliae'' "By command of the King and Parliament of England"
| type = [[Joint-stock company|Public]]
| fate = [[Government of India Act 1858]]
| foundation = 31 December 1600
| founders = [[John Watts (merchant)|John Watts]], [[George White (merchant)|George White]]
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1874|6|1}}
| location_city = London
| location_country = Great Britain
| industry = [[International trade]], [[drug trafficking|Opium trafficking]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Opium War |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/opium-war-1839-1842 |publisher=National Army Museum |accessdate=29 December 2018}}</ref>
| products = Cotton, silk, [[indigo dye]], salt, spices, [[niter|saltpetre]], tea, and [[opium]]
}}
{{Colonial India}}

The '''East India Company''' ('''EIC'''), also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' ('''HEIC''') or the '''British East India Company''',{{efn|Informally it was known as the '''John Company''',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carey|first1=W. H.|title=1882 – The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company|date=1882|publisher=Argus Press|location=Simla |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/empire/good/1882good.html|accessdate=2015-07-30}}</ref> '''Company Bahadur''',<ref>{{cite web |title="Company Bahadur" |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Company-Bahadur |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> or simply '''The Company'''.}} was an English and later British [[joint-stock company]].<ref>The [[Dutch East India Company]] was the first to issue public stock.</ref> It was formed to [[Indian Ocean trade|trade in the Indian Ocean region]], initially with [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] and the [[East Indies]], and later with [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. The company ended up seizing [[Company rule in India|control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent]], [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|colonised parts of Southeast Asia]], and colonised [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] after [[First Opium War|a war with Qing China]].

Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade,<ref name=onlinegallery />{{dubious|reason=peek revenue was £17m/yr, the Dutch East India company was larger / more valuable, the British East India Company monopoly was removed in 1813, and only one of dozens of trading companies, let alone private traders|date=March 2018}} particularly in basic commodities including [[cotton]], [[silk]], [[indigo dye]], [[salt]], [[spice]]s, [[niter|saltpetre]], [[tea]], and [[opium]]. The company also ruled the beginnings of the [[British Empire]] in India.<ref name=onlinegallery>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/trading/booksgifts1.html|title=Books associated with Trading Places – the East India Company and Asia 1600–1834, an Exhibition|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330215843/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/trading/booksgifts1.html|archivedate=30 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In his speech to the [[House of Commons]] in July 1833, [[Lord Macaulay]] explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been.<ref name="speech">{{cite web | first=Thomas Babington | last=Macaulay |authorlink=Thomas Babington Macaulay | url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_commons_indiagovt_1833.html | title=Speech delivered to the House of Commons (10 July 1833) | publisher=Columbia University and Project Gutenberg | accessdate=21 September 2018 | website=Columbia University in the City of New York }}</ref>

The company received a [[Royal Charter]] from [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese [[Portuguese India|Estado da Índia]] had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the [[Dutch East India Company|United East Indies Company]] (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and [[Aristocracy|aristocrats]] owned the EIC's shares.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baladouni |first=Vahe |date=Fall 1983 |title=Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company |journal=The Accounting Historians Journal |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=63–80 |jstor=40697780}}</ref> Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-British-1600-1740#ref485999|title=India – The British, 1600–1740|publisher=}}</ref>

During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the [[Mughal Empire]] declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the [[French East India Company]] (''Compagnie française des Indes orientales'') during the [[Carnatic Wars]] of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]] and [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]], in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its [[Presidency armies]], much of which were composed of native Indian [[sepoy]]s.

By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000—twice the size of the [[British Army]], with Indian revenues of £13,464,561 (''£1,359,675,850.80 as of 2018''), and expenses of £14,017,473 (''£1,415,509,909.85 as of 2018'').<ref name="eic">{{cite news|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=The East India Company: The original corporate raiders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders|accessdate=2017-06-08|work=The Guardian|date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/37829/|title=The finances of the East India Company in India, c. 1766–1859, John F. Richards}}</ref> The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with [[Presidency armies|its private armies]], exercising military power and assuming administrative functions.<ref>This is the argument of Robins (2006).</ref> [[Company rule in India]] effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Government of India Act 1858]] led to the [[British Crown]]'s assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new [[British Raj]].

Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances. It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the [[East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873|East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act]] passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official [[Machinery of government|government machinery]] of [[British India]] assumed the East India Company's governmental functions and absorbed its navy and its armies in 1858.
{{TOC limit|4}}

== History ==

=== Origins ===
{{further|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)}}
[[File:Jameslancaster.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Lancaster]] commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601]]
Soon after the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588, the captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Desai|first1=Tripta|title=The East India Company: A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857|date=1984|publisher=Kanak Publications|page=3|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JdoKAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> London merchants presented a petition to [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean.<ref name="igi-ii-p454">{{Cite journal|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_489.gif&volume=2|volume=II|year=1908|page=454}}</ref> The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade.<ref name="Wernham">{{cite book |last= Wernham|first= R.B|title= The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603|year=1994|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=333–334|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-820443-5}}</ref> Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 [[James Lancaster]] in the {{ship|English ship|Bonaventure|1567|2}} with two other ships sailed from [[Torbay]] around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the [[Arabian Sea]] on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. Having sailed around [[Cape Comorin]] to the [[Malay Peninsula]], they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594.<ref name="igi-ii-p454" />

The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the seizure of the large Portuguese [[Carrack]], the ''[[Madre de Deus]]'' by Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] and the [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland|Earl of Cumberland]] at the [[Battle of Flores (1592)|Battle of Flores]] on 13 August 1592.<ref name=McCulloch>{{cite book|author1=[[John Ramsay McCulloch|McCulloch, John Ramsay]]|title=A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce|date=1833|publisher=Baldwin and Cradock|page=120|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NdMrNX0R4kMC}}</ref> When she was brought in to [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels, pearls, gold, silver coins, [[ambergris]], cloth, tapestries, [[Cubeb|pepper]], [[clove]]s, [[cinnamon]], [[nutmeg]], [[Styrax benzoin|benjamin]], red dye, [[cochineal]] and [[ebony]].{{sfn|Leinwand|2006|pp=125–127}} Equally valuable was the ship's [[rutter (nautical)|rutter]] containing vital information on the China, India, and Japan trades. These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce.<ref name=McCulloch />

In 1596, three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea.<ref name="igi-ii-p454" /> A year later however saw the arrival of [[Ralph Fitch]], an adventurer merchant who, along with his companions, had made a remarkable fifteen-year overland journey to [[Mesopotamia]], the [[Persian Gulf]], the [[Indian Ocean]], India and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>'Ralph Fitch: An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai; and 'Ralph Fitch's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586–1587' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, ''Ancient Chiang Mai'' Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.</ref> Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Ram Chandra|title=Early English Travellers in India: A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India|date=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120824652|page=45|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC&pg=PA45}}</ref>

=== Formation ===
On 22 September 1599, a group of merchants met and stated their intention "to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies (the which it may please the Lord to prosper), and the sums that they will adventure", committing £30,133.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 |first=Marguerite Eyer |last=Wilbur |year=1945 |title=The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East |location=Stanford, Cal. |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2864-5|page=18}}</ref><ref name="british-history.ac.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=68624|title=East Indies: September 1599|website=british-history.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-02-18}}</ref> Two days later, "the Adventurers" reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project.<ref name="british-history.ac.uk" /> Although their first attempt had not been completely successful, they nonetheless sought the Queen's unofficial approval to continue. They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £68,373.

The Adventurers convened again a year later, on 31 December, and this time they succeeded; the Queen granted a [[Royal Charter]] to "[[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland|George, Earl of Cumberland]], and 215 [[Knight]]s, [[Aldermen]], and [[Burgess (title)|Burgesses]]" under the name, '''Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies'''.<ref name="igi-ii-p454" /><ref name="igi-ii-p6">{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II|1908|p=6}}</ref> For a period of fifteen years, the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and west of the [[Straits of Magellan]].<ref name="igi-ii-p6" /> Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo (half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company), as well as imprisonment at the "royal pleasure".<ref>{{Cite book|title=A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels|first=Robert|last=Kerr|author-link=Robert Kerr (writer)|volume=8|year=1813|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=tCwwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA102|page=102}}</ref>

The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 [[British East India Company directors|directors]] or "committees", who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, which appointed them. Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite [[St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate|St Botolph's]] church in [[Bishopsgate]], before moving to India House in [[Leadenhall Street]].<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Timbs|author-link=John Timbs|title=Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8N1JAAAAIAAJ|year=1855|publisher=D. Bogue|page=264}}</ref>

=== Early voyages to the East Indies ===

Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the {{ship||Red Dragon|1595|2}}.<ref>{{cite book |title= The East India Company: a History |last= Gardner |first= Brian |year= 1972 |publisher= McCall Publishing Company |location= |isbn= 978-0-8415-0124-9 |page= |pages= |url= }}</ref> After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the [[Malacca Strait]]s the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two "[[Factory (trading post)|factories]]" – one at [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]] on [[Java]] and another in the [[Molucca]]s (Spice Islands) before leaving.<ref name="Dulles106">Dulles (1969), p106.</ref> They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King [[James VI and I|James I]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = England's quest of eastern trade|author=Foster, Sir William|edition = 1933|publisher = A. & C. Black|place=London|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Gp6wBJx0-igC&pg=PA154|isbn=9780415155182|year=1998}}</ref> By this time, the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|war with Spain]] had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly, with new horizons opened for the English.<ref name="Wernham" />

In March 1604, Sir [[Henry Middleton (captain)|Henry Middleton]] commanded the [[Second voyage to Asia|second voyage]]. General [[William Keeling]], a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage aboard the ''Red Dragon'' from 1607 to 1610 along with the ''Hector'' under Captain [[Sir William Hawkins|William Hawkins]] and the ''Consent'' under Captain [[David Middleton (mariner)|David Middleton]].<ref name="East India Company 1897 vi">{{Cite book|author=East India Company|author-link=East India Company|title=List of factory records of the late East India Company: preserved in the Record Department of the India Office, London |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023223757|year=1897|page=vi}}</ref>

Early in 1608 [[Alexander Sharpeigh]] was appointed captain of the company's ''Ascension'', and general or commander of the fourth voyage. Thereafter two ships, ''Ascension'' and ''Union'' (captained by Richard Rowles) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–1608.<ref name="East India Company 1897 vi" /> This expedition would be lost.<ref name="Mill1817" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; float:center; margin-left:1em;"
|+ East India Company Initial expeditions<ref name="Mill1817">{{cite book|author=James Mill|title=The History of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ncIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA481|accessdate=30 July 2018|year=1817|publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy|pages=15–18|chapter=1}}</ref>
! Year !! Vessels !! Total Invested £ !! Bullion sent £!! Goods sent £!! Ships & Provisions £ !! Notes
|-
| 1603 || 3 || '''60,450''' || 11,160 || 1,142 || 48,140 ||
|-
| 1606 || 3 || '''58,500''' || 17,600 || 7,280 || 28,620 ||
|-
| 1607 || 2 || '''38,000''' || 15,000 || 3,400 || 14,600 || Vessels lost
|-
| 1608 || 1 || '''13,700''' || 6,000 || 1,700 || 6,000 ||
|-
| 1609 || 3 || '''82,000''' || 28,500 || 21,300 || 32,000 ||
|-
| 1610 || 4 || '''71,581''' || 19,200 || 10,081 || 42,500 ||
|-
| 1611 || 4 || '''76,355''' || 17,675 || 10,000 || 48,700 ||
|-
| 1612 || 1 || '''7,200''' || 1,250 || 650 || 5,300 ||
|-
| 1613 || 8 || rowspan="4" | '''272,544''' || 18,810 || 12,446 || ||
|-
| 1614 || 8 || 13,942 || 23,000 || ||
|-
| 1615 || 6 || 26,660 || 26,065 || ||
|-
| 1616 || 7 || 52,087 || 16,506 || ||
|-
|}

Initially, the company struggled in the [[spice trade]] because of the competition from the already well-established [[Dutch East India Company]]. The company opened a [[factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]] on the first voyage, and imports of [[Black pepper|pepper]] from [[Java]] were an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at [[Surat]], which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.

In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of [[Machilipatnam]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

=== Foothold in India ===
{{See also|History of Kolkata#Establishment of English trade in Bengal (1600–1700)|label 1=Establishment of English trade in Bengal (1600–1700)}}
[[File:Reddragonship.jpg|thumb|{{ship||Red Dragon|1595|2}} fought the Portuguese at the [[Battle of Swally]] in 1612, and made several voyages to the [[East Indies]]]]
[[File:Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour watched by Sir Thomas Roe, English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615-18, and others.jpg|thumb|275px|Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour, watched by Sir Thomas Roe, English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618, and others]]

English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the [[Battle of Swally]] in 1612, at [[Suvali]] in [[Surat]]. The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India, with official sanction from both Britain and the [[Mughal Empire]], and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission.<ref name="fordham1">The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/india/1617englandindies.html Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 A.D]</ref>

In 1612, James I instructed Sir [[Thomas Roe]] to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur-ud-din Salim [[Jahangir]] (r. 1605–1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:<ref name="fordham1" />

{{quote|Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure.

For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.|Nuruddin Salim Jahangir|Letter to James I.}}

=== Expansion ===
The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. It eclipsed the Portuguese [[Estado da Índia]], which had established bases in [[Goa]], [[Chittagong]], and [[Bombay]], which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the [[dowry]] of [[Catherine of Braganza]] on her marriage to King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch [[United East India Company]] (VOC) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure EIC ports in China.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gabriel Tatton's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies, 1620–1621: Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum, Admiralty Library Manuscript, MSS 352 |first=Sarah |last=Tyacke |authorlink=Sarah Tyacke |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=60 |issue=1 |year=2008 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.1080/03085690701669293}}</ref> The company established [[trading post]]s in [[Surat]] (1619), [[Chennai|Madras]] (1639), Bombay (1668), and [[Calcutta]] (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a [[factor (agent)|factor]] or master merchant and governor, and 90 employees{{clarify|date=March 2017}} in India. The major factories became the walled forts of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in Bengal, [[Fort St George]] in Madras, and [[Bombay Castle]].

In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of [[Bengal]], and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, [[indigo dye]], [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the [[Straits of Malacca]] by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–1641. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]] of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Within the first two decades of the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company or ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'', (VOC) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships. It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40% annual dividend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neatorama.com/2012/08/06/The-Nutmeg-Wars/|title=The Nutmeg Wars|publisher=}}</ref>

The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17th and 18th centuries over spices from the [[Spice Islands]]. Spices, at the time, could only be found on these islands, such as pepper, ginger, nutmeg, cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage.<ref name="auto">{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=1600 The British East India Company| trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 5, 13:16| medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Liulevicius, Professor Vejas Gabriel (lecturer)}}</ref>

The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]] between them:<ref name="auto" /> 1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674 and 1780–1784.

The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=1600 The British East India Company| trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 5, 15:18| medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Liulevicius, Professor Vejas Gabriel (lecturer)}}</ref>

Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir [[William Courten|William Courteen]], which permitted the rival [[Courteen association]] to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Riddick|first=John F. |title=The history of British India: a chronology |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=978-0-313-32280-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA4|page=4}}</ref>

In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] granted the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.<ref>"East India Company" (1911). [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]], Volume 8, p.835</ref>

In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by [[Sidi Yaqub]] attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690, and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. The emperor withdrew his troops, and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Asia.aspx|title=Asia facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia|publisher=encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref>

{| {{table}}
|+ Indian exports of textiles to Europe (pieces per year)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |title=The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets |url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/factormarkets.php |website=International Institute of Social history |accessdate=7 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Years !! colspan="5" | EIC !! [[United East India Company|VOC]] !! France !! [[Estado da Índia|EdI]] !! Denmark !! rowspan="2" |Total
|-
! Bengal !!Madras!!Bombay!!Surat!!EIC (total)!!VOC (total)||||||
|-
| 1665–1669||7,041||37,078||95,558||||139,677||126,572||||||||266,249
|-
| 1670–1674||46,510||169,052||294,959||||510,521||257,918||||||||768,439
|-
| 1675–1679||66,764||193,303||309,480||||569,547||127,459||||||||697,006
|-
| 1680–1684||107,669||408,032||452,083||||967,784||283,456||||||||1,251,240
|-
| 1685–1689||169,595||244,065||200,766||||614,426||316,167||||||||930,593
|-
| 1690–1694||59,390||23,011||89,486||||171,887||156,891||||||||328,778
|-
| 1695–1699||130,910||107,909||148,704||||387,523||364,613||||||||752,136
|-
| 1700–1704||197,012||104,939||296,027||||597,978||310,611||||||||908,589
|-
| 1705–1709||70,594||99,038||34,382||||204,014||294,886||||||||498,900
|-
| 1710–1714||260,318||150,042||164,742||||575,102||372,601||||||||947,703
|-
| 1715–1719||251,585||20,049||582,108||||534,188||435,923||||||||970,111
|-
| 1720–1724||341,925||269,653||184,715||||796,293||475,752||||||||1,272,045
|-
| 1725–1729||558,850||142,500||119,962||||821,312||399,477||||||||1,220,789
|-
| 1730–1734||583,707||86,606||57,503||||727,816||241,070||||||||968,886
|-
| 1735–1739||580,458||137,233||66,981||||784,672||315,543||||||||1,100,215
|-
| 1740–1744||619,309||98,252||295,139||||812,700||288,050||||||||1,100,750
|-
| 1745–1749||479,593||144,553||60,042||||684,188||262,261||||||||946,449
|-
| 1750–1754||406,706||169,892||55,576||||632,174||532,865||||||||1,165,039
|-
| 1755–1759||307,776||106,646||55,770||||470,192||321,251||||||||791,443
|-
| 1760–1770||||||||||||||||||||0
|-
| 1771–1774 ||652,158||182,588||||93,683||928,429||||||||||928,429
|-
| 1775–1779 ||584,889||197,306||||48,412||830,607||||||||||830,607
|-
| 1780–1784||435,340||79,999||||40,488||555,827||||||||||555,827
|-
| 1785–1789||697,483||67,181||||38,800||803,464||||||||||803,464
|-
| 1790–1799|| 787,000|| || || || 2,200,000|||||||||| 4,500,000
|-
| – 1790–1792||727,717||170,442||||38,707||936,866||||||||||936,866
|-
| 1800–1809||1,331,000|| || || || 1,824,000||||||||||
|-
| 1810–1819|| || || || || 1,358,000||||||||||
|-
| 1820–1829|| || || || || 431,000||||||||||
|-
| 1830–1839|| 6 || || || || 271,000||478,000||||||||3,000,000
|-
| 1840–1849|| || || || || 304,000|||||||||| 2,606,000
|-
| 1850–1859|| || || || || |||||||||| 2,279,000
|}

Eventually, the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies, composed primarily of Indian [[sepoy]]s. As historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] observes,
{{Quote|We still talk about the British conquering India, but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality. It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century, but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office, five windows wide, in London, and managed in India by an unstable [[Sociopathy|sociopath]] – [[Robert Clive|[Robert] Clive]].<ref name="eic" />}}

==== Japan ====
[[File:Bodleian Library MS. Jap. b.2 Shuinjo.jpg|thumb|Document with the original [[vermilion]] seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu, granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613]]

In 1613, during the rule of [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], the British ship {{ship||Clove|ship|2}}, under the command of Captain [[John Saris]], was the first British ship to call on Japan. Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in [[Java]], and with the assistance of [[William Adams (sailor, born 1564)|William Adams]], a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600, he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in [[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]] on the Japanese island of [[Kyushu]]:
{{quote|We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine, Sir Thomas Smythe, Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise, without any hindrance to them or their goods, and to abide, buy, sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations, to tarry here as long as they think good, and to depart at their pleasure.<ref>{{cite book|first=Marguerite Eyer|last=Wilbur|title=The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ|year=1945|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-2864-5|pages=82–83}}</ref>}}

However, unable to obtain Japanese [[raw silk]] for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and [[Nagasaki]] from 1616 onwards, the company closed its factory in 1623.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Akira|last1=Hayami|title=Japan's Industrious Revolution: Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-1rCQAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-4-431-55142-3|page=49}}</ref>

==== Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ====
In September 1695, Captain [[Henry Every]], an English pirate on board the {{ship||Fancy|ship|2}}, reached the Straits of [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]'', reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the ''Fateh Muhammed''. They were spotted passing the straits en route to [[Surat]]. The pirates gave chase and caught up with ''Fateh Muhammed'' some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burgess |first=Douglas R |year=2009 |title=The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America|location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-147476-4 |ref=harv}}</ref>

Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul ''Ganj-i-Sawai'', which resisted strongly before eventually [[striking the colours|striking]]. ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.{{cn|date=April 2019}}

In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir [[John Gayer (died 1711)|John Gayer]], then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company, Gayer claims that "it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj-i-Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar's ship, to make them confess where their money was." The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships, to continue their voyage back to India.

When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. To appease Aurangzeb, the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations, while [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] declared the pirates ''[[hostis humani generis]]'' ("enemies of the human race"). In mid-1696 the government issued a £500 bounty on Every's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts. When the East India Company later doubled that reward, the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway.<ref>{{Harvnb|Burgess|2009|p=144}}</ref>

The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and [[Nawab Daud Khan]] to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughals]], blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his [[Grand Vizier]] Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.<ref>Fox, E. T. (2008). King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every. London: Tempus Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7524-4718-6}}.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="220px">
File:Mocha Dapper 1680.jpg|English, Dutch and Danish factories at [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]]
File:Henry Every.gif|An 18th-century depiction of [[Henry Every]], with the ''Fancy'' shown engaging its prey in the background
File:Every engaging the Great Mogul's Ship.jpg|British pirates that fought during the [[Child's War]] engaging the [[Ganj-i-Sawai]]
File:Captain Every (Works of Daniel Defoe).png|Depiction of [[Henry Every|Captain Every]]'s encounter with the Mughal Emperor's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj-i-Sawai
</gallery>

=== Forming a complete monopoly ===

==== Trade monopoly ====
[[File:Rear view of the East India Company's Factory at Cossimbazar.jpg|thumb|Rear view of the East India Company's Factory at Cossimbazar]]
The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, and to obtain political power. The company developed a [[lobbying|lobby]] in the English parliament. Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company (pejoratively termed ''Interlopers'' by the company), who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, a deregulating act was passed in 1694.<ref name="victorianweb.org">{{cite web|url=http://victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/eic.html|title=The British East India Company—the Company that Owned a Nation. ''George P. Landow''}}</ref>

This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the ''English Company Trading to the East Indies'') was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.<ref name="victorianweb.org" />

It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state, with the charter and agreement for the new ''United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies'' being awarded by the [[Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3t0TAAAAQAAJ|title=Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761: Reprinted from a Former Collection with Some Additions and a Preface for the Government of Madras|last=Company|first=East India|last2=Shaw|first2=John|date=1887|publisher=R. Hill at the Government Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=217|language=en}}</ref> Under this arrangement, the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the ''United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies''.<ref name="victorianweb.org" />

[[File:Portrait of East India Company official.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Company painting]] depicting an official of the East India Company, c. 1760]]
In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the [[Seven Years' War]] diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and [[French and Indian War|defence of its territorial possessions]] in Europe and its [[English colonization of the Americas|colonies in North America]].<ref name="oxforddnb.com">Thomas, P. D. G. (2008) "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22699 Pratt, Charles, first Earl Camden (1714–1794)]", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, online edn. Retrieved 15 February 2008 {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

The war took place on Indian soil, between the company troops and the French forces. In 1757, the [[Law Officers of the Crown]] delivered the [[Pratt–Yorke opinion]] distinguishing overseas territories acquired by [[right of conquest]] from those acquired by private [[treaty]]. The opinion asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown.<ref name="oxforddnb.com" />

With the advent of the [[Industrial Revolution]], Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. In 1801 [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Henry Dundas]] reported to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] that

{{quote|... on the 1st March, 1801, the debts of the East India Company amounted to 5,393,989''[[Pound sterling|l.]]'' their effects to 15,404,736''l.'' and that their sales had increased since February 1793, from 4,988,300''l.'' to 7,602,041''l.''<ref>{{cite book |first=William Henry |last=Pyne |authorlink=William Henry Pyne |title=The Microcosm of London, or London in Miniature |location=London |publisher=Methuen |volume=2 |year=1904 |origyear=1808 |page=159 |url=https://archive.org/details/microcosmoflondo02pyneuoft/page/158 }}</ref>}}

==== Saltpetre trade ====
[[File:Potassium nitrate.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Saltpetre]] used for [[gunpowder]] was one of the major trade goods of the company]]

Sir [[Sir John Banks, 1st Baronet|John Banks]], a businessman from [[Kent]] who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company, began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for [[Victualling Commissioners|victualling the navy]], an interest he kept up for most of his life. He knew that [[Samuel Pepys]] and [[John Evelyn]] had amassed a substantial fortune from the [[Levant]] and Indian trades.

He became a director and later, as governor of the East India Company in 1672, he arranged a contract which included a loan of £20,000 and £30,000 worth of [[saltpetre]]—also known as potassium nitrate, a primary ingredient in [[gunpowder]]—for the King "at the price it shall [[Candle auction|sell by the candle]]"—that is by auction—where bidding could continue as long as an inch-long candle remained alight.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Janssens|first1=Koen|title=Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre|publisher=Asp / Vubpress / Upa|isbn=978-90-5487-618-2|page=366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir6UHACu7zMC&pg=PA366|year=2009}}</ref>

Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So high was the demand from armed forces that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://salt.org.il/frame_saltpet.html|title=SALTPETER the secret salt – Salt made the world go round|publisher=salt.org.il|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Basis for the monopoly ===

==== Colonial monopoly ====
{{further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs (rev).jpg|thumb|upright|An East India Company coin, struck in 1835]]
[[File:Clive.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Clive]] became the first British [[Governor of Bengal]] after he had instated [[Mir Jafar]] as the [[Nawab of Bengal]]]]

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories. [[Robert Clive]], the governor-general, led the company to a victory against [[Joseph François Dupleix]], the commander of the French forces in India, and recaptured Fort St George from the French. The company took this respite to seize [[Battle of Manila (1762)|Manila]] in 1762.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/56philip.htm |title=The Seven Years' War in the Philippines |website=Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710132157/http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/56philip.htm |archivedate=10 July 2004 |accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref>{{better source|reason=Citation is to a hobbyist website; there must be peer reviewed academically published sources for this.|date=November 2016}}

By the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ([[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], [[Karikal]], [[Yanam, French India|Yanam]] and [[Chandernagar]]) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies. This led to the [[Boston Tea Party]] in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard. When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston, Governor [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]] of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain. This was one of the incidents which led to the [[American revolution]] and independence of the American colonies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Stacy|title=The big box swindle|url=https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/7/19/stacy-mitchell|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==== East India Company Army and Navy ====
{{Main|Presidency armies|Company rule in India}}
In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3,000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely [[sepoy|Indian troops]] and trained them along European lines.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gerald Bryant |year=1978 |title=Officers of the East India Company's army in the days of Clive and Hastings |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=203–227 |doi=10.1080/03086537808582508}}</ref> The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed into a private corporate armed force used as an instrument of geo-political power and expansion instead of its original purpose as a guard force. Because of this, the EIC became the most powerful military force in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. As it increased in size, the army was divided into the [[Presidency Armies]] of [[Bengal Army|Bengal]], [[Madras Army|Madras]] and [[Bombay Army|Bombay]], each of which recruited its own [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], and [[artillery]] [[:Category:Honourable East India Company regiments|units]]. The navy also grew significantly, vastly expanding its [[:Category:Ships of the British East India Company|fleet]]. Although heavily armed merchant vessels, called East Indiamen, composed most of the fleet, it also included warships.

===== Expansion and conquest =====
The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private, well-disciplined, and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the [[Carnatic (region)|Carnatic region]] from its base at [[Madras]] and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson |author2=Robert Shadle |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA252|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood |pages=252–254|isbn=978-0-313-29366-5}}</ref>

[[File:Shah Alam II, 1790s.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]], who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years (1760–1764), accepted the protection of the British in the year 1803, only after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects]]

It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion. Robert Clive led company forces against [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab]] of Bengal, [[Bihar]], and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, resulting in the conquest of Bengal. This victory estranged the British and the Mughals, since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally. That led to the [[Battle of Buxar]].

With the gradual weakening of the [[Maratha]]s in the aftermath of the three [[Anglo-Maratha wars]], the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, [[Cuttack district|province of Cuttack]] (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of [[Odisha]], Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, [[Balasore]] Port, parts of [[Midnapore]] district of West Bengal), Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

[[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]], the rulers of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], offered much resistance to the British forces. Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War, the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799, in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed.

[[File:2-12th Madras Native Infantry at the Battle of Assaye, 1803. Painting by JC Stadler (1780-1822), c. 1815..jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Assaye]] during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal's protectors after the second Anglo-Maratha war.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28|title=Delhi, the Capital of India|first=John|last=Capper|date=7 July 2017|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1282-2|page=28}}</ref>]]
[[File:Tipu death.jpg|thumb|right|The fall of [[Tipu Sultan]] and the [[Sultanate of Mysore]], during the [[Battle of Seringapatam]] in 1799]]
The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi, [[Oudh]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Punjab region|Punjab]], where the company's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes. The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] were a period of consolidation for the company, during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern.

A [[1817–1824 cholera pandemic|cholera pandemic]] began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071746/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html |archivedate=16 December 2008 |title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html |date=2 December 2008 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=2016-03-07}}</ref> Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10% of the East India Company's officers survived to take the final voyage home.<ref>{{cite book |author=Holmes, Richard |title=Sahib: the British soldier in India, 1750–1914 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |year=2005 |page=474 |isbn=978-0-00-713753-4 }}</ref>

In the early 19th century the Indian question of [[geopolitical]] dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company.{{efn|As of 30 December 1600, the company's official name was: Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies.}} The three independent armies of the company's Presidencies, with some locally raised irregular forces, expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857.<ref>{{cite book| last=McElwee| first=William| title=The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons| publisher=Purnell Book Services| year=1974| page=72}}</ref> The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low-caste volunteers, but in time the [[Bengal Army]] in particular was composed largely of high-caste Hindus and landowning Muslims.

Within the Army British officers, who initially trained at the company's own academy at the [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]], always outranked Indians, no matter how long the Indians' service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior [[subaltern]] equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.

During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the East India Company's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations, including the islands of [[Réunion]] and [[Mauritius]].

There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of [[Protestantism]], although it fostered respect for [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]], [[caste]]s, and ethnic groups. The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain. These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the [[East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873]].<ref name="Europe and the Islamic World: A History">{{cite book|author1=Tolan, John |author2=Veinstein, Gilles |author3=Henry Laurens |title="Europe and the Islamic World: A History"|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|pages=275–276}}</ref>

=== Opium trade ===
{{Main|First Opium War|Second Opium War|History of opium in China}}
[[File:Destroying Chinese war junks, by E. Duncan (1843).jpg|thumb|The {{ship||Nemesis|1839|2}} destroying Chinese war [[Junk (ship)|junks]] during the [[Second Battle of Chuenpi]], 7 January 1841, by [[Edward Duncan]]]]

In the 18th century, Britain had a huge trade deficit with [[Qing dynasty]] China and so, in 1773, the company created a British monopoly on [[opium]] buying in [[Bengal]], India, by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation. The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947.<ref name="Windle 2012 55–74">{{cite journal|last=Windle|first=James|title=Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy: A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan|journal=Asian Journal of Criminology|year=2012|volume=7|issue=1|pages=55–74|doi=10.1007/s11417-011-9104-0}}</ref>
As the [[opium trade]] was illegal in China, Company ships could not carry opium to China. So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/EIC-Factory-1/description.aspx|title=EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library, LondonPart 1: China and Japan|publisher=ampltd.co.uk|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref>

Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports, reaffirmed in 1799 by the [[Jiaqing Emperor]], the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as [[Jardine Matheson Holdings|Jardine, Matheson & Co]] and [[Dent & Co.]] in amounts averaging 900 tons a year. The proceeds of the drug-smugglers landing their cargoes at [[Lintin Island]] were paid into the company's factory at [[Guangzhou|Canton]] and by 1825, most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade.

The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the [[Straits Settlements]] in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy. The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners.

In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, [[Lin Zexu]], to curb smuggling. This resulted in the [[First Opium War]] (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the [[Treaty of Nanking]] and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations.<ref name="Windle 2012 55–74" /> The Jardines and [[Apcar and Company]] dominated the trade, although [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company|P&O]] also tried to take a share.<ref>{{cite book|page=103|last=Harcourt|first=Freda|title=Flagships of Imperialism: The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmMLqQXmIkMC&pg=PA103|year=2006|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-84779-145-0}}</ref> A [[Second Opium War]] fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.<ref name="Windle 2012 55–74" />

=== Regulation of the company's affairs ===
{{refimprove section|date=December 2011}}

==== Writers ====
[[File:Boston Tea Party Currier colored.jpg|thumb|''The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor'', 1773|alt=Two ships in a harbour, one in the distance. On board, men stripped to the waist and wearing feathers in their hair are throwing crates overboard. A large crowd, mostly men, is standing on the dock, waving hats and cheering. A few people wave their hats from windows in a nearby building. Monopolistic activity by the company triggered the [[Boston Tea Party]].]]

The company employed many junior clerks, known as "writers", to record the details of accounting, managerial decisions, and activities related to the company, such as minutes of meetings, copies of Company orders and contracts, and filings of reports and copies of ship's logs. Several well-known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships, such as [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] in India and [[Charles Lamb]] in England. One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was [[Ram Mohan Roy]], who learned English, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Greek, and Latin.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=The British East India Company | trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 24, 7:38–4:33) | medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Fisher, Professor Michael H (lecturer)}}</ref>

==== Financial troubles ====
Although the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. The [[Bengal famine of 1770]], in which one-third of the local population died, caused distress in Britain. Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British-administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity.

At the same time, there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe. The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help. This led to the passing of the [[Tea Act]] in 1773, which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies, and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay.

When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act, they boycotted the company tea. Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act, it also validated the [[Townshend Acts]], setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future. The arrival of tax-exempt Company tea, undercutting the local merchants, triggered the [[Boston Tea Party]] in the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], one of the major events leading up to the [[American Revolution]].

==== Regulating Acts of Parliament ====

===== East India Company Act 1773 =====
By the [[Regulating Act of 1773]] (later known as the East India Company Act 1773), the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms; this clearly established Parliament's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company. The Act recognised the company's political functions and clearly established that the "[[acquisition of sovereignty]] by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right".

[[File:Nawab Mubarak al-Daula of Murshidabad (1770-93) enthroned in durbar.jpg|thumb|Nawab [[Mubarak Ali Khan (Nawab of Bengal)|Mubarak Ali Khan]] with his son in the Nawab's ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' with [[British Resident]], Sir [[Sir John D'Oyly, 6th Baronet|John Hadley]]]]

Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in Parliament and from the company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the company at £40,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by [[Warren Hastings]], the incumbent governor, who became the first [[governor-general of Bengal]], with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.<ref>Keay, John (1991). ''The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company''. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York p. 385.</ref> His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a [[Council of Four from India|Council of Four]] appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lieutenant General Sir [[John Clavering (British Army officer)|John Clavering]], Sir [[George Monson]], Sir [[Richard Barwell]], and Sir [[Philip Francis (English politician)|Philip Francis]].<ref name="Anthony, Frank Pages 18- 19">Anthony, Frank. Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo Indian Community. Second Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press, 2007, pp. 18–19, 42, 45.</ref>

Hastings was entrusted with the power of war and peace. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The governor-general and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.<ref name="Anthony, Frank Pages 18- 19" />

===== East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act) =====
The East India Company Act 1784 ([[Pitt's India Act]]) had two key aspects:
* Relationship to the British government: the bill differentiated the East India Company's political functions from its commercial activities. In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly. To accomplish this, the Act created a [[India Board|Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India]], usually referred to as the Board of Control. The members of the Board were the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], the [[Secretary of State (United Kingdom)|Secretary of State]], and four [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Councillors]], nominated by the King. The act specified that the Secretary of State "shall preside at, and be [[President of the Board of Control|President of the said Board]]".
* Internal Administration of British India: the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor-generalship of [[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon]].

Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. [[Edmund Burke]], a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

===== Act of 1786 =====
[[File:Surrender of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], receiving two of [[Tipu Sultan]]'s sons as hostages in the year 1793]]

The Act of 1786 (26 Geo. 3 c. 16) enacted the demand of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Earl Cornwallis]] that the powers of the governor-general be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act enabled the offices of the governor-general and the commander-in-chief to be jointly held by the same official.

This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company. After this point, the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the company's rule extended across most of India, [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, [[Penang Island]], ceded from the [[Kedah Sultanate]] in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the company's Indian territories.<ref>Langdon, Marcus; [http://arecabooks.com/product/penang-the-fourth-presidency-of-india-vol-1/ "Penang: The Fourth Presidency of India 1805–1830, Volume One: Ships, Men and Mansions"], Areca Books, 2013. {{ISBN|978-967-5719-07-3}}</ref>

===== East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act) =====
The company's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the [[Charter Act of 1793]]. In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades, the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure, and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company's activities. Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence. It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue.

===== East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act) =====
[[File:Major-General the Hon. Arthur Wellesley being received in durbar at the Chepauk Palace Madras by Azim al-Daula Nawab of the Carnatic 18th February 1805.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Major-General Wellesley]], meeting with [[Nawab]] Azim al-Daula, 1805]]

The aggressive policies of [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] and [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|the Marquess of Hastings]] led to the company's gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the [[Sugauli Treaty]]. The Indian princes had become vassals of the company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company's finances. The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the [[Charter Act of 1813]] which, among other things:
* asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company;
* renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years, but
** deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China
** required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts
* opened India to missionaries

===== Government of India Act 1833 =====
The Industrial Revolution in Britain, the consequent search for markets, and the rise of ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic ideology form the background to the [[Saint Helena Act 1833|Government of India Act 1833]] (3 & 4 Will. 4 c. 85). The Act:
* removed the company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions
* renewed for another twenty years the company's political and administrative authority
* invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company. As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Kapur|title=Kapur}}</ref> "The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs."
* carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor-General in Council with full power and authority to superintend and control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters
* initiated a machinery for the codification of laws
* provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion, place of birth, descent or colour
* vested the Island of [[St Helena]] in the Crown<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/3-4/85/section/112|title=Saint Helena Act 1833|publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref>

British influence continued to expand; in 1845, Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]]. The company had at various stages extended its influence to China, the Philippines, and [[Java island|Java]]. It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian-grown opium to China. China's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War (1839–1842).

===== English Education Act 1835 =====
{{Main|English Education Act 1835}}
[[File:Charles D'Oyly00.jpg|thumb|View of the Calcutta port in 1848]]
The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India.

===== Government of India Act 1853 =====
This Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 95) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise. It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system.<ref>M. Laxhimikanth, Public Administration, TMH, Tenth Reprint, 2013</ref>

Under the act, for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor-general's council were separated. It also added six additional members to the governor-general's executive committee.<ref>Laxhimikanth, Public Administration, TMH, Tenth Reprint, 2013</ref>

=== Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ===
{{Main|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
[[File:"Capture of the King of Delhi by Captain Hodson".jpg|thumb|Capture of the last Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] and his sons by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]] in 1857]]

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny) resulted in widespread devastation in India: many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur.<ref>{{cite book|last1=David|first1=Saul|title=The Indian Mutiny: 1857|date=4 September 2003|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-100554-6|edition=4th}}</ref> In the aftermath of the Rebellion, under the provisions of the [[Government of India Act 1858]], the British Government nationalised the company. [[The Crown]] took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its [[presidency armies|armed forces]].

The company remained in existence in vestigial form, continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government (and the supply of [[Saint Helena]]) until the [[East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873]] came into effect, on 1 January 1874. This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874, after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock.<ref>East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict. 17) s. 36: "On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein-before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein-before contained, the powers of the East India Company shall cease, and the said Company shall be dissolved." Where possible, the stock was redeemed through commutation (i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money) on terms agreed with the stockholders (ss. 5–8), but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £200 for every £100 of stock held (s. 13).</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' commented on 8 April 1873:<ref>{{cite news |title=Not many days ago the House of Commons passed |newspaper=Times |location=London |date=8 April 1873 |page=9}}</ref>
{{quote|text=It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted, and such as none, surely, is likely to attempt in the years to come.}}

In the 1980s, a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company, which lasted until the 1990s. The corporate vestiges were again purchased by [[Sanjiv Mehta (British businessman)|another group of investors]] who opened their first store in [https://www.theeastindiacompany.com/ 2010.]

== Establishments in Britain ==
[[File:East India House by Thomas Malton the Younger.jpg|thumb|The expanded [[East India House]], London, painted by [[Thomas Malton]] in c.1800]]
The company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was [[East India House]] in [[Leadenhall Street]]. After occupying premises in [[Philpot Lane]] from 1600 to 1621; in [[Crosby Hall, London|Crosby House]], [[Bishopsgate]], from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726–1729; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–1862. The site is now occupied by the [[Lloyd's building]].

In 1607, the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the [[River Thames]] at [[Deptford]]. By 1614, the yard having become too small, an alternative site was acquired at [[Blackwall Yard|Blackwall]]: the new yard was fully operational by 1617. It was sold in 1656, although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners.

In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the [[East India Docks]]) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the [[West India Docks|West India Dock Company]]. The docks were taken over by the [[Port of London Authority]] in 1909, and closed in 1967.

[[File:Addiscombe Seminary photo c.1859.jpg|thumb|left|[[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Addiscombe Seminary]], photographed in ''c''.1859, with cadets in the foreground]]

The [[East India Company College|East India College]] was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for "writers" (i.e. clerks) in the company's service. It was initially located in [[Hertford Castle]], but moved in 1809 to purpose-built premises at [[Hertford Heath]], Hertfordshire. In 1858 the college closed; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]], now [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College]].

The [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|East India Company Military Seminary]] was founded in 1809 at [[Addiscombe]], near [[Croydon]], Surrey, to train young officers for service in the company's armies in India. It was based in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The government took it over in 1858, and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861 it was closed, and the site was subsequently redeveloped.

In 1818, the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House, [[Hackney (parish)|Hackney]], London, a private [[History of psychiatric institutions|lunatic asylum]] run by Dr George Rees until 1838, and thereafter by Dr William Williams. The arrangement outlasted the company itself, continuing until 1870, when the India Office opened its own asylum, the [[Hanwell#Healthcare|Royal India Asylum]], at [[Hanwell]], Middlesex.<ref>Farrington 1976, pp. 125–132.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Diane K. |last1=Bolton |first2=Patricia E. C. |last2=Croot |first3=M. A. |last3=Hicks |author3-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |chapter=Ealing and Brentford: Public services |title=A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7, Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden |editor1-first=T. F. T. |editor1-last=Baker |editor2-first=C. R. |editor2-last=Elrington |editor2-link=Christopher Elrington |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |year=1982 |pages=147–149 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol7/pp147-49 }}</ref>

The [[East India Club]] in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company. The Club still exists today as a private [[gentlemen's club]] with its club house situated at 16 [[St. James's Square]], London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastindiaclub.com/|title=East India Club}}</ref>

== Legacy and criticisms ==
The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent, with both positive and harmful effects. Although dissolved by the [[East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873]] following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]], it stimulated the growth of the [[British Empire]]. Its professionally trained armies rose to dominate the sub-continent and were to become the armies of British India after 1857. It played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India. This also led to [[Macaulayism]] in the Indian subcontinent.

Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the [[treaty of Allahabad]] (1765) it collected taxes which it used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London. It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal.

During the first century of the East India Company's expansion in India, most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs. By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land, built railways, roads and bridges. The first railway of 21 mile (33.8 km),<ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.15</ref> known as the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] ran between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tannah (Thane) in 1849. The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks: their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks, wars or calamities.

The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs. In essence, it was a dual administration. Between 1765 and 1772 [[Robert Clive]] gave the responsibility of tax collecting, [[diwani]], to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies. The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies. The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come. In 1772 the Company made [[Warren Hastings]], who had been in India with the Company since 1750, its first governor-general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands. The dual administration system came to an end.

Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having them translated into English. He employed many Indians as officials.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=The British East India Company | trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 24,19:11) | medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Fisher, Professor Michael H (lecturer)}}</ref>

Hastings used [[Sanskrit]] texts for Hindus and [[Arabic]] texts for Muslims. This is still used in Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law. Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process. His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached. See ([[Impeachment of Warren Hastings]])<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=The British East India Company | trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 24,17:27) | medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Fisher, Professor Michael H (lecturer)}}</ref>

[[Charles Cornwallis]], widely remembered as having surrendered to [[George Washington]] in 1781, replaced Hastings. Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English. He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians. This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land renters from land owners.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=The British East India Company | trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 24,16:00) | medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Fisher, Professor Michael H (lecturer)}}</ref>

Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne. The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat, intimidation, bribery or outright war.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Suijk, Paul (Director) | date=2015 | title=The British East India Company | trans-title = The Great Courses (Episode 24, 9:27) | medium=on-line video | location=Brentwood Associates/The Teaching Company Sales. Chantilly, VA, USA | publisher=Fisher, Professor Michael H (lecturer)}}</ref>

The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea, which led to the development of [[Earl Grey tea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600060300.htm|title=Bringing back John Company}}</ref>

The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|British and Indian civil service]].<ref name="The Economist 2011, p. 111">"The Company that ruled the waves", in The Economist, 17–30 December 2011, p. 111.</ref>

Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty.<ref name="eic" /> Famines, such as the [[Great Bengal Famine|Great Bengal famine of 1770]] and [[Great Bengal Famine of 1943|subsequent famines]] during the 18th and 19th centuries, became more widespread, chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of [[opium]] in place of grain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Mike|title=Late Victorian Holocausts|publisher=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/davis-victorian.html|accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Moxham|first1=Roy|title=Lecture: THE EAST INDIA COMPANY'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oye9VIieRGc|website=You Tube|publisher=Brick Lane Circle|accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref>

The historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] has called Robert Clive an "unstable sociopath" due to these harmful policies and actions that resulted in famines and atrocities towards local native Indians and peasants. Changes caused by Clive to the revenue system and existing agricultural practices to maximize profits for the company led to the [[Bengal famine of 1770|Bengal Famine of 1770]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=The East India Company: The original corporate raiders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders|accessdate=6 June 2015|agency=The Guardian|date=4 March 2015}}</ref>

== Symbols ==
=== Flags ===
{{See|Flag of the East India Company}}
<div style="float:right;"><gallery mode="packed" heights="75px" class="center" caption="Historical depictions">
File:British East India Company Flag from Downman.jpg|Downman (1685)
File:British East India Company Flag from Lens.jpg|Lens (1700)
File:NatGeog1917EastIndiaCompanyFlag.jpg|''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' (1917)
File:British East India Company Flag from Rees.jpg|Rees (1820)
File:British East India Company Flag from Laurie.jpg|Laurie (1842)
</gallery>
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="70px" class="center" caption="Modern depictions">
File:British East India Company flag.svg| 1600–1707
File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg| 1707–1801
File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg| 1801–1874
</gallery></div>
The English East India Company flag changed over time, with a [[canton (flag)|canton]] based on the flag of the contemporary Kingdom, and a field of 9-to-13 alternating red and white stripes.

From 1600, the canton consisted of a [[St George's Cross]] representing the [[Kingdom of England]]. With the [[Acts of Union 1707]], the canton was changed to the new [[Evolution of UK Flag|Union Flag]]—consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish [[Flag of Scotland|St Andrew's cross]]—representing the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. After the [[Acts of Union 1800]] that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a [[Saint Patrick's Saltire]].

There has been much debate about the number and order of stripes in the field of the flag. Historical documents and paintings show variations from 9-to-13 stripes, with some images showing the top stripe red and others showing it white.

At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the [[Grand Union Flag]]. Historian [[Charles Fawcett (historian)|Charles Fawcett]] argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the [[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes of America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-eic2.html |title=The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its Connexion with the American "Stars and Stripes" |first=Charles |last=Fawcett |authorlink=Charles Fawcett (historian) |editor=Rob Raeside |date=30 July 2013}}</ref>

=== Coat of arms ===
[[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|thumb|left|The later coat of arms of the East India Company]]
The East India Company's original [[coat of arms]] was granted in 1600. The blazon of the arms is as follows:

"Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The shield had as a [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]]: "A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words {{lang|la|Deus indicat}}" ([[Latin]]: God Indicates). The [[Supporter (heraldry)|supporters]] were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was {{lang|la|Deo ducente nil nocet}} (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Harms).<ref name="heraldry">{{cite web |title=East India Company |url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm |website=Hubert Herald |accessdate=2014-02-10}}</ref>

The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the [[Coat of arms of France|arms of France]] and [[Coat of arms of England|England]] quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was {{lang|la|Auspicio regis et senatus angliæ}} (Latin: Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England).<ref name="heraldry" />

=== Merchant mark ===
<div style="float:right;"><gallery>
File:Symbols on a Blue Scinde Dawk.jpg|HEIC [[Merchant's mark]] on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp (1852)
</gallery></div>
When the East India Company was chartered in 1600, it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the [[Company of Merchant Adventurers of London|Company of Merchant Adventurers]] to have a distinguishing [[merchant's mark]] which often included the mystical [[Merchant's mark#The East India Company's Merchant's Mark|"Sign of Four"]] and served as a trademark. The East India Company's merchant mark consisted of a "Sign of Four" atop a heart within which was a [[saltire]] between the lower arms of which were the initials "EIC". This mark was a central motif of the East India Company's coinage<ref>East India Company coin 1791, half pice, as illustrated.</ref> and forms the central emblem displayed on the [[Scinde Dawk]] postage stamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027143019/http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/scinde/scinde.html|title=Scinde District Dawks|date=27 October 2009|publisher=}}</ref>

== Ships ==
{{See also|East Indiaman|List of ports of call of the British East India Company}}
[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|right|Ships in [[Bombay Harbour]], c. 1731]]
Ships of the East India Company were called [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]] or simply "Indiamen".<ref>Sutton, Jean (1981) ''Lords of the East: The East India Company and Its Ships''. London: Conway Maritime</ref>

[[File:Indiaman Royal George.jpg|thumb|right|{{ship||Royal George|East Indiaman|2}} was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780]]

During the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]], the East India Company arranged for [[Letter of marque|letters of marque]] for its vessels such as the ''Lord Nelson''. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers, and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the ''Earl of Mornington'', an East India Company [[packet ship]] of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

In addition, the company had its own navy, the [[History of the Indian Navy|Bombay Marine]], equipped with warships such as {{ship|HCS|Grappler|1804|2}}. These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions, such as the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|Invasion of Java]].

At the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]], which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, [[Nathaniel Dance]], Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the {{ship||Warley|1796 ship|2}}, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the ''Woodford'', under Captain Charles Lennox, the ''Taunton-Castle'', Captain Edward Studd, ''Canton'', Captain Abel Vyvyan, ''Boddam'', Captain George Palmer, and {{ship||Ocean|1788 EIC ship|2}}, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral [[Pierre César Charles de Sercey|de Sercey]] and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the ''General Goddard'' played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off [[Saint Helena|St Helena]].

[[East Indiamen]] were large and strongly built and when the [[Royal Navy]] was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships. ''Earl of Mornington'' became HMS ''Drake''. Other examples include:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{HMS|Calcutta|1795|6}}
* {{HMS|Glatton|1795|6}}
* {{HMS|Hindostan|1795|6}} (1795)
* {{HMS|Hindostan|1804|6}} (1804)
* {{HMS|Malabar|1804|6}}
* {{HMS|Buffalo|1813|6}}
{{div col end}}

Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports.

== Records ==
{{Main|India Office Records}}
Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the [[India Office]]) are not in [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] at [[Kew]], London, but are held by the [[British Library]] in London as part of the [[Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections, British Library|Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections]]. The catalogue is searchable online in the ''[[Access to Archives]]'' catalogues.<ref>[http://www.a2a.org.uk/ A2A – Access to Archives Home]</ref> Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the [[Families in British India Society]] has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834;<ref>{{cite book | title=Catalogue of East India Company ships' journals and logs: 1600–1834 | publisher=British Library | editor-last=Farrington |editor-first=Anthony | place=London | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-7123-4646-7}}</ref> and of some of the company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.<ref>Farrington 1976.</ref>

''[[The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies]]'', first issued in 1816, was sponsored by the East India Company, and includes much information relating to the EIC.

==Early Governors <ref> {{cite book|title=The Emergence of International Business, 1200-1800: The English East India Company|page=Appendix}} </ref>==
*1600–1601 : Sir [[Thomas Smythe]] (first Governor)
*1601–1602 : [[John Watts (merchant)|Sir John Watts]]
*1602–1603 : Sir John Harts
*1606–1607 : Sir William Romney
*1607–1621 : Sir [[Thomas Smythe]]
*1621–1624 : Sir William Halliday
*1624–1638 : [[Maurice Abbot|Sir Maurice (Morris) Abbot]]
*1638–1641 : Sir [[Christopher Clitherow]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|British Empire|Companies}}
===East India Company===
* [[Company rule in India]]
** [[Economy of India under Company rule]]
** [[Governor-General of India]]
** [[Chief Justice of Bengal]]
** [[Advocate-General of Bengal]]
** [[Chief Justice of Madras]]
** [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
** [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[List of East India Company directors]]
* [[List of trading companies]]
* [[Old Protestant Cemetery in Macau|East India Company Cemetery in Macau]]
* [[:Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]

===General===
* [[British Imperial Lifeline]]
* [[Lascar]]
* [[Carnatic Wars]]
* [[Commercial Revolution]]
* [[Political warfare in British colonial India]]
* [[Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century]]
* [[Whampoa anchorage]]

== Notes and references ==
{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Kenneth R. |title=Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-25760-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=H. V. |title=Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics, 1757–1773 |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-40316-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=H. V. |title=The Worlds of the East India Company |authorlink= |editor=Margarette Lincoln |editor2=Nigel Rigby |year=2003 |publisher=Brewer |location=Rochester, NY |isbn=978-0-85115-877-8 }}; 14 essays by scholars
* {{Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Robert |title=Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550–1653 |year=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-05594-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Carruthers |first=Bruce G. |title=City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution |year=1996 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-04455-2 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K. N. |title=The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company, 1600–1640 |authorlink=Kirti N. Chaudhuri |year=1965 |publisher=Cass |location=London |isbn= |pages= }}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K. N. |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760 |year=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-21716-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Chaudhury|first=S.|title=Merchants, Companies, and Trade: Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London}}
* [[William Dalrymple (historian)|Dalrymple, William]] (March 2015). ''[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders? The East India Company: The original corporate raiders].'' "For a century, the East India Company conquered, subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia. The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant." ''[[The Guardian (UK)|The Guardian]]''
* {{Cite book |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |title=The Scandal of Empire: India and the creation of Imperial Britain |year=2006 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England |isbn=978-0-674-02166-2 }}
* Dodwell, Henry. ''Dupleix and Clive: Beginning of Empire''. (1968).
* {{Cite book | title = Eastward ho! The first English adventurers to the Orient |author = Dulles, Foster Rhea | edition = 1969 | publisher = Books for Libraries Press |place=Freeport, New York |url=https://books.google.com/?id=wlsf8tQYLroC&printsec=frontcover | isbn = 978-0-8369-1256-2 |year = 1931 }}
* {{cite book |last=Farrington |first=Anthony |title=Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia, 1600–1834 |year=2002 |publisher=British Library |location=London |isbn=978-0-7123-4756-3 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Margot |editor1-last=Finn |editor2-first=Kate |editor2-last=Smith |title=The East India Company at Home, 1757–1857 |publisher=UCL Press |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78735-028-1 }}
* Furber, Holden. ''John Company at Work: A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century'' (Harvard University Press, 1948)
* {{Cite book |last=Furber |first=Holden |title=Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800 |authorlink=Holden Furber |year=1976 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-0787-7 }}
* Gardner, Brian. ''The East India Company : a history'' (1990) [https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard Online free to borrow]
* {{cite book|last=Greenwood|first=Adrian|title=Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde |authorlink=Adrian Greenwood
|year=2015|origyear=|publisher=History Press | place=UK | page=496 |isbn =978-0-7509-5685-7| url=http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html}}
* {{Citation| last1=Harrington| first1=Jack| year=2010| title=Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India | publisher=New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]].| isbn=978-0-230-10885-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdgQt6Tc54C|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins UK|isbn=978-0-00-739554-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Philip |title=The East India Company: A History |year=1993 |publisher=Longman |location=London |isbn=978-0-582-07386-9|url=https://www.questia.com/library/1876665/the-east-india-company-a-history}}
* {{cite book|last=Leinwand|first=Theodore B.|title=Theatre, Finance and Society in Early Modern England|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University|isbn=978-0-521-03466-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Arthur |last=MacGregor |authorlink=Arthur MacGregor |title=Company Curiosities: nature, culture and the East India Company, 1600–1874 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=9781789140033 }}
* Marshall, P. J. ''Problems of empire: Britain and India 1757–1813'' (1968) [https://archive.org/details/problemsofempire00mars Online free to borrow]
* Misra, B. B. ''[https://www.questia.com/library/2283315/the-central-administration-of-the-east-india-company The Central Administration of the East India Company, 1773–1834]'' (1959)
* {{Cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Daniel |title=The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601–1858 |place=London |publisher=Continuum |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-7534-2 }}
* Oak, Mandar, and Anand V. Swamy. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Oak/publication/254408832_Myopia_or_strategic_behavior_Indian_regimes_and_the_East_India_Company_in_late_eighteenth_century_India/links/55d569f108ae1e651663798e.pdf "Myopia or strategic behavior? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India."] ''Explorations in economic history'' 49.3 (2012): 352–366.
* Philips, C. H. ''The East India Company 1784–1834'' (2nd ed. 1961), on its internal workings
* Riddick, John F. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC excerpt and text search The history of British India: a chronology]'' (2006), covers 1599–1947
* Riddick, John F. ''Who Was Who in British India'' (1998), covers 1599–1947
* {{cite web |url= http://thinkingpast.com/seldenmapatlas/eicvoyage3.htm |title= Selden Map Atlas |last1= Ruffner |first1=Murray |date=21 April 2015 |publisher= Thinking Past |access-date=2015-04-28}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Risley |editor-first=Sir Herbert H. |editor-link=Herbert Hope Risley |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=2 | title = The Indian Empire: Historical | place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press, under the authority of H.M. [[India Office|Secretary of State for India]] | year=1908|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Risley |editor-first=Sir Herbert H. |editor-link=Herbert Hope Risley |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=4 | title = The Indian Empire: Administrative | place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press, under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India | year = 1908|display-authors=etal}}
* Robins, Nick (December 2004). ''[http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/worlds-first-multinational The world's first multinational],'' in the ''[[New Statesman]]''
* {{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Nick |title=The Corporation that Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational |year=2006 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-7453-2524-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sudipta |title=Empire of Free Trade: The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace |year=1998 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-3426-8 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://thinkingpast.com/seldenmapatlas/eicvoyage1.htm |title=Selden Map Atlas |last1=Sharpe |first1=Brandon |date=23 April 2015|publisher=Thinkingpast.com|access-date=2015-04-28}}
* St. John, Ian. ''[https://www.questia.com/library/120085766/the-making-of-the-raj-india-under-the-east-india The Making of the Raj: India Under the East India Company]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2011)
* {{Cite book |last=Steensgaard |first=Niels |title=The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade |year=1975 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77138-0 }}
* Stern, Philip J. ''[https://www.questia.com/library/120076623/the-company-state-corporate-sovereignty-and-the-early The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India]'' (2011)
* Sutherland, Lucy S. "The East India Company In Eighteenth-Century Politics." ''Economic History Review'' 17.1 (1947): 15–26. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590689 online]
** {{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Lucy S. |title=The East India Company in Eighteenth-Century Politics |year=1952 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford }}
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Roger |title=London's Lost Global Giant: In Search of the East India Company |year=2015 |publisher=Bristol Book Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-0-9928466-2-6}}

=== Historiography ===
* {{cite book |editor-first=Anthony |editor-last=Farrington |title=The Records of the East India College, Haileybury, & other institutions |place=London |publisher=H.M.S.O. |year=1976 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Stern |first=Philip J. |year=2009 |title=History and historiography of the English East India Company: Past, present, and future! |journal=History Compass |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1146–1180 }}

{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|British East India Company}}
* [[s:Charter Granted by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company|Charter of 1600]]
* {{In Our Time|East India Company|p0054906|East_India_Company}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/eastindiacompany/eastindiacompany.html Seals and Insignias of East India Company]
* [http://salt.org.il/india.html The Secret Trade] The basis of the monopoly.
* [http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/tradingplaces.html Trading Places] – a learning resource from the British Library
* [http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.136/The-East-India-Company.html Port Cities: History of the East India Company]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080330065505/http://www.eicships.info/index.html Ships of the East India Company]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630085209/http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/themes/empires_landing.html Plant Cultures: East India Company in India]
* [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html History and Politics: East India Company]
* Nick Robins, [http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/worlds-first-multinational "The world's first multinational"], 13 December 2004, ''[[New Statesman]]''
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/07/11.htm East India Company: Its History and Results] article by Karl Marx, MECW Volume 12, p. 148 in [[Marxists Internet Archive]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909080353/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc009.htm Text of East India Company Act 1773]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909081557/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc013.htm Text of East India Company Act 1784]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030626.shtml "The East India Company – a corporate route to Europe"] on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]'' featuring Huw Bowen, Linda Colley and Maria Misra
* [http://www.historymole.com/cgi-bin/main/results.pl?theme=10006825 HistoryMole Timeline: The British East India Company]
* [https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/0472-003 William Howard Hooker Collection: East Indiaman Thetis Logbook (#472-003), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University]

{{Chartered companies}}
{{Foreign trade in Imperial China|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British East India Company| ]]
[[Category:British colonisation of Asia]]
[[Category:British Ceylon]]
[[Category:British Malaya]]
[[Category:British rule in Singapore]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:Chartered companies]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of England]]
[[Category:Former monopolies]]
[[Category:Trading companies]]
[[Category:Trade monopolies]]
[[Category:History of Kolkata]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of foreign trade in China]]
[[Category:Mysore invasion of Kerala]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1600]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1857]]
[[Category:1600 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1600s establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1600s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1600 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1874 disestablishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1874 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:1870s disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1874 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Age of Sail]]

Macau

2019-05-30T13:06:37Z

192.121.232.253: /* Etymology */

{{short description|Special Administrative Region of China}}
{{redirect|Macao|other uses of "Macau" or "Macao"|Macau (disambiguation)}} 
{{redirect|RAEM|the Final Fantasy character|Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles#Plot}} 
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use British English|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| common_name = Macau
| native_name = {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:76%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]:|data1={{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|Cantonese romanisation]]: |data2=''Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui''
| rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3=[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: |data3={{lang|pt|Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China}}
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Macau.svg
| image_coat = Macau SAR Regional Emblem.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| other_symbol = ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]'' {{lang|zh-Hant|蓮花}} ''Lìhnfà'' lótus, flor-de-lótus, loto-índico, lótus-índico
| other_symbol_type = City flower:
| national_anthem = "[[March of the Volunteers]]" {{lang|zh-Hant|義勇軍進行曲}} ''Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk'' {{lang|pt|Marcha dos Voluntários}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg]]</center></div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Macau in China (zoomed) (extra close) (special marker) (+all claims hatched).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of China|[[File:Macau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_width = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Macau
| alt_map = Location of Macau
| coordinates =
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties|No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Cantonese]], the ''de facto'' regional standard.}}|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{efn|name=language-status|For all government use, documents written using [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are authoritative over ones inscribed with [[Simplified Chinese characters]]. Portuguese shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.}}}}
| languages_type = [[Regional language]]
| languages = [[Cantonese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties}}
| languages2_type = [[Official script]]s
| languages2 = [[Traditional Chinese]]{{efn|name=language-status}} [[Portuguese orthography]]
| ethnic_groups = 88.4% [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] 4.6% [[Filipinos|Filipino]] 2.4% [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] 1.8% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] or [[Macanese people|Macanese]] 2.8% other<ref name="ethnicity2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=6}}.</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2016
| demonym = [[Macau people|Macanese]]
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Executive (government)|executive-led]] system within a [[Socialist state|socialist republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]]
| leader_name1 = [[Fernando Chui]]
| leader_title2 = [[Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)|Administration and Justice Secretary]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sonia Chan]]
| leader_title3 = [[Secretariat for Economy and Finance (Macau)|Economy and Finance Secretary]]
| leader_name3 = [[Lionel Leong]]
| leader_title4 = [[Secretariat for Security (Macau)|Security Secretary]]
| leader_name4 = [[Wong Sio Chak]]
| leader_title5 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Legislative Assembly of Macau|Assembly President]]}}
| leader_name5 = [[Ho Iat Seng]]
| leader_title6 = [[Court of Final Appeal (Macau)|Court President]]
| leader_name6 = [[Sam Hou Fai]]
| legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]]{{infobox|child=yes|headerstyle=text-align:left;|labelstyle=font-weight:normal;
|header1 = National representation
|rowclass2 = mergedrow
|label2 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• [[National People's Congress]]</div>
|data2 = 12 deputies {{nowrap|(of 2,924)}}
|rowclass3 = mergedrow
|label3 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]</div>
|data3 = 29 delegates<ref name="nationalReps">{{cite web |url=https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |title=Local NPC deputies’ election slated for Dec 17 |date=27 November 2017 |work=Macau News
|access-date=1 January 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011709/https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |archivedate=3 January 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
| sovereignty_type = [[Special administrative regions of China|Special administrative region]] {{nobold|within the [[China|People's Republic of China]]}}
| established_event1 = [[History of Macau#Portuguese settlement|Portuguese settlement]]
| established_date1 = 1557
| established_event2 = [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking]]
| established_date2 = 1 December 1887
| established_event3 = [[Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau|Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]]
| established_date3 = 26 March 1987
| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|Transfer of sovereignty]] from [[Portugal]]}}
| established_date4 = 20 December 1999
| area_km2 = 115.3
| area_footnote =
| area_rank = 
| area_sq_mi =
| percent_water = 73.7
| population_estimate = 653,100<ref name="2017Population">{{harvnb|Population Estimate|2017|p=1}}.</ref>
| population_census =
| population_estimate_year = 2017
| population_estimate_rank = 167th
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 21,340
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank = 1st
| GDP_PPP = $78.1 billion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2018<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=546&s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Macao |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=11 February 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 95th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $118,098
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 2nd
| GDP_nominal = $53.9 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2018<ref name="imf2" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 83rd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $81,585
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 3rd
| Gini = 
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref =
| HDI = 0.909 
| HDI_year = 2016
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = {{efn|The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.<ref name="HDI">{{harvnb|Macao in Figures|2018|p=4}}.</ref>}}
| HDI_rank = 17th
| currency = [[Macanese pataca]]
| currency_code = MOP
| time_zone = [[Macau Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}} {{lang|zh|yyyy年mm月dd日}}
| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]]
| calling_code = [[+853]]
| iso3166code = MO
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.mo]]|[[.澳門]]|[[.澳门]]}}
| today =
}}

'''Macau''' or '''Macao''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Macau.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|k|aʊ|}}; {{lang|zh-Hant|澳門}}, {{IPA-yue|ōu.mǔːn|lang}}; {{Lang-pt|Macau}} {{IPA-pt|mɐˈkaw|}}), officially the '''Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China''', is a [[special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] on the western side of the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] [[estuary]] in [[southern China]]. With a population of 653,100<ref name="2017Population" /> and an area of {{convert|32.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it is the most [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|densely populated region]] in the world.

Macau was formerly [[Portuguese Macau|a colony of the Portuguese Empire]], after [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] governed the area under Chinese authority and sovereignty until 1887, when it was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau. The colony remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|returned to China]]. As a special administrative region, Macau's system of government is separate from that of [[mainland China]].<ref name="NYTHandover">{{harvnb|Landler|1999}}.</ref>

Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands,<ref>{{harvnb|du Cros|2009|p=75}}.</ref> the territory has become a major [[Resort town|resort city]] and the top destination for [[gambling]] tourism. It is the [[World Tourism rankings#International tourism receipts|ninth-highest recipient of tourism revenue]] and its gaming industry is seven times larger than that of [[Las Vegas]].<ref name="ShengGuP72">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|p=72}}.</ref> Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it has severe [[Economic inequality|income inequality]].<ref name="ShengGuP7778">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|pp=77–78}}.</ref>

Macau has a very high [[Human Development Index]]<ref name="HDI" /> and the [[List of countries by life expectancy|fourth-highest life expectancy]] in the world.<ref name="CIALifeExpectancy">
{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mc.html |title=Macau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109024935/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mc.html |archive-date=9 January 2008 |dead-url=no }}
</ref> The territory is highly urbanised and most development is built on [[land reclamation|reclaimed land]]; two-thirds of total land area is reclaimed from the sea.<ref name="LandReclamation">{{harvnb|Grydehøj|2015|p=102}}.</ref>

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Etymology ==
{{main|Names of Macau}}

{{Infobox Chinese
|pic =
|piccap =
|picupright = 0.45
|t = 澳門
|s = 澳门
|l = Bay Gate
|p = Àomén
|h = Au4 mun2
|mi = {{IPA-cmn|ɑ̂ʊ̯mə̌n|}}
|y = Oumún
|ci = {{IPAc-yue|ou|3|.|m|un|2}}
|j = Ou3mun2
|gd = ou3mun4*2
|wuu = au去men平
|poj = Ò-mn̂g
|buc = Ó̤-muòng
|altname = Macau Special Administrative Region
|t2 = 澳門特別行政區 (or 澳門特區)
|s2 = 澳门特别行政区 (or 澳门特区)
|p2 = Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū (Àomén Tèqū)
|y2 = Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjing Keūi
|ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|ou|3|.|m|un|2|-|d|ak|6|.|b|it|-|h|ang|4|.|z|ing|3|-|k|eoi|1|}}
|j2 = Ou3mun2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3 Keoi1
|gd2 = Ou3mun4*2 Deg6bid6 Heng4jing3 Kêu1
|h2 = Au4mun2 Tet6piet6 hang2zin4ki1 (Au4mun2 Tet6ki1)
|wuu2 = au去men平 deh入bih入 ghan平tsen去chiu平
|poj2 = Ò-mn̂g Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu
|xej = اَوْمٍ
|languages = [[Chinese]] [[Portuguese]] [[English]]
|por = Região Administrativa Especial de Macau {{IPA-pt|ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w̃ ɐdminiʃtɾɐˈtivɐ (ɨ)ʃpɨsiˈaɫ dɨ mɐˈkaw|}}
}}

The first known written record of the name "Macau", rendered as "Ya/A Ma Gang" ("{{lang|zh-hant|亞/阿-媽/馬-港}}"), is in a letter dated 20 November 1555. The local inhabitants believed that the sea-goddess [[Mazu]] (alternatively called A-Ma) had blessed and protected the harbour and called the waters around [[A-Ma Temple]] using her name.<ref name="WuJinEtymology">{{harvnb|Wu|Jin|2014}}.</ref> When Portuguese explorers first arrived in the area and asked for the place name, the locals thought they were asking about the temple and told them it was "Ma Kok" ({{lang|zh-hant|媽閣}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|pp=12–13}}.</ref> The earliest Portuguese spelling for this was ''Amaquão''. Multiple variations were used until ''Amacão / Amacao'' and ''Macão / Macao'' became common during the 17th century, gradually standardising as ''Macao'', and ''Macau'' today.<ref name="WuJinEtymology" />

[[Macau Peninsula]] had many names in Chinese, including ''Jing'ao'' ({{lang|zh-hant|井澳/鏡澳}}), ''Haojing'' ({{lang|zh-hant|濠鏡}}), and ''Haojing'ao'' ({{lang|zh-hant|濠鏡澳}}).<ref name="WuJinEtymology" /><ref name="ChineseEtymology">{{harvnb|Hao|2011|pp=15–16}}.</ref> The islands [[Taipa]], [[Coloane]], and [[Hengqin]] were collectively called ''Shizimen'' ({{lang|zh-hant|十字門}}). These names would later become ''Aomen'' ({{lang|zh-hant|澳門}}), ''Oumún'' in Cantonese and translating as "bay gate" or "port gate", to refer to the whole territory.<ref name="ChineseEtymology" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of Macau|History of China}}

The region is first known to have been settled during the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=15}}.</ref> However, Macau did not develop as a major settlement until the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century. The first European visitor to reach China by sea was the explorer [[Jorge Álvares]], who arrived in 1513.<ref name="Hao10">{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=10}}.</ref> Merchants first established a trading post in Hong Kong waters at [[Tamão]] (present-day [[Tuen Mun]]), beginning regular trade with nearby settlements in southern China.<ref name="Hao10" /> Military clashes between the Ming and Portuguese navies followed the expulsion of the Tamão traders in 1521.<ref name="HaoTamao">{{harvnb|Hao|2011|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Despite the trade ban, Portuguese merchants continued to attempt settling on other parts of the Pearl River estuary, finally settling on Macau.<ref name="HaoTamao" /> Luso-Chinese trade relations were formally [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|reestablished]] in 1554 and Portugal soon after acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557,<ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1998|pp=342–344}}.</ref> agreeing to pay 500 [[tael]]s of silver as annual land rent.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|p=496}}.</ref>

The initially small population of Portuguese merchants rapidly became a growing city.<ref name="Mendes10">{{harvnb|Mendes|2013|p=10}}.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]] was created in 1576, and by 1583, the [[Municipal Council of Macau|Senate]] had been established to handle municipal affairs for the growing settlement.<ref name="Mendes10" /> Macau was at the peak of its prosperity as a major [[entrepôt]] during the late 16th century, providing a crucial connection in exporting Chinese silk to Japan during the [[Nanban trade|''Nanban'' trade]] period.<ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1998|p=348}}.</ref> Although the Portuguese were initially prohibited from fortifying Macau or stockpiling weapons, the [[Fortaleza do Monte]] was constructed in response to [[Dutch–Portuguese War|frequent Dutch naval incursions]]. The Dutch attempted to take the city in the 1622 [[Battle of Macau]], but were repelled successfully by the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|pp=11–13}}.</ref> Macau entered a period of decline in the 1640s following a series of catastrophic events for the burgeoning colony: Portuguese access to trade routes was irreparably severed when [[Sakoku|Japan halted trade]] in 1639,<ref>{{harvnb|Lourido|2000|p=211}}.</ref> Portugal [[Portuguese Restoration War|revolted against Spain]] in 1640,<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1993|p=8}}.</ref> and [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] fell to the Dutch in 1641.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=10}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=21}}.</ref>

Maritime trade with China was banned in 1644 following the [[transition from Ming to Qing|Qing conquest]] under the ''[[Haijin]]'' policies and limited only to Macau on a lesser scale while the new dynasty focused on eliminating surviving [[Kingdom of Tungning|Ming loyalists]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zhihong|2006|p=8}}.</ref> While the [[Kangxi Emperor]] lifted the prohibition in 1684, China again restricted trade under the [[Canton System]] in 1757.<ref>{{harvnb|Zhihong|2006|pp=8–10}}.</ref> Foreign ships were required to first stop at Macau before further proceeding to [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=77}}.</ref> Qing authorities exercised a much greater role in governing the territory during this period; Chinese residents were subject to Qing courts and new construction had to be approved by the resident [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] beginning in the 1740s.<ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=75}}.</ref> As the opium trade became more lucrative during the eighteenth century, Macau again became an important stopping point en route to China.<ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|pp=77–78}}.</ref>

Following the [[First Opium War]] and establishment of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], Macau lost its role as a major port.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=11}}.</ref> Firecracker and incense production, as well as tea and tobacco processing, were vital industries in the colony during this time.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=12}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=84}}.</ref> Portugal was able to capitalise on China's post-war weakness and assert its sovereignty; the [[Governor of Macau]] began refusing to pay China annual land rent for the colony in the 1840s,<ref name="deSousa79">{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=79}}.</ref> and annexed [[Taipa]] and [[Coloane]], in 1851 and 1864 respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Luke|2000|p=723}}.</ref> Portugal also occupied nearby [[Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands|Lapa]] and [[Hengqin|Montanha]],<ref name="deSousa79" /> but these would be returned to China by 1887, when perpetual occupation rights over Macau were formalised in the [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking]]. This agreement also obligated Portugal from ceding Macau without Chinese approval.<ref>{{harvnb|Luke|2000|pp=723–724}}.</ref> Despite occasional conflict between Cantonese authorities and the colonial government, Macau's status remained unchanged through the republican revolutions of both [[5 October 1910 revolution|Portugal in 1910]] and [[Xinhai Revolution|China in 1911]].<ref name="Chan2003Republic">{{harvnb|Chan|2003|pp=497–498}}.</ref> The [[Kuomintang]] further affirmed Portuguese jurisdiction in Macau when the Treaty of Peking was renegotiated in 1928.<ref name="Chan2003Republic" />

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the [[Empire of Japan]] did not occupy the colony and generally respected [[Portugal during World War II|Portuguese neutrality]] in Macau. However, after Japanese troops captured a British cargo ship in Macau waters in 1943, Japan installed a group of government "advisors" as an alternative to military occupation. The territory largely avoided military action during the war except in 1945, when the United States ordered air raids on Macau after learning that the colonial government was preparing to sell aviation fuel to Japan. Portugal was later given over US$20 million in compensation for the damage in 1950.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=116}}.</ref>

[[File:Flag of the Government of Portuguese Macau (1976–1999).svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Portuguese Macau|Colonial Macau]] flag from 1976–1999]]
Refugees from mainland China swelled the population as they fled from the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Access to a large workforce enabled Macau's economy to grow as the colony expanded its clothing and textiles manufacturing industry, developed tourism, and legalised casino gaming.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1993|p=9}}.</ref> However, at the height of the [[Cultural Revolution]], residents dissatisfied with the colonial administration rioted in the 1966 [[12-3 incident]], in which 8 people were killed and over 200 were injured. Portugal lost full control over the colony afterwards, and agreed to cooperate with the communist authorities in exchange for continued administration of Macau.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|p=498}}.</ref>

Following the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]], Portugal formally relinquished Macau as an [[overseas province]] and acknowledged it as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration."<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=175}}.</ref> After China first concluded [[Sino-British Joint Declaration|arrangements on Hong Kong's future]] with the [[United Kingdom]], it entered negotiations with Portugal over Macau in 1986. They were concluded with the signing of the 1987 [[Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau]], in which Portugal agreed to transfer the colony in 1999 and China would guarantee Macau's political and economic systems for 50 years after the transfer.<ref>{{harvnb|Mendes|2013|pp=7, 32}}.</ref> In the waning years of colonial rule, Macau rapidly urbanised and constructed large-scale infrastructure projects, including [[Macau International Airport]] and a new [[Macau Container Port|container port]].<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1993|pp=11–12}}.</ref> [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|Macau was transferred to China]] on 20 December 1999, after 442 years of Portuguese rule.<ref name="NYTHandover" />

Following the transfer, Macau liberalised its casino industry (previously operating under a government-licensed monopoly) to allow foreign investors, starting a new period of economic development. The regional economy grew by a double-digit annual growth rate from 2002 to 2014, making Macau one of the richest economies in the world on a per capita basis.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2016|p=522}}.</ref> Political debates have centred on the region's jurisdictional independence and the central government's adherence of "[[one country, two systems]]". While issues such as [[Macau national security law|national security legislation]] have been controversial, Macanese residents have generally high levels of trust in the government.<ref>{{harvnb|Kwong|Wong|2017|pp=123–124}}.</ref>

In 2015, the borders of Macau were redrawn by the state council, shifting the land border north to the [[Canal dos Patos (Macau)|Canal dos Patos]] and expanding the maritime border significantly. The changes increased the size of Macau's maritime territory by 85 square kilometers.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1892248/green-light-given-extend-macau-administrative-area</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Macau|Politics of Macau|Elections in Macau}}

[[File:Assembleia Legislativa.jpg|thumb|The legislature meets in the [[Macau Legislative Assembly Building|Legislative Assembly Building]] in [[Sé, Macau|Sé]].]]

Macau is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region of China]], with executive, legislative, and judicial powers [[Devolution|devolved]] from the [[Government of China|national government]].<ref name="CastellucciBLFundamentals">{{harvnb|Castellucci|2012|pp=674–675}}.</ref> The [[Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau|Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]] provided for economic and administrative continuity through the [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|transfer of sovereignty]], resulting in an [[Executive (government)|executive-led]] governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a Portuguese colony.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|pp=506–507}}.</ref> Under these terms and the "[[one country, two systems]]" principle, the [[Macao Basic Law|Basic Law of Macao]] is the regional [[constitution]].<ref>{{harvnb|Krebs|2000|pp=122–124}}.</ref> Because negotiations for the Joint Declaration and Basic Law began after transitional arrangements for Hong Kong were made, Macau's structure of government is very similar to Hong Kong's.<ref>{{harvnb|Castellucci|2012|pp=672–676}}.</ref>

The regional government is composed of three branches:
* ''Executive:'' The [[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]] is responsible for enforcing regional law,<ref name="BLM50">{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 50.</ref> can force reconsideration of legislation,<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 51.</ref> and appoints [[Executive Council of Macau|Executive Council]] members, a portion of the legislature, and principal officials.<ref name="BLM50" /> Acting with the Executive Council, the Chief Executive can propose new bills, issue [[Primary and secondary legislation|subordinate legislation]],<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 58.</ref> and has authority to [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolve]] the legislature.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 52.</ref>
* ''Legislature:'' The unicameral [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]] enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to impeach a sitting Chief Executive.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 71.</ref>
* ''Judiciary:'' The [[Court of Final Appeal (Macau)|Court of Final Appeal]] and [[Judiciary of Macau|lower courts]], whose judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the advice of a recommendation commission,<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 87.</ref> interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter VIII Article 143.</ref>

The Chief Executive is the head of government, and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 48.</ref> The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] (led by the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]]) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 400 business, community, and government leaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Chief Executive Election Results|2014}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 47.</ref>

The Legislative Assembly has 33 members, each serving a four-year term: 14 are [[Directly elected member (Macau)|directly elected]], 12 [[Indirectly elected member|indirectly elected]], and 7 [[Appointed Member of the Legislative Assembly|appointed]] by the Chief Executive.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|p=506}}.</ref> Indirectly elected assemblymen are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Yu|Chin|2012|pp=97–98}}.</ref> All directly elected members are chosen with [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{harvnb|Yu|Chin|2012|p=103}}.</ref>

Twelve political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Assembly in the [[2017 Macanese legislative election|2017 election]].<ref>{{harvnb|Legislative Assembly Election Results|2017}}.</ref> These parties have aligned themselves into two ideological groups: the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)|pro-establishment]] (the current government) and [[Pro-democracy camp (Macau)|pro-democracy]] camps.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2016|pp=527–528}}.</ref> Macau is represented in the [[National People's Congress]] by 12 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 29 delegates in the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] appointed by the central government.<ref name="nationalReps" />

[[File:Macau Government Headquarters 01.JPG|left|thumb|The [[Macau Government Headquarters]] is the official office of the [[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]].]]
[[Law of the People's Republic of China|Chinese national law]] does not generally apply in the region, and Macau is treated as a separate jurisdiction.<ref name="CastellucciBLFundamentals" /> Its judicial system is based on [[Law of Portugal|Portuguese civil law]], continuing the legal tradition established during colonial rule. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, however, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's [[socialist law|socialist]] [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system. Decisions made by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] can also override territorial judicial processes.<ref>{{harvnb|Castellucci|2012|pp=675–677}}.</ref>

The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its [[Visa policy of Macau|immigration]] and taxation policies. The Identification Department issues [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|passports]] for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Hong Kong, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country.<ref>{{harvnb|Law No. 8/1999, Law about Permanent Resident and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region}}.</ref> All travellers between Macau and China and Hong Kong must pass border controls, regardless of nationality.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://en.macaotourism.gov.mo/plan/entry_requirements_detail.php?id=1 |title=Entry Requirements - Passports and Visas |publisher=Tourism Office |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209132322/http://en.macaotourism.gov.mo/plan/entry_requirements_detail.php?id=1 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}
</ref> Chinese citizens resident in mainland China do not have the right of abode in Macau, and are subject to immigration controls.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter III Article 24.</ref> Public finances are handled separately from the national government, and taxes levied in Macau do not fund the central authority.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter V Article 104.</ref>

The [[Macao Garrison]] is responsible for the region's defence. Although the [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] is [[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|supreme commander]] of the armed forces,<ref>{{harvnb|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} Chapter 3 § 4 (93).</ref> the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.<ref>{{harvnb|Wang|2018|p=171}}.</ref> Macau residents are not required to perform military service and current law also no provision for local enlistment, so its defence force is composed entirely of nonresidents.<ref>{{harvnb|Ho|2018}}.</ref>

The central government and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] handle diplomatic matters, but Macau retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural [[Foreign relations of Macau|relations with foreign nations]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter II Article 12.</ref> The territory negotiates its own trade agreements and actively participates in supranational organisations, including agencies of the [[World Trade Organization]] and [[United Nations]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/macao_china_e.htm |title=Macao, China in the WTO |publisher=[[World Trade Organization]] |accessdate=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180152/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/macao_china_e.htm |archive-date=9 February 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.unescap.org/about/member-states |title=ESCAP Member States and Associate Members |publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228155606/https://www.unescap.org/about/member-states |archive-date=28 December 2018 |dead-url=no }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/ytygjzz/tyyflsw/314/t241610.htm |title=List of Agreements Concluded by the Macao SAR Government under Authorization by the Central People's Government |publisher=[[Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region]] |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124542/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/ytygjzz/tyyflsw/314/t241610.htm |archive-date=9 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}
</ref> The regional government maintains trade offices in [[Greater China]] and other nations.<ref>{{harvnb|External Relations Facts|2018}}.</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Parishes of Macau}}
[[File:Administrative Division of Macau.png|thumb|Administrative divisions of Macau]]
The territory is divided into seven parishes. [[Cotai]], a major area developed on reclaimed land between [[Taipa]] and [[Coloane]], and areas of the [[Macau New Urban Zone]] do not have defined parishes.<ref name="parishes">
{{cite web |title=Area of parishes |url=https://www.dscc.gov.mo/ENG/knowledge/geo_statistic.html |publisher=Cartography and Cadastre Bureau |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929085121/http://www.dscc.gov.mo/ENG/knowledge/geo_statistic.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |dead-url=no }}
</ref> Historically, the parishes belonged to one of two municipalities (the [[Municipality of Macau]] or the [[Municipality of Ilhas]]) that were responsible for administering municipal services. The [[Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau]] superseded the municipalities and is currently responsible for providing local services.<ref>{{harvnb|Law No. 9/2018, Creation of the Institute for Municipal Affairs}}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Parish/Area
! Chinese
! Area (km2)<ref name="parishes" />
|-
| [[Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau|Nossa Senhora de Fátima]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|花地瑪堂區}}
| 3.2
|-
| [[Santo António, Macau|Santo António]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|花王堂區}}
| 1.1
|-
| [[São Lázaro]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|望德堂區}}
| 0.6
|-
| [[São Lourenço, Macau|São Lourenço]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|風順堂區}}
| 1.0
|-
| [[Sé, Macau|Sé]] (including [[Macau New Urban Zone|New District Zone B]])
| {{lang|zh-hant|大堂區 (包括新城B區)}}
| 3.4
|-
| [[Taipa|Nossa Senhora do Carmo]] (including [[Macau New Urban Zone|New District Zone E]])
| {{lang|zh-hant|嘉模堂區 (包括新城E區)}}
| 7.9
|-
| [[Coloane|São Francisco Xavier]]
| {{nowrap|{{lang|zh-hant|聖方濟各堂區}}}}
| 7.6
|-
| [[Cotai]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|路氹填海區}}
| 6.0
|-
| [[Macau New Urban Zone|New District Zone A]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|新城A區}}
| 1.4
|-
| [[Macau New Urban Zone|HZMB Zhuhai-Macau Port]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|港珠澳大橋珠澳口岸}}
| 0.7
|-
| [[University of Macau]] ([[Hengqin]] campus)
| {{lang|zh-hant|澳門大學 (橫琴校區)}}
| 1.0
|}

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Macau}}

[[File:Macau peninsula.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Macau Peninsula]]

Macau is on China's southern coast, {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Hong Kong]], on the western side of the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] estuary. It is surrounded by the [[South China Sea]] in the east and south, and neighbours the Guangdong city of [[Zhuhai]] to the west and north.<ref name="MokHoi202">{{harvnb|Mok|Hoi|2005|p=202}}.</ref> The territory consists of [[Macau Peninsula]], [[Taipa]], and [[Coloane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Huang|Ho|Du|2011|p=354}}.</ref> A {{convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} parcel of land in neighbouring [[Hengqin]] island that hosts the [[University of Macau]] also falls under the regional government's jurisdiction.<ref name="ShengGuP76" /> The territory's highest point is [[Coloane Alto]], {{convert|170.6|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="parishes" />

Urban development is concentrated on peninsular Macau, where most of the population lives.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=10}}.</ref> The peninsula was originally a separate island with hilly terrain, which gradually became a [[tombolo]] as a connecting sandbar formed over time. Both natural sedimentation and [[land reclamation]] expanded the area enough to support urban growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Tang|Grydehøj|2017|pp=202–203}}.</ref> Macau has tripled its land area in the last century, increasing from {{convert|10.28|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the late 19th century<ref name="LandReclamation" /> to {{convert|32.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 2018.<ref name="parishes" />

[[Cotai]], the area of reclaimed land connecting Taipa and Coloane, contains many of the newer casinos and resorts established after 1999.<ref name="ShengGuP7778" /> The region's jurisdiction over the surrounding sea was greatly expanded in 2015, when it was granted an additional {{convert|85|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of maritime territory by the State Council.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|Ng|2015}}.</ref> Further reclamation is currently underway to develop parts of the [[Macau New Urban Zone]].<ref>{{harvnb|Beitler|2019}}.</ref> The territory also has control over part of an artificial island to maintain a [[border checkpoint]] for the [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]].<ref name="parishes" /><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.dsat.gov.mo/hzmb/mac_area_info.aspx |title=Instalações do posto fronteiriço |publisher=Transport Bureau |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Border Facilities |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155846/http://www.dsat.gov.mo/hzmb/mac_area_info.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
</ref>

=== Climate ===
Macau has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), characteristic of southern China. The territory is dual season dominant – summer (May to September) and winter (November to February) are the longest seasons, while spring (March and April) and autumn (October) are relatively brief periods.<ref name="MokHoi202" /> The [[East Asian Monsoon|summer monsoon]] brings warm and humid air from the sea, with the most frequent rainfall occurring during the season. [[Typhoon]]s also occur most often then, bringing significant spikes in rainfall. During the winter, northern winds from the continent bring dry air and much less rainfall.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|Hoi|2005|p=220}}.</ref> The highest and lowest temperatures recorded at the [[Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau]] are {{convert|38.9|°C|°F|1}} on both 2 July 1930 and 6 July 1930 and {{convert|-1.8|°C|°F|1}} on 26 January 1948.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/database/e_climaExt.htm |title=Macao Climate: Extreme Value of some meteorological elements (1901-2017) |publisher=[[Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau]] |access-date=17 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529162058/http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/database/e_climaExt.htm |archive-date=29 May 2018 |dead-url=no }}
</ref>
{{Macau weatherbox|collapsed=Y}}

{{Panorama |image=File:Macau skyline 2013 (panorama).JPG |height=254px |caption=<center>The Macau Peninsula skyline, viewed from Taipa</center>}}
{{Panorama |image=File:Macau banner.jpg |height=220px |caption=<center>City view of the Macau Peninsula</center>}}

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Macau|Macau people|Religion in Macau}}
[[File:Population pyramid of Macau 2016.png|thumb|alt=Population graph|2016 [[population pyramid]]]]
The [[Statistics and Census Service]] estimated Macau's population at 653,100 at the end of 2017.<ref name="2017Population" /> With a population density of 21,340 people per square kilometre,<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=14}}.</ref> Macau is the most densely populated region in the world. The overwhelming majority (88.7 per cent) is [[Han Chinese]], many of whom originate from [[Guangdong]] (31.9 per cent) or [[Fujian]] (5.9 per cent).<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=47}}.</ref> The remaining 11.6 per cent are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily [[Filipinos]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. [[Macanese people|Macanese]], native-born [[multiracial]] people with mixed Portuguese ancestry, make up a portion of the Portuguese population.<ref name="ethnicity2016" /> A large portion of the population are [[Portuguese_nationality_law#Macau|Portuguese citizens]], a legacy of colonial rule; at the time of the transfer of sovereignty in 1999, 107,000 residents held Portuguese passports.<ref>{{harvnb|Hook|Neves|2002|p=119}}.</ref>

The predominant language is [[Cantonese]], a [[Varieties of Chinese|variety of Chinese]] originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 87.5 per cent of the population, 80.1 per cent as a first language and 7.5 per cent as a second language. Only 2.3 per cent can speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the other official language;<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter I Article 9.</ref> 0.7 per cent are native speakers, and 1.6 per cent use it as a second language. Increased immigration from mainland China in recent years has added to the number of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers, making up about half of the population (50.4 per cent); 5.5 per cent are native speakers and 44.9 per cent are second language speakers.<ref name="language2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|pp=9, 53–54}}.</ref> [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are used in writing, rather than the [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified characters]] used on the mainland. English is considered an additional working language<ref>{{harvnb|Moody|2008|p=6}}.</ref> and is spoken by over a quarter of the population (27.5 per cent); 2.8 per cent are native speakers, and 24.7 per cent speak English as a second language.<ref name="language2016" /> [[Macanese Patois]], a local [[Creole language|creole]] generally known as ''Patuá'', is now spoken only by a few in the older Macanese community.<ref>{{harvnb|Yiu|2010}}.</ref>

Among the religious population, [[Chinese folk religion]]s have the most adherents (58.9 per cent) and are followed by [[Buddhism]] (17.3 per cent) and [[Christianity]] (7.2 per cent), while 15.4 per cent of the population profess no religious affiliation at all. Small minorities adhering to other religions (less than 1 per cent), including [[Hinduism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]], are also resident in Macau.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/macau#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Macau |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125048/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/macau#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}
</ref>

Life expectancy in Macau was 81.6 years for males and 87.7 years for females in 2018,<ref name="CIALifeExpectancy" /> the fourth highest in the world.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/LIBRARY/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=Life Expectancy at Birth |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] |accessdate=7 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120024054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |dead-url=no }}
</ref> [[Cancer]], [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], and [[respiratory disease]] are the territory's three leading causes of death. Most government-provided healthcare services are free of charge, though alternative treatment is also heavily subsidised.<ref>{{harvnb|Healthcare Facts|2018}}.</ref>

Migrant workers living in Macau account for over 25 per cent of the entire workforce.<ref name="foreignLabour2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=15}}.</ref> They largely work in lower wage sectors of the economy, including construction, hotels, and restaurants. As a growing proportion of local residents take up employment in the gaming industry, the disparity in income between local and migrant workers has been increasing.<ref name="ShengGuP76">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|p=76}}.</ref> Rising living costs have also pushed a large portion of non-resident workers to live in Zhuhai.<ref name="foreignLabour2016" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Macau|Tourism in Macau|Gambling in Macau}}
[[File:Lago Nam Van, Macao, 2013-08-08, DD 05.jpg|thumb|300px|Casinos on the Macau skyline]]

Macau has a [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[service economy]] largely based on [[casino]] gaming and tourism. It is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|83rd-largest economy]], with a [[Gross_domestic_product#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP|nominal GDP]] of approximately MOP433 billion (US$53.9 billion).<ref name="imf2" /> Although Macau has one of the highest per capita GDPs, the territory also has a high level of [[Economic inequality|wealth disparity]].<ref name="ShengGuP7778" /> Macau's gaming industry is the largest in the world, generating over MOP195 billion (US$24 billion) in revenue and about seven times larger than that of [[Las Vegas]].<ref name="ShengGuP72" />

The regional economy is heavily reliant on casino gaming.<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> The vast majority of government funding (79.6 per cent of total tax revenue) comes from gaming.<ref>{{harvnb|Monetary Authority Annual Report|2017|p=64}}.</ref> Gambling as a share of GDP peaked in 2013 at over 60 per cent,<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> and continues to account for 49.1 per cent of total economic output. The vast majority of casino patrons are tourists from mainland China, making up 68 per cent of all visitors.<ref>{{harvnb|Tourism Statistics|2017|p=61}}.</ref> Casino gaming is illegal in both the mainland and Hong Kong, giving Macau a legal monopoly on the industry in China.<ref name="ShengGuP72" />

Casino gambling was legalised in 1962 and the gaming industry initially operated under a government-licensed monopoly granted to the [[Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau]]. This license was renegotiated and renewed several times before ending in 2002 after 40 years.<ref>{{harvnb|Godinho|2014|p=4}}.</ref> The government then allowed open bidding for casino licenses to attract foreign investors.<ref name="ShengGuP74">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|p=74}}.</ref> Along with an easing of travel restrictions on mainland Chinese visitors, this triggered a period of rapid economic growth; from 1999 to 2016, Macau's [[gross domestic product]] multiplied by 7<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> and the unemployment rate dropped from 6.3 to 1.9 per cent.<ref name="ShengGuP76" /> The [[Sands Macao]], [[Wynn Macau]], [[MGM Macau]], and [[Venetian Macau]] were all opened during the first decade after liberalisation of casino concessions.<ref name="ShengGuP74" /> Casinos employ about 24 per cent of the total workforce in the region.<ref name="ShengGuP76" />

Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|1991|p=68}}.</ref> and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Industrial Structure|2017}}.</ref> The bulk of these exports were cotton textiles and apparel, but also included toys and electronics.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|1991|pp=70–71}}.</ref> At the transfer of sovereignty in 1999, manufacturing, financial services, construction and real estate, and gaming were the four largest sectors of the economy.<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> Macau's shift to an economic model entirely dependent on gaming caused concern over its overexposure to a single sector, prompting the regional government to attempt re-diversifying its economy.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|pp=78–80}}.</ref>

The government traditionally had a non-interventionist role in the economy and taxes corporations at very low rates.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=176}}.</ref> Post-handover administrations have generally been more involved in enhancing social welfare to counter the cyclical nature of the gaming industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Lo|2009|p=17}}.</ref> Economic growth has been attributed in large part to the high number of mainlander visits to Macau, and the central government exercises a role in guiding casino business growth through its control of the flow of tourists.<ref>{{harvnb|Lo|2009|pp=37–41}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|pp=75–76}}.</ref> The [[Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement|Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement]] formalised a policy of free trade between Macau and mainland China, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.economia.gov.mo/en_US/web/public/pg_eetr_cepa_s |title=Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) Overview |publisher=Economic Bureau |accessdate=12 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064312/https://www.economia.gov.mo/en_US/web/public/pg_eetr_cepa_s |archive-date=13 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}
</ref>

Due to a lack of available land for farming, agriculture is not significant in the economy. Food is exclusively imported to Macau and almost all foreign goods are transshipped through Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|Macau USDA Report|2018}}.</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{main|Transport in Macau}}
[[File:Air Macau Airbus A321-200 B-MCA (24311327220).jpg|thumb|[[Air Macau]] Airbus A321 taxiing at [[Macau International Airport]]]]

Macau has a highly developed road system, with over {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} of road constructed in the territory. Automobiles drive [[Left- and right-hand traffic|on the left]] (unlike in both mainland China and Portugal), due to historical influence of the Portuguese Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|McManus|2004|p=248}}.</ref> Vehicle traffic is extremely congested, especially within the oldest part of the city, where streets are the most narrow.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Tang|Grydehøj|2017|p=205}}.</ref> Public bus services operate over 80 routes, supplemented by free hotel shuttle buses that also run routes to popular tourist attractions and downtown locations.<ref>{{harvnb|Teng|Siu|Lo|Fong|2017|p=117}}.</ref> About 1,500 black taxicabs are licensed to carry riders in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=418}}.</ref> The [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]] provides a direct link with the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary.<ref>{{harvnb|Griffiths|Lazarus|2018}}.</ref> Cross-boundary traffic to mainland China may also pass through border checkpoints at the [[Portas do Cerco]] and [[Lótus Bridge]].<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=421–422}}.</ref>

[[Macau International Airport]] serves over 8 million passengers each year and is the primary hub for local flag carrier [[Air Macau]].<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=426–429}}.</ref> The territory's first rail network, the [[Macau Light Rapid Transit]], is currently under construction and expected to begin operations in 2019. The [[Taipa line]] will connect 11 metro stations throughout Taipa and Cotai.<ref>
{{cite web |title=About Macau Light Rapid Transit (MLRT) |url=http://www.mtr.com.mo/en/AboutUs-MLRT/index.html |publisher=[[MTR Corporation]] |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030204/http://www.mtr.com.mo/en/AboutUs-MLRT/index.html |archive-date=17 February 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
</ref> Ferry services to Hong Kong and mainland China operate out of [[Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal]], [[Inner Harbour Ferry Terminal]], and [[Taipa Ferry Terminal]]. Daily helicopter service is also available to Hong Kong and Shenzhen.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=421–423}}.</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
{{see also|List of hospitals in Macau}}
[[File:Kiang Wu Hospital.jpg|thumb|[[Kiang Wu Hospital]]]]
Macau is served by one major public hospital, the [[Hospital Conde S. Januário]], and one major private hospital, the [[Kiang Wu Hospital]], both located in Macau Peninsula, as well as a university associated hospital called [[Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital]] in [[Cotai]]. In addition to hospitals, Macau also has numerous health centres providing free basic medical care to residents. Consultation in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] is also available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/spage/CFA10_E.html |title=Macau Factsheet |accessdate=13 November 2007 |publisher=The Govt. of Macau SAR |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173436/http://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/spage/CFA10_E.html |archivedate=14 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

None of the Macau hospitals are independently assessed through [[international healthcare accreditation]]. There are no western-style medical schools in Macau, and thus all aspiring physicians in Macau have to obtain their education and qualification elsewhere.<ref name="Macau 2007 Yearbook">{{cite book |year=2007 |title=Macau 2007 Yearbook |publisher=Government Information Bureau of Macau SAR |isbn=978-99937-56-09-5}}</ref> Local nurses are trained at the Macau Polytechnic Institute and the Kiang Wu [[Nursing]] College.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipm.edu.mo/ess/ |title=Macau Polytechnic Institute General Information |accessdate=3 December 2007 |publisher=Macau Polytechnic Institute |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218064708/http://www.ipm.edu.mo/ess/ |archivedate=18 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kwnc.edu.mo/web/cmain.htm |title=Homepage of the College of Nursing and Midwifery |accessdate=13 November 2007 |publisher=College of Nursing and Midwifery, Macau}}</ref> Currently there are no training courses in [[midwifery]] in Macau.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} A study by the [[University of Macau]], commissioned by the Macau SAR government, concluded that Macau is too small to have its own medical specialist training centre.<ref name=Yaupatients>{{cite web|author=Yau, Elaine|url=http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-beauty/article/2017927/why-macau-spends-millions-send-its-patients-hong-kong-some|title=Why Macau spends millions to send its patients to Hong Kong – some by air|publisher=''[[South China Morning Post]]''|date=2016-09-12|accessdate=2017-04-09|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409114716/http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-beauty/article/2017927/why-macau-spends-millions-send-its-patients-hong-kong-some|archivedate=9 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} - Print title: "Patients running out"</ref>

The ''Macau Corps of Firefighters'' (Portuguese: ''Corpo de Bombeiros de Macau'') is responsible for ambulance service (Ambulância de Macau). The [[Macau Red Cross]] also operates ambulances ([[Toyota HiAce]] vans) for emergency and non-emergencies to local hospitals with volunteer staff. The organization has a total of 739 uniformed firefighters and paramedics serving from 7 stations in Macau.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org.mo/en/care_ambulance.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235440/http://www.redcross.org.mo/en/care_ambulance.htm |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df= }}</ref>

The Health Bureau in Macau is mainly responsible for coordinating the activities between the public and private organizations in the area of [[public health]], and assure the health of citizens through specialized and [[primary health care]] services, as well as disease prevention and [[health promotion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/introduction/e_introduce_fs.htm |title=The introduction of Health Bureau, Macau SAR |accessdate=13 November 2007 |publisher=The Govt. of Macau SAR |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912141127/http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/introduction/e_introduce_fs.htm |archivedate=12 September 2007 |df= }}</ref> The [[Macau Centre for Disease Control and Prevention]] was established in 2001, which monitors the operation of hospitals, health centres, and the [[blood transfusion]] centre in Macau. It also handles the organization of care and prevention of diseases affecting the population, sets guidelines for hospitals and private healthcare providers, and issues [[medical license|licences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/organization/e_legis_fs.htm |title=The policy and functions of the department of health, Macau SAR |accessdate=13 November 2007 |publisher=The Govt. of Macau SAR |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912140926/http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/organization/e_legis_fs.htm |archivedate=12 September 2007 |df= }}</ref>

{{Asof|2016}} Macau healthcare authorities send patients to [[Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong|Queen Mary Hospital]] in Hong Kong in instances where the local Macau hospitals are not equipped to deal with their scenarios, and many Macau residents intentionally seek healthcare in Hong Kong because they place more trust in Hong Kong doctors than in Mainland-trained doctors operating in Macau.<ref name=Yaupatients/>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Macau}}

[[File:UM Hengqin 2.jpg|thumb|The main campus of the [[University of Macau]] is located in neighbouring [[Hengqin]].]]

Education in Macau does not have a single centralised set of standards or curriculum. Individual schools follow different educational models, including Chinese, Portuguese, Hong Kong, and British systems.<ref name="TangBrayEdu">{{harvnb|Tang|Bray|2000|pp=473–474}}.</ref> Children are required to attend school from the age of five until completion of lower secondary school, or at age 15. Of residents aged 3 and older, 69.4 per cent completed lower secondary education, 49.2 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 21 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=8}}.</ref> Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 96.5 per cent. While lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=9}}.</ref>

Most schools in the territory are private institutions. Out of the 77 non-tertiary schools, 10 are public and the other 67 are privately-run.<ref name="2018YearbookP289">{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=289}}.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]] maintains an important position in territorial education, managing 27 primary and secondary schools.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Educational establishments |url=https://www.catholic.org.mo/en/list-34 |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]] |accessdate=19 February 2019 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122739/https://www.catholic.org.mo/en/list-34 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}
</ref> The government provides 15 years of free education for all residents enrolled in publicly-run schools,<ref name="2018YearbookP289" /> and subsidises tuition for students in private schools. Students at the secondary school level studying in neighbouring areas of Guangdong are also eligible for tuition subsidies.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=291}}.</ref>

The vast majority of schools use Cantonese as the [[medium of instruction]], with written education in Chinese and compulsory classes in Mandarin. A minority of private schools use English or Portuguese as the primary teaching language. Luso-Chinese schools mainly use Chinese, but additionally require mandatory Portuguese-language classes as part of their curriculum.<ref name="TangBrayEdu" />

Macau has [[List of universities and colleges in Macau|ten universities and tertiary education institutes]]. The [[University of Macau]], founded in 1981, is the territory's only public comprehensive university. The [[Kiang Wu Hospital#Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau|Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau]] is the oldest higher institute, specialising in educating future nursing staff for the college's parent hospital. The [[University of Saint Joseph]], [[Macau University of Science and Technology]], and the [[City University of Macau]] were all established in subsequent years. Five other institutes specialise in specific vocations or provide [[continuing education]].<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=298, 304–307}}.</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Macau}}
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220

| image1 = 风顺堂区 - panoramio (2).jpg
| caption1 = [[Senado Square]].

| image2 = Templo Na Tcha, Macao, 2013-08-08, DD 01.jpg
| caption2 = [[Na Tcha Temple]], Macau.
}}

The mixing of the [[Culture of China|Chinese]] and [[Culture of Portugal|Portuguese cultures]] and religious traditions for more than four centuries has left Macau with an inimitable collection of holidays, festivals and events. The biggest event of the year is the [[Macau Grand Prix]] in November,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo/app/home/mgpc/en |title=Grand Prix Macau |accessdate=4 January 2008 |publisher=Macau Grand Prix Committee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226175701/http://www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo/app/home/mgpc/en |archivedate=26 February 2008 |df= }}</ref> when the main streets in Macau Peninsula are converted to a racetrack bearing similarities with the [[Monaco Grand Prix]]. Other annual events include Macau Arts festival in March, the International Fireworks Display Contest in September, the International Music festival in October and/or November, and the Macau International Marathon in December.

The Lunar [[Chinese New Year]] is the most important traditional festival and celebration normally takes place in late January or early February.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-festivals-&-events/index.html |title=Macau Festivals & Events |accessdate=4 January 2008 |publisher=AsiaRooms.com |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229122529/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-festivals-%26-events/index.html |archivedate=29 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Pou Tai Un Temple in Taipa is the place for the Feast of Tou Tei, the Earth god, in February. The Procession of the Passion of Our Lord is a well-known Roman Catholic rite and journey, which travels from Saint Austin's Church to the Cathedral, also taking place in February.<ref name=Asiarooms>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-overview/macau-geography.html |title=Macau Geography |accessdate=6 January 2008 |publisher=AsiaRooms.com |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112081315/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-overview/macau-geography.html |archivedate=12 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A-Ma Temple, which honours the Goddess [[Mazu (goddess)|Matsu]], is in full swing in April with many worshippers celebrating the A-Ma festival. In May it is common to see dancing dragons at the Feast of the Drunken Dragon and twinkling-clean Buddhas at the Feast of the Bathing of Lord Buddha. In [[Coloane Village]], the [[Taoist]] god [[Tam Kong]] is also honoured on the same day.<ref name=Asiarooms/> [[Dragon Boat Festival|Dragon Boat festival]] is brought into play on Nam Van Lake in June and Hungry Ghosts' festival, in late August and/or early September every year. All events and festivities of the year end with [[Dongzhi Festival|Winter Solstice]] in December.

Macau preserves many historical properties in the urban area. The [[Historic Centre of Macau]], which includes some twenty-five historic locations, was officially listed as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] on 15 July 2005 during the 29th session of the [[World Heritage Committee]], held in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/135 |title=Mostar, Macau and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |accessdate=5 September 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813122915/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/135 |archivedate=13 August 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
However, the Macao government is criticized for ignoring the conservation of heritage in urban planning.<ref name="YC2007">{{Cite book|title=China's Macao Transformed: Challenge and Development in the 21st Century|last=YU|first=Eilo W.Y.|last2=CHAN|first2=Ming K.|publisher=City University of HK Press.|year=2014|isbn=978-9629372071|location=|pages=316}}</ref> In 2007, local residents of Macao wrote a letter to [[UNESCO]] complaining about construction projects around [[world heritage]] [[Guia Lighthouse]] (Focal height 108 meters), including the headquarter of the Liaison Office (91 meters). UNESCO then issued a warning to the Macau government, which led former Chief Executive [[Edmund Ho]] to sign a notice regulating height restrictions on buildings around the site.<ref name="mdt2016"/> In 2015, the [[New Macau Association]] submitted a report to [[UNESCO]] claiming that the government had failed to protect Macao's cultural heritage against threats by urban development projects. One of the main examples of the report is that the headquarter of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government, which is located on the Guia foothill and obstructs the view of the [[Guia Fortress]] (one of the [[world heritage]]s symbols of Macao). One year later, Roni Amelan, a spokesman from UNESCO Press service, said that the UNESCO has asked China for information and is still waiting for a reply.<ref>Meneses, J. (2016). The Victory of Heritage. Macau Business, July 2016, pp.72-73.</ref><ref name="mdt2016">
{{Cite news|url=https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/new-macau-alerts-un-construction-project-near-lighthouse.html|title=New Macau alerts UN to construction project near lighthouse|last=|first=|date=November 8, 2016|work=Macau Daily Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005837/https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/new-macau-alerts-un-construction-project-near-lighthouse.html|archive-date=3 February 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
</ref> In 2016, the Macau government approved an 81-meter construction limit for the residential project, which reportedly goes against the city's regulations on the height of buildings around world heritage site Guia Lighthouse.<ref name="mdt2016"/>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Macanese cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |caption_align=center |total_width=350
|image1=MargaretCafe PasteisDeNata.JPG |height1=1600 |width1=2400
|image2=Porkchopbun.jpg |height2=1536 |width2=2048
|footer=''(left)'' Macanese-style ''[[pastel de nata]]''; ''(right)'' [[pork chop bun]]s are popular street snacks
}}

Food in Macau is mainly based on both [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]] and [[Portuguese cuisine]], drawing influences from [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] and [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] dishes as well, reflecting a unique cultural and culinary blend after centuries of colonial rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=389}}.</ref> Portuguese recipes were adapted to use local ingredients, such as fresh seafood, [[turmeric]], [[coconut milk]], and [[adzuki bean]]s. These adaptations produced Macanese variations of traditional Portuguese dishes including ''[[caldo verde]]'', [[minchee]], and ''[[cozido à portuguesa]]''. While many restaurants claim to serve traditional Portuguese or Macanese dishes, most serve a mix of Cantonese-Portuguese fusion cuisine. ''[[Galinha à portuguesa]]'' and [[egg tart]]s are examples of Chinese dishes that draw from Macanese influences, but are not part of Macanese cuisine.<ref name="LongMacauFood">{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=390}}.</ref> ''[[Cha chaan teng]]'', a type of fast casual diner originating in Hong Kong that serves that region's interpretation of Western food, are also prevalent in Macau.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=391}}.</ref> ''[[Pastel de nata]]'', [[pork chop bun]]s, and [[almond biscuit]]s are popular street food items.<ref name="LongMacauFood" />

=== Sports ===
{{main|Sport in Macau}}
[[File:2008 Macau F3 GP.JPG|thumb|[[Formula Three]] racers in the 2008 [[Macau Grand Prix]]]]

Despite its small area, Macau is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities that have hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the [[2005 East Asian Games]], the [[2006 Lusophony Games]], and the [[2007 Asian Indoor Games]].

The territory regularly hosts the [[Macau Grand Prix]], one of the most significant annual motorsport competitions that uses city streets as the racetrack. It is the only [[street circuit]] that hosts [[Formula Three]], [[touring car]], and motorcycle races in the same event. The [[Guia Circuit]], with narrow corner clearance and a winding path, is considered an extremely challenging course and a serious milestone for prospective [[Formula One]] racers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shadbolt |first=Peter |date=7 November 2013 |title=Macau Grand Prix: The final exam for racers |url=http://travel.cnn.com/macau-grand-prix-737446/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=27 February 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Macau represents itself separately from mainland China with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory maintains its own [[Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|National Olympic Committee]], but does not compete in the [[Olympic Games]]. Current [[International Olympic Committee]] rules specify that new NOCs can only be admitted if they represent sovereign states (Hong Kong has participated in the Olympics since before the regulation change in 1996).<ref>{{harvnb|Mallon|Heijmans|2011|p=211}}.</ref>

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
Macau has six [[Sister city|sister cities]], listed chronologically by year joined:<ref>
{{cite web |title=Exchanges between IACM and other cities |url=https://www.iam.gov.mo/files/exchange_e.pdf |accessdate=8 February 2019 |publisher=[[Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124611/https://www.iam.gov.mo/files/exchange_e.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}
</ref>
{{colbegin}}
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal (1982)
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Porto]], Portugal (1997)
* {{flagdeco|SWE}} [[Linköping]], Sweden (1997)
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (1998)
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil (2000)
* {{flagdeco|Cape Verde}} [[Praia]], Cape Verde (2007)
{{colend}}

Additionally, Macau has other cultural agreements with the following cities:
* {{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], Belgium (1991)
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[San Francisco]], United States (2001)
* {{flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[Da Nang]], Vietnam (2006)

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Asia}}
* [[Index of Macau-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Macau]]
* [[Cuiheng|Cuiheng New Area]], since 31 March 2013, a co-operation pilot zone with Macau

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
==== Government reports ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |title=2016 Population By-Census Detailed Results |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=May 2017 |url = https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/e20c6bab-ada4-4f83-9349-e72605674a42/E_ICEN_PUB_2016_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Population By-Census|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2017 |publisher=[[Monetary Authority of Macao]] |year =2017 |url = https://www.amcm.gov.mo/en/research-statistics/annual-reports/year-2017 |chapter=Public finance |chapter-url=https://www.amcm.gov.mo/files/research_and_stats/annual_reports/2017/en/ii.2.2.pdf |ref={{harvid|Monetary Authority Annual Report|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Eleição do Chefe do Executivo |trans-title=Election of the Chief Executive |publisher=Electoral Affairs Commission |language=Portuguese |date=31 August 2014 |url=https://www.ece.gov.mo/2014/download/ece2014geral.pdf |ref={{harvid|Chief Executive Election Results|2014}} }}
* {{cite report |title=External Relations |publisher=Government Information Bureau |date=July 2018 |url=https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/External_EN.pdf |ref={{harvid|External Relations Facts|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Healthcare |publisher=Government Information Bureau |date=July 2018 |url=https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/Health_EN.pdf |ref={{harvid|Healthcare Facts|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Macao in Figures |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/5c26bbdf-77c7-48aa-bb1f-a1537a2b220d/E_MN_PUB_2018_Y.aspx |accessdate=19 February 2019 |ref={{harvid|Macao in Figures|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Macao Industrial Structure |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=November 2018 |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/e901961f-cc6e-49fe-b153-69517eda334a/E_PIBP_FR_2017_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Macao Industrial Structure|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Macau Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards Report |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=6 July 2018 |url=https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Macau%20Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20Report_Hong%20Kong_Hong%20Kong_7-6-2018.pdf |ref={{harvid|Macau USDA Report|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Population Estimate 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=March 2018 |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/488ee177-df17-4805-937c-1d6d08fac39c/E_POP_FR_2017_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Population Estimate|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Resultado da Eleição dos Deputados à Assembleia Legislativa da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau por Sufrágio Directo e Indirecto |trans-title=Result of the Election of Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region by Direct and Indirect Suffrage |publisher=Electoral Affairs Commission |language=Portuguese |date=26 September 2017 |url=http://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2017/39/out-1-39-1-2017.pdf |ref={{harvid|Legislative Assembly Election Results|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Tourism Statistics |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=April 2018 |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/1bb88665-4d4a-45bb-be90-c2f450bbe762/E_TUR_PUB_2017_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Tourism Statistics|2017}} }}
{{refend}}

==== Academic publications ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Castellucci |first=Ignazio |date=June 2012 |title=Legal Hybridity in Hong Kong and Macau |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=665–720 |doi=10.7202/1013028ar |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chan |first=Ming K. |date=2003 |title=Different Roads to Home: The retrocession of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |volume=12 |issue=36 |pages=493–518 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2cf9/860dfb7365dd9b5349b3e3bcafdb4a50ea75.pdf |doi=10.1080/10670560305473 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite thesis |last=de Sousa |first=Trigo |year=2009 |title=Regional integration and differentiation in a globalizing China: the blending of government and business in post-colonial Macau |chapter=Macau in the Colonial Period (1557-1949) |chapter-url = https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/886038/68067_11.pdf |degree = PhD |institution = [[University of Amsterdam]] |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=du Cros |first=Hilary |year=2009 |title=Emerging Issues for Cultural Tourism in Macau |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=73–99 |doi=10.1177/186810260903800105 |doi-access=free |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Godinho |first=Jorge |date=2 June 2014 |title=Casino Gaming in Macau: Evolution, Regulation and Challenges |journal=UNLV Gaming Law Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |url = https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=glj |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Grydehøj |first=Adam |date=2015 |title=Making Ground, Losing Space: Land Reclamation and Urban Public Space in Island Cities |journal=Urban Island Studies |volume=1 |pages=96–117 |doi=10.20958/uis.2015.6 |doi-access=free |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hook |first1=Brian |last2=Neves |first2=Miguel Santos |date=March 2002 |title=The Role of Hong Kong and Macau in China's Relations with Europe |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=108–135 |doi=10.1017/S0009443902000086 |jstor=4618708 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jinliang |last2=Ho |first2=Manhim |last3=Du |first3=Pengfei |date=2011 |title=Assessment of temporal and spatial variation of coastal water quality and source identification along Macau peninsula |journal=Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=353–361 |doi=10.1007/s00477-010-0373-4 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Krebs |first=Judith R. |date=2000 |title=One Country, Three Systems? Judicial Review in Macau after Ng Ka Ling |journal=Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=111–146 |hdl=1773.1/780 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kwong |first1=Ying-ho |last2=Wong |first2=Matthew Y.H. |date=2017 |title=State size and democratization in hybrid regimes: the Chinese island cities of Macau and Hong Kong |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=113–126 |url=https://islandstudies.ca/sites/default/files/ISJKwongWongDemocratizationMacauHongKong.pdf |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Li |first=Sheng |date=2016 |title=The transformation of island city politics: The case of Macau |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=521–536 |url=https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-11-2-MS362-LiSheng.pdf |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lo |first=Sonny |date=2009 |title=Casino Capitalism and Its Legitimacy Impact on the Politico-administrative State in Macau |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=19–47 |doi=10.1177/186810260903800103 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Luke |first=Frances M. |date=2000 |title=The Imminent Threat to China's Intervention in Macau's Autonomy: Using Hong Kong's Past to Secure Macau's Future |journal=American University International Law Review |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=717–756 |url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=auilr |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mok |first1=K.M. |last2=Hoi |first2=K.I. |date=2005 |title=Effects of Meteorological Conditions on PM10 Concentrations – A Study in Macau |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=102 |pages=201–223 |doi=10.1007/s10661-005-6022-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moody |first=Andrew |date=September 2008 |title=Macau English: status, functions and forms |journal=English Today |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1017/S0266078408000242 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Jonathan |date=1993 |title=The Transformation of Macau |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.2307/2760013 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sheng |first1=Mingjie |last2=Gu |first2=Chaolin |date=2018 |title=Economic growth and development in Macau (1999–2016): The role of the booming gaming industry |journal=Cities |volume=75 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2018.01.003 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sheng |first1=Ni |last2=Tang |first2=U Wa |last3=Grydehøj |first3=Adam |date=2017 |title=Urban morphology and urban fragmentation in Macau, China: island city development in the Pearl River Delta megacity region |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=199–212 |doi=10.24043/isj.25 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sit |first=Victor F.S. |date=1991 |title=Evolution of Macau's Economy and Its Export-Oriented Industries |journal=Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies |volume=6 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.22439/cjas.v6i1.1799 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Kwok-Chun |last2=Bray |first2=Mark |date=2000 |title=Colonial Models and the Evolution of Education Systems: Centralization and Decentralization in Hong Kong and Macau |journal=Journal of Educational Administration |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=468–485 |doi=10.1108/09578230010378368 |hdl=10722/42080 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Teng |first1=Lawrence Iat Loi |last2=Siu |first2=Amy Ian So |last3=Lo |first3=Iris Sheungting |last4=Fong |first4=Lawrence Hoc Nang |date=2017 |title=Does the quality of tourist shuttles influence revisit intention through destination image and satisfaction? The case of Macao |journal=Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management |volume=32 |pages=115–123 |doi=10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.06.002 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Elio Wing-yat |last2=Chin |first2=Natalie Ka-man |date=2012 |title=The Political Opposition and Democracy in Macao: Revolutionaries or Loyalists? |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01356.x |jstor=26350258 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==== Legislation ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{wikicite |reference=[https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/the-basic-law-of-the-macao-macau-special-administrative-region-of-the-prc Basic Law] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=[http://www.asianlii.org/mo/legis/laws/cotproc424/ Constitution of the People's Republic of China] |ref={{sfnref|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} }}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite act |title=Criação do Instituto para os Assuntos Municipais |trans-title=Creation of the Institute for Municipal Affairs |number=9 |year=2018 |language=Portuguese |url=http://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2018/31/lei-9-2018.pdf}} |ref={{sfnref|Law No. 9/2018, Creation of the Institute for Municipal Affairs}} }}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite act |title=Lei sobre Residente Permanente e Direito de Residência na Região Administrativa Especial de Macau |trans-title=Law about Permanent Resident and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region |number=8 |year=1999 |language=Portuguese |url=http://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei-8-1999.pdf}} |ref={{sfnref|Law No. 8/1999, Law about Permanent Resident and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region}} }}
{{refend}}

==== Print ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Garrett |first=Richard J. |date=2010 |title=The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons over 450 years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24Wxr5vL1YcC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8028-49-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hao |first=Zhidong |date=2011 |title=Macau History and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8028-54-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Lucy M. |title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-2730-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Lourido |first=Rui D'Avila |chapter=The impact of the Silk trade: Macau - Manila, from the beginning to 1640 |editor1-last=Elisseeff |editor1-first=Vadime |title=The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce |pages=209–247 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC |isbn=978-1-57181-222-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |author=Macao Yearbook Editorial Team |title=Macao Yearbook |date=2018 |publisher=Government Information Bureau |url=http://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/yearbook_pdf/2018/myb2018e.pdf |isbn=978-999-3756-44-6 |ref={{sfnref|Macao Yearbook 2018}}}}
* {{cite book |last=McManus |first=Chris |date=2004 |title=Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-067-4016-13-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=Bill |last2=Heijmans |first2=Jeroen |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |year=2011 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC |isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Mendes |first=Carmen Amado |date=2013 |title=Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986-1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8139-00-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sit |first1=V.F.S. |last2=Cremer |first2=R. |last3=Wong |first3=S.L. |title=Entrepreneurs and Enterprises in Macau: A Study of Industrial Development |year=1991 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySvxAQAAQBAJ |isbn=962-209-206-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Zhenmin |date=2018 |title=Relationship Between the Chinese Central Authorities and Regional Governments of Hong Kong and Macao: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3dvDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-2320-1 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2322-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Wills |first=John E. |chapter=Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662 |editor1-last=Twitchett |editor1-first=Denis |editor2-last= Mote |editor2-first=Frederick W. |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |volume=2 |pages=333–375 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC |isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Zhiliang |last2=Jin |first2=Guoping |pages=147–168 |editor1-last=Wong |editor1-first=Katrine K. |editor2-last=Wei |editor2-first=C.X. George |chapter=The evolution of spellings of ‘Macau’: An examination of early Portuguese and Western archival materials. |title=Macao – Cultural Interaction and Literary Representations |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SJrAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-62586-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Zhihong |first=Shi |chapter=China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840 |pages=4–23 |editor1-last=Latham |editor1-first=A.J.H. |editor2-last=Kawakatsu |editor2-first=Heita |editor-link=Heita Kawakatsu |title=Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC |isbn=978-0-415-37207-7 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}

==== News articles ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |last=Beitler |first=Daniel |date=4 January 2019 |title=The State of Land Reclamation |url = https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau-the-state-of-land-reclamation.html |work=[[Macau Daily Times]] |accessdate=14 February 2019 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last1=Griffiths |first1=James |last2=Lazarus |first2=Sarah |date=22 October 2018 |title=World's longest sea-crossing bridge opens between Hong Kong and China |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html |accessdate=15 February 2019 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Ho |first=Maggie |date=31 August 2018 |title=Beijing considers letting HK residents join PLA |url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1415522-20180831.htm |publisher=[[RTHK]] |access-date=6 March 2019 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |date=20 December 1999 |title=Portugal Lowers Its Flag, Handing Macao to China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/20/world/portugal-lowers-its-flag-handing-macao-to-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=13 February 2019 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last1=Mok |first1=Danny |last2=Ng |first2=Teddy |date=17 December 2015 |title=Macau to extend land and sea administrative area |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1892248/green-light-given-extend-macau-administrative-area |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |accessdate=14 February 2019 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Yiu |first=Enoch |date=20 September 2010 |title=Macau's buildings safe, but culture collapsing |url = https://www.scmp.com/article/725260/macaus-buildings-safe-culture-collapsing |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |accessdate=25 February 2019 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Macau|voy=Macau|n=Category:Macau}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|mc|Macau}}

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16599919 Macau] from [[BBC News]]

; Government
* [https://www.gov.mo/en/ Gov.MO] Macau SAR Government Portal
* [http://en.macaotourism.gov.mo/index.php Macao Government Tourism Office]

; Trade
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/MAC/Year/2016/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Macao]

; Maps
* {{Wikiatlas|Macau}}
* {{OSM relation|1867188}}

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China–United Kingdom relations

2019-05-30T12:54:06Z

192.121.232.253: /* Between England and the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) */

{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}
{{short description|Interstate relations between China and the United Kingdom}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|China–United Kingdom|China|United Kingdom|mission1=[[Embassy of China, London]]|mission2=[[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of China to the United Kingdom|Ambassador]]|envoy1=[[Liu Xiaoming]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China|Ambassador]]|envoy2=[[Barbara Woodward]]}}

'''Chinese-United Kingdom relations''' ({{zh|t=中英關係|s=中英关系|p=Zhōng-Yīng guānxì}}), more commonly known as '''British–Chinese relations''', '''Anglo-Chinese relations''' and '''Sino-British relations''', refers to the [[international relations|interstate relations]] between China (with its various governments through history) and the [[United Kingdom]]. The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China were on opposing sides of the [[Cold War]]. Both countries are permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]].

==History==

===Chronology===
[[Image:Shen Fo-tsung.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Alphonsius Shen Fu-Tsung|Michael Shen Fu-Tsung]] resided in Britain from 1685 to 1688. "The Chinese Convert" by Sir [[Godfrey Kneller]], 1687.]]
[[File:The Signing of the Treaty of Nanking.jpg|thumb|Signing of the [[Treaty of Nanking]] (1842).]]

====Medieval====
[[Rabban Bar Sauma]] from China visited France and met with King [[Edward I of England]] in [[Gascony]].

[[William of Rubruck]] encountered an English bishop's nephew in the Mongol city of Karakorum.

====Between England and the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)====
{{see also|Levant Company|Kingdom of Tungning|Zheng Jing}}
*English ships sailed to [[Macau]] in the 1620s, which was leased by China to Portugal. The [[Levant Company|Unicorn]], an English merchant ship, sank near Macau and the Portuguese dredged up sakers (cannon) from the ships and sold those to China around 1620, where they were reproduced as [[Hongyipao]].
*27 June 1637: Four heavily armed ships under Captain [[John Wendell (Captain)|John Wendell]], arrived at [[Macao]] in an attempt to open trade between England and China. They were not backed by the [[East India Company]], but rather by a private group led by [[William Courteen|Sir William Courteen]], including [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]'s personal interest of £10,000. They were opposed by the Portuguese authorities in Macao (as their agreements with China required) and quickly infuriated the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] authorities. Later, in the summer, they easily captured one of the [[Bocca Tigris|Bogue]] forts, and spend several weeks engaged in low-level fighting and smuggling. After being forced to seek Portuguese help in the release of three hostages, they left the Pearl River on 27 December. It is unclear whether they returned home.<ref name="mundy">{{cite book | title=Canton and the Bogue: The Narrative of an Eventful Six Months in China| url=https://archive.org/details/cantonboguenarra00mundrich| last=Mundy| first=William Walter | year=1875| pages=51| publisher=Samuel Tinsley| location=London}}. [https://archive.org/stream/cantonboguenarra00mundrich/cantonboguenarra00mundrich_djvu.txt The full text of this book] is available.</ref><ref name="dodge">{{cite book | title=Islands and Empires: Western impact on the Pacific and East Asia (vol.VII)| url=https://books.google.com/?id=RE5vls1XeEgC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=East+India+China+1637| last=Dodge| first=Ernest Stanley| year=1976| pages=261–262| publisher=University of Minnesota Press | isbn=978-0-8166-0788-4}} Dodge says the fleet was dispersed off Sumatra, and Wendell was lost with all hands.</ref><ref name="clapham">{{cite journal | author=J.H.Clapham| title=Review of The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635-1834 by Hosea Ballou Morse| journal=The English Historical Review| year=1927| volume=42| issue=166| pages=289–292| jstor=551695 | publisher=Oxford University Press}} Clapham summarizes Morse as saying that Wendell returned home with a few goods.</ref>

====Between the UK and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)====
{{See also|Canton System|Maritime fur trade|Old China Trade}}
[[Image:LiHungChang.jpg|thumb|Skilled diplomat, [[Li Hongzhang]] acted as a negotiator between the West and the late Qing Dynasty. Queen Victoria made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.]]
*1685 [[Michael Shen Fu-Tsung]] visits Britain and meets [[James II of England|James II]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/chinese_in_britain1.shtml BBC]</ref>
*1793 [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney]] led the [[Macartney Embassy]] to [[Beijing]]
*1816 [[William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]] led the Amherst Embassy to China.
*ca. 1820-1830 - British merchants turn [[Nei Lingding Island|Lintin Island]] in the [[Pearl River Delta|Pearl River estuary]] into a centre of opium trade.<ref>[http://www.howardscott.net/4/Shameen_A_Colonial_Heritage/Files/Journal.html "Shameen: A Colonial Heritage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229013338/http://www.howardscott.net/4/Shameen_A_Colonial_Heritage/Files/Journal.html |date=2008-12-29 }}, By Dr Howard M. Scott</ref><ref>[http://library.ust.hk/info/exhibit/maps-2002/maps-gallery5.html China in Maps - A Library Special Collection] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217071925/http://library.ust.hk/info/exhibit/maps-2002/maps-gallery5.html |date=2008-12-17 }}</ref>
*1839-42 [[First Opium War]]
** 1841 - [[Convention of Chuenpi]], intended to end the war and to cede [[Hong Kong Island]] to the British, signed, but never ratified
** 29 August 1842 - [[Treaty of Nanking]] ends the war. It includes the cession of [[Hong Kong Island]] to the British, and opening of five [[treaty ports]] to international trade
** October 1843 - [[Treaty of the Bogue]] supplements [[Treaty of Nanking]] by granting extraterritoriality to British subjects in China and [[most favored nation]] status to Britain
*1856-60 [[Second Opium War]]
** June 1858 - The [[Treaty of Tientsin]] is signed by [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]]
**October 1860 - the sack and destruction of the [[Old Summer Palace]] by the victorious British and French troops
**October 1860 - [[Convention of Peking]] ends the war. [[Kowloon Peninsula]] is ceded to Britain
*26 March 1861 - In accordance with the treaties, a British [[Legation]] opens in [[Beijing]] (Peking). In the following few years consulates open throughout the Empire, including [[Hankou]] ([[Wuhan]]), [[Former British Consulate at Takao|Takao]] ([[Kaohsiung]]), [[Fort San Domingo|Tamsui]] (near [[Taipei]]), [[Shanghai]] and [[Xiamen]].
*1868 - The [[Yangzhou riot]].
*1875 - The [[Margary Affair]].
*1877 - A Chinese Legation opens in [[London]] under [[Guo Songtao]] (Kuo Sung-t'ao)
*1877-1881 - Britain advises on the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)|Ili Crisis]].
*1886 - After Britain took over Burma, they maintained the sending of tribute to China, putting themselves in a lower status than in their previous relations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKRFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=recent+visit+of+li+hung+chang+to+our+shores&hl=en&ei=yILZTa3gEs_r0QGr0YT9Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=burma%20was%20a%20tributary%20state%20of%20china%20british%20forward%20tribute%20peking&f=false|title=China and her mysteries|author=Alfred Stead|year=1901|publisher=Hood, Douglas, & Howard|edition=|location=LONDON|page=100|isbn=|accessdate=19 February 2011}}(Original from the University of California)</ref> It was agreed in the Burmah convention in 1886, that China would recognise Britain's occupation of Upper Burmah while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Beijing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2NCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=tribute+china&hl=en&ei=YnYLTtCxE4Ls0gGB4q2WAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tribute%20china&f=false|title=China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895|author=William Woodville Rockhill|year=1905|publisher=Luzac & Co.|edition=|location=LONDON|page=5|isbn=|accessdate=19 February 2011}}(Colonial period Korea ; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)</ref>
*1888 - [[Sikkim Expedition|War in Sikkim]] between the British and Tibetans. By the Treaty of Calcutta (1890), China recognises British suzerainty over northern [[Sikkim]].
* 17 March 1890 [[Convention Between Great Britain and China relating to Sikkim & Tibet]], fixes the border between Sikkim and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Convention Between Great Britain and China relating to Sikkim & Tibet |publisher=[[Foreign & Commonwealth Office]], UK Government |accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>
*1896 - [[Sun Yat-sen]] is [[Sun Yat-sen#From exile to Wuchang Uprising|detained in the Chinese Legation in London]]. Under pressure from the British public, the [[Foreign Office]] secures his release.
* 9 June 1898 - [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory]] (Second Convention of Peking): [[New Territories]] are leased to Britain for 99 years, and are incorporated in [[Hong Kong]]
*1898 - The British obtain a lease on [[Weihai]] Harbour, [[Shandong]], to run for as long as the Russians lease [[Lüshunkou|Port Arthur]]. (The reference to the Russians was replaced with one to the Japanese [[Russo-Japanese War|after 1905]]). An incident occurred where Mail-steamers arrived in [[History of Shanghai|Shanghai]] and dropped off "four young English girls" in December 1898.<ref name="Little2010">{{cite book|author=Alicia E. Neva Little|title=Intimate China: The Chinese as I Have Seen Them|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYdfd2jo6HEC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=10 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01427-4|pages=210–}}</ref><ref name="Little1899">{{cite book|author=Mrs. Archibald Little|title=Intimate China: The Chinese as I Have Seen Them|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg8tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1899|publisher=Hutchinson & Company|pages=210–}}</ref><ref>http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Intimate_China_1000044096/225{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://archive.org/stream/intimatechinachi00litt/intimatechinachi00litt_djvu.txt</ref>
*1900-1901 - The [[Boxer Rebellion]]
*1901 - The [[Boxer Protocol]]
*1906 - Anglo-Chinese Treaty on Tibet, which the UK interprets as limiting China to suzerainty over the region
*1909 - The Japanese Government claims foreign consulates in Taiwan; the British consulates at Tamsui and Takoa close the following year.

====Between the UK and the Republic of China (1912–present)====
{{see also|Taiwan–United Kingdom relations}}
[[Image:Sunyatsen1.jpg|thumb|British diplomats rescued [[Sun Yat-sen]] from their Qing counterparts in 1896. Sun later founded the Republic of China.]]
[[File:INF3-331 Unity of Strength Chiang-Kai-Shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack.jpg|thumb|250px|Chiang-Kai-Shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack.]]
*1916 - The [[Chinese Labour Corps]] recruits Chinese labourers to aid the British during World War I.
*14 August 1917 - China joins the United Kingdom as part of the [[Allies of World War I]].
*4 May 1919 - The anti-imperialist [[May Fourth Movement]] begins in response to the [[Beiyang government]]'s failure to secure a share of the victory spoils from the leading [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], after Britain sides with its [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance|treaty ally]] Japan on the [[Shandong Problem]]. From this point the ROC leadership moves away from Western models and towards the Soviet Union.
*30 May 1925 - [[Shanghai Municipal Police]] officers under British leadership kill nine people while trying to defend a police station from Chinese protesters, provoking the anti-British campaign known as the [[May 30 Movement]].
*19 February 1927 - Following riots on the streets of Hankow (Wuhan) the Chen-O'Malley Agreement is entered into providing for the hand over of the British Concession area to the Chinese authorities.
*1930 - [[Weihai]] Harbour returned to China.
*17 May 1935 - Following decades of Chinese complaints about the low rank of Western diplomats, the British Legation in Beijing is upgraded to an Embassy.<ref name="times">{{cite news | title = Britain Recognizes Chinese Communists: Note delivered in Peking | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 6 | date = 7 January 1950 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*1936-37 - British Embassy moves to [[Nanjing]] (Nanking), following the earlier transfer there of the Chinese capital.
[[File:Oppose the British sign - Beijing (May 1940).jpg|thumb|A sign displayed in [[Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China|Japanese-occupied]] Beijing in May 1940]]
*1937-41 - British public and official opinion favours China in [[Second Sino-Japanese War|its war against Japan]], but Britain focuses on defending Singapore and the Empire and can give little help. It does provide training in India for Chinese infantry divisions, and air bases in India used by the Americans to fly supplies and warplanes to China.<ref>J. K. Perry, "Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939," ''Diplomacy and Statecraft,'' (Sept 2011) 22#3 pp 408-430,</ref>
*1941-45 - Chinese and British fight side by side against Japan in [[World War II]]. The British train Chinese troops in India and use them in the Burma campaign.
*6 January 1950 - [[His Majesty's Government]] (HMG) removes recognition from the Republic of China. The Nanjing Embassy is then wound down. The Tamsui Consulate is kept open under the guise of liaison with the [[Taiwan Provincial Government]].
*13 March 1972 - The Tamsui Consulate is closed.<ref name="FSD">File documents from the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], ''passim.'' [http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/1340/response/7055/attach/2/sandomingo.pdf], released in response to a [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information Act]] request at [[Whatdotheyknow.com]]</ref>
*February 1976 - The [[British Office Taipei|Anglo Taiwan Trade Committee]] is formed to promote trade between Britain and Taiwan.<ref>http://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk/np.asp?ctNode=929&mp=132&xp1=132{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*30 June 1980 - [[Fort San Domingo]] is seized by the Republic of China authorities in lieu of unpaid rent.<ref name=FSD/>
*1989 - The Anglo Taiwan Trade Committee begins issuing British visas in Taipei.
*1993 - [[British Trade and Cultural Office]] opened in Taipei.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/574/0102507.htm Minutes of Evidence from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to the House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs]</ref>

====Between the UK and the People's Republic of China (1949–present)====
[[Image:British Embassy Beijing 9063.JPG|thumb|The [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing|British Embassy in Beijing]]]]
[[File:Building of Chinese Embassy in the Portland Place in London, June 2013 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Embassy of China, London|Chinese Embassy in London]]]]
[[File:Image shows the Union and Chinese Flags together. MOD 45157410.jpg|thumb|right|British and Chinese Flags together.]]
[[File:Chinese Warships Visit Portsmouth MOD 45158368.jpg|thumb|Union Flag flies from the PLAN ship [[Type 071 amphibious transport dock|''Changbai Shan'']] during a visit to [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth]] in 2015]]
The United Kingdom and the anti-Communist [[Nationalist Government|Nationalist Chinese]] government were allies during World War II. Britain sought stability in China after the war to protect its more than £300 million in investments, much more than from the United States. It agreed in the [[Moscow Agreement]] of 1945 to not interfere in Chinese affairs but sympathised with the Nationalists, who until 1947 were winning the [[Chinese Civil War]] against the [[Communist Party of China]].{{r|jstor260389}}

By August 1948, however, the Communists' victories caused the British government to begin preparing for a Communist takeover of the country. It kept open consulates in Communist-controlled areas and rejected the Nationalists' requests that British citizens assist in the defence of Shanghai. By December, the government concluded that although British property in China would likely be nationalised, British traders would benefit in the long run from a stable, industrialising Communist China. Retaining Hong Kong was especially important; although the Communists promised to not interfere with its rule, Britain reinforced the [[Hong Kong Garrison]] during 1949. When the victorious Communist government declared on 1 October 1949 that it would exchange diplomats with any country that ended relations with the Nationalists, Britain—after discussions with other Commonwealth members and European countries—formally recognised the People's Republic of China in January 1950.<ref name="jstor260389">{{cite journal | last1 = Wolf | first1 = David C. | last2 = | first2 = | year = 1983 | title = 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China - 1950 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 299–326 | publisher = | jstor = 260389
| format = | doi=10.1177/002200948301800207}}</ref>

*20 April 1949 - The [[People's Liberation Army]] attacks {{HMS|Amethyst|F116}} travelling to the British Embassy in Nanjing in the [[Amethyst incident]]. The Chinese Communists do not recognise the [[Unequal treaties]] and protest the ship's right to sail on the [[Yangtze]].<ref>Malcolm Murfett, ''Hostage on the Yangtze: Britain, China, and the Amethyst crisis of 1949'' (Naval Institute Press, 2014)</ref>
*6 January 1950 - The United Kingdom recognises the PRC as the government of China and posts a [[chargé d'affaires]] ''ad interim'' in [[Beijing]] (Peking). The British expect a rapid exchange of Ambassadors. However, the PRC demands concessions on the [[China and the United Nations|Chinese seat at the UN]] and the foreign assets of the Republic of China.
*c.1950 - British companies seeking trade with the PRC form the Group of 48 (now [[China-Britain Business Council]]).<ref name="times"/><ref>{{cite news | title = British Envoy for Peking | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 4 | date = 2 February 1950 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*1950 - British Commonwealth Forces in Korea successfully defend Hill 282 against Chinese and North Korean forces in the [[Battle of Pakchon]], part of the [[Korean War]].
*1950 - The Chinese [[People's Volunteer Army]] defeat U.N forces, including the British at the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir]], part of the [[Korean War]]
*1951 - Chinese forces [[Battle of the Imjin River|clash]] with U.N forces including the British at the [[Imjin River]].
*1951 - Chinese forces attacking outnumbered British Commonwealth forces are held back in the [[Battle of Kapyong]].
*1951 - British Commonwealth forces successfully capture Hill 317 from Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Maryang San]].
*1953 - Outnumbered British forces successfully defend Yong Dong against Chinese forces in the [[Battle of the Hook]].
*1954 - The Sino-British Trade Committee formed as semi-official trade body (later merged with the Group of 48).
*1954 - A British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] delegation including [[Clement Attlee]] visits China at the invitation of then Foreign Minister [[Zhou Enlai]].<ref name="Mishra">{{cite web | url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/12/20/101220crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=all | title=Staying Power: Mao and the Maoists | publisher=The New Yorker | date=December 20, 2010 | accessdate=September 21, 2011 | author=Mishra, Pankaj}}</ref>
*17 June 1954 - Following talks at the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]], the PRC agrees to station a chargé d'affaires in London. The same talks resulted in an agreement to re-open a British office in Shanghai, and the grant of exit visas to several British businessmen confined to [[mainland China|the mainland]] since 1951.<ref name="charges">{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-07/16/content_977034.htm|title=Backgrounder: China and the United Kingdom|accessdate=2008-12-10|publisher=Xinhua|year=2003|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080951/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-07/16/content_977034.htm|archivedate=2012-10-23|df=}}
{{cite news | title = Chinese Envoy for London: A chargé d'affaires | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 6 | date = 18 June 1955 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*1961 - The UK begins to vote in the General Assembly for [[China and the United Nations|PRC membership of the United Nations]]. It has abstained on votes since 1950.<ref>David C. Wolf, "'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China-1950." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1983): 299-326.</ref>
*June 1967 - [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]]s break into the British [[Legation]] in Beijing and assault three diplomats and a secretary. The PRC authorities refuse to condemn the action. British officials in Shanghai were attacked in a separate incident, as the PRC authorities attempted to close the office there.<ref>{{cite news | author = Harold Munthe-Kaas |author2=Pat Healy | title = Britain's Tough Diplomatist in Peking | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 6 | date = 23 August 1967 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*June–August 1967 - [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]]. The commander of the [[Guangzhou Military Region]], [[Huang Yongsheng]], secretly suggests invading [[Hong Kong]], but his plan is vetoed by [[Zhou Enlai]].<ref name=times2007>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090515142530/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1977594.ece "Revealed: the Hong Kong invasion plan"], Michael Sheridan, ''[[Sunday Times]]'', June 24, 2007</ref>
*July 1967 - [[Hong Kong 1967 riots]] - Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] troops fire on British Hong Kong Police, killing 5 of them.
*23 August 1967 - A [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] mob sacks the British Legation in Beijing, slightly injuring the chargé d'affaires and other staff, in response to British arrests of Communist agents in Hong Kong. A [[Reuters]] correspondent, [[Anthony Grey]], was also imprisoned by the PRC authorities.<ref>{{cite news | title = Red Guard Attack as Ultimatum Expires | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 1 | date = 23 August 1967 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*29 August 1967 - Armed Chinese diplomats attack British police guarding the Chinese Legation in London.<ref>{{cite news | author = Peter Hopkirk | title = Dustbin Lids Used as Shields | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 1 | date = 30 August 1967 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*13 March 1972 - PRC accords full recognition to the UK government, permitting the exchange of ambassadors. The UK acknowledges the PRC's position on Taiwan without accepting it.<ref name="amb">{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-07/16/content_977034.htm|title=Backgrounder: China and the United Kingdom|accessdate=2008-12-10|publisher=Xinhua|year=2003|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080951/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-07/16/content_977034.htm|archivedate=2012-10-23|df=}}
{{cite news | title = Ambassador to China after 22-year interval | work = [[The Times]] | location = London | page = 1 | date = 14 March 1972 | ISSN = 0140-0460}}</ref>
*1982 - During negotiations with [[Margaret Thatcher]] about the return of [[Hong Kong]], [[Deng Xiaoping]] tells her that China can simply [[invade]] [[Hong Kong]]. It is revealed later (2007) that such plans indeed existed.<ref name=times2007/>
*1984 - [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]].
*12–18 October 1986 - Queen [[Elizabeth II]] makes a state visit to the PRC, becoming the first British monarch to visit China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/11/world/queen-to-visit-china.html|title=Queen to Visit China|date=11 September 1986|website=New York Times|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>
*30 June-1 July 1997 - [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from United Kingdom to China]].
*1997 - China and Britain forge a strategic partnership.<ref name="english.peopledaily.com.cn">http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91342/6341963.html</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2015}}<ref name="Shaun Breslin 1997">Shaun Breslin, "Beyond diplomacy? UK relations with China since 1997." ''British Journal of Politics & International Relations'' 6#3 (2004): 409-425.</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2015}}
*24 August 2008 - Olympic flag is handed over from the Beijing mayor [[Guo Jinlong]] to London mayor [[Boris Johnson]], for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London.
*29 October 2008 - The UK recognises [[Tibet]] as an integral part of the PRC. It had previously only recognised Chinese [[suzerainty]] over the region.<ref>Foreign and Commonwealth Office [http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021442/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 |date=December 2, 2008 }} 29 October 2008. Retrieved on 10 December 2008.</ref>
*26 June 2010 - Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] invites British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] for talks in Beijing.<ref>Kerry Brown, ''What's Wrong With Diplomacy?: The Future of Diplomacy and the Case of China and the UK'' (Penguin, 2015) ch 1.</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2015}}{{original research inline|date=October 2015}}
*5 July 2010 - Both countries pledge closer military cooperation.<ref name="Shaun Breslin 1997"/><ref>http://www.china.org.cn/world/2010-07/05/content_20426640.htm</ref>
*25 November 2010 - senior military officials meet in Beijing to discuss military cooperation.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
*26 June 2011 - Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] visits London in order to plan out trade between the two countries which is worth billions of pounds.<ref>Zheng, Yongnian et al , "China's Foreign Policy: Coping with Shifting Geopolitics and Maintaining Stable External Relations." ''East Asian Policy'' 4#1 (2012) pp: 29-42.</ref>
* October 2013 - Britain's chancellor [[George Osborne]] visits China to look at making new trade links. He says that the UK and China have "much in common" in a speech during his visit.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ross | first1 = John | year = 2013 | title = The New Realities of China-UK Relations | url = | journal = China Today | volume = 12 | issue = | page = 15 }}</ref>
* June 2014 - Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]] and his wife [[Cheng Hong]] visit UK and meet with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-27891623|title=Cameron hails China links at talks with Li Keqiang|date=17 June 2014|website=BBC News|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-27879021|title=Chinese Premier Li Keqiang meets the Queen on UK visit|date=17 June 2014|website=BBC News|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2015 - UK becomes one of the founder members of the Chinese-led [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] (AIIB) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-33307314|title=China-led AIIB development bank holds signing ceremony|last=|first=|date=2015-06-29|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-01-02|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*20–23 October 2015 - Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] and First Lady [[Peng Liyuan]] undertake a [[state visit]] to the United Kingdom, visiting [[London]] and [[Manchester]], and meeting with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and David Cameron. More than £30 billion worth of trade deals are also signed on this state visit.<ref>http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c8da89c2-788d-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz3pKPPWPGl</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elgot|first1=Jessica|title=Xi Jinping visit: Queen and Chinese president head to Buckingham Palace - live|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/oct/20/xi-jinping-visit-uk-royal-banquet-prepared-as-mps-set-to-greet-chinese-president-live#block-5625e980e4b0c066531ace88|accessdate=20 October 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Todd|title=Five places that Chinese President Xi Jinping should visit during his trip to Manchester with David Cameron|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/five-places-chinese-president-xi-10284435|accessdate=20 October 2015|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|date=20 October 2015}}</ref>
*July 2016 - China and the UK start a £1.3 million collaboration project on sustainable agricultural technology research, marking the latest addition to farming cooperation between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/cn_eu/|title=China-Europe Relations - Headlines, Politics, Business, Culture - China Daily - World - Chinadaily.com.cn|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>
*March 2017 - To mark the occasion of the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations, China Plus, together with Renmin University, invites experts and researchers from China and the UK to discuss the future of bilateral relations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rdcy-sf.ruc.edu.cn/displaynews.php?id=30955|title=China-UK Relations: Forty-Five Years on & the Golden Era_人大重阳网{{!}}中国人民大学重阳金融研究院|website=rdcy-sf.ruc.edu.cn|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>
*February 2018 - British Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] visits China on a three-day trade mission and meets with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], continuing the so-called "Golden Era" of Sino-British relations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/29/uk-china-golden-era-can-bear-new-fruit/|title=The UK-China ‘Golden Era’ can bear new fruit|last=Xiaoming|first=Liu|date=2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== Diplomacy ==
{{See also|Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom|List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China}}{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Of United Kingdom
* [[Beijing]] ([[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing|Embassy]])
* [[Chongqing]] (Consulate General)
* [[Guangzhou]] (Consulate General)
* [[Hong Kong]] ([[British Consulate-General, Hong Kong|Consulate General]])
* [[Shanghai]] (Consulate General)
* [[Wuhan]] (Consulate General)
{{col-2}}
;Of China
* [[London]] ([[Embassy of China, London|Embassy]])
* [[Manchester]] (Consulate General)
* [[Edinburgh]] (Consulate General)
* [[Belfast]] (Consulate General)
{{col-end}}

== Common memberships ==
{|
|
* [[Asian Development Bank]]
* [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]
* [[Bank for International Settlements]] <ref name="membership1">The [[special administrative region]]s of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] have membership of this organisation in their own right, as well as mainland People's Republic of China.</ref>
* [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]] <ref name="membership2">The [[special administrative region]] of [[Hong Kong]] have membership of this organisation in its own right, as well as mainland People's Republic of China.</ref>
* [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
* [[G-20 major economies|Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors]] ''(G20)''
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [[International Chamber of Commerce]]
* [[International Court of Justice]]
* [[International Electrotechnical Commission]]
* [[International Energy Agency]]
* [[International Hydrographic Organization]] <ref name="membership1" />
* [[International Maritime Organization]]<ref name="membership3"/>
* [[International Monetary Fund]] <ref name="membership1" />
* [[International Olympic Committee]] <ref name="membership1" />
* [[International Renewable Energy Agency]]
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[International Telecommunication Union]]<ref name="membership1" />
* [[Interpol]]<ref name="membership3"/>
* [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]
* [[Rim of the Pacific Exercise]]
* [[United Nations]]
* [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] ''(UNESCO)''<ref name="membership3"/>
* [[United Nations Security Council]]
* [[Universal Postal Union]] <ref name="membership1"/>
* [[World Bank]]
* [[World Customs Organization]]<ref name="membership1" />
* [[World Health Organization]] <ref name="membership2"/>
* [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name="membership1" />
* [[World Trade Organization]] <ref name="membership1" />
* [[World Tourism Organization]] <ref name="membership3">The [[special administrative region]]s of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] have associated or sub-bureau membership of this organisation in their own right, as well as mainland People's Republic of China.</ref>
|
|}

== Transport ==

=== Air Transport ===
All three major Chinese airlines, [[Air China]], [[China Eastern Airlines|China Eastern]] & [[China Southern Airlines|China Southern]] fly between the UK and China, principally between [[Heathrow Airport|London-Heathrow]] and the three major air hubs of [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai]] and [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]]. China Southern also flies between Heathrow and [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]]. Among China's other airlines; [[Hainan Airlines]] flies between [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] and Beijing, [[Beijing Capital Airlines]] offers Heathrow to [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao]], while [[Tianjin Airlines]] offers flights between [[Tianjin Binhai International Airport|Tianjin]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]] and [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]] to [[Gatwick Airport|London-Gatwick]]. [[Hong Kong]]'s flag carrier [[Cathay Pacific]] also flies between [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]] to Heathrow, Gatwick and Manchester. The British flag carrier [[British Airways]] flies to just three destinations in China; Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, and in the past [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]]. Rival [[Virgin Atlantic]] flies between Heathrow to Shanghai and Hong Kong. British Airways has mentioned that it is interested in leasing China's new [[Comac C919]] in its pool of aircraft of Boeing and Airbus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2017/5/27/art_925_833626.html|title=Air Asia, British Airways considering C919|last=大汉网络|website=english.ningbo.gov.cn|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>

=== Rail Transport ===
In January 2017, [[China Railway]]s and [[DB Cargo UK|DB Cargo]] launched the [[Yiwu-London railway line|Yiwu-London Railway Line]] connecting the city of [[Yiwu]] and the London borough of [[Barking, London|Barking]], and creating the longest railway freight line in the world. Hong Kong's [[MTR Corporation|MTR]] runs the London's [[TfL Rail]] service and has a 30% stake in [[South Western Railway (train operating company)|South Western Railway]]. In 2017, train manufacturer [[CRRC]] won a contract to build 71 engineering wagons for [[London Underground]]. This is the first time a Chinese manufacturer has won a railway contract.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/crrc-wins-first-british-contract.html|title=CRRC wins first British contract|last=Templeton|first=Dan|date=|work=International Rail Journal|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Culture & Media ==
Both countries are major cultural powerhouses.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Although the UK is more established in this regard than China, the latter is an emerging cultural superpower.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Much of the lack of cultural links between the two nations is due to differences in language and local restrictions.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} A strong exception exists for Hong Kong due to the region's former links with the UK as a [[British Hong Kong|crown colony]].

=== Press ===
The weekly-published Europe edition of ''[[China Daily]]'' is available in a few newsagents in the UK, and on occasions a condensed version called ''China Watch'' is published in the [[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world/china-watch/|title=China Watch|last=|first=|date=2016-08-17|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The monthly ''NewsChina'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newschinamag.com/|title=NewsChina Magazine|website=www.newschinamag.com|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref> the North American English-language edition of ''China Newsweek (中国新闻周刊)'' is available in a few branches of [[WHSmith]]. Due to local censorship, British newspapers and magazines are not widely available in Mainland China, however the ''[[Economist]]'' and ''[[Financial Times]]'' are available in Hong Kong.

British "[[China Hands]]" like [[Carrie Gracie]], [[Isabel Hilton]] and [[Martin Jacques]] occasionally write opinion pieces in many British newspapers and political magazines about China, often to try and explain about Middle Kingdom.

=== Radio and Television ===
Like the press, China has a limited scope in the broadcasting arena. In radio, the international broadcaster [[China Radio International]] broadcasts in English over [[Shortwave radio|shortwave]] which isn't widely taken up and also on the internet. The [[BBC World Service]] is available in China by shortwave as well, although it is often [[Radio jamming|jammed]] ''(See [[Radio jamming in China]])''. In Hong Kong, the BBC World Service is relayed for eight hours overnight on [[RTHK|RTHK Radio 4]] which on a domestic FM broadcast.

On television, China broadcasts both its two main English-language news channels [[CGTN (TV channel)|CGTN]] and [[CNC World]]. CGTN is available as a streaming channel on [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview,]] while both are available on [[Sky UK|Sky]] satellite TV and IPTV channels. Mandarin-speaking [[Phoenix Chinese News and Entertainment Channel|Phoenix CNE TV]] is also available of Sky satellite TV. Other TV channels including [[CCTV-4]], [[CCTV-13]], [[CGTN Documentary]],& [[TVB-Europe (broadcaster)|TVB Europe]] are available as IPTV channels using [[set-top box]]es.

British television isn't available in China at all, as foreign televisions channels and networks are not allowed to be broadcast in China. On the other hand, there is an interest in British television shows such as [[Sherlock (TV series)|Sherlock]] and British television formats like [[Britain's Got Talent]] ''([[China's Got Talent|China's Got Talent, 中国达人秀]])'' & [[Idols (TV series)|Pop Idol]] (''[[Super Girl (TV series)|Super Girl, 超级女声]])''.

==British in China==

===Statesmen===
* [[Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet|Sir Robert Hart]] was an Scots-Irish statesman who served the Chinese Imperial Government as Inspector General of Maritime Customs from 1863 to 1907.
* [[George Ernest Morrison]] resident correspondent of ''The Times'', London, at Peking in 1897, and political adviser to the President of China from 1912 to 1920.

===Diplomats===
{{see also|List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to China}}
* [[Sir Thomas Wade]] - first professor of Chinese at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]
* [[Herbert Giles]] - second professor of Chinese at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]
* [[Harry Smith Parkes|Harry Parkes]]
* Sir [[Claude MacDonald]]
* [[Sir Ernest Satow]] served as Minister in China, 1900-06.
* [[John Newell Jordan]]<ref name="Lau1978">{{cite book|author=Kit-ching Chan Lau|title=Anglo-Chinese Diplomacy 1906-1920: In the Careers of Sir John Jordan and Yuan Shih-kai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpBlT5nnKecC&pg=PA168&dq=admiral+pei+pei+hsien&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx6oCkgtXMAhVD8x4KHUO3DWwQ6AEIMjAE|date=1 December 1978|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-010-1|pages=168–}}</ref> followed Satow
* Sir [[Christopher Hum]]
* [[Augustus Raymond Margary]]

===Merchants===
* [[Lancelot Dent]]
* [[Keswick family]]
* [[William Jardine (surgeon)|William Jardine]]

===Military===
*[[Charles George Gordon]]

===Missionaries===
*[[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]]
*[[Hudson Taylor]]
*[[Griffith John]]
*[[Cambridge Seven]]
*[[Eric Liddell]]
*[[Gladys Aylward]]

===Academics===
*[[Frederick W. Baller]]
*[[James Legge]] (first professor of Chinese at the [[University of Oxford]])
*[[Joseph Needham]]
*[[Jonathan Spence]]

==Chinese statesmen==
*[[Li Hongzhang]]
*[[Zhang Zhidong]]

==See also==
{{Portal|China|United Kingdom|International relations}}
*[[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Foreign relations of Imperial China]]
*[[China Policy Institute]]
**[[University of Nottingham Ningbo, China]]
*[[Foreign relations of the Republic of China]] (from 1911 ... )
** [[Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]] (after 1949)
** [[Foreign relations of the Republic of China]] ( ... to today)
*[[British Chinese]] (Chinese people in the UK)
*[[Sustainable Agriculture Innovation Network]] (between the UK and China)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography==
* Akagi, Roy Hidemichi. ''Japan's Foreign Relations 1542-1936: A Short History'' (1979) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226231 online] 560pp
* Brunero, Donna. ''Britain's Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854-1949'' (Routledge, 2006).
* Carroll, John M., and John M. Carroll. ''Edge of empires: Chinese elites and British colonials in Hong Kong'' (Harvard UP, 2009.)
* Cox, Howard, and Kai Yiu Chan. "The changing nature of Sino-foreign business relationships, 1842-1941." ''Asia Pacific Business Review'' (2000) 7#2 pp: 93-110. [http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/231/1/Postprint.pdf?origin=publication_detail online]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dean | first1 = Britten | year = 1976 | title = British informal empire: The case of China 1 | url = | journal = Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 64–81 | doi=10.1080/14662047608447250}}
* Fairbank, John King. ''Trade and diplomacy on the China coast: The opening of the treaty ports, 1842-1854'' (Harvard UP, 1953)
* Gerson, J.J. ''Horatio Nelson Lay and Sino-British relations''. (Harvard University Press, 1972)
* Gregory, Jack S. ''Great Britain and the Taipings'' (1969)
* Gungwu, Wang. ''Anglo-Chinese Encounters since 1800: War, Trade, Science, and Governance'' (Cambridge University Press, 2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/120161227/anglo-chinese-encounters-since-1800-war-trade-science online]
* Hanes, William Travis, and Frank Sanello. ''The opium wars: the addiction of one empire and the corruption of another'' (2002)
* Horesh, Niv. ''Shanghai's bund and beyond: British banks, banknote issuance, and monetary policy in China, 1842-1937'' (Yale UP, 2009)
* Keay, John. ''The Honourable Company: a history of the English East India Company'' (1993)
* Kirby, William C. "The Internationalization of China: Foreign Relations at home and abroad in the Republican Era." ''The China Quarterly'' 150 (1997): 433-458. [http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~lorenzo/Kirby%20Internationalization%20of%20China.pdf online]
* Le Fevour, Edward. ''Western enterprise in late Ch'ing China: A selective survey of Jardine, Matheson and Company's operations, 1842-1895'' (East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1968)
* Lodwick, Kathleen L. ''Crusaders against opium: Protestant missionaries in China, 1874-1917'' (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)
* Melancon, Glenn. ''Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833-1840'' (2003) [https://www.amazon.com/Britains-China-Policy-Opium-Crisis/dp/0754607046/ excerpt and text search]
* Swan, David M. "British Cotton Mills in Pre-Second World War China." ''Textile History'' (2001) 32#2 pp: 175-216.
*[[Simon Winchester|Winchester, Simon]]. ''The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom''. (2008). {{ISBN|978-0-06-088459-8}}
* Woodcock, George. ''The British in the Far East'' (1969)
* Yen-p’ing, Hao. '' The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth- Century China: the rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism'' (1986)

=== Since 1931===
* Barnouin, Barbara, and Yu Changgen. ''Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution'' (1998).
* Bickers, Robert. ''Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900-49'' (1999)
* Boardman, Robert. ''Britain and the People's Republic of China, 1949-1974'' (1976)
* Breslin, Shaun. "Beyond diplomacy? UK relations with China since 1997." ''British Journal of Politics & International Relations'' 6#3 (2004): 409-425.0
* Brown, Kerry. ''What's Wrong With Diplomacy?: The Future of Diplomacy and the Case of China and the UK'' (Penguin, 2015)
* Buchanan, Tom. ''East Wind: China and the British Left, 1925-1976'' (Oxford UP, 2012).
* Feis, Herbert. ''The China Tangle'' (1967), diplomacy during World War II
* Friedman, I.S. ''British Relations with China: 1931-1939'' (1940) [https://www.questia.com/read/8605090/british-relations-with-china-1931-1939 online]
* Kaufman, Victor S. "Confronting Communism: U.S. and British Policies toward China'' (2001) [https://www.questia.com/read/109323853/confronting-communism-u-s-and-british-policies-toward online edition]
* Keith, Ronald C. ''The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai'' (1989)
* Luard, Evan. ''Britain and China'' (1962) [https://www.questia.com/read/98565271/britain-and-china online edition]
* MacDonald, Callum. ''Britain and the Korean War'' (1990)
* Martin, Edwin W. ''Divided Counsel: The Anglo-American Response to Communist Victory in China'' (1986)
* Ovendale, Ritchie."Britain, the United States, and the Recognition of Communist China." ''Historical Journal'' (1983) 26#1 pp 139–58.
* Porter, Brian Ernest. ''Britain and the rise of communist China: a study of British attitudes, 1945-1954'' (Oxford UP, 1967).
* Rath, Kayte. "The Challenge of China: Testing Times for New Labour’s ‘Ethical Dimension." ''International Public Policy Review'' 2#1 (2006): 26-63.
* Shai, Aron. ''Britain and China, 1941-47'' (1999).
* Tang, James Tuck-Hong. ''Britain's Encounter with Revolutionary China, 1949—54'' (1992)
* Trotter, Ann. ''Britain and East Asia 1933-1937'' (1975).
* Wolf, David C. "`To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China— 1950." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 18 (April 1983): 299—326.

===Primary sources===
* Ruxton, Ian (ed.), ''The Diaries of Sir Ernest Satow, British Envoy in Peking (1900-06)'' in two volumes, Lulu Press Inc., April 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-4116-8804-9}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070702151822/http://www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/Satow_Peking_Diary_Volume_One_PREVIEW.pdf Volume One]); {{ISBN|978-1-4116-8805-6}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094148/http://www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/Satow_Peking_Diary_Volume_Two_PREVIEW.pdf Volume Two])fu

==External links==
* {{cite book| last =Ringmar| first =Erik| authorlink =| editor =| title =Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China| origyear =| url =https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/5277315/my%20writings/liberal%20barbarism/Erik%20Ringmar%2C%20Liberal%20Barbarism%2C%20published%20pdf.pdf| format =| accessdate =| edition =| date =| year =2013| publisher =Palgrave Macmillan| location =New York| language =| id =| doi =| chapter =| chapterurl =| quote =| page =}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/wjzc/zygx/t27071.htm Backgrounder: Sino-British Relations]
* [http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/ Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]
* [http://ukinchina.fco.gov.uk/zh/ Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the People's Republic of China]

{{Foreign relations of China}}
{{UK bilateral relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:China-United Kingdom relations}}
[[Category:China–United Kingdom relations| ]]
[[Category:British expatriates in China| ]]
[[Category:Chinese community in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of China|United Kingdom]]

Capo dei capi

2019-05-29T09:03:19Z

192.121.232.253: /* Sicilian Mafia */

{{About|the organized crime position|the 2007 Italian TV series and the 2001 American TV movie, respectively|Il Capo dei Capi|and|Boss of Bosses}}
{{distinguish|el Capo de Capos|capo (disambiguation){{!}}capo}}

'''''Capo dei capi''''' ({{IPA-it|ˈkaːpo dei ˈkaːpi|lang}}; "boss of [the] bosses") or '''''capo di tutti i capi''''' ({{IPA-it|ˈkaːpo di ˈtutti i ˈkaːpi|lang}}; "boss of all [the] bosses") is a phrase used mainly by the media, public and the law enforcement community to indicate a supremely powerful [[crime boss]] in the [[Sicilian Mafia|Sicilian]] or [[American Mafia]] who holds great influence over the whole organization. The term was introduced to the U.S. public by the [[Kefauver Commission]] in 1950.<ref name="Stefano118">De Stefano, ''An Offer We Can't Refuse'', p. 41</ref>

== American Mafia ==
[[File:Frank Costello - Kefauver Committee.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Frank Costello]] testifying before the [[Kefauver Commission|Kefauver Committee]].]]

The word was applied by mobsters to [[Giuseppe Morello]] around 1900, according to [[Nick Gentile]].<ref name=critchley46>Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p.46</ref> Bosses [[Joe Masseria]] (1928–1931) and [[Salvatore Maranzano]] (1931) used the title as part of their efforts to centralize control of the Mafia under themselves. When Maranzano won the [[Castellammarese War]], he set himself up as boss of all bosses and ordered every Mafia family to pay him tribute. This provoked a rebellious reaction which led to him being murdered. [[Lucky Luciano]] then created [[The Commission (mafia)|The Commission]] in 1931 as an alternative.<ref name=critchley196>Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p. 196</ref>

The Commission consisted of the bosses of the [[Five Families]] in New York and some non New York families.<ref name=critchley232>Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p. 232</ref> These men had equal say in Mafia matters. Since then, the title of boss of all bosses has been given by the media to the most powerful boss, although the Mafia never recognized the position itself. [[Genovese crime family]] bosses Lucky Luciano (1931–1946), [[Frank Costello]] (1946–1957) and [[Vito Genovese]] (1957–1959) were given the title. Following Genovese, [[Joseph Bonanno]], boss of the [[Bonanno crime family]], chaired the commission in 1959–1962.

With the rise of [[Carlo Gambino]], the [[Gambino crime family]] became the most powerful crime family and he was given the title from 1962–1976, as were his successors [[Paul Castellano]] (1976–1985), and [[John Gotti]] (1985–1992).<ref name=raab201>[[Selwyn Raab|Raab]], ''Five Families'', p. 201.</ref> With the fall of Gotti, Genovese Boss [[Vincent Gigante]] held the title from 1992–1997. The term has since fallen out of use. Bonanno family boss [[Joseph Massino]] was recognized by four of the five families as chairman of the Commission from 2000 to 2004;<ref name="time magazine">Corliss, Richard. Crittle, Simon. "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993685,00.html "The Last Don]", ''[[Time Magazine]]'', March 29, 2004. Accessed June 21, 2008.</ref> during this time he was the only full-fledged boss in New York not in prison.

==Sicilian Mafia==

In the [[Sicilian Mafia]] the position does not exist. For instance, the old-style Mafia boss [[Calogero Vizzini]] was often portrayed in the media as the "boss of bosses" – although such a position does not exist according to later Mafia ''[[Pentito|pentiti]]'', such as [[Tommaso Buscetta]].<ref>Arlacchi, ''Addio Cosa nostra'', p. 106</ref> They also denied Vizzini ever was the ruling boss of the Mafia in Sicily. According to Mafia historian [[Salvatore Lupo]] "the emphasis of the media on the definition of 'capo dei capi' is without any foundation".<ref>{{it icon}} [http://www.narcomafie.it/2006/04/10/larresto-di-bernardo-provenzano/ Zu Binnu? Non è il superboss] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120905213413/http://www.narcomafie.it/2006/04/10/larresto-di-bernardo-provenzano/ |date=2012-09-05 }}, Intervista a Salvatore Lupo di Marco Nebiolo, Narcomafie, April 2006</ref>

Nevertheless, the title has frequently been given to powerful Mafia bosses to this day. During the 1980s and 1990s the bosses of the [[Corleonesi]] clan [[Salvatore Riina]] and [[Bernardo Provenzano]] were bestowed with the title by the media.

In April 2006, the Italian government arrested Bernardo Provenzano in a small farmhouse near the town of [[Corleone]]. His successor is reported to be either [[Matteo Messina Denaro]] or [[Salvatore Lo Piccolo]]. This presupposes that Provenzano has the power to nominate a successor, which is not unanimously accepted among Mafia observers. "The Mafia today is more of a federation and less of an authoritarian state", according to anti-Mafia prosecutor Antonio Ingroia of the [[Direzione distrettuale antimafia]] (DDA) of Palermo, referring to the previous period of authoritarian rule under [[Salvatore Riina]].<ref name="Ingroia">[http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/467681/the_mafia_after_provenzanopeace_or_allout_war/index.html The Mafia after Provenzano - peace or all-out war?], Reuters, April 12, 2006.</ref>

Provenzano "established a kind of directorate of about four to seven people who met very infrequently, only when necessary, when there were strategic decisions to make". According to Ingroia "in an organization like the Mafia, a boss has to be one step above the others otherwise it all falls apart. It all depends on if he can manage consensus and if the others agree or rebel." Provenzano "guaranteed a measure of stability because he had the authority to quash internal disputes".<ref name="Ingroia" />

In [[Italy]], a fictional six-part television miniseries called ''[[Il Capo dei Capi]]'' relates the story of Salvatore Riina.<ref name=nyt181107>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/technology/18iht-mafia19.1.8374072.html A Mafia saga keeps Italians tuned in], The New York Times, November 18, 2007</ref>

=='Ndrangheta==
In the [['Ndrangheta]], a Mafia-type organisation in [[Calabria]], the [[capo crimine]] is the elected boss of the ''[[crimine]]'', an annual meeting of the 'Ndrangheta ''[[Locale ('Ndrangheta)|locali]]'' near the [[Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi]] in the municipality of [[San Luca]] during the September Feast.<ref name=paoli59>Paoli, ''Mafia Brotherhoods'', p. 59</ref> Far from being the "boss of bosses", the ''capo crimine'' actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.<ref name=varese>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy], by Federico Varese, Law & Society Review, June 2006</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{it icon}} Arlacchi, Pino (1994). ''Addio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta'', Milan: Rizzoli, {{ISBN|88-17-84299-0}}
*Critchley, David (2009). ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', New York: Routledge, {{ISBN|0-203-88907-X}}
*De Stefano, George, (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2482tWkpfpQC&pg= An Offer We Can't Refuse: The Mafia in the Mind of America]'', New York: Faber and Faber, {{ISBN|0-86547-962-3}}
*Paoli, Letizia (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qX5NfHTWzS0C&dq Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style]'', New York: Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-515724-9}}
*[[Selwyn Raab|Raab, Selwyn]] (2005). ''Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires'', New York: Thomas Dunne Books, {{ISBN|0-312-30094-8}}

==External links==
*[http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1683530,00.html The Boss of All Bosses], Time Magazine

{{American Mafia}}
{{Mafia}}

[[Category:Organized crime terminology]]
[[Category:Organized crime members by role]]
[[Category:Capo dei capi]]
[[Category:Italian words and phrases]]

Caporegime

2019-05-29T08:50:01Z

192.121.232.253:

{{ref improve|date=August 2013}}__NOTOC__
[[Image:Mafia family structure tree.en.svg|thumb|350px|Structure of Mafia crime family]]
A '''caporegime''' or [[capodecina]], usually shortened to just a '''capo''', is a [[Military rank|rank]] used in the Mafia (both the [[Sicilian Mafia]] and [[Italian-American Mafia]]) for a ''[[made man|made member]]'' of the crime family who heads a "crew" of [[soldato|soldiers]] and has major social status and influence in the organization. ''Caporegime'' is an Italian word, which is used to signify the head of a family in [[Sicily]], but has now come to mean a ranking member, similar to [[captain (land)|captain]] or [[senior sergeant]] in a military unit. In general, the term indicates the head of a branch of an [[organized crime syndicate]] who commands a crew of soldiers and reports directly to the Don (Boss) or an Underboss or Streetboss. The shortened version "capo" has been used to refer to certain high-ranking members of [[Latin America]]n [[drug cartel]]s as well.

==Background==
The Mafia, particularly the American Mafia, is typically divided into distinct and partially independent "crews" headed by a "capo" or leader of the individuals. Individual crew members report to the capo. The crew collects protection and other money for the capo, who at regular intervals gives a share (or "taste") of the collected money to the [[underboss]] and/or the [[Crime boss|boss]]. Estimates of average income of a capo varies and is difficult to quantify. Income is dependent on the success and size of a capo's crew and the state of the economy at the time.

Mafia crews are usually independent from each other, with members typically operating strictly within their own crew. Asking Mafia members how many crews and how many individuals are in a family is prohibited because of the Mafia's oath of secrecy and the suspicion that the inquiring individual might be an [[informant]].

Sometimes, a crew might specialize in certain areas like gambling, while other crews might be more involved in legitimate interests like construction. A crew might also operate in certain geographical areas.

The number of caporegimes/crews depends on the size of a family. The [[Gambino crime family]] has had more than 20 capos whereas the [[St. Louis crime family]] has had fewer.

==Operation==
In the Mafia, when a boss makes a decision, he passes instructions down through the [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. Whenever he issues orders, in most cases he gives them to the capo. In some cases, he gives orders to the [[consigliere]], who in turn passes them to the capo. In either case, it is the capo who passes them to the soldiers in his crew. For years, this made it extremely difficult to indict a boss for illegal acts, since the soldiers almost never receive orders directly from him. A caporegime acts as a buffer between the soldiers and the boss. Effectively, a caporegime operates his own small family within the framework of a larger family.

Each capo is in charge of a mini-gang or a crew of soldiers and associates that can range greatly in size. These men may or may not be based in close proximity. For example, [[Bonanno crime family]] capo Joey Gambino had crew members spread throughout [[New York City|New York]]'s five boroughs and even had crew members operating in [[New Jersey]]. Capos have varying degrees of power. Some are relatives or close friends of the boss, which gives them more influence. A capo with an active crew that generates a lot of profits is always respected. For example, when he was a capo, [[John Gotti]] was widely respected and tolerated due to the profits his crew generated for the [[Gambino crime family]]. Despite their various blunders and mistakes, they successfully avoided getting killed by their superiors and were tolerated due to this fact. On the other hand, capo Joe Sferra of the [[DeCavalcante crime family]] was demoted to soldier and removed from his lucrative union post in June 1965 after a series of blunders. In 1984, a more severe loss of power occurred to [[Salvatore Testa|Salvatore "Salvie" Testa]], a once rising [[Philadelphia crime family]] capo. He ended up getting murdered by [[Nicodemo Scarfo|Nicky Scarfo]] due to the suspicions raised about his loyalty.

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Criminal justice}}

==Sources==
* Capeci, Jerry. ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia''. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. {{ISBN|0-02-864225-2}}.

{{American Mafia}}
{{Mafia}}
[[Category:Organized crime members by role]]

The Nursing Home Murder

2019-05-17T11:26:25Z

192.121.232.253: /* Synopsis */ rm several inaccuracies

{{unreferenced|date=January 2015}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = The Nursing Home Murder
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:TheNursingHomeMurder.JPG
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Ngaio Marsh]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series = [[Roderick Alleyn]]
| genre = [[Detective fiction]]
| publisher = [[Geoffrey Bles]]
| release_date = 1935
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ()
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Enter a Murderer]]
| followed_by = [[Death in Ecstasy]]
}}
'''''The Nursing Home Murder''''' ([[1935 in literature|1935]]) is a work of [[detective fiction]] by New Zealand author [[Ngaio Marsh]].

==Synopsis==

The British [[Home Secretary]], Sir Derek O'Callaghan MP, has received several death threats from [[anarchist]]s affiliated with [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]ist [[Communism]] - and a pleading letter threatening suicide from Jane Harden, a nurse with whom he had a short affair some months earlier. O'Callaghan's old friend and family physician, Sir John Phillips, visits to ask about O'Callaghan's relationship with Jane. She is Phillips's scrub nurse and Phillips has loved her from afar for years. O'Callaghan brutally informs Phillips that Jane is "easy" and not worth his regard; he and Phillips almost come to blows before Phillips threatens his life in front of a servant.

One week later, O'Callaghan is introducing a bill in the House of Commons to deal with anarchism when he doubles over, incapacitated by acute [[appendicitis]]. His wife, unaware of the fight or of Phillips's threats, has her husband moved to Phillips's private hospital ("nursing home" in contemporary usage) and begs Phillips to operate immediately. He does so against his own wishes, as assisted by Dr. Roberts, the anaesthetist; Dr. Thoms, the assistant surgeon; Sister Marigold, the matron; Nurse Banks, the [[circulating nurse]]; and Jane Harden, the scrub nurse. The operation goes well, but O'Callaghan weakens near the end of the operation and dies one hour later, apparently of [[peritonitis]].

The next day, Lady O'Callaghan is going through her late husband's papers and finds both the death threats from anarchists and Jane Harden's letter. Convinced that her husband has been murdered, she calls in Roderick Alleyn of Scotland Yard. It turns out that O'Callaghan has died of an overdose of [[hyoscine hydrobromide|hyoscine]], a drug used in anaesthesia. Suspicion falls not just on Phillips and Harden but also on Nurse Banks, an outspoken Communist whose constant vicious insults toward O'Callaghan during and after the operation have led to her dismissal.

Alleyn's digging reveals that it would have been possible for any member of the surgical team to have committed the crime. He learns that Harden loved O'Callaghan to the point that even after his death she was unable to return Phillips's feelings; that Banks is a member of an anarchist society almost completely controlled by the authorities (and which has more bark than bite, as Alleyn finds out when he attends a meeting in disguise with his amanuensis, Nigel Bathgate); that O'Callaghan's sister, an unbalanced, shrill, unintelligent hysteric, has been bullying her brother into taking quack medicine produced by an avowed Communist; and that Dr. Roberts the anaesthetist is a firm believer in [[eugenics]] to the point that he is unable to prevent himself from expounding on the topic for hours.

Frustrated, Alleyn finally arranges for a re-enactment of the operation; he is suspecting Roberts to be the killer but has no real evidence for this. During the re-enactment Sister Marigold brushes by Roberts's bulky anaesthetics cart during a weak moment and Dr. Thoms erupts in anger and nervousness, screaming that she could have blown up the entire room had the cart (which carries [[ether]]) fallen over. The incident makes Alleyn notice how keen Roberts is not to let anyone get too close to the cart. After the re-enactment has ended, the cops see to it that Roberts (who tries to stay on the spot) is lured away from the room on a pretext, Alleyn quickly checks the cart and finds that one of the "bolts" holding the cart together is actually the top of a syringe. Hours later, he and Fox visit Roberts at his home and charge him with murder. Roberts admits to having injected O'Callaghan with hyoscine, but claims that he was justified: O'Callaghan's family had a "hereditary taint" (as shown by his sister), and it was his duty to remove such "tainted" persons from society. At the end, Alleyn points out that Roberts himself is insane and may have committed several similar murders, as suggested by the notches on his stethoscope.

In the epilogue Alleyn expresses doubt that Phillips and Harden will ever get together, and remarks that such things only happen in the "movie-mind".

== Television Adaptation ==
This novel was adapted for the television series ''[[The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries]]'', with [[Patrick Malahide]] as [[Roderick Alleyn]].

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0510141|title=The Nursing Home Murder}}

==References==
In Agatha Christie's ''[[Murder in Mesopotamia]]'', one of the characters, Nurse Leatheran, is seen reading the book.

{{Ngaio Marsh}}

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nursing Home Murder, The}}
[[Category:Roderick Alleyn novels]]
[[Category:1935 British novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in London]]

Hyena butter

2019-04-30T14:45:06Z

192.121.232.253:

'''Hyena butter''' is a secretion from the [[anal gland]] of [[hyena]]s used to mark [[Territory (animal)|territory]] and to identify individuals by odor. The gooey substance is spread onto objects within the territory of the hyena by rubbing their posterior against the object they mark.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-8MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41&dq=hyena+butter&num=50#PPP1,M1 Livingstone's Africa: Perilous Adventures and Extensive Discoveries in the Interior of Africa] By David Livingstone Page 41 published 1872 by Hubbard bros. No ISBN number</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=z74eAAAAIAAJ&q=hyena+butter&dq=hyena+butter&num=50&pgis=1 With Forks and Hope: An African Notebook] By Elspeth Joscelin Grant Huxley Page 84 1964 published by W. Morrow Original from the University of California Digitized Feb 15, 2007. Accessed July 10, 2007</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HaaFlUw4goIC&pg=PA154&dq=hyena+odor&num=50&sig=Hy_L-VbAknCDUT6BD8zjEUjlwFc#PPA1,M1 Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates] By Dietland Müller-Schwarze Page 154 2006 Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-36377-2}}</ref>

African legends state that witches would ride hyenas and use a gourd full of hyena butter as fuel for the torches that they carried through the night.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QGt-2rTFnjoC&dq=hyena+butter&num=50 Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa] By Edward Henry Winter, John Middleton, Dr John Beattie Published by Routledge 2004 Page 167 {{ISBN|0-415-33073-4}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Deer musk]]
*[[Dog odor]]
*[[Territorial marking]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carnivora anatomy]]
[[Category:Hyenas]]
[[Category:Secretion]]

{{carnivora-stub}}

Brown hyena

2019-04-30T14:28:39Z

192.121.232.253:

{{taxobox
| name = Brown hyena
| fossil_range = [[Pliocene]] – Recent
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Wiesel, I.|assessor2=Maude, G.|assessor3=Scott, D.|assessor4=Mills, G.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=10276|title=Hyaena brunnea|downloaded=28 April 2015}}</ref>
| image = Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472926331).jpg
| image_caption = At the [[Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park|Gemsbok National Park]], [[South Africa]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Hyaenidae]]
| genus = ''[[Hyaena (genus)|Hyaena]]''
| species = '''''H. brunnea'''''
| binomial = ''Hyaena brunnea''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]], 1820
| range_map = Brown Hyaena area.png
| range_map_caption = Geographic range
| synonyms = :''Parahyena brunnea''
}}

The '''brown hyena''' (''Hyaena brunnea''), also called '''strandwolf''',<ref name=SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> is a species of [[hyena]] found in [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], western and southern [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Samual T.|last2=Williams|first2=Kathryn S.|last3=Joubert|first3=Christoffel J.|last4=Hill|first4=Russell A.|title=The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe|journal=PeerJ|date=14 January 2016|volume=4|pages=e1537|doi=10.7717/peerj.1537|pmid=26819838|url=https://peerj.com/articles/1537/|accessdate=3 May 2017|pmc=4728035}}</ref> southern [[Mozambique]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name=Nowak /> It is currently the rarest species of hyena.<ref name="macdonald">''Chapter 4: Rich Man's Table'' from David MacDonald’s ''The Velvet Claw'' BBC books, 1992</ref> The largest remaining brown hyena population is located in the southern [[Kalahari Desert]] and coastal areas in Southwest Africa.<ref name="Hole">{{cite web|last1=Holekamp|first1=Kay|title=Home|url=http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/brown-hyaena-parahyaena-brunnea.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224105140/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/brown-hyaena-parahyaena-brunnea.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2007-12-24|website=IUCN Hyaena Specialist Group|publisher=IUCN}}</ref>

== Habitat ==
The brown hyena inhabits desert areas, semi-desert, and open woodland savannahs.<ref name="Mills">{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=G|last2=Hes|first2=L|title=The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals|date=1997|publisher=Struik Publishers|location=Cape Town}}</ref> It can survive close to urban areas by scavenging. The brown hyena favors rocky, mountainous areas, as they provide shade and it is not dependent on the ready availability of water sources for frequent drinking.<ref name=Hole /> Home ranges are {{convert|233|to|466|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in size.<ref name=spot />

== Description ==
Brown hyenas are distinguished from other species by their long shaggy coat and pointed ears, a dark brown coat and a short tail.<ref name="Staurt">{{cite book|last1=Stuart|first1=C|last2=Stuart|first2=T|title=Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa|date=1997|publisher=Struik Publishers|location=London}}</ref> Their legs are striped brown and white, and adults have a distinct cream-colored fur ruff around their necks.<ref name="King">{{cite book|last1=Kingdom|first1=J|title=The Kingdom Field|date=1997|publisher=Academic Press Limited|location=London}}</ref> Erectile hairs up to {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length cover the neck and back and bristles during [[Agonistic behaviour|agonistic behavior]].<ref name="Nowak">{{cite book|last1=Nowak|first1=Ronald|title=Walker's carnivores of the world|date=2005|publisher=JHU Press}}</ref> Body length is {{convert|144|cm|in|abbr=on}} on average with a range of {{convert|130|-|160|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Mike">{{cite web|last1=Schmidtke|first1=Mike|title=Hyaena brunnea brown hyena|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hyaena_brunnea/|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> Shoulder height is {{convert|70|-|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the tail is {{convert|25|-|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=iucn/> Unlike the larger [[spotted hyena]], there are no sizable differences between the sexes,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Estes|first1=Richard|title=The behavior guide to African mammals:including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates|date=1991|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> although males may be slightly larger than females.<ref name="Nowak"/> An average adult male weighs {{convert|40.2|-|43.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, while an average female weighs {{convert|37.7|-|40.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Nowak /> Brown hyenas have powerful jaws. Young animals can crack the leg bones of [[springbok]]s within five minutes of birth, though this ability deteriorates with age and dental wear.<ref name=macdonald /> The skulls of brown hyenas are larger than those of the more northern [[striped hyena]], and their dentition is more robust, indicating a less generalized dietary adaptation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V.G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A.A.|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union Volume II Part 2|isbn=978-9004088764|year=1989}}</ref>

== Behavior ==
[[File:Five cheetahs were feeding on a Springbok kill one morning in th (34407780271).jpg|thumb|Brown hyena stealing [[springbok]] kill from [[cheetah]]s.]]

=== Social behavior ===
Brown hyenas have a social hierarchy comparable to those of wolves, with an alpha male and alpha female. They live in clans composed of extended families of four to six individuals.<ref name=Staurt /> Clans defend their territory and all members cooperate in raising cubs.<ref name=Staurt /> Territories are marked by 'pasting',<ref>Mills, M. G. L., M. L. Gorman, and Margaret EJ Mills. "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02541858.1980.11447718 The scent marking behaviour of the brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea.]" South African Journal of Zoology 15.4 (1980): 240-248.</ref> during which the hyena deposits secretions from its large anal gland, which is located below the base of the tail and produces a black and white paste, on vegetation and boulders.<ref name=Mills /> Brown hyenas maintain a stable clan hierarchy through ritualized aggressive displays and mock fights. A brown hyena male can move up in rank by killing a higher ranking male in confrontation, while the alpha female is usually just the oldest female in the clan.<ref name=Staurt /> Emigration is common in brown hyena clans, particularly among young males, which will join other groups upon reaching adulthood.<ref name=Nowak />

=== Reproduction and life cycle ===
The brown hyena does not have a mating season.<ref name="spot">{{cite web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Deepamala|title=Brown Hyena|url=http://www.animalspot.net/brown-hyena.html|website=Animal Spot}}</ref> Female brown hyenas are [[polyestrous]] and typically produce their first litter when they are two years old. They mate primarily from May to August. Males and females in the same clan usually do not mate with each other, rather females will mate with [[nomad]]ic males.<ref name=Mills /> Clan males display no resistance to this behavior, and will assist the females in raising their cubs.<ref name=macdonald /> Females give birth in dens, which are hidden in remote sand dunes far from the territories of spotted hyenas and lions. The gestation period is around 3 months.<ref name=Mills /> Mothers generally produce one litter every 20 months. Usually, only the dominant female breeds, but if two litters are born in the same clan, the mothers will nurse each other's cubs, though favoring their own.<ref name=macdonald /> Litters usually consist of 1–5 cubs, which weigh {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth.<ref name=Nowak /> Unlike spotted hyenas,<ref name=macdonald /> brown hyenas are born with their eyes closed, and open them after eight days. Cubs are weaned at 12 months and leave their dens after 18 months.<ref name=Nowak /> Also unlike spotted hyenas, all adult members of the clan will carry food back to the cubs.<ref name=macdonald /> They are not fully weaned and do not leave the vicinity of their den until they reach 14 months of age.<ref name=Nowak /> Brown hyenas reach full size at an age of around 30 months<ref name=Mills /> and have a life span of about 12 to 15 years.<ref name=spot />

=== Dietary habits ===
Brown hyenas are primarily scavengers the bulk of whose diet consists of carcasses killed by larger predators, but they may supplement their diet with rodents, insects, eggs, fruit and fungi (the desert truffle ''Kalaharituber pfeilii'').<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trappe|first1=JM|last2=Claridge|first2=AW|last3=Arora|first3=D|last4=Smit|first4=WA|title=Desert truffles of Kalahari:ecology, ethnomycology and taxonomy|journal=Economic Botany|date=2008|volume=3|issue=62|pages=521–529|doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9027-6}}</ref> They are however poor hunters, and live prey makes up only a small proportion of their diet: in the southern Kalahari, species such as [[springhare]], [[springbok]] lambs, [[bat-eared fox]]es and [[korhaan]]s constitute only 4.2% of their overall diet,<ref name="MIG">{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=M.G.L|title=Kalahari hyaenas: the comparative behavioral ecology of two species|date=1990|publisher=Unwim Hyman|location=London}}</ref> while on the Namib coast, [[cape fur seal]] pups compose 2.9% of their food.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goss|first1=R.A.|title=The influence of food source on the behavioral ecology of brown hyaenas Hyaena brunnea in the Namib Desert|date=1986|publisher=University of Pretoria|location=Pretoria}}</ref> They have an exceptional sense of smell and can locate carcasses kilometers away.<ref name=Mills /> Brown hyenas are aggressive scavengers, frequently appropriating the kills of [[black-backed jackal]]s, [[cheetah]]s, and [[leopard]]s.<ref name="Owens">{{cite book|last1=Owens|first1=Mark|last2=Owens|first2=Delia|title=Cry of the Kalahari|date=1984|pages=133–135}}</ref> Single brown hyenas may charge at leopards with their jaws held wide open and can tree adult male leopards;<ref name=Owens /> they have been observed treeing leopards even when no kill was in contention.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owens|first1=Delia|last2=Owens|first2=Mark|title=Hyenas of the Kalahari|journal=Natural History|date=1980|volume=2|issue=89|page=50}}</ref> In the Kalahari Desert, brown hyenas are often the dominant mammalian carnivores present because of this dominance behavior and the relative scarcity of lions, spotted hyenas, and packs of [[African wild dog]]s. In areas where they overlap, brown hyenas may on rare occasions be killed by spotted hyenas and lions.<ref name=iucn />

In the Kalahari, 80% of a brown hyena's activity time is spent at night, searching for food in an area on spanning {{convert|31.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} on average, with territories of {{convert|54.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} having been recorded.<ref name=MIG /> They may cache excess food in shrubs or holes and recover it within 24 hours.<ref name=Nowak />

== Threats and conservation status ==
The global population of brown hyena is estimated at less than 10,000 individuals.<ref name=Hole /> They are listed as near threatened in the IUCN Red List.<ref name=iucn /> The major threat to brown Hyenas is human persecution based on the mistaken belief that they are harmful to livestock. Farmers will find hyenas scavenging on livestock carcasses and wrongly assume that hyenas have killed their property.<ref name=MIG/> Brown hyena body parts are also occasionally used for traditional medicines and rituals, but the species is not as sought after as the spotted hyena. The brown hyena is not in high demand for trophy hunting.<ref name=Hole /> The only major predator of hyenas is the African lion. Hyena cubs are especially susceptible to lion predation.<ref name=Mike />

There are several conservation areas that are home to the brown hyena, including the [[Etosha National Park]] in Namibia, the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] in Botswana and the [[Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park]] (South Africa/Botswana).<ref name=Hole /> The maintenance of these protected areas aids in the conservation of these animals. Educational campaigns are being utilized to promote awareness about hyenas and dispel prevailing myths, while problem individuals are removed from farmlands and urbanized areas.<ref name=Hole />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Hyaena brunnea}}
{{Wikispecies|Hyaena brunnea}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071224105140/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/brown-hyaena-parahyaena-brunnea.html IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group Brown Hyena pages]
*[http://www.strandwolf.org The Brown Hyena Research Project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060627221402/http://www.museums.org.za/sam/resource/palaeo/brownhya.htm Fossils of the Brown Hyena]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912133023/http://www.arkive.org/brown-hyena/hyaena-brunnea/ Brown Hyena Images and Video] - ARKive.org

{{Carnivora|F.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q210644}}

[[Category:Hyenas]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1820]]

Talk:Tales from Topographic Oceans

2019-04-24T10:41:45Z

192.121.232.253: /* Is Tales a single piece of music? */

{{Not a forum}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Albums|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Rock music}}
{{WikiProject Progressive Rock|class=C|importance=High|attention=|needs-infobox=}}
}}

== Track names ==

There are no any brackets at all on CDs artwork, so I suppose track titles should be looking like these:

# The Revealing Science of God/Dance of the Dawn
# The Remembering/High the Memory
# The Ancient/Giants under the Sun
# Ritual/Nous sommes du soleil

[[User:Ledpoison1|Ledpoison1]] ([[User talk:Ledpoison1|talk]]) 20:37, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

== Cover ==
The article needs an albumbox and bigger cover scan [[User:Lee M|Lee M]] 04:07, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

== Is this right? ==

"Shortly before this he had famously eaten a take-away curry on stage whilst the band were performing the work in order to show his disdain for it. He did, however, rejoin Yes in 1977 for their album Going For The One." I heard this was a planned part of the show, like Jon reading a newspaper during some long solos? --[[User:Goosegoosegoose|Thomas]] 12:07, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Rick was on Countdown on Channel 4 last week (I think) and he told the tale of the curry incident - he said that he mentioned to a roadie (or somesuch) that he was getting hungry and had a desire to go for a curry after the show, which was misinterpreted as a request and the guy dutifully ordered one and brought it to him. He thought it was shame to let it go to waste, and he '''was''' hungry, so he ate it. --[[User:195.219.38.177|195.219.38.177]] 15:39, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

:That's right - it's mentioned in his autobiography (see [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1045969/Yes-original-Spinal-Tap-says-Rick-Wakeman-Seventies-prog-rock-supergroup.html this excerpt]). I've removed the part of the "Discord" section that claimed he did it on purpose (and "ate it under his cape while playing one-handed"). — [[User:Hex|Hex]] [[User_talk:Hex|(❝'''?!'''❞)]] 12:46, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

==This is wiki, not a Yes fan site==

It is the role of this encyclopedia to examine this album within the context of its time, not to praise it from a fan's POV. I was around when the album was released and it was indeed crucial in terms of the backlash it recieved that helped to fuel the punk movement. Personally I really like TFTO and play it often, but also understand the critisisms (sprawling, self indulgent, etc). Therefore it is not appropriate to remove the links to critical websites, particularly the Punk77 website which fairly accurately, and in a humourously healthy POV way represents the punk viewpoint on this album.

Cheers [[User:Quercusrobur|quercus robur]] 08:18, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

==Just reverted a huge chunk of POV text from this article- I stated reading it, but got bored, so if anybody can find anything worthwhile in what was added and re-add it in a more restrained and NPOV way please feel free... [[User:Quercusrobur|quercus robur]] 09:52, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm somewhat taken aback, Quercusrobur, that you would deign to edit someone's text "because you got bored." With respect, if the new material bored you, I feel you should re-focus your attention upon a topic that actually really interests you. Or why not ask the writer, here, to consider altering their work. This would be much more respectful.I'm assuming you're not a senior Wikipedia editor.

Further, referring to your May post, again respectfully, I would ask you whether you are in a position with the Wikipedia organisation to dictate policy (?). I doubt that you'd be surprised if I went on to say that it is perfectly valid for an encyclopedia to comment critically on art presented in the past. Are you suggesting, for example, that the entry on Picasso should only present opinions on his cubist works contemporaneous with the time of their production? If you are, I would suggest that you would be gravely in error.

I would also like to point out that Yes were one of many bands of the early and mid-70s whose approach to music stimulated the birth of punk rock. This album and Yes themselves were not crucial in giving rise to punk per se. That would be much too large a claim to make on its behalf.

yours, Thos. Nov 6 2005 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:˚ Thos|˚ Thos]] ([[User talk:˚ Thos|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/˚ Thos|contribs]]) 20:51, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

:Assume what you like 'Thos', I '''DO''' have Wiki admin status if thats what you mean by a 'senior editor', and have been editing wikipedia since 2002. Apart from this I wasn't aware that there were any 'senior editors', I thought wiki editors were a topless non-hierichical collective, even if the whingers on Indymedia sometimes claim otherwise, and I DO understand wikipedia policy, which is to present useful encyclopedic, nuetral point of view information, not turn entries into waffling opinionated 'critical essays'. Yes, I got bored, your aditions to the article are lengthy and tedious fan point of view meanderings and render it no longer readable or useful, but then that is just my opinion. I can't be arsed to get into a dispute with you and shall forthwith refer this to third parties for intervention. [[User:Quercusrobur|quercus robur]] 19:29, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
::But you were desysop'd.[[User:HammerFilmFan|HammerFilmFan]] ([[User talk:HammerFilmFan|talk]]) 05:22, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

::Added to Wikipedia:Wikiquette alerts page [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikiquette_alerts#November_7] as per above:
::[[Tales From Topographic Oceans]]- See discussion on [[Talk:Tales From Topographic Oceans]]. Anon user (Thos?) has expanded article into a 'critical essay' with lots of personal opinions, etc. Needs third party view/input/severe editing and cleanup, possibly user needs clarification re. NPOV and other Wikipedia policies. 21:10, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

:::Apologies, this isn't an anon editor but [[user:thoss]], who I assume is the previous anon contributor now signed in. Could still do with a third party look-over though... [[User:Quercusrobur|quercus robur]] 22:52, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

==Thos==
My comments yesterday were rude and ignorant- I shouldn't have reverted your edits so brutally although they DO need an NPOV edit, preferably from a third party rather than me. I should have flagged this up, or at least pointed you in the direction of wiki policy (which somebody has now put at the top of your talk page) rather than just reverting the whole page. Sorry if I pissed you off, I'm noramlly quite a reasonable person to work with, honest! [[User:Quercusrobur|quercus robur]] 19:47, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

==Wow==

This new article has thrown all objectiveness and neutrality out the window, i love TFTO personaly, but this article is just too biased towards the album instead of remaining neutral. Its begging to be re-edited.

BJR — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User: 70.156.59.90| 70.156.59.90]] ([[User talk: 70.156.59.90|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ 70.156.59.90|contribs]]) 13:50, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

:'''The Myth of Neutrality and its Relative Undesirability'''

:If the article referred to above is "too biased towards the album" for established Wikipedia standards, then fair enough. However, Wikipedia-bods are kidding themselves if they think that neutral positions on encyclopedia entries are always possible. There is an inherent bias in all the entries on Wikipedia, produced by their length, depth and detail, or lack thereof. Thus, the entry on Bob Dylan, in these terms, is obviously far from neutral. So the notion of an existent Wiki neurality is so much pious, pompous nonsense, I'm afraid.

:In a different way, the original Tales From Topographic Oceans article that I originally amended was far from neutral - it was this that prompted me to make my own contribution. The article I read reflected a biased position on the album - the one that has been consistently taken since Chris Welch of the Melody Maker and other critics panned it when it was released in late 1973. It wasn't an overt bias, but without question it leaves the impression on the reader that here is a record of negligible value and influence, except to prompt the arrival of punk a few years later. This is a completely unacceptable view of the record for an encyclopedia entry. In fact, those who were alive and following the birth of punk and the new wave will surely be able to testify to the fact that it was the massive success of artists such as Fleetwood Mac, The Eagles, ELO and Supertramp in the singles market of the mid-70s that stimulated punk's assault on this same market. The likes of Floyd, Zeppelin, Queen, Tull, Genesis, Yes and King Crimson were obvious targets of attack for punk spokespeople, it was the titanic icons, Elvis Presley and The Beatles that punk rebels were most keen to verbally attack, and did so. They wanted to completely tear down the received wisdom of rock history, and in terms of reputation and influence, the purveyors of progressive music were secondary targets. To suggest then that TFTO was remotely pivotal in causing the likes of John Lydon and Joe Strummer to get going is far fetched.

:So look,I found this 'original' article a lazily misinformed and inaccurate critique of TFTO, and as such, annoying in the extreme, when it is clear that the Wikipedia project is already emerging as an information source of huge importance in the UK. It also offers, as far as I'm concerned, a unique opportunity for a fresh appraisal of, in this case, art. So I couldn't let the original article stand - it needed obliterating, in fact.

:Which brings me to a second and wider point. It pains me very much that the Wiki powers extant are striving for neutrality. This, it seems to me, makes for a very bland and dull encyclopedia. As I just stated, the remarkable phenomenon that is Wikipedia should, for me, serve to elevate, inspire and inform. You can do the latter with stone cold fact, but you can't do the first two if all you allow writers to do is attempt to produce sentences that aim to be completely without subjective content. Though many entries are excellent when all you want to do is research a fact, frankly, many of the music articles ''are'' dull and boring, excessively so, in fact, and this is so sad.

:This said, I won't pretend that my article on TFTO isn't out of place when considering the Wiki pillars. This was my fault for not trying harder to find them before submitting my entry, and I apologize unreservedly for that. But whoever wrote the miserably mediocre fare that I read a few weeks ago ought to set themselves higher standards or not bother placing entries hereabouts at all. The erroneous Rick Wakeman curry story was particularly regrettable. Isn't there something in one of the pillars about verifying facts? I am very sorry to be insulting to this writer, genuinely, but you do need to rethink your attitude and this won't happen through people involved in this discussion being nice. Some tough love is required. If you don't thoroughly know your stuff, you shouldn't deign to edit any of the entries in the whole encyclopedia. And before anyone takes offence at this, surely this is standard thinking for all sensible and balanced editors and would-be editors. I mean, I think Franz Ferdinand's music is complete and utter rubbish (and Nick Cave's almost as bad) but I wouldn't dream of going anywhere near their entries, never mind trying to tone down anything complimentary that may lie there poisoning this whole enterprise.

:Naturally, I welcome responses to this note, and hope that they are passionate, but balanced. Not a word has been set down above in anger, or in an attempt to provoke anger or annoyance in others.

:[[User:Thoss|Thoss]] 00:07, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm too lazy to sign in right now since the internet is being REALLY slow, but I wanted to commend the person responsible for the rewrite of this article. It is a fantastic reenvisioning of the completely and laughably biased page that previously stood here, and though it is impossible to get rid of all bias concerning something with which one has a strong opinion of, this is a valiant effort. Kudos. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User: 161.38.223.223| 161.38.223.223]] ([[User talk: 161.38.223.223|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ 161.38.223.223|contribs]]) 20:38, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

== Year or Month-Year no day ==

These dates are always rendered without wikilinking. [[User:Fantailfan|Fantailfan]] 23:26, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

TFTO is fairly straight-forward rock music in only a bit longer packaging. The charges of it being ''excessive'' or deserving of shunning are a result of the kind of extreme anti-intellectual thinking about music that simple-minded music nazi's imposed upon the world, presuming that anything called 'rock' had to be from the gut and had to be comprised of tiny, basic chord progressions and regular beats. Yes, Genesis, Henry Cow, Gentle Giant, and many others had demonstrated that rock had only scratched the surface of what was possible and the imagination could only be rewarded by exploring the world of sound. Punk advocates missed the whole point. If TFTO was attempting to explore a complex topic in too abbreviated a manner, the answer was more depth, not less. Perhaps the lesson should have been that this work should have been 300 minutes long, rather than around 80 -- but, of course, not through mindless repetition.

--[[User:Trichotymus|Trichotymus]] 01:41, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

:None of that is at all appropriate to this page.[[User:Vonbontee|Vonbontee]] ([[User talk:Vonbontee|talk]]) 06:49, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

== Tough Love ==
I agree with [[User:Thoss|Thoss]] that what is needed is tough love. I think the TFTO page is frankly much better now, as well as more appropriate to what the Wikipedia needs. I often think that the punk-inspired criticism did not stand up to scrutiny.

Many times it is based on extra-musical points; I also question the capacity of many critics to provide a properly informed POV. How many of them are musically trained?
The curry story if incorrect needs to be edited further.

[[User:Veplaini|Veplaini]] 19:36, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

==Concept and history rewrite==
I've rewritten this section. Please let me know what you think.

Previous version:
: ''The album is the most controversial album in [[Yes (band)|Yes]]'s discography, and possibly in the entire history of [[progressive rock]]. The album's concept, a four-piece work of symphonic length and scope (incidentally based on the [[Shastra|Shastric]] scriptures, as found in a footnote within [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]'s book ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''), was their most ambitious to date.''

: ''The album was released when "prog" was at the height of its popularity – with bands such as [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[King Crimson]], [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], and the earlier albums of Yes, but is cited as a key to the genre's subsequent decline in popularity. For critics of progressive rock, the album exemplified everything that they considered wrong with the genre; the popular music magazine ''[[Melody Maker]]'' summed the album up in one word: "No." A similar reaction in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' and others. The abstruse concept and extended execution were the main targets of the album's critics, who argued that too much musical padding had been employed with little in the way of a proper concept or lyrics to back it up. In this way, the album perhaps played a significant role in paving the way for the [[punk rock]] bands of the mid 1970s, epitomized by [[The Ramones]] and [[The Sex Pistols]], by forfeiting a large chunk of the momentum that had been built up by the group's previous three studio albums.''

: ''Conversely, some critics and fans were enthralled by the album's sheer ambition and depth, lending ''Tales from Topographic Oceans'' an equal measure of critical approval that has stretched to this day.''

I have changed it to:

: ''The album's concept, a [[double album|two-disc]], four-piece work of symphonic length and scope (based on the [[Shastra|Shastric]] scriptures, as found in a footnote within [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]'s book ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''), was their most ambitious to date.''

: ''On release it received notably hostile reviews. Gordon Fletcher in his review in [[Rolling Stone]] described it as "psychedelic noodling". [[Chris Welch]] in [[Melody Maker]] described it as "Brilliant in patches, but often taking far too long to make its various points, and curiously lacking in warmth or personal expression".''

: ''Despite acquiring a reputation as an example of the worst excesses of [[progressive rock|"prog rock"]], Topographic Oceans became the band's fourth [[gold album]].''

I think the idea that Joe Strummer and John Lydon listened to the first few bars of Topographic oceans, and were inspired by this to learn how to play guitar and show the world what Rock n roll ''really'' means, is interesting, but perhaps overambitious.

Conversely, the final paragraph seems to be representation of opinion as fact.

So I've opted to cite two pretty negative reviews in significant music newspapers of the time, and juxtapose it with the commercial success of the album. --[[User talk:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway]] 23:09, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

== New Age? ==

i'd like these album to have new age as a subgenre, as maybe, this is what caused the album so much trouble, the fact that it was to be considered typical progressive rock, after many listens, i have concluded that maybe this is not prog as was close to the edge a bombastic majestic entertaining piece. maybe this was kinda trying to be more of a grow on. kinda like mike oldfield's work you know. i know this is Original Research but, i just think it should be considered, please reply. [[User:FloydNIN|FloydNIN]] ([[User talk:FloydNIN|talk]]) 00:13, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
:It does have some of the structure and feel of a late romantic symphony, Dvorak or Mahler - there's more of an overarching structure to the album than on CTTE, and "Ritual" has the function of a symphonic finale, resolving tensions earlier in the suite. I'm not that happy with calling it "new age" though - first, because the yogi/veda thing was, imo, more of an excuse than actual inspiration for the music: Anderson needed something to hang this project on, but it was the kind of extended project that ''had to happen'' within the prog rock movement - and also because the music actually rocks a lot more than typical new age stuff. There's an emotional edge and urgency and an ability to pull the lines of development tight together into towering, laser sharp climaxes, especially on the last two sides, and that's different from people like Klaus Schulze, Gong and Soft Machine - if we'll take them as typical new age musicians. /[[User:Strausszek|Strausszek]] ([[User talk:Strausszek|talk]]) 22:18, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

: I'm not sure what "new age" might mean in terms of music (it's a vague enough term in other fields!) If any of the group or any major reviewer has given an exposition of the use of the term in relation to this album, then we should look at that, otherwise I don't think it's helpful. --[[User talk:Tony Sidaway|TS]] 17:38, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

== Why the "requisite" Christgau review? ==

It seems to me that we should strike the Christgau review from the infobox. As his WP article says, he was no fan of progressive rock, which is also evident if you look at even a few of his reviews of progressive rock albums. For instance, he best liked King Crimson albums that sounded like jazz to him. IMO, the only reason that there's a Christgau review referenced in seemingly every album article is that they're available on the internet, not because of any special talent he has for judging progressive rock. I move we strike it as a violation of [[NPOV]] here and in every article about a progressive rock album.[[User:Academic38|Academic38]] ([[User talk:Academic38|talk]]) 08:10, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

== The Tour Stage and Props ==

In the interest of accuracy, I wanted to point out what appears to be a discrepency with the creation and use of the stage props for the TFTO tour. The article reads as if the props were created by Roger Dean for the TFTO tour. Some of the props were used during the Close to the Edge tour, specifically "...a set of curved organ pipes; a giant bug over Alan White's drum set...". I know this because I attended a concert during the Close to the Edge tour, in Tampa on September 16, 1972, and saw these props. I only mention this because an ambiguity is created by the text of the article that you may or may not care to address.

[[User:ReggieMoto|ReggieMoto]] ([[User talk:ReggieMoto|talk]]) 01:07, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

== Discord ==

Prior to my edit of a few minutes ago, the first paragraph of the "Discord" section was an incoherent mess. I've done my best to fix it up, but since I'm not familiar with the history being discussed, some inaccuracies may have popped up in translation. For that matter, it wouldn't surprise me if the original text was based on errors in addition to being unreadable. If someone could give it a quick proofread and confirm that everything there is correct, that would be great.--[[User:Martin IIIa|Martin IIIa]] ([[User talk:Martin IIIa|talk]]) 20:25, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

== Trouble archiving links on the article ==

Hello. I am finding myself repeatedly archiving links on this page. This usually happens when the archive doesn't recognize the archive to be good.

This could be because the link is either a redirect, or I am unknowingly archiving a dead link. Please check the following links to see if it's redirecting, or in anyway bad, and fix them, if possible.

* http://www.allmusic.com/album/tales-from-topographic-oceans-r22458/charts-awards
* http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/nme_d&d.html#ctm
* http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Yes&titel=Tales+From+Topographic+Oceans&cat=a
* http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Yes&titel=Tales+From+Topographic+Oceans&cat=a
* http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Yes&titel=Tales+From+Topographic+Oceans&cat=a
In any event this will be the only notification in regards to these links, and I will discontinue my attempts to archive these pages.

Cheers.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 14:21, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

== undoing of FY info ==

Hey, LowSelfEstidle -- I curate Forgotten Yesterdays. Care to explain why you decided it was 'unreliable' concerning Tales tour setlists, which I've researched pretty deeply?
[[User:Krabapple|Krabapple]] ([[User talk:Krabapple|talk]]) 02:54, 18 April 2017 (UTC)
:{{u|LowSelfEstidle}}, I concur with {{u|Krabapple}}. FY seems to me to satisfy [[WP:BLOGS]] here as an independent website that can be considered reliable. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/political-strategists-form-bipartisan-campaign-to-get-yes-into-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/2013/12/05/a7cb1170-465d-11e3-a196-3544a03c2351_story.html This Washington Post] article demonstrates a third-party reliable source commenting on FY's reliability and Steve Sullivan's expertise. See also [http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2013/12/09/bipartisan-effort-seeks-to-right-historic-wrong-by-getting-yes-inducted-into-the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame here]. [[User:Bondegezou|Bondegezou]] ([[User talk:Bondegezou|talk]]) 08:56, 18 April 2017 (UTC)
::Sure, no worries {{u|Krabapple}} and {{u|Bondegezou}}! Thanks for the reply and the research involved. There weren't any good enough sources on the tour date list itself or FY as a whole I thought, hence the revert. Fingers crossed it passes a potential future GA or FA review! [[User:LowSelfEstidle|LowSelfEstidle]] ([[User talk:LowSelfEstidle|talk]]) 09:03, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

== Is Tales a single piece of music? ==

There are two ways to view ''Tales from Topographic Oceans'':

'''(1)''' It is a concept album containing four distinct pieces of music, each about 20 minutes in length. Or, if you prefer other terminology, it consists of four distinct "songs" or "compositions". In this view, ''Tales'' is analogous to other concept albums, such as ''Sergeant Pepper'' or ''Dark Side of the Moon'' or ''[[Brain Salad Surgery]]''.

'''(2)''' It is a single piece of music, around 80 minutes in length, divided into four [[Movement (music)|movements]]. In this view, ''Tales'' is analogous to a [[symphony]] which consists of four movements; even though the movements don't share melodic phrases with each other and there are brief silences between the movements, the symphony as a whole is recognized as a single composition. For example, [[Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)]]. This view would also make ''Tales'', taken as a whole, analogous to [[Karn Evil 9]] (which is divided into three "impressions").

It is my opinion that #2 is correct. The liner notes for ''Tales'' clearly call the four parts "movements", and calls the entire collection of four movements a "composition": [https://www.flickr.com/photos/shoshin-seishu/115015889]

How do other Wikipedia editors stand on this question?

The reason I bring this up is that I recently got into an editorial dispute regarding this question -- [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fly_from_Here_(song_series)&diff=prev&oldid=846245640] -- and rather than having an edit war, I wanted to resolve it amicably. — [[User:Lawrence King|Lawrence King]] ([[User talk:Lawrence King|talk]]) 20:31, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

:Actually, there is a motif repeated (the phrase Howe plays on ''The Revealing Science of God'', starting at 3:54 in the remastered version, 2:00 in the original is repeated in several places in the other songs). But band members, and specifically Howe and Anderson (the main writers for ''Tales''), have consistently referred to the four ''movements'' as independent songs in interviews. We all know Anderson has a quite lofty way of speaking, so the ''movements'' mentioned in the liner notes may be considered as just part of this way of speaking.--[[User:Gorpik|Gorpik]] ([[User talk:Gorpik|talk]]) 07:22, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

::Well, there is a degree of "symphonic unity" to the album, but not nearly as tight as in a Beethoven, Brahms or Dvorak symphony. Not so much about ''themes'' - though a few themes do recur - but more in the sense of pacing: the music sets up long-term tensions that are worked on and finally resolved in "Ritual". I think the band, at least Anderson and Howe, were loosely aspiring to creating a "symphony for a rock band": "The Ancient" has some aspects of a wild and wayward Scherzo movement, traditionally the third in classical symphonies, and "Ritual" has some aspects of a grand finale. But to all intents and purposes we're dealing with four distinct pieces, with very different tonal colouring, rhythm and balance between lyrics and instrumental passages. [[Special:Contributions/192.121.232.253|192.121.232.253]] ([[User talk:192.121.232.253|talk]]) 10:41, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

Alles ist gut

2019-04-23T13:44:45Z

192.121.232.253: charting impact

{{Infobox album
| name = Alles ist gut
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]]
| cover = Alles_Ist_Gut.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1981
| recorded = December 1980 - January 1981
| venue =
| studio = [[Conny Plank]]'s Studio, [[Neunkirchen-Seelscheid|Neunkirchen]], Germany
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Neue Deutsche Welle]]
*[[electropunk]]
*[[Electronic body music|EBM]]
}}
| length = 34:44
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| producer = [[Conny Plank|Konrad "Conny" Plank]]
| prev_title = [[Die Kleinen und die Bösen]]
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = [[Gold und Liebe]]
| next_year = 1981
}}

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}} <ref>{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r35241}}</ref>
}}

'''''Alles ist gut''''' (''Everything Is Fine'') is the third album by the [[electropunk]] band [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]]. It was released in 1981 and was the band's first album on the [[Virgin Records]] label. It includes the hit single "Der Mussolini". The album was a massive hit in [[Germany]], charting for 46 weeks.

The album was reissued on [[Mute Records]] in 1998.

==Personnel==
The album was the first recorded with the band reduced to the duo of [[Gabi Delgado-López|Gabi Delgado]] and [[Robert Görl]].

==Sales==

The album was in the German charts for 46 weeks, peaking at no. 15, and the Austrian charts for 8 weeks, peaking at no. 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/album/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-%28DAF%29/Alles-ist-gut-7940|title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft (DAF) - Alles ist gut|publisher=hitparade.ch|accessdate=6 March 2014}}</ref> It received the German "[[Deutscher Schallplattenpreis|Schallplattenpreis]]" award by the "Deutsche Phono-Akademie", an association of the German recording industry.

==Reception==
The album was ranked at number 8 among the top ten "Albums of the Year" for 1981 by ''[[NME]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/bestalbumsandtracksoftheyear/1981-2-1045398 |title=Albums and Tracks of the Year |author= |date=2016 |publisher=[[NME]] |accessdate=14 February 2018 }}</ref>

''The [[Allmusic]] Guide to Electronica'' notes how the album worked musically: "keeping the electronic brutality that characterized them, but stripped down to nothing but Görl's massive drumming, electronic bass and synth tones, and Delgado's deep, commanding singing."<ref name="allmusicguide">Ned Raggett. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNXLSBlL7IC&lpg=PT511&ots=R8YywatBhd&dq=queer%20%22wolfgang%20press%22%20allen%20version&pg=PT65#v=onepage&q&f=false "DAF."] ''AllMusic Guide to Electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music'', p114. Vladimir Bogdanov, ed., 2001. Backbeat Books. {{ISBN|0-87930-628-9}}.</ref> ''Trouser Press'' notes that "typical funk rhythms are replaced by industrial pulses (trains, etc.)" and notes the pop potential of the vocal styles used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=deutsche_amerikanische_freundschaft|title=DEUTSCHE AMERIKANISCHE FREUNDSCHAFT|publisher=[[Trouser Press]]|first1=Steven|last1=Grant|first2=Ira|last2=Robbins|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref>

[[Paul Morley]] in ''[[New Musical Express]]'' characterised the album as "slimy, steamy sex music", an evocation of "the rubbing, juices, pounding, striving, belching, stickiness ... the smells, the rhythms, the passions, the secretions, the darkness, the tears of S.E.X."<ref>Quoted in {{cite book
| last = Reynolds
| first = Simon
| author-link = Simon Reynolds
| date = February 2006
| chapter = Chapter 22: Raiding The Twentieth Century: ZTT, The Art Of Noise, and Frankie Goes To Hollywood
| title = [[Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984]]
| type = paperback
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| edition = US
| isbn = 1-4295-2667-X}}
</ref> [[Simon Reynolds]], in ''[[Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984]]'', notes the influence ''Alles Ist Gut'' had on Morley's later marketing and image for [[Frankie Goes To Hollywood]].

== Track listing ==
Side 1:
#"Sato-Sato" ("Sato-Sato") 2:43
#"Der Mussolini" ("The Mussolini") 3:50
#"Rote Lippen" ("Red lips") 2:41
#"Mein Herz macht Bum" ("My heart goes boom") 4:26
#"Der Räuber und der Prinz" ("The robber and the prince") 3:27
Side 2:
#"Ich und die Wirklichkeit" ("Me and reality") 3:05
#"Als wär's das letzte Mal" ("Like it was the last time") 3:24
#"Verlier' nicht den Kopf" ("Don't lose your head") 3:17
#"Alle gegen Alle" ("Everyone against Everyone") 3:55
#"Alles ist gut" ("Everything is fine") 3:25

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.robert-goerl.de/DGraphieDAFAllGut.html Robert Görl.de Discographie "Alles ist gut"]

{{Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft}}

[[Category:1981 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Conny Plank]]
[[Category:Virgin Records albums]]
[[Category:Mute Records albums]]
[[Category:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft albums]]

Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft

2019-04-12T11:00:16Z

192.121.232.253: /* Singles */

{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = D.A.F.
| image = Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft.jpg
| caption = D.A.F. (Delgado-López left, Görl right)
| image_size = 
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Düsseldorf]], [[West Germany]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Electropunk]], [[Neue Deutsche Welle|NDW]], [[Electronic body music|EBM]], [[avant-funk]], [[industrial music|industrial]], [[minimal music|minimalism]]
| occupatio
n =
| years_active = 1978–present
| label = [[Mute Records|Mute]], [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| associated_acts = [[DAF/DOS]], DAF.Partei
| current_members = [[Gabi Delgado-López|Gabriel "Gabi" Delgado-López]] [[Robert Görl]]
| past_members = [[Kurt Dahlke|Kurt "Pyrolator" Dahlke]] [[Chrislo Haas]] Michael Kemner Wolfgang Spelmans
}}
[[File:DAF Nocturnal Culture Night 11 2016 05.jpg|thumb|Gabi Delgado-López at Nocturnal Culture Night festival 2016]]
[[File:DAF Nocturnal Culture Night 11 2016 03.jpg|thumb|Robert Görl at Nocturnal Culture Night festival 2016]]

'''Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft''' ({{IPA-de|ˈdɔʏtʃ ameʁiˈkaːnɪʃə ˈfʁɔʏntʃaft}}) or '''D.A.F.''' is an influential German [[electropunk]]/[[Neue Deutsche Welle]] band from [[Düsseldorf]], formed in 1978 featuring [[Gabi Delgado-López|Gabriel "Gabi" Delgado-López]] (vocals), [[Robert Görl]] (drums, percussion, electronic instruments), [[Kurt Dahlke|Kurt "Pyrolator" Dahlke]] (electronic instruments), Michael Kemner (bass-guitar) and Wolfgang Spelmans (guitar). Kurt Dahlke was replaced by [[Chrislo Haas]] (electronic instruments, bass guitar, saxophone) in 1979. Since 1981, the band has consisted of Delgado-López and Görl.

In interviews they claimed not to target anything or anyone specific while writing lyrics to be taken as a parody of words and phrases floating around in the public media. "Sato-Sato" and "Der Mussolini" are both examples of songs written around Delgado-López's fascination with the sound of a particular word. A few months before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], D.A.F. released "The Sheriff (An Anti-American Song)".

The album ''Alles ist gut'' (Everything is fine) received the German "[[Deutscher Schallplattenpreis|Schallplattenpreis]]" award by the "Deutsche Phono-Akademie", an association of the German recording industry.

== Style ==
Görl described their sound on ''Alles is gut'' in ''Melody Maker'' in 1981:<ref>Quoted in ''Rip It Up'', ch. 18.</ref>

:Most bands get a synthesizer and their first idea is to tune it! They want a clean normal sound. They don’t work with the ''power'' you get from a synthesizer ... We want to bring together this high technique with body power so you have the past time mixed with the future.

Delgado described his new vocal style in the same interview:

:The singing isn’t like rock ’n’ roll or pop singing. It’s sometimes like in a Hitler speech, not a Nazi thing, but it’s in the German character, that ''crack! crack! crack!'' way of speaking.

The band determined early on that they would not sing in English. As Delgado later said:<ref name=venia/>

:It’s not only a part of image. It’s a serious matter because DAF from the very first beginning didn’t want to imitate any American pop, rock or whatever. In fact we think there is a very strong American influence in culture, television, music, everywhere. So in the very first beginning one of our main content was to refuse to imitate rock ‘n’ roll, to refuse to sing in English. We don’t do that. We have our own identity. Our identity is not American identity.

As a lyricist, Delgado's concerns throughout D.A.F.'s recording career have ranged from sardonic reflections on ideology and political violence, to journeys into a very physical, even brutal, sexuality, sometimes related from a child's point of view. Having grown up as the child of working class Spanish immigrants in [[Wuppertal]], and coming of age in the politically polarized era of the [[German Autumn]] (his response the left-wing extremism of that time being thematized in the 2003 song "Kinderzimmer (Heldenlied)" ["Childhood Bedroom (Hero Song)"], he was blunt and unromantically detached about social reality in West Germany, and unapologetic about the provocative potential of his songs.

As performers and media personalities D.A.F. were, much like New York's [[Suicide (band)|Suicide]], forerunners of later 1980s [[synthpop]] duos, such as the [[Pet Shop Boys]] and [[Soft Cell]], in that the singer (in this case Delgado) appears relatively [[Introversion and extroversion|extroverted]] while the one who plays with the electronics (Görl) appears quiet and reserved. Visually, at least from ''Alles ist gut'' until ''1st Step to Heaven'', they cultivated an image of black leather, muscles, hairy chests, and sweat. Gabi's hairy chest made a comeback appearance in the 2003 promotional video for "Der Sheriff", a song about the George W. Bush administration.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==History==

===Formation and early albums===
Görl came to Düsseldorf in August 1978 and met Delgado as both were regulars at punk club Ratinger Hof. Görl noted, "The earliest line up of DAF was Gabi and me in the basement of the Ratinger Hof. We created our basic ideas and we had a very strong will as a duo. Gabi Delgado played the stylophone and I played the drums." Several early Neue Deutsche Welle bands formed from this social group, and Görl and Delgado played with multiple other bands.<ref name=popshifter>{{cite web|url=http://popshifter.com/2009-03-30/disliking-influence-q-a-with-robert-gorl-of-daf/|title=Disliking Influence: Q & A with Robert Görl of DAF|first=Emily|last=Carney|work=Popshifter|date=30 March 2009|accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> The first two D.A.F. albums featured the original four-piece line-up and a range of styles. Their first album, ''[[Ein Produkt der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Freundschaft]]'', was released in 1979 on Dahlke's Ata Tak label (then called Warning). The album was 22 improvised untitled instrumentals, Delgado having temporarily left the band at the time.

The band then moved to [[London]]. As Delgado later noted, "at that time if you wanted to do new music you’d go to London because that was the center, not Düsseldorf."<ref name=venia>{{cite web|url=http://venia-mag.net/interview/a-i/daf-deutsch-amerikanische-freundschaft/?langen|title=DAF – Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|work=Venia-Mag|first=Ivana|last=Sataić|date=11 September 2010|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Daniel Miller signed DAF to [[Mute Records]] because "they weren’t relying on past rock traditions at all, which is the criterion of what goes on Mute."<ref name="Rip It Up, ch. 18">''Rip It Up'', ch. 18.</ref> DAF recorded ''[[Die Kleinen und die Bösen]]'' (The Small Ones and the Evil Ones) for Mute, one side studio and most of the other side live. Some songs featured thrashed guitars, electronic screeching, and hammered drums while Gabi screamed and ululated.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}

===Virgin trilogy===
DAF then shrank to just Delgado and Görl, who signed to [[Virgin Records]] and released ''[[Alles Ist Gut]]'', their breakthrough album. The band became pop stars in Germany and gained great critical acclaim in the UK.

Görl played drums — usually fairly simple and relatively [[Syncopation|unsyncopated]] patterns, but with simple variations that prevented them sounding robotic — while Delgado sang. The only other instruments used were Korg MS-20 and ARP Odyssey [[analogue synthesizer]]s usually driven by a Korg SQ-10 [[analog sequencer]]. Typically only a single sequencer-driven line would be used for a song, the sequence functioning both as melodic accompaniment and as a bassline. The song "Der Mussolini" is a perfect example of this. On other songs, such as the title track, certain notes of the sequence were set slightly out of tune. Overall the songs entail a complex tension between the predominantly visceral (the voice), the relentlessly robotic (the 16-step sequences), and the drums, which lie somewhere in between. One song, Der Räuber und der Prinz (The Robber and the Prince), also features a [[Glockenspiel]]-like sound as a sinister reminder of childhood.

''Alles Ist Gut'' sold hundreds of thousands in Germany, and DAF became the fifth-biggest German-speaking group in Germany.<ref name="Rip It Up, ch. 18"/>

[[File:DAF 0016 small.jpg|thumb|Gabi Delgado-Lopez and Robert Görl - live on stage - November 7th, 1981]]

The next two albums, ''[[Gold und Liebe]]'' (Gold and Love) and ''[[Für immer (D.A.F. album)|Für Immer]]'' (Forever), continued in the same vein, until, as one British music journalist of the time put it, D.A.F. had exhausted all the possibilities of the 16-step sequencer. These possibilities ranged from something resembling [[rhythm and blues]] — you could just about play Der Mussolini as R'n'B if you wanted — to the [[Microtonal music|microtonality]] of ''Im Dschungel der Liebe'' (In the Jungle of Love) (on ''Für immer'') or ''Knochen auf Knochen'' (the B-side of the single "Sex unter Wasser"). These three albums (from ''Alles ist gut'' to ''Für immer'') were all produced by [[Conny Plank|Konrad "Conny" Plank]], who was renowned for his pioneering work both with minimalist-influenced [[Krautrock]] bands and other experimenters in the 1970s, and with [[electropop]] artists in the 1980s. The band added an Oberheim OB-Xa for ''Für immer''.

The band split during the recording of ''Für immer''.

===Post-split===
Each member released solo albums: Delgado ''Mistress'' (on Virgin), and Görl ''Night Full Of Tension'' (on Mute).

Delgado and Görl reunited in 1985 to record ''[[1st Step to Heaven]]'', their only album in English, which achieved one week in the Swedish album chart at no. 46.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://swisscharts.com/album/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-%28DAF%29/1st-Step-To-Heaven-45940 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft (DAF) - 1st Step To Heaven |publisher=Swisscharts.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref> Delgado later noted: "So we wanted to break our own rules and said: OK, so now we sing in English, now we don’t wear black. ''(laughing)'' With purpose. Because we wanted to break our own rules."<ref name=venia/>

During this extensive period their historical importance began to become clearer. Legendary radio DJ [[John Peel]] went as far as to call them the ''Grandfathers of [[Techno]]''. Both Robert and Gabi had solo musical careers, with Robert becoming a respected techno artist in his own right. Gabi Delgado also recorded two albums as [[DAF/DOS]] ('Dos' here referring to the Spanish word for 'two') together with [[Wotan Wilke Möhring|Wotan Wilke]].

[[File:Gabi Delgado-Lopez - Live with DAF in Mannheim.jpg|thumb|Gabi Delgado-López, DAF live in 2012]]
When DAF reformed for the 2003 album ''[[Fünfzehn neue D.A.F.-Lieder]]'' (15 New D.A.F Songs) their style had shifted to a fusion of the classic [[Conny Plank|Plank]]-produced D.A.F. sound with elements taken from Robert's techno work. The drums were replaced with crisper electronic beats, but the [[ARP Avatar]] and, of course, Gabi's vocals remained in place.

The band prepared more music, but split before they could make another album. Görl played in 2007 as DAF.Partei with Thoralf Dietrich (from Jäger 90) as lead singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=20889_0_2_0_C |title=DAF is dead, long live DAF.Partei + Spetsnaz reunion |publisher=Side-line.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

Delgado-Lopez and Görl have played occasional reunion shows since their thirtieth anniversary tour in 2008. In 2010, the band returned with a new single "Du bist DAF", limited to 2010 copies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutschamerikanischefreundschaft.de/ |title=Damned-Clothing - Damned Fashion for Damned People |language=de |publisher=Deutschamerikanischefreundschaft.de |date=2011-06-28 |accessdate=2012-04-01}}</ref> The sound snippet is available via [[SoundCloud]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/du-bist-daf/du-bist-daf |title=DU BIST DAF by DU BIST DAF on SoundCloud - Create, record and share your sounds for free |publisher=SoundCloud.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-01}}</ref>

The band declared its split again in January 2015, with another farewell tour to start in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=51861_0_2_0_C |title=D.A.F. calls it quits and announces farewell-tour - DAF news at |publisher=Side-line.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

An authorised biography of the band, "Das ist DAF" , written by Miriam Spies and Rudi Esch, was published in 2017. There is no English translation of the text available at present. According to the publisher's page, "(t)his richly illustrated book tells the unique DAF story from the perspective of [[Gabi Delgado]] and [[Robert Görl]]", both of whom as DAF are "regarded as a forerunner of the [[techno]] and [[Electronic body music|EBM]] scene"

===Legacy===

The D.A.F. track "Alle Gegen Alle" was remade by [[Laibach]] in 1994. "Der Mussolini" was remade by [[Atrocity (band)|Atrocity]] in 1997 and by [[KMFDM]] in 2006. Patrik Sampler's 2017 novel ''The Ocean Container''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032773267|title=The ocean container|last=Patrik.|first=Sampler,|isbn=9780979132049|edition= First|location=Rome, GA|oclc=1032773267}}</ref> makes reference to "Greif Nach Den Sternen".

==Discography==

===Albums===
*''[[Ein Produkt der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Freundschaft]]'' (LP, Warning WR-001, 1979)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Produkt-Der-Deutsch-Amerikanischen-Freundschaft/release/1420110 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Produkt Der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Freundschaft (Vinyl, LP, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=1979-06-29 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
**Untitled (0:44) / Untitled (1:03) / Untitled (0:19) / Untitled (2:33) / Untitled (1:07) / Untitled (0:45) / Untitled (0:43) / Untitled (1:48) / Untitled (0:55) / Untitled (3:15) / Untitled (0:59) / Untitled (1:19) // Untitled (0:36) / Untitled (1:41) / Untitled (0:25) / Untitled (1:47) / Untitled (1:24) / Untitled (2:08) / Untitled (1:32) / Untitled (1:13) / Untitled (0:31) / Untitled (3:07)
** CD reissue Mute DAF-0-CD, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Produkt-Der-Deutsch-Amerikanischen-Freundschaft/release/4907296 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Produkt Der Deutsch Amerikanischen Freundschaft (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
*''[[Die Kleinen und die Bösen]]'' (LP, Mute Records STUMM-1, 1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Die-Kleinen-Und-Die-B%C3%B6sen/release/60663 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Die Kleinen Und Die Bösen (Vinyl, LP, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=1980-06-13 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
**Osten Währt Am Längsten (5:45) / Essen Dann Schlafen (1:06) / Co Co Pino (3:25) / Kinderfunk (3:02) / Nacht Arbeit (1:53) / Ich Gebe Dir Ein Stück Von Mir (1:41) / De Panne (2:34) // Gewalt (1:24) / Gib's Mir (1:01) / Auf Wiedersehen (2:03) / Das Ist Liebe (1:18) / Was Ist Eine Welle (1:15) / Anzufassen Und Anzufassen (1:44) / Volkstanz (0:48) / Die Lustigen Stiefel (1:49) / Die Kleinen Und Die Bösen (1:05) / Die Fesche Lola (1:41) / El Basilon (2:52) / Y La Gracia (2:03)
** A-side and "Gewalt" recorded with [[Conny Plank]], other tracks live recordings from the [[Electric Ballroom]]
** CD reissue Mute CDSTUMM-1, 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Die-Kleinen-Und-Die-B%C3%B6sen/release/41955 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Die Kleinen Und Die Bösen (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
*''[[Alles Ist Gut]]'' (LP, Virgin V-2202, 1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Alles-Ist-Gut/release/61116 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Alles Ist Gut (Vinyl, LP, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Sato-Sato (2:43) / Der Mussolini (3:50) / Rote Lippen (2:41) / Mein Herz Macht Bum (4:26) / Der Räuber Und Der Prinz (3:27) / Ich Und Die Wirklichkeit (3:05) / Als Wär's Das Letzte Mal (3:24) / Verlier Nicht Den Kopf (3:17) / Alle Gegen Alle (3:55) / Alles Ist Gut (3:25)
** CD reissue Mute DAF-1-CD, 26 October 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Alles-Ist-Gut/release/38525 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Alles Ist Gut (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=1998-10-26 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
*''[[Gold und Liebe]]'' (LP, Virgin V-2218, 1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Gold-Und-Liebe/release/13321 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Gold Und Liebe (Vinyl, LP, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=2002-12-19 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Liebe Auf Den Ersten Blick (3:58) / El Que (3:33) / Sex Unter Wasser (3:05) / Was Ziehst Du An Heute Nacht (3:47) / Goldenes Spielzeug (3:56) // Ich Will (3:20) / Muskel (3:23) / Absolute Körperkontrolle (3:13) / Verschwende Deine Jugend (3:48) / Greif Nach Den Sternen (3:42)
** CD reissue Mute DAF-2-CD, 26 October 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-Gold-Und-Liebe/release/38577 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Gold Und Liebe (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=1998-10-26 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
*''[[Für immer (D.A.F. album)|Für immer]]'' (LP, Virgin V-2239, 1982)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-F%C3%BCr-Immer/release/216521 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Für Immer (Vinyl, LP, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Im Dschungel Der Liebe (4:11) / Ein Bisschen Krieg (4:02) / Die Götter Sind Weiss (3:00) / Verlieb Dich In Mich (3:44) / Geheimnis (3:23) // Kebabträume (4:01) / Prinzessin (4:19) / Die Lippe (3:09) / Verehrt Euren Haarschnitt (3:24) / Wer Schön Sein Will Muss Leiden (3:35)
** CD reissue Mute DAF-3-CD, 26 October 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-F%C3%BCr-Immer/release/38546 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Für Immer (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=1998-10-26 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
*''[[1st Step to Heaven]]'' (LP, Dean Records 207 435, 1986)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/DAF-1st-Step-To-Heaven/release/37190 |title=DAF* - 1st Step To Heaven (Vinyl, LP, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi (5:04) / Opium (1:58) / Brothers (3:53) / Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi Part II (5:13) // Sex Up (3:26) / Pure Joy (3:30) / Party (3:23) / 1st Step To Heaven (5:53)
** CD (Dean 257 435):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/DAF-1st-Step-To-Heaven/release/1144269 |title=DAF* - 1st Step To Heaven (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref> Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi - Part I (2:25) / Pure Joy (4:47) / Blond Hair Dark Brown Hair (3:10) / Sex Up (3:15) / Absolute Bodycontrol (5:18) / Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi - Part II (5:28) / Crazy Crazy (3:08) / Opium (Mix) (2:10) / Brother/Brother (3:37) / 1st Step To Heaven (Mix) (5:46)
*''[[Fünfzehn neue D.A.F.-Lieder]]'' (CD, Superstar 0678032, 24 February 2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-F%C3%BCnfzehn-Neue-DAF-Lieder/release/2626042 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - Fünfzehn Neue DAF Lieder (CD, Album) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=2003-02-24 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Der Sheriff (Anti-Amerikanisches Lied) (3:46) / Ich Bin Tot (Romantisches Lied) (5:04) / Du Bewegst Dich (Tanzlied) (4:22) / Kinderzimmer (Heldenlied) (3:38) / Rock Hoch (Sexlied) (4:27) / Mira Como Se Menea (Spanisches Lied) (3:59) / Satellit (Weltraumlied) (4:49) / Moschino, Heckler & Koch (Ganovenlied) (2:58) / Seltsame Freunde (Kriegslied) (4:11) / Algorithmus (Zahlenlied) (4:03) / Der Präsident (Erste Welt Lied) (4:07) / Liebeszimmer (Hexenlied) (6:00) / Komm In Meine Welt (Liebeslied) (5:10) / Die Lüge (Wahrheitslied) (4:06) / Ich Bin Morgen Wieder Da (Abschiedslied) (9:03)

====Compilations====

* ''D.A.F.'' (LP, Virgin V-2533, 1988)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanische-Freundschaft-DAF/release/55408 |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft - D.A.F. (Vinyl, LP) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Verschwende Deine Jugend (Waste Your Youth) (3:47) / Der Mussolini (Remix) (3:57) / Mein Herz Macht Bum (My Heart Goes Boom) (4:25) / El Que (3:28) / Ich Und Die Wirklichkeit (Me And Reality) (3:02) / Die Götter Sind Weiss (The Gods Are White) (2:56) / Der Räuber Und Der Prinz (The Robber And The Prince) (3:25) // Liebe Auf Den Ersten Blick (Love At First Sight) ('88 Remix) (6:01) / Im Dschungel Der Liebe (In the Jungle of Love) (4:08) / Prinzessin (Princess) (4:17) / Greif Nach Den Sternen (Reach For The Stars) (3:41) / Kebabträume (Dreams of Kebab) (4:03) / Die Lippe (The Lip) (3:14) / Als Wär's Das Letzte Mal (As If It Were The Last Time) (3:26)
* ''Hitz Blitz'' (CD, JCI JCD-9027, 1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/DAF-Hitz-Blitz/release/915097 |title=DAF* - Hitz Blitz (CD) |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** The Gun ("Powder Keg Mix") (8:22) / Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi Part 2 (5:28) / Pure Joy (4:47) / Brothers (3:37) / Absolute Bodycontrol (5:18) Sex Up (3:15) / Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi Part 1 (2:25) / 1st Step To Heaven Medley (8:07) / Opium Mix (2:10) / Crazy Crazy (3:08) / Blond Hair Dark Brown Hair (3:10) / 1st Step To Heaven Mix (5:46) / The Gun ("Bang Bang Mix") (6:23)
*''Das Beste von DAF'' (CD, Mute DAF-4-CD, 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Deutsch-Amerikanischen-Freundschaft-Das-Beste-Von-DAF/release/1738612 |title=Deutsch Amerikanischen Freundschaft* - Das Beste Von DAF (CD) |publisher=Discogs.com |date=2009-03-30 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>
** Greif Nach Den Sternen (3:42) / Sex Unter Wasser (3:05) / Der Mussolini (3:54) / Ich Will (3:20) / Verschwende Deine Jugend (3:49) / Alle Gegen Alle (3:58) / Was Ziehst Du An Heute Nacht (3:46) / Rote Lippen (2:43) / Sato Sato (2:51) / Ein Bisschen Krieg (4:02) / Die Götter Sind Weiss (3:02) / Im Dschungel Der Liebe (4:12) / Verlieb Dich In Mich (3:44) / Der Räuber Und Der Prinz (3:30) / Ich Und Die Wirklichkeit (3:06) / Verehrt Euren Haarschnitt (3:25) / Goldenes Spielzeug (3:57) / Als Wärs Das Letzte Mal (3:28) / Liebe Auf Den Ersten Blick (3:58) / Prinzessin (4:19)

===Singles===
* 1980 Kebab-Träume / Gewalt, 7" (Mute Records)
* 1981 Der Mussolini, 12" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH)
* 1981 Der Räuber und der Prinz / Tanz' mit Mir, 7" (Mute Records)
* 1981 Goldenes Spielzeug, 12" (Virgin Records (UK))
* 1981 Liebe auf den ersten Blick, 7" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH)
* 1981 Sex unter Wasser, 7" (Virgin Records (UK))
* 1981 Der Mussolini, 12" (Virgin Records (UK))
* 1982 Kebab-Träume, 12"/7" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH)
* 1982 Verlieb' Dich in mich / Ein bisschen Krieg, 12" (Virgin Records (UK))
* 1985 Absolute Body Control, 12" (Illuminated Records)
* 1985 Brothers, 7"/12" (Dean Records)
* 1986 Pure Joy 7"/12" (Dean Records)
* 1986 Voulez Vous Coucher Avec Moi Ce Soir 7"/12" (Dean Records)
* 1987 The Gun, 12" (Dean Records)
* 1987 Der Mussolini (Remix) / Der Räuber und der Prinz, 12" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH)
* 1988 Liebe auf den ersten Blick '88 Remix, 12" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH)
* 1989 Verschwende deine Jugend / El Que, 12"/CD (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH)
* 1998 Der Mussolini, 12" (The Grey Area) (5-track compilation EP)
* 2002 Der Sheriff (Anti-Amerikanisches Lied), CD5" (Superstar Recordings) (541)
* 2010 Du bist DAF, CD (self-released)

==Sources==
*{{cite book
| last = Reynolds
| first = Simon
| author-link = Simon Reynolds
| date = February 2006
| chapter = 18: Electric Dreams: Synthpop
| title = [[Rip It Up and Start Again]]
| type = paperback
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| edition = US
| isbn = 1-4295-2667-X}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://robert-goerl.de/ Robert Görl]
* [http://gabidelgado.com/ Gabi Delgado]

{{Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daf (Band)}}
[[Category:German industrial music groups]]
[[Category:Industrial rock musical groups]]
[[Category:German new wave musical groups]]
[[Category:Electronic body music groups]]
[[Category:Neue Deutsche Welle groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1978]]
[[Category:German electronic music groups]]
[[Category:People from Düsseldorf]]
[[Category:Mute Records artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Düsseldorf]]

Gabi Delgado-López

2019-04-12T10:58:54Z

192.121.232.253: /* Biography */

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gabi Delgado-López
| image = Gabi Delgado-Lopez - Live with DAF in Mannheim.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Delgado-López live with D.A.F. at Alte Seilerei, Mannheim, Germany, December 1, 2012
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Gabriel Delgado-López
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|04|18}}
| birth_place = [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], [[Spain]]
| origin =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = [[Industrial music|Industrial]]
| occupation =
| instrument = Vocals, synthesizer
| years_active = 1978-present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]], [[DAF/DOS]], [[Robert Görl]]
}}
'''Gabriel "Gabi" Delgado-López''' (born 18 April 1958 in [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], [[Spain]]), commonly known as '''Gabi Delgado''', is a composer, lyricist and producer. He is best known as singer and co-founder, with [[Robert Görl]], of the electronic band [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]].

== Biography ==

Delgado-López grew up in [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]]. In 1966, his family moved to Germany ("My father had to leave Spain under [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]"),<ref name=taz2003/> where they lived in [[Remscheid]], [[Wuppertal]], [[Dortmund]] and [[Düsseldorf]].

[[File:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft.jpg|thumb|Delgado-López with Robert Görl]]
He formed D.A.F. with Görl in 1978. In 1980, he moved to London, where he lived until D.A.F. first split in 1984. He then moved to [[Zürich]] and released the solo album ''Mistress'', which did not sell well in Germany but was top 20 in Japan,<ref name=kroneconcerts>{{cite web|url=http://www.kroneconcerts.com/501013952414ddc06/501013952b0f5c409/501013952c0ec7077/|first=Jörg|last=Rambow|title=DAF|work=Krone Concerts|language=German|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> then reuniting with Görl to record the 1986 D.A.F. album ''1st Step to Heaven''.

In 1986, he moved to Berlin to become a DJ and organise [[house music|house]] parties. He organized (with WestBam and Marc Gubler) the first house party in Germany. With Saba Komssa, he founded the techno-house labels Delkom Club Control, BMWW and Sunday Morning Berlin.<ref name=taz2003>{{cite web|url=http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/archiv-start/?dig=2003/11/08/a0265|first=Nike|last=Breyer|title=Das ist alles wirklich Plastik, haha|trans-title=This is all really plastic, haha|work=[[Die Tageszeitung|taz.de]]|language=German|date=8 November 2003|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=kroneconcerts/>

In 1995, he founded, with [[Wotan Wilke Möhring]], the band [[DAF/DOS]], who recorded the album ''Allein, zu zweit, mit Telefon'' (''Alone, As A Couple, With Telephone'') on Sony/Columbia, with the singles "Ich glaub' ich fick' dich später" ("I Think I'll Fuck You Later") and "Zurück nach Marzahn" ("Back to Marzahn"). In 2003, Delgado reunited again with Görl for another D.A.F. album, ''Fünfzehn neue D.A.F-Lieder'' (''Fifteen New D.A.F. Songs'').

[[File:Daffff.JPG|thumb|Live with D.A.F. in 2007]]
He has a brother, Eduardo Delgado-Lopez, who is a [[bass guitar|bass]] player.

Delgado-López is [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] and has spoken at length about it publicly.<ref name=taz2003/>

== Discography ==

Solo:
*''Mistress'' (1983)
*''Eins'' (2014)
*''Zwei'' (2015)

with Delkom:
* ''Futur Ultra'' (1990)

with DAF/DOS:
* ''Allein, zu zweit, mit Telefon'' (1996)
* ''Der DAF/DOS Staat'' (1999)
* ''Der DAF/DOS Live Staat'' (1999)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://gabidelgado.de Lyric Database]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.electronicbeats.net/daf-icon-gabi-delgado-wants-to-drive-you-off-the-dance-floor/|title=DAF icon Gabi Delgado Wants to Drive You Off the Dance Floor|work=Electronic Beats|first=Sven|last=Von Thülen|date=14 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015}}

{{Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delgado-Lopez, Gabi}}
[[Category:German industrial musicians]]
[[Category:German male singers]]
[[Category:Spanish rock singers]]
[[Category:Spanish emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:LGBT musicians from Germany]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from Spain]]
[[Category:LGBT singers]]
[[Category:LGBT songwriters]]
[[Category:Bisexual musicians]]
[[Category:Bisexual men]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Córdoba, Andalusia]]
[[Category:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft members]]

Gabi Delgado-López

2019-04-12T10:56:53Z

192.121.232.253: /* Biography */

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gabi Delgado-López
| image = Gabi Delgado-Lopez - Live with DAF in Mannheim.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Delgado-López live with D.A.F. at Alte Seilerei, Mannheim, Germany, December 1, 2012
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Gabriel Delgado-López
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|04|18}}
| birth_place = [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], [[Spain]]
| origin =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = [[Industrial music|Industrial]]
| occupation =
| instrument = Vocals, synthesizer
| years_active = 1978-present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]], [[DAF/DOS]], [[Robert Görl]]
}}
'''Gabriel "Gabi" Delgado-López''' (born 18 April 1958 in [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], [[Spain]]), commonly known as '''Gabi Delgado''', is a composer, lyricist and producer. He is best known as singer and co-founder, with [[Robert Görl]], of the electronic band [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]].

== Biography ==

Delgado-López grew up in [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]]. In 1966, his family moved to Germany ("My father had to leave Spain under [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]"),<ref name=taz2003/> where they lived in [[Remscheid]], [[Wuppertal]], [[Dortmund]] and [[Düsseldorf]].

[[File:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft.jpg|thumb|Delgado-López with Robert Görl]]
He formed D.A.F. with Görl in 1978. In 1980, he moved to London, where he lived until D.A.F. first split in 1984. He then moved to [[Zürich]] and released the solo album ''Mistress'', which did not sell well in Germany but was top 20 in Japan,<ref name=kroneconcerts>{{cite web|url=http://www.kroneconcerts.com/501013952414ddc06/501013952b0f5c409/501013952c0ec7077/|first=Jörg|last=Rambow|title=DAF|work=Krone Concerts|language=German|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> then reuniting with Görl to record the 1986 D.A.F. album ''1st Step to Heaven''.

In 1986, he moved to Berlin to become a DJ and organise [[house music|house]] parties. He organized (with WestBam and Marc Gubler) the first house party in Germany. With Saba Komssa, he founded the techno-house labels Delkom Club Control, BMWW and Sunday Morning Berlin.<ref name=taz2003>{{cite web|url=http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/archiv-start/?dig=2003/11/08/a0265|first=Nike|last=Breyer|title=Das ist alles wirklich Plastik, haha|trans-title=This is all really plastic, haha|work=[[Die Tageszeitung|taz.de]]|language=German|date=8 November 2003|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=kroneconcerts/>

In 1995, he founded, with [[Wotan Wilke Möhring]], the band [[DAF/DOS]], who recorded the album ''Allein, zu zweit, mit Telefon'' (''Alone, As A Couple, With Telephone'') on Sony/Columbia, with the singles "Ich glaub ich fick dich später" ("I Think I'll Fuck You Later") and "Zurück nach Marzahn" ("Back to Marzahn"). In 2003, Delgado reunited again with Görl for another D.A.F. album, ''Fünfzehn neue D.A.F-Lieder'' (''Fifteen New D.A.F. Songs'').

[[File:Daffff.JPG|thumb|Live with D.A.F. in 2007]]
He has a brother, Eduardo Delgado-Lopez, who is a [[bass guitar|bass]] player.

Delgado-López is [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] and has spoken at length about it publicly.<ref name=taz2003/>

== Discography ==

Solo:
*''Mistress'' (1983)
*''Eins'' (2014)
*''Zwei'' (2015)

with Delkom:
* ''Futur Ultra'' (1990)

with DAF/DOS:
* ''Allein, zu zweit, mit Telefon'' (1996)
* ''Der DAF/DOS Staat'' (1999)
* ''Der DAF/DOS Live Staat'' (1999)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://gabidelgado.de Lyric Database]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.electronicbeats.net/daf-icon-gabi-delgado-wants-to-drive-you-off-the-dance-floor/|title=DAF icon Gabi Delgado Wants to Drive You Off the Dance Floor|work=Electronic Beats|first=Sven|last=Von Thülen|date=14 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015}}

{{Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delgado-Lopez, Gabi}}
[[Category:German industrial musicians]]
[[Category:German male singers]]
[[Category:Spanish rock singers]]
[[Category:Spanish emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:LGBT musicians from Germany]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from Spain]]
[[Category:LGBT singers]]
[[Category:LGBT songwriters]]
[[Category:Bisexual musicians]]
[[Category:Bisexual men]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Córdoba, Andalusia]]
[[Category:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft members]]

Kurt Dahlke

2019-04-12T10:54:57Z

192.121.232.253:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Kurt Dahlke
| image = Fehlfarben-2006-Pyrolator Kemner.jpg
| caption = Dahlke (left, keyboards) and Michael Kemner (bass) playing with Fehlfarben in Hagen in 2006
| background =non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Kurt Dahlke
| alias = Pyrolator
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|4|29}}
| origin = [[Wuppertal]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]], Germany
| instrument = Synthesizers, keyboards
| genre = [[Experimental music|Experimental]], [[techno]], [[post-punk]], [[Electronic music|electronic]], [[New wave music|new wave]]
| occupation = Musician, producer, [[Music engineer|engineer]]
| years_active = 1979–present
| label = Warning Records, [[Ata Tak]], [[Bureau-B]], [[Captain Trip Records]], [[Suezan Studio]]
| associated_acts = [[Der Plan]], [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|D.A.F]], [[Fehlfarben]], [[A Certain Frank]], [[Bombay 1]], [[Burkina Electric]]
| website =<ref>[http://www.pyrolator.com/Pyrolator.com ]{{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''Kurt Dahlke''' (born 29 April 1958) is a German musician and record producer. He is a founding member of record label/publishing company ''Ata Tak'' and has worked and still works in several bands. Dahlke is also known as '''Pyrolator'''.<ref name="discogs1">{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Pyrolator |title=Pyrolator Discography at Discogs |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref> Several times he has been commissioned by the [[Goethe-Institut]] for workshops or concerts.

On stage, Dahlke operates his computer/synthesizer hardware by the movement or the pressure of the hands, with ''Thunder'' and ''Lightning'', two controllers built by [[Don Buchla]].

==Career==
In 1978, Dahlke was a founding member of [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|D.A.F]], but left the band in 1979,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Deutsch+Amerikanische+Freundschaft |title=Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft Discography |publisher=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref> when he became a member of [[Der Plan]] (until 1992), and [[Fehlfarben]] (until 1980 and again since 2002). From the same year on he labeled his solo work as ''Pyrolator''.<ref name="discogs1"/>

Dahlke collaborated on several films of director [[Rainer Kirberg]], with ''Der Plan'' in ''Die letzte Rache'' (1983) and ''Grottenolm'' (1985) and in 2011 as sound designer in ''Das schlafende Mädchen''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0197106/|title=Kurt Dahlke|publisher=IMDb.com|accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

In 1996 he worked with his ''Der Plan'' partner Frank Fenstermacher as ''A certain Frank, in ''2005 he started a collaboration with painter Jörn Stoya as ''Bombay 1''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://groenland.com/en/artist/bombay-1-2 |title=Bombay 1 |publisher=Groenland.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

Until today he's been involved as musician, engineer or producer in more than 400 releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Kurt+Dahlke |title=Kurt Dahlke Discography |publisher=Discogs.com |date=29 April 1958 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

=== Pyrolator ===

In 1979 he released ''Inland'', his first album as ''Pyrolator''. The cover stated: ''Pyrolator Synthesizer Inland'', the music is quite experimental, close to industrial music, incorporating field recordings and harsh electronica. On the follow-up ''Ausland'' (1981) he worked with a list of Ata Tak associated guests including his Der Plan colleagues and [[Holger Hiller]]. The songs range from experimental electronica to synth-pop, where ''Wunderland'' (1984) became his most playful, melodic and popular effort with references to world music.

In 1985 Dahlke collaborated with Arnd Kai Klosowski for the album ''Hometaping Is Killing Music'' an early effort in popular music based entirely on [[Sampling (music)|sampling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalmeltd0wn.blogspot.com/2008/09/ak-klosowski-pyrolator-home-taping-is.html |title=Digital Meltd0wn: A.K. Klosowski & Pyrolator |publisher=Digitalmeltd0wn.blogspot.com |date=18 August 2010 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

1987's ''Pyrolator's Traumland'' with Susan Brackeen on vocals and a whole range of guest musicians became his most commercial and less experimental album. He then teamed up with Linda Sharrock and Frank Samba for ''Every 2nd'', an album commissioned for the German Olympic pavilion at the 1988 Seoul Games.

With the singles ''Ficcion Disco'' and ''City Space'' from 1992/1993 he moved towards Techno, which led to his productions for ''Antonelli Electr.'' the techno project of [[Stefan Schwander]] – another Ata Tak artist (with ''The I-Burnettes'', 1990, and ''The Bad Examples'', from 1996 on).

''Neuland'' from 2011 is the first Pyrolator album not released on Ata Tak but [[Bureau-B]]. It received a four star rating on [[Allmusic]].<ref>{{cite web|author=John Bush |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/neuland-mw0002219712 |title=Neuland – Pyrolator | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |date=25 October 2011 |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref>

===Ata Tak===
Dahlke is a founding member of the independent record label and publishing company ''Ata Tak'', as well as associated label ''Das Büro'', from 1979 on, and with over 150 releases still in operation.<ref name="atatak1">{{cite web|url=http://www.atatak.com//e/assets/s2dmain.html?http://www.atatak.com//e/eatatakhistory/dasbuerolabel/dinfo3.html |title=Ata Tak |publisher=Atatak.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-18}}</ref><ref name="atatak1"/>

The two labels have been a fulcrum of the German [[Post-punk]]/ [[Neue Deutsche Welle]] scene, with releases of artists like [[Der Plan]], Lost Gringos, [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|DAF]], Die Zimmermänner, [[Holger Hiller]], [[Andreas Dorau]], [[S.Y.P.H.]], [[Die Tödliche Doris]], or Minus Delta T.

Later on Ata Tak e.g. released [[The Bad Examples]], [[Element of Crime]] or 1993 the first album of [[Oval (band)|Oval]].

==Selected discography==
*'''Pyrolator''' albums:
**Inland (1979)
**Ausland (1981)
**Wunderland (1984)
**Hometaping is Killing Music (as Pyrolator/A.K.Klosowski) (1985)
**Traumland (1987)
** Every Second (as Pyrolator/Sharrock/Samba) (1988)
**Neuland (2011)
*'''A Certain Frank''' albums:
**no end of no (1996)
**Nobody ? No! (1998)
**remixed by... (1999)
**Nothing (2001)
**Wildlife Live (2006)
*'''Fehlfarben''' albums:
**Monarchie und Alltag (1980)
**Knietief im Dispo (2002)
**26 1/2 (2006)
**Handbuch für die Welt (2007)
**Hier und jetzt (Live, 2009)
**Glücksmaschinen (2010)
*'''Bombay 1''' albums:
**The Identity Thing (2001)
**Me Like You (2002)
**Strobl (2005)
*'''[[Der Plan]]''' albums:
**Geri Reig (1980)
**Normalette Surprise (1981)
**Die letzte Rache (1983)
**Japlan (1985)
**Fette Jahre (1986)
**Es ist eine fremde und seltsame Welt (1987)
**Perlen (1988)
**Die Peitsche des Lebens (1989)
**Live At The Tiki Ballroom (1993)
*Other:
**[[Ein Produkt der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Freundschaft]] (1979)
**Trashmuseum – I'd Rather Die Young Before I Grow Old Without You (1985) (with Stoya and [[Fehlfarben|Thomas Schwebel]]
**Air-Weaving (1995)
**Telarana – Frühlingserwachen (1996)
**Beta Foly (1997) with [[Lukas Ligeti]]
**Pascal Plantinga Live (2006)
**Burkina Electric (2006) (with Lukas Ligeti)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.atatak.com homepage of Ata Tak]
* [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Kurt+Dahlke Dahlke on Discogs]
* [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/pyrolator-p20006 Dahlke on allmusic.com]

{{Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahlke, Kurt}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Wuppertal]]
[[Category:German male musicians]]
[[Category:German electronic music groups]]
[[Category:Intelligent dance musicians]]
[[Category:German new wave musicians]]
[[Category:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft members]]

Robert Görl

2019-04-12T10:54:09Z

192.121.232.253: /* Biography */

{{BLP sources|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Robert Görl
| image = 13-03-23 e-tropolis DAF 06.jpg
| landscape = yes
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Robert Görl
| birth_place = [[Munich]], Germany
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|06|15}}
| genre = [[Industrial music|Industrial]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]
| occupation = Composer
| instrument = Voice, drums, synthesizers
| years_active = 1978-present
| label = Mute, Virgin
| associated_acts = [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]]
| website = {{URL|robert-goerl.de}}
}}

'''Robert Görl''' (born June 15, 1955 in Munich) is a German musician, best known for his work with [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft]] (D.A.F.) and for his solo recordings, particularly ''Night Full Of Tension'' and "Darling Don't Leave Me" (together with Annie Lennox) .

[[File:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft.jpg|thumb|[[Gabi Delgado-López]] (left) and Robert Görl (right)]]

==Biography==
Görl started his life in an orphanage. At the age of 18, Görl got drum lessons from the jazz musician [[Freddie Brocksieper]]. In 1974 he started a classical music education at the [[Leopold Mozart]] Conservatory in [[Augsburg]] and in 1976 at the Music - [[University of Graz]], also devoting himself to jazz.<ref name="taz">''[http://www.taz.de/!28182/ Wir waren eine Zukunftsvision]'' – Interview bei taz.de, abgerufen am 6. November 2012 (in German)</ref> In 1978, he interrupted his studies, went to London and became interested in [[punk rock]]. In the same year, he met [[Gabi Delgado-López|Gabriel "Gabi" Delgado-López]] in [[Düsseldorf]] and formed DAF. Görl also played in other bands such as [[Der Plan]].<ref name="popshifter">{{cite web|url=http://popshifter.com/2009-03-30/disliking-influence-q-a-with-robert-gorl-of-daf/ |title=Disliking Influence: Q & A with Robert Görl of DAF |website=Popshifter.com |date=2009-03-30 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>

Robert Görl recorded seven albums with DAF from 1979 - 2003
In 1982 DAF received the "Deutscher Schallplatten Preis" (German Music Award) for their album ''Alles ist Gut''.

The first DAF break was in 1983 at their musical peak.

In 1984, Robert Görl recorded his first solo album ''Night Full of Tension'' (Mute Rec), working with [[Annie Lennox]] of the [[Eurythmics]]. Görl also played drums on the 1981 Eurythmics album ''[[In the Garden (Eurythmics album)|In the Garden]].''

DAF reformed in 1985 to record ''1st Step to Heaven'' (Dean/Ariola Rec)

In 1989, Görl suffered a serious car accident, became a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and travelled for three years studying in Asia.<ref name="taz" /> After his return, he recorded several albums and singles on the [[Munich]] techno label Disko B.

DAF reformed again in 2000 and recorded ''Fünfzehn neue D.A.F-Lieder'' (''15 New D.A.F-Songs'') in early 2003. They split again in 2005. In 2008, they reformed for their 30th-anniversary tour, ''30 Jahre DAF (Der 30-jährige Krieg)'', and recorded the single "Du bist DAF" ("You are DAF") in 2010.

==Discography==
{{Cleanup|section|reason=Formatting, non-use of wikitable(s), laundry list appearance|date=March 2016}}

===Albums===
Robert Görl Albums with DAF 1979 - 2003

* 1."Produkt der Deutsch Amerikanischen Freundschaft" (Ata Tak)
* 2."Die Kleinen und die Bösen" (Mute Rec)
* 3."Alles ist gut" (Virgin Rec)
* 4."Gold und Liebe" (Virgin Rec)
* 5."Für Immer" (Virgin Rec)
* 6."First Step to Heaven" (Dean/Ariola Rec)
* 7."15 neue DAF Lieder" (Superstar Rec)

Robert Görl solo albums :

* ''Night Full of Tension'' (LP, Mute STUMM-16, 1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Night-Full-Of-Tension/release/28649 |title=Robert Görl - Night Full Of Tension (Vinyl, LP, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date=2014-03-08 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Playtime (3:54) / I Love Me (5:31) / Charlie Cat (3:40) / Gewinnen Wir Die Beste Der Frauen (4:49) // Queen King (4:54) / Love In Mind (4:45) / Darling Don't Leave Me (3:39) / Wind In Hair (4:19)
** 1993 CD bonus tracks:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Night-Full-Of-Tension/release/960396 |title=Robert Görl - Night Full Of Tension (CD, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref> Mit Dir (Extended) (5:54) / Berührt Verführt (Remix) (3:46) / Darling Don't Leave Me (Extended) (6:59) / A Ist Wieder Da (3:36) / Eckhardt's Party (4:22)
** Psycho Therapie (CD Disko B - DB 23 CD, 1993
* ''Watch the Great Copycat'' (CD, Disko B DB-52-CD, 1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Watch-The-Great-Copycat/release/67154 |title=Robert Görl - Watch The Great Copycat (CD, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Insekter (6:20) / Ali Baba (4:19) / Wabe (8:37) / Rund (6:20) / Dämonika (5:27) / Rubber Ritual (4:53) / Yip Yep (5:57) / Have A Bath (5:07) / Bumba (A Buddha) (6:05) / Loop It Baby (1:02) / Echt Lollyzopf (4:42) / End Of A Trip (0:25)
* ''Watch the Great Copycat'' (2×LP, Disko B DB-52, 1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Watch-The-Great-Copycat/release/68652 |title=Robert Görl - Watch The Great Copycat (Vinyl, LP) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Insekter (6:20) / Have A Bath (5:07) // Wabe (8:37) / Ali Baba (4:19) /// Bumba (A Buddha) (6:05) / Dämonika (5:27) // Loop It Baby II (1:02) / Echt Lollyzopf (4:42) / Rubber Ritual (4:53)
* ''Sexdrops'' (CD/2×LP, Disko DB-68, 1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/RG%C3%B6rl-Sexdrops/release/16311 |title=R.Görl* - Sexdrops (Vinyl, LP, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/RG%C3%B6rl-Sexdrops/release/67151 |title=R.Görl* - Sexdrops (CD, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date=2003-07-16 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
**Dominatrix Supreme (5:20) / Pet Teaser (5:03) // Scoops (4:43) / Deep Intruder (5:13) /// Do It - Let's Boogee (5:19) / Triple Dripping (3:58) // Blue Sex Drops (4:58) / Spanish Bull (5:31) / Call A Loony (1:31)
* ''Final Metal Pralinées'' (CD/2×LP, Disko DB-90, 2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/R_G%C3%B6rl-Final-Metal-Pralin%C3%A9es/release/42492 |title=R_Görl* - Final Metal Pralinées (Vinyl, LP, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date=2000-01-26 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/R_G%C3%B6rl-Final-Metal-Pralin%C3%A9es/release/67149 |title=R_Görl* - Final Metal Pralinées (CD, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date=2000-01-26 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** One More Hour (6:53) / Artificial Water (4:52) / Rave Plastik (5:04) // Dizzy Loophead (3:59) / Las Vegas Cowboy (6:03) / Bass Spieler (4:29) /// KDB (3:16) / War Dämon (4:29) / Drum Putzen (5:13) // Basket (5:03) / Exotika (4:07) / Last Korg Exit (4:49)
** last track on LP "Loop It Baby III" is a [[locked groove]]
* [[Client (band)|Client]] Featuring Robert Görl: ''Live In Porto '' (CD, Client self-release, 10 November 2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Client-Featuring-Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Live-In-Porto/release/912885 |title=Client Featuring Robert Görl - Live In Porto (CD, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date=2006-11-10 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** It's Rock And Roll (4:35) / In It For The Money (4:11) / Tuesday Night (3:25) / Down To The Underground (3:02) / Price Of Love (3:59) / Pills (5:02) / Client (3:32) / Overdrive (3:53) / Radio (3:53) / Here And Now (4:24) / Pornography (3:53) / Rock And Roll Machine (5:28) / Diary Of An 18 Year Old Boy (4:32) / Zerox Machine (4:56) / Der Mussolini (4:54)
* ''Dark Tool Symphony'' (CD, Prussia PRSA-5001, 2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Dark-Tool-Symphony/release/1307908 |title=Robert Görl - Dark Tool Symphony (CD, Album) |website=Discogs.com |date=2007-10-27 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
**Aufmarsch (3:36) / Liebesschwur (5:44) / Erster Dunkler Kontakt (12:08) / Red Groove (4:37) / Vereinigung (4:51) / Zweite Sonne (2:03)
**includes video track "Dark Tool Symphony" (19:00)

===Singles===
* Mit Dir / Berührt Verführt (7"/12", Mute 7-MUTE-027, March 1983)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Mit-Dir/release/674999 |title=Robert Görl - Mit Dir (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date=2010-01-16 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Mit-Dir/release/61120 |title=Robert Görl - Mit Dir (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** 12" extended versions
* Darling Don't Leave Me / A Ist Wieder Da (7", Mute 7-MUTE-31, 1983)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Darling-Dont-Leave-Me/release/238620 |title=Robert Görl - Darling Don't Leave Me (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
* Darling Don't Leave Me (extended version) // A Ist Wieder Da / Eckhardt's Party (12", Mute 12-MUTE-31, 1983)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Darling-Dont-Leave-Me-Extended-Mix/release/297041 |title=Robert Görl - Darling Don't Leave Me (Extended Mix) (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
* Electric Marilyn (Radio Edit) (4:28) / Electric Marilyn (The "B" Mix) (5:05) // Repeat The Beat (Euromix) (5:12) / Repeat The Beat (Schnapping Mix) (7:15) (Hangman HGN-70-0 12"/CD, 1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Electric-Marilyn/release/139419 |title=Robert Görl - Electric Marilyn (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Electric-Marilyn-Repeat-The-Beat/release/850841 |title=Robert Görl - Electric Marilyn / Repeat The Beat (CD) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
* ''Psycho'' (12", Disko B DB-8, 1993)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/R-G%C3%B6rl-Psycho/release/134721 |title=R Görl* - Psycho (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Psychosafe / Psychoblock // Psychoring / Psychofrau
* ''Psycho (Remixes)'' (12", Disko B DB-12, 1993)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/R-G%C3%B6rl-Psycho-Remixes/release/1159317 |title=R Görl* - Psycho (Remixes) (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Psychotrip (6:00) / Psychodrive (6:00) // Psychopat (6:30) / Psychodrome (6:30)
* ''Therapie'' (2×12", Disko B DB-23, 1994)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/R-G%C3%B6rl-Therapie/release/48185 |title=R Görl* - Therapie (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Derja Come / Do We Do We // Eric's Playing / M M
* Happy Gathering (8:17) / U.F.N.(6:55) (12", Disko B DB-33, 1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/R-G%C3%B6rl-Happy-Gathering-UFN/release/61819 |title=R Görl* - Happy Gathering / U.F.N. (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** first 1000 copies on red vinyl
* ''Yip Yep'' (12", Disko B DB-49, 1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Yip-Yep/release/16312 |title=Robert Görl - Yip Yep (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Loop It Baby (0:39) / Yip Yep (5:57) // Rund (6:20)
* Karl O'Connor & Robert Görl: ''The Right Side Of Reason 1/3'' (12", independent, 1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Karl-OConnor-Robert-G%C3%B6rl-The-Right-Side-Of-Reason-13/release/36632 |title=Karl O'Connor & Robert Görl - The Right Side Of Reason 1/3 (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date=1998-02-24 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
** Untitled (1:09) / Untitled (5:10) // Untitled (4:28)
** 450 copies. "All tracks specially commissioned by the T-Bank Art Council for "Point the finger" a night celebrating the work of Richard Kern. {{not a typo|24th February}} 1998."
* Seltsame Liebe (Original) / Seltsame Liebe (The Hacker Remix) // Seltsame Liebe (Miss Yetti Remix) (12", Gold & Liebe Tonträger GL-22, 2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Seltsame-Liebe/release/796075 |title=Robert Görl - Seltsame Liebe (Vinyl) |website=Discogs.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>
* Schwarzer Engel (download single, 18 December 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Robert-G%C3%B6rl-Schwarzer-Engel/release/3550616 |title=Robert Görl - Schwarzer Engel (File) |website=Discogs.com |date=2009-12-18 |accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{official website}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorl, Robert}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Munich]]
[[Category:German industrial musicians]]
[[Category:German drummers]]
[[Category:Male drummers]]
[[Category:German male musicians]]
[[Category:Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft members]]