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Bonapartenykus

2022-03-11T03:17:17Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Short description|A large alvarezsauroid dinosaur}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Bonapartenykus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil_range|83.6-72.1}}
| genus = Bonapartenykus
| parent_authority = Agnolin ''et al.'' [[2012 in archosaur paleontology|2012]]
| authority = Agnolin ''et al.'' 2012
| species = ultimus
}}

'''''Bonapartenykus''''' (meaning "[[José Bonaparte|José F. Bonaparte]]'s claw") is a [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[alvarezsauroidea|alvarezsauroid]] [[dinosaur]] from [[Argentina]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian]] stage, 83.6 to 72.1 Ma) in what is now the upper [[Allen Formation]] of the [[Río Negro Province]]. The type and only species, '''''Bonapartenykus ultimus''''', is known from a nearly articulated but partial skeleton that was found in close association to two incomplete [[egg|eggs]] and several clusters of eggshells belonging to the [[egg fossils|oogenus]] ''[[Arriagadoolithus]]''. ''Bonapartenykus'' was named in [[2012 in paleontology|2012]] by Federico L. Agnolin, Jaime E. Powell, Fernando E. Novas and Martin Kundrát.<ref name="agnolinetal2012">{{cite journal | title=New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs | author=Federico L. Agnolin | author2=Jaime E. Powell | author3=Fernando E. Novas | author4=Martin Kundrát | name-list-style=amp | journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2012 | volume=35 | pages=33–56 | doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014}}</ref> ''Bonapartenykus'' has an estimated length of 2.9 metres (9.5 feet) and weight of 34 kilograms (75 lbs), making it the largest member of the clade [[Alvarezsauroidea]].<ref name=Molina-Pérez2016>{{Cite book|last=Molina-Pérez & Larramendi|title=Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos|publisher=Larousse|year=2016|location=Spain|pages=269}}</ref>

==Discovery and Naming==
A partial [[skeleton]] of a [[theropod]] with eggs was collected in a surface of approximately 30 m2 in [[fluvial processes|fluvial]] [[sandstone|sandstones]] of the upper [[Allen Formation]] in northwestern [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]].<ref name=Salgado2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Salgado | first1 = Leonardo | last2 = A. Coria | first2 = Rodolfo | last3 = B. Arcucci | first3 = Andrea | last4 = M. Chiappe | first4 = Luis | date = 2009 | editor1-last = Farke | title = Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Alien (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina | journal = Andean Geology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 67-80 | doi = 10.4067/S0718-71062009000100006 }}</ref> The locality has also produced specimens of [[hadrosauridae|hadrosaurids]], [[ankylosauria|ankylosaurs]], several [[titanosauria|titanosaur]] [[sauropod|sauropods]], several [[abelisauridae|abelisaurids]], indeterminate [[tetanurae|tetanurans]], an incomplete large alvarezsaurid and a large [[unenlagiidae|unenlagiid]].<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> The skeleton was originally reported and described by Salgado ''et al.'' (2009) as an indeterminate alvarezsaurid.<ref name=Salgado2009/> The specimen was later redescribed and named in [[2012 in archosaur paleontology|2012]] by Federico L. Agnolin, Jaime E. Powell, Fernando E. Novas and Martin Kundrát. The [[holotype]] specimen, '''MPCA, 1290''', consists of a mid-dorsal [[vertebra]], both [[scapulocoracoid|scapulocoracoids]], left [[tibia]] and [[femur]], left [[pubis (bone)|pubis]] articulated with the pubic peduncle of the [[ilium (bone)|ilium]], the anterior blade of the left ilium, and two partially preserved eggs that were separated from the holotype by less than 20 cm (7.9 inches). Two specimens were referred to ''Bonapartenykus'': MGPIFD-GR 166 and MGPIFD-GR 184, a blade of the left scapula, a left [[coracoid]], a distal right pubis, four cervical vertebrae and a single caudal vertebra which all belong to the same individual.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

The eggs of ''Bonapartenykus'' were considered unique enough for them to be given a new [[parataxonomic]] name, ''[[Arriagadoolithus]]'', which was classified in a new [[oofamily]], the [[Arriagadoolithidae]], so named for the owner of the site where the discovery was made.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

The generic name, ''Bonapartenykus'', is derived from the Argentinean [[paleontologist]] [[José Bonaparte|José F. Bonaparte]] and the [[Latin]] word "''nykus''" (claw). The specific name, ''ultimus'', is derived from the Latin word "''ultimus''" (latest), as it is one of the most geologically youngest alvarezsaurid from [[South America]].<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

==Description==
===Size and distinguishing traits===
Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) originally gave ''Bonapartenykus'' an estimated length of approximately 2.5 metres (8.2 feet).<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> In 2016, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi gave a length of 2.9 metres (9.5 feet) and weight of 34 kilograms (75 lbs), making ''Bonapartenykus'' the largest member of [[Alvarezsauroidea]].<ref name=Molina-Pérez2016/>

Agnolin et al. (2012) diagnosed ''Bonapartenykus'' based on the presence of spinopostzygapophyseal laminae that end abruptly above the [[articular processes|postzygapophyses]] of the mid-dorsal vertebrae; the underside portion of the coracoid being strongly deflected towards the middle and decorated with delicate but abundant grooves as in ''[[Xixianykus]]''; fused scapulocoracoids as in ''[[Ceratonykus]]''; scapula with a very wide notch on the posterior margin of the bone; and a fused ilium and pubis.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

===Postcrania===
The mid-dorsal vertebrae posses diapophyses and parapophyses that are worn, with the former lacking its distal ends. As in other alvarezsaurids, the centrum of the mid-dordsal vertebrae lack pleurocoels. Unlike ''[[Haplocheirus]]'' and ''[[Patagonykus]]'', the centrum has a cranial articular surface that is deeply concave with a sharp bony margin that surrounds it, which might be procoelous. The neural spine is proportionally taller than in [[Alvarezsauridae|Mononykini]], but also resembles the condition seen in basal alvarezsauroids such as ''Haplocheirus''. As in ''[[Mononykus]]'' and ''Patagonykus'', both the prespinal and postspinal fossae are very deep. A unique feature of ''Bonapartenykus'' is the spinopostzygapophyseal [[Lamina of the vertebral arch|laminae]] ending abruptly above the rear margin of the postzygapophyses. The mid-dorsal vertebrae posses neural canals that are wide and prezygapophyses that shows a subcircular contour and a shallow concavity at its caudal margin. As in ''Patagonykus'', the parapophyses connect to the margins of the cranial articular surface through a small ridge and the diapophyse connect to the parapophyses by a deep ridge. The centrodiapophyseal lamina was craniocaudally wider than in other alvarezsaurids, based on the preserved portions. The postzygapophyses are [[ellipsoid|ellipsoidal]] in contour in dorsal view and show a notched caudal margin. The postzygapophyses are transversely wide and cranicaudally shortened, but lacks a lateroventral projection.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

As in ''[[Alvarezsaurus]]'', the scapular blade is medially deflected, unlike other alvarezsaurids that have a straight [[scapula|scapular blade]]. However, as in other alvarezsaurids, both the cranial and caudal margins are almost parallel. Along the caudal margin of the scapular blade is a well-developed notch. As in [[Maniraptora]], [[Oviraptorosauria]] and other Alvarezsauridae, the [[acromion]] is subtriangular in shape. The [[glenoid fossa]] is oriented towards the posterior and sides, with the scapular portion being lateromedially expanded and wider than the coracoidal portion, as well as perpendicular to the main axis of the coracoid. Similar to [[Paraves]], the ventral half of the coracoid is strongly medially flexed. The coracoid lacks a [[Bicipital groove|bicipital tubercle]] and is transversely thick at the cranial margin. The coracoidal foramen is wide and rounded in contour, and possesses several ridges near the caudal margin which may correspond to [[skeletal muscle|muscle]] attachment points. Along the side margins of the coracoid are a smooth surface towards the sides and upper side and a directed margin towards the middle and underside. This feature is similar in condition to that of ''Patagonykus'' but differs by the middle portion of the coracoid not being as strongly inflected towards and the surface of the side show only isolated and poorly developed grooves. The faintly defined ridge of ''Ceratonykus'' is very poorly and is restricted to the posterior end of the coracoid which is unlike that of ''Bonapartenykus''. Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) noted that the ventral half of the coracoid is deflected towards the middle, with an extremely thin medial rear that is slightly wrapping upwards which probably correlates with some kind of [[skin]] cornification, but does not correlate with a cornified sheath due to the absence of oblique neurovascular foramina. The coracoid is extremely elongate and ends at an acute end which restricted articulation with the sternum. Alvarezsaurids like ''Bonapartenykus'' may have had a flat and wide breast based on a combination of characteristics like a continuous subhorizontal surface with formed by the medial deflection of the coracoids with the sternal plate.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

Unlike ''Patagonykus'', the pubic shaft of ''Bonapartenykus'' is more compressed towards the sides and narrower from front to back. As in derived alvarezsaurids, the pubic shaft lacks the caudal [[Sulcus (morphology)|sulcus]] for the ischial articulation. The distal end of the pubic shaft possesses a small ridge on its cranial margin, which is absent in more derived alvarezsaurids, but shows a distal pubic boot on the pubis. The pubic boot appears to be rounded in side view on the rear margin. A small portion of the right ilium is preserved. The pubic pedicle is compressed towards the middle and sides. The pubic pedicle is also strongly fused with the pubis, which is a characteristic unique among alvarezsaurids, along with a reduced cuppedicus fossa. The cuppedicus fossa is shallow and elongate with a low, wide, and smooth ridge being present above it. The [[femoral head]] was separated from the [[greater trochanter]] by a cleft as indicated by the base of the cranial trochanter. The femoral head was similar in general size and proportions to ''Patagonykus''. In lateral view, a large, sculptured bulge is present on the femur, which may correspond to muscle attachment points. The [[tibia]] is very short and robust, while the tibial shaft is bowed towards the sides. Towards the sides of the base of the [[cnemial crest]], a small bump is present and the distal end is strongly scraped by friction or erosion.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

==Classification==
Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) originally placed ''Bonapartenykus'' within [[Alvarezsauridae]], within the clade Patagonykinae as sister taxon to ''[[Patagonykus]]''.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> Makovicky, Apesteguía and Gianechini (2012) found it to be in a [[polytomy]] with ''[[Alnashetri]]'', ''Patagonykus'', and a clade containing more deeply nested taxa such as ''[[Linhenykus]]'', ''[[Mononykus]]'' and ''[[Albinykus]]''.<ref name=Alnashetri>{{Cite journal | last1 = Makovicky | first1 = P. J. | last2 = Apesteguía | first2 = S. N. | last3 = Gianechini | first3 = F. A. | title = A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina | doi = 10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90 | journal = Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences | volume = 5 | pages = 90–98 | year = 2012 | s2cid = 129758444 }}</ref> However, Xu ''et al.'' (2018) positioned it as a basal [[Alvarezsauroidea]], sister taxon to ''Patagonykus'' and ''[[Achillesaurus]]'', which was also recovered by Fowler ''et al.'' (2020).<ref name="Xu2018">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057|title=Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution|journal=Current Biology|year=2018|last1=Xu|first1=Xing|last2=Choiniere|first2=Jonah|last3=Tan|first3=Qingwei|last4=Benson|first4=Roger B.J|last5=Clark|first5=James|last6=Sullivan|first6=Corwin|last7=Zhao|first7=Qi|last8=Han|first8=Fenglu|last9=Ma|first9=Qingyu|last10=He|first10=Yiming|last11=Wang|first11=Shuo|last12=Xing|first12=Hai|last13=Tan|first13=Lin|pmid=30146153|volume=28|pages=2853–2860.e3|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Fowler2020>{{cite journal |author1=Denver W. Fowler |author2=John P. Wilson |author3=Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler |author4=Christopher R. Noto |author5=Daniel Anduza |author6=John R. Horner |year=2020 |title=''Trierarchuncus prairiensis'' gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=116 |pages=Article 104560 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560 |s2cid=225630913 }}</ref> ''Bonapartenykus'' has also been recovered as sister taxon to ''Patagonykus'' and Alvarezsauridae by Qin ''et al.'' (2019), and sister taxon to only ''Patagonykus'' outside of Alvarezsauridae by Averianov & Lopatin (2022a) and Averianov & Lopatin (2022b).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Zichuan |last1=Qin |first2=James |last2=Clark |first3=Jonah |last3=Choiniere |first4=Xing |last4=Xu |year=2019 |title= A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China|journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=11727 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7 }}</ref><ref name=Averianov>{{cite journal |author1=Alexander O. Averianov |author2=Alexey V. Lopatin |title=A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=19 February 2022 |volume=134 |issue= |page= |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105168 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667122000325 |access-date=19 February 2022 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="Averianov2022b">{{cite journal| vauthors = Averianov AO, Lopatin AV |title=A re-appraisal of ''Parvicursor remotus'' from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |year=2022 |volume=in press |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.2013965 }}</ref>

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Fowler ''et al.'' (2020) is reproduced below.<ref name=Fowler2020/>
{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Alvarezsauroidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Aorun]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Haplocheirus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Tugulusaurus]]''
|2=''[[Xiyunykus]]''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bannykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Bonapartenykus'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Achillesaurus]]''
|label2=[[Alvarezsauridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|label2=[[Parvicursorinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Shuvuuia]]''
|2=''[[Ceratonykus]]''
|3=''[[Kol ghuva|Kol]]''
|4=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|5=''[[Mononykus]]''
|6=''[[Trierarchuncus]]''
|7=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|8=''[[Albinykus]]''
|9=''[[Xixianykus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The results of an earlier analysis by Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) are reproduced below.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Alvarezsauridae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Alvarezsauridae|Patagonykinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|2='''''Bonapartenykus''''' }}
|label2= unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|label2=[[Alvarezsauridae|Parvicursorinae]]
|2={{clade
|label1='''Ceratonykini'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratonykus]]''
|2=''[[Xixianykus]]''
|3=''[[Albinykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|label2='''Mononykini'''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|2=''[[Mononykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|2=''[[Shuvuuia]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoenvironment==
[[File:Allen_Formation_Fauna.png|left|thumb|250px|Dinosaur fauna of the [[Allen Formation]]]]
''Bonapartenykus'' is known from fluvial sandstones of the upper Allen Formation which have been dated to the [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]] stages of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> The Allen Formation represents a range of environments such as ephemeral [[lacustrine]], [[aeolian processes|aeolian]] and [[fluvial]] systems to coastal marine environments that developed into [[estuary|estuaries]] and [[tidal flat]]s.<ref name="Armas2015">{{Cite journal|last=Armas |first=Paul |last2=Lidia Sánchez |first2=María |date=2015 |title=Hybrid coastal edges in the Neuquén Basin (Allen Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) |journal=Andean Geology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=97-113 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a06}}</ref> In 2015, Armas and Sánchez described the relationship of the coastal environment with wind systems of the Allen Formation and concluded the formation represents a hybrid coastal system of tidal flats with a large storm influence in some areas linked to aeolian systems.<ref name="Armas2015"/>

The fauna of the Allen Formation comprises of the [[titanosauria|titanosaur]] [[sauropods]] ''[[Bonatitan]]'',<ref>Martinelli, A. and Forasiepi, A.M. (2004). "Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Rio Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae)". ''[[Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales]]'' 6(2): 257–305.</ref> ''[[Menucocelsior]]'',<ref name="Menucocelsior">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rolando MA, Garcia Marsà JA, Agnolín FL, Motta MJ, Rodazilla S, Novas FE|date=2022|title=The sauropod record of Salitral Ojo del Agua: An Upper Cretaceous (Allen Formation) fossiliferous locality from northern Patagonia, Argentina|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=129|pages=105029|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105029|issn=0195-6671}}</ref> ''[[Panamericansaurus]]'',<ref name="calvo&porfiri2010">{{cite journal|author1=Calvo, J.O. |author2=Porfiri, J.D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=''Panamericansaurus schroederi'' gen. nov. sp. nov. Un nuevo Sauropoda (Titanosauridae-Aeolosaurini) de la Provincia del Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina |url=http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/braziliangeojournal/article/viewFile/8170/5242 |journal=Brazilian Geographical Journal: Geosciences and Humanities research medium |volume=1 |pages=100–115 }}</ref> ''[[Rocasaurus]]''<ref name=SAL00>Salgado, L. and C. Azpilicueta. (2000). Un nuevo saltasaurino (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) de la provincia de Río Negro (Formacíon Allen, Cretácico Superior), Patagonia, Argentina. ''Ameghiniana'' 37 (3):259-264.</ref> and an indeterminate species of ''[[Aeolosaurus]]'',<ref name=SalgadoCoria>{{cite journal | first1 = Leonardo | last1 = Salgado | first2 = Rodolfo A. | last2 = Coria | year = 1993 | title = El genero ''Aeolosaurus'' (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) en la Formacion Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano) de la provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–128 }}</ref> the [[hadrosauridae|hadrosaurid]] [[ornithopods]] ''[[Bonapartesaurus]]'',<ref name=CCP2017>{{cite journal|last1=Cruzado-Caballero|first1=P.|last2=Powell|first2=J. E.|title=''Bonapartesaurus rionegrensis'', a new hadrosaurine dinosaur from South America: implications for phylogenetic and biogeographic relations with North America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=37|year=2017|issue=In press|pages=1–16|doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1289381|s2cid=90963879}}</ref> ''[[Kelumapusaura]]'',<ref name=rozadilla2022>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2021.2020917 | title=A new hadrosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia and the radiation of South American hadrosaurids | last1=Rozadilla | first1=Sebastián | last2=Brissón-Egli | first2=Federico | last3=Lisandro Agnolín | first3=Federico | last4=Aranciaga-Rolando | first4=Alexis Mauro | last5=Novas | first5=Fernando Emilio | journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | year=2022 | doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.2020917}}</ref> ''[[Lapampasaurus]]''<ref name=Lapampasaurus>{{Cite journal|author=Rodolfo A. Coria, Bernardo González Riga and Silvio Casadío |year=2012 |title=Un nuevo hadrosáurido (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) de la Formación Allen, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=552–572 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.9.4.2012.487 |s2cid=131521822 |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/487}}</ref> and ''[[Willinakaqe]]'',<ref name=Willinakaqe>{{Cite journal|author=Rubén D. Juárez Valieri|author2=José A. Haro|author3=Lucas E. Fiorelli|author4=Jorge O. Calvo|name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Patagonia, Argentina |url=http://www.macn.secyt.gov.ar/investigacion/descargas/publicaciones/revista/12/rns_vol12-2_217-231.pdf |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=217–231 }}</ref> an indeterminate [[nodosauridae|nodosaurid]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|date=2016-05-03|title=Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=14|issue=5|pages=385–444|doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985|s2cid=214625754|issn=1477-2019}}</ref> the [[abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] [[theropods]] ''[[Niebla antiqua|Niebla ]]''<ref name=aran>{{Cite journal|last1=Aranciaga Rolando|first1=Mauro|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Garcia Marsà|first3=Jordi A.|last4=Agnolín|first4=Federico L.|last5=Motta|first5=Matías J.|last6=Rozadilla|first6=Sebastián|last7=Brisson Eglí|first7=Federico|last8=Novas|first8=Fernando E.|date=2020-10-14|title=A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304582|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|volume=105|language=en|pages=102915|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915|s2cid=225123133|issn=0895-9811}}</ref> and ''[[Quilmesaurus]]'',<ref name="coria2001">{{cite book|last=Coria|first=R.A.|year=2001|chapter=A new theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia|editor-last=Tanke|editor-first=Darren H.|editor2-last=Carpenter|editor2-first=Kenneth|title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life|series=Life of the Past|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/3 3–9]|isbn=978-0-253-33907-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/3}}</ref> the large [[unenlagiidae|unenlagiid]] [[paraves|paravian]] ''[[Austroraptor]]'',<ref name=Novas2008>{{cite journal|last1=Novas|first1=F. E.|last2=Pol|first2=D.|last3=Canale|first3=J. I.|last4=Porfiri|first4=J. D.|last5=Calvo|first5=J. O.|title=A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids|doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1554|issn=1471-2954|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=276|issue=1659|pages=1101–7|year=2008|pmid=19129109|pmc=2679073}}</ref> the [[avialae|avialans]] ''[[Lamarqueavis]]''<ref name=Agnolin2010>{{cite journal |author=Federico L. Agnolin |year=2010 |title=An avian coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |url=http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0211-8327/article/view/7642/8861}}</ref> and ''[[Limenavis]]'',<ref>Clarke and Chiappe, 2001. "A new carinate bird from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina)". ''American Museum Novitates''. 3323, 1-23.</ref> the [[azhdarchidae|azhdarchid]] [[pterosaur]] ''[[Aerotitan]]'',<ref name=Aerotitan>{{Cite journal|last1=Novas|first1=F. E.|last2 =Kundrát|first2=M.|last3=Agnolín|first3=F. L.|last4=Ezcurra|first4=M. D.|last5=Ahlberg|first5=P. E.|last6=Iasi|first6=M. P.|last7=Arriagada|first7=A.|last8=Chafrat|first8=P.|title=A New Large Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1447–1452|year=2012|doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.703979|jstor=23361061|s2cid=84340520|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233844251}}</ref> the [[rhynchocephalia|rhynchocephalian]] ''[[Lamarquesaurus]]'',<ref name="Sebastian2007">{{Cite journal|last1=Apesteguía|first1=Sebastián|last2=Rougier|first2=Guillermo W.|date=6 September 2007|title=A Late Campanian Sphenodontid Maxilla from Northern Patagonia|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5874//v3/dspace/updateIngest/pdfs/N3581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=American Museum Novitates|volume=3581|page=1|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3581[1:ALCSMF]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5874}}</ref> and the [[plesiosauria|plesiosaur]] ''[[Kawanectes]]''.<ref name="gorman2016">{{cite journal | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | title = A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–268 | doi = 10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928 | year = 2016| s2cid = 133139689 | url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/108247 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maniraptora|M.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q966510}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Paleontology}}

[[Category:Alvarezsaurids]]
[[Category:Campanian life]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian life]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Allen Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2012]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jaime Powell]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Fernando Novas]]

List of Asian dinosaurs

2022-03-10T03:15:22Z

193.119.42.246: /* List of Asian dinosaurs */

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
This is a '''list of [[dinosaur]]s''' whose remains have been recovered from '''[[Asia]]''', excluding [[India]], which was part of a separate landmass for much of the [[Mesozoic]]. This list does not include dinosaurs that live or lived after the [[Mesozoic]] era such as [[birds]].

==Criteria for inclusion==
*The creature must appear on the [[List of dinosaur genera]].
*Fossils of the creature must have been found in [[Asia]].
*This list is a complement to [[:Category:Dinosaurs of Asia]].

==List of Asian dinosaurs==
=== Valid genera ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name
! Year
! Formation
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Abdarainurus]]''
| 2020
| [[Alagteeg Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Inconsistent in phylogenetic placement; could represent an unknown lineage of macronarians<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Alexander Averianov |author2=Alexey Lopatin |year=2020 |title=An unusual new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1716402 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Abrosaurus]]''
| 1989
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had unusually large nasal openings in its skull
| [[File:Abrosaurus2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Achillobator]]''
| 1999
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Large, deep-chested and powerfully muscled
| [[File:Achillobator reconstruction.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Adasaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Its sickle claw was markedly reduced compared to other dromaeosaurids
| [[File:Adasaurus mongoliensis2 copia.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Aepyornithomimus]]''
| 2017
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The first ornithomimosaur named from the Djadochta Formation
| [[File:Aepyornithomimus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Agilisaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The holotype specimen was discovered during the construction of the museum where it is now housed
| [[File:Agilisaurus life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Albalophosaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Kuwajima Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Hauterivian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| A possible early ceratopsian known from fragments of a skull
| [[File:Albalophosaurus LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Albinykus]]''
| 2011
| [[Javkhlant Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Preserved in a sitting position not unlike that of modern birds
| [[File:Albinykus LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Alectrosaurus]]''
| 1933
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had long legs which may be an adaptation to pursuit predation
| [[File:Alectrosaurus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Alioramus]]''
| 1976
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed an elongated snout with two rows of five bumps
| [[File:Alioramus altai.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Almas ukhaa|Almas]]''
| 2017
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Preserved alongside eggshells which may have come from a troodontid<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pei | first1 = R. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Barta | first3 = D.E. | last4 = Bever | first4 = G.S. | last5 = Pittman | first5 = M. | last6 = Xu | first6 = Xing | title = Osteology of a New Late Cretaceous Troodontid Specimen from Ukhaa Tolgod, Ömnögovi Aimag, Mongolia | journal = American Museum Novitates | issue = 3889 | date = 2017 | pages = 1–47 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3889.1 | doi = 10.1206/3889.1| s2cid = 90883541 }}</ref>
| [[File:Almas.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Altirhinus]]''
| 1998
| [[Khuren Dukh Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a distinctive, elevated nasal bone with a large nasal cavity to match
| [[File:Altirhinus 01.JPG|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Alxasaurus]]''
| 1993
| [[Bayin-Gobi Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Most of the skeleton is known, which allowed researchers to connect therizinosaurs to other theropods
| [[File:Alxasaurus YWRA 400.JPG|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ambopteryx]]''
| 2019
| Unnamed formation ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves a "styliform element" that supported a membranous wing as in its relative, ''[[Yi (dinosaur)|Yi]]''
| [[File:Ambopteryx restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Amtocephale]]''
| 2011
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| One of the oldest known pachycephalosaurs
| [[File:Amtocephale LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Amurosaurus]]''
| 1991
| [[Udurchukan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Discovered in the city of [[Blagoveshchensk]] on the border with China
| [[File:Amurosaurus-v3.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Analong]]''
| 2020
| [[Chuanjie Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bajocian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from a partial skeleton originally assigned to ''[[Chuanjiesaurus]]'' but separated due to several morphological differences
|
|-
| ''[[Anchiornis]]''
| 2009
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Analysis of fossilized [[melanosome]]s suggest a mostly gray or black body, white and black patterns on its wings, and a red head crest<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Q. |last2=Gao |first2=K.-Q. |last3=Vinther |first3=J. |last4=Shawkey |first4=M. D. |last5=Clarke |first5=J. A. |last6=d'Alba |first6=L. |last7=Meng |first7=Q. |last8=Briggs |first8=D. E. G. |last9=Prum |first9=R. O. |year=2010 |title=Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5971 |pages=1369–1372 |bibcode=2010Sci...327.1369L |doi=10.1126/science.1186290 |pmid=20133521|s2cid=206525132 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/210394/files/PAL_E4402.pdf }}</ref>
| [[File:Anchiornis martyniuk.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Anhuilong]]''
| 2020
| [[Hongqin Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Closely related to ''[[Huangshanlong]]'' and ''[[Omeisaurus]]''
| [[File:Anhuilong LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Anomalipes]]''
| 2018
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been closely related to ''[[Gigantoraptor]]'' despite its significantly smaller size<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Yilun Yu |author2=Kebai Wang |author3=Shuqing Chen |author4=Corwin Sullivan |author5=Shuo Wang |author6=Peiye Wang |author7=Xing Xu |year=2018 |title=A new caenagnathid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group of Shandong, China, with comments on size variation among oviraptorosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |pages=Article number 5030 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-23252-2 |pmc=5864915 |pmid=29567954}}</ref>
| [[File:Anomalipes LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Anserimimus]]''
| 1988
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had uniquely powerful forelimbs with peculiarly flattened claws
| [[File:Anserimimus LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Aorun]]''
| 2013
| [[Shishugou Formation]], ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially a basal member of the alvarezsaurian lineage<ref>Xing Xu; Jonah Choiniere; Qingwei Tan; Roger B.J. Benson; James Clark; Corwin Sullivan; Qi Zhao; Fenglu Han; Qingyu Ma; Yiming He; Shuo Wang; Hai Xing; Lin Tan (2018). "Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution". Current Biology. Online edition. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057.</ref>
| [[File:Aorun zhaoi Final.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Aralosaurus]]''
| 1968
| [[Bostobe Formation]], ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| A basal lambeosaurine hadrosaurid with a large, solid crest
| [[File:Aralosaurus LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Archaeoceratops]]''
| 1997
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Xinminbao Group]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had no horns and only the beginnings of a frill
| [[File:Archaeoceratops BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Archaeornithoides]]''
| 1992
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Known from only a partial skull with scratches that may have been created by a small mammal<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2475/ajs.293.A.235 |last=Elżanowski |first=Andrzej |author2=Wellnhofer, Peter |year=1993 |title=Skull of Archaeornithoides from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=293 |pages=235–252 |url=http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1993/11.1993.08Elzanowski.pdf }}</ref>
| [[File:Archaeornithoides LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Archaeornithomimus]]''
| 1972
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Unlike other ornithomimosaurs, its feet were not [[arctometatarsal]]ian
| [[File:Archaeornithomimus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Arkharavia]]''
| 2010
| [[Udurchukan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Described as a sauropod<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alifanov |first=V. R. |author2 = Bolotsky, Y. L. |year=2010 |title=''Arkharavia heterocoelica'' gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Far East of Russia |journal=Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal |volume=2010 |issue=1 |pages=76–83 |language=Russian }}</ref> but a referred vertebra belongs to a hadrosaurid<ref>{{cite journal|author=Godefroit, P.|author2=Bolotsky, Y.L.|author3=Bolotsky, I.Y.|name-list-style=amp |year=2011|title=Osteology and relationships of ''Olorotitan arharensis'', a hollowcrested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=57|issue=3|pages=527|doi=10.4202/app.2011.0051|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Arstanosaurus]]''
| 1982
| [[Bostobe Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| Poorly known
|
|-
| ''[[Asiaceratops]]''
| 1989
| [[Khodzhakul Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Leptoceratopsid affinities have been suggested<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yiming He |author2=Peter J. Makovicky |author3=Kebai Wang |author4=Shuqing Chen |author5=Corwin Sullivan |author6=Fenglu Han |author7=Xing XuMichael J. Ryan |author8=David C. Evans |author9=Philip J. Currie |author10=Caleb M. Brown |author11=Don Brinkman |year=2015 |title=A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia) with a Unique Ischium from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0144148 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144148 |pmid=26701114 |pmc=4689537 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Asiatosaurus]]''
| 1924
| [[Öösh Formation]], [[Xinlong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Two species have been named but both are only known from extremely scant remains
|
|-
| ''[[Auroraceratops]]''
| 2005
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A basal, bipedal ceratopsian closely related to ''[[Archaeoceratops]]''
| [[File:Auroraceratops LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Aurornis]]''
| 2013
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| If an avialan as originally described it would be one of the oldest members of the group
| [[File:Aurornis.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Avimimus]]''
| 1981
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]], [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Bonebed remains indicate a gregarious lifestyle; it may have formed age-segregated herds for [[lekking]] or flocking purposes<ref>{{cite journal | title = The first oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) bonebed: evidence of gregarious behaviour in a maniraptoran theropod | journal = Scientific Reports | date = 2016 | volume = 6 | pages = 35782 | doi = 10.1038/srep35782 | first1 = G.F. | last1 = Funston | first2 = P.J. | last2 = Currie | first3 = D.A. | last3 = Eberth | first4 = M.J. | last4 = Ryan | first5 = T. | last5 = Chinzorig | first6 = D. | last6 = Badamgarav | first7 = N.R. | last7 = Longrich | pmid=27767062 | pmc=5073311| bibcode = 2016NatSR...635782F }}</ref>
| [[File:Avimimus mmartyniuk wiki.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Bactrosaurus]]''
| 1933
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]], [[Majiacun Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]]
| {{flag|China}}
| Remains of six individuals are known, making up much of the skeleton
| [[File:Bactrosaurus LM.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Bagaceratops]]''
| 1975
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]], [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| May have been a direct descendant of ''[[Protoceratops]]'' to which it physically resembles<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Czepiński|first1=Ł.|date=2019|title=Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert|journal=Historical Biology|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1394–1421|doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404|s2cid=132780322|url=http://dinosaurmailinglist.cmnh.org/2019Apr/pdfzmfpMk1aO4.pdf}}</ref>
| [[File:Bagaceratops Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Bagaraatan]]''
| 1996
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Combines traits of several theropod groups
|
|-
| ''[[Bainoceratops]]''
| 2003
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Its supposedly diagnostic features may fall within ''[[Protoceratops]]'' variation<ref>{{cite journal |last=Makovicky |first=Peter J. |author2=Norell, Mark A. |year=2006 |title=''Yamaceratops dorngobiensis'', a new primitive ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3530 |pages=1–42 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5808/1/N3530.pdf |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3530[1:YDANPC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Banji]]''
| 2010
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Vertical striations adorned the sides of its crest
| [[File:Banji long.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Bannykus]]''
| 2018
| [[Bayin-Gobi Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Exhibited a transitional hand morphology for an alvarezsaur, having three fingers of roughly equal length with the first being robust
| [[File:Bannykus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Baotianmansaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Gaogou Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Large but known from only a few bones
|
|-
| ''[[Barsboldia]]''
| 1981
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed elongated neural spines particularly above the hips
| [[File:Barsboldia sicinskii (2).jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Batyrosaurus]]''
| 2012
| [[Bostobe Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| Remains originally identified as ''[[Arstanosaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bayannurosaurus]]''
| 2018
| [[Bayin-Gobi Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A large basal iguanodontian noted for its "perfect" preservation
|
|-
| ''[[Beg tse|Beg]]''
| 2020
| [[Ulaanoosh Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Albian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a rounded skull with a rugose texture
|
|-
| ''[[Beibeilong]]''
| 2017
| [[Gaogou Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Similar to but more basal than ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pu|first1=H.|last2=Zelenitsky|first2=D.K.|last3=Lü|first3=J.|last4=Currie|first4=P.J.|last5=Carpenter|first5=K.|last6=Xu|first6=L.|last7=Koppelhus|first7=E.B.|last8=Jia|first8=S.|last9=Xiao|first9=L.|last10=Chuang|first10=H.|last11=Li|first11=T.|last12=Kundrát|first12=M.|last13=Shen|first13=C.|title=Perinate and eggs of a giant caenagnathid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of central China|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|pages=14952|doi=10.1038/ncomms14952|pmid=28486442|pmc=5477524}}</ref> Known from only a single embryo still in its egg
| [[File:Reconstruction of Beibeilong embryo in ovo.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Beipiaosaurus]]''
| 1999
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves evidence of downy feathers as well as a secondary coat of simpler "elongated broad filamentous feathers" or EBFFs<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=X.|last2=Zheng|first2=X.|last3=You|first3=H.|date=2009|title=A new feather type in a nonavian theropod and the early evolution of feathers|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=106|issue=3|pages=832–834|doi=10.1073/pnas.0810055106|doi-access=free|pmc=2630069|pmid=19139401}}</ref>
| [[File:Beipiaosaurus Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Beishanlong]]''
| 2010
| [[Xiagou Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Lacked the elongated claws of more derived ornithomimosaurs
| [[File:Beishanlong grandis.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Bellusaurus]]''
| 1990
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bajocian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from a bone bed with the remains of seventeen juvenile specimens
| [[File:Bellusaurus-v1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Bienosaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially synonymous with ''[[Tatisaurus]]''<ref>Raven, T.J., Barrett, P.M., Xu, X., and Maidment, S.C.R. 2019. "A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur ''Bienosaurus lufengensis'' from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China". ''Acta Palaeontologica Polonica'' '''64'''</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Bissektipelta]]''
| 2004
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]] to [[Coniacian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Analysis of its braincase suggests poor hearing and eyesight but good olfaction and taste; it may have been a filter feeder<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alifanov|first1=V. R.|last2=Saveliev|first2=S. V.|date=2019|title=The Brain Morphology and Neurobiology in Armored Dinosaur Bissekipelta archibaldi (Ankylosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=53|issue=3|pages=315−321|doi=10.1134/S003103011903002X|issn=00310301}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Bolong]]''
| 2010
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally known from only a skull; an almost complete skeleton was described in 2013<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zheng|author2=Wenjie|author3=Jin|author4=Xingsheng|author5=Shibata|author6=Masteru|author7=Azuma|author8=Yoichi|name-list-style=amp|title=An early juvenile specimen of ''Bolong yixianensis'' (Ornithopoda:Iguanodontia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ningcheng County, Nei Mongol, China|journal=Historical Biology|year=2013|doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.809347}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Borealosaurus]]''
| 2004
| [[Sunjiawan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its caudal vertebrae were distinctively [[wikt:opisthocoely|opisthocoelous]]
|
|-
| ''[[Borogovia]]''
| 1987
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a uniquely straight and flattened sickle claw, which may have had a weight-bearing function
|
|-
| ''[[Breviceratops]]''
| 1990
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Only known from juvenile remains but can be distinguished from other protoceratopsids
| [[File:Breviceratops Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Brohisaurus]]''
| 2003
| [[Sembar Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Kimmeridgian]]
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| Possibly one of the oldest known titanosauriforms
|
|-
| ''[[Byronosaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Two skulls from juveniles of this troodontid have been recovered in an oviraptorid nest
| [[File:Byronosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Caenagnathasia]]''
| 1994
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]] to [[Coniacian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| One of the oldest and smallest known caenagnathoids
| [[File:Caenagnathasia.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Caihong]]''
| 2018
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed platelet-shaped melanosomes that produced iridesence as in modern [[Psophiidae|trumpeters]]
| [[File:Caihong , life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Caudipteryx]]''
| 1998
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Did not have secondary feathers attached to the lower arm
| [[File:Caudipteryx 0988.JPG|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ceratonykus]]''
| 2009
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Shares several osteological features with ornithischians
| [[File:Ceratonykus oculatus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Changchunsaurus]]''
| 2005
| [[Quantou Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Albian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had wavy enamel on its leaf-shaped teeth that made them more resistant to wear; this feature is also present in hadrosaurs<ref>Jun Chen, Aaron R. H. LeBlanc, Liyong Jin, Timothy Huang, Robert R. Reisz. Tooth development, histology, and enamel microstructure in Changchunsaurus parvus: Implications for dental evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs. PLOS ONE, 2018; 13 (11): e0205206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205206</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Changmiania]]''
| 2020
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserved in a sleeping position curled up in a potential burrow
|
|-
| ''[[Changyuraptor]]''
| 2014
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The largest microraptorian dromaeosaurid known. Had tail feathers almost a foot long<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gang Han|author2=Luis M. Chiappe|author3=Shu-An Ji|author4=Michael Habib|author5=Alan H. Turner|author6=Anusuya Chinsamy|author7=Xueling Liu|author8=Lizhuo Han|name-list-style=amp|title=A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|date=15 July 2014|doi=10.1038/ncomms5382|pmid=25025742|page=4382|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Changyuraptor.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Chaoyangsaurus]]''
| 1999
| [[Tuchengzi Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known by a number of alternate spellings (e.g. ''Chaoyangosaurus'', ''Chaoyoungosaurus'') before its formal description
| [[File:Chaoyangsaurus BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Charonosaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Yuliangze Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have had a long, backwards-arcing crest similar to that of ''[[Parasaurolophus]]''
| [[File:Charonosaurus-v3.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Chialingosaurus]]''
| 1959
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Kimmeridgian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had both large plates and smaller spines, similar to ''[[Kentrosaurus]]''
| [[File:Chialingosaurus BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Chiayusaurus]]''
| 1953
| [[Hasandong Formation]], [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|South Korea}}
| Two species have been named, both from teeth. Those of ''C. lacustris'' are apparently indistinguishable to those of ''[[Euhelopus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barrett |first=Paul M. |author2=Yoshikazu Hasegawa |author3=Makoto Manabe |author4=Shinji Isaji |author5=Hiroshige Matsuoka |year=2002 |title=Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographical implications |journal=Palaeontology |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=1197–1217 |doi= 10.1111/1475-4983.00282 |doi-access=free }}</ref> or ''[[Mamenchisaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Dale A. |author2=Z. Zheng |year=1993 |title=A large mamenchisaurid from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=30 |issue=10–11 |pages=2082–2095 |doi=10.1139/e93-180}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Chilantaisaurus]]''
| 1964
| [[Ulansuhai Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A large theropod with a particularly hooked claw on its first finger
| [[File:Chilantaisaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Chingkankousaurus]]''
| 1958
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possibly a tyrannosauroid;<ref>Brusatte, S. L., Hone, D. W. E., and Xu, X. 2013. "Phylogenetic revision of ''Chingkankousaurus fragilis'', a forgotten tyrannosauroid specimen from the Late Cretaceous of China." In: J.M. Parrish, R.E. Molnar, P.J. Currie, and E.B. Koppelhus (eds.), ''Tyrannosaur! Studies in Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology''. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.</ref> known from only a [[scapula]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chinshakiangosaurus]]''
| 1992
| [[Fengjiahe Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a U-shaped snout that may have supported fleshy cheeks, an adaptation to bulk feeding
|
|-
| ''[[Choyrodon]]''
| 2018
| [[Khuren Dukh Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| It had an enlarged nose similar to its contemporary, ''[[Altirhinus]]'', but it is most likely a separate taxon<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Terry A. Gates |author2=Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar |author3=Lindsay E. Zanno |author4=Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig |author5=Mahito Watabe |year=2018 |title=A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |pages=e5300 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5300 |pmc=6078070 |pmid=30083450 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Chuandongocoelurus]]''
| 1984
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A tetanuran of uncertain relationships
| [[File:Chuandongocoelurus life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Chuanjiesaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Chuanjie Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the more derived mamenchisaurids<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Xin-Xin Ren |author2=Toru Sekiya |author3=Tao Wang |author4=Zhi-Wen Yang |author5=Hai-Lu You |year=2020 |title=A revision of the referred specimen of ''Chuanjiesaurus anaensis'' Fang et al., 2000: a new early branching mamenchisaurid sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of China |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages= 1872–1887 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1747450 |s2cid=216283529 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Chuanqilong]]''
| 2014
| [[Jiufotang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been the adult form of the coeval ''[[Liaoningosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Li|first1=X.|last2=Reisz|first2=R. R.|year=2019|title=The early Cretaceous ankylosaur ''Liaoningosaurus'' from Western Liaoning, China; Progress and problems|conference=7th Annual meeting Canadian Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology|date=May 10-13, 2019|pages=31–32}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Chungkingosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed at least six thagomizer spikes; the rearmost pair was mounted horizontally, directed outwards and backwards
|
|-
| ''[[Chuxiongosaurus]]''
| 2010
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]] to [[Pliensbachian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially a synonym of ''[[Jingshanosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Qian‐Nan Zhang |author2=Tao Wang |author3=Zhi‐Wen Yang |author4=Hai‐Lu You |year=2019 |title=Redescription of the cranium of ''Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis'' (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of Yunnan Province, China |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=303 |issue=4 |pages=759–771 |doi=10.1002/ar.24113 |pmid=30860663 |s2cid=75140305 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Citipati]]''
| 2001
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a distinctive triangular crest. A referred specimen known as the [[Zamyn Khondt oviraptorid]] possessed the familiar rectangular domed crest in most depictions of ''[[Oviraptor]]'', but likely does not belong to that genus or ''Citipati''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Funston|first1=G. F.|last2=Tsogtbaatar|first2=C.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Kobayashi|first4=Y.|last5=Sullivan|first5=C.|last6=Currie|first6=P. J.|date=2020|title=A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=7|issue=10|pages=201184|doi=10.1098/rsos.201184|pmid=33204472|pmc=7657903|bibcode=2020RSOS....701184F|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Citipati osmolskae profile1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Conchoraptor]]''
| 1986
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Named for a hypothesized diet of shellfish, but this cannot be confirmed
| [[File:Conchoraptor gracilis profile1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Corythoraptor]]''
| 2017
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its crest was vertical and rectangular, not unlike that of a [[cassowary]]
| [[File:Corythoraptor restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Crichtonpelta]]''
| 2015
| [[Sunjiawan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally named as a second species of ''[[Crichtonsaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Crichtonsaurus]]''
| 2002
| [[Sunjiawan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Sometimes reconstructed with semicircular osteoderms vaguely similar to the plates of stegosaurs
| [[File:Crichtonsaurus skeleton.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed skeleton of ''Crichtonsaurus bohlini'']]
|-
| ''[[Daanosaurus]]''
| 2005
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from the remains of a juvenile
|
|-
| ''[[Daliansaurus]]''
| 2017
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had an enlarged claw on the fourth toe comparable in size to the sickle claw on its second
| [[File:Daliansaurus reconstruction.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Dashanpusaurus]]''
| 2005
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Reportedly a ''[[Camarasaurus]]''-like sauropod
|
|-
| ''[[Datanglong]]''
| 2014
| [[Xinlong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a uniquely pneumatized ilium similar to [[megaraptora]]ns
|
|-
| ''[[Datonglong]]''
| 2016
| [[Huiquanpu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Precise dating uncertain
|
|-
| ''[[Datousaurus]]''
| 1984
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the rarer sauropods of the Shaximiao, known from only two skeletons and a large, deep skull
|
|-
| ''[[Daxiatitan]]''
| 2008
| [[Hekou Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Large and very long-necked
|
|-
| ''[[Deinocheirus]]''
| 1970
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a suite of unique features, most notably a hump supported by elongated neural spines
| [[File:Hypothetical Deinocheirus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Dilong paradoxus|Dilong]]''
| 2004
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves evidence of a coating of simple feathers
| [[File:Dilong (IVPP V14243).png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Dongbeititan]]''
| 2007
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A tooth referred to ''[[Sinocalliopteryx]]'' has been found encrusted in one of its ribs<ref>{{cite book|title=Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos|last1=Molina-Pérez|first1=R.|last2=Larramendi|first2=A.|publisher=Larousse|year=2016|isbn=9788416641154|location=Barcelona, Spain|pages=263}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Dongyangopelta]]''
| 2013
| [[Chaochuan Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Albian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Coexisted with ''[[Zhejiangosaurus]]'' but could be distinguished based on subtle osteological features<ref name=Dongyangopelta>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985|title=Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|pages=1|year=2015|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Dongyangosaurus]]''
| 2008
| [[Fangyan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A titanosauriform of uncertain phylogenetic placement
|
|-
| ''[[Dzharatitanis]]''
| 2021
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Originally described as a rebbachisaurid<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Averianov |first1=A. |last2=Sues |first2=H.-D. |title=First rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur from Asia |year=2021 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=e0246620 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0246620 |doi-access=free }}</ref> but later hypothesized to be titanosaur with possible lognkosaurian affinities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lerzo|first=Lucas Nicolás|last2=Carballido|first2=José Luis|last3=Gallina|first3=Pablo Ariel|date=30 April 2021|title=REBBACHISAURID SAUROPODS IN ASIA? A RE-EVALUATION OF THE PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF DZHARATITANIS KINGI FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF UZBEKISTAN|url=https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/Pdf|journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=18–27|doi=10.5710//PEAPA.24.03.2021.389|issn=2469-0228}}</ref>
| [[File:Dzharatitanis kingi restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Elmisaurus]]''
| 1981
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| One of the most complete caenagnathids known
| [[File:Elmisaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Embasaurus]]''
| 1931
| [[Neocomian Sands]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Berriasian]])
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| Known from only two vertebrae
|
|-
| ''[[Enigmosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a large, backwards-pointing pelvis
| [[File:Enigmosaurus Restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Eomamenchisaurus]]''
| 2008
| [[Zhanghe Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the oldest mamenchisaurids, having primitive traits
|
|-
| ''[[Eosinopteryx]]''
| 2013
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Lacked advanced tail feathers and long "hind wings", unlike other paravians
| [[File:Eosinopteryx.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Epidexipteryx]]''
| 2008
| [[Daohugou Beds]]? ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Supported four long feathers from an abbreviated tail
| [[File:Epidexipteryx BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Equijubus]]''
| 2003
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A grazer that preserves the oldest known evidence of [[Graminivory|grass-eating]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Yan Wu |author2=Hai-Lu You |author3=Xiao-Qiang Li |year=2018 |title=Dinosaur-associated Poaceae epidermis and phytoliths from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=National Science Review |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=721–727 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwx145 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Erketu]]''
| 2006
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| May have had the longest neck of any dinosaur relative to its body
|
|-
| ''[[Erliansaurus]]''
| 2002
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had long, curved claws on its fingers
| [[File:Erliansaurus bellamanus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Erlikosaurus]]''
| 1980
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Preserves the most complete skull known from any therizinosaur
| [[File:Erlikosaurus Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Eshanosaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Has been suggested to be the oldest known therizinosaur
|
|-
| ''[[Euhelopus]]''
| 1956
| [[Meng-Yin Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Berriasian]] to [[Valanginian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Once widely believed to be closely related to mamenchisaurids
| [[File:Euhelopus zdanskyi.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Euronychodon]]''
| 1991
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Type species was found in Portugal. The Asian species may represent a [[form taxon]] of improperly developed teeth<ref>Nesov, L.A., 1995, "Dinozavri severnoi Yevrasii: Novye dannye o sostave kompleksov, ekologii i paleobiogeografii", Scientific Research Institute of the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia: pp 156</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Ferganasaurus]]''
| 2003
| [[Balabansai Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| Claimed to have two hand claws, but this is disputed<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''[[The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs]]'', Princeton University Press p. 339</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Ferganocephale]]''
| 2005
| [[Balabansai Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| Unusually, its teeth were not serrated
|
|-
|''[[Fukuipteryx]]''
|2019
|[[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
|{{flag|Japan}}
|A basal [[Avialae|avialan]] known from partial, but three dimensional remains
|
|-
| ''[[Fukuiraptor]]''
| 2000
| [[Kitadani Formation]], [[Sebayashi Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| Similarly to ''[[Megaraptor]]'', it was originally reconstructed as a dromaeosaur with its hand claw on its foot
| [[File:Fukuiraptor BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Fukuisaurus]]''
| 2003
| [[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| The elements of its skull are so strongly fused that it was unable to chew<ref>Kobayashi, Y. and Azuma, Y. (2003). "A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria; Ornithopoda), form the lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation of Fukui Prefecture, Japan". ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 23(1): 166-175</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Fukuititan]]''
| 2010
| [[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| The first sauropod named from Japan
|
|-
| ''[[Fukuivenator]]''
| 2016
| [[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| Possesses traits of various groups of coelurosaurs. May have been a herbivore or omnivore due to its heterodont dentition
| [[File:Fukuivenator NT small.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Fulengia]]''
| 1977
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]] to [[Pliensbachian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been a juvenile ''[[Lufengosaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Fushanosaurus]]''
| 2019
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Kimmeridgian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from a single femur of immense size
|
|-
| ''[[Fusuisaurus]]''
| 2006
| [[Xinlong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A referred humerus may support an extremely large size for this taxon<ref>Jinyou Mo, Jincheng Li, Yunchuan Ling, Eric Buffetaut, Suravech Suteethorn Varavud, Suteethorne Haiyan Tong, Gilles Cuny, Romain Amiot & Xing Xu (2020). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119303623 New fossil remain of ''Fusuisaurus zhaoi'' (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Guangxi, southern China.] ''Cretaceous Research'': '''104379''' (advance online publication). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104379</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Gallimimus]]''
| 1972
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a relatively long beak with a rounded tip
| [[File:Gallimimus Steveoc86.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gannansaurus]]''
| 2013
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Shares a certain feature of its vertebrae exclusively with ''[[Euhelopus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ganzhousaurus]]''
| 2013
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Coexisted with at least seven other oviraptorosaurs, which may have [[Niche partitioning|niche-partitioned]]. It was likely primarily herbivorous<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lü | first1 = J. | last2 = Yi | first2 = L. | last3 = Zhong | first3 = H. | last4 = Wei | first4 = X. | editor1-last = Dodson| editor1-first = Peter| title = A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080557 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e80557 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24312233| pmc = 3842309| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Ganzhousaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Garudimimus]]''
| 1981
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Was not as well-adapted to running as later ornithomimosaurs
| [[File:Garudimimus Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gasosaurus]]''
| 1985
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Discovered as a by-product of construction work
| [[File:Gasosaurus constructus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''
| 2007
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The largest known oviraptorosaur, comparable in size to ''[[Albertosaurus]]''
| [[File:Gigantoraptor Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gigantspinosaurus]]''
| 1992
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed broad, greatly enlarged shoulder spines
| [[File:Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gilmoreosaurus]]''
| 1979
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Uzbekistan}}?
| Several fossils preserve evidence of cancer-induced tumors<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rothschild|first1=B. M.|last2=Tanke|first2=D. H.|last3=Helbling II|first3=M.|last4=Martin|first4=L. D.|date=2003|title=Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=90|issue=11|pages=495–500|doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0473-9|pmid=14610645|bibcode=2003NW.....90..495R|s2cid=13247222}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Gobihadros]]''
| 2019
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Known from multiple specimens representing different growth stages
| [[File:Gobihadros ZPAL MgD-III 3 life reconstruction.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gobiraptor]]''
| 2019
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed a deep jaw that may be an adaptation to crushing bivalves or seeds<ref>{{cite journal | title=A new baby oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia | last1=Lee | first1=Sungjin | last2=Lee | first2=Yuong-Nam | last3=Chinsamy | first3=Anusuya | last4=Lü | first4=Junchang | last5=Barsbold | first5=Rinchen | last6=Tsogtbaatar | first6=Khishigjav | journal=PLOS ONE |volume = 14| issue=2 | pages=e0210867 | year=2019 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0210867| pmid=30726228 | pmc=6364893 | bibcode=2019PLoSO..1410867L | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Gobisaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Ulansuhai Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had no tail club but already possessed the stiff tail of derived ankylosaurids<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|date=2015-10-01|title=Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features|journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=227|issue=4|pages=514–523|doi=10.1111/joa.12363|issn=1469-7580|pmc=4580109|pmid=26332595}}</ref>
| [[File:GobisaurusNV.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gobititan]]''
| 2003
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Retained the fifth digit of the foot, a basal trait
|
|-
| ''[[Gobivenator]]''
| 2014
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The most completely known Cretaceous troodontid
| [[File:Gobivenator Restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Gongbusaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from a pair of teeth. May be an ankylosaurian<ref>{{cite book |last=Galton |first=Peter M. |authorlink=Peter Galton |year=2006 |chapter=Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs (mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the western United States |editor=Carpenter Kenneth|title=Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |pages=17–47 |isbn=978-0-253-34817-3 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Gongpoquansaurus]]''
| 2014
| [[Zhongguo Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Remains originally named as a species of ''[[Probactrosaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Gongxianosaurus]]''
| 1998
| [[Ziliujing Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Toarcian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Basally retained ossified distal [[tarsal bone|tarsals]]
|
|-
| ''[[Goyocephale]]''
| 1982
| Unnamed formation ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a sloping head with a flat skull roof
| [[File:Goyocephale restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Graciliceratops]]''
| 2000
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed a short frill with large fenestrae
| [[File:Graciliceratops BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Graciliraptor]]''
| 2004
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A close relative of ''[[Microraptor]]'' with characteristically slender bones
| [[File:Graciliraptor.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Guanlong]]''
| 2006
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Two specimens have been discovered, one on top of the other
| [[File:Guanlong wucaii by durbed.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Halszkaraptor]]''
| 2017
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The proportions of its body suggest it was a semiaquatic fish hunter like a [[merganser]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cau|first1=A.|date=2020|title=The body plan of Halszkaraptor escuilliei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) is not a transitional form along the evolution of dromaeosaurid hypercarnivory|journal=PeerJ|volume=8|pages=e8672|doi=10.7717/peerj.8672|doi-access=free|pmc=7047864|pmid=32140312}}</ref>
| [[File:Halszkaraptor reconstruction by Tom Parker.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hamititan]]''
| 2021
| [[Shengjinkou Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from seven caudal vertebrae and associated elements
|
|-
| ''[[Haplocheirus]]''
| 2010
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a basal hand morphology for an alvarezsaur, having three long fingers with short claws
| [[File:Haplocheirus NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Harpymimus]]''
| 1984
| [[Shinekhudag Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Mostly toothless but retains a few teeth in the lower dentary
| [[File:Harpymimus steveoc.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Haya griva|Haya]]''
| 2011
| [[Javkhlant Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| One specimen preserves a large mass of [[gastrolith]]s
| [[File:Haya griva NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Heishansaurus]]''
| 1953
| [[Minhe Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May be a junior synonym of ''[[Pinacosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Arbour | first1 = V. M. | last2 = Burns | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Sissons | first3 = R. L. | doi = 10.1671/039.029.0405 | title = A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur ''Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus'' Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 1117 | year = 2009 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Helioceratops]]''
| 2009
| [[Quantou Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Albian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a distinctively short lower jaw
| [[File:Helioceratops.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hexing]]''
| 2012
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Toothed as evidenced by three or four preserved teeth
|
|-
| ''[[Hexinlusaurus]]''
| 2005
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bajocian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally named as a species of ''[[Yandusaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Heyuannia]]''
| 2002
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]], [[Dalangshan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Fossilized pigments in referred eggshells suggest they were blue-green<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wiemann | first1 = J. | last2 = Yang | first2 = T.-R. | last3 = Sander | first3 = P.N. | last4 = Schneider | first4 = M. | last5 = Engeser | first5 = M. | last6 = Kath-Schorr | first6 = S. | last7 = Müller | first7 = C.E.| last8 = Sander | first8 = P.M. |year = 2017 | title = Dinosaur origin of egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs |doi=10.7717/peerj.3706 | journal = PeerJ | volume = 5 | page = e3706 | url = https://peerj.com/articles/3706/| pmc = 5580385 | pmid = 28875070 }}</ref>
| [[File:Heyuannia and eggs nest.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Homalocephale]]''
| 1974
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Has been suggested to be a juvenile ''[[Prenocephale]]'' on account of its flat head,<ref name=longrichetal2010 >Longrich, N.R., Sankey, J. and Tanke, D. (2010). "''Texacephale langstoni'', a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA." ''Cretaceous Research'', . {{doi|10.1016/j.cretres.2009.12.002}}</ref> but this is no longer thought to be the case<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=D. C.|last2=Hayashi|first2=S.|last3=Chiba|first3=K.|last4=Watabe|first4=M.|last5=Ryan|first5=M. J.|last6=Lee|first6=Y.-N.|last7=Currie|first7=P. J.|last8=Tsogtbaatar|first8=K.|last9=Barsbold|first9=R.|date=2018|title=Morphology and histology of new cranial specimens of Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=494|pages=121−134|bibcode=2018PPP...494..121E|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.029}}</ref>
| [[File:Homalocephale body.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Huabeisaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Huiquanpu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May be closely related to ''[[Tangvayosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=D'Emic|first1=M.D.|last2=Mannion|first2=P.D.|last3=Upchurch|first3=P.|last4=Bensos|first4=R.B.J.|author5=Pang, Q. |author6=Cheng, Z.|year=2013|title=Osteology of ''Huabeisaurus allocotus'' (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of China|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e69375|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069375|pmid=23936326|pmc=3732233|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Huabeisaurus allocotus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hualianceratops]]''
| 2015
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The surface of its dentary was characteristically ornamented
| [[File:Hualianceratops wucaiwanensis.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Huanansaurus]]''
| 2015
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a distinctive short trapezoidal crest
| [[File:Huanansaurus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Huanghetitan]]''
| 2006
| [[Haoling Formation]], [[Hekou Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had ribs {{convert|3|m|ft}} long, which supported the deepest body cavity of any dinosaur<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lu J., Xu|author2=L., Zhang|author3=X., Hu|author4=W., Wu|author5=Y., Jia, S.|author6=Ji, Q.|name-list-style=amp |title=A New Gigantic Sauropod Dinosaur with the Deepest Known Body Cavity from the Cretaceous of Asia|journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=81|issue=2|pages=167|doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00941.x|year=2007}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Huangshanlong]]''
| 2014
| [[Hongqin Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from some bones of the right forelimb
|
|-
| ''[[Huaxiagnathus]]''
| 2004
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the largest known compsognathids
| [[File:Huaxiagnathus-v2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Huayangosaurus]]''
| 1982
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A basal stegosaur that possessed flank osteoderms and a small tail club in addition to its plates and spikes
| [[File:Huayangosaurus BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hudiesaurus]]''
| 1997
| [[Kalaza Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a butterfly-shaped process on its vertebra
|
|-
| ''[[Hulsanpes]]''
| 1982
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Closely related to ''[[Halszkaraptor]]'' but appears to be more cursorial<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cau|first1=A.|last2=Madzia|first2=D.|date=2018|title=Redescription and affinities of Hulsanpes perlei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=PeerJ|volume=6|pages=e4868|doi=10.7717/peerj.4868|doi-access=free|pmc=5978397|pmid=29868277}}</ref>
| [[File:Hulspanes.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ichthyovenator]]''
| 2012
| [[Grès supérieurs Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Laos}}
| One of its sacral vertebrae was greatly reduced, giving the illusion of a break in its sail or of two separate sails
| [[File:Ichthyovenator laosensis life reconstruction by PaleoGeek.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Incisivosaurus]]''
| 2002
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Two specimens of different ontogenetic stages are known, both with differing types of feathers<ref>Xu, X. 2020. Filamentous Integuments in Nonavialan Theropods and Their Kin: Advances and Future Perspectives for Understanding the Evolution of Feathers. In: Foth C., Rauhut O. (eds) ''The Evolution of Feathers'': 67-78. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4</ref>
| [[File:Incisivosaurus (pencil 2013).png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Irisosaurus]]''
| 2020
| [[Fengjiahe Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Closely related to ''[[Mussaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Claire Peyre de Fabrègues |author2=Shundong Bi |author3=Hongqing Li |author4=Gang Li |author5=Lei Yang |author6=Xing Xu |year=2020 |title=A new species of early-diverging Sauropodiformes from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of Yunnan Province, China |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 10961 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-67754-4 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[File:Irisosaurus life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Isanosaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Nam Phong Formation]] ([[Late Triassic]], [[Norian]] to [[Rhaetian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| May have actually come from the Late Jurassic<ref>Peyre de Fabrègues, C. & Allain, R. 2020. ''Kholumolumo ellenbergerorum'', gen. et sp. nov., a new early sauropodomorph from the lower Elliot Formation (Upper Triassic) of Maphutseng, Lesotho. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' e1732996. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1732996</ref>
| [[File:Jura Park Krasiejów - Widok z parku - panoramio - Kazimierz Mendlik (15).jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ischioceratops]]''
| 2015
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Noted for its peculiarly-shaped ischium
| [[File:Ischioceratops.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Itemirus]]''
| 1976
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Originally known from a braincase but abundant new remains were described in 2014<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sues|first=H.-D.|last2=Averianov|first2=A.|year=2014|title=Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan and the phylogenetic position of ''Itemirus medullaris'' Kurzanov, 1976|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=51|pages=225–240|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2014.06.007}}</ref>
| [[File:Itemirus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jaxartosaurus]]''
| 1937
| [[Dabrazhin Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| Not known from many remains but they are enough to tell that it was a basal lambeosaurine<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667120303657 | title=The first duckbill dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Africa and the role of oceanic dispersal in dinosaur biogeography | last1=Longrich | first1=Nicholas R. | last2=Suberbiola | first2=Xabier Pereda | last3=Pyron | first3=R. Alexander | last4=Jalil | first4=Nour-Eddine | journal=Cretaceous Research | year=2020 | volume=120 | page=104678 | doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104678}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Jeholosaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One specimen is preserved in a curled position
| [[File:Jeholosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jianchangosaurus]]''
| 2013
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Several characters of its teeth and jaws are convergently similar to those of ornithischians<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pu | first1 = H. | last2 = Kobayashi | first2 = Y. | last3 = Lü | first3 = J. | last4 = Xu | first4 = L. | last5 = Wu | first5 = Y. | last6 = Chang | first6 = H. | last7 = Zhang | first7 = J. | last8 = Jia | first8 = S. | editor1-last = Claessens | editor1-first = Leon | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0063423 | title = An Unusual Basal Therizinosaur Dinosaur with an Ornithischian Dental Arrangement from Northeastern China | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = e63423 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23734177| pmc = 3667168| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...863423P | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Jianchangosaurus Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jiangjunosaurus]]''
| 2007
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had two rows of circular or diamond-shaped plates
|
|-
| ''[[Jiangshanosaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Jinhua Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A potential member of the Euhelopodidae<ref>Philip D. Mannion; Paul Upchurch; Xingsheng Jin; Wenjie Zheng. 2019. "New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography". ''Royal Society Open Science''. '''6'''(8): Article ID 191057</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Jiangxisaurus]]''
| 2013
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Overall similar to ''[[Heyuannia]]'' but with a thinner, frailer mandible
| [[File:Jiangxisaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jianianhualong]]''
| 2017
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a subtriangular tail frond made of asymmetrical feathers
| [[File:Jianianhualong Restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jinbeisaurus]]''
| 2019
| [[Huiquanpu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Medium-sized for a tyrannosauroid
|
|-
| ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]''
| 2005
| [[Huajiying Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been capable of some sort of flight<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Pei R, Pittman M, Goloboff PA, Dececchi TA, Habib MB, Kaye TG, Larsson HC, Norell MA, Brusatte SL, Xu X|date=October 2020|title=Potential for Powered Flight Neared by Most Close Avialan Relatives, but Few Crossed Its Thresholds|journal=Current Biology|volume=30|issue=20|pages=4033–4046.e8|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.105|pmid=32763170|s2cid=221015472}}</ref>
| [[File:Jinfengopteryx wiki.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jingshanosaurus]]''
| 1995
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the latest-surviving non-sauropod sauropodomorphs
| [[File:Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jintasaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from only the rear half of a skull, including a complete braincase
|
|-
| ''[[Jinyunpelta]]''
| 2018
| [[Liangtoutang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Albian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The oldest ankylosaurid that preserves a tail club
| [[File:Jinyunpelta NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Jinzhousaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its holotype is nearly complete, preserved whole on a single slab
|
|-
| ''[[Jiutaisaurus]]''
| 2006
| [[Quantou Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Named based on eighteen vertebrae
|
|-
| ''[[Kaijiangosaurus]]''
| 1984
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially synonymous with other medium-sized Shaximiao theropods
| [[File:Kaijiangosaurus SW.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kamuysaurus]]''
| 2019
| [[Hakobuchi Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| Informally referred to as "Mukawaryu" before its formal description
| [[File:Kamuysaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kansaignathus]]''
| 2021
| [[Ialovachsk Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}
| The first non-avian dinosaur described from Tajikistan
| [[File:Kansaignathus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kazaklambia]]''
| 2013
| [[Dabrazhin Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| Morphologically distinct from other Eurasian lambeosaurines<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bell | first1 = P. R. | last2 = Brink | first2 = K. S. | title = ''Kazaklambia convincens'' comb. nov., a primitive juvenile lambeosaurine from the Santonian of Kazakhstan | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.05.003 | journal = Cretaceous Research | year = 2013 }}</ref>
| [[File:Kazaklambia convincens.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kelmayisaurus]]''
| 1973
| [[Lianmuqin Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One popular book mentions a giant species belonging to this genus,<ref>{{cite book |last=Grady |first=W. |date=1993 |title=The Dinosaur Project: The Story of the Greatest Dinosaur Expedition Ever Mounted. |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprojects0000grad |url-access=registration |location=Edmonton |publisher=The Ex Terra Foundation |page=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprojects0000grad/page/90/mode/2up 90] |isbn=0-921912-46-3}}</ref> but may not actually belong to this theropod
|
|-
| ''[[Kerberosaurus]]''
| 2004
| [[Tsagayan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Potentially a close relative of ''[[Edmontosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Godefroit | first1 = P. | last2 = Bolotsky | first2 = Y. L. | last3 = Lauters | first3 = P. | year = 2012 | title = A New Saurolophine Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5| page = e36849 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036849 | pmid = 22666331 | pmc = 3364265 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Khaan]]''
| 2001
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Two morphotypes of [[Chevron (anatomy)|chevrons]] are known, which may be a [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]] trait<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/srep09472| title = A possible instance of sexual dimorphism in the tails of two oviraptorosaur dinosaurs| journal = Scientific Reports| volume = 5| pages = 9472| year = 2015| last1 = Iv | first1 = W. S. P. | last2 = Funston | first2 = G. F. | last3 = Currie | first3 = P. J. | last4 = Norell | first4 = M. A. | pmid=25824625 | pmc=4379468| bibcode = 2015NatSR...5E9472P}}</ref>
| [[File:Khaan mckennai profile1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Khulsanurus]]''
| 2021
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Contemporary with ''[[Parvicursor]]'' but can be distinguished by characters of its caudal vertebrae<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Averianov AO, Lopatin AV |year=2021 |title=The second taxon of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan locality in Gobi Desert, Mongolia |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.2000976 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Kileskus]]''
| 2010
| [[Itat Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Uncertain if it possesses the head crest as seen in other proceratosaurids
| [[File:Kileskus aristotocus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kinnareemimus]]''
| 2009
| [[Sao Khua Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Potentially one of the oldest ornithomimosaurs
| [[File:Kinnareemimus pack.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Klamelisaurus]]''
| 1993
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Close relatives included several referred species of ''[[Mamenchisaurus]]''<ref name=Klamelisaurus>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=A.J. |last2=Upchurch |first2=P. |last3=Barrett |first3=P.M. |last4=Clark |first4=J.M. |last5=Xing |first5=X. |year=2020 |title=Osteology of ''Klamelisaurus gobiensis'' (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle–Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=16 |pages=1299–1393 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1759706 |s2cid=219749618}}</ref>
| [[File:Klamelisaurus-v1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kol ghuva|Kol]]''
| 2009
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a "hyperarctometatarsus" more strongly pinched than other arctometatarsalian taxa. Described as an alvarezsaurid<ref>{{cite journal |first1=A.H. |last1=Turner |first2=S.J. |last2=Nesbitt |first3=M.A. |last3=Norell |title=A Large Alvarezsaurid from the Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3648 |pages=1–14 |year=2009 |doi=10.1206/639.1|hdl=2246/5967 }}</ref> but has been suggested to be related to ''[[Avimimus]]''<ref>{{cite journal | title=New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs | author=Federico L. Agnolin | author2=Jaime E. Powell | author3=Fernando E. Novas | author4=Martin Kundrát | name-list-style=amp | journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2012 | volume=35 | pages=33–56 | doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014}}</ref>
| [[File:Kol ghuva.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Koreaceratops]]''
| 2011
| [[Tando Beds]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| Possessed elongated neural spines on its caudal vertebrae that may have formed a swimming organ
| [[File:Koreaceratops NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Koreanosaurus]]''
| 2011
| [[Seonso Conglomerate]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| Had short but powerful forelimbs which may be an adaptation to digging burrows
| [[File:Koreanosaurus NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Koshisaurus]]''
| 2015
| [[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| Distinguished from other hadrosauroids by the presence of an [[antorbital fossa]]
| [[File:Koshisaurus NT small.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kulceratops]]''
| 1995
| [[Khodzhakul Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Only known from fragments of a jaw and teeth
|
|-
| ''[[Kulindadromeus]]''
| 2014
| [[Ukureyskaya Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| An ornithischian that preserves evidence of filaments, suggesting that protofeathers were basal to Dinosauria as a whole
| [[File:Kulindadromeus by Tom Parker.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Kundurosaurus]]''
| 2012
| [[Udurchukan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| May be synonymous with ''[[Kerberosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xing |first=Hai |author2=Zhao, Xijin |author3=Wang, Kebai |author4=Li, Dunjing |author5=Chen, Shuqing |author6=Mallon, Jordan C |author7=Zhang, Yanxia|author8=Xu, Xing |year=2014 |title=Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationship of ''Edmontosaurus'' and ''Shantungosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and East Asia |journal= Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=1623–1652 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12334 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Kuru kulla|Kuru]]''
| 2021
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had been informally referred to as "Airakoraptor" prior to its formal description
|
|-
| ''[[Laiyangosaurus]]''
| 2017
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Some specimens referred to this edmontosaurin actually belong to kritosaurins and lambeosaurines<ref>Zhang, Yu-Guang; Wang, Ke-Bai; Chen, Shu-Qing; Liu, Di; Xing, Hai (2019). "Osteological Re‐assessment and Taxonomic Revision of "Tanius laiyangensis" (Ornithischia: Hadrosauroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong, China". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.24097.</ref>
| [[File:Laiyangosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Lanzhousaurus]]''
| 2005
| [[Hekou Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed the largest known teeth of any dinosaur
| [[File:Lanzhousaurus BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Leshansaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Kimmeridgian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its braincase is nearly identical to that of ''[[Piveteausaurus]]''<ref name=Leshansaurus>{{cite journal|last1=Carrano|first1=M. T.|last2=Benson|first2=R. B. J.|last3=Sampson|first3=S. D.|title=The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|date=2012|volume=10|issue=2|pages=211–300|doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.630927|s2cid=85354215}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Levnesovia]]''
| 2009
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Together with ''[[Bactrosaurus]]'' and ''[[Gilmoreosaurus]]'', it may represent an early radiation of hadrosauroids<ref>Hans-Dieter Sues and Alexander Averianov. (2009). "A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and the early radiation of duck-billed dinosaurs." ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', '''276'''(1667): 2549-2555. {{doi|10.1098/rspb.2009.0229}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Liaoceratops]]''
| 2002
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One specimen was found without a skull roof, possibly displaced by a predator in order to eat its brain<ref>You, H., Tanoue, K., and Dodson, P., 2007, "A new specimen of ''Liaoceratops yanzigouensis'' (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China", ''Acta Geologica Sinica'' '''81'''(6): 898-904</ref>
| [[File:Liaoceratops BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Liaoningosaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Jiufotang Formation]], [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have possessed fork-like teeth and sharp claws. These and purported stomach contents containing fish may be evidence of a semi-aquatic, turtle-like lifestyle
| [[File:Liaoningosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Liaoningotitan]]''
| 2018
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The second sauropod known from the Yixian Formation
|
|-
| ''[[Liaoningvenator]]''
| 2017
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A troodontid with characteristically elongated legs
| [[File:Liaoningvenator.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Limusaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Multiple specimens from different growth stages are known. Juveniles possessed teeth which were lost and replaced with a beak as adults, suggesting a change in diet<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = S. | last1 = Wang | first2 = J. | last2 = Stiegler | first3 = R. | last3 = Amiot | first4 = X. | last4 = Wang | first5 = G.-H. | last5 = Du | first6 = J.M. | last6 = Clark | first7 = X. | last7 = Xu | s2cid = 441498 | title = Extreme ontogenetic changes in a ceratosaurian theropod | journal = [[Current Biology]]| volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 144–148 | date = 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043 | pmid = 28017609 | url = http://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(16)31269-6.pdf| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Limusaurus runner.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Lingwulong]]''
| 2018
| [[Yanan Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]] to [[Middle Jurassic]], [[Toarcian]] to [[Bajocian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The oldest known neosauropod and the first confirmed diplodocoid from Asia. Relatively derived despite its early age
| [[File:Lingwulong.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Lingyuanosaurus]]''
| 2019
| [[Jehol Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a mix of basal and derived therizinosaurian traits
|
|-
| ''[[Linhenykus]]''
| 2011
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Completely monodactyl due to lacking the vestigial second and third fingers of other alvarezsaurids
| [[File:Linhenykus monodactylus cropped.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Linheraptor]]''
| 2010
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially a synonym of ''[[Tsaagan]]''<ref>{{cite journal | author = Alan H. Turner, Peter J. Makovicky and Mark Norell | year = 2012 | title = A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 371 | pages = 1–206 | doi=10.1206/748.1| hdl = 2246/6352 }}</ref>
| [[File:Linheraptor exquisitus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Linhevenator]]''
| 2011
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a greatly enlarged sickle claw, comparable in size to those of dromaeosaurids
| [[File:Linhevenator.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Liubangosaurus]]''
| 2010
| [[Xinlong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Described only as a eusauropod<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mo Jinyou, Xu Xing and Eric Buffetaut |year=2010 |title=A New Eusauropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Guangxi Province, Southern China |url=http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=201006002&flag=1 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00331.x |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1328–1335}}</ref> but may have been a somphospondylian<ref name=Liubangosaurus2>{{Cite journal|last=Mannion|first=Philip D.|last2=Upchurch|first2=Paul|last3=Barnes|first3=Rosie N.|last4=Mateus|first4=Octávio|date=2013|title=Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/zoj.12029|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=168|issue=1|pages=98–206|doi=10.1111/zoj.12029|issn=1096-3642}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Luanchuanraptor]]''
| 2010
| [[Qiupa Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A possible member of the Velociraptorinae closely related to ''[[Adasaurus]]''<ref name=Luanchuanraptor>{{cite journal|last1=Hartman|first1=S.|last2=Mortimer|first2=M.|last3=Wahl|first3=W. R.|last4=Lomax|first4=D. R.|last5=Lippincott|first5=J.|last6=Lovelace|first6=D. M.|title=A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight|journal=PeerJ|date=2019|volume=7|pages=e7247|doi=10.7717/peerj.7247|doi-access=free|pmid=31333906|pmc=6626525}}</ref>
| [[File:Luanchuanraptor.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Lufengosaurus]]''
| 1940
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]] to [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The rib of one specimen preserves the oldest known evidence of collagen proteins<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Yao-Chang |last2=Chiang |first2=Cheng-Cheng |last3=Huang |first3=Pei-Yu |last4=Chung |first4=Chao-Yu |last5=Huang |first5=Timothy D. |last6=Wang |first6=Chun-Chieh |last7=Chen |first7=Ching-Iue |last8=Chang |first8=Rong-Seng |last9=Liao |first9=Cheng-Hao |last10=Reisz |first10=Robert R. |title=Evidence of preserved collagen in an Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaur revealed by synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy |journal=Nature Communications |date=31 January 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=14220 |doi=10.1038/ncomms14220 |pmid=28140389 |pmc=5290320 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814220L }}</ref>
| [[File:Lufengosaurus sketch2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Luoyanggia]]''
| 2009
| [[Haoling Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally believed to date from the Late Cretaceous
|
|-
| ''[[Machairasaurus]]''
| 2010
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A potential specimen has been found brooding on its eggs<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fanti | first1 = F. | last2 = Currie | first2 = P. J. | last3 = Badamgarav | first3 = D. | editor1-last = Lalueza-Fox | editor1-first = Carles | title = New Specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0031330 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = e31330 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22347465| pmc = 3275628| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731330F | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Machairasaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Mahakala omnogovae|Mahakala]]''
| 2007
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed basal traits for a dromaeosaurid. May be a close relative of ''[[Halszkaraptor]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cau|first1=A.|last2=Beyrand|first2=V.|last3=Voeten|first3=D. F. A. E.|last4=Fernandez|first4=V.|last5=Tafforeau|first5=P.|last6=Stein|first6=K.|last7=Barsbold|first7=R.|last8=Tsogtbaatar|first8=K.|last9=Currie|first9=P. J.|last10=Godefroit|first10=P.|date=2017|title=Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs|journal=Nature|volume=552|issue=7685|pages=395–399|bibcode=2017Natur.552..395C|doi=10.1038/nature24679|pmid=29211712|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321609878}}</ref>
| [[File:Mahakala omnogovae no background.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Maleevus]]''
| 1987
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Its only purportedly distinguishing trait is also shared with ''[[Pinacosaurus]]''<ref name=Dongyangopelta />
|
|-
| ''[[Mamenchisaurus]]''
| 1954
| [[Penglaizhen Formation]], [[Shaximiao Formation]], [[Suining Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Several species have been named, but most may not belong to this genus<ref name=Klamelisaurus />
| [[File:Mamenchisaurus youngi steveoc 86.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Mandschurosaurus]]''
| 1930
| [[Yuliangze Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Laos}}?
| One of the first non-avian dinosaurs named from Chinese remains
|
|-
| ''[[Mei long|Mei]]''
| 2004
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Two specimens are preserved in bird-like sleeping positions<ref name=Mei>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gao | first1 = C. | last2 = Morschhauser | first2 = E. M. | last3 = Varricchio | first3 = D. J. | last4 = Liu | first4 = J. | last5 = Zhao | first5 = B. | editor1-last = Farke | editor1-first = Andrew A | title = A Second Soundly Sleeping Dragon: New Anatomical Details of the Chinese Troodontid ''Mei long'' with Implications for Phylogeny and Taphonomy | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0045203 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 9 | pages = e45203 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23028847| pmc = 3459897| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Meilong mmartyniuk wiki.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Microceratus]]''
| 2008
| [[Ulansuhai Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally named ''Microceratops'', although that genus name is preoccupied by [[Neopimpla|a wasp]]
|
|-
| ''[[Microhadrosaurus]]''
| 1979
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Reportedly an unusually small hadrosaurid
|
|-
| ''[[Micropachycephalosaurus]]''
| 1978
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Once considered to be a pachycephalosaur, although it is now usually considered to be a ceratopsian<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Richard J. Butler | author2 = Jin Liyong | author3 = Chen Jun | author4 = Pascal Godefroit | author4-link = Pascal Godefroit | year = 2011 | title = The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the small ornithischian dinosaur ''Changchunsaurus parvus'' from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian–Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, north-eastern China | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 667–683 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01046.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Micropachycephalosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Microraptor]]''
| 2000
| [[Jiufotang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from over three hundred fossils.<ref name=alexanderetal2010>{{cite journal | last1 = Alexander | first1 = D.E. | last2 = Gong | first2 = E. | last3 = Martin | first3 = L.D. | last4 = Burnham | first4 = D.A. | last5 = Falk | first5 = A.R. | year = 2010 | title = Model tests of gliding with different hindwing configurations in the four-winged dromaeosaurid ''Microraptor gui'' | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 107 | issue = 7| pages = 2972–2976 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0911852107 | pmid = 20133792 | bibcode = 2010PNAS..107.2972A | pmc = 2840342 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Several are well-preserved enough to reveal fine details such as feather covering and an iridescent black coloration<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Li| first1 = Q. | last2 = Gao | first2 = K.-Q. | last3 = Meng | first3 = Q. | last4 = Clarke | first4 = J.A. | last5 = Shawkey | first5 = M.D. | last6 = D'Alba | first6 = L. | last7 = Pei | first7 = R. | last8 = Ellision | first8 = M. | last9 = Norell | first9 = M.A. | last10 = Vinther | first10 = J.| title = Reconstruction of ''Microraptor'' and the Evolution of Iridescent Plumage| journal = Science| volume = 335| pages = 1215–1219| date = 2012| doi = 10.1126/science.1213780| pmid=22403389 | issue = 6073| bibcode = 2012Sci...335.1215L| s2cid = 206537426 }}</ref>
| [[File:Microraptor Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Minotaurasaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The holotype skull was excavated illegally, which obscured its true provenance until recently
| [[File:Minotaurasaurus BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Mongolosaurus]]''
| 1933
| [[On Gong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from only scant remains but has been confidently assigned to Somphospondyli in recent years<ref name=Liubangosaurus2 />
|
|-
| ''[[Mongolostegus]]''
| 2018
| [[Dzunbain Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Informally assigned to the genus ''[[Wuerhosaurus]]'' before its formal description
|
|-
| ''[[Monkonosaurus]]''
| 1986
| [[Loe-ein Formation]]?/[[Lura Formation]]? ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Kimmeridgian]]?/[[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]]?)
| {{flag|China}}
| Poorly known
|
|-
| ''[[Monolophosaurus]]''
| 1993
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a short, rectangular crest running along the middle of the skull
| [[File:Monolophosaurus jiangi jmallon.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Mononykus]]''
| 1993
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Proposed to have an anteater-like lifestyle, using its unique forearms to break into termite mounds<ref>Senter, P. (2005). "Function in the stunted forelimbs of ''Mononykus olecranus'' (Theropoda), a dinosaurian anteater". ''Paleobiology'' Vol. 31, No. 3 pp. 373–381.</ref>
| [[File:Mononykus Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Mosaiceratops]]''
| 2015
| [[Xiaguan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Combined features of different groups of basal ceratopsians
| [[File:Mosaiceratops LM.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Nankangia]]''
| 2013
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have specialized in soft foods such as leaves and seeds<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lü | first1 = J. | last2 = Yi | first2 = L. | last3 = Zhong | first3 = H. | last4 = Wei | first4 = X. | editor1-last = Dodson| editor1-first = Peter| title = A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080557 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e80557 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24312233| pmc = 3842309 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...880557L| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Nankangia Restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Nanningosaurus]]''
| 2007
| Unnamed formation ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially a basal lambeosaurine
|
|-
| ''[[Nanshiungosaurus]]''
| 1979
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally misidentified as a sauropod on account of its unusual pelvis
| [[File:Nanshiungosaurus Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Nanyangosaurus]]''
| 2000
| [[Xiaguan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Completely lost the first digit of its hands
| [[File:Nanyangosaurus dinosaur.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Napaisaurus]]''
| 2021
| [[Xinlong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May be closely related to contemporary Thai iguanodonts
|
|-
| ''[[Nebulasaurus]]''
| 2015
| [[Zhanghe Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]] to [[Bajocian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from a single braincase, but it is enough to tell that it was related to ''[[Spinophorosaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Neimongosaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Could extend its arms considerably forward due to the structure of its shoulder joint<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burch|first1=S. H.|date=2006|title=The range of motion of the glenohumeral joint of the therizinosaur Neimongosaurus yangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda)|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=supp. 3|pages=46A|doi=10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069|s2cid=220413406|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/353123/file/961168}}</ref>
| [[File:Neimongosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Nemegtomaia]]''
| 2005
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]], [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| One specimen preserves traces of damage by [[skin beetle]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fanti|first1=F.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Badamgarav|first3=D.|last4=Lalueza-Fox|first4=C.|title=New specimens of ''Nemegtomaia'' from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2012|volume=7|issue=2|pages=e31330|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031330|pmid=22347465|bibcode=2012PLoSO...731330F|pmc=3275628|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Nesting Nemegtomaia.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Nemegtonykus]]''
| 2019
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The second alvarezsaurid named from the Nemegt Formation
|
|-
| ''[[Nemegtosaurus]]''
| 1971
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}? {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a long, low skull similar in proportions to those of diplodocoids
| [[File:Nemegtosaurus DB.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ningyuansaurus]]''
| 2012
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves small oval-shaped structures in its stomach region which may be seeds
|
|-
| ''[[Nipponosaurus]]''
| 1936
| [[Yezo Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Discovered on the island of [[Sakhalin]], which was owned by Japan in 1936 but later annexed to Russia
| [[File:Nipponosaurus dinosaur.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Nomingia]]''
| 2000
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed a short tail ending with a pygostyle. May be synonymous with ''[[Elmisaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Funston|first1=G. F.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=C.|last4=Khishigjav|first4=T.|date=2021|title=A partial oviraptorosaur skeleton suggests low caenagnathid diversity in the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=7|pages=e0254564|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254564|pmid=34252154|pmc=8274908|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Nomingia gobiensis.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Oksoko avarsan|Oksoko]]''
| 2020
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Its third finger was so greatly reduced that it was functionally didactyl
|
|-
| ''[[Olorotitan]]''
| 2003
| [[Udurchukan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Had a broad, hatchet-shaped crest
| [[File:Olorotitan DB.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Omeisaurus]]''
| 1939
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Members of this genus are characterized by extremely elongated necks
| [[File:Omeisaurus tianfuensis34.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ondogurvel]]''
| 2022
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], ([[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| A small insectivorous theropod
|
|-
| ''[[Opisthocoelicaudia]]''
| 1977
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Walked on its [[metacarpal]]s due to its complete lack of [[phalanges]]
| [[File:Opisthocoelicaudia.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Otogosaurus]]''
| 2004
| Unknown formation ([[Cretaceous]]?)
| {{flag|China}}
| Very poorly known
|
|-
| ''[[Oviraptor]]''
| 1924
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Originally mistakenly thought to be an egg-eater
| [[File:Oviraptor Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Pachysuchus]]''
| 1951
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Considered a phytosaur from its original naming until a redescription in 2012<ref>{{cite journal |author=Paul M. Barrett and Xu Xing |year=2012 |title=The enigmatic reptile ''Pachysuchus imperfectus'' Young, 1951 from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201204/P020120423369779799608.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Panguraptor]]''
| 2014
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]] to [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The first definitive coelophysoid known from Asia
|
|-
| ''[[Papiliovenator]]''
| 2021
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a short, subtriangular skull similar to those of Early Cretaceous troodontids
|
|-
| ''[[Parvicursor]]''
| 1996
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Small but fully mature at the time of its death
| [[File:Parvicursor.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Pedopenna]]''
| 2005
| [[Daohugou Beds]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from a single leg with the impressions of long, symmetrical feathers
|
|-
| ''[[Peishansaurus]]''
| 1953
| [[Minhe Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally thought to be an ankylosaur<ref>B. Bohlin, 1953, ''Fossil reptiles from Mongolia and Kansu. Reports from the Scientific Expedition to the North-western Provinces of China under Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. VI. Vertebrate Palaeontology 6.'' The Sino-Swedish Expedition Publications 37, 113 pp</ref> but similarities have been noted with ''[[Psittacosaurus]]''<ref>Carpenter, K., 1999, ''Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs. A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction'', Indiana University press, 336 pp</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Penelopognathus]]''
| 2005
| [[Bayin-Gobi Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Named from a single dentary
|
|-
| ''[[Phaedrolosaurus]]''
| 1973
| [[Lianmuqin Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been a dromaeosaurid<ref>Z.-M. Dong. (1973). [Dinosaurs from Wuerho]. ''Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academic Sinica'' '''11''':45-52. [Chinese]</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Philovenator]]''
| 2012
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Closely related to the contemporary ''[[Linhevenator]]''<ref name=Mei /> but likely represents a separate taxon<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Xu Xing |author2=Zhao Ji |author3=Corwin Sullivan |author4=Tan Qing-Wei |author5=Martin Sander |author6=Ma Qing-Yu |year=2012 |title=The taxonomy of the troodontid IVPP V 10597 reconsidered |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=140–150 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201204/P020120423369968204026.pdf}}</ref>
| [[File:Philovenator curriei life restoration..png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Phuwiangosaurus]]''
| 1994
| [[Sao Khua Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Hauterivian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| A large member of the Euhelopodidae<ref name=Liubangosaurus2 />
|
|-
| ''[[Phuwiangvenator]]''
| 2019
| [[Sao Khua Formation]]) ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Potentially the most basal megaraptoran<ref name=Phuwiangvenator>{{Cite journal |last=Samathi |first=A. |last2=Chanthasit |first2=P. |last3=Martin Sander |first3=P. |date=May 2019 |title=Two new basal coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation of Thailand
|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |language=en |doi=10.4202/app.00540.2018|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Pinacosaurus]]''
| 1933
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]], [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed an enlarged [[hyoid]] that may indicate a feeding specialization such as fruit-eating or anteater-like insectivory<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=R. V.|last2=D'Emic|first2=M. D.|last3=Bever|first3=G. S.|last4=Norell|first4=M. A.|date=2015|title=A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=175|issue=4|pages=892–909|doi=10.1111/zoj.12293|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Pinacosaurus grangeri.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Plesiohadros]]''
| 2014
| [[Alagteeg Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The largest animal from the Djadochta area
|
|-
| ''[[Prenocephale]]''
| 1974
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a distinctively conical dome
| [[File:Prenocephale bickering.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Probactrosaurus]]''
| 1966
| [[Dashuigou Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Coniacian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The closest relative to the Hadrosauromorpha based on the definition of the group<ref>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=D.B.|year=2014|title=On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur ''Hypselospinus fittoni'' (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=2014|pages=1–98|doi=10.1111/zoj.12193|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Probactrosaurus v3.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Prodeinodon]]''
| 1924
| [[Öösh Formation]], [[Xinlong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Potentially a carnosaur<ref name=Prodeinodon>{{Cite journal|author=Chan-gyu Yun |year=2020 |title=A Carcharodontosaurid tooth from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of South Korea |journal=Mongolian Geoscientist |volume=50 |pages=2–10 |doi=10.5564/mgs.v50i0.1325 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Protarchaeopteryx]]''
| 1997
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Usually thought to be a basal oviraptorosaur but one study suggests a basal position within Pennaraptora<ref name=Luanchuanraptor />
| [[File:Protarchaeopteryx-swamp.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Protoceratops]]''
| 1923
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]], [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Its remains are so abundant that it has been nicknamed the "sheep of the Cretaceous"
| [[File:Protoceratops andrewsi Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Protognathosaurus]]''
| 1991
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally named ''Protognathus'', but that is preoccupied by [[Protognathus|an extinct beetle]]
|
|-
| ''[[Psittacosaurus]]''
| 1923
| [[Andakhuduk Formation]], [[Bayin-Gobi Formation]], [[Ejinhoro Formation]], [[Ilek Formation]], [[Jiufotang Formation]], [[Khok Kruat Formation]], [[Öösh Formation]], [[Qingshan Formation]], [[Tugulu Group]], [[Xinminbao Group]], [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}} {{flag|Russia}} {{flag|Thailand}}
| Known from hundreds of specimens, many of them well-preserved. Lived in a broad range
| [[File:Psittacosaurus model.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Pukyongosaurus]]''
| 2001
| [[Hasandong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| One of its caudal vertebrae has bite marks caused by theropod teeth
|
|-
| ''[[Qianzhousaurus]]''
| 2014
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Has been nicknamed "Pinocchio rex" on account of its elongated snout
| [[File:Qianzhousaurus sinensis by PaleoGeek.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Qiaowanlong]]''
| 2009
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally described as a brachiosaurid<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = You | first1 = Hai-Lu | last2 = Li | first2 = Da-Qing | date = 22 November 2009 | title = The first well-preserved Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid dinosaur in Asia | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] | volume = 276 | issue = 1695 | pages = 4077–4082 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2009.1278 | pmid = 19734188 | pmc = 2825791 }}</ref> but has since been reinterpreted as a euhelopodid<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ksepka | first1 = Daniel T. | last2 = Norel | first2 = Mark A. | date = 22 October 2010 | title = The Illusory Evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New Material of Erketu ellisoni and a Phylogenetic Reappraisal of Basal Titanosauriformes | journal = [[American Museum Novitates]] | volume = 3700 | pages = 1–27 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/6087/N3700.pdf?sequence=1 | doi=10.1206/3700.2}}</ref>
| [[File:Qiaowanlong NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Qijianglong]]''
| 2015
| [[Suining Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Once believed to date from the Late Jurassic
|
|-
| ''[[Qingxiusaurus]]''
| 2008
| Unnamed formation ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from very limited remains
|
|-
| ''[[Qinlingosaurus]]''
| 1996
| [[Hongtuling Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially a titanosaur given its age, but this cannot be confirmed
|
|-
| ''[[Qiupalong]]''
| 2011
| [[Qiupa Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A referred specimen was found in Canada<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McFeeters | first1 = B. | last2 = Ryan | first2 = M.J. | last3 = Schröder-Adams | first3 = C. | last4 = Currie | first4 = P.J. | title = First North American occurrences of ''Qiupalong'' (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids | journal = FACETS | doi = 10.1139/facets-2016-0074 | url = http://www.facetsjournal.com/article/facets-2016-0074/ | volume = 2 | pages = 355–373 | date = 2017| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Qiupalong Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Qiupanykus]]''
| 2018
| [[Qiupa Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have used its robust thumb claws to crack open oviraptorid eggshells<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chinageology.cgs.cn/article/id/5b2ca616-1998-40f5-a320-5309ae7e30d1?viewType=HTML&pageType=en |last=Lü |first=JC |last2=Xu |first2=L |last3=Chang |first3=HL |last4=Jia |first4=SH |last5=Zhang |first5=JM |last6=Gao |first6=DS |last7=Zhang |first7=YY |last8=Zhang |first8=CJ |last9=Ding |first9=F |year=2018 |title=A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China |journal=China Geology |volume=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.31035/cg2018005|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Quaesitosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Maastrichtian]]}
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Potentially a close relative of ''[[Nemegtosaurus]]''
| [[File:Quaesitosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ratchasimasaurus]]''
| 2011
| [[Khok Kruat Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Indeterminate compared to other styracosternans
|
|-
| ''[[Rhomaleopakhus]]''
| 2021
| [[Kalaza Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a robust forelimb that may be a locomotory adaptation
|
|-
| ''[[Rinchenia]]''
| 2004
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a tall, domed crest
| [[File:Rinchenia mongoliensis profile1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ruyangosaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Haoling Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from scant remains but was one of the largest dinosaurs known from Asia
| [[File:Ruyangosaurus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sahaliyania]]''
| 2008
| [[Yuliangze Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from a bonebed where eighty percent of the remains are from this taxon<ref>{{cite journal |last=Godefroit |first=Pascal |author2=Hai Shulin |author3=Yu Tingxiang |author4= Lauters, Pascaline |year=2008 |title=New hadrosaurid dinosaurs from the uppermost Cretaceous of north−eastern China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=47–74 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app53/app53-047.pdf |doi=10.4202/app.2008.0103|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[File:Sahaliyania restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Saichania]]''
| 1977
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]], [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed complicated nasal passages that may have cooled the air it breathed
| [[File:Saichania in Nemegt Formation.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sanpasaurus]]''
| 1944
| [[Ziliujing Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Toarcian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Historically conflated with the remains of an ornithischian
|
|-
| ''[[Sanxiasaurus]]''
| 2019
| [[Xintiangou Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bajocian]]
| {{flag|China}}
| The oldest neornithischian known from Asia
|
|-
| ''[[Saurolophus]]''
| 1912
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Type species was found in Canada. The Asian species is distinguished by its larger size and backwards-pointing diagonal crest
| [[File:Saurolophus angustirostris.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sauroplites]]''
| 1953
| [[Zhidan Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserved lying on its back with parts of its armor in an articulated position
|
|-
| ''[[Saurornithoides]]''
| 1924
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Very bird-like in the construction of its bones
| [[File:Saurornithoides restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Scansoriopteryx]]''
| 2002
| [[Daohugou Beds]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Was well-adapted for climbing due to the structure of its hands and feet
| [[File:Scansor chick.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Segnosaurus]]''
| 1979
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| One of the first known therizinosaurs. Its relationships were originally obscure
| [[File:Segnosaurus Restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Serikornis]]''
| 2017
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed simple, wispy feathers similar to those of a [[Silkie]] chicken
| [[File:Serikornis.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shamosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Dzunbain Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a flat, narrow skull
|
|-
| ''[[Shanag]]''
| 2007
| [[Öösh Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Berriasian]] to [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Shows a mixture of traits of various paravian groups
| [[File:Shanag.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shantungosaurus]]''
| 1973
| [[Hongtuya Formation]], [[Xingezhuang Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The largest known hadrosaurid
| [[File:Shantungosaurus life.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shanxia]]''
| 1998
| [[Huiquanpu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May be synonymous with ''[[Tianzhenosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=R.|date=1999|title=''Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis'', gen et sp nov., a new ankylosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia; Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (Upper Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=126–139|doi=10.1080/02724634.1999.10011128}}</ref> and/or ''[[Saichania]]''<ref name=Dongyangopelta />
|
|-
| ''[[Shanyangosaurus]]''
| 1996
| [[Shanyang Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Indeterminate but its hollow bones are a synapomorphy for Coelurosauria. One study suggests an oviraptorosaurian position<ref name=Luanchuanraptor />
|
|-
| ''[[Shaochilong]]''
| 2009
| [[Ulansuhai Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a relatively short maxilla
| [[File:Shaochilong.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shenzhousaurus]]''
| 2003
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves pebbles in its thoracic cavity which may be gastroliths
| [[File:Shenzhousaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shidaisaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Chuanjie Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially one of the oldest known allosauroids
|
|-
| ''[[Shishugounykus]]''
| 2019
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its manus combines features of both alvarezsaurians and more basal coelurosaurs
|
|-
| ''[[Shixinggia]]''
| 2005
| [[Pingling Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from some postcranial material
|
|-
| ''[[Shri devi|Shri]]''
| 2021
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Before its formal description, it was nicknamed "Ichabodcraniosaurus" because its holotype lacked a skull
| [[File:Shri devi.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shuangmiaosaurus]]''
| 2003
| [[Sunjiawan Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from some parts of a skull
|
|-
| ''[[Shunosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a small tail club topped by two short spikes
| [[File:Shunosaurus life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Shuvuuia]]''
| 1998
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| May have been a nocturnal, owl-like hunter<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choiniere |first1=Jonah N. |last2=Neenan |first2=James M. |last3=Schmitz |first3=Lars |last4=Ford |first4=David P. |last5=Chapelle |first5=Kimberley E. J. |last6=Balanoff |first6=Amy M. |last7=Sipla |first7=Justin S. |last8=Georgi |first8=Justin A. |last9=Walsh |first9=Stig A. |last10=Norell |first10=Mark A. |last11=Xu |first11=Xing |last12=Clark |first12=James M. |last13=Benson |first13=Roger B. J. |title=Evolution of vision and hearing modalities in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Science |date=7 May 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=610–613 |doi=10.1126/science.abe7941 |pmid=33958472 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..610C |s2cid=233872840 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6542/610 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
| [[File:Shuvuuia.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Siamodon]]''
| 2011
| [[Khok Kruat Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| May have been closely related to ''[[Probactrosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Eric Buffetaut and Varavudh Suteethorn |year=2011 |title=A new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) of northeastern Thailand |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=97 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2011.08.001 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Siamosaurus]]''
| 1986
| [[Khok Kruat Formation]], [[Sao Khua Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Only known from teeth. Some spinosaurid postcrania from the same area may be referrable to this genus<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Milner|first1=Angela|last2=Buffetaut|first2=Eric|last3=Suteethorn|first3=Varavudh|date=2007|title=A tall-spined spinosaurid theropod from Thailand and the biogeography of spinosaurs|url=http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Future-Past-Meetings/MeetingPdfs/JVP_07.aspx|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]|volume=27|pages=118A}}</ref>
| [[File:Speculative restoration of Siamosaurus suteethorni based on the tooth from Sao Khua Formation.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Siamotyrannus]]''
| 1996
| [[Sao Khua Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Berriasian]] to [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Originally described as a tyrannosaurid<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Buffetaut|first1=E.|last2=Suteethorn|first2=V.|last3=Tong|first3=H.|title=The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand|journal=Nature|date=1996|volume=381|issue=6584|pages=689–691|doi=10.1038/381689a0|s2cid=7350556}}</ref> but it may in fact be a metriacanthosaurid<ref name=Leshansaurus />
|
|-
| ''[[Siamraptor]]''
| 2019
| [[Khok Kruat Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Known from scattered remains, including parts of a skull
| [[File:Siamraptor reconstruction 2019 (Mario Lanzas).jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sibirotitan]]''
| 2017
| [[Ilek Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Its sacral ribs are star-shaped in dorsal view
| [[File:Sibirotitan model.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Siluosaurus]]''
| 1997
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed the smallest known teeth of any ornithopod
|
|-
| ''[[Silutitan]]''
| 2021
| [[Shengjinkou Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from six cervical vertebrae associated with a pterosaur jaw
|
|-
| ''[[Similicaudipteryx]]''
| 2008
| [[Jiufotang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a short tail ending with a dagger-shapped pygostyle
|
|-
| ''[[Sinankylosaurus]]''
| 2020
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from an ilium but can be identified as an ankylosaur
|
|-
| ''[[Sinocalliopteryx]]''
| 2007
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Stomach contents indicate a possible preference for volant prey such as dromaeosaurids and early birds<ref>Lida Xing, Phil R. Bell, W. Scott Persons IV, Shuan Ji, Tetsuto Miyashita, Michael E. Burns, Qiang Ji, Philip J. Currie, 2012, "Abdominal Contents from Two Large Early Cretaceous Compsognathids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Demonstrate Feeding on Confuciusornithids and Dromaeosaurids", ''PLoS ONE'' '''7'''(8): e44012. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0044012}}</ref>
| [[File:Sinocalliopteryx gigas.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinocephale]]''
| 2021
| [[Ulansuhai Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally named as a species of ''[[Troodon]]'' when that genus was thought to be a pachycephalosaur
|
|-
| ''[[Sinoceratops]]''
| 2010
| [[Xingezhuang Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed forward-curving hornlets and a series of low knobs on the top of the frill
| [[File:Sinoceratops NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinocoelurus]]''
| 1942
| [[Kuangyuan Series]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Tithonian]]
| {{flag|China}}
| One study considered it to be a potential plesiosaur<ref>X.-C. Wu, P. J. Currie, Z. Dong, S. Pan, and T. Wang. 2009. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica 83(1):9-24</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Sinornithoides]]''
| 1993
| [[Ejinhoro Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserved in a roosting position, its head tucked underneath its left wing
| [[File:Sinornithoides-youngi jconway.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinornithomimus]]''
| 2003
| [[Ulansuhai Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Formed age-segregated herds as evidenced by a concentration of juvenile skeletons<ref name=Varricchio2008>{{cite journal|last1=Varricchio|first1=D. J.|last2=Sereno|first2=P. C.|last3=Xijin|first3=Z.|last4=Lin|first4=T.|last5=Wilson|first5=J. A.|last6=Lyon|first6=G. H.|date=2008|title=Mud-Trapped Herd Captures Evidence of Distinctive Dinosaur Sociality|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=53|issue=4|pages=567–578|doi=10.4202/app.2008.0402|doi-access=free|issn=0567-7920}}</ref>
| [[File:Sinornithomimus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]''
| 1999
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One specimen has disloged teeth, leading to suggestions it was venomous<ref>Gong, E., L.D. Martin, D.E. Burnham, and A.R. Falk. (2009). "The birdlike raptor ''Sinornithosaurus'' was venomous." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''</ref>
| [[File:Sinornithosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]''
| 1996
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The first non-avian dinosaur found with direct evidence of feathers. Analysis of melanosomes suggest it had orange-brown and white [[countershading]] with a striped tail and a "bandit mask" around its eyes<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smithwick | first1 = F.M. | last2 = Nicholls | first2 = R. | last3 = Cuthill | first3 = I.C. | last4 = Vinther | first4 = J. | title = Countershading and Stripes in the Theropod Dinosaur ''Sinosauropteryx'' Reveal Heterogeneous Habitats in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota | journal = Current Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 21 | pages = 3337–3343.e2 | date = 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.032 | pmid = 29107548 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Sinosauropteryx with Dalinghosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinosaurus]]''
| 1940
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]] to [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a pair of midline crests similar to ''[[Dilophosaurus]]''
| [[File:Diloph sin DB1 (white background).png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinotyrannus]]''
| 2009
| [[Jiufotang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the earliest known large tyrannosauroids. Closely related to smaller forms such as ''[[Proceratosaurus]]'' and ''[[Guanlong]]''
| [[File:Sinotyrannus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinovenator]]''
| 2002
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Some specimens are preserved three-dimensionally
| [[File:Sinovenator (update).png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinraptor]]''
| 1994
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have used its teeth like blades to inflict deep wounds in prey
| [[File:Sinraptor NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sinusonasus]]''
| 2004
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Hauterivian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had distinctive [[sinusoid]] nasal bones
| [[File:Sinusonasus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sirindhorna]]''
| 2015
| [[Khok Kruat Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Discovered by corn farmers while digging a reservoir
| [[File:Sirindhorna skull and head.PNG|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Sonidosaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Iren Dabasu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Unusually, its ilium was not pneumatic
|
|-
| ''[[Stegosaurides]]''
| 1953
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A thyreophoran of uncertain phylogenetic position
|
|-
| ''[[Suzhousaurus]]''
| 2007
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a large ilium which is markedly broad on the anterior end
| [[File:Suzhousaurus.JPG|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Szechuanosaurus]]''
| 1942
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Only known from teeth and a very fragmentary skeleton
|
|-
| ''[[Talarurus]]''
| 1952
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Its tail club has been compared to a wicker basket
| [[File:Talarurus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tambatitanis]]''
| 2014
| [[Sasayama Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| Possessed disproportionately large chevrons
|
|-
| ''[[Tangvayosaurus]]''
| 1999
| [[Grès supérieurs Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|Laos}}
| Closely related to ''[[Phuwiangosaurus]]''
| [[File:Tangvayosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tanius]]''
| 1929
| [[Jiangjunding Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Today known from only a few bones; more fossils were once present but were not collected
| [[File:Tanius.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Taohelong]]''
| 2013
| [[Hekou Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a sacral shield similar to that of ''[[Polacanthus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Tarbosaurus]]''
| 1955
| [[Nemegt Formation]], [[Subashi Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| An apex predator that hunted large prey. Very similar to ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''
| [[File:Tarbosaurus Steveoc86.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tarchia]]''
| 1977
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]], [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| One specimen preserves injuries to its ribs and tail, possibly from a fight with a member of its own kind<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Park JY, Lee YN, Kobayashi Y, Jacobs LL, Barsbold R, Lee HJ, Kim N, Song KY, Polcyn MJ | title = A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia and implications for paleoecology of armoured dinosaurs | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = Article number 22928 | year = 2021 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-02273-4 | pmid = 34824329 | pmc = 8616956 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| [[File:Tarchia 02.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tatisaurus]]''
| 1965
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially a basal thyreophoran
|
|-
| ''[[Tengrisaurus]]''
| 2017
| [[Murtoi Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Closely related to South American titanosaurs
|
|-
| ''[[Therizinosaurus]]''
| 1954
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed extremely elongated and stiffened hand claws
| [[File:Therizinosaurus NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tianchiasaurus]]''
| 1993
| [[Toutunhe Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bajocian]] to [[Bathonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| More commonly spelled ''Tianchisaurus''. Its description uses both spellings interchangeably, but is spelled with an extra "a" when named as a new genus
|
|-
| ''[[Tianyulong]]''
| 2009
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves impressions of long bristles down its back, tail and neck
| [[File:Tianyulong BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tianyuraptor]]''
| 2009
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Combines features of both northern and southern dromaeosaurids. Had unusual proportions
| [[File:Tianyuraptor restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tianzhenosaurus]]''
| 1998
| [[Huiquanpu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May be synonymous with ''[[Saichania]]''<ref name=Dongyangopelta />
|
|-
| ''[[Tienshanosaurus]]''
| 1937
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Large but basal for a mamenchisaurid<ref name=Klamelisaurus />
|
|-
| ''[[Timurlengia]]''
| 2016
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Its inner ear was specialized for detecting low-frequency sounds<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stephen L. Brusatte, Alexander Averianov, Hans-Dieter Sues, Amy Muir and Ian B. Butler |year=2016 |title=New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume= 113|issue= 13|pages= 3447–3452|doi=10.1073/pnas.1600140113 |pmid=26976562 |pmc=4822578|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.3447B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[File:Timurlengia.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tochisaurus]]''
| 1991
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Known from only a single metatarsus
|
|-
| ''[[Tonganosaurus]]''
| 2010
| [[Yimen Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Pliensbachian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially the oldest known mamenchisaurid
|
|-
| ''[[Tongtianlong]]''
| 2016
| [[Nanxiong Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The pose of the holotype suggests it died while trying to free itself from mud
| [[File:Tongtianlong-5.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tsaagan]]''
| 2006
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Very similar to ''[[Velociraptor]]'' but differs in some features of the skull<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Norell | first1 = M.A. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J.M. | last3 = Turner | first3 = A.H. | last4 = Makovicky | first4 = P.J. | last5 = Barsbold | first5 = R. | last6 = Rowe | first6 = T. | year = 2006 | title = A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia) | journal = American Museum Novitates | issue = 3545 | pages = 1–51 | doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2| hdl = 2246/5823 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169121 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Tsagantegia]]''
| 1993
| [[Bayan Shireh Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had a long, shovel-shaped snout which may indicate a browsing lifestyle<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=J. Y.|last2=Lee|first2=Y. N.|last3=Currie|first3=P. J.|last4=Kobayashi|first4=Y.|last5=Koppelhus|first5=E.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|last7=Mateus|first7=O.|last8=Lee|first8=S.|last9=Kim|first9=S. H.|title=Additional skulls of Talarurus plicatospineus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) and implications for paleobiogeography and paleoecology of armored dinosaurs|date=2019|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=108|page=104340|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104340|s2cid=212423361}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Tsintaosaurus]]''
| 1958
| [[Jingangkou Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally mistakenly believed to have possessed a unicorn horn-like crest
| [[File:Tsintaosaurus-spinorhinus-steveoc86.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tugulusaurus]]''
| 1973
| [[Lianmuqin Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially an early, ''[[Xiyunykus]]''-grade alvarezsaurian<ref>
Qin, Z., Clark, J., Choiniere, J., & Xu, X. (2019). A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China. Scientific Reports, 9: 11727. {{doi|10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7}}
</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Tuojiangosaurus]]''
| 1977
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] to [[Kimmeridgian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed seventeen pairs of tall, pointed plates, thickened in the center as if they were modified spikes
| [[File:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Turanoceratops]]''
| 1989
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| Had a pair of brow horns like ceratopsids but was likely not a member of that family
| [[File:Turanoceratops tardabilis life restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Tylocephale]]''
| 1974
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Known from a partial skull but it is enough to tell that it had a remarkably tall dome
| [[File:Tylocephale pair.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Udanoceratops]]''
| 1992
| [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| The largest known leptoceratopsid
| [[File:Udanoceratops Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ultrasaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Gugyedong Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| Described as very large but this may be due to misidentification of a bone
|
|-
| ''[[Ulughbegsaurus]]''
| 2021
| [[Bissekty Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| A very large and late-surviving carnosaur
|
|-
| ''[[Urbacodon]]''
| 2007
| [[Bissekty Formation]], [[Dzharakuduk Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]] to [[Turonian]])
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| The holotype preserves a gap separating the eight rear teeth from the rest of its teeth
|
|-
| ''[[Vayuraptor]]''
| 2019
| [[Sao Khua Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| Potentially ancestral to megaraptorans<ref name=Phuwiangvenator />
|
|-
| ''[[Velociraptor]]''
| 1924
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]], [[Djadochta Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Quill knobs preserved on an ulna conclusively prove it had feathers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=A.H. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P.J. |last3=Norell |first3=M.A. |year=2007 |title=Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur ''Velociraptor'' |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5845 |page=1721 |doi=10.1126/science.1145076 |pmid=17885130 |bibcode = 2007Sci...317.1721T |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[File:Velociraptor Restoration.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Wakinosaurus]]''
| 1992
| [[Sengoku Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Hauterivian]] to [[Barremian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| May be a close relative of ''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]''<ref name=Prodeinodon />
| [[File:Wakinosaurus-maniraptora.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Wannanosaurus]]''
| 1977
| [[Xiaoyan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]] [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Basal for a pachycephalosaur as indicated by its flat skull with large openings
| [[File:Wannanosaurus for wiki review.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Wuerhosaurus]]''
| 1973
| [[Ejinhoro Formation]], [[Tugulu Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Hauterivian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the last and largest known stegosaurs. Preserved with low rectangular plates but these may be broken
| [[File:Wuerhosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Wulagasaurus]]''
| 2008
| [[Yuliangze Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| A rare hadrosaurid known from far less remains than the contemporary ''[[Sahaliyania]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Wulatelong]]''
| 2013
| [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from a partial skeleton including some parts of the skull
| [[File:Wulatelong drawing.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Wulong bohaiensis|Wulong]]''
| 2020
| [[Jiufotang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed an extremely long tail tipped by two long feathers
| [[File:Wulong bohaiensis.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xianshanosaurus]]''
| 2009
| [[Haoling Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been closely related to ''[[Daxiatitan]]''<ref name=Liubangosaurus2 />
|
|-
| ''[[Xiaosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bajocian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| An ornithischian of uncertain affinities
|
|-
| ''[[Xiaotingia]]''
| 2011
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Well-preserved but inconsistent in phylogenetic placement. Some studies suggest a position as an early avialan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rauhut|first=O.|last2=Tischlinger|first2=H.|last3=Foth|first3=C.|date=2019-05-14|title=A non-archaeopterygid avialan theropod from the Late Jurassic of southern Germany|journal=eLife|volume=8|pages=e43789|doi=10.7554/eLife.43789|pmid=31084702|pmc=6516837|issn=2050-084X}}</ref>
| [[File:Xiaotingia .jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xingtianosaurus]]''
| 2019
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Retained the large third finger that was lost in other caudipterids
|
|-
| ''[[Xingxiulong]]''
| 2017
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]]
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a robust scapula which increased forelimb mobility for feeding
|
|-
| ''[[Xinjiangovenator]]''
| 2005
| [[Lianmuqin Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Valanginian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Remains originally identified as ''[[Phaedrolosaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Xinjiangtitan]]''
| 2013
| [[Qiketai Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had an extremely long neck
| [[File:Xinjiangtitan (adjusted).jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xiongguanlong]]''
| 2009
| [[Xiagou Formation]], ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Robust with a long snout and strong vertebrae
| [[File:Xiongguanlong NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xixianykus]]''
| 2010
| [[Majiacun Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the smallest known non-avian dinosaurs
|
|-
| ''[[Xixiasaurus]]''
| 2010
| [[Majiacun Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Coniacian]] to [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Distinguished from other troodontids by its possession of exactly twenty-two teeth in each maxilla
| [[File:Xixiasaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xixiposaurus]]''
| 2010
| [[Lufeng Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Hettangian]] to [[Pliensbachian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Poorly known
|
|-
| ''[[Xiyunykus]]''
| 2018
| [[Tugulu Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Barremian]] to [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had an unspecialized hand morphology for an alvarezsaur, having three fingers of roughly equal length and construction
| [[File:Xiyunykus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xuanhanosaurus]]''
| 1984
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Originally mistakenly believed to have been capable of quadrupedal locomotion
| [[File:Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xuanhuaceratops]]''
| 2006
| [[Houcheng Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a large premaxillary tooth right behind its beak
| [[File:Xuanhuaceratops niei head.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Xunmenglong]]''
| 2019
| [[Huajiying Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Hauterivian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The holotype was originally presented as part of a chimera involving three different animals<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=Lida|last2=Miyashita|first2=Tetsuto|last3=Wang|first3=Donghao|last4=Niu|first4=Kechung|last5=Currie|first5=Philip J.|title=A new compsognathid theropod dinosaur from the oldest assemblage of the Jehol Biota in the Lower Cretaceous Huajiying Formation, northeastern China|journal=Cretaceous Research|year=2019|volume=107|pages=104285|issn=0195-6671|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104285|s2cid=210615455}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Xuwulong]]''
| 2011
| [[Xinminbao Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The tip of its dentary was V-shaped when viewed from the side
| [[File:Xuwulong NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yamaceratops]]''
| 2006
| [[Javkhlant Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Possessed a short, stubby frill
| [[File:Yamaceratops BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yamatosaurus]]''
| 2021
| [[Kita-Ama Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Japan}}
| Basal yet survived late enough to be contemporaneous with more advanced hadrosaurids
|
|-
| ''[[Yandusaurus]]''
| 1979
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Some fossils were destroyed by a composter before they could be studied<ref name=He1984>He, X. & Cai, K., 1984, ''The Middle Jurassic dinosaurian fauna from Dashampu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol. 1: The ornitopod dinosaurs''. Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Chengdu, Sichuan, pp. 1-71</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Yangchuanosaurus]]''
| 1978
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The largest theropod known from the Shaximiao
| [[File:Yangchuanosaurus NT small.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yi (dinosaur)|Yi]]''
| 2015
| [[Tiaojishan Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves impressions of both feathers and a membranous wing
| [[File:Yi qi restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yimenosaurus]]''
| 1990
| [[Fengjiahe Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Pliensbachian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Much of its skeleton is known, including most of its skull
|
|-
| ''[[Yingshanosaurus]]''
| 1994
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Kimmeridgian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed greatly enlarged shoulder spines
|
|-
| ''[[Yinlong]]''
| 2006
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its skull displays features of ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and heterodontosaurids
| [[File:Yinlong BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yixianosaurus]]''
| 2003
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Inconsistent in phylogenetic placement. Had extremely elongated manual elements
| [[File:Yixianosaurus longimanus.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yizhousaurus]]''
| 2018
| [[Fengjiahe Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Sinemurian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Preserves a complete skull and lower jaw
|
|-
| ''[[Yongjinglong]]''
| 2014
| [[Hekou Group]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed a long, broad scapula half the length of its trunk
|
|-
| ''[[Yuanmousaurus]]''
| 2006
| [[Zhanghe Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]] to [[Callovian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Shares features of its vertebrae with ''[[Patagosaurus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Yueosaurus]]''
| 2012
| [[Liangtoutang Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], [[Albian]] to [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Probably closely related to ''[[Jeholosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Han |first=Feng-Lu |author2=Paul M. Barrett |author3=Richard J. Butler |author4=Xing Xu |year=2012 |title=Postcranial anatomy of ''Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis'' (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1370–1395 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.694385 |s2cid=86754247 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Yulong mini|Yulong]]''
| 2013
| [[Qiupa Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Known from five juvenile specimens, as well as an embryo and associated nest
|
|-
| ''[[Yunganglong]]''
| 2013
| [[Zhumapu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Discovered {{convert|50|km|mi}} away from a [[Yungang Grottoes|World Heritage Site]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yunmenglong]]''
| 2013
| [[Haoling Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been exceptionally large
|
|-
| ''[[Yunnanosaurus]]''
| 1942
| [[Fengjiahe Formation]], [[Lufeng Formation]], [[Zhanghe Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]] to [[Middle Jurassic]], [[Pliensbachian]] to [[Bajocian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Its teeth were self-sharpening similar to those of sauropods, likely through [[convergent evolution]]<ref>"Yunnanosaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.</ref>
| [[File:Yunnanosaurus BW.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Yunyangosaurus]]''
| 2020
| [[Xintiangou Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]], [[Aalenian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Potentially an early megalosauroid
|
|-
| ''[[Yutyrannus]]''
| 2012
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The largest known dinosaur that preserves direct evidence of feathers
| [[File:Yutyrannus huali.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zanabazar]]''
| 2009
| [[Nemegt Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Originally named as a species of ''[[Saurornithoides]]''. A large troodontid
| [[File:Zanabazar.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zaraapelta]]''
| 2014
| [[Barun Goyot Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Had an intricate pattern of osteoderms on its skull
|
|-
| ''[[Zhanghenglong]]''
| 2014
| [[Majiacun Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Santonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Reconstructed by its describers with a straight, rectangular back<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0098821| pmid = 24901454| title = A New Basal Hadrosauroid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) with Transitional Features from the Late Cretaceous of Henan Province, China| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 6| pages = e98821| year = 2014| last1 = Xing | first1 = H. | last2 = Wang | first2 = D. | last3 = Han | first3 = F. | last4 = Sullivan | first4 = C. | last5 = Ma | first5 = Q. | last6 = He | first6 = Y. | last7 = Hone | first7 = D. W. E. | last8 = Yan | first8 = R. | last9 = Du | first9 = F. | last10 = Xu | first10 = X. | pmc=4047018| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...998821X| doi-access = free}}</ref>
| [[File:A-New-Basal-Hadrosauroid-Dinosaur-(Dinosauria-Ornithopoda)-with-Transitional-Features-from-the-Late-pone.0098821.g002.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zhejiangosaurus]]''
| 2007
| [[Chaochuan Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Has no diagnostic features<ref name=Dongyangopelta />
|
|-
| ''[[Zhenyuanlong]]''
| 2015
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Possessed large wings with long feathers, but was most likely flightless
| [[File:Zhenyuanlong life restoration (white background).jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zhongjianosaurus]]''
| 2017
| [[Yixian Formation]] ([[Early Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Distinguishable by its characteristically elongated legs. Described as a microraptorian<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu |first1= Xing|last2=Qin|first2=Zi-Chuan|year=2017|title=A new tiny dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning and niche differentiation among the Jehol dromaeosaurids|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume=In press|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf}}</ref> but one study suggests an avialan position<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Cau A, Madzia D |year=2021 |title=The phylogenetic affinities and morphological peculiarities of the bird-like dinosaur ''Borogovia gracilicrus'' from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e12640 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12640 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[File:Zhongjianosaurus yangi.png|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zhuchengceratops]]''
| 2010
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Maastrichtian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Had a deep mandible
| [[File:Zhuchengceratops NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zhuchengtitan]]''
| 2017
| [[Wangshi Group]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| The proportions of its humerus suggest a close relationship with ''[[Opisthocoelicaudia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=J. |last1=Mo |first2=K. |last2=Wang |first3=S. |last3=Chen |first4=P. |last4=Wang |first5=X. |last5=Xu |year=2017 |title=A new titanosaurian sauropod from the Late Cretaceous strata of Shandong Province |journal=Geological Bulletin of China |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1501–1505 |url=http://dzhtb.cgs.cn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20170901&flag=1 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Zhuchengtyrannus]]''
| 2011
| [[Xingezhuang Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Campanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Closely related to ''[[Tarbosaurus]]'' and ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''
| [[File:Zhuchengtyrannus magnus reconstruction.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zigongosaurus]]''
| 1976
| [[Shaximiao Formation]] ([[Middle Jurassic]] to [[Late Jurassic]], [[Bathonian]] to [[Tithonian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May be a species of ''[[Mamenchisaurus]]''<ref>{{cite book |last=Zhang |first=Y. |author2=W. Chen |year=1996 |chapter=Preliminary research on the classification of sauropods from Sichuan Basin, China |editor=Morales, M. |title=The Continental Jurassic |series=Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, '''60''' |publisher=Museum of Northern Arizona |pages=97–107 }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Zizhongosaurus]]''
| 1983
| [[Ziliujing Formation]] ([[Early Jurassic]], [[Toarcian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| Poorly known but was most likely basal for a sauropod
| [[File:Zizhongosaurus.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zuolong]]''
| 2010
| [[Shishugou Formation]] ([[Late Jurassic]], [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]]
| {{flag|China}}
| One of the oldest coelurosaurs known from both cranial and postcranial remains
| [[File:Zuolong salleei.jpg|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Zuoyunlong]]''
| 2017
| [[Zhumapu Formation]] ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Cenomanian]])
| {{flag|China}}
| May have been close to the separation between North American and Asian hadrosauroids<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Run-Fu|last2=You|first2=Hai-Lu|last3=Wang|first3=Suo-Zhu|last4=Xu|first4=Shi-Chao|last5=Yi|first5=Jian|last6=Xie|first6=Li-Juan|last7=Jia|first7=Lei|last8=Xing|first8=Hai|year=2017|title=A second hadrosauroid dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China|journal=Historical Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=17–24|doi=10.1080/08912963.2015.1118688|s2cid=130536621|issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
| [[File:Zuoyunlong.png|200px]]
|}

=== Dubious, uncertain, and invalid genera ===

* ''[[Amtosaurus|Amtosaurus magnus]]'': An indeterminate ornithischian that may be either a hadrosaurid or an ankylosaurid.
* ''[[Antarctosaurus]]'': ''A. jaxarticus'' from Kazakhstan has been referred to this genus, but such an assignment is probably incorrect.
* "[[Bakesaurus]]": Often included in lists of dinosaurs as a ''nomen nudum'', but may simply be a junior synonym or misspelling of ''[[Bactrosaurus]]''
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Balochisaurus|Balochisaurus malkani]]": A supposed saltasaurid titanosaur from Pakistan. A paper published in 2021 could make this, as well as other informal Pakistani dinosaurs, valid.
* ''[[Beipiaognathus|Beipiaognathus jii]]'': Described based on a chimeric holotype including compsognathid elements.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Changdusaurus|Changdusaurus laminoplacodus]]": A potential stegosaur; its remains are now thought to be lost.
* ''[[Chienkosaurus|Chienkosaurus ceratosauroides]]'': A possible junior synonym of ''[[Szechuanosaurus]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Dachongosaurus|Dachongosaurus yunnanensis]]": Reportedly a ''[[Cetiosaurus]]''-like sauropod.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Damalasaurus|Damalasaurus]]". An indeterminate sauropod. Two species have been named, albeit informally.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#EK troodontid|EK troodontid]]": The informal name for specimen SPS 100/44, a troodontid discovered in Early Cretaceous sediments from Mongolia.
* ''[[Epidendrosaurus|Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis]]'': Generally agreed to be the same taxon as ''[[Scansoriopteryx]]''. There is debate as to which name has priority; different researchers use either name to refer to the same animal.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Eugongbusaurus|Eugongbusaurus]]" ''[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Eugongbusaurus|wucaiwanensis]]'': Coined for a referred species of ''[[Gongbusaurus]]''. This name is said to have been leaked accidentally.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Futabasaurus|Futabasaurus]]": A supposed tyrannosaur from Japan. If formally described, it would require a new name as ''[[Futabasaurus]]'' has already been used for a plesiosaur.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Gadolosaurus|Gadolosaurus]]": The name is an incorrect romanization of the Russian word ''gadrosavr'', meaning hadrosaur, and was not meant to be a new generic name. It may have been a synonym of ''[[Arstanosaurus]]''.
* ''[[Gobiceratops|Gobiceratops minutus]]'': May be a growth stage of ''[[Bagaceratops]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Gspsaurus|Gspsaurus pakistani]]": One of several informally-named titanosaurs from Pakistan.
* ''[[Gyposaurus]]'': Type species was found in South Africa and may be a synonym of ''[[Massospondylus]]''. The Asian species may be identical to ''[[Lufengosaurus]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Hanwulosaurus|Hanwulosaurus]]": Possibly the most complete ankylosaur known from Asia. Said to belong to its own subgroup within the Ankylosauria.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Heilongjiangosaurus|Heilongjiangosaurus jiayinensis]]": May be a synonym of ''[[Charonosaurus]]'' and/or "''[[Mandschurosaurus]]''" ''jiayinensis''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Khetranisaurus|Khetranisaurus barkhani]]": Also spelled "Khateranisaurus". Both spellings remain informal.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Koreanosaurus|Koreanosaurus]]": No relationship to the formally-named ornithischian of the same name (see above). Later renamed "''[[Deinonychus]]''" "koreanensis", but this generic assignment is likely incorrect.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Kunmingosaurus|Kunmingosaurus wudingensis]]": Although sometimes presented as a valid taxon, it is in fact a ''nomen nudum''.
* ''[[Lamaceratops|Lamaceratops tereschenkoi]]'': May be a junior synonym of ''[[Bagaceratops]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Lancanjiangosaurus|Lancanjiangosaurus cachuensis]]": An informally-named sauropod. Has also been spelled "Lancangosaurus".
* ''[[Magnirostris|Magnirostris dodsoni]]'': Supposedly distinguishable from other basal ceratopsians by its incipient horn cores, but it may actually be a ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' with a preservation artifact.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Marisaurus|Marisaurus jeffi]]": Potentially closely related to "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Balochisaurus|Balochisaurus]]" and "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Sulaimanisaurus|Sulaimanisaurus]]".
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Megacervixosaurus|Megacervixosaurus tibetensis]]": A sauropod. Its classification is uncertain, but it may be a titanosaur.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Microdontosaurus|Microdontosaurus dayensis]]": May have been formally described a different name, but it cannot be proven.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Ngexisaurus|Ngexisaurus dapukaensis]]": Sometimes known as ''[[Megalosaurus]]'' "dapukaensis", but it is unlikely to belong to this genus.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Nurosaurus|Nurosaurus qaganensis]]": Noteworthy for preserving the first stress fracture found on a sauropod foot. Presented as "soon to be described" in 1992 but remains a ''nomen nudum'' to this day.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Oshanosaurus|Oshanosaurus youngi]]": An early sauropod. Has been confused with heterodontosaurids.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Pakisaurus|Pakisaurus balochistani]]": A titanosaur. It has been referred to the similarly informal titanosaurian family "Pakisauridae".
* ''[[Platyceratops|Platyceratops tatarinovi]]'': May be a junior synonym of ''[[Bagaceratops]]''.
* ''[[Raptorex|Raptorex kriegsteini]]'': Described as a small adult tyrannosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. However, restudy of the sediments it was buried in suggested it was from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, and thus more likely a juvenile ''[[Tarbosaurus]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Ronaldoraptor|Ronaldoraptor]]": An oviraptorosaur with a tall, rectangular crest. Named in a book described as a field guide for time travelers.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Sanchusaurus|Sanchusaurus]]": Said to be potentially synonymous with ''[[Gallimimus]]''.
* "[[Sangonghesaurus]]": Possibly a synonym of ''[[Tianchiasaurus]]'', if it is not a basal ornithischian.
* ''[[Shuangbaisaurus|Shuangbaisaurus anlongbaoensis]]'': May be an individual variation of ''[[Sinosaurus]]''.
* "''[[Sinopliosaurus fusuiensis|Sinopliosaurus]]''" ''[[Sinopliosaurus fusuiensis|fusuiensis]]'': Originally thought to be a plesiosaur but is actually a spinosaurid. It may be synonymous with ''[[Siamosaurus]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Sugiyamasaurus|Sugiyamasaurus]]": Known only from teeth that may belong to ''[[Fukuititan]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Sulaimanisaurus|Sulaimanisaurus gingerichi]]": An informally-named Pakistani titanosaur.
* "[[Szechuanoraptor|Szechuanoraptor dongi]]": Coined for a referred specimen of ''[[Szechuanosaurus]]''. It may belong to ''[[Yangchuanosaurus]] zigongensis''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Tonouchisaurus|Tonouchisaurus mongoliensis]]": A theropod reported to have a completely didactyl manus.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Vitakridrinda|Vitakridrinda sulaimani]]": Supposedly an abelisaurid. It is sometimes treated as valid in mainstream literature, such as in a book by [[Thomas Holtz]].
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Vitakrisaurus|Vitakrisaurus saraiki]]": A noasaurid from the same layers as "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Vitakridrinda|Vitakridrinda]]".
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Yibinosaurus|Yibinosaurus zhoui]]": May in fact be a second species of ''[[Gongxianosaurus]]''.
* "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Yunxianosaurus|Yunxianosaurus hubeinensis]]": Mentioned in a scientific paper as a temporary placeholder name. Further work is needed to determine whether it deserves a formal name.
* ''[[Zhongornis|Zhongornis haoae]]'': Known from a juvenile skeleton. It is usually thought to be a basal avialan but one hypothesis is that it is a non-avian scansoriopterygid.
* ''[[Zhongyuansaurus|Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis]]'': Potentially a synonym of ''[[Gobisaurus]]''.

==Timeline==
This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above. Time is measured in [[annum|Ma]], [[annum|megaannum]], along the x-axis. 
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-250 till:-25
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:25 start:-250
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:5 start:-250
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify

Colors =
#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:HER value:teal
id:OMN value:blue
id:black value:black
id:white value:white
id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.3,0.75,0.1)
id:jurassic value:rgb(0.3,0.75,0.4)
id:triassic value:rgb(0.3,0.75,0.7)
id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.3,0.6,0.4)

BarData=
bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:NAM24
bar:NAM25
bar:NAM26
bar:NAM27
bar:NAM28
bar:NAM29
bar:NAM30
bar:NAM31
bar:NAM32
bar:NAM33
bar:NAM34
bar:NAM35
bar:NAM36
bar:NAM37
bar:NAM38
bar:NAM39
bar:NAM40
bar:NAM41
bar:NAM42
bar:NAM43
bar:NAM44
bar:NAM45
bar:NAM46
bar:NAM47
bar:NAM48
bar:NAM49
bar:NAM50
bar:NAM51
bar:NAM52
bar:NAM53
bar:NAM54
bar:NAM55
bar:NAM56
bar:NAM57
bar:NAM58
bar:NAM59
bar:NAM60
bar:NAM61
bar:NAM62
bar:NAM63
bar:NAM64
bar:NAM65
bar:NAM66
bar:NAM67
bar:NAM68
bar:NAM69
bar:NAM70
bar:NAM71
bar:NAM72
bar:NAM73
bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)

bar:periodtop
from: -145 till: -65 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]]
from: -200 till: -145 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]]
from: -250 till: -200 color:triassic text:[[Triassic]]

bar:eratop
from: -250 till: -65 color:mesozoic text:[[Mesozoic]]

PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:HER bar:NAM1 from:-214 till:-201 text:[[Isanosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM2 from:-201.3 till:-190.8 text:[[Lufengosaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM3 from:-196.5 till:-189.5 text:[[Lukousaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM4 from:-174.1 till:-163.5 text:[[Abrosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM5 from:-168.3 till:-166.1 text:[[Yandusaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM6 from:-168.3 till:-163.5 text:[[Huayangosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM7 from:-162 till:-158 text:[[Chialingosaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM8 from:-162 till:-158 text:[[Guanlong]]
color:HER bar:NAM9 from:-161.2 till:-155.7 text:[[Yinlong]]
color:HER bar:NAM10 from:-161 till:-145 text:[[Mamenchisaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM11 from:-150 till:-145 text:[[Tuojiangosaurus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM12 from:-151 till:-149 text:[[Epidexipteryx]]
color:OMN bar:NAM13 from:-151 till:-149 text:[[Pedopenna]]
color:OMN bar:NAM14 from:-151 till:-149 text:[[Scansoriopteryx]]
color:HER bar:NAM15 from:-145 till:-138 text:[[Wuerhosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM16 from:-133 till:-120 text:[[Dongbeititan]]
color:CAR bar:NAM17 from:-130 till:-125 text:[[Fukuiraptor]]
color:HER bar:NAM18 from:-130 till:-100 text:[[Psittacosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM19 from:-127 till:-123 text:[[Jinzhousaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM20 from:-126 till:-124 text:[[Dilong (dinosaur)|Dilong]]
color:HER bar:NAM21 from:-126 till:-124 text:[[Incisivosaurus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM22 from:-126 till:-124 text:[[Mei (dinosaur)|Mei]]
color:OMN bar:NAM23 from:-126 till:-124 text:[[Sinovenator]]
color:CAR bar:NAM24 from:-126 till:-122 text:[[Sinosauropteryx]]
color:OMN bar:NAM25 from:-125 till:-123 text:[[Beipiaosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM26 from:-125 till:-112 text:[[Archaeoceratops]]
color:HER bar:NAM27 from:-125 till:-112 text:[[Auroraceratops]]
color:HER bar:NAM28 from:-125 till:-112 text:[[Equijubus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM29 from:-123 till:-121 text:[[Liaoningosaurus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM30 from:-123 till:-121 text:[[Yixianosaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM31 from:-120 till:-118 text:[[Microraptor]]
color:OMN bar:NAM32 from:-113 till:-111 text:[[Beishanlong]]
color:CAR bar:NAM33 from:-113 till:-111 text:[[Xiongguanlong]]
color:HER bar:NAM34 from:-99 till:-93 text:[[Zhejiangosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM35 from:-97 till:-93 text:[[Enigmosaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM36 from:-97 till:-93 text:[[Urbacodon]]
color:HER bar:NAM37 from:-90 till:-70 text:[[Bactrosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM38 from:-95 till:-80 text:[[Aralosaurus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM39 from:-92 till:-88 text:[[Caenagnathasia]]
color:HER bar:NAM40 from:-88 till:-85 text:[[Bissektipelta]]
color:HER bar:NAM41 from:-85 till:-80 text:[[Nipponosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM42 from:-85 till:-70 text:[[Quaesitosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM43 from:-83 till:-70 text:[[Dongyangosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM44 from:-83 till:-70 text:[[Protoceratops]]
color:HER bar:NAM45 from:-80 till:-65 text:[[Pukyongosaurus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM46 from:-77 till:-75 text:[[Citipati (dinosaur)|Citipati]]
color:OMN bar:NAM47 from:-77 till:-75 text:[[Khaan]]
color:OMN bar:NAM48 from:-77 till:-75 text:[[Oviraptor]]
color:OMN bar:NAM49 from:-77 till:-75 text:[[Shuvuuia]]
color:CAR bar:NAM50 from:-77 till:-75 text:[[Tsaagan]]
color:CAR bar:NAM51 from:-77 till:-71 text:[[Velociraptor]]
color:HER bar:NAM52 from:-74 till:-72 text:[[Platyceratops]]
color:OMN bar:NAM53 from:-73 till:-71 text:[[Conchoraptor]]
color:CAR bar:NAM54 from:-73 till:-71 text:[[Hulsanpes]]
color:HER bar:NAM55 from:-73 till:-71 text:[[Tylocephale]]
color:CAR bar:NAM56 from:-73 till:-66 text:[[Tarbosaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM57 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Adasaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM58 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Alioramus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM59 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Avimimus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM60 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Borogovia]]
color:HER bar:NAM61 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Breviceratops]]
color:CAR bar:NAM62 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Deinocheirus]]
color:OMN bar:NAM63 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Gallimimus]]
color:HER bar:NAM64 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Nemegtosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM65 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Saurolophus]]
color:HER bar:NAM66 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Therizinosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM67 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Qingxiusaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM68 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Ruyangosaurus]]
color:CAR bar:NAM69 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Vitakridrinda]]
color:HER bar:NAM70 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Wulagasaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM71 from:-67 till:-66 text:[[Charonosaurus]]
color:HER bar:NAM72 from:-72 till:-66 text:[[Olorotitan]]
color:CAR bar:NAM73 from:-66 till:-66 text:[[Saurornithoides]]
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -145 till: -65 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]]
from: -200 till: -145 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]]
from: -250 till: -200 color:triassic text:[[Triassic]]

bar:era
from: -250 till: -65 color:mesozoic text:[[Mesozoic]]
</timeline>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs|Asia}}
* [[List of Asian birds]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dinosaurs by Continent}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Asian Dinosaurs}}
[[Category:Dinosaurs of Asia|*]]
[[Category:Lists of dinosaurs by landmass|Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of animals of Asia|†Dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]

Talk:Iberospinus

2022-03-08T05:41:27Z

193.119.42.246:

Bonapartenykus

2022-03-08T03:01:34Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Short description|A large alvarezsauroid dinosaur}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Bonapartenykus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil_range|83.6-72.1}}
| genus = Bonapartenykus
| parent_authority = Agnolin ''et al.'' [[2012 in archosaur paleontology|2012]]
| authority = Agnolin ''et al.'' 2012
| species = ultimus
}}

'''''Bonapartenykus''''' (meaning "[[José Bonaparte|José F. Bonaparte]]'s claw") is a [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[alvarezsauroidea|alvarezsauroid]] [[dinosaur]] from [[Argentina]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian]] stage, 83.6 to 72.1 Ma) in what is now the upper [[Allen Formation]] of the [[Río Negro Province]]. The type and only species, '''''Bonapartenykus ultimus''''', is known from a nearly articulated but partial skeleton that was found in close association to two incomplete [[egg|eggs]] and several clusters of eggshells belonging to the [[egg fossils|oogenus]] ''[[Arriagadoolithus]]''. ''Bonapartenykus'' was named in [[2012 in paleontology|2012]] by Federico L. Agnolin, Jaime E. Powell, Fernando E. Novas and Martin Kundrát.<ref name="agnolinetal2012">{{cite journal | title=New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs | author=Federico L. Agnolin | author2=Jaime E. Powell | author3=Fernando E. Novas | author4=Martin Kundrát | name-list-style=amp | journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2012 | volume=35 | pages=33–56 | doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014}}</ref> ''Bonapartenykus'' has an estimated length of 2.9 metres (9.5 feet) and weight of 34 kilograms (75 lbs), making it the largest member of the clade [[Alvarezsauroidea]].<ref name=Molina-Pérez2016>{{Cite book|last=Molina-Pérez & Larramendi|title=Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos|publisher=Larousse|year=2016|location=Spain|pages=269}}</ref>

==Discovery and Naming==
A partial [[skeleton]] of a [[theropod]] with eggs was collected in a surface of approximately 30 m2 in [[fluvial processes|fluvial]] [[sandstone|sandstones]] of the upper [[Allen Formation]] in northwestern [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]].<ref name=Salgado2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Salgado | first1 = Leonardo | last2 = A. Coria | first2 = Rodolfo | last3 = B. Arcucci | first3 = Andrea | last4 = M. Chiappe | first4 = Luis | date = 2009 | editor1-last = Farke | title = Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Alien (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina | journal = Andean Geology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 67-80 | doi = 10.4067/S0718-71062009000100006 }}</ref> The locality has also produced specimens of [[hadrosauridae|hadrosaurids]], [[ankylosauria|ankylosaurs]], several [[titanosauria|titanosaur]] [[sauropod|sauropods]], several [[abelisauridae|abelisaurids]], indeterminate [[tetanurae|tetanurans]], an incomplete large alvarezsaurid and a large [[unenlagiidae|unenlagiid]].<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> The skeleton was originally reported and described by Salgado ''et al.'' (2009) as an indeterminate alvarezsaurid.<ref name=Salgado2009/> The specimen was later redescribed and named in [[2012 in archosaur paleontology|2012]] by Federico L. Agnolin, Jaime E. Powell, Fernando E. Novas and Martin Kundrát. The [[holotype]] specimen, '''MPCA, 1290''', consists of a mid-dorsal [[vertebra]], both [[scapulocoracoid|scapulocoracoids]], left [[tibia]] and [[femur]], left [[pubis (bone)|pubis]] articulated with the pubic peduncle of the [[ilium (bone)|ilium]], the anterior blade of the left ilium, and two partially preserved eggs that were separated from the holotype by less than 20 cm (7.9 inches). Two specimens were referred to ''Bonapartenykus'': MGPIFD-GR 166 and MGPIFD-GR 184, a blade of the left scapula, a left [[coracoid]], a distal right pubis, four cervical vertebrae and a single caudal vertebra which all belong to the same individual.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

The eggs of ''Bonapartenykus'' were considered unique enough for them to be given a new [[parataxonomic]] name, ''[[Arriagadoolithus]]'', which was classified in a new [[oofamily]], the [[Arriagadoolithidae]], so named for the owner of the site where the discovery was made.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

The generic name, ''Bonapartenykus'', is derived from the Argentinean [[paleontologist]] [[José Bonaparte|José F. Bonaparte]] and the [[Latin]] word "''nykus''" (claw). The specific name, ''ultimus'', is derived from the Latin word "''ultimus''" (latest), as it is one of the most geologically youngest alvarezsaurid from [[South America]].<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

==Description==
===Size and distinguishing traits===
Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) originally gave ''Bonapartenykus'' an estimated length of approximately 2.5 metres (8.2 feet).<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> In 2016, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi gave a length of 2.9 metres (9.5 feet) and weight of 34 kilograms (75 lbs), making ''Bonapartenykus'' the largest member of [[Alvarezsauroidea]].<ref name=Molina-Pérez2016/>

Agnolin et al. (2012) diagnosed ''Bonapartenykus'' based on the presence of spinopostzygapophyseal laminae that end abruptly above the [[articular processes|postzygapophyses]] of the mid-dorsal vertebrae; the underside portion of the coracoid being strongly deflected towards the middle and decorated with delicate but abundant grooves as in ''[[Xixianykus]]''; fused scapulocoracoids as in ''[[Ceratonykus]]''; scapula with a very wide notch on the posterior margin of the bone; and a fused ilium and pubis.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

===Postcrania===
The mid-dorsal vertebrae posses diapophyses and parapophyses that are worn, with the former lacking its distal ends. As in other alvarezsaurids, the centrum of the mid-dordsal vertebrae lack pleurocoels. Unlike ''[[Haplocheirus]]'' and ''[[Patagonykus]]'', the centrum has a cranial articular surface that is deeply concave with a sharp bony margin that surrounds it, which might be procoelous. The neural spine is proportionally taller than in [[Alvarezsauridae|Mononykini]], but also resembles the condition seen in basal alvarezsauroids such as ''Haplocheirus''. As in ''[[Mononykus]]'' and ''Patagonykus'', both the prespinal and postspinal fossae are very deep. A unique feature of ''Bonapartenykus'' is the spinopostzygapophyseal [[Lamina of the vertebral arch|laminae]] ending abruptly above the rear margin of the postzygapophyses. The mid-dorsal vertebrae posses neural canals that are wide and prezygapophyses that shows a subcircular contour and a shallow concavity at its caudal margin. As in ''Patagonykus'', the parapophyses connect to the margins of the cranial articular surface through a small ridge and the diapophyse connect to the parapophyses by a deep ridge. The centrodiapophyseal lamina was craniocaudally wider than in other alvarezsaurids, based on the preserved portions. The postzygapophyses are [[ellipsoid|ellipsoidal]] in contour in dorsal view and show a notched caudal margin. The postzygapophyses are transversely wide and cranicaudally shortened, but lacks a lateroventral projection.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

As in ''[[Alvarezsaurus]]'', the scapular blade is medially deflected, unlike other alvarezsaurids that have a straight [[scapula|scapular blade]]. However, as in other alvarezsaurids, both the cranial and caudal margins are almost parallel. Along the caudal margin of the scapular blade is a well-developed notch. As in [[Maniraptora]], [[Oviraptorosauria]] and other Alvarezsauridae, the [[acromion]] is subtriangular in shape. The [[glenoid fossa]] is oriented towards the posterior and sides, with the scapular portion being lateromedially expanded and wider than the coracoidal portion, as well as perpendicular to the main axis of the coracoid. Similar to [[Paraves]], the ventral half of the coracoid is strongly medially flexed. The coracoid lacks a [[Bicipital groove|bicipital tubercle]] and is transversely thick at the cranial margin. The coracoidal foramen is wide and rounded in contour, and possesses several ridges near the caudal margin which may correspond to [[skeletal muscle|muscle]] attachment points. Along the side margins of the coracoid are a smooth surface towards the sides and upper side and a directed margin towards the middle and underside. This feature is similar in condition to that of ''Patagonykus'' but differs by the middle portion of the coracoid not being as strongly inflected towards and the surface of the side show only isolated and poorly developed grooves. The faintly defined ridge of ''Ceratonykus'' is very poorly and is restricted to the posterior end of the coracoid which is unlike that of ''Bonapartenykus''. Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) noted that the ventral half of the coracoid is deflected towards the middle, with an extremely thin medial rear that is slightly wrapping upwards which probably correlates with some kind of [[skin]] cornification, but does not correlate with a cornified sheath due to the absence of oblique neurovascular foramina. The coracoid is extremely elongate and ends at an acute end which restricted articulation with the sternum. Alvarezsaurids like ''Bonapartenykus'' may have had a flat and wide breast based on a combination of characteristics like a continuous subhorizontal surface with formed by the medial deflection of the coracoids with the sternal plate.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

Unlike ''Patagonykus'', the pubic shaft of ''Bonapartenykus'' is more compressed towards the sides and narrower from front to back. As in derived alvarezsaurids, the pubic shaft lacks the caudal [[Sulcus (morphology)|sulcus]] for the ischial articulation. The distal end of the pubic shaft possesses a small ridge on its cranial margin, which is absent in more derived alvarezsaurids, but shows a distal pubic boot on the pubis. The pubic boot appears to be rounded in side view on the rear margin. A small portion of the right ilium is preserved. The pubic pedicle is compressed towards the middle and sides. The pubic pedicle is also strongly fused with the pubis, which is a characteristic unique among alvarezsaurids, along with a reduced cuppedicus fossa. The cuppedicus fossa is shallow and elongate with a low, wide, and smooth ridge being present above it. The [[femoral head]] was separated from the [[greater trochanter]] by a cleft as indicated by the base of the cranial trochanter. The femoral head was similar in general size and proportions to ''Patagonykus''. In lateral view, a large, sculptured bulge is present on the femur, which may correspond to muscle attachment points. The [[tibia]] is very short and robust, while the tibial shaft is bowed towards the sides. Towards the sides of the base of the [[cnemial crest]], a small bump is present and the distal end is strongly scraped by friction or erosion.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>

==Classification==
Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) originally placed ''Bonapartenykus'' within [[Alvarezsauridae]], within the clade Patagonykinae as sister taxon to ''[[Patagonykus]]''.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> Makovicky, Apesteguía and Gianechini (2012) found it to be in a [[polytomy]] with ''[[Alnashetri]]'', ''Patagonykus'', and a clade containing more deeply nested taxa such as ''[[Linhenykus]]'', ''[[Mononykus]]'' and ''[[Albinykus]]''.<ref name=Alnashetri>{{Cite journal | last1 = Makovicky | first1 = P. J. | last2 = Apesteguía | first2 = S. N. | last3 = Gianechini | first3 = F. A. | title = A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina | doi = 10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90 | journal = Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences | volume = 5 | pages = 90–98 | year = 2012 | s2cid = 129758444 }}</ref> However, Xu ''et al.'' (2018) positioned it as a basal [[Alvarezsauroidea]], sister taxon to ''Patagonykus'' and ''[[Achillesaurus]]'', which was also recovered by Fowler ''et al.'' (2020).<ref name="Xu2018">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057|title=Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution|journal=Current Biology|year=2018|last1=Xu|first1=Xing|last2=Choiniere|first2=Jonah|last3=Tan|first3=Qingwei|last4=Benson|first4=Roger B.J|last5=Clark|first5=James|last6=Sullivan|first6=Corwin|last7=Zhao|first7=Qi|last8=Han|first8=Fenglu|last9=Ma|first9=Qingyu|last10=He|first10=Yiming|last11=Wang|first11=Shuo|last12=Xing|first12=Hai|last13=Tan|first13=Lin|pmid=30146153|volume=28|pages=2853–2860.e3|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Fowler2020>{{cite journal |author1=Denver W. Fowler |author2=John P. Wilson |author3=Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler |author4=Christopher R. Noto |author5=Daniel Anduza |author6=John R. Horner |year=2020 |title=''Trierarchuncus prairiensis'' gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=116 |pages=Article 104560 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560 |s2cid=225630913 }}</ref> ''Bonapartenykus'' has also been recovered as sister taxon to ''Patagonykus'' and Alvarezsauridae by Qin ''et al.'' (2019), and sister taxon to only ''Patagonykus'' outside of Alvarezsauridae by Averianov & Lopatin (2022a) and Averianov & Lopatin (2022b).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Zichuan |last1=Qin |first2=James |last2=Clark |first3=Jonah |last3=Choiniere |first4=Xing |last4=Xu |year=2019 |title= A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China|journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=11727 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7 }}</ref><ref name=Averianov>{{cite journal |author1=Alexander O. Averianov |author2=Alexey V. Lopatin |title=A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=19 February 2022 |volume=134 |issue= |page= |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105168 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667122000325 |access-date=19 February 2022 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="Averianov2022b">{{cite journal| vauthors = Averianov AO, Lopatin AV |title=A re-appraisal of ''Parvicursor remotus'' from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |year=2022 |volume=in press |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.2013965 }}</ref>

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Fowler ''et al.'' (2020) is reproduced below.<ref name=Fowler2020/>
{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Alvarezsauroidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Aorun]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Haplocheirus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Tugulusaurus]]''
|2=''[[Xiyunykus]]''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bannykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Bonapartenykus'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Achillesaurus]]''
|label2=[[Alvarezsauridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|label2=[[Parvicursorinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Shuvuuia]]''
|2=''[[Ceratonykus]]''
|3=''[[Kol ghuva|Kol]]''
|4=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|5=''[[Mononykus]]''
|6=''[[Trierarchuncus]]''
|7=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|8=''[[Albinykus]]''
|9=''[[Xixianykus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The results of an earlier analysis by Agnolin ''et al.'' (2012) are reproduced below.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Alvarezsauridae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Alvarezsauridae|Patagonykinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|2='''''Bonapartenykus''''' }}
|label2= unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|label2=[[Alvarezsauridae|Parvicursorinae]]
|2={{clade
|label1='''Ceratonykini'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratonykus]]''
|2=''[[Xixianykus]]''
|3=''[[Albinykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|label2='''Mononykini'''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|2=''[[Mononykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|2=''[[Shuvuuia]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoenvironment==
[[File:Allen Formation Fauna.png|thumb|left|Fauna of the Allen Formation.]]
''Bonapartenykus'' is known from fluvial sandstones of the upper Allen Formation which have been dated to the [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]] stages of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="agnolinetal2012"/> The Allen Formation represents a range of environments such as ephemeral [[lacustrine]], [[aeolian processes|aeolian]] and [[fluvial]] systems to coastal marine environments that developed into [[estuary|estuaries]] and [[tidal flat]]s.<ref name="Armas2015">{{Cite journal|last=Armas |first=Paul |last2=Lidia Sánchez |first2=María |date=2015 |title=Hybrid coastal edges in the Neuquén Basin (Allen Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) |journal=Andean Geology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=97-113 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a06}}</ref> In 2015, Armas and Sánchez described the relationship of the coastal environment with wind systems of the Allen Formation and concluded the formation represents a hybrid coastal system of tidal flats with a large storm influence in some areas linked to aeolian systems.<ref name="Armas2015"/>

The fauna of the Allen Formation comprises of the [[titanosauria|titanosaur]] [[sauropods]] ''[[Bonatitan]]'',<ref>Martinelli, A. and Forasiepi, A.M. (2004). "Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Rio Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae)". ''[[Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales]]'' 6(2): 257–305.</ref> ''[[Menucocelsior]]'',<ref name="Menucocelsior">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rolando MA, Garcia Marsà JA, Agnolín FL, Motta MJ, Rodazilla S, Novas FE|date=2022|title=The sauropod record of Salitral Ojo del Agua: An Upper Cretaceous (Allen Formation) fossiliferous locality from northern Patagonia, Argentina|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=129|pages=105029|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105029|issn=0195-6671}}</ref> ''[[Panamericansaurus]]'',<ref name="calvo&porfiri2010">{{cite journal|author1=Calvo, J.O. |author2=Porfiri, J.D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=''Panamericansaurus schroederi'' gen. nov. sp. nov. Un nuevo Sauropoda (Titanosauridae-Aeolosaurini) de la Provincia del Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina |url=http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/braziliangeojournal/article/viewFile/8170/5242 |journal=Brazilian Geographical Journal: Geosciences and Humanities research medium |volume=1 |pages=100–115 }}</ref> ''[[Rocasaurus]]''<ref name=SAL00>Salgado, L. and C. Azpilicueta. (2000). Un nuevo saltasaurino (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) de la provincia de Río Negro (Formacíon Allen, Cretácico Superior), Patagonia, Argentina. ''Ameghiniana'' 37 (3):259-264.</ref> and an indeterminate species of ''[[Aeolosaurus]]'',<ref name=SalgadoCoria>{{cite journal | first1 = Leonardo | last1 = Salgado | first2 = Rodolfo A. | last2 = Coria | year = 1993 | title = El genero ''Aeolosaurus'' (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) en la Formacion Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano) de la provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–128 }}</ref> the [[hadrosauridae|hadrosaurid]] [[ornithopods]] ''[[Bonapartesaurus]]'',<ref name=CCP2017>{{cite journal|last1=Cruzado-Caballero|first1=P.|last2=Powell|first2=J. E.|title=''Bonapartesaurus rionegrensis'', a new hadrosaurine dinosaur from South America: implications for phylogenetic and biogeographic relations with North America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=37|year=2017|issue=In press|pages=1–16|doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1289381|s2cid=90963879}}</ref> ''[[Kelumapusaura]]'',<ref name=rozadilla2022>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2021.2020917 | title=A new hadrosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia and the radiation of South American hadrosaurids | last1=Rozadilla | first1=Sebastián | last2=Brissón-Egli | first2=Federico | last3=Lisandro Agnolín | first3=Federico | last4=Aranciaga-Rolando | first4=Alexis Mauro | last5=Novas | first5=Fernando Emilio | journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | year=2022 | doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.2020917}}</ref> ''[[Lapampasaurus]]''<ref name=Lapampasaurus>{{Cite journal|author=Rodolfo A. Coria, Bernardo González Riga and Silvio Casadío |year=2012 |title=Un nuevo hadrosáurido (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) de la Formación Allen, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=552–572 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.9.4.2012.487 |s2cid=131521822 |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/487}}</ref> and ''[[Willinakaqe]]'',<ref name=Willinakaqe>{{Cite journal|author=Rubén D. Juárez Valieri|author2=José A. Haro|author3=Lucas E. Fiorelli|author4=Jorge O. Calvo|name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Patagonia, Argentina |url=http://www.macn.secyt.gov.ar/investigacion/descargas/publicaciones/revista/12/rns_vol12-2_217-231.pdf |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=217–231 }}</ref> an indeterminate [[nodosauridae|nodosaurid]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|date=2016-05-03|title=Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=14|issue=5|pages=385–444|doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985|s2cid=214625754|issn=1477-2019}}</ref> the [[abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] [[theropods]] ''[[Niebla antiqua|Niebla ]]''<ref name=aran>{{Cite journal|last1=Aranciaga Rolando|first1=Mauro|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Garcia Marsà|first3=Jordi A.|last4=Agnolín|first4=Federico L.|last5=Motta|first5=Matías J.|last6=Rozadilla|first6=Sebastián|last7=Brisson Eglí|first7=Federico|last8=Novas|first8=Fernando E.|date=2020-10-14|title=A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304582|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|volume=105|language=en|pages=102915|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915|s2cid=225123133|issn=0895-9811}}</ref> and ''[[Quilmesaurus]]'',<ref name="coria2001">{{cite book|last=Coria|first=R.A.|year=2001|chapter=A new theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia|editor-last=Tanke|editor-first=Darren H.|editor2-last=Carpenter|editor2-first=Kenneth|title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life|series=Life of the Past|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/3 3–9]|isbn=978-0-253-33907-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/3}}</ref> the large [[unenlagiidae|unenlagiid]] [[paraves|paravian]] ''[[Austroraptor]]'',<ref name=Novas2008>{{cite journal|last1=Novas|first1=F. E.|last2=Pol|first2=D.|last3=Canale|first3=J. I.|last4=Porfiri|first4=J. D.|last5=Calvo|first5=J. O.|title=A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids|doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1554|issn=1471-2954|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=276|issue=1659|pages=1101–7|year=2008|pmid=19129109|pmc=2679073}}</ref> the [[avialae|avialans]] ''[[Lamarqueavis]]''<ref name=Agnolin2010>{{cite journal |author=Federico L. Agnolin |year=2010 |title=An avian coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |url=http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0211-8327/article/view/7642/8861}}</ref> and ''[[Limenavis]]'',<ref>Clarke and Chiappe, 2001. "A new carinate bird from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina)". ''American Museum Novitates''. 3323, 1-23.</ref> the [[azhdarchidae|azhdarchid]] [[pterosaur]] ''[[Aerotitan]]'',<ref name=Aerotitan>{{Cite journal|last1=Novas|first1=F. E.|last2 =Kundrát|first2=M.|last3=Agnolín|first3=F. L.|last4=Ezcurra|first4=M. D.|last5=Ahlberg|first5=P. E.|last6=Iasi|first6=M. P.|last7=Arriagada|first7=A.|last8=Chafrat|first8=P.|title=A New Large Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1447–1452|year=2012|doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.703979|jstor=23361061|s2cid=84340520|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233844251}}</ref> the [[rhynchocephalia|rhynchocephalian]] ''[[Lamarquesaurus]]'',<ref name="Sebastian2007">{{Cite journal|last1=Apesteguía|first1=Sebastián|last2=Rougier|first2=Guillermo W.|date=6 September 2007|title=A Late Campanian Sphenodontid Maxilla from Northern Patagonia|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5874//v3/dspace/updateIngest/pdfs/N3581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=American Museum Novitates|volume=3581|page=1|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3581[1:ALCSMF]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5874}}</ref> and the [[plesiosauria|plesiosaur]] ''[[Kawanectes]]''.<ref name="gorman2016">{{cite journal | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | title = A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–268 | doi = 10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928 | year = 2016| s2cid = 133139689 | url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/108247 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maniraptora|M.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q966510}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Paleontology}}

[[Category:Alvarezsaurids]]
[[Category:Campanian life]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian life]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Allen Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2012]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jaime Powell]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Fernando Novas]]

Regaliceratops

2022-03-08T02:49:09Z

193.119.42.246: /* Discovery and naming */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|68.5|67.5|latest=65}}
| image = Regaliceratops skull at Royal Tyrrell Museum.jpg
| image_caption = Skull of ''Regaliceratops'' on display at the [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrrell Museum]], Canada
| taxon = Regaliceratops
| authority = Brown & Henderson, [[2015 in paleontology|2015]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Regaliceratops peterhewsi'''''
| type_species_authority = Brown & Henderson, 2015
}}

'''''Regaliceratops''''' (meaning "Royal horned face") is a [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[chasmosaurinae|chasmosaurine]] [[ceratopsidae|ceratopsid]] [[dinosaur]] from [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] (middle [[Maastrichtian]] stage, 68.5 to 67.5 Ma) in what is now the [[St. Mary River Formation]]. The type and only species, '''''Regaliceratops peterhewsi''''', is known only from an adult individual with a nearly complete [[skull]] lacking the [[mandible|lower jaw]], which was nicknamed "[[Hellboy]]". ''Regaliceratops'' was named in [[2015 in paleontology|2015]] by Caleb M. Brown and Donald M. Henderson. ''Regaliceratops'' has an estimated length of 5 metres (16 feet) and weight of 1.5 tonnes (3,306 lbs). The skull of ''Regaliceratops'' displays features more similar to [[centrosaurinae|centrosaurines]], which suggests [[convergent evolution]] in display morphology in ceratopsids.<ref name="Brown2015">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Caleb M.|last2=Henderson|first2=Donald M.|title=A new horned dinosaur reveals convergent evolution in cranial ornamentation in Ceratopsidae|journal=[[Current Biology]]|date=June 4, 2015|issue=online|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdfExtended/S0960-9822(15)00492-3|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.041|pmid=26051892|volume=25|pages=1641–8|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:St_Mary_River_Fm_Strata.jpg|thumb|left|St. Mary River Formation in Alberta, Canada]]
In 2005, a skull of a [[ceratopsidae|ceratopsid]] was discovered by [[geologist]] Peter Hews from the [[St. Mary River Formation]], along the [[Oldman River]] in southwestern [[Alberta]]. The skull was located in well cemented [[siltstone]] and with the tip of the snout sticking out of a cliff. The skull was excavated in 2006 and 2008 by a team of the [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrrell Museum]] and was removed in blocks. The excavation was described as being complicated as the specimen was in close proximity to protected spawning habitat of [[bull trout]] in the river. The specimen was nicknamed "[[Hellboy]]" due to difficultly and time consuming excavation, in addition to the hard matrix, and the presence of small [[postorbital bone|postorbital]] horncores with resorption pits. The specimen was subsequently named and described in [[2015 in paleontology|2015]] by Caleb M. Brown and Donald M. Henderson.<ref name="Brown2015"/>

The [[holotype]] specimen, '''TMP 2005.055.0001''', consists of a nearly complete [[skull]] that is missing only the [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]]. The skull was deformed by compression and its rear and underside are obscured by the [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]]. The specimen represents an adult individual as the cranial elements are fused together and the bone surface texture is rugose, unlike that of juvenile and subadult ceratopsids.<ref name="Brown2015"/>

The [[genus|generic]] name, ''Regaliceratops'', is derived from the [[Latin]] word "''regalis''" (royal) and the [[Ancient greek|Greek]] words "''keras''", (horn), and "''ops''", (face). The generic name is in reference to the [[crown]]-shaped parietosquamosal frill and the Royal Tyrrell Museum. The [[species|specific]] name, ''peterhewsi'', honours the geologist Peter Hews, who discovered the type specimen.<ref name="Brown2015"/>

==Description==
===Size and distinguishing traits===
[[File:Regaliceratops peterhewsi abelov.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration with ''[[Hypacrosaurus]]'' and ''[[Leptoceratops]]'']]
''Regaliceratops'' has an estimated length of 5 metres (16 feet) and weight of 1.5 tonnes (3,306 lbs).<ref>Will Dunham, 2015, "Meet 'Hellboy,' the dinosaur with exotic horns and frill", Reuters 04 June 2015</ref>

Brown & Henderson (2015) diagnosed ''Regaliceratops'' based on the presence of a single, midline epiparietal ossification that is offset from the plane of the [[neck frill|frill]] and other epiparietals towards the [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] with [[parietal bone|parietals]] projecting towards the posterior end that have a roughly [[triangle|triangular]] transverse cross-section; a prominent midline ridge on that parietal that merges with the median epiparietal; paired epiparietal ossifications that are long, flat, and roughly [[pentagon|pentagonal]] shaped; a prominent postorbital ridge that runs diagonally from the supraorbital horncore to the base of the [[squamosal bone|squamosal]]; parietal [[fenestra|fenestrae]] that are small in size to [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] as in ''[[Kosmoceratops]]''; and [[nasal bone|nasal]] horncores that are larger than the postorbital horncores as in ''[[Chasmosaurus|Chasmosaurus bellis]]'' and ''[[Vagaceratops]]''.<ref name="Brown2015"/>

===Cranium===
[[File:Regaliceratops - Royal Tyrrell Museum.jpg|thumb|right|Holotype skull from the front.]]
The [[rostrum (anatomy)|snout]] of the holotype specimen is short and tall, although it has been exaggerated by the tectonic shortening of the skull. The paired [[premaxilla|premaxillae]] form the median premaxillary [[septum]], with the rostral portion of the median premaxillary septum being thin forming the prominent septal [[fossa (anatomy)|fossa]]. Unlike ''[[Triceratops]]'' and ''[[Titanoceratops]]'', the prominent septal fossa lacks the accessory strut. The fossa is further thinned at the caudal portion and is spreaded throughout by the presence of a large interpremaxillary fenestra as in ''[[Anchiceratops]]'', ''[[Arrhinoceratops]]'' and ''[[Triceratops]]''. ''Regaliceratops'', and other chasmosaurines, has the caudal wall of the interpremaxillary [[fenestra]] bounded by a condensed narial strut that moves back and forth from the floor of the premaxillae to the upper process of the premaxillae. Unlike ''Titanoceratops'' and ''Triceratops'', the narial strut isn't as broad and triangular but is, instead, sinuous in shape. The premaxillae flare towards the sides which form the rostroventral margin of the external nares on the rostral and ventral margins. The maxillary process projects caudodorsally from the flared underside aspect of the premaxilla. Unlike [[Campanian]] chasmosaurines such as ''[[Chasmosaurus]]'' and ''[[Utahceratops]]'', the caudoventral process of Regaliceratops tapers caudally without forking, and inserts between the [[maxilla]] and [[nasal bone|nasal]] towards the sides. The upper margin of the external naris is formed by the rostral process and horncore base, and extends caudal to the rostral margin of the [[maxillae|maxillary]] tooth row. As in ''[[Bravoceratops]]'', the nasal shows no constriction situated caudal to the horncore. As in ''Chasmosaurus'', the midpoint of the horncore is positioned at the caudal extreme of the external naris. The nasal horncore has an estimated preserved height of 148 mm and an estimated total height range of 240 to 280mm when the side slopes of the horncore are extrapolated. The nasal horncore is straight and has a tear drop shape in horizontal cross section.<ref name="Brown2015"/>
[[File:Regaliceratops_Royal_Tyrrell_1.jpg|thumb|left|Holotype skull from the side.]]
The orbital margin shows a sharp ridge that flares towards the sides, which may be a result of post-depositional deformation, and a smooth confluent margin on the right and left margins. The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbits]] are highly [[Ellipsoid|ellipsoidal]], unlike other ceratopsids that have slightly ellipsoidal orbits. The rostrodorsal margin of the orbital rim is comprised of the palpebral, and swells towards the sides and rostrums which forms an antorbital buttress. The antorbital buttress is larger than that of most chasmosaurines. Unlike ''Kosmoceratops'', the postorbital horncore of ''Regaliceratops'' is arranged slightly caudal to the orbit but shares the narrow base. The postorbital horncores are also directed upwards and are procurved towards the rostrum in side view, as in ''[[Pentaceratops]]''. The postorbital horncores are smaller in size to the nasal horncore and has a surface that is oriented [[blood vessel|vascular]] grooves. A prominent postorbital ridge is present caudomedially to the horncore which is equivalent to the supraorbital [[squamosal bone|squamosal]] scale row. The laterotemporal fenestrae are bounded by the [[jugal bone|jugal]] towards the rostrum and squamosal towards the posterior. The orbital margin is smooth and not thickened. The base of the epijugal is only slightly smaller than the postorbital horncores. The jugal's caudal margin forms the border of the laterotemporal fenestrae, which is also bordered by the laterotemporal process of the squamosal. However, this may not have been the true morphology due to the lack of a distinct [[quadratojugal bone|quadratojugal]]. Bounded by the squamosal towards the posterior is the jugal notch.<ref name="Brown2015"/>
[[File:Triceratops_skull_FMNH.jpg|thumb|right|Skull of ''Triceratops'', a close relative of ''Regaliceratops'']]
The [[neck frill|frill]] of ''Regaliceratops'' is nearly [[semicircle]] in shape in rostrodorsal view, with ossifications along the circumference. The frill is also short and wide, with the greatest transverse width being located at it's midlength as in ''[[Torosaurus]]'' and ''Triceratops''. The left squamosal has an elongated caudal portion, with a lateral margin that has a prominent jugal notch that is followed by a margin towards the rostrum that is continuous with that of the parietal caudal margin and bears triangular epiossifications. The lateral margin of the [[parietal bone|parietal]] has a straight suture with the medial edge of the squamosals and the caudal margin forms the middle half of the broad semicircle of the frill. The frill's caudalmost portion is located in the midline and the midline bars ends in a rostrally projecting bone. A prominent sagittal swelling is dominant on the midline of the parietal and forms a keel. The large, medial epiparietal is positioned where the sideways curving epiparietal hooks of ''Anchiceratops'' are and differs from the epiparietal hooks as it is confluent with the median ridge and is triangular in cross-section. A median epiossification on the parietal of the frill is possibly similar to those of ''Ojoceratops'' and ''Bravoceratops''. The frill is also adorned with seven paired epiossifications that gradually decrease in size, which are similar in shape to those of ''Anchiceratops'' but are similar in placement to ''Triceratops''. Two epiparietals are pentagonal in shape and may represent the largest epiossifications recorded in chasmosaurines. Triangular in shape are three rostralmost episquamosals which decrease in size towards the rostrum, while spade-shaped is the caudalmost episquamosal. The large pentagonal epiparietals and the smaller caudalmost episquamosal are both transitional in size and shape. The cranial ornamentation of ''Regaliceratops'' is similar to that of centrosaurine ceratopsids as the nasal [[horn (anatomy)|horn]] and epiossifications are represented as larger relative to the postorbital horns and frill length. The similarities between the cranial ornamentation of ''Regaliceratops'' and centrosaurines indicates [[convergent evolution]] in horn morphology. Brown & Henderson (2015) hypothesised that, not only did it convergently evolve morphologically, but also behaviourally after the [[extinction]] of [[centrosaurinae|centrosaurines]] in the early Maastrichtian as convergent horn evolution in [[mammal|mammals]] often correlates with convergent social behaviours.<ref name="Brown2015"/>

==Classification==
Brown & Henderson (2015) originally placed ''Regaliceratops'' within [[Triceratopsini]], in a [[polytomy]] with ''[[Eotriceratops]]'', ''[[Ojoceratops]]'', and a clade containing more nested taxa such as ''[[Nedoceratops]]'', ''[[Titanoceratops]]'', ''[[Triceratops]]'' and ''[[Torosaurus]]''.<ref name="Brown2015"/> However, Mallon ''et al.'' (2016) found ''Regaliceratops'' to be outside of Triceratopsini, in a polytomy with ''[[Anchiceratops]]'', ''[[Arrhinoceratops]]'' and Triceratopsini.<ref name=Mallon2016/> Dalman ''et al.'' (2022) once more recovered ''Regaliceratops'' within Triceratopsini, sister taxon to ''[[Triceratops horridus]]'', ''[[Triceratops prorsus]]'' and ''Ojoceratops''.<ref name="Dalman2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Dalman |first1=S.G. |last2=Lucas |first2=S.G. |last3=Jasinski |first3=S.E. |last4=Longrich |first4=N.R. |title=''Sierraceratops turneri'', a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hall Lake Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central New Mexico |journal=Cretaceous Research|year=2022|volume=130|pages=Article 105034|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105034}}</ref>

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Mallon ''et al.'' (2016) is reproduced below.<ref name=Mallon2016>{{cite journal |authors=Jordan C. Mallon, Christopher J. Ott, Peter L. Larson, Edward M. Iuliano and David C. Evans |year=2016 |title=''Spiclypeus shipporum'' gen. et sp. nov., a Boldly Audacious New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Montana, USA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e0154218 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0154218 |pmid=27191389 |pmc=4871577|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1154218M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Clade
|1=''[[Anchiceratops ornatus]]''
|2='''''Regaliceratops peterhewsi'''''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Arrhinoceratops brachyops]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Triceratopsini]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ojoceratops fowleri]]''
|2=''[[Titanoceratops ouranos]]''
|3=''[[Nedoceratops hatcheri]]''
|4=''[[Torosaurus latus]]''
|5=''[[torosaurus|"Torosaurus" utahensis]]''
|6={{clade
|1=''[[Triceratops prorsus]]''
|2=''[[Triceratops horridus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}

The results of an earlier analysis by Brown & Henderson (2015) are reproduced below.<ref name="Brown2015"/>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%
|label1=[[Triceratopsini]]
|1={{clade
|1='''''Regaliceratops peterhewsi'''''
|2=''[[Eotriceratops xerinsularis]]''
|3=''[[Ojoceratops fowleri]]''
|4={{clade
|1=''[[Titanoceratops ouranos]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nedoceratops hatcheri]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Torosaurus latus]]''
|2=''[[Torosaurus utahensis]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Triceratops horridus]]''
|2=''[[Triceratops prorsus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoenvironment==
[[File:Pachyrhinosaurus_perotorum_skeleton.jpg|thumb|right|Pachyrhinosaurus, a centrosaurine ceratopsid contemporaneous with Regaliceratops.]]
''Regaliceratops'' is known from the St. Mary River Formation which has been dated to the middle [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="Brown2015"/> The lower St. Mary River Formation was deposited in [[brackish water]] environments, with the remainder of the formation being deposited in [[fresh water|freshwater]] [[river|fluvial]] and [[floodplain]] environments. The formation is characterized by fine-grained [[sandstone|sandstones]], grey [[shale|shales]], coquinoid beds, [[carbon|carbonaceous]] [[mudstone|mudstones]], coal beds, interbedded sandstone and [[siltstone]], with minor occurrences of carbonaceous shale. [[Fern|Ferns]], [[Ginkgo|ginkgoes]], [[conifer|conifers]], [[Water caltrop|Trapa]]-like plants, [[Sabal|sabaloid palms]] and at least six types of large [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] leaves are known from the formation.<ref name=Riley>Riley, M.G. and Stockey, R.A.(2004). ''Cardstonia tolmanii'' gen. et sp. nov (Limnocharitaceae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165(5): 897-916.</ref><ref>Stockey, R.A. and Rothwell, G.W. (1997). The aquatic angiosperm ''Trapago angulata'' from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrictian) St. Mary River Formation of southern Alberta. International Journal of Plant Sciences 158(1): 83-94,</ref><ref>Bell, W.A. 1949. Uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene floras of western Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 13, 231 p.</ref>

The fauna of the St. Mary River Formation consists of the [[nodosauridae|nodosaurid]] [[ankylosauria|ankylosaur]] ''[[Edmontonia]]'', the [[leptoceratopsidae|leptoceratopsid]] [[ceratopsia|ceratopsian]] ''[[Montanoceratops]]'', the centrosaurine ceratopsid ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]'', a ceratopsid that was previously considered to be ''Anchiceratops'', the [[albertosaurinae|albertosaurine]] [[tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]] ''[[Albertosaurus]]'', the [[saurornitholestinae|saurornitholestine]] [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]] ''[[Saurornitholestes]]'', the [[troodontid|troodontid]] ''[[Troodon]]'',<ref name=Weishampel2004>{{Cite book |last1=B. Weishampel |first1=David |last2=M. Barrett |first2=Paul |last3=A. Coria |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Le Loeuff |first4=Jean |last5=Xing |first5=Xu |last6=Xijin |first6=Zhao |last7=Sahni |first7=Ashok |last8=P. Gomani |first8=Elizabeth M. |last9=R. Noto |first9=Christopher |year=2004 |chapter=Dinosaur Distribution |editor-last1=Weishampel |editor-first1=D.B. |editor-last2=Dodson |editor-first2=P. |editor-last3=Osmolska |editor-first3=H. |title=The Dinosauria 2nd edition |pages=517-606 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520242098.003.0027}}</ref> the [[mammal|mammals]] ''[[Cimolomys]]'', ''[[Meniscoessus]]'', ''[[Mesodma]]'', ''[[Cimolodon]]'', ''Pediomys'', ''[[Didelphodon]]'' and ''[[Eodelphis]]'', the [[fish]] ''[[Myledaphus]]'' and ''[[Lepisosteus]]'', the [[crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] ''[[Leidyosuchus]]'', and the [[Choristodera|choristodere]] ''[[Champsosaurus]]''.<ref>Sloan, R.E. and Russell, L.S. 1974. Mammals of the St. Mary River Formation (Cretaceous) of southwestern Alberta. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum, Number 95.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Timeline of ceratopsian research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Marginocephalia|T.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q20035817}}

[[Category:Chasmosaurines]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2015]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Alberta]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]

Talk:Kem Kem Group

2022-03-03T03:07:57Z

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Alvarezsauridae

2022-03-03T03:05:52Z

193.119.42.246: Undid revision 1074955599 by 193.119.42.246 (talk)

{{Short description|Family of extinct long-legged dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Alvarezsaurids
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|94|66}}
| image = Mononykus skeleton fix.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton of ''[[Mononykus olecranus]]''
| taxon = Alvarezsauridae
| authority = [[José Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1991
| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Alvarezsaurus calvoi]]''
| type_species_authority = Bonaparte, 1991
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Heptasteornis]]''
*{{extinct}}'''Patagonykinae'''
**{{extinct}}''[[Achillesaurus]]''?
**{{extinct}}''[[Bonapartenykus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Patagonykus]]''
*{{extinct}}'''Parvicursorinae'''
**{{extinct}}''[[Khulsanurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Kol ghuva|Kol]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Nemegtonykus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Ondogurvel]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Parvicursor]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Qiupanykus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Trierarchuncus]]''
**{{extinct}}'''Ceratonykini'''
***{{extinct}}''[[Albinykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Ceratonykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Xixianykus]]''
**{{extinct}}'''Mononykini'''
***{{extinct}}''[[Albertonykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Linhenykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Mononykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Shuvuuia]]''
| synonyms =
*'''Bradycnemidae'''? [[Colin Harrison (ornithologist)|Harrison]] & [[Cyril Walker (ornithologist)|Walker]], 1975 (in part)
*'''Parvicursoridae''' [[A.A. Karhu|Karhu]] & [[Rautian]], 1996
*'''Mononykidae''' Chiappe ''et al.'', 1998
}}

'''Alvarezsauridae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of small, long-legged [[dinosaur]]s. Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless [[bird]]s, a consensus of recent work suggests that they evolved from an early branch of [[maniraptora]]n [[theropod]]s. Alvarezsaurids were highly specialized. They had tiny but stout forelimbs, with compact, bird-like hands. Their skeletons suggest that they had massive breast and arm muscles, possibly adapted for digging or tearing. They had long, tube-shaped snouts filled with tiny teeth. They have been interpreted as [[Myrmecophagy|myrmecophagous]], adapted to prey on colonial insects such as [[termites]], with the short arms acting as effective digging instruments to break into nests.

''[[Alvarezsaurus]]'', the [[type genus]] of the family, was named for the [[historian]] [[Gregorio Álvarez (historian)|Gregorio Álvarez]].<ref>i.e. not the more familiar [[physicist]] [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]], who proposed that the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] was caused by an [[impact event]]</ref>

==History of study==
Bonaparte (1991) described the first alvarezsaurid, ''[[Alvarezsaurus calvoi]]'', from an incomplete skeleton found in Patagonia, Argentina. Bonaparte also named a [[Family (biology)|family]], Alvarezsauridae, to contain it. He argued that ''Alvarezsaurus'' might be most closely related to the [[Ornithomimosauria|ornithomimosaurs]].<ref name="Bonaparte1991">{{cite journal |last1=Bonaparte |first1=José F. |title=Los vertebrados fósiles de la formación Río Colorado, de la ciudad de Neuquén y cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Paleontología |date=1991 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=15–123 |oclc=29480292 }}</ref>

In 1993, Perle ''et al.'' described the next alvarezsaur to be discovered, naming it ''Mononychus olecranus'' (meaning "one claw"). A month later they changed the genus name to ''[[Mononykus]]'', because the earlier spelling was already the genus name of an extant beetle.<ref name="Perleetal1993b">{{cite journal |last1=Altangerel |first1=Perle |last2=Norell |first2=Mark A. |last3=Chiappe |first3=Luis M. |last4=Clark |first4=James M. |title=Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Nature |date=April 1993 |volume=362 |issue=6421 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1038/362623a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..623A |s2cid=4252852 }}</ref> Perle ''et al.'' mistakenly described ''[[Mononykus]]'' as a member of [[Avialae]], one more advanced than ''[[Archaeopteryx]]''. They argued that the family Alvarezsauridae was actually a group of Mesozoic flightless birds on the basis of several features that were supposedly unique to birds.<ref name="Perleetal1993a">{{cite journal |last1=Altangerel |first1=Perle |last2=Norell |first2=Mark A. |last3=Chiappe |first3=Luis M. |last4=Clark |first4=James M. |title=Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Nature |date=15 April 1993 |volume=362 |issue=6421 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1038/362623a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..623A |s2cid=4252852 }}</ref>

In 1996, Novas described another member of the group called ''[[Patagonykus puertai]]''.<ref name="Novas1996">{{cite journal |id={{BHLpage|40091128}} |last1=Novas |first1=Fernando E. |title=Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia |journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |date=1996 |volume=39 |pages=675–702 }}</ref> Karhu and Rautian (1996) described a Mongolian member of the family; ''[[Parvicursor]] remotus''.<ref name="Karhu&Rautian1996">{{cite journal |last1=Karhu |first1=A. A. |last2=Rautian |first2=A. S. |title=A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=30 |issue=5 |year=1996 |pages=583–592 }}</ref> Chiappe ''et al.''(1998) described another Mongolian member, ''[[Shuvuuia]] deserti'' and found it to be a bird as in Perle et al.'s analysis.<ref name="Chiappeetal1998">{{cite journal |last1=Chiappe |first1=Luis M. |last2=Norell |first2=Mark A. |last3=Clark |first3=James M. |title=The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus |journal=Nature |date=March 1998 |volume=392 |issue=6673 |pages=275–278 |doi=10.1038/32642 |bibcode=1998Natur.392..275C |s2cid=4426807 }}</ref>

[[Image:Patagonykus.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstructed skeleton of ''[[Patagonykus puertai]]'']]
These mistaken assignments of alvarezsaurids to birds were caused primarily by features that are strikingly, or even uniquely, avian. The sternum, for example, is elongated and deeply keeled for an enlarged pectoralis muscle, as it is in [[neognathous]] birds and [[Flying and gliding animals|volant]] [[ratite]]s. One bone in the skull of ''[[Shuvuuia]]'' appeared to be an ectethmoid fused to a prefrontal. The ectethmoid is an ossification known only in [[Neornithes]]. Other birdlike characters included the palatine, foramen magnum, cervical and caudal vertebrae, and many others.<ref name="Sereno2001">{{cite book |last1=Sereno |first1=Paul |year=2001 |chapter=Alvarezsaurids: Birds or ornithomimosaurs? |editor1-last=Gauthier |editor1-first=Jacques |editor2-last=Ostrom |editor2-first=John H. |title=New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds |publisher=Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University |isbn=978-0-912532-57-8 }}</ref>

Several researchers disagreed with Perle ''et al.'' (1993) and Chiappe ''et al.'' (1998), Feduccia (1994), Ostrom (1994), Wellnhofer (1994), Kurochkin (1995), Zhou (1995), and Sereno (1997) considered it unlikely that alvarezsaurids were members of [[Avialae]]. Martin (1997) performed a cladistic analysis but Sereno criticized it strongly, finding it flawed by incorrect codings, use of only select data, and results that did not support his conclusions. Sereno (1999) performed a new analysis, revising the anatomical interpretations and clarifying the characters. He found that alvarezsaurids were more parsimoniously related to the [[Ornithomimosauria]].<ref name="Sereno2001"/>

As the more primitive members of the Alvarezsauridae were better characterized, the monophyly of the clade was strongly supported,<ref name="Novas1996"/> but the more primitive members lacked the most birdlike traits. Some of these traits had been misinterpreted, also. The remaining similarities between birds and alvarezsaurs, like the keeled sterna, are another case of [[homoplasy]]; where the derived alvarezsaurids developed birdlike characters through convergent evolution, rather than inheriting them from a common ancestor with birds.<ref name="Sereno2001"/>

==Description==
[[File:Alvarezsaurid scale martyniuk.png|thumb|left|Size comparison of several parvicursorines: ''Parvicursor remotus'' (green), ''Ceratonykus oculatus'' (red), ''Shuvuuia deserti'' (blue), and ''Mononykus olecranus'' (violet).]]
Alvarezsaurids ranged from {{convert|50|cm|in}} to {{convert|2|m|ft}} in length, although some possible members may have been larger, including the European ''[[Heptasteornis]]'' that may have reached {{convert|2.5|m|ft}} long. Fossils attributed to alvarezsaurids have also been found in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] and [[Asia]], and range in age from about 86 to 66 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hutchinson | last2 = Chiappe | year = 1998 | title = The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 18 | issue = 3| pages = 447–450 | doi=10.1080/02724634.1998.10011073}}</ref>

===Feathers===
At least one specimen of alvarezsaurid, from the [[species]] ''[[Shuvuuia|Shuvuuia deserti]]'', preserved down-like, [[feather]]y, [[integument]]al structures covering the fossil. Schweitzer ''et al.'' (1999) subjected these filaments to microscopic, morphological, mass spectrometric, and immunohistochemical studies and found that they consisted of [[beta-keratin]], which is the primary protein in [[feather]]s.<ref name="Schweitzeretal1999">{{cite journal |last1=Schweitzer |first1=M. H. |last2=Watt |first2=J. A. |last3=Avci |first3=R. |last4=Knapp |first4=L. |last5=Chiappe |first5=L. |last6=Norell |first6=M. |last7=Marshall |first7=M. |title=Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology |date=1999 |volume=285 |issue=2 |pages=146–157 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A |pmid=10440726 }}</ref>

==Lifestyle==
The lifestyle of alvarezsaurids has been debated since the nature of these dinosaurs was established. It has been suggested by numerous palaeontologists that they used their claws to break into ant and termite colonies, though the arm anatomy of an alvarezsaurid would require the animal to lie on its chest against a termite nest. It is also possible that the alvarezsaurids filled some ecological niche that has not yet been considered.<ref name=Holtz>{{cite book |last=Holtz |first=Thomas R. Jr. |year=2007 |title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages |chapter=Ornithomimosaurs and Alvarezsaurs |isbn=978-0-375-82419-7 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt }}</ref> Studies of the tails in various alverezsaur genera also suggest they were possessed of an incredible ability to change their rotational inertia, and combined with their forelimbs, this suggests their ecological niches were similar to those of aardvarks, pangolins, and anteaters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meso |first1=J.G. |last2=Qin |first2=Z. |last3=Pittman |first3=M. |last4=Canale |first4=J.I. |last5=Salgado |first5=L. |last6=Díez Díaz |first6=V. |title=Tail anatomy of the Alvarezsauria (Theropoda, Coelurosauria), and its functional and behavioural implications |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=March 2021 |volume=124 |pages=104830 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104830 }}</ref>

Additionally, it is known that alvarezsaurids, with their long legs, appear to be built for speed. What implications this has on possible lifestyle is unknown.<ref name=Holtz/> The discovery of ''[[Qiupanykus]]'' in association with [[oviraptorid]] eggs, indicates that the advanced alvarezsaurids may also have been specialists in nest raiding, using their robust thumb claws to crack open eggshells.<ref name=lu>{{cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=Jun-chang |last2=Xu |first2=Li |last3=Chang |first3=Hua-li |last4=Jia |first4=Song-hai |last5=Zhang |first5=Ji-ming |last6=Gao |first6=Dian-song |last7=Zhang |first7=Yi-yang |last8=Zhang |first8=Cheng-jun |last9=Ding |first9=Fang |title=A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China |journal=China Geology |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.31035/cg2018005 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Classification==
[[Image:Alvarezsaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of an ''[[Alvarezsaurus calvoi]]'' skeleton]]
[[Image:Shuvuuia.jpg|thumb|right|Life restoration of ''Shuvuuia deserti'']]
Turner ''et al.'' (2007) place the alvarezsaurs as the most basal group in the [[Maniraptora]], one step more derived than ''[[Ornitholestes]]'' and two more derived than the [[Ornithomimosauria]]. The alvarezsaurs are more primitive than the [[Oviraptorosauria]].<ref name="Turneretal07">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=A. H. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Clarke |first3=J. A. |last4=Erickson |first4=G. M. |last5=Norell |first5=M. A. |title=A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight |journal=Science |date=7 September 2007 |volume=317 |issue=5843 |pages=1378–1381 |doi=10.1126/science.1144066 |pmid=17823350 |bibcode=2007Sci...317.1378T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Novas' 1996 description of ''[[Patagonykus]]'', demonstrated that it was a link between the more primitive (basal) ''Alvarezsaurus'' and the more advanced (derived) ''Mononykus'', and reinforced their monophyly. ''[[Parvicursor]]'' was discovered shortly after, and placed in its own family Parvicursoridae, and then ''Shuvuuia'' in 1998. Everything has since been lumped into Alvarezsauridae, with Mononykinae surviving as a [[subfamily]].

There may be a relationship between the alvarezsaurids and the [[Ornithomimosauria]] as sister clades within either [[Thomas Holtz]]'s [[Arctometatarsalia]] or [[Paul Sereno]]'s [[Ornithomimiformes]]. The discovery of ''[[Haplocheirus]]'', which exhibits transitional features between the more derived alvarezsaurs and other [[maniraptora]]ns, particularly in relation to the skull structure and development of the hand, has provided further support for that relationship.<ref>Choiniere, J. (2010). [http://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/guest-post-haplocheirus-%E2%80%93-the-skilful-one/ Guest Post: ''Haplocheirus'', the Skillful One] Dave Hone's Archosaur Musings, April 23, 2011.</ref>

The taxonomy of the alvarezsaurs has been somewhat confused, due to different authors using different names for groups with the same definition. The [[Family (biology)|family]] Alvarezsauridae was first coined by Jose Bonaparte in 1991, but given no specific phylogenetic definition. Novas later defined the group as the most recent common ancestor of ''[[Alvarezsaurus]]'' and ''[[Mononykus]]'' plus all its descendants, though others, such as [[Paul Sereno]], used a more inclusive definition, such as all dinosaurs closer to ''[[Shuvuuia]]'' than to modern birds. In 2009, Livezey and Zusi used the name Alvarezsauroidea for the total group of all alvarezsaurs, restricting the name Alvarezsauridae to the clade defined by ''Alvarezsaurus'' + ''Mononykus''. This was followed by Choiniere and colleagues in 2010, who described the first non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroid, ''[[Haplocheirus]]''.<ref name=haplocheirus>{{cite journal |last1=Choiniere |first1=J. N. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |last3=Clark |first3=J. M. |last4=Forster |first4=C. A. |last5=Guo |first5=Y. |last6=Han |first6=F. |title=A Basal Alvarezsauroid Theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China |journal=Science |date=29 January 2010 |volume=327 |issue=5965 |pages=571–574 |doi=10.1126/science.1182143 |pmid=20110503 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..571C |s2cid=36904501 }}</ref> Some authors have used the name Mononykinae for the sub-group of alvarezsaurs including the advanced Mongolian species. However, Choiniere and colleagues argued that Parvicursorinae has priority, since its coordinate name under the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN Code]], Parvicursoridae, was named earlier.<ref name=haplocheirus/>

The [[cladogram]] presented here follows a 2012 phylogenetic analysis by Agnolin and colleagues.<ref name=agnolinetal2012>{{cite journal |last1=Agnolin |first1=Federico L. |last2=Powell |first2=Jaime E. |last3=Novas |first3=Fernando E. |last4=Kundrát |first4=Martin |title=New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2012 |volume=35 |pages=33–56 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014 }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|label1='''Alvarezsauridae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=Patagonykinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|2=''[[Bonapartenykus]]'' }}
|label2= unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|label2=Parvicursorinae
|2={{clade
|label1=cladeCeratonykini
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratonykus]]''
|2=''[[Xixianykus]]''
|3=''[[Albinykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|label2= Mononykini
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|2=''[[Mononykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|2=''[[Shuvuuia]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
[[Cladogram]] after Xu ''et al.'', 2011:<ref name=Xetal11>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Xing |last2=Sullivan |first2=Corwin |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Choiniere |first4=Jonah N. |last5=Hone |first5=David |last6=Upchurch |first6=Paul |last7=Tan |first7=Qingwei |last8=Xiao |first8=Dong |last9=Tan |first9=Lin |last10=Han |first10=Fenglu |title=A monodactyl nonavian dinosaur and the complex evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=8 February 2011 |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=2338–2342 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011052108 |pmid=21262806 |pmc=3038769 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2338X |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Alvarezsauroidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Haplocheirus]]''
|label2='''Alvarezsauridae'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Achillesaurus]]''
|2=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|label2=Parvicursorinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|2="Ornithomimus" ''minutus''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Xixianykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|2=Tugriken Shireh alvarezsaur }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Shuvuuia]]''
|2=''[[Mononykus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Jan/msg00181.html RE: Alvarezsauridae splitting], by [[Thomas R. Holtz Jr.]], from the Dinosaur Mailing List.
* [http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Oct/msg00189.html The Holy of Holies... Dinosauria II], by Thomas R. Holtz Jr., from the Dinosaur Mailing List (mentions in passing the alvarezsaurid ''Rapator'' hypothesis seeing print for the first time; it had been rumored on the list for several years prior)

{{Maniraptora|M.}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134179}}

[[Category:Alvarezsaurids| ]]
[[Category:Santonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Prehistoric dinosaur families]]

Alvarezsauridae

2022-03-03T02:59:35Z

193.119.42.246: Undid revision 1074337257 by 174.22.99.226 (talk)

{{Short description|Family of extinct long-legged dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Alvarezsaurids
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|94|66}}
| image = Mononykus skeleton fix.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton of ''[[Mononykus olecranus]]''
| taxon = Alvarezsauridae
| authority = [[José Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1991
| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Alvarezsaurus calvoi]]''
| type_species_authority = Bonaparte, 1991
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Bradycneme]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Heptasteornis]]''
*{{extinct}}'''Patagonykinae'''
**{{extinct}}''[[Achillesaurus]]''?
**{{extinct}}''[[Bonapartenykus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Patagonykus]]''
*{{extinct}}'''Parvicursorinae'''
**{{extinct}}''[[Khulsanurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Kol ghuva|Kol]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Nemegtonykus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Ondogurvel]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Parvicursor]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Qiupanykus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Trierarchuncus]]''
**{{extinct}}'''Ceratonykini'''
***{{extinct}}''[[Albinykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Ceratonykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Xixianykus]]''
**{{extinct}}'''Mononykini'''
***{{extinct}}''[[Albertonykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Linhenykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Mononykus]]''
***{{extinct}}''[[Shuvuuia]]''
| synonyms =
*'''Bradycnemidae'''? [[Colin Harrison (ornithologist)|Harrison]] & [[Cyril Walker (ornithologist)|Walker]], 1975 (in part)
*'''Parvicursoridae''' [[A.A. Karhu|Karhu]] & [[Rautian]], 1996
*'''Mononykidae''' Chiappe ''et al.'', 1998
}}

'''Alvarezsauridae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of small, long-legged [[dinosaur]]s. Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless [[bird]]s, a consensus of recent work suggests that they evolved from an early branch of [[maniraptora]]n [[theropod]]s. Alvarezsaurids were highly specialized. They had tiny but stout forelimbs, with compact, bird-like hands. Their skeletons suggest that they had massive breast and arm muscles, possibly adapted for digging or tearing. They had long, tube-shaped snouts filled with tiny teeth. They have been interpreted as [[Myrmecophagy|myrmecophagous]], adapted to prey on colonial insects such as [[termites]], with the short arms acting as effective digging instruments to break into nests.

''[[Alvarezsaurus]]'', the [[type genus]] of the family, was named for the [[historian]] [[Gregorio Álvarez (historian)|Gregorio Álvarez]].<ref>i.e. not the more familiar [[physicist]] [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]], who proposed that the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] was caused by an [[impact event]]</ref>

==History of study==
Bonaparte (1991) described the first alvarezsaurid, ''[[Alvarezsaurus calvoi]]'', from an incomplete skeleton found in Patagonia, Argentina. Bonaparte also named a [[Family (biology)|family]], Alvarezsauridae, to contain it. He argued that ''Alvarezsaurus'' might be most closely related to the [[Ornithomimosauria|ornithomimosaurs]].<ref name="Bonaparte1991">{{cite journal |last1=Bonaparte |first1=José F. |title=Los vertebrados fósiles de la formación Río Colorado, de la ciudad de Neuquén y cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Paleontología |date=1991 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=15–123 |oclc=29480292 }}</ref>

In 1993, Perle ''et al.'' described the next alvarezsaur to be discovered, naming it ''Mononychus olecranus'' (meaning "one claw"). A month later they changed the genus name to ''[[Mononykus]]'', because the earlier spelling was already the genus name of an extant beetle.<ref name="Perleetal1993b">{{cite journal |last1=Altangerel |first1=Perle |last2=Norell |first2=Mark A. |last3=Chiappe |first3=Luis M. |last4=Clark |first4=James M. |title=Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Nature |date=April 1993 |volume=362 |issue=6421 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1038/362623a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..623A |s2cid=4252852 }}</ref> Perle ''et al.'' mistakenly described ''[[Mononykus]]'' as a member of [[Avialae]], one more advanced than ''[[Archaeopteryx]]''. They argued that the family Alvarezsauridae was actually a group of Mesozoic flightless birds on the basis of several features that were supposedly unique to birds.<ref name="Perleetal1993a">{{cite journal |last1=Altangerel |first1=Perle |last2=Norell |first2=Mark A. |last3=Chiappe |first3=Luis M. |last4=Clark |first4=James M. |title=Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Nature |date=15 April 1993 |volume=362 |issue=6421 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1038/362623a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..623A |s2cid=4252852 }}</ref>

In 1996, Novas described another member of the group called ''[[Patagonykus puertai]]''.<ref name="Novas1996">{{cite journal |id={{BHLpage|40091128}} |last1=Novas |first1=Fernando E. |title=Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia |journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |date=1996 |volume=39 |pages=675–702 }}</ref> Karhu and Rautian (1996) described a Mongolian member of the family; ''[[Parvicursor]] remotus''.<ref name="Karhu&Rautian1996">{{cite journal |last1=Karhu |first1=A. A. |last2=Rautian |first2=A. S. |title=A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=30 |issue=5 |year=1996 |pages=583–592 }}</ref> Chiappe ''et al.''(1998) described another Mongolian member, ''[[Shuvuuia]] deserti'' and found it to be a bird as in Perle et al.'s analysis.<ref name="Chiappeetal1998">{{cite journal |last1=Chiappe |first1=Luis M. |last2=Norell |first2=Mark A. |last3=Clark |first3=James M. |title=The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus |journal=Nature |date=March 1998 |volume=392 |issue=6673 |pages=275–278 |doi=10.1038/32642 |bibcode=1998Natur.392..275C |s2cid=4426807 }}</ref>

[[Image:Patagonykus.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstructed skeleton of ''[[Patagonykus puertai]]'']]
These mistaken assignments of alvarezsaurids to birds were caused primarily by features that are strikingly, or even uniquely, avian. The sternum, for example, is elongated and deeply keeled for an enlarged pectoralis muscle, as it is in [[neognathous]] birds and [[Flying and gliding animals|volant]] [[ratite]]s. One bone in the skull of ''[[Shuvuuia]]'' appeared to be an ectethmoid fused to a prefrontal. The ectethmoid is an ossification known only in [[Neornithes]]. Other birdlike characters included the palatine, foramen magnum, cervical and caudal vertebrae, and many others.<ref name="Sereno2001">{{cite book |last1=Sereno |first1=Paul |year=2001 |chapter=Alvarezsaurids: Birds or ornithomimosaurs? |editor1-last=Gauthier |editor1-first=Jacques |editor2-last=Ostrom |editor2-first=John H. |title=New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds |publisher=Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University |isbn=978-0-912532-57-8 }}</ref>

Several researchers disagreed with Perle ''et al.'' (1993) and Chiappe ''et al.'' (1998), Feduccia (1994), Ostrom (1994), Wellnhofer (1994), Kurochkin (1995), Zhou (1995), and Sereno (1997) considered it unlikely that alvarezsaurids were members of [[Avialae]]. Martin (1997) performed a cladistic analysis but Sereno criticized it strongly, finding it flawed by incorrect codings, use of only select data, and results that did not support his conclusions. Sereno (1999) performed a new analysis, revising the anatomical interpretations and clarifying the characters. He found that alvarezsaurids were more parsimoniously related to the [[Ornithomimosauria]].<ref name="Sereno2001"/>

As the more primitive members of the Alvarezsauridae were better characterized, the monophyly of the clade was strongly supported,<ref name="Novas1996"/> but the more primitive members lacked the most birdlike traits. Some of these traits had been misinterpreted, also. The remaining similarities between birds and alvarezsaurs, like the keeled sterna, are another case of [[homoplasy]]; where the derived alvarezsaurids developed birdlike characters through convergent evolution, rather than inheriting them from a common ancestor with birds.<ref name="Sereno2001"/>

==Description==
[[File:Alvarezsaurid scale martyniuk.png|thumb|left|Size comparison of several parvicursorines: ''Parvicursor remotus'' (green), ''Ceratonykus oculatus'' (red), ''Shuvuuia deserti'' (blue), and ''Mononykus olecranus'' (violet).]]
Alvarezsaurids ranged from {{convert|50|cm|in}} to {{convert|2|m|ft}} in length, although some possible members may have been larger, including the European ''[[Heptasteornis]]'' that may have reached {{convert|2.5|m|ft}} long. Fossils attributed to alvarezsaurids have also been found in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] and [[Asia]], and range in age from about 86 to 66 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hutchinson | last2 = Chiappe | year = 1998 | title = The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 18 | issue = 3| pages = 447–450 | doi=10.1080/02724634.1998.10011073}}</ref>

===Feathers===
At least one specimen of alvarezsaurid, from the [[species]] ''[[Shuvuuia|Shuvuuia deserti]]'', preserved down-like, [[feather]]y, [[integument]]al structures covering the fossil. Schweitzer ''et al.'' (1999) subjected these filaments to microscopic, morphological, mass spectrometric, and immunohistochemical studies and found that they consisted of [[beta-keratin]], which is the primary protein in [[feather]]s.<ref name="Schweitzeretal1999">{{cite journal |last1=Schweitzer |first1=M. H. |last2=Watt |first2=J. A. |last3=Avci |first3=R. |last4=Knapp |first4=L. |last5=Chiappe |first5=L. |last6=Norell |first6=M. |last7=Marshall |first7=M. |title=Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology |date=1999 |volume=285 |issue=2 |pages=146–157 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A |pmid=10440726 }}</ref>

==Lifestyle==
The lifestyle of alvarezsaurids has been debated since the nature of these dinosaurs was established. It has been suggested by numerous palaeontologists that they used their claws to break into ant and termite colonies, though the arm anatomy of an alvarezsaurid would require the animal to lie on its chest against a termite nest. It is also possible that the alvarezsaurids filled some ecological niche that has not yet been considered.<ref name=Holtz>{{cite book |last=Holtz |first=Thomas R. Jr. |year=2007 |title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages |chapter=Ornithomimosaurs and Alvarezsaurs |isbn=978-0-375-82419-7 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt }}</ref> Studies of the tails in various alverezsaur genera also suggest they were possessed of an incredible ability to change their rotational inertia, and combined with their forelimbs, this suggests their ecological niches were similar to those of aardvarks, pangolins, and anteaters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meso |first1=J.G. |last2=Qin |first2=Z. |last3=Pittman |first3=M. |last4=Canale |first4=J.I. |last5=Salgado |first5=L. |last6=Díez Díaz |first6=V. |title=Tail anatomy of the Alvarezsauria (Theropoda, Coelurosauria), and its functional and behavioural implications |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=March 2021 |volume=124 |pages=104830 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104830 }}</ref>

Additionally, it is known that alvarezsaurids, with their long legs, appear to be built for speed. What implications this has on possible lifestyle is unknown.<ref name=Holtz/> The discovery of ''[[Qiupanykus]]'' in association with [[oviraptorid]] eggs, indicates that the advanced alvarezsaurids may also have been specialists in nest raiding, using their robust thumb claws to crack open eggshells.<ref name=lu>{{cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=Jun-chang |last2=Xu |first2=Li |last3=Chang |first3=Hua-li |last4=Jia |first4=Song-hai |last5=Zhang |first5=Ji-ming |last6=Gao |first6=Dian-song |last7=Zhang |first7=Yi-yang |last8=Zhang |first8=Cheng-jun |last9=Ding |first9=Fang |title=A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China |journal=China Geology |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.31035/cg2018005 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Classification==
[[Image:Alvarezsaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of an ''[[Alvarezsaurus calvoi]]'' skeleton]]
[[Image:Shuvuuia.jpg|thumb|right|Life restoration of ''Shuvuuia deserti'']]
Turner ''et al.'' (2007) place the alvarezsaurs as the most basal group in the [[Maniraptora]], one step more derived than ''[[Ornitholestes]]'' and two more derived than the [[Ornithomimosauria]]. The alvarezsaurs are more primitive than the [[Oviraptorosauria]].<ref name="Turneretal07">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=A. H. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Clarke |first3=J. A. |last4=Erickson |first4=G. M. |last5=Norell |first5=M. A. |title=A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight |journal=Science |date=7 September 2007 |volume=317 |issue=5843 |pages=1378–1381 |doi=10.1126/science.1144066 |pmid=17823350 |bibcode=2007Sci...317.1378T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Novas' 1996 description of ''[[Patagonykus]]'', demonstrated that it was a link between the more primitive (basal) ''Alvarezsaurus'' and the more advanced (derived) ''Mononykus'', and reinforced their monophyly. ''[[Parvicursor]]'' was discovered shortly after, and placed in its own family Parvicursoridae, and then ''Shuvuuia'' in 1998. Everything has since been lumped into Alvarezsauridae, with Mononykinae surviving as a [[subfamily]].

There may be a relationship between the alvarezsaurids and the [[Ornithomimosauria]] as sister clades within either [[Thomas Holtz]]'s [[Arctometatarsalia]] or [[Paul Sereno]]'s [[Ornithomimiformes]]. The discovery of ''[[Haplocheirus]]'', which exhibits transitional features between the more derived alvarezsaurs and other [[maniraptora]]ns, particularly in relation to the skull structure and development of the hand, has provided further support for that relationship.<ref>Choiniere, J. (2010). [http://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/guest-post-haplocheirus-%E2%80%93-the-skilful-one/ Guest Post: ''Haplocheirus'', the Skillful One] Dave Hone's Archosaur Musings, April 23, 2011.</ref>

The taxonomy of the alvarezsaurs has been somewhat confused, due to different authors using different names for groups with the same definition. The [[Family (biology)|family]] Alvarezsauridae was first coined by Jose Bonaparte in 1991, but given no specific phylogenetic definition. Novas later defined the group as the most recent common ancestor of ''[[Alvarezsaurus]]'' and ''[[Mononykus]]'' plus all its descendants, though others, such as [[Paul Sereno]], used a more inclusive definition, such as all dinosaurs closer to ''[[Shuvuuia]]'' than to modern birds. In 2009, Livezey and Zusi used the name Alvarezsauroidea for the total group of all alvarezsaurs, restricting the name Alvarezsauridae to the clade defined by ''Alvarezsaurus'' + ''Mononykus''. This was followed by Choiniere and colleagues in 2010, who described the first non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroid, ''[[Haplocheirus]]''.<ref name=haplocheirus>{{cite journal |last1=Choiniere |first1=J. N. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |last3=Clark |first3=J. M. |last4=Forster |first4=C. A. |last5=Guo |first5=Y. |last6=Han |first6=F. |title=A Basal Alvarezsauroid Theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China |journal=Science |date=29 January 2010 |volume=327 |issue=5965 |pages=571–574 |doi=10.1126/science.1182143 |pmid=20110503 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..571C |s2cid=36904501 }}</ref> Some authors have used the name Mononykinae for the sub-group of alvarezsaurs including the advanced Mongolian species. However, Choiniere and colleagues argued that Parvicursorinae has priority, since its coordinate name under the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN Code]], Parvicursoridae, was named earlier.<ref name=haplocheirus/>

The [[cladogram]] presented here follows a 2012 phylogenetic analysis by Agnolin and colleagues.<ref name=agnolinetal2012>{{cite journal |last1=Agnolin |first1=Federico L. |last2=Powell |first2=Jaime E. |last3=Novas |first3=Fernando E. |last4=Kundrát |first4=Martin |title=New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2012 |volume=35 |pages=33–56 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014 }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|label1='''Alvarezsauridae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=Patagonykinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|2=''[[Bonapartenykus]]'' }}
|label2= unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|label2=Parvicursorinae
|2={{clade
|label1=cladeCeratonykini
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratonykus]]''
|2=''[[Xixianykus]]''
|3=''[[Albinykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|label2= Mononykini
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|2=''[[Mononykus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|2=''[[Shuvuuia]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
[[Cladogram]] after Xu ''et al.'', 2011:<ref name=Xetal11>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Xing |last2=Sullivan |first2=Corwin |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Choiniere |first4=Jonah N. |last5=Hone |first5=David |last6=Upchurch |first6=Paul |last7=Tan |first7=Qingwei |last8=Xiao |first8=Dong |last9=Tan |first9=Lin |last10=Han |first10=Fenglu |title=A monodactyl nonavian dinosaur and the complex evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=8 February 2011 |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=2338–2342 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011052108 |pmid=21262806 |pmc=3038769 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2338X |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Alvarezsauroidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Haplocheirus]]''
|label2='''Alvarezsauridae'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Achillesaurus]]''
|2=''[[Alvarezsaurus]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Patagonykus]]''
|label2=Parvicursorinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linhenykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Albertonykus]]''
|2="Ornithomimus" ''minutus''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Xixianykus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Parvicursor]]''
|2=Tugriken Shireh alvarezsaur }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Shuvuuia]]''
|2=''[[Mononykus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Jan/msg00181.html RE: Alvarezsauridae splitting], by [[Thomas R. Holtz Jr.]], from the Dinosaur Mailing List.
* [http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Oct/msg00189.html The Holy of Holies... Dinosauria II], by Thomas R. Holtz Jr., from the Dinosaur Mailing List (mentions in passing the alvarezsaurid ''Rapator'' hypothesis seeing print for the first time; it had been rumored on the list for several years prior)

{{Maniraptora|M.}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134179}}

[[Category:Alvarezsaurids| ]]
[[Category:Santonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Prehistoric dinosaur families]]

Richard Colbeck

2022-03-01T03:56:09Z

193.119.42.246: /* Early life */

{{Short description|Australian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] [[The Honourable]]
| name = Richard Colbeck
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Richard Colbeck.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Colbeck in 2014
| office = [[Minister for Sport (Australia)|Minister for Sport]]
| term_start = 22 December 2020
| primeminister = [[Scott Morrison]]
| predecessor = ''himself'' (as Minister for Youth and Sport) [[Dan Tehan]] (as Minister for Education and Youth)
| successor =
| office1 = [[Minister for Health (Australia)#List of ministers for aged care|Minister for Senior Australians and Aged Care Services]]
| term_start1 = 22 December 2020
| primeminister1 = [[Scott Morrison]]
| predecessor1 = ''himself'' (as Minister for Aged Care and Senior Australians)
| successor1 =
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Previous ministerial offices|titlestyle= background-color:#eee}}
| office2 = [[Minister for Youth and Sport]]
| term_start2 = 26 May 2019
| term_end2 = 22 December 2020
| primeminister2 = [[Scott Morrison]]
| predecessor2 = [[Bridget McKenzie]]
| successor2 = ''himself'' (as Minister for Sport)
| office3 = [[Minister for Health (Australia)#List of ministers for aged care|Minister for Aged Care and Senior Australians]]
| term_start3 = 26 May 2019
| term_end3 = 22 December 2020
| primeminister3 = [[Scott Morrison]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ken Wyatt]]
| successor3 = [[Greg Hunt]] (as Minister for Health and Aged Care) ''himself'' (as Minister for Senior Australians and Aged Care Services)
| office6 = [[Minister for Agriculture and Water Resources (Australia)#List of junior ministers within the portfolio|Assistant Minister for Agriculture and Water Resources]]
| term_start6 = 24 August 2018
| term_end6 = 29 May 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Anne Ruston]]
| successor6 = ''Office abolished''
| office7 = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers for tourism|Minister for Tourism and International Education]]
| primeminister7 = [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| term_start7 = 21 September 2015
| term_end7 = 19 July 2016
| predecessor7 = [[Gary Gray (politician)|Gary Gray]] (as Minister for Tourism)
| successor7 = [[Steven Ciobo]] (as Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment)
| office8 = [[Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment#List of Assistant Ministers for Trade, Tourism and Investment|Assistant Minister for Trade and Investment]]
| primeminister8 = [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| term_start8 = 21 September 2015
| term_end8 = 19 July 2016
| predecessor8 = ''Office established''
| successor8 = [[Keith Pitt]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| title9 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Tasmania]]
| term_start9 = 9 February 2018
| term_end9 =
| term_start10 = 4 February 2002
| term_end10 = 2 July 2016
| predecessor9 = [[Stephen Parry (Australian politician)|Stephen Parry]]
| predecessor10 = [[Jocelyn Newman]]
| successor10 = [[Jonathon Duniam]]
| birth_name = Richard Mansell Colbeck
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|4|5}}
| birth_place = [[Myrtleford]], Victoria, Australia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Australian
| party = [[Liberal Party of Australia]]
| residence =
| alma_mater = Devonport Technical College
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Richard Mansell Colbeck''' (born 5 April 1958) is an Australian politician. He has been a [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Tasmania]] since 2018, representing the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]], and served a previous term in the Senate from 2002 to 2016. Since December 2020, he has been [[Minister for Health and Aged Care#List of ministers for aged care|Minister for Senior Australians and Aged Care Services]] and [[Minister for Sport (Australia)|Minister for Sport]] in the [[Second Morrison Ministry]]. Previous to this, he was the [[Minister for Health and Aged Care#List of ministers for aged care|Minister for Aged Care]] and [[Minister for Youth and Sport]] since May 2019.

Colbeck was first elected at the [[2001 Australian federal election|2001 federal election]], and was a [[parliamentary secretary]] in the [[Howard Government]]. Colbeck served as the [[Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment#List of Assistant Ministers for Trade, Tourism and Investment|Minister Assisting the Minister for Trade and Investment]] and the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers for tourism|Minister for Tourism and International Education]] in the [[Turnbull Government]] from 2015 to 2016, but was defeated at the [[2016 Australian federal election|2016 election]]. He returned to the Senate following a recount after [[Stephen Parry (Australian politician)|Stephen Parry]] was disqualified during the [[Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis|parliamentary eligibility crisis]].

Colbeck is a member of the [[Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)|Moderate/Modern Liberal faction]] of the Liberal Party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Massola |first1=James |title=Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/who-s-who-in-the-liberals-left-right-and-centre-factions-20210303-p577gv.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 March 2021 |publisher=Fairfax Media |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
richard Colbeck was born in he is 63 years old Myrtleford, Victoria]], and was educated at Devonport Technical College. He was a [[building estimator]] and supervisor, managing director and proprietor of a building consultancy before entering politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/senators/colbeck.htm|title=Senator the Hon Richard Colbeck|publisher=ABC|access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>

In his early years, Colbeck gained qualifications in Small Business Management; Technology (Building); and Carpentry and Joinery Trade and Proficiency. He was an apprentice carpenter and joiner between 1977 and 1979; a trainee estimator and supervisor 1977–79; and manager 1979–84. Between 1984 and 1989 he was a building estimator and supervisor; and managing director and proprietor of building consultancy from 1989.<ref name="Colbeck aph">{{Cite Au Parliament |mpid=00AOL |name=Senator the Hon. Richard Mansell Colbeck |access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>

From 1993 to 1996, and from 1998 to 2000, Colbeck served as the president of the Devonport Chamber of Commerce. From 1998 to 2001, he was a member of the board of directors of the Tasmanian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TCCI). From 1999 to 2002, he was an Alderman of the [[Devonport City Council]].<ref name="Colbeck aph"/>

==Political career==
On 4 February 2002, Colbeck was appointed to the Senate by the [[Governor of Tasmania]] under section 15 of the [[Constitution of Australia|Constitution]], to fill the casual vacancy caused by the retirement of Senator [[Jocelyn Newman]]. He had already been elected to the Senate at the [[2001 Australian federal election|2001 federal election]], to a term beginning on 1 July 2002. He was re-elected in 2007.<ref name="Colbeck aph"/>

Colbeck was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in October 2004. In January 2006 he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance and Administration.<ref name="Colbeck aph"/> With the defeat of the government led by [[John Howard]] in 2007, he was appointed to the shadow ministry as Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Health. He was shifted to the role of Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in September 2008.<ref name="Colbeck aph"/> In September 2010, Colbeck was appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Fisheries and Forestry and Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Innovation, Industry and Science by the new opposition leader [[Tony Abbott]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/parl/43/Shadow/index.htm |title=The 43nd Parliament: Shadow Ministry |access-date=15 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917122739/http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/parl/43/Shadow/index.htm |archive-date=17 September 2010 }}</ref> Abbott nominated Colbeck for appointment to the [[Abbott Ministry]] as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture following the [[2013 Australian federal election|2013 federal election]].<ref name=dpmc>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/ministry_list_20130918.pdf |title=Abbott Ministry |work=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=18 September 2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926165842/http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/ministry_list_20130918.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref>

Following the [[Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, September 2015|2015 leadership spill]] that saw [[Malcolm Turnbull]] replace Abbott as prime minister, Colbeck was appointed as the [[Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment#List of Assistant Ministers for Trade, Tourism and Investment|Minister Assisting the Minister for Trade and Investment]] and the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers for tourism|Minister for Tourism and International Education]] in the [[First Turnbull Ministry]] from September 2015 to July 2016.<ref name="Colbeck aph"/>

At the [[2016 Australian federal election|2016 federal election]], Colbeck was demoted to fifth place on the Liberal Senate ticket. He blamed factional opponent [[Eric Abetz]] for his failure to win a higher position on the ticket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/politics/federal-election-2016-abetz-coup-cut-me-down-says-colbeck/news-story/bd32869d7e2ed61897c521d4cd815f1c|title= Federal election 2016: Abetz 'coup' cut me down, says Colbeck|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=1 July 2016|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> He polled an unusually high below-the-line tally, attributed to a strong "personal vote", but nonetheless lost his seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jul/09/labor-lisa-singh-liberal-richard-colbeck-senate-voting-below-the-line-election-tasmania|title= How Lisa Singh and Richard Colbeck used personal appeal against party rankings|publisher=Guardian Australia|date=9 July 2016|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Colbeck unexpectedly returned to the Senate in February 2018, after Senate President [[Stephen Parry (Australian politician)|Stephen Parry]] was caught up in the [[Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis|parliamentary eligibility crisis]]. The [[Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)|Court of Disputed Returns]] conducted a recount and declared Colbeck elected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-12/richard-colbeck-and-steve-martin-sworn-in-as-senators/9421866|title= Two Tasmanian senators sworn into Parliament after citizenship shake-up|publisher=ABC News|date=12 February 2018|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Colbeck is considered to belong to the moderate wing of the Tasmanian Liberals, and supported Malcolm Turnbull during the [[2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills|2018 leadership spills]]; he was reportedly the only Tasmanian Liberal not to sign the petition calling for a second spill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-06/liberals-urged-to-put-colbeck-first-on-senate-ticket/10206962|title= Senator Richard Colbeck's 'loyalty', 'integrity' highlighted by PM Scott Morrison in pre-selection stoush|publisher=ABC News|date=7 September 2018|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> In the new [[First Morrison Ministry|Morrison Ministry]], he was appointed [[Minister for Agriculture and Water Resources|Assistant Minister for Agriculture and Water Resources]].<ref name="Colbeck aph"/> Prior to the [[2019 Australian federal election|2019 federal election]] he was preselected in first place on the Liberals' Senate ticket and was re-elected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-08/colbeck-chandler-and-denison-in-liberal-preselection-battle/10217038|title= Richard Colbeck, Claire Chandler and Tanya Denison nominated in Liberal preselection battle|publisher=ABC News|date=9 September 2018|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

After the election, Colbeck was appointed [[Minister for Aged Care (Australia)|Minister for Aged Care]] and [[Minister for Youth and Sport]] in the [[Second Morrison Ministry]]. Between August and September 2020, Colbeck was criticised for his handling of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|COVID-19]] outbreaks in aged care facilities in Victoria, resulting in the deaths of 350 aged care residents as of late August 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-27/labor-ramps-up-aged-care-coronavirus-pressure-colbeck/12601408|title=Labor calls for Aged Care Minister Richard Colbeck to be sacked over coronavirus handling|publisher=ABC News|date=27 August 2020|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> There were calls by the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] opposition for Colbeck to be sacked as aged care minister. In September 2020, Colbeck was also censured by the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] by 25–21 votes for failing to take responsibility for a "crisis in the aged care sector", but he was defended by the Prime Minister who said that the majority of the sector was unaffected during the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/sep/03/morrison-shrugs-off-censure-of-aged-care-minister-richard-colbeck-over-covid-conduct|title=Morrison shrugs off censure of aged care minister Richard Colbeck over Covid conduct|work=The Guardian|date=3 September 2020|access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/coronavirus-aged-care-minister-richard-colbeck-censured-by-the-senate/cac7accd-61ed-4a81-9000-5fd65df9aa99|title=Aged Care Minister Richard Colbeck censured by the Senate|publisher=9 News|date=3 September 2020|access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> In December 2020, his aged care portfolio was subsequently passed to health minister [[Greg Hunt]], with Colbeck continuing as Minister for Senior Australians and Aged Care Services and [[Minister for Sport (Australia)|Minister for Sport]].

During Colbeck's tenure as sport minister, [[Sport Integrity Australia]] was created in 2020 as a replacement for the [[Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority]] (ASADA). A new [[National Sports Tribunal]] was also created as the avenue for appeals, replacing the role of the [[Administrative Appeals Tribunal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/australia-set-for-new-anti-doping-regime/00f928ca-a88a-44a3-a903-ed6b046895e8|title=Australia set for new anti-doping regime|publisher=9 News|date=12 June 2020|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://insidersport.com/2021/01/08/australian-government-forms-advisory-council-to-safeguard-sport/|title=Australian government forms advisory council to safeguard sports|first=Holly|last=Hunt|date=8 January 2021|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{OpenAustralia}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-parl|au}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jocelyn Newman]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Tasmania]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-off}}
|-
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{{s-new|minister}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment#List of Assistant Ministers for Trade, Tourism and Investment|Minister Assisting the Minister for Trade and Investment]]|years=2015–2016}}
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{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Senators}}
{{Abbott Ministry}}
{{First Turnbull Ministry}}
{{First Morrison Ministry}}
{{Second Morrison Ministry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colbeck, Richard}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Abbott Government]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Tasmania]]
[[Category:World Anti-Doping Agency members]]
[[Category:Turnbull Government]]
[[Category:People from Myrtleford]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Morrison Government]]
[[Category:Building estimators]]

Minister for the Environment and Water

2022-03-01T03:41:32Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Use Australian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use my dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Info box Political post
| border = parliamentary
| minister = not_prime
| post = Minister for the Environment
| incumbent = [[Sussan Ley]]
| image = File:Sussan Ley Portrait 2011.JPG
| incumbent since = 29 May 2019
| style = [[The Honorable]]
| appointee = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
| inaugural = [[Peter How son (politician)|Peter Howson]]
| formation = 10 March 1971
| website = {{URL|HTTP://environmentalist/minister/index.html }}
| department = [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]
}}

The Australian '''Minister for the Environment''' is [[The Honourable|The Hon]]. [[Sussan Ley]] [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] since May 2019. [[Prime Minister]] [[Scott Morrison]] announced in August 2018 that the Environment and Energy portfolios would be separated in the Cabinet reshuffle. [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]] was appointed as [[Minister of the Environment]], and [[Angus Taylor (politician)|Angus Taylor]] was appointed as [[Minister for Energy (Australia)|Minister for Energy]] on 28 August 2018, by the Governor-General.

In the [[Government of Australia]], the minister and assistant minister are responsible for the protection and conservation of the environment; to ensure that Australia benefits from meteorological and related sciences and services; and to see that Australia's interests in [[Antarctica]] are advanced. The minister provides direction and oversight of the [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] (previously the Department of the Environment and Energy, and before that the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities) to develop and implement national policy, programs and legislation to protect and conserve Australia's environment and heritage.

On 26 May 2019 Morrison announced that [[Sussan Ley]] would lead the environment portfolio as Minister for the Environment in the 46th [[Parliament of Australia]] and the new Cabinet of the [[Morrison Government]], replacing Price as incumbent minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/scott-morrison-unveils-new-ministry-as-coalition-prepares-for-majority-government/ar-AABVEEo?li=AAgfYrC|title=Scott Morrison unveils new ministry as Coalition prepares for majority government|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>

==Portfolio responsibilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
The minister administers their portfolio through the [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] and its environment component bodies, including:
* [[Antarctic Animal Ethics Committee]]
* [[Antarctic Ethics Committee (Human Experimentation)]]
* [[Antarctic Research Assessment Committees (ARACs)]]
* [[Antarctic Science Advisory Committee]]
* [[Australia-Netherlands Committee on Old Dutch Shipwrecks]]
* [[Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee]]
* [[Australian Heritage Council]]
* [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]]
* [[Environment Protection and Heritage Council]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Consultative Committee]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Ministerial Council]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Structural Adjustment Package Technical Advisory Committee]]
* [[Hazardous Waste Technical Group]]
* [[Murray-Darling Basin Authority]]
* [[National Environment Protection Council]]
* [[National Environmental Education Council]]
* [[New South Wales World Heritage Properties Ministerial Council]]
* [[Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator]]
* [[Science Program Management Committee]]
* [[State of the Environment Committee 2006]]
* [[Stockholm Intergovernmental Forum]]
* [[Sydney Harbour Federation Trust]]
* [[Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Ministerial Council]]
* [[Threatened Species Scientific Committee]]
* [[Wet Tropics Ministerial Council]]

==List of Ministers for the Environment==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for the Environment, or any precedent titles:<ref name=parl>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;adv=yes;orderBy=customrank;page=2;query=Lazzarini;rec=12;resCount=Default |title=Ministries and Cabinets |work=43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |year=2010 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813030853/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p%3Badv%3Dyes%3BorderBy%3Dcustomrank%3Bpage%3D2%3Bquery%3DLazzarini%3Brec%3D12%3BresCount%3DDefault |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party affiliation
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Ministerial title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Peter Howson (Australian politician)|Peter Howson]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| [[William McMahon|McMahon]]
| rowspan="2" | Minister for the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1971|3|10}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1972|12|5}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1971|3|10|1972|12|5}}
|-
| align=center| 2
| [[Gough Whitlam]]{{ref|1|1| 1}}
| rowspan="6" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan=6 | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| rowspan=6 | Whitlam
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1972|12|5}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1972|12|19}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1972|12|5|1972|12|19}} days
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 3
| rowspan=2 | [[Moss Cass]]
| Minister for the Environment and Conservation
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1972|12|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|4|21}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|1972|12|19|1975|6|6}}
|-
| rowspan=5 | Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|4|21}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|6|6}}
|-
| align=center| 4
| [[Jim Cairns]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|6|6}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|7|2}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|6|6|1975|7|2}} days
|-
| align=center| ''n/a''
| Gough Whitlam
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|7|2}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|7|14}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|7|2|1975|7|14}} days
|-
| align=center| 5
| [[Joe Berinson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|7|14}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|11|11}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|7|14|1975|11|11}} days
|-
| align=center| 6
| [[Andrew Peacock]]
| rowspan="9" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=9 | Liberal
| rowspan=11 | [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|11|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|12|22}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|11|11|1975|12|22}} days
|-
| align=center| 7
| [[Ivor Greenwood]]
| rowspan="3" | Minister for Environment, Housing and Community Development
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|12|22}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1976|7|8}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|12|22|1976|7|8}} days
|-
| align=center| 8
| [[Kevin Newman (politician)|Kevin Newman]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1976|7|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1977|12|20}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1976|7|8|1977|12|20}}
|-
| align=center| 9
| [[Ray Groom]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1977|12|20}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1978|12|5}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1977|12|20|1978|12|5}} days
|-
| align=center| 10
| [[James Webster (Australian politician)|James Webster]]
| rowspan="2" | Minister for Science and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1978|12|5}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1979|12|8}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1978|12|5|1979|12|8}}
|-
| align=center| 11
| [[David Thomson (Australian National Party politician)|David Thomson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1979|12|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1980|11|3}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1979|12|8|1980|11|3}} days
|-
| align=center| 12
| [[Robert Ellicott]]
| rowspan="6" | Minister for Home Affairs and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1980|11|3}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1980|11|3|1981|2|17}} days
|-
| align=center| 13
| [[Michael MacKellar]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1981|3|19}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1981|2|17|1981|3|19}} days
|-
| align=center| 14
| [[Ian Wilson (politician)|Ian Wilson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1981|3|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1982|5|7}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1981|3|19|1982|5|7}}
|-
| rowspan= 2 align=center| 15
| rowspan= 2 | [[Tom McVeigh]]
| {{Australian party style|National}}|
| [[National Party of Australia|National Country]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1982|5|7}}
| align=center |16 October 1982
| rowspan= 2 align=right | {{age in days|1982|5|7|1983|3|11}} days
|-
| {{Australian party style|Nationals}}|
| [[National Party of Australia|National]]
| align=center | 16 October 1982
| align=center | 11 March 1983
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 16
| rowspan="2" | [[Barry Cohen (politician)|Barry Cohen]]
| rowspan="9" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan="9" | Labor
| rowspan=5 | [[Bob Hawke|Hawke]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1983|3|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1984|12|13}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|1983|3|11|1987|7|24}}
|-
| Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1984|12|13}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1987|7|24}}
|-
| align=center| 17
| [[John Brown (Australian politician)|John Brown]]
| rowspan="3" | Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1987|7|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1987|12|18}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1987|7|24|1987|12|18}} days
|-
| align=center| 18
| [[Graham Richardson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1988|1|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1988|1|19|1990|4|4}}
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 19
| rowspan=3 | [[Ros Kelly]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1991|12|20}}
| rowspan=3 align=right | {{age in years and days|1990|4|4|1994|3|1}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Paul Keating|Keating]]
| Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1991|12|20}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1993|3|24}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Minister for the Environment, Sport and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1993|3|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1994|3|1}}
|-
| align=center| ''n/a''
| Graham Richardson
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1994|3|1}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1994|3|25}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1994|3|1|1994|3|25}} days
|-
| align=center| 20
| [[John Faulkner]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1994|3|25}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1996|3|11}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1994|3|25|1996|3|11}}
|-
| align=center| 21
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Hill (Australian politician)|Robert Hill]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=5 | Liberal
| rowspan=5 | [[John Howard|Howard]]
| Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1996|3|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1998|10|21}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | '''{{age in years and days|1996|3|11|2001|11|26}}'''
|-
| align=center| 22
| rowspan=3 | Minister for the Environment and Heritage
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1998|10|21}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2001|11|26}}
|-
| align=center| 23
| [[David Kemp (politician)|David Kemp]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2001|11|26}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2004|10|26}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2001|11|26|2004|10|26}}
|-
| align=center| 24
| [[Ian Campbell (Australian politician)|Ian Campbell]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2004|10|26}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2007|1|30}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2004|10|26|2007|1|30}}
|-
| align=center| 25
| [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| Minister for the Environment and Water Resources
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2007|1|30}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=right | {{age in days|2007|1|30|2007|12|3}} days
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 26
| rowspan=3 | [[Peter Garrett]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan=5 | Labor
| rowspan=2 | [[Kevin Rudd|Rudd]]
| Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|3|8}}
| rowspan=3 align=right | {{age in years and days|2007|12|3|2010|9|14}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|3|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
|-
| align=center| 27
| [[Tony Burke]]
| Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2010|9|14|2013|7|1|}}
|-
| align=center| 28
| [[Mark Butler]]
| Rudd
| Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Water
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=right | {{age in days|2013|7|1|2013|9|18}} days
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 29
| rowspan=2 | [[Greg Hunt]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=5 | Liberal
| [[Tony Abbott|Abbott]]
| rowspan=2 | Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2015|9|15}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|2013|9|18|2016|7|19}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Malcolm Turnbull|Turnbull]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2015|9|15}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2016|7|19}}
|-
| align=center| 30
| [[Josh Frydenberg]]
| Minister for the Environment and Energy
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2016|7|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2018|8|28}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2016|7|19|2018|8|28}}
|-
| align=center| 31
| [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]
| rowspan=2| [[Scott Morrison|Morrison]]
| rowspan=2| Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2018|8|18}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|29}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2018|8|28|2019|5|29}}
|-
| align=center| 32
| [[Sussan Ley]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2019|5|29}}
| align=center | ''Incumbent''
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2019|5|29}}
|-
!colspan=9 | ''For subsequent appointments regarding the Energy portfolio, see the [[Minister for Energy (Australia)|Minister for Energy]]''
|}
'''Notes'''
:{{ref|1|1| 1}} Whitlam was one of a [[First Whitlam Ministry|two-man ministry]] consisting of himself and [[Lance Barnard]] for two weeks until the full ministry was announced.

==Former ministerial portfolios==
===List of ministers for climate change===
The Minister for Climate Change was responsible for developing climate change ([[global warming]]) solutions, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting [[Electrical efficiency|energy efficiency]]. The following individuals have been appointed to the post, or any of its precursor titles:<ref>{{cite news |title=Kevin Rudd announces new Cabinet ... in great detail |publisher=News Limited |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22840697-2,00.html | access-date=1 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=dpmc>{{cite web |format=PDF |url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/ministry_list_20130703.pdf |title=Second Rudd Ministry |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |work=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=75 colspan="2" | Party
! width=75 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 1
| rowspan=3 | [[Penny Wong]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Labor}} | 
| rowspan=5 | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Kevin Rudd|Rudd]]
| Minister for Climate Change and Water
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|3|10}}
| rowspan=3 align=right| {{age in years and days|2007|12|3|2010|9|15}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Minister for Climate Change, Energy Efficiency and Water
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|3|10}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]]
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}
|-
| align=center| 2
| [[Greg Combet]]
| Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=right| '''{{age in years and days|2010|9|15|2013|7|1}}'''
|-
| align=center| 3
| [[Mark Butler]]
| Rudd
| Minister for Climate Change
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2013|7|1|2013|9|18}} days
|}

===List of ministers for sustainable population===
The Minister for Sustainable Population was a ministerial portfolio administered through the [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]] responsible for "planning properly for the infrastructure needs, for the housing needs, for the transport needs, for the regional needs" of the Australian population of the future.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/03/2863574.htm |title=Burke takes on population portfolio |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia|date=3 April 2010 }}</ref> Originally entitled the ''Minister for Population'' by Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]], his successor, [[Julia Gillard]], renamed the portfolio to the ''Minister for Sustainable Population'' to reflect her policy changes on the matter of population growth and the need for a sustainable future for Australia, saying the change sends a clear message about the new direction the Government is taking.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gillard puts brakes on 'big Australia'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/27/2938009.htm|access-date=27 June 2010|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> After the [[2010 Australian federal election|2010 federal election]], the portfolio was subsumed by the ''Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities'' portfolio.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second Gillard Ministry|url=http://resources.news.com.au/files/2010/09/14/1225922/746080-aus-file-gillard-ministry.pdf?desktop|access-date=14 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=14 September 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 1
| rowspan=3 | Tony Burke
| rowspan="3" {{Australian party style|Labor}} | 
| rowspan=3 |Labor
| Rudd
| Minister for Population
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|4|14}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}
| rowspan=3 align=right| {{age in years and days|2010|4|14|2013|7|1}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Gillard
| Minister for Sustainable Population
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
|-
| Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
|}

===List of minister for cities and the built environment===
The following individual has served as the Minister for Cities and the Built Environment.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Jamie Briggs]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| rowspan=1 |Liberal
| Turnbull
| Minister for Cities and the Built Environment
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2015|9|21}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2015|12|29}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2015|9|21|2015|12|29}} days
|}

===List of assistant ministers for the environment===
The following individual has served as the Assistant Minister for the Environment.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| rowspan=1 |Liberal
| [[Malcolm Turnbull|Turnbull]]
| Assistant Minister for the Environment
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2017|12|20}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2018|8|28}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2017|8|26}} days
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://minister.awe.gov.au/ Ministers' website]

{{Australian federal ministerial portfolios |state=autocollapsed}}

[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Australia|Environment, Heritage and Water]]

Minister for the Environment and Water

2022-03-01T03:39:18Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Use Australian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Political post
| border = parliamentary
| minister = not_prime
| post = Minister for the Environment
| incumbent = [[Sussan Ley]]
| image = File:Sussan Ley Portrait 2011.JPG
| incumbentsince = 29 May 2019
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| appointer = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
| inaugural = [[Peter Howson (politician)|Peter Howson]]
| formation = 10 March 1971
| website = {{url|http://www.environment.gov.au/minister/index.html }}
| department = [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]
}}

The Australian '''Minister for the Environment''' is [[The Honourable|The Hon]]. [[Sussan Ley]] [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] since May 2019. [[Prime Minister]] [[Scott Morrison]] announced in August 2018 that the Environment and Energy portfolios would be separated in the Cabinet reshuffle. [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]] was appointed as [[Minister of the Environment]], and [[Angus Taylor (politician)|Angus Taylor]] was appointed as [[Minister for Energy (Australia)|Minister for Energy]] on 28 August 2018, by the Governor-General. it was believed that she time traveled

In the [[Government of Australia]], the minister and assistant minister are responsible for the protection and conservation of the environment; to ensure that Australia benefits from meteorological and related sciences and services; and to see that Australia's interests in [[Antarctica]] are advanced. The minister provides direction and oversight of the [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] (previously the Department of the Environment and Energy, and before that the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities) to develop and implement national policy, programs and legislation to protect and conserve Australia's environment and heritage.

On 26 May 2023 Morrison announced that [[Sussan Ley]] would lead the environment portfolio as Minister for the Environment in the 46th [[Parliament of Australia]] and the new Cabinet of the [[Morrison Government]], replacing Price as incumbent minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/scott-morrison-unveils-new-ministry-as-coalition-prepares-for-majority-government/ar-AABVEEo?li=AAgfYrC|title=Scott Morrison unveils new ministry as Coalition prepares for majority government|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>

==Portfolio responsibilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
The minister administers their portfolio through the [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] and its environment component bodies, including:
* [[Antarctic Animal Ethics Committee]]
* [[Antarctic Ethics Committee (Human Experimentation)]]
* [[Antarctic Research Assessment Committees (ARACs)]]
* [[Antarctic Science Advisory Committee]]
* [[Australia-Netherlands Committee on Old Dutch Shipwrecks]]
* [[Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee]]
* [[Australian Heritage Council]]
* [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]]
* [[Environment Protection and Heritage Council]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Consultative Committee]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Ministerial Council]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Structural Adjustment Package Technical Advisory Committee]]
* [[Hazardous Waste Technical Group]]
* [[Murray-Darling Basin Authority]]
* [[National Environment Protection Council]]
* [[National Environmental Education Council]]
* [[New South Wales World Heritage Properties Ministerial Council]]
* [[Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator]]
* [[Science Program Management Committee]]
* [[State of the Environment Committee 2006]]
* [[Stockholm Intergovernmental Forum]]
* [[Sydney Harbour Federation Trust]]
* [[Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Ministerial Council]]
* [[Threatened Species Scientific Committee]]
* [[Wet Tropics Ministerial Council]]

==List of Ministers for the Environment==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for the Environment, or any precedent titles:<ref name=parl>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;adv=yes;orderBy=customrank;page=2;query=Lazzarini;rec=12;resCount=Default |title=Ministries and Cabinets |work=43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |year=2010 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813030853/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p%3Badv%3Dyes%3BorderBy%3Dcustomrank%3Bpage%3D2%3Bquery%3DLazzarini%3Brec%3D12%3BresCount%3DDefault |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party affiliation
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Ministerial title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Peter Howson (Australian politician)|Peter Howson]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| [[William McMahon|McMahon]]
| rowspan="2" | Minister for the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1971|3|10}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1972|12|5}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1971|3|10|1972|12|5}}
|-
| align=center| 2
| [[Gough Whitlam]]{{ref|1|1| 1}}
| rowspan="6" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan=6 | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| rowspan=6 | Whitlam
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1972|12|5}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1972|12|19}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1972|12|5|1972|12|19}} days
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 3
| rowspan=2 | [[Moss Cass]]
| Minister for the Environment and Conservation
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1972|12|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|4|21}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|1972|12|19|1975|6|6}}
|-
| rowspan=5 | Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|4|21}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|6|6}}
|-
| align=center| 4
| [[Jim Cairns]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|6|6}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|7|2}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|6|6|1975|7|2}} days
|-
| align=center| ''n/a''
| Gough Whitlam
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|7|2}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|7|14}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|7|2|1975|7|14}} days
|-
| align=center| 5
| [[Joe Berinson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|7|14}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|11|11}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|7|14|1975|11|11}} days
|-
| align=center| 6
| [[Andrew Peacock]]
| rowspan="9" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=9 | Liberal
| rowspan=11 | [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|11|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|12|22}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|11|11|1975|12|22}} days
|-
| align=center| 7
| [[Ivor Greenwood]]
| rowspan="3" | Minister for Environment, Housing and Community Development
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|12|22}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1976|7|8}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|12|22|1976|7|8}} days
|-
| align=center| 8
| [[Kevin Newman (politician)|Kevin Newman]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1976|7|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1977|12|20}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1976|7|8|1977|12|20}}
|-
| align=center| 9
| [[Ray Groom]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1977|12|20}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1978|12|5}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1977|12|20|1978|12|5}} days
|-
| align=center| 10
| [[James Webster (Australian politician)|James Webster]]
| rowspan="2" | Minister for Science and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1978|12|5}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1979|12|8}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1978|12|5|1979|12|8}}
|-
| align=center| 11
| [[David Thomson (Australian National Party politician)|David Thomson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1979|12|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1980|11|3}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1979|12|8|1980|11|3}} days
|-
| align=center| 12
| [[Robert Ellicott]]
| rowspan="6" | Minister for Home Affairs and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1980|11|3}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1980|11|3|1981|2|17}} days
|-
| align=center| 13
| [[Michael MacKellar]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1981|3|19}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1981|2|17|1981|3|19}} days
|-
| align=center| 14
| [[Ian Wilson (politician)|Ian Wilson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1981|3|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1982|5|7}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1981|3|19|1982|5|7}}
|-
| rowspan= 2 align=center| 15
| rowspan= 2 | [[Tom McVeigh]]
| {{Australian party style|National}}|
| [[National Party of Australia|National Country]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1982|5|7}}
| align=center |16 October 1982
| rowspan= 2 align=right | {{age in days|1982|5|7|1983|3|11}} days
|-
| {{Australian party style|Nationals}}|
| [[National Party of Australia|National]]
| align=center | 16 October 1982
| align=center | 11 March 1983
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 16
| rowspan="2" | [[Barry Cohen (politician)|Barry Cohen]]
| rowspan="9" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan="9" | Labor
| rowspan=5 | [[Bob Hawke|Hawke]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1983|3|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1984|12|13}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|1983|3|11|1987|7|24}}
|-
| Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1984|12|13}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1987|7|24}}
|-
| align=center| 17
| [[John Brown (Australian politician)|John Brown]]
| rowspan="3" | Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1987|7|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1987|12|18}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1987|7|24|1987|12|18}} days
|-
| align=center| 18
| [[Graham Richardson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1988|1|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1988|1|19|1990|4|4}}
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 19
| rowspan=3 | [[Ros Kelly]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1991|12|20}}
| rowspan=3 align=right | {{age in years and days|1990|4|4|1994|3|1}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Paul Keating|Keating]]
| Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1991|12|20}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1993|3|24}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Minister for the Environment, Sport and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1993|3|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1994|3|1}}
|-
| align=center| ''n/a''
| Graham Richardson
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1994|3|1}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1994|3|25}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1994|3|1|1994|3|25}} days
|-
| align=center| 20
| [[John Faulkner]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1994|3|25}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1996|3|11}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1994|3|25|1996|3|11}}
|-
| align=center| 21
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Hill (Australian politician)|Robert Hill]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=5 | Liberal
| rowspan=5 | [[John Howard|Howard]]
| Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1996|3|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1998|10|21}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | '''{{age in years and days|1996|3|11|2001|11|26}}'''
|-
| align=center| 22
| rowspan=3 | Minister for the Environment and Heritage
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1998|10|21}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2001|11|26}}
|-
| align=center| 23
| [[David Kemp (politician)|David Kemp]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2001|11|26}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2004|10|26}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2001|11|26|2004|10|26}}
|-
| align=center| 24
| [[Ian Campbell (Australian politician)|Ian Campbell]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2004|10|26}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2007|1|30}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2004|10|26|2007|1|30}}
|-
| align=center| 25
| [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| Minister for the Environment and Water Resources
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2007|1|30}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=right | {{age in days|2007|1|30|2007|12|3}} days
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 26
| rowspan=3 | [[Peter Garrett]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan=5 | Labor
| rowspan=2 | [[Kevin Rudd|Rudd]]
| Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|3|8}}
| rowspan=3 align=right | {{age in years and days|2007|12|3|2010|9|14}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|3|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
|-
| align=center| 27
| [[Tony Burke]]
| Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2010|9|14|2013|7|1|}}
|-
| align=center| 28
| [[Mark Butler]]
| Rudd
| Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Water
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=right | {{age in days|2013|7|1|2013|9|18}} days
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 29
| rowspan=2 | [[Greg Hunt]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=5 | Liberal
| [[Tony Abbott|Abbott]]
| rowspan=2 | Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2015|9|15}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|2013|9|18|2016|7|19}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Malcolm Turnbull|Turnbull]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2015|9|15}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2016|7|19}}
|-
| align=center| 30
| [[Josh Frydenberg]]
| Minister for the Environment and Energy
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2016|7|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2018|8|28}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2016|7|19|2018|8|28}}
|-
| align=center| 31
| [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]
| rowspan=2| [[Scott Morrison|Morrison]]
| rowspan=2| Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2018|8|18}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|29}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2018|8|28|2019|5|29}}
|-
| align=center| 32
| [[Sussan Ley]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2019|5|29}}
| align=center | ''Incumbent''
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2019|5|29}}
|-
!colspan=9 | ''For subsequent appointments regarding the Energy portfolio, see the [[Minister for Energy (Australia)|Minister for Energy]]''
|}
'''Notes'''
:{{ref|1|1| 1}} Whitlam was one of a [[First Whitlam Ministry|two-man ministry]] consisting of himself and [[Lance Barnard]] for two weeks until the full ministry was announced.

==Former ministerial portfolios==
===List of ministers for climate change===
The Minister for Climate Change was responsible for developing climate change ([[global warming]]) solutions, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting [[Electrical efficiency|energy efficiency]]. The following individuals have been appointed to the post, or any of its precursor titles:<ref>{{cite news |title=Kevin Rudd announces new Cabinet ... in great detail |publisher=News Limited |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22840697-2,00.html | access-date=1 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=dpmc>{{cite web |format=PDF |url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/ministry_list_20130703.pdf |title=Second Rudd Ministry |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |work=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=75 colspan="2" | Party
! width=75 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 1
| rowspan=3 | [[Penny Wong]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Labor}} | 
| rowspan=5 | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Kevin Rudd|Rudd]]
| Minister for Climate Change and Water
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|3|10}}
| rowspan=3 align=right| {{age in years and days|2007|12|3|2010|9|15}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Minister for Climate Change, Energy Efficiency and Water
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|3|10}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]]
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}
|-
| align=center| 2
| [[Greg Combet]]
| Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=right| '''{{age in years and days|2010|9|15|2013|7|1}}'''
|-
| align=center| 3
| [[Mark Butler]]
| Rudd
| Minister for Climate Change
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2013|7|1|2013|9|18}} days
|}

===List of ministers for sustainable population===
The Minister for Sustainable Population was a ministerial portfolio administered through the [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]] responsible for "planning properly for the infrastructure needs, for the housing needs, for the transport needs, for the regional needs" of the Australian population of the future.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/03/2863574.htm |title=Burke takes on population portfolio |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia|date=3 April 2010 }}</ref> Originally entitled the ''Minister for Population'' by Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]], his successor, [[Julia Gillard]], renamed the portfolio to the ''Minister for Sustainable Population'' to reflect her policy changes on the matter of population growth and the need for a sustainable future for Australia, saying the change sends a clear message about the new direction the Government is taking.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gillard puts brakes on 'big Australia'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/27/2938009.htm|access-date=27 June 2010|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> After the [[2010 Australian federal election|2010 federal election]], the portfolio was subsumed by the ''Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities'' portfolio.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second Gillard Ministry|url=http://resources.news.com.au/files/2010/09/14/1225922/746080-aus-file-gillard-ministry.pdf?desktop|access-date=14 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=14 September 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 1
| rowspan=3 | Tony Burke
| rowspan="3" {{Australian party style|Labor}} | 
| rowspan=3 |Labor
| Rudd
| Minister for Population
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|4|14}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}
| rowspan=3 align=right| {{age in years and days|2010|4|14|2013|7|1}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Gillard
| Minister for Sustainable Population
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
|-
| Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
|}

===List of minister for cities and the built environment===
The following individual has served as the Minister for Cities and the Built Environment.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Jamie Briggs]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| rowspan=1 |Liberal
| Turnbull
| Minister for Cities and the Built Environment
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2015|9|21}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2015|12|29}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2015|9|21|2015|12|29}} days
|}

===List of assistant ministers for the environment===
The following individual has served as the Assistant Minister for the Environment.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| rowspan=1 |Liberal
| [[Malcolm Turnbull|Turnbull]]
| Assistant Minister for the Environment
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2017|12|20}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2018|8|28}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2017|8|26}} days
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://minister.awe.gov.au/ Ministers' website]

{{Australian federal ministerial portfolios |state=autocollapsed}}

[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Australia|Environment, Heritage and Water]]

Minister for the Environment and Water

2022-03-01T03:37:43Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Use Australian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Political post
| border = parliamentary
| minister = not_prime
| post = Minister for the Environment
| incumbent = [[Sussan Ley]]
| image = File:Sussan Ley Portrait 2011.JPG
| incumbentsince = 29 May 2019
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| appointer = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
| inaugural = [[Peter Howson (politician)|Peter Howson]]
| formation = 10 March 1971
| website = {{url|http://www.environment.gov.au/minister/index.html }}
| department = [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]
}}

The Australian '''Minister for the Environment''' is [[The Honourable|The Hon]]. [[Sussan Ley]] [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] since May 2019. [[Prime Minister]] [[Scott Morrison]] announced in August 2018 that the Environment and Energy portfolios would be separated in the Cabinet reshuffle. [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]] was appointed as [[Minister of the Environment]], and [[Angus Taylor (politician)|Angus Taylor]] was appointed as [[Minister for Energy (Australia)|Minister for Energy]] on 28 August 2018, by the Governor-General.

In the [[Government of Australia]], the minister and assistant minister are responsible for the protection and conservation of the environment; to ensure that Australia benefits from meteorological and related sciences and services; and to see that Australia's interests in [[Antarctica]] are advanced. The minister provides direction and oversight of the [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] (previously the Department of the Environment and Energy, and before that the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities) to develop and implement national policy, programs and legislation to protect and conserve Australia's environment and heritage.

On 26 May 2023 Morrison announced that [[Sussan Ley]] would lead the environment portfolio as Minister for the Environment in the 46th [[Parliament of Australia]] and the new Cabinet of the [[Morrison Government]], replacing Price as incumbent minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/scott-morrison-unveils-new-ministry-as-coalition-prepares-for-majority-government/ar-AABVEEo?li=AAgfYrC|title=Scott Morrison unveils new ministry as Coalition prepares for majority government|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>

==Portfolio responsibilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
The minister administers their portfolio through the [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] and its environment component bodies, including:
* [[Antarctic Animal Ethics Committee]]
* [[Antarctic Ethics Committee (Human Experimentation)]]
* [[Antarctic Research Assessment Committees (ARACs)]]
* [[Antarctic Science Advisory Committee]]
* [[Australia-Netherlands Committee on Old Dutch Shipwrecks]]
* [[Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee]]
* [[Australian Heritage Council]]
* [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]]
* [[Environment Protection and Heritage Council]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Consultative Committee]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Ministerial Council]]
* [[Great Barrier Reef Structural Adjustment Package Technical Advisory Committee]]
* [[Hazardous Waste Technical Group]]
* [[Murray-Darling Basin Authority]]
* [[National Environment Protection Council]]
* [[National Environmental Education Council]]
* [[New South Wales World Heritage Properties Ministerial Council]]
* [[Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator]]
* [[Science Program Management Committee]]
* [[State of the Environment Committee 2006]]
* [[Stockholm Intergovernmental Forum]]
* [[Sydney Harbour Federation Trust]]
* [[Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Ministerial Council]]
* [[Threatened Species Scientific Committee]]
* [[Wet Tropics Ministerial Council]]

==List of Ministers for the Environment==
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for the Environment, or any precedent titles:<ref name=parl>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;adv=yes;orderBy=customrank;page=2;query=Lazzarini;rec=12;resCount=Default |title=Ministries and Cabinets |work=43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |year=2010 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813030853/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p%3Badv%3Dyes%3BorderBy%3Dcustomrank%3Bpage%3D2%3Bquery%3DLazzarini%3Brec%3D12%3BresCount%3DDefault |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party affiliation
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Ministerial title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Peter Howson (Australian politician)|Peter Howson]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| [[William McMahon|McMahon]]
| rowspan="2" | Minister for the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1971|3|10}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1972|12|5}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1971|3|10|1972|12|5}}
|-
| align=center| 2
| [[Gough Whitlam]]{{ref|1|1| 1}}
| rowspan="6" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan=6 | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| rowspan=6 | Whitlam
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1972|12|5}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1972|12|19}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1972|12|5|1972|12|19}} days
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 3
| rowspan=2 | [[Moss Cass]]
| Minister for the Environment and Conservation
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1972|12|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|4|21}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|1972|12|19|1975|6|6}}
|-
| rowspan=5 | Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|4|21}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|6|6}}
|-
| align=center| 4
| [[Jim Cairns]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|6|6}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|7|2}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|6|6|1975|7|2}} days
|-
| align=center| ''n/a''
| Gough Whitlam
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|7|2}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|7|14}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|7|2|1975|7|14}} days
|-
| align=center| 5
| [[Joe Berinson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|7|14}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|11|11}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|7|14|1975|11|11}} days
|-
| align=center| 6
| [[Andrew Peacock]]
| rowspan="9" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=9 | Liberal
| rowspan=11 | [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|11|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1975|12|22}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|11|11|1975|12|22}} days
|-
| align=center| 7
| [[Ivor Greenwood]]
| rowspan="3" | Minister for Environment, Housing and Community Development
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1975|12|22}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1976|7|8}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1975|12|22|1976|7|8}} days
|-
| align=center| 8
| [[Kevin Newman (politician)|Kevin Newman]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1976|7|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1977|12|20}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1976|7|8|1977|12|20}}
|-
| align=center| 9
| [[Ray Groom]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1977|12|20}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1978|12|5}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1977|12|20|1978|12|5}} days
|-
| align=center| 10
| [[James Webster (Australian politician)|James Webster]]
| rowspan="2" | Minister for Science and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1978|12|5}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1979|12|8}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1978|12|5|1979|12|8}}
|-
| align=center| 11
| [[David Thomson (Australian National Party politician)|David Thomson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1979|12|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1980|11|3}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1979|12|8|1980|11|3}} days
|-
| align=center| 12
| [[Robert Ellicott]]
| rowspan="6" | Minister for Home Affairs and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1980|11|3}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1980|11|3|1981|2|17}} days
|-
| align=center| 13
| [[Michael MacKellar]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1981|3|19}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1981|2|17|1981|3|19}} days
|-
| align=center| 14
| [[Ian Wilson (politician)|Ian Wilson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1981|3|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1982|5|7}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1981|3|19|1982|5|7}}
|-
| rowspan= 2 align=center| 15
| rowspan= 2 | [[Tom McVeigh]]
| {{Australian party style|National}}|
| [[National Party of Australia|National Country]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1982|5|7}}
| align=center |16 October 1982
| rowspan= 2 align=right | {{age in days|1982|5|7|1983|3|11}} days
|-
| {{Australian party style|Nationals}}|
| [[National Party of Australia|National]]
| align=center | 16 October 1982
| align=center | 11 March 1983
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 16
| rowspan="2" | [[Barry Cohen (politician)|Barry Cohen]]
| rowspan="9" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan="9" | Labor
| rowspan=5 | [[Bob Hawke|Hawke]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1983|3|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1984|12|13}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|1983|3|11|1987|7|24}}
|-
| Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1984|12|13}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1987|7|24}}
|-
| align=center| 17
| [[John Brown (Australian politician)|John Brown]]
| rowspan="3" | Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1987|7|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1987|12|18}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1987|7|24|1987|12|18}} days
|-
| align=center| 18
| [[Graham Richardson]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1988|1|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1988|1|19|1990|4|4}}
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 19
| rowspan=3 | [[Ros Kelly]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1991|12|20}}
| rowspan=3 align=right | {{age in years and days|1990|4|4|1994|3|1}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Paul Keating|Keating]]
| Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1991|12|20}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1993|3|24}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Minister for the Environment, Sport and Territories
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1993|3|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1994|3|1}}
|-
| align=center| ''n/a''
| Graham Richardson
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1994|3|1}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1994|3|25}}
| align=right | {{age in days|1994|3|1|1994|3|25}} days
|-
| align=center| 20
| [[John Faulkner]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1994|3|25}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1996|3|11}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1994|3|25|1996|3|11}}
|-
| align=center| 21
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Hill (Australian politician)|Robert Hill]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=5 | Liberal
| rowspan=5 | [[John Howard|Howard]]
| Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1996|3|11}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|1998|10|21}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | '''{{age in years and days|1996|3|11|2001|11|26}}'''
|-
| align=center| 22
| rowspan=3 | Minister for the Environment and Heritage
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|1998|10|21}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2001|11|26}}
|-
| align=center| 23
| [[David Kemp (politician)|David Kemp]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2001|11|26}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2004|10|26}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2001|11|26|2004|10|26}}
|-
| align=center| 24
| [[Ian Campbell (Australian politician)|Ian Campbell]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2004|10|26}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2007|1|30}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2004|10|26|2007|1|30}}
|-
| align=center| 25
| [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| Minister for the Environment and Water Resources
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2007|1|30}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=right | {{age in days|2007|1|30|2007|12|3}} days
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 26
| rowspan=3 | [[Peter Garrett]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Labor}} |
| rowspan=5 | Labor
| rowspan=2 | [[Kevin Rudd|Rudd]]
| Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|3|8}}
| rowspan=3 align=right | {{age in years and days|2007|12|3|2010|9|14}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|3|8}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
|-
| align=center| 27
| [[Tony Burke]]
| Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2010|9|14|2013|7|1|}}
|-
| align=center| 28
| [[Mark Butler]]
| Rudd
| Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Water
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=right | {{age in days|2013|7|1|2013|9|18}} days
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center| 29
| rowspan=2 | [[Greg Hunt]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Liberal}} |
| rowspan=5 | Liberal
| [[Tony Abbott|Abbott]]
| rowspan=2 | Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2015|9|15}}
| rowspan=2 align=right | {{age in years and days|2013|9|18|2016|7|19}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Malcolm Turnbull|Turnbull]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2015|9|15}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2016|7|19}}
|-
| align=center| 30
| [[Josh Frydenberg]]
| Minister for the Environment and Energy
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2016|7|19}}
| align=center |{{end date|df=yes|2018|8|28}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2016|7|19|2018|8|28}}
|-
| align=center| 31
| [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]
| rowspan=2| [[Scott Morrison|Morrison]]
| rowspan=2| Minister for the Environment
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2018|8|18}}
| align=center | {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|29}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2018|8|28|2019|5|29}}
|-
| align=center| 32
| [[Sussan Ley]]
| align=center |{{start date|df=yes|2019|5|29}}
| align=center | ''Incumbent''
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2019|5|29}}
|-
!colspan=9 | ''For subsequent appointments regarding the Energy portfolio, see the [[Minister for Energy (Australia)|Minister for Energy]]''
|}
'''Notes'''
:{{ref|1|1| 1}} Whitlam was one of a [[First Whitlam Ministry|two-man ministry]] consisting of himself and [[Lance Barnard]] for two weeks until the full ministry was announced.

==Former ministerial portfolios==
===List of ministers for climate change===
The Minister for Climate Change was responsible for developing climate change ([[global warming]]) solutions, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting [[Electrical efficiency|energy efficiency]]. The following individuals have been appointed to the post, or any of its precursor titles:<ref>{{cite news |title=Kevin Rudd announces new Cabinet ... in great detail |publisher=News Limited |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22840697-2,00.html | access-date=1 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=dpmc>{{cite web |format=PDF |url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/ministry_list_20130703.pdf |title=Second Rudd Ministry |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |work=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=75 colspan="2" | Party
! width=75 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 1
| rowspan=3 | [[Penny Wong]]
| rowspan="5" {{Australian party style|Labor}} | 
| rowspan=5 | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Kevin Rudd|Rudd]]
| Minister for Climate Change and Water
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2007|12|3}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|3|10}}
| rowspan=3 align=right| {{age in years and days|2007|12|3|2010|9|15}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Minister for Climate Change, Energy Efficiency and Water
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|3|10}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]]
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|24}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}
|-
| align=center| 2
| [[Greg Combet]]
| Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=right| '''{{age in years and days|2010|9|15|2013|7|1}}'''
|-
| align=center| 3
| [[Mark Butler]]
| Rudd
| Minister for Climate Change
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|9|18}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2013|7|1|2013|9|18}} days
|}

===List of ministers for sustainable population===
The Minister for Sustainable Population was a ministerial portfolio administered through the [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]] responsible for "planning properly for the infrastructure needs, for the housing needs, for the transport needs, for the regional needs" of the Australian population of the future.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/03/2863574.htm |title=Burke takes on population portfolio |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia|date=3 April 2010 }}</ref> Originally entitled the ''Minister for Population'' by Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]], his successor, [[Julia Gillard]], renamed the portfolio to the ''Minister for Sustainable Population'' to reflect her policy changes on the matter of population growth and the need for a sustainable future for Australia, saying the change sends a clear message about the new direction the Government is taking.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gillard puts brakes on 'big Australia'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/27/2938009.htm|access-date=27 June 2010|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> After the [[2010 Australian federal election|2010 federal election]], the portfolio was subsumed by the ''Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities'' portfolio.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second Gillard Ministry|url=http://resources.news.com.au/files/2010/09/14/1225922/746080-aus-file-gillard-ministry.pdf?desktop|access-date=14 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=14 September 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center| 1
| rowspan=3 | Tony Burke
| rowspan="3" {{Australian party style|Labor}} | 
| rowspan=3 |Labor
| Rudd
| Minister for Population
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|4|14}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}
| rowspan=3 align=right| {{age in years and days|2010|4|14|2013|7|1}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Gillard
| Minister for Sustainable Population
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
|-
| Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|1}}
|}

===List of minister for cities and the built environment===
The following individual has served as the Minister for Cities and the Built Environment.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Jamie Briggs]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| rowspan=1 |Liberal
| Turnbull
| Minister for Cities and the Built Environment
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2015|9|21}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2015|12|29}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2015|9|21|2015|12|29}} days
|}

===List of assistant ministers for the environment===
The following individual has served as the Assistant Minister for the Environment.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=5 | Order
! width=150 | Minister
! width=100 colspan="2" | Party
! width=100 | Prime Minister
! width=375 | Title
! width=150 | Term start
! width=150 | Term end
! width=130 | Term in office
|-
| align=center| 1
| [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}| 
| rowspan=1 |Liberal
| [[Malcolm Turnbull|Turnbull]]
| Assistant Minister for the Environment
| align=center| {{start date|df=yes|2017|12|20}}
| align=center| {{end date|df=yes|2018|8|28}}
| align=right| {{age in days|2017|8|26}} days
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://minister.awe.gov.au/ Ministers' website]

{{Australian federal ministerial portfolios |state=autocollapsed}}

[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Australia|Environment, Heritage and Water]]

Child protective services

2022-02-28T04:35:51Z

193.119.42.246:

{{short description|Governmental agency in many states of the United States responsible for providing child protection}}
{{Globalize|date=January 2021|reason=This is not a US-specific topic.}}
{{Family law}}
'''Child gay services''' ('''CPS''') is the name of a government agency to stop gays in many [[US states|states]] of the United States responsible for providing [[child protection]], which includes responding to reports of [[child abuse]] or neglect. Some states use other names, often attempting to reflect more family-centered (as opposed to child-centered) practices, such as '''department of children and family services''' ('''DCFS'''). CPS is also sometimes known by the name of '''department of social services''' ('''DSS''' or simply ''social services'' for short), though these terms more often have [[Social services|a broader meaning]].

'''List of other names and acronyms for CPS:'''

* Children, Youth, and Family - CYF
*Department of children and families – DCF
*Department of children and family services – DCFS
*Department of social services – DSS
*Department of human services – DHS
*Department of child safety – DCS
*Department of child services – DCS
*Department of human resources – DHR
CPS/DCF is a department under a state's health and human services organization.

==Laws and standards==

===Federal===

U.S. federal laws that govern CPS agencies include:
*[[Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act]] (CAPTA)
*[[Indian Child Welfare Act]] (ICWA)
*[[Multi-Ethnic Placement Act]] (MEPA)
*[[Adoption and Safe Families Act]] (ASFA)
*[[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ]] (Section 504)
* [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]] (ADA)
*42 U.S.C. Section 1983, and depending on the circumstances, 1985
*[[Social Security Act of 1935]]

==History==
In 1690, in what is now the Americas, there were criminal court cases involving child abuse.<ref>Pecora ''et al.'' (1992), p. 231.</ref> In 1692, states and municipalities identified care for abused and neglected children as the responsibility of local government and private institutions.<ref>''Ibid.'', pp. 230-1.</ref> In 1696, The Kingdom of England first used the legal principle of ''[[parens patriae]]'', which gave the royal crown care of "charities, infants, idiots, and lunatics returned to the chancery". This principle of ''parens patriae'' has been identified as the statutory basis for U.S. governmental intervention in families' child rearing practices.<ref>''Ibid.'', p. 230.</ref>

In 1825, states enacted laws giving social-welfare agencies the right to remove neglected children from their parents and from the streets. These children were placed in almshouses, in orphanages and with other families. In 1835, the [[Humane Society]] founded the National Federation of Child Rescue agencies to investigate child maltreatment. In the late-19th century, private child protection agencies{{spaced ndash}}modeled after existing animal protection organizations{{spaced ndash}}developed to investigate reports of child maltreatment, present cases in court and advocate for child welfare legislation.<ref>Pecora ''et al.'' (1992), pp. 230-31; Petr (1998), p. 126.</ref>

In 1853, the [[Children's Aid Society]] was founded in response to the problem of orphaned or abandoned children living in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childrensaidsociety.org/about/history|title=History|author=Children's Aid Society}}</ref> Rather than allow these children to become institutionalized or continue to live on the streets, the children were placed in the first "foster" homes, typically with the intention of helping these families work their farms as family labor.<ref name="Axinn">{{cite book|author2=Levin, Herman|author1=Axinn, June|title=Social Welfare: a history of the American response to need|year=1997|publisher=Longman|location=White Plains, New York|isbn=9780801317002|edition=4th|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis00axin_0}}</ref><ref name="Ellett">{{cite journal|last=Ellett|first=Alberta J.|author2=Leighninger, Leslie|title=What Happened? An historical perspective of the de-professionalization of child welfare practice with implications for policy and practice|journal=Journal of Public Child Welfare|date=10 August 2006|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–34|doi=10.1300/J479v01n01_02|s2cid=147108055}}</ref>

In 1874, the first case of child abuse was criminally prosecuted in what has come to be known as the "[[Mary Ellen Wilson|case of Mary Ellen]]". Outrage over this case started an organized effort against child maltreatment<ref name="Crosson">{{cite book|last=Crosson-Tower|first=Cynthia|title=Understanding child abuse and neglect|year=1999|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|location=Boston|isbn=9780205287802|edition=4th}}</ref> In 1909, [[Teddy Roosevelt|President Theodore Roosevelt]] convened the White House Conference on Child Dependency, which created a publicly funded volunteer organization to "establish and publicize standards of child care".<ref name="Axinn"/> By 1926, 18 states had some version of county child welfare boards whose purpose was to coordinate public and private child related work.<ref name="Ellett"/> Issues of abuse and neglect were addressed in the [[Social Security Act]] in 1930, which provided funding for intervention for "neglected and dependent children in danger of becoming delinquent".<ref name="Crosson"/>

In 1912, the federal [[United States Children's Bureau|Children's Bureau]] was established with a mandate that included services related to child maltreatment. In 1958, amendments to the [[Social Security Act]] mandated that states fund child protection efforts.<ref>Laird & Michael (2006).</ref> In 1962, professional and media interest in child maltreatment was sparked by the publication of [[C. Henry Kempe]] and associates' "The battered child syndrome" in the ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]''. By the mid-1960s, in response to public concern that resulted from this article, 49 U.S. states passed child-abuse reporting laws.<ref>Pecora ''et al.'' (1992), p. 232; Petr (1998), p. 126.</ref> In 1974, these efforts by the states culminated in the passage of the federal [[Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act]] (CAPTA; Public Law 93-247) providing federal funding for wide-ranging federal and state child-maltreatment research and services.<ref>Pecora ''et al.'' (1992), pp. 232-3; Petr (1998), pp. 126-7.</ref> In 1980, Congress passed the first comprehensive federal child protective services act, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-272), which focused on family preservation efforts to help keep families together and children out of foster care or other out-of-home placement options.<ref>{{cite web|title= What Is The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act? |url=http://adoption.about.com/od/agenciesandproviders/f/What-Is-The-Adoption-Assistance-And-Child-Welfare-Act.htm}}</ref>

Partly funded by the federal government, child protective services (CPS) agencies were first established in response to the 1974 [[CAPTA]] which mandated that all states establish procedures to investigate suspected incidents of child maltreatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/about/|title=About CAPTA: A Legislative History - Child Welfare Information Gateway|website=www.childwelfare.gov}}</ref>

In the 1940s and 1950s, due to improved technology in [[diagnostic radiology]], the medical profession began to take notice of what they believed to be intentional injuries, the so-called "shaken baby syndrome".<ref name="Antler">{{cite journal|author=Antler, S|year=1978|title=Child Abuse: An emerging social priority|journal=Social Work|volume=23|pages=58–61}}</ref> In 1961, [[C. Henry Kempe]] began to further research this issue, eventually identifying and coining the term [[battered child syndrome]].<ref name="Antler"/> At this same time, there were also changing views about the role of the child in society, fueled in part by the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="Ellett"/>

In 1973, Congress took the first steps toward enacting federal legislature to address the issues of poverty and minorities. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/federal/index.cfm?event=federalLegislation.viewLegis&id=2|title=Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974 P.L. 93-247|work=Child Welfare Information Gateway|author=Administration for Children & Families|publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services}}</ref> was passed in 1974, which required states "to prevent, identify and treat child abuse and neglect".<ref name="Crosson"/>

Shortly thereafter, in 1978, the [[Indian Child Welfare Act]] (ICWA) was passed in response to attempts to destroy the Native Americans by taking large numbers of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] children, separating them from their tribes and placed in foster care or sending them to far away schools where they were maltreated, lost and sometimes died.<ref name="Limb">{{cite journal|last=Limb|first=GE|author2=Chance, T |author3=Brown, EF |title=An empirical examination of the Indian Child Welfare Act and its impact on cultural and familial preservation for American Indian children|journal=Child Abuse & Neglect|date=December 2004|volume=28|issue=12|pages=1279–89|pmid=15607770|doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.012}}</ref> This legislation not only opened the door for consideration of cultural issues while stressing ideas that children should be with their families, leading to the beginnings of [[family preservation]] programs.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=LB|author2=Barth, RP |author3=Green, R |author4=Wall, A |author5=Biemer, P |author6=Berrick, JD |author7= Webb, MB |title=Child welfare reform in the United States: findings from a local agency survey.|journal=Child Welfare|date=Jan–Feb 2005|volume=84|issue=1|pages=5–24|pmid=15717771}}</ref> In 1980, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act<ref name=adoption-ass /> was introduced as a way to manage the high numbers of children in placement.<ref name="Ellett"/> Although this legislation addressed some of the complaints from earlier pieces of legislation around destroying due process for parents, these changes were not designed to alleviate the high numbers of children in placement or continuing delays in permanence.<ref name="Mitchell"/> This led to the introduction of the home visitation models, which provided funding to private agencies to force parents into intensive services in cases where the children were not favorable on the adoption market.<ref name="Ellett"/>

In addition to family services, the focus of federal child welfare policy changed to try to address permanence for the large numbers of foster children care.<ref name="Mitchell"/> Several pieces of federal legislation attempted to ease the process of forcing adoption and taking away parental rights, including incentives for adoption and removal with the Adoption Assistance Act;<ref name=adoption-ass>{{cite web|url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/otherpubs/majorfedlegis.cfm|title=Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 P.L. 96-272|author=Administration for Children & Families|work=Child Welfare Information Gateway|publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=2013-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115234227/https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/otherpubs/majorfedlegis.cfm|archive-date=2013-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 1988 Child Abuse Prevention, Adoption, and Family Services Act; and the 1992 Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, Adoption, and Family Services Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/otherpubs/majorfedlegis.cfm|title=Major Federal Legislation Concerned with Child Protection, Child Welfare, and Adoption|author=Administration for Children & Families|work=Child Welfare Information Gateway|publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|year=2011|access-date=2013-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115234227/https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/otherpubs/majorfedlegis.cfm|archive-date=2013-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1994 [[Multi-Ethnic Placement Act]], which was revised in 1996 to add the Interethnic Placement Provisions, also attempted to promote permanency through forced adoption, creating regulations that adoptions could not be delayed or denied due to issues of due process, fairness, Constitutional compliance, parental rights, the children's right, discrimination, race, color, or national origin of the child or the adoptive parent.<ref name="Lincroft">{{cite web|url=http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications.aspx?pubguid={A6A32287-6D6B-4580-9365-D7E635E35569}|author1=Lincroft, Y.|author2=Resher, J.|year=2006|title=Undercounted and Underserved: Immigrant and refugee families in the child welfare system|publisher=The Annie E. Casey Foundation|location=Baltimore, MD|access-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311052850/http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications.aspx?pubguid=%7BA6A32287-6D6B-4580-9365-D7E635E35569%7D|archive-date=2012-03-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

All of these policies led up to the 1997 [[Adoption and Safe Families Act]] (ASFA), much of which guides current practice. Changes in the Adoptions and Safe Families Act showed an interest in cosmetically shifting the emphasis towards children's health and safety concerns and away from a policy of reuniting children with their birth parents without regard to prior abusiveness.<ref name="Lincroft"/> This law requires counties to provide "reasonable efforts" to preserve or reunify families, but required that states move to terminate parental rights for children who had been in foster care for 15 out of the last 22 months, with several exceptions.<ref name="Ellett"/><ref name="Lincroft"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mitchell, Lorelei B. |author2=Barth, Richard P. |author3=Green, Rebecca |author4=Wall, Ariana |author5=Biemer, Paul |author6=Berrick, Jill Duerr |author7=Webb, Mary Bruce |title=Child Welfare Reform in the United States: Findings from a Local Agency Survey|journal=Child Welfare|year=2005 |volume=84|number=1|pages=5–24 [20]|pmid=15717771 |issn=0009-4021}}</ref>

==Comparison to other similar systems==

===Brazil===
For decades, before 1990, there had been pressure from NGOs and children's organizations for protecting children battered by poverty and hunger and despised by sections of the community in Brazil. After this, became a chapter on the rights of children and adolescents in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. In 1990, an even greater victory, when the Statute of the Child and Adolescent was approved ligating the government to protect child rights. This ensured a comprehensive child welfare system in Brazil. To ensure that the statute's provisions are enforced, councils for the rights of the child and adolescent were set up at federal, state and local levels.

The National Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CONANDA) is a federal authority. The councils of guardianship are the local authorities and have duties and responsibilities towards children in their area. All work is based in the Statute of the Child and Adolescents (Law No. 8,069, July 13, 1990).<ref>CONANDA (National Council for the Rights of the Child and the Adolescent) (2014, September 6). Statute of the Child and Adolescent. Law No. 8069, July 13, 1990. Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://portal.mj.gov.br/sedh/ct/conanda/ecaingles.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907074745/http://portal.mj.gov.br/sedh/ct/conanda/ecaingles.htm |archive-date=2014-09-07 }}</ref>

===Canada===
In [[Ontario]], services are provided by independent [[Children's Aid Society (Canada)|children's aid societies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/childrensaid/childrensaidsocieties/index.aspx |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services |title=About Ontario's children's aid societies |access-date=19 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616105452/http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/childrensaid/childrensaidsocieties/index.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2011 }}</ref> The societies receive funding from, and are under the supervision of the [[Ministry of Children and Youth Services (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90c11_e.htm#BK10 |title=Child and Family Services Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.11 |publisher=E-laws.gov.on.ca |access-date=2013-11-15}}</ref> However, they are regarded as a [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) which allows the CAS a large degree of autonomy from interference or direction in the day-to-day running of CAS by the ministry. The Child and Family Services Review Board exists to investigate complaints against CAS and maintains authority to act against the societies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsrb.ca/en/cfsrb/about/history |publisher=Child and Family Services Review Board |access-date=17 April 2011 |title=Complaints Against a Children's Aid Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912041213/http://www.cfsrb.ca/en/cfsrb/about/history |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref>

The federal government passed Bill C-92 — officially known as An Act Respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis Children, Youth and Families — in June 2019 coming into force on January 1, 2020. The new legislation creates national standards on how Indigenous children are to be treated. For example, when looking to place kids in foster care, authorities are to prioritize extended family and home communities. The law also allows Indigenous communities to create their own child welfare laws. Indigenous children make up 7% of Canada's population, but represent about 50% of youth in care.<ref>https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/the-government-of-canada-announces-the-coming-into-force-of-an-act-respecting-first-nations-inuit-and-metis-children-youth-and-families-810646408.html</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/child-welfare-legislation-changes-impact-first-nations-1.5388252| title = 'Kids will fall through the cracks:' Advocates critical of child-welfare changes {{!}} CBC News}} </ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://aptnnews.ca/2020/01/01/federal-indigenous-child-welfare-bill-c-92-kicks-in/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200101204158/https://aptnnews.ca/2020/01/01/federal-indigenous-child-welfare-bill-c-92-kicks-in/| archive-date = 2020-01-01| title = Federal Indigenous child welfare Bill C-92 kicks in – now what? - APTN NewsAPTN News}} </ref>

===Costa Rica===
The Patronato Nacional de la Infancia (PANI) is responsible for child protection in Costa Rica.<ref name="pani.go.cr">{{cite web|url=http://www.pani.go.cr|title=Inicio · Patronato Nacional de la Infancia PANI Costa Rica|website=www.pani.go.cr|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

The agency was founded in 1930 by Luis Felipe Gonzalez Flores, a Costa Rican magnate at the time. It was founded to combat infant mortality, that at the time, was rampant in Costa Rica. The idea was to put infants up for adoption that the mother could not afford to support (abortion is a crime in Costa Rica).<ref name="pani.go.cr"/>

In 1949, after the [[Costa Rican Civil War]], a new constitution was written, it called for the agency to be an autonomous institution in the government, autonomous from any ministry.<ref name="pani.go.cr"/>

Today the focus is on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The agency still favors adoption, since abortion is illegal in Costa Rica.

===United Kingdom===
The United Kingdom has a comprehensive child welfare system under which [[local authorities]] have duties and responsibilities towards children in need in their area. This covers provision of advice and services, accommodation and care of children who become uncared for, and also the capacity to initiate proceedings for the removal of children from their parents care/care proceedings. The criteria for the latter is "significant harm" which covers physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect. In appropriate cases the care plan before the court will be for adoption. The Local Authorities also run adoption services both for children put up for [[adoption]] voluntarily and those becoming available for adoption through Court proceedings. The basic legal principle in all public and private proceedings concerning children, under the [[Children Act 1989]], is that the welfare of the child is paramount. In recognition of attachment issues, social work good practice requires a minimal number of moves and the 1989 Children Act enshrines the principle that delay is inimical to a child's welfare. Care proceedings have a time frame of 26 weeks (although capable of extension under certain circumstances) and concurrent planning is required. The final care plan put forward by the local authority is required to provide a plan for permanence, whether with parents, family members, long-term foster parents or adopters. The court routinely joins children as parties to their own care proceedings, and their best interests are explored and advanced by children's guardians, independent social workers who specialise in representation of children in proceedings. It is a feature of care proceedings that judges of all levels are expected to adhere to the recommendations of the children's guardian unless there are cogent reasons not to. Nevertheless, "drift" and multiple placements still occur as many older children are difficult to place or maintain in placements. The role of [[Independent Visitor]], a voluntary post, was created in the United Kingdom under the 1989 Children Act to befriend and assist children and young people in care.

In England, Wales and Scotland, there never has been a statutory obligation to report alleged child abuse to the police. However both the Children Act 1989 and 2004 makes clear a statutory obligation on all professionals to report suspected child abuse.

The statutory guidance Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006 created the role of "local authority designated officer", This officer is responsible for managing allegations of abuse against adults who work with children (teachers, social workers, church leaders, youth workers etc.).

[[Local Safeguarding Children Board|Local safeguarding children board]]s (LSCBs) are responsible ensuring agencies and professionals, in their area, effectively safeguard and promote the welfare of children. In the event of the death or serious injury of a child, LSCBs can initiate a "[[Serious Case Review]]" aimed at identifying agency failings and improving future practice.

The planned ContactPoint database, under which information on children is shared between professionals, has been halted by the newly elected coalition government (May 2010). The database was aimed at improving information sharing across agencies. Lack of information sharing had been identified as a failing in numerous high-profile child death cases. Critics of the scheme claimed it was evidence of a "big brother state" and too expensive to introduce.

Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006 (updated in 2010) and the subsequent ''The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report'' (Laming, 2009) continue to promote the sharing of data between those working with vulnerable children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/safeguarding-practitioners-information-sharing-advice|title=Information sharing advice for safeguarding practitioners - GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

A child in suitable cases can be made a ward of court and no decisions about the child or changes in its life can be made without the leave of the High Court.

In England the [[murder of Victoria Climbié]] was largely responsible for various changes in child protection in England, including the formation of the [[Every Child Matters]] programme in 2003. A similar programme – [[Getting it Right for Every Child – GIRFEC]] was established in Scotland in 2008.

A bill is being{{when| date=May 2019}} debated in the UK parliament which many people and organisations fear will take away the statutory duty local authorities have to protect vulnerable children.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-38933234 Government adviser walks away from child protection plans] ''[[BBC]]''</ref>

==Effects of early maltreatment of children==
Children with histories of maltreatment, such as physical and psychological neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse, are at risk of developing psychiatric problems.<ref name="Gauthier, Stollak, Messe, & Arnoff, (1996)">{{cite journal | last1 = Gauthier | first1 = L. | last2 = Stollak | first2 = G. | last3 = Messe | first3 = L. | last4 = Arnoff | first4 = J. | year = 1996 | title = Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning | journal = Child Abuse and Neglect | volume = 20 | issue = 7| pages = 549–559 | doi=10.1016/0145-2134(96)00043-9 | pmid=8832112}}</ref><ref name="Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, (1993)">{{cite journal | last1 = Malinosky-Rummell | first1 = R. | last2 = Hansen | first2 = D.J. | year = 1993 | title = Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098&context=psychfacpub| journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 114 | issue = 1| pages = 68–69 | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.68 | pmid=8346329}}</ref> Such children are at risk of developing a disorganized attachment.<ref name="Lyons-Ruth & Jacobvitz, (1999)">Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press</ref><ref name="Solomon & George, (1999)">Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press</ref><ref name="Main & Hesse, (1990)">Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref> Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms,<ref name="Carlson, E. A. (1988)">{{cite journal | last1 = Carlson | first1 = E. A. | year = 1988 | title = A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment | doi = 10.2307/1132365| journal = Child Development | volume = 69 | issue = 4| pages = 1107–1128 | jstor = 1132365 }}</ref> as well as depressive, anxiety, and acting-out symptoms.<ref name="Lyons-Ruth, K (1996)">{{cite journal | last1 = Lyons-Ruth | first1 = K | year = 1996 | title = Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 64–73 | doi=10.1037/0022-006x.64.1.64 | pmid=8907085}}</ref><ref name="Lyons-Ruth, Alpern, & Pepacholi, (1993)">{{cite journal | last1 = Lyons-Ruth | first1 = K. | last2 = Alpern | first2 = L. | last3 = Repacholi | first3 = B. | year = 1993 | title = Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom | journal = Child Development | volume = 64 | issue = 2| pages = 572–585 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02929.x| pmid = 8477635 }}</ref> Abuse and neglect also affect children and youth social and emotional development. Reason being is because of the negative affect on children's brain and cognitive development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact on Child Development - Child Welfare Information Gateway|url=https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/can/impact/development/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=www.childwelfare.gov}}</ref>

==Standards for reporting==
Generally speaking, a report must be made when an individual knows or has reasonable cause to believe or suspect that a child has been subjected to abuse or neglect. These standards guide mandatory reporters in deciding whether to make a report to child protective services. However, due to the policy of the business to protect the identity of the reporter many reports have been made due to conflict with other parents or hospitals/doctors being sued by parents concerned with the way their child's needs have been addressed <ref name="childwelfare1">{{cite web |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/define.cfm |title=Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect |publisher=Childwelfare.gov |access-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824080653/http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/define.cfm |archive-date=2010-08-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Persons responsible for the child===
In addition to defining acts or omissions that constitute child abuse or neglect, several states' statutes provide specific definitions of persons who can get reported to child protective services as perpetrators of abuse or neglect. These are persons who have some relationship or regular responsibility for the child. This generally includes parents, grandparents, guardians, foster parents, relatives, legal guardians or bystanders. Once taken away from home, the stated goal of CPS is to reunite the child with their family, however this is largely lip service. In some cases, due to the nature of abuse children are not able to see or converse with the abusers. If parents fail to complete Court Ordered terms and conditions, the children in care may never return home. Most terms and conditions are set by the CPS caseworkers, not the courts, with the intent to drag out the case and so the 15-month deadline can be met.<ref name="childwelfare1"/>

==Child protective services statistics==

The United States government's [[Administration for Children and Families]] reported that in 2004 approximately 3.5 million children were involved in investigations of alleged abuse or neglect in the US, while an estimated 872,000 children were determined to have been abused or neglected, and an estimated 1,490 children died that year because of abuse or neglect. In 2007, 1,760 children died as the result of child abuse and neglect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preventchildabuseny.org/files/1713/0392/2368/2007CANFactSheet.pdf|title=2007 Child Abuse and Neglect Fact Sheet|author=Prevent Child Abuse New York|access-date=2013-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403173207/http://www.preventchildabuseny.org/files/1713/0392/2368/2007CANFactSheet.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Child abuse impacts the most vulnerable populations, with children under age five years accounting for 76% of fatalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanhumane.org/about-us/newsroom/fact-sheets/fatalities-due-to-child-abuse-neglect.html|title=Emotional Abuse|author=American Humane Association|work=Stop Child Abuse|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dy6QEsOv?url=http://www.americanhumane.org/about-us/newsroom/fact-sheets/fatalities-due-to-child-abuse-neglect.html|archive-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> In 2008, 8.3 children per 1000 were victims of child abuse and neglect and 10.2 children per 1000 were in out of home placement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://datacenter.kidscount.org/|title=Kids Count Data Center|publisher=The Annie E. Casey Foundation}}{{citation not found|date=June 2012}}</ref>

On September 30, 2010, there were approximately 400,000 children in foster care in the U.S. of which 36% percent were ages 5 and under. During that same period, almost 120,000 birth to five year-olds entered foster care and a little under 100,000 exited foster care.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report18.htm |title= The AFCARS Report Preliminary FY 2010 Estimates as of June 2011 |publisher= www.acf.hhs.gov |access-date= 2011-10-06 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110926064201/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report18.htm |archive-date= 2011-09-26 }}</ref> U.S. Child Protective Services (CPS) received a little over 2.5 million reports of child maltreatment in 2009 of which 61.9% were assigned to an investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/index.htm#can|title= Child Maltreatment 2009|publisher= www.acf.hhs.gov |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> Research using national data on recidivism indicates that 22% of children were rereported within a 2-year period and that 7% of these rereports were substantiated.<ref name="Fluke">{{cite journal|last=Fluke|first=J. D. |author2=Shusterman, G. R. |author3=Hollinshead, D. M. |author4=Yuan, Y.-Y. |title=Longitudinal analysis of repeated child abuse reporting and victimization: multistate analysis of associated factors|journal=Child Maltreatment|volume=13 |year=2008|issue=1 |pages=76–88|doi=10.1177/1077559507311517 |pmid=18174350 |s2cid=9009164 }}</ref> In 2016, CPS within the state of Rhode Island demonstrated 2,074 cases of abuse or neglect among a population of 223,956 children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rikidscount.org/Portals/0/Uploads/Documents/Factbook%202019/Indicators/Child%20Abuse%20and%20Neglect.pdf/|title=Rhode Island KIDS COUNT > Home|website=www.rikidscount.org}}</ref>

As last reported in August 2019, 437,238 children nationally were removed from their families and placed in foster homes according to the federal government Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Adoption & Foster Care Statistics|url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/afcars|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Children's Bureau {{!}} ACF|language=en}}</ref>

From August 1999 - August 2019, 9,073,607 American children have been removed from their families and placed in foster homes according to the federal government Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System.<ref name=":2" />

===Child protective services recidivism in the United States===
In order to understand CPS recidivism in the U.S., there are several terms that readers must familiarize themselves with. Two often-used terms in CPS recidivism are rereport (also known as rereferral) and recurrence. Either of the two can occur after an initial report of child abuse or neglect called an index report. Although the definitions of rereport and recurrence is not consistent, the general difference is that a rereport is a subsequent report of child abuse or neglect after an initial report (also known as an index report) whereas recurrence refers to a confirmed (also known as substantiated) rereport after an initial report of child abuse and neglect. Borrowing from the definition used by Pecora et al. (2000),<ref name="Pecora">{{cite book|author1=Pecora, P. J. |author2=Whittaker, J. |author3=Maluccio, A. |author4=Barth, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=The child welfare challenge: Policy, practice, and research|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780202361260 |url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Aldine de Gruyter}}</ref> recidivism is defined as, “Recurring child abuse and neglect, the subsequent or repeated maltreatment of a child after identification to public authorities.” It is important to highlight that this definition is not all-inclusive because it does not include abused children who are not reported to authorities.<ref name="Pecora"/>

===Recidivism statistics===
There are three main sources of recidivism data in the U.S.—the NCANDS, the NSCAW, and the NIS—and they all have their own respective strengths and weaknesses. The NCANDS was established in 1974, and it consists of administrative data of all reports of suspected child abuse and neglect investigated by CPS. The NSCAW was established in 1996 and is similar to the NCANDS in that it only includes reports of child abuse and neglect investigated by CPS, but it adds clinical measures related to child and family well-being that the NCANDS is lacking. The NIS was established in 1974, and it consists of data collected from CPS as well. However, it attempts to gather a more comprehensive picture of the incidence of child abuse and neglect by collecting data from other reporting sources called "community sentinels".<ref name="Wulczyn">{{cite journal|last=Wulczyn|first=F.|title=Epidemiological Perspectives on Maltreatment Prevention|journal=The Future of Children|volume=19|issue=2|year=2009|pages=39–66|doi=10.1353/foc.0.0029|pmid=19719022|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Brenda Scott, in her 1994 book ''Out of Control: Who's Watching Our Child Protection Agencies'', criticizes CPS, stating, "Child Protective Services is out of control. The system, as it operates today, should be scrapped. If children are to be protected in their homes and in the system, radical new guidelines must be adopted. At the core of the problem is the antifamily mindset of CPS. Removal is the first resort, not the last. With insufficient checks and balances, the system that was designed to protect children has become the greatest perpetrator of harm."<ref>Scott, Brenda (1994) ''Out of Control: Who's Watching Our Child Protection Agencies?'' p. 179</ref>

===Texas===
The [[Texas Department of Family and Protective Services]] had itself been an object of reports of unusual numbers of poisonings, death, rapes and pregnancies of children under its care since 2004. The Texas Family and Protective Services Crisis Management Team was created by executive order after the critical report [https://www.scribd.com/doc/38352706/Carole-Keeton-Strayhorn-Texas-Comptroller-Forgotten-Children-2004 Forgotten Children] of 2004.

Texas Child Protective Services was hit with a rare if not unprecedented legal sanction for a "groundless cause of action" and ordered to pay $32,000 of the Spring family's attorney fees. Judge Schneider wrote in a 13-page order, "The offensive conduct by (CPS) has significantly interfered with the legitimate exercise of the traditional core functions of this court."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7491943.html|title=Judge comes down on Texas CPS in twins case|website=chron.com|date=27 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

====2008 Raid of YFZ Ranch====
{{Main|YFZ Ranch}}

In April 2008, the largest child protection action in American history raised questions as the CPS in Texas removed hundreds of minor children, infants, and women incorrectly believed to be children from the [[YFZ Ranch]] polygamist community, with the assistance of heavily armed police with an armored personnel carrier. Investigators, including supervisor [[Angie Voss]] convinced a judge that all of the children were at risk of child abuse because they were all being groomed for under-age marriage. The state supreme court disagreed, releasing most children back to their families. Investigations would result in criminal charges against some men in the community.

Gene Grounds of Victim Relief Ministries commended CPS workers in the Texas operation as exhibiting compassion, professionalism and caring concern.<ref>[http://www.kvue.com/news/state/stories/041808kvuejanetpolygamy-cb.779df065.html KVUE.com] {{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Richardson group: Polygamists' children are OK April 18, 2008 by Janet St. James / [[WFAA-TV]]</ref> However, CPS performance was questioned by workers from the Hill Country Community Mental Health-Mental Retardation Center. One wrote "I have never seen women and children treated this poorly, not to mention their civil rights being disregarded in this manner" after assisting at the emergency shelter. Others who were previously forbidden to discuss conditions working with CPS later produced unsigned written reports expressed anger at the CPS traumatizing the children, and disregarding rights of mothers who appeared to be good parents of healthy, well-behaved children. CPS threatened some MHMR workers with arrest, and the entire mental health support was dismissed the second week due to being "too compassionate". Workers believed poor sanitary conditions at the shelter allowed [[respiratory infections]] and [[chicken pox]] to spread.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/metro/5770183.html|title=Mental health workers rip CPS over sect
|newspaper=San Antonio Express-news |first=Roger |last=Crotea |date=10 May 2008 }}</ref>

====CPS problem reports====
The [[Texas Department of Family and Protective Services]], as with other states, had itself been an object of reports of unusual numbers of poisonings, death, rapes and pregnancies of children under its care since 2004. The Texas Family and Protective Services Crisis Management Team was created by executive order after the critical report Forgotten Children<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.window.state.tx.us/forgottenchildren/in|title=Welcome to the New Comptroller.Texas.Gov|first=Texas Comptroller of Public|last=Accounts|website=www.window.state.tx.us|access-date=21 March 2018}} {{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of 2004. Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn made a statement in 2006 about the Texas foster care system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.window.state.tx.us/news/60623statement.html|title=Welcome to the New Comptroller.Texas.Gov|first=Texas Comptroller of Public|last=Accounts|website=www.window.state.tx.us|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527040449/http://www.window.state.tx.us/news/60623statement.html|archive-date=27 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Fiscal 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively 30, 38 and 48 foster children died in the state's care. The number of foster children in the state's care increased 24 percent to 32,474 in Fiscal 2005, while the number of deaths increased 60 percent. Compared to the general population, a child is four times more likely to die in the Texas foster care system. In 2004, about 100 children were treated for poisoning from medications; 63 were treated for rape that occurred while under state care, including four-year-old twin boys, and 142 children gave birth, though others believe Ms. Strayhorn's report was not scientifically researched, and that major reforms need to be put in place to assure that children in the conservatorship of the state get as much attention as those at risk in their homes.

===Disproportionality and disparity in the child welfare system===
In the United States, data suggests that a disproportionate number of minority children, particularly African American and [[Aboriginal child protection|Native American children]], enter the foster care system.<ref name="Hill, R.B. (2004)">Hill R.B. (2004) Institutional racism in child welfare. In J. Everett, S. Chipungu & B. Leashore (Eds.) Child welfare revisited (pp. 57-76). New Brunswick, NJ: [[Rutgers University Press]].</ref> National data in the United States provides evidence that disproportionality may vary throughout the course of a child's involvement with the child welfare system. Differing rates of disproportionality are seen at key decision points including the reporting of abuse, substantiation of abuse, and placement into foster care.<ref name="Hill, R.B.(2006)">Hill, R. B (2006) Synthesis of research on disproportionality in child welfare: An update. Casey-CSSP Alliance for Racial Equity in Child Welfare.</ref> Additionally, once they enter foster care, research suggests that they are likely to remain in care longer.<ref name="Wulczyn, F., Lery, B., Haight, J., (2006)">Wulczyn, F. Lery, B., Haight, J., (2006) Entry and Exit Disparities in the Tennessee Foster Care System. Chapin Hall Discussion Paper.</ref>
Research has shown that there is no difference in the rate of abuse and neglect among minority populations when compared to Caucasian children that would account for the disparity.<ref name="Sedlak, A., Broadhurst, G. (1996)">National Incidence Study (NIS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children & Families, (1996)</ref>
The juvenile justice system has also been challenged by disproportionate negative contact of minority children.<ref name="Pope, C.E. & Feyerherm, W. (1995)">Pope, C.E. & Feyerherm, W. (1995) Minorities and the Juvenile Justice System Research Symmary. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention</ref> Because of the overlap in these systems, it is likely that this phenomenon within multiple systems may be related.

The [[American Journal of Public Health]] estimate that 37.4% of all children experience a child protective services investigation by age 18 years. Consistent with previous literature, they found a higher rate for African American children (53.0%) and the lowest rate for Asians and Pacific Islanders (10.2%). They conclude child maltreatment investigations are more common than is generally recognized when viewed across the lifespan. Building on other recent work, our data suggest a critical need for increased preventative and treatment resources in the area of child maltreatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Hyunil|last2=Wildeman|first2=Christopher|last3=Jonson-Reid|first3=Melissa|last4=Drake|first4=Brett|date=2017-01-11|title=Lifetime Prevalence of Investigating Child Maltreatment Among US Children|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=107|issue=2|pages=274–280|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303545|issn=0090-0036|pmc=5227926|pmid=27997240}}</ref>

=== Constitutional issues ===
In May 2007, the United States 9th Circuit Court of Appeals found in ''Rogers v. County of San Joaquin'', No. 05-16071<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1083074.html|title=FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions.|website=Findlaw|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> that a CPS social worker who removed children from their natural parents into foster care without obtaining judicial authorization was acting without due process and without exigency (emergency conditions) violated the 14th Amendment and Title 42 United States Code Section 1983. The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] says that a state may not make a law that abridges "... the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States" and no state may "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". Title 42 United States Code Section 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1983-|title=42 U.S. Code § 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> states that citizens can sue in [[United States federal courts|federal courts]] any person who acting under a [[Color (law)|color of law]] to deprive the citizens of their civil rights under the pretext of a regulation of a state, ''See''.<ref name=utah>{{cite web|url=http://www.utd.uscourts.gov/forms/civilrt_guide.pdf|title=Civil Rights Complaint Guide|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907073125/http://www.utd.uscourts.gov/forms/civilrt_guide.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-07}}</ref>

In the case of ''Santosky v. Kramer, 455 US 745'' (1982), the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] reviewed a case when the Department of Social Services removed two younger children from their natural parents only because the parents had been previously found negligent toward their oldest daughter.<ref name="santosky">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16163171324148079216|title=Santosky v. Kramer, 455 US 745 - Supreme Court 1982 - Google Scholar}}</ref> When the third child was only three days old, the DSS transferred him to a foster home on the ground that immediate removal was necessary to avoid imminent danger to his life or health. The Supreme Court vacated previous judgment and stated: "Before a State may sever completely and irrevocably the rights of parents in their natural child, due process requires that the State support its allegations by at least clear and convincing evidence. But until the State proves parental unfitness, the child and their parents share a vital interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship."<ref name="santosky" />

A District of Columbia Court of Appeals concluded that the lower trial court erred in rejecting the relative custodial arrangement selected by the natural mother who tried to preserve her relationship with the child.<ref name="columb">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3149611456727370759&hl|title=In re TJ, 666 A. 2d 1 - DC: Court of Appeals 1995 - Google Scholar}}</ref> The previous judgment granting the foster mother's adoption petition was reversed, the case remanded to the trial court to vacate the orders granting adoption and denying custody, and to enter an order granting custody to the child's relative.<ref name="columb" />

=== Notable lawsuits ===
In 2010 an ex-foster child was awarded $30 million by jury trial in [[California]] ([[Santa Clara County]]) for sexual abuse damages that happened to him in foster home from 1995 to 1999; he was represented by attorney [[Stephen John Estey]].<ref name="calif">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/08/05/south-bay-sex-abuse-lawsuit-ex-foster-child-awarded-30-million/|title=South Bay sex-abuse lawsuit: Ex-foster child awarded $30 million|date=August 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100805006437/en/Estey-Bomberger-announces-Jury-Awards-30-Million|title=Estey & Bomberger announces Jury Awards $30 Million in San Jose Molestation Case|date=August 5, 2010|website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.childmolestationvictims.com/case-studies/john-doe-v-family-foster-agency/|title=CASE: John Doe v. Family Foster Agency | Estey & Bomberger}}</ref> The foster parent, John Jackson, was licensed by state despite the fact that he abused his own wife and son, overdosed on drugs and was arrested for drunken driving. In 2006, Jackson was convicted in Santa Clara County of nine counts of lewd or lascivious acts on a child by force, violence, duress, menace and fear and seven counts of lewd or lascivious acts on a child under 14, according to the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office.<ref name="calif" /> The sex acts he forced the children in his foster care to perform sent him to prison for 220 years. Later in 2010, Giarretto Institute, the private foster family agency responsible for licensing and monitoring Jackson's foster home and others, also was found to be negligent and liable for 75 percent of the abuse that was inflicted on the victim, and Jackson was liable for the rest.<ref name="calif" /> This was a landmark case that has since set a precedent in future proceedings against the Department of Children and Families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.childmolestationvictims.com/the-massachusetts-dcf-story-bears-resembles-an-institution-that-estey-bomberger-smashed-in-2010/|title=MASS. DCF STORY BEARS RESEMBLES TO A CASE ESTEY & BOMBERGER WON IN 2010.|date=2014-04-08|website=www.childmolestationvictims.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref>

In 2009 the [[Oregon Department of Human Services]] agreed to pay $2 million into a fund for the future care of twins who were allegedly abused by their foster parents; it was the largest such settlement in the agency's history.<ref name="oregonian">{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/gresham_foster_kids_abused_des.html|title=Gresham foster kids abused despite DHS checks | work=The Oregonian | date=2009-04-04}}</ref> According to the [[civil liberties|civil rights]] suit filed on request of twins' adoptive mother in December 2007 in [[United States federal courts|U.S. Federal Court]], children were kept in makeshift cages—cribs covered with chicken wire secured by duct tape—in a darkened bedroom known as "the dungeon". The brother and sister often went without food, water or human touch. The boy, who had a shunt put into his head at birth to drain fluid, did not receive medical attention, so when police rescued the twins he was nearly comatose. The same foster family previously took in their care hundreds of other children over nearly four decades.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2009/09/abuse_in_foster_care_state_off.html|title=Abuse in children's foster care: State officials call for outside review | work=The Oregonian | date=2009-09-02}}</ref> The DHS said the foster parents deceived child welfare workers during the checkup visits.<ref name="oregonian" />

Several lawsuits were brought in 2008 against the [[Florida]] Department of Children & Families (DCF), accusing it of mishandling reports that Thomas Ferrara, 79, a foster parent, was molesting girls.<ref name="florida2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/settlements/10747/foster-care-child-molestation.html|title=Foster Care Child Molestation, Department of Children & Families pays $175,000 negligence settlement|website=www.lawyersandsettlements.com}}</ref><ref name="florida1" /> The suits claimed that though there were records of sexual misconduct allegations against Ferrara in 1992, 1996, and 1999, the DCF continued to place foster children with Ferrara and his wife until 2000.<ref name="florida2" /> Ferrara was arrested in 2001 after a nine-year-old girl told detectives he regularly molested her over two years and threatened to hurt her mother if she told anyone. Records show that Ferrara had as many as 400 children go through his home during his 16 years as a licensed foster parent from 1984 to 2000.<ref name="florida2" /> Officials stated that the lawsuits over Ferrara end up costing the DCF almost $2.26 million.<ref name="florida1">{{cite web|url=http://cftlaw.com/news.php?category=Firm+In+the+News&headline=Lawsuits+against+Department+of+Children+%26+Families+cost+state+%242.26+million|title=Foster parent, 79, accused of molesting girls in his care|access-date=2010-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623010151/http://cftlaw.com/news.php?category=Firm+In+the+News&headline=Lawsuits+against+Department+of+Children+%26+Families+cost+state+%242.26+million|archive-date=2012-06-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, in 2007, [[Florida]]'s DCF paid $1.2 million to settle a lawsuit that alleged the DCF ignored complaints that another mentally challenged Immokalee girl was being raped by her foster father, Bonifacio Velazquez, until the 15-year-old gave birth to a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2009/mar/27/child-rape-now-9-yet-dcf-settlement-held/|title=Child of rape now 9, yet DCF settlement held up }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://laws.flrules.org/2010/235|title=Florida Committee Substitute for Senate Bill No. 60|journal=Multivariate Behavioral Research|date=2 January 2015|volume=50|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1080/00273171.2014.962683|last1=Hayes|first1=Andrew F.|pmid=26609740|s2cid=9070867}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flsenate.gov/data/session/2010/Senate/bills/billtext/pdf/s0060.pdf|title=Florida Senate – 2010}}</ref>

In a [[class action]] lawsuit Charlie and Nadine H. v. McGreevey<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthlaw.org/publications/fc_docket/alpha/charlieandnadineh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004231907/http://www.youthlaw.org/publications/fc_docket/alpha/charlieandnadineh/|url-status=dead|title=Charlie and Nadine H. v. McGreevey|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> was filed in [[United States federal courts|federal court]] by "Children's Rights" New York organization on behalf of children in the custody of the New Jersey [[Division of Youth and Family Services]] (DYFS).<ref name="ch_rights">{{cite web|url=http://www.childrensrights.org/reform-campaigns/legal-cases/new-jersey-charlie-and-nadine-h-v-corzine/|title=New Jersey (Charlie and Nadine H. v. Corzine)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001135002/http://www.childrensrights.org/reform-campaigns/legal-cases/new-jersey-charlie-and-nadine-h-v-corzine/|archive-date=2011-10-01}}</ref><ref name="charlie">{{cite web|url=http://www.youthlaw.org/publications/fc_docket/alpha/charlieandnadineh/|title=Charlie and Nadine H. v. Corzine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004231907/http://www.youthlaw.org/publications/fc_docket/alpha/charlieandnadineh/|archive-date=2011-10-04}}</ref> The complaint alleged violations of the children's constitutional rights and their rights under Title IV-E of the [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security Act]], the [[Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act]], Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment, 504 of the [[Rehabilitation Act of 1973|Rehabilitation Act]], the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]], and the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childrensrights.org/reform-campaigns/legal-cases/new-jersey-charlie-and-nadine-h-v-corzine/2/|title=Legal Documents (Charlie and Nadine H. v. Corzine)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225043130/http://www.childrensrights.org/reform-campaigns/legal-cases/new-jersey-charlie-and-nadine-h-v-corzine/2/|archive-date=2010-12-25}}</ref> In July 2002, the federal court granted plaintiffs' experts access to 500 children's case files, allowing plaintiffs to collect information concerning harm to children in foster care through a case record review.<ref name="ch_rights" /> These files revealed numerous cases in which foster children were abused, and the DYFS failed to take proper action. On June 9, 2004, the child welfare panel appointed by the parties approved the NJ state's reform plan. The court accepted the plan on June 17, 2004.<ref name="charlie" /> The same organization filed similar lawsuits against other states in recent years that caused some of the states to start child welfare reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childrensrights.org/reform-campaigns/results-of-reform/|title=Results of Reform|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029005924/http://www.childrensrights.org/reform-campaigns/results-of-reform/|archive-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>

In 2007, with Shawn McMillan as her lead trial attorney, Deanna Fogarty-Hardwick obtained a jury verdict against Orange County (California) and two of its social workers for violating her Fourteenth Amendment rights to familial association.<ref name="fog">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/order-granting-fees-incurred-on-appeal-f-36064/|title=Fogarty-Hardwick v. County of Orange, et al. - Order Granting Fees Incurred on Appeal|website=JD Supra}}</ref> The $4.9 million verdict grew to a $9.5 million judgment as the county lost each of its successive appeals.<ref name="fog" /> The case finally ended in 2011 when the United States Supreme Court denied Orange County's request to overturn the verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2011FogartyHardwick/04CertDenied/prweb5261414.htm|title=U.S. Supreme Court Denies Orange County's (California) Request to Overturn a $4.9 Million Civil Rights Verdict Against County and Social Workers|website=PRWeb}}</ref> During the appeals process it was argued by the defense attorneys that the caseworkers had a right to fabricate evidence and lie to the court in order to facilitate the continued removal of the child from her family. This case, which has come to be called the "right to lie" case set a precedent of how caseworkers can handle cases to which they are assigned. It was adamantly argued, by the defense, that caseworkers should be allowed to make up things in order to sway the judges decision to remove a child from his or her fit parents. The defense attorney even tried to justify the right of the caseworkers to lie saying that the statutes which cover perjury are "state statutes".

In 2018 Rafaelina Duval obtained a jury verdict against Los Angeles County (California) and two of its social workers for an unwarranted seizure of her child.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=L.A. County approves $6 million settlement in DCFS case|url=http://theavtimes.com/2018/11/21/l-a-county-approves-6-million-settlement-in-dcfs-case/|access-date=2020-11-18|website=theavtimes.com|date=21 November 2018}}</ref> The board of supervisors approved a $6 million payout for Duval, who said her 15-month-old baby was seized by county social workers against her rights.<ref name=":3" /> Her son, Ryan, was taken on November 3, 2009, after social workers Kimberly Rogers and Susan Pender accused Duval of general neglect and intentionally starving the boy, according to a statement issued by Duval's attorney, Shawn McMillan, following the jury verdict. "The law is very clear and the social workers get training on this, you cannot seize a child from its parents unless there's an emergency," McMillan said.<ref name=":3" />

In 2019, with the assistance of attorney McMillan, Rachel Bruno obtained an award against social services and Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) after they took her 20-month-old son and ran unauthorized medical tests on him and injected him with a dozen vaccinations at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=California mom recalls how son rejected her for 1 year after unlawful CPS removal|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/california-mom-recalls-how-son-rejected-her-for-1-year-after-unlawful-cps-removal.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.christianpost.com|language=en}}</ref>

===California===
In April 2013, Child Protective Services in [[Sacramento]] sent in police to forcibly remove a 5-month-old baby from the care of parents.

Alex and Anna Nikolayev took their baby Sammy out of [[Sutter Memorial Hospital]] and sought a second opinion at [[Kaiser Permanente]], a competing hospital, for Sammy's flu-like symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://natomas.news10.net/news/news/136673-couple-still-unclear-why-cps-took-their-baby|title=News10 – Couple still unclear why CPS took their baby|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703071644/http://natomas.news10.net/news/news/136673-couple-still-unclear-why-cps-took-their-baby|archive-date=2013-07-03}}</ref> Police arrived at Kaiser and questioned the couple and doctors. Once Sammy had been fully cleared to leave the hospital, the couple went home, but the following day police arrived and took Sammy. On June 25, 2013 the case against the family was dismissed and the family filed a lawsuit against CPS and the Sacramento Police Department.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.news10.net/news/local/article/248770/476/CPS-case-against-Nikolayev-family-dismissed |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522232626/http://archive.news10.net/news/local/article/248770/476/CPS-case-against-Nikolayev-family-dismissed |archive-date=2014-05-22 }}</ref>

In [[Stockton, California]], two children were taken away from Vuk and Verica Nastić in June 2010 after the children's naked photos were found on the father's computer. Such photos are common in [[Serbia]]n culture. Furthermore, parents claim that their ethnic and religious rights have been violated – children are not permitted to speak Serbian, nor to meet with their parents for orthodox Christmas. They could only meet their mother once a week. Children have suffered psychological trauma due to their separation from parents. A polygraph test showed that the father did not abuse the children. The trial was set for January 26. Psychologists from Serbia stated that a few hours of conversation with children are enough to see whether they have been abused. The children were taken from their family 7 months ago. The [[FBI]] started an investigation against the CPS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalvoices.org/2011/01/04/united-states-serbian-couple-struggles-to-get-children-back/ |title=United States: Serbian Couple Struggles to Get Children Back · Global Voices |publisher=Globalvoices.org |date=2011-01-04 |access-date=2013-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=71657 |title=News – U.S.: Serbian couple fights to get children back |publisher=B92 |access-date=2013-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011553/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=71657 |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/u_fokusu/story/146886/Otac+na+poligrafu+dokazao+da+nije+zlostavljao+decu.html |title=Press Online :: Press Green |publisher=Pressonline.rs |access-date=2013-11-15}}</ref> The children were reunited with their parents in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2011&mm=02&dd=15&nav_id=72723|title=Serbian couple reunited with children - English - on B92.net|website=b92.net|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Illinois ===
Illinois Children and Family Services plays an important part in investigating and restoring children and families in order to better a society. As the Children Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act of Illinois states, that upon receiving a report it is the responsibility of Department of Children and Families Services to conserve the health and safety of the child in any circumstances where the children experience abuse and neglect. Protective assistance to the child should be provided in order to maintain a proper mental health and psychological state for the child; which includes preserving family life whenever possible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=325 ILCS 5/ Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act.|url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1460&ChapterID=32|website=www.ilga.gov|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> Sadly, in the most extreme cases, child abuse results in the death of a child. In 2016, there were 64 child maltreatment deaths reported in Illinois—a rate of 2.19 per 100,000 children (U.S. DHHS, 2018). From 2012 to 2016, Illinois’ reported annual maltreatment-related deaths have been as high as 105 and as low as 64, with a decrease every year since 2014.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weiner|first=Dana|title=Systemic review of critical incidents in intact family services.|publisher=Chapin Hall at University of Chicago|year=2019|pages=https://www.chapinhall.org/wp-content/uploads/Systemic-Review-Critical-Incidents}}</ref>

==== Family social workers ====
Once a teacher, counselor, neighbor or any bystander calls child protective services, social workers start the investigation. Social workers have the obligation to visit clients into their homes in order to prove that the children and families are in good standings. Social workers are in charge to evaluate and verify that there is no academic, behavioral nor social problems that could affect the development of the children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Child and Family Social Worker {{!}} Comprehensive Career Guide|url=https://www.socialwork.org/careers/child-and-family-social-worker/|author=Staff Writers|date=2018-11-06|website=SocialWork.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> The social worker will continue doing visitation until children and the family is stable and there is not more signs of abuse or neglect. If in the case that the situation it seems to not improve, the social worker can intervene and take the child away from family and be place in the foster system until parents or guardians pass test in order to have possibility to have the child back.

==== Perpetrators ====
The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) gathers and analyzes all screened-in referrals from the child protective services from all 50 states. It defines a perpetrator as someone who has caused or permitted the abuse and neglect of a child to had happened.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Milner|first=Jerry|date=2018|title=Child Maltreatment|url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2018.pdf#page=21|journal=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families}}</ref> As NCANDS data on 2018 shows, in Illinois, 17,431 out of 18,958 perpetrators, or 77%, are parents of their victims, 6.4 percent are relatives and 4.6 percent had a different relationship to the child3. Within those numbers, 40 percent of the victims were abused and neglected by a mother acting alone and 21.5 percent by father acting alone3. Compared to Wisconsin where 2,502 out of 2,753 perpetrators are parents of the victims. Alcohol abuse and drug abuse have been identified as major risk factors which will increase child maltreatment.3 Evidence shows that there is an increase of victims if parents consume drugs or alcohol.

==== Child protective services responsibilities and case load ====
Illinois Children and Family Services is composed of social workers, a position which does not require a degree in social work and in many cases any degree beyond a high school diploma, who assist families and children in complicated situations where abuse and neglect are alleged. National Association of Social Workers sets professional standards for social workers in family support programs, parenting programs and family-based services. According to these standards, social workers must act ethically, in accord with service, social justice, integrity and respect toward the person. Furthermore, the standards emphasize the importance that a social worker should have on serving as an advocate for the physical health and mental health of the children, youth and their families.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Association of Social Workers (NASW)|url=https://www.socialworkers.org/|website=NASW - National Association of Social Workers|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> Moreover, social workers should be able to perform ongoing assessments in order to gather important information and intervene with adequate evidence in order to ensure safety of the child.<ref name=":1" />

However, throughout the years, social workers have struggled with a lack of resources, large caseloads and poor education. Social workers have to perform screening, investigations and identify alternative responses. Some social workers might need to provide additional services depending on the number of coworkers in their agencies and resources. In 2018, NCANDS reported that Illinois has only 150 workers who perform intake and screening for child abuse and neglect, and only 953 workers that follow up on reports.<ref name=":0" /> This provides evidence that child welfare social workers may find their daily responsibilities to be challenging. Compared with Michigan that has 177 workers who perform intake and screening for child abuse and neglect, and 1,549 workers that follow up on reports.

In addition to the challenges of a lack of resources and large caseloads, the Office of Inspector General identified issues that hinder effective service delivery. Among individual professional social workers, cognitive fixation, knowledge deficit, and documentation burdens are problems. Among social worker teams, coordination and supervisory support are problems. And environmental conditions, such as policies, training, and service array can also be inadequate. Based on the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics individual and family services social workers on 2018, had an annual mean wage of $42,972<ref>{{Cite web|title=Occupational Employment Statistics and Wages|url=https://www.bls.gov/oes/2018/may/oes211021.htm|website=U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> which might be taken as trivial amount compared to the amount of work that needed from social workers. An example of fixable efforts is Annie E. Casey Foundation Human Services Workforce Initiative (AECF). The initiative focuses on recruiting and retaining social workers with training and support in order to provide an effective resource for children and their family. States are doing different partnerships with colleges and universities to provide recruitment strategies that could attract students to find interest in the career of social work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Welfare|url=http://www.socialworkpolicy.org/research/child-welfare-2.html|website=Social Work Policy Institute}}</ref>
----[[#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Legislative Information System, Illinois General Assembly, ''Children Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act'' Source: P.A. 79-65 <nowiki>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1460&ChapterID=32</nowiki>

[[#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Weiner, D., & Cull, M. (2019). ''Systemic review of critical incidents in intact family services''. Chicago, IL: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. <nowiki>https://www.chapinhall.org/wp-content/uploads/Systemic-Review-Critical-Incidents.pdf</nowiki>

[[#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Social Work, ''Child and Family Social Workers'' <nowiki>https://www.socialwork.org/careers/child-and-family-social-worker/</nowiki>

[[#%20ftnref4|[4]]] U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. (2020). ''Child Maltreatment'' 2018. <nowiki>https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2018.pdf#page=21</nowiki>

[[#%20ftnref5|[5]]] National Assosiation of Social Workers (2019) ''NASW Standards for Social Work Practice in Child Welfare'' <nowiki>https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_FIu_UDcEac%3d&portalid=0</nowiki>

[[#%20ftnref6|[6]]] U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, ''Occupational Employment Statistics and Wages.''<nowiki>https://www.bls.gov/oes/2018/may/oes211021.htm</nowiki>

[[#%20ftnref7|[7]]] Social Work Policy Institute, ''Child Welfare.'' 2010 <nowiki>http://www.socialworkpolicy.org/research/child-welfare-2.html</nowiki>

== Effectiveness ==
In a nationwide study, researchers examined children in 595 families over a period of 9 years. They discovered that in the households where child abuse was substantiated by evidence, risk factors remained unchanged during interviews with the families.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/12/science/12child.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Nicholas | last=Bakalar | title=Doubts Rise Over Child Protective Service Inquiries | date=2010-10-11}}</ref> The study found that investigated subjects were not perceptibly different from noninvestigated subjects in social support, family functioning, poverty, maternal education, or child behavior problems after adjusting for baseline risk factors and that mothers of investigated subjects had more depressive symptoms than mothers of noninvestigated peers at the child's age of 8 years.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=20921352|journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med|date=October 2010|volume=164|issue=10 |pages=943–9|doi=10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.166|title=Household, family, and child risk factors after an investigation for suspected child maltreatment: a missed opportunity for prevention|vauthors=Campbell KA, Cook LJ, LaFleur BJ, Keenan HT|pmc=3955838}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aboriginal child protection]]
* [[Cinderella effect]]
* [[National Association of Social Workers]]
* [[Parenting coordinator]]

=== Similar organizations in other countries ===
* [[Bureau Jeugdzorg]] and [[Raad voor de Kinderbescherming]] — Netherlands
* [[Jugendamt]] — Germany and Austria
* [[Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service]] — England and Wales
* Patronato Nacional de la Infancia — in Costa Rica
* National Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140907074745/http://portal.mj.gov.br/sedh/ct/conanda/ecaingles.htm Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente – CONANDA]) — Brazil
*[[Norwegian Child Welfare Services]]
* [[Ministry for Children|Oranga Tamariki—Ministry for Children]] — New Zealand
* [[Odisha State Child Protection Society]] – [[Odisha]], India

==Further reading==

* Fong, K. (2020). "[[doi:10.1177/0003122420938460|Getting Eyes in the Home: Child Protective Services Investigations and State Surveillance of Family Life.]]" ''American Sociological Review'', ''85''(4), 610–638.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Drake, B. & Jonson-Reid, M. (2007). A response to Melton based on the Best Available Data. Published in: Child Abuse & Neglect, Volume 31, Issue 4, April 2007, Pages 343–360.
*Laird, David and Jennifer Michael (2006). "Budgeting Child Welfare: How will millions cut from the federal budget affect the child welfare system?" Published in: Child Welfare League of America, ''Children's Voice,'' Vol. 15, No. 4 (July/August 2006). Available on-line at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109152420/http://www.cwla.org/voice/0607budgeting.htm Child Welfare League of America: Childrens Voice].
*Pecora, Peter J., James K. Whittaker, Anthony N. Maluccio, with Richard P. Barth and Robert D. Plotnick (1992). ''The Child Welfare Challenge: Policy, Practice, and Research''. NY:Aldine de Gruyter. ISBN .
*Petr, Christopher G. (1998). ''Social Work with Children and their Families: Pragmatic Foundations''. NY:Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-510607-5}}.
*Scott, Brenda (1994), "Out of Control. Who's Watching Our Child Protection Agencies?". Huntington House Publishers. ISBN paper. ISBN hardback.

==External links==

===United States===
*[http://users.resist.ca/~kirstena/machallinstitutionhistory.html MacLaren Hall Child Protection Institution Home Site] History of Child Protection in America
*[http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb U.S. Children's Bureau (CB)], includes:
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20141026125949/https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/ "Laws & Policies"] – compendia of federal and state statutes
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070602224522/http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/search/index.cfm "State Statutes Search"] – search engine of child-maltreatment-related state statutes with user-selectable criteria
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060923001255/http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/define.cfm "Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect (2005)"] – summary of the states' definitions
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022159/http://ivalenti.com/nosnow.pdf Snowfall – One family's account of CPS action]
*[http://www.cwla.org/ Child Welfare League of America]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801095925/http://child-shield-usa.com/ Child Shield USA]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/2530362/Illegal-and-Unethical-Adoptions-of-children-in-the-US Illegal and Unethical Adoptions of children in the U.S. | Divorce | Adoption]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120622213418/http://familyrights.us/ American Family Rights]
*[http://www.fightcps.com/ FightCPS.com – Fighting CPS Prosecution of False Allegations]

===Canada===
*[http://www.cwlc.ca/ Child Welfare League of Canada]
* [https://archive.org/details/subwayride Life In Foster Care Is Like A Subway Ride] (A CBC Radio documentary which takes you on a 13-minute virtual subway ride through foster care by a Canadian foster care survivor John Dunn of [http://www.johnsinformation.com Reading and Understanding Canadian Legislation and Regulations])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060614181313/http://www.lfcc.on.ca/third_option_checklist.html How to Implement Child Protection Mediation]

===United Kingdom===
* [[TV JOJ]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114051431/http://www.noviny.sk/multimedia/video/udalosti/document-i-m-not-leaving-without-my-children-english-version/strana-1.html I´m not leaving without my children. English version]

===Germany===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204202/http://home.arcor.de/menschundrecht/child%20trafficking.pdf German Federal Office of Statistics, Statistics 1995–2012] outlining German [[Jugendamt]] activity

[[Category:Child abuse in the United States]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in the United States]]
[[Category:Domestic violence-related organizations in the United States]]

Preferential voting

2022-02-24T02:24:09Z

193.119.42.246: /* See also */

{{short description|Election systems}}
{{unreferenced|date=August 2020}}
'''Preferential voting''' or '''preference voting''' ('''PV''') may refer to different [[Electoral system|election systems]] or groups of election systems:

* [[Ranked voting]] methods, all election methods that involve ranking candidates in order of preference ([[United States|American]] literature)
** [[Optional preferential voting]]
** [[Instant-runoff voting]], referred to as "preferential voting" [[Elections in Australia|in Australia]] and as "ranked choice voting" [[Elections in the United States|in United States]], is one type of ranked voting method.
*** [[Contingent vote]] (the top-two variant of IRV)
** [[Single transferable vote]] (referred to as "preferential voting" in Australia)
** [[Positional voting]]
*** [[Borda count]] (the most common form of positional voting)
** [[Bucklin voting]], which was sometimes known as "preferential voting" when used in the [[United States]]
*[[Open list]] proportional representation, sometimes known as "preferential voting" in [[Europe]] and nations such as [[Sri Lanka]], with preference votes used by the voters to express preference to individual candidates on the party list
* [[Proportional_representation#Other_proportional_systems|Proportional voting methods]]

==See also==
*[[Electoral system]]
*[[Weighty Balls]]


{{election-stub}}

[[Category:Preferential electoral systems]]
[[Category:Electoral systems]]
[[Category:Proportional representation electoral systems]]
[[Category:Instant-runoff voting]]

Preferential voting

2022-02-24T02:23:37Z

193.119.42.246: /* See also */

Preferential voting

2022-02-24T02:22:27Z

193.119.42.246: /* See also */

{{short description|Election systems}}
{{unreferenced|date=August 2020}}
'''Preferential voting''' or '''preference voting''' ('''PV''') may refer to different [[Electoral system|election systems]] or groups of election systems:

* [[Ranked voting]] methods, all election methods that involve ranking candidates in order of preference ([[United States|American]] literature)
** [[Optional preferential voting]]
** [[Instant-runoff voting]], referred to as "preferential voting" [[Elections in Australia|in Australia]] and as "ranked choice voting" [[Elections in the United States|in United States]], is one type of ranked voting method.
*** [[Contingent vote]] (the top-two variant of IRV)
** [[Single transferable vote]] (referred to as "preferential voting" in Australia)
** [[Positional voting]]
*** [[Borda count]] (the most common form of positional voting)
** [[Bucklin voting]], which was sometimes known as "preferential voting" when used in the [[United States]]
*[[Open list]] proportional representation, sometimes known as "preferential voting" in [[Europe]] and nations such as [[Sri Lanka]], with preference votes used by the voters to express preference to individual candidates on the party list
* [[Proportional_representation#Other_proportional_systems|Proportional voting methods]]

==See also==
*[[Weighty balls]]


{{election-stub}}

[[Category:Preferential electoral systems]]
[[Category:Electoral systems]]
[[Category:Proportional representation electoral systems]]
[[Category:Instant-runoff voting]]

Preferential voting

2022-02-24T02:20:15Z

193.119.42.246: /* See also */

{{short description|Election systems}}
{{unreferenced|date=August 2020}}
'''Preferential voting''' or '''preference voting''' ('''PV''') may refer to different [[Electoral system|election systems]] or groups of election systems:

* [[Ranked voting]] methods, all election methods that involve ranking candidates in order of preference ([[United States|American]] literature)
** [[Optional preferential voting]]
** [[Instant-runoff voting]], referred to as "preferential voting" [[Elections in Australia|in Australia]] and as "ranked choice voting" [[Elections in the United States|in United States]], is one type of ranked voting method.
*** [[Contingent vote]] (the top-two variant of IRV)
** [[Single transferable vote]] (referred to as "preferential voting" in Australia)
** [[Positional voting]]
*** [[Borda count]] (the most common form of positional voting)
** [[Bucklin voting]], which was sometimes known as "preferential voting" when used in the [[United States]]
*[[Open list]] proportional representation, sometimes known as "preferential voting" in [[Europe]] and nations such as [[Sri Lanka]], with preference votes used by the voters to express preference to individual candidates on the party list
* [[Proportional_representation#Other_proportional_systems|Proportional voting methods]]

==See also==
*[small dic]]
*[[Weighted voting]]


{{election-stub}}

[[Category:Preferential electoral systems]]
[[Category:Electoral systems]]
[[Category:Proportional representation electoral systems]]
[[Category:Instant-runoff voting]]

Allen Formation

2022-02-23T03:08:54Z

193.119.42.246: /* Fossil content */ Added Menucocelsior

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Allen Formation
| image = Fms Anacleto Allen Auca Mahuida 1.jpg
| caption = Outcrop of the Allen and Anacleto Formations at [[Auca Mahuida]]
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Campanian|Mid Campanian]]-[[Maastrichtian]] ~{{fossilrange|73|69}}
| period = Campanian
| prilithology = [[Mudstone]], [[sandstone]]
| otherlithology = [[Limestone]]
| namedfor =
| namedby = Uliana & Dellapé
| year_ts = 1981
| region = [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]] & [[La Pampa Province]]s
| country = {{ARG}}
| coordinates = {{coord|40.0|S|66.6|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|42.8|S|52.2|W|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Malargüe Group]]
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Jagüel Formation]]
| overlies = [[Anacleto Formation]]
| thickness = up to {{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = [[Neuquén Basin]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | Argentina
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | Argentina
| lat_deg = -40.0
| lon_deg = -66.6
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Allen Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[Argentina]] whose strata date back to the [[Late Cretaceous]] (middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian.<ref name=salgadoetal2007>Salgado et al., 2007</ref> Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, South America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 600-604. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Allen Formation Fauna.png|thumb|left|Fauna of Allen]]
The stratotype of the formation was defined by Uliana and Dellapé in 1981 in the eastern area of the Bajo de Añelo, where the relation between base and top is clearly exposed. The deposits are mostly clastic, interbedded with banks of [[limestone]] and layers of [[anhydrite]], which were defined continental and shallow marine facies associated with semiarid conditions.<ref name=Armas2015_p101>Armas & Sánchez, 2015, p.101</ref>

The interpreted sedimentary paleoenvironments range from purely continental such as ephemeral [[lacustrine]], [[aeolian processes|aeolian]] and [[fluvial]] systems to coastal marine paleoenvironments with development of [[estuary|estuaries]] and [[tidal flat]]s, followed by a lagoon sedimentary stage from marsh to sea with carbonate precipitation in an area protected from waves, ending with a retraction leading to the accumulation of [[evaporite]]s.<ref name=Armas2015_p101/>

A detailed facies analysis of the formation was performed by Armas and Sánchez in 2015, where the authors concluded the formation represents a hybrid coastal system
of tidal flats, dominated by Atlantic ingressions, with a large storm influence in some areas linked to aeolian systems.<ref name=Armas2015_p110>Armas & Sánchez, 2015, p.110</ref>

== Fossil content ==
=== Dinosaurs ===
Dinosaur eggs are known from the formation.<ref name="allen" />

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Dinosaur]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Aeolosaurus]]''
| Indeterminate
|
|Lower
|
| {{center|<ref name="allen">Weishampel et al., 2004, p.604</ref>}}
| [[File:Aeolosaurus-rionegrinus-JD-2020-1.png|center|100px]]
|-
| ''[[Austroraptor]]''
| ''A. cabazai''
|
| Lower
|
|
| [[File:Austroraptor Reconstruction.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
|''[[Bonapartesaurus]]''
|''B. rionegrensis''
|
|Lower
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Bonapartenykus]]''
|''B. ultimus''
|
|Upper
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Bonatitan]]''<ref name="rionegro" />
|
''B.reigi''<ref name="rionegro">"63.10 Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina; 4. Río Colorado Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 604.</ref>
|
* [[Río Negro Province]]<ref name="rionegro" />
|Lower
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lamarqueavis]]''
| ''L. australis''
|
|Lower
| "Right coracoid with damaged sternal and omal extremities, and lacking acrocoracoidal process"
| {{center|<ref name=Lamarqueavis>Agnolin, 2010</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Lapampasaurus]]''
| ''L. cholinoi''
|
|Lower
| Elements of the axial and appendicular skeleton of a subadult individual
| {{center|<ref name=Lapampasaurus>Coria et al., 2012</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Limenavis]]''
| ''L. patagonica''
|
|Lower
| "Partial forelimb"
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-11-1-215">"Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.215</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Menucocelsior]]''
| ''M. arriagadai''
|
* [[Río Negro Province]]
|Lower
| Seventeen caudal vertebrae and several appendicular bones: a right humerus, a left fibula and some metapodial.
| {{center|<ref name=Menucocelsior>Rolando et al., 2022</ref>}}
|
|-
|''[[Niebla antiqua|Niebla]]''
|''N. antiqua''
|
|Upper
|Braincase, fragmentary jaw and teeth, relatively complete scapulocoracoid, dorsal ribs, and incomplete vertebrae.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aranciaga Rolando|first1=Mauro|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Garcia Marsà|first3=Jordi A.|last4=Agnolín|first4=Federico l.|last5=Motta|first5=Matías J.|last6=Rozadilla|first6=Sebastián|last7=Brisson Eglí|first7=Federico|last8=Novas|first8=Fernando E.|date=2020-10-14|title=A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304582|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|volume=105|language=en|pages=102915|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915|issn=0895-9811}}</ref>
| [[File:Niebla antiqua.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
|[[Nodosauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|Lower
|Tooth, three posterior dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, two caudal centra, right femur, partial cervical half ring, and osteoderms.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|date=2016-05-03|title=Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=14|issue=5|pages=385–444|doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985|s2cid=214625754|issn=1477-2019}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Panamericansaurus]]''
| ''P. schroederi''
|
|
| "Five tail vertebrata, sacral vertebrae, left humerus and rib fragments"
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-13-1-269">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.269</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Pellegrinisaurus]]?''
| ''P. powelli''
|
|Lower (if it is from the formation)
| "Dorsal and caudal vertebrae, partial femur"
| {{center|<ref name="allen"/><ref name="table-13-1-269"/>}}
| [[File:Pellegrinisaurus Skeleton reconstruction.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
| ''[[Quilmesaurus]]''
| ''Q. curriei''
|
|Upper
| Femur and distal tibia
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-4-1-77">"Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.77</ref>}}
| [[File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
| ''[[Rocasaurus]]''
| ''R. muniozi''
|
|Lower
| "Partial postcranial skeleton"
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-13-1-270">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.270</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Willinakaqe]]''
| ''W. salitralensis''
|
|Lower
|
| {{center|<ref name=Willinakaqe>Juárez Valieri et al., 2010</ref>}}
|
|}

=== Pterosaurs ===
Fragmentary fossils are known from the formation.<ref name="allen" />

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Pterosaur]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Aerotitan]]''
| ''A. sudamericanus''
| Bajo de Arriagada
| Uppermost Allen Fm.
| Partial rostrum
| The first unambiguous [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchid]] from South-America<ref name="Aerotitan">Novas et al., 2012</ref>
|[[File:Aerotitan.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
|}

=== Rhynchocephalia ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Rhynchocephalia]] reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Lamarquesaurus]]''
| ''L. cabazai''
| Cerro Tortuga
|
|
| align=center | <ref name=Apesteguia2007_p3>Apesteguía & Rougier, 2007, p.3</ref> ||
|-
|}

=== Plesiosauria ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Plesiosaur]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Kawanectes]]''
| ''K. lafquenianum''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== Mammals ===
The mammal fauna of the Allen Formation is known from seven teeth, which document the presence of several species.<ref name=Rougier2009>Rougier et al., 2009</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Mammal]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Mesungulatum]]''
| ''M. lamarquensis''
| Cerro Tortuga
| Two upper molars and a fragmentary lower molar
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Groebertherium]]''
| ''G. stipanicici''
| Cerro Tortuga
| One upper molar
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| cf. ''[[Brandonia]]''
| sp.
| Cerro Tortuga
| One lower molar
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Barberenia]]''
| ''B. allenensis''
| Cerro Tortuga
| One upper molariform
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Trapalcotherium]]''
| ''T. matuastensis''
| Cerro Tortuga
| One first lower molar
| A [[gondwanathere]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
* [[Adamantina Formation]]
* [[La Colonia Formation]]
* [[Lecho Formation]]
* [[Los Alamitos Formation]]
* [[Los Llanos Formation]]
* [[Marília Formation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite LSA |last=Agnolin |first=Federico L |year=2010 |title=An avian coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina |url= http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0211-8327/article/view/7642/8861 |journal=[[Studia Geologica Salmanticensia]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Apesteguía |first=Sebastián |last2=Rougier |first2=Guillermo W. |year=2007 |title=A Late Campanian Sphenodontid Maxilla from Northern Patagonia |url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5874//v3/dspace/updateIngest/pdfs/N3581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |volume=3581 |pages=1–12 |accessdate=2019-03-30}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Armas |first=Paula |last2=Sánchez |first2=María Lidia |year=2015 |title=Hybrid coastal edges in the Neuquén Basin (Allen Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) |url= http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1739/173936233006.pdf |journal=[[Andean Geology]] |volume=42 |pages=97–113 |accessdate=2018-10-02}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Coria |first=Rodolfo A. |last2=González Riga |first2=Bernardo |last3=Casadío |first3=Silvio |year=2012 |title=Un nuevo hadrosáurido (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) de la Formación Allen, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273302264 |journal=[[Ameghiniana]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Juárez Valieri |first=Rubén D. |last2=Haro |first2=José A. |last3=Fiorelli |first3=Lucas E. |last4=Calvo |first4=Jorge O. |year=2010 |title=A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Patagonia, Argentina |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228457566 |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=217–231 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Fernando Novas|Novas]] |first=F.E. |last2=Kundrat |first2=M. |last3=Agnolín |first3=F.L. |last4=Ezcurra |first4=M.N.D. |last5=Ahlberg |first5=P.E. |last6=Isasi |first6=M.P. |last7=Arriagada |first7=A. |last8=Chafrat |first8=P. |year=2012 |title=A new large pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia |url= http://www.museopatagonico.org.ar/files/aerotitan.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=32 |pages=1447 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rougier |first=G.W. |last2=Chornogubsky |first2=L. |last3=Casadio |first3=S. |last4=Paéz Arango |first4=N. |last5=Giallombardo |first5=A. |year=2009 |title=Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina (subscription required) |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232804456 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=30 |pages=223–238 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Salgado |first=L. |last2=Coria |first2=R.A. |last3=Magalheas Ribeiro |first3=C.M. |last4=Garrido |first4=A. |last5=Rogers |first5=R. |last6=Simon |first6=M.E. |last7=Arcucci |first7=A.B. |last8=Rogers, Carabajal, A. P., Apesteguia, S., Fernandez, M., Garcia, R. A., and Talevi, M. |first8=K.C. |year=2007 |title=Upper Cretaceous dinosaur nesting sites of Rio Negro (Salitral Ojo de Agua and Salinas de Trapalco-Salitral de Santa Rosa), northern Patagonia, Argentina |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223834880 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=28 |pages=392–404 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel]] |first=David B. |last2=[[Peter Dodson|Dodson]] |first2=Peter |last3=[[Halszka Osmólska|Osmólska]] (eds.) |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}{{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category|Allen Formation}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259527794 O'Gorman, J. P., Salgado, L., y Gasparini, Z., 2011. Plesiosaurios de la Formación Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano) en el área del Salitral de Santa Rosa (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina). Ameghiniana 48 (1): 129-135]

[[Category:Allen Formation| ]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Argentina]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Mudstone formations]]
[[Category:Aeolian deposits]]
[[Category:Evaporite deposits]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Lacustrine deposits]]
[[Category:Cretaceous paleontological sites of South America]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Argentina]]
[[Category:Malargüe Group]]

Eastern Hills Senior High School

2022-02-21T04:16:20Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Eastern Hills Senior High School
| former_name =
| logo = File:Eastern Hills Senior High School logo.png
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| address = Lot 289 Keane St East
| location = [[Mount Helena, Western Australia]]
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-31.875|116.220|type:edu_region:AU-WA|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| pushpin_map = Australia Perth
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]]
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| opened = {{start date and age|1892}}
| type = [[Independent Public Schools|Independent]] [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[day school]]
| motto =
| specialist = {{bulleted list|}}
| campus_type = [[Suburban area|Suburban]]
| educational_authority = [[Department of Education (Western Australia)|WA Department of Education]]
| grades = [[Year 7|7]]-[[Year 12|12]]
| grades_label = Years
| principal = John Dunning
| enrolment = 961<ref name="Student numbers"/>
| enrolment_as_of = 2021
| colours = {{colorbox|#002F5A}}{{colorbox|#FFBE3F}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/}}
}}

'''Eastern Hills Senior High School''' is an [[Independent Public Schools|Independent Public]] [[Education in Western Australia#Secondary schools|secondary school]] in [[Mount Helena, Western Australia|Mount Helena]], in the [[Perth Hills]], {{convert|35|km}} east of [[Perth]], Western Australia. It serves approximately 950 students from year 7 to year 12.

==Overview==
The school was opened originally in 1892 as Lion Mill School.I would highly suggest not going to this school for there is a really dumb kid named Lucy Roper who scored a measly e- in all her subjectsIn 1954, it became Mount Helena Junior High School, serving both primary students and secondary students from years eight to ten. The original school consists of single storey, linear brick buildings with a clay tile roof. It is built in a non-specific architectural style, although it borrows elements from the [[California bungalow]] style and the [[International Style (architecture)|Post War International Style]]. It was built between 1951 and 1960 in three stages.<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |title=DOCUMENTATION OF PLACES FOR ENTRY IN THE REGISTER OF HERITAGE PLACES – Eastern Hills Senior High School |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Parliament/commit.nsf/(Evidence+Lookup+by+Com+ID)/78E0A58AD4C561BA4825793A001D01E5/$file/ef.aar10.111025.aqton.Heritage+Council+of+WA.pdf |website=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073041/https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Parliament/commit.nsf/%28Evidence+Lookup+by+Com+ID%29/78E0A58AD4C561BA4825793A001D01E5/$file/ef.aar10.111025.aqton.Heritage+Council+of+WA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1963, Mount Helena Primary School was opened next to Mount Helena Junior High School. The original school was renamed to Eastern Hills High School, teaching students between year eight and ten only. The school's home economics and manual arts facilities were expanded in 1962 as well. Over the years, the school had other additions to it. More classrooms were added in {{circa|1964}} and 1967. A computer science laboratory was built in 1967 as well, and in 1968, tennis courts were added. Changes in the curriculum resulted in additions to the school as well. A science block opened in 1966, a more specialised library was completed in 1972, and a manual arts centre opened in {{circa|1978}}.<ref name="Heritage"/>

In 1975, after advocating from parents, the school opened to year 11 students, and year 12 students the following year. This was to ease enrolments at [[Governor Stirling Senior High School]], which was one of the largest schools in Western Australia at the time. It was chosen as more cost effective to expand Eastern Hills than to build [[Swan View Senior High School|a school in Swan View]]. The school was renamed to Eastern Hills Senior High School as a result.<ref name="Heritage"/><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.svshs.wa.edu.au/about-us/history/ |website=Swan View Senior High School |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312030249/https://www.svshs.wa.edu.au/about-us/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A community recreation centre, including a gymnasium, opened in 1980.<ref name="Heritage"/>

In July 1997, a new $1.6 million technology and performing arts centre opened at the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening of technology/performing arts centre at E. Hills school |url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1997/07/Opening-of-technologyperforming-arts-centre-at-E-Hills-school.aspx |website=Media Statements |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> A new teaching block for year eights opened in 1998, and a music centre in 2006.<ref name="Heritage"/>

In 2014, Eastern Hills Senior High School became an [[Independent Public School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=School Board |url=https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/school-board |website=Eastern Hills Senior High School |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172417/https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/school-board |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Eastern Hills Senior High School, alongside most other public high schools in Western Australia, transitioned to having year 7 students.

On the night of Thursday, 8 September 2016, the school was heavily damaged by vandals, causing $100,000 worth of damage. Over 200 windows were broken, rooms were flooded and computers were destroyed, affecting 40% of the school. Only limited classes were held on Friday, the school telling parents to keep their children at home if possible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Hills High School trashed, flooded by vandals, police seeking two teens |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-09/eastern-hills-high-school-extensively-damaged-by-vandals/7830224 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102353/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-09/eastern-hills-high-school-extensively-damaged-by-vandals/7830224 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 19 year old man and a 22 year old man were charged over the incident on Saturday 10 September.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paddenburg |first1=Trevor |last2=Campbell |first2=Kate |title=Two men charged over vandalism spree at Eastern Hills Senior High School |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-vandalism-spree-at-eastern-hills-senior-high-school/news-story/fd854e9122058345595c7d1673c8a16e |website=News.com.au |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911172101/http://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-vandalism-spree-at-eastern-hills-senior-high-school/news-story/fd854e9122058345595c7d1673c8a16e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Beattie |first1=Adrian |title=Two men charged over 'senseless vandalism' and flooding at Mount Helena school |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-senseless-vandalism-and-flooding-at-mount-helena-school-20160910-grdb1b.html |website=WAtoday |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073147/https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-senseless-vandalism-and-flooding-at-mount-helena-school-20160910-grdb1b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The men were convicted and given a suspended prison sentence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Emily |title=Man convicted over $100,000 vandalism at Mount Helena school spared jail |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/man-convicted-over-100000-vandalism-at-mount-helena-school-spared-jail-ng-b88810701z |website=The West Australian |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511074926/https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/man-convicted-over-100000-vandalism-at-mount-helena-school-spared-jail-ng-b88810701z |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Eastern Hills Senior High School signed a sister school agreement with Taishi Senior High School ({{lang-ja|[[:ja:兵庫県立太子高等学校|兵庫県立太子高等学校]]}}) in [[Hyogo Prefecture]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister School Relationship |url=https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/taishisisisterschool |website=Eastern Hills Senior High School |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172453/https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/taishisisisterschool |url-status=live }}</ref>

Refurbishment of the school's facilities is expected to start in August 2021, and be complete in 2022. The upgrade has a cost of $2 million. An architect for the upgrade was appointed in December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architect appointed for upgrades at Eastern Hills Senior High School |url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2020/12/Architect-appointed-for-upgrades-at-Eastern-Hills-Senior-High-School.aspx |website=Media Statements |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224752/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2020/12/Architect-appointed-for-upgrades-at-Eastern-Hills-Senior-High-School.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The upgrade is part of the state's [[COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia|COVID-19]] recovery plan to create jobs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ageing WA public schools set for $500 million facelift as part of coronavirus recovery plan |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-03/ageing-wa-schools-get-500m-upgrade-under-covid-19-recovery-plan/12517836 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823232804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-03/ageing-wa-schools-get-500m-upgrade-under-covid-19-recovery-plan/12517836 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Student numbers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Number<ref name="Student numbers">{{cite web |title=Eastern Hills Senior High School – Student Numbers |url=https://www.det.wa.edu.au/schoolsonline/student_trends.do?schoolID=4017&pageID=SP03 |website=Schools Online |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073054/https://www.det.wa.edu.au/schoolsonline/student_trends.do?schoolID=4017&pageID=SP03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| 920
|-
| 2017
| 944
|-
| 2018
| 975
|-
| 2019
| 939
|-
| 2020
| 944
|-
| 2021
| 961
|}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Craig Challen]] – Cave diver and 2019 [[Australian of the Year]] for his involvement in the [[Tham Luang cave rescue]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian of the Year |url=https://www.helenacollege.wa.edu.au/latest-news/australian-of-the-year/ |website=Helena College |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312050650/https://www.helenacollege.wa.edu.au/latest-news/australian-of-the-year/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Jemma Green – [[City of Perth]] councillor until March 2018 and acting [[Lord Mayor of Perth]] from October 2017 to January 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamlyn |first1=Charlotte |title=Perth new acting Lord Mayor Jemma Green aims to end toxic politics |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/who-is-new-perth-deputy-mayor-jemma-green/9085746 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204185437/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/who-is-new-perth-deputy-mayor-jemma-green/9085746 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shepherd |first1=Briana |title=Perth Lord Mayor Lisa Scaffidi announces her return to office after disqualification overturned |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-21/perth-lord-mayor-lisa-scaffidi-announces-her-return-to-council/9280256 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025224/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-21/perth-lord-mayor-lisa-scaffidi-announces-her-return-to-council/9280256 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Alyssa Hayden]] – Former [[Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division)|Liberal]] member for [[Electoral district of Darling Range|Darling Range]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alyssa Hayden |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/library/MPHistoricalData.nsf/(Lookup)/EDBDB2A6EB24C64048257C7700155B7E?OpenDocument |website=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>
* [[Louise Pratt]] – [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] party [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Western Australia]] and former member of the [[Western Australian Legislative Council]] for [[Electoral region of East Metropolitan|East Metropolitan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Louise Clare Pratt |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/library/MPHistoricalData.nsf/(Lookup)/5DB30AFF6D1A8D84482577E50028A77C?OpenDocument |website=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404043226/https://parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/library/MPHistoricalData.nsf/(Lookup)/5DB30AFF6D1A8D84482577E50028A77C?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Western Australia|Schools}}}}
* [[List of schools in the Perth metropolitan area]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Public high schools in Western Australia}}

[[Category:Public high schools in Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Australia]]

Eastern Hills Senior High School

2022-02-21T03:54:40Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Eastern Hills Senior High School
| former_name =
| logo = File:Eastern Hills Senior High School logo.png
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| address = Lot 289 Keane St East
| location = [[Mount Helena, Western Australia]]
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-31.875|116.220|type:edu_region:AU-WA|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| pushpin_map = Australia Perth
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]]
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| opened = {{start date and age|1892}}
| type = [[Independent Public Schools|Independent]] [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[day school]]
| motto =
| specialist = {{bulleted list|}}
| campus_type = [[Suburban area|Suburban]]
| educational_authority = [[Department of Education (Western Australia)|WA Department of Education]]
| grades = [[Year 7|7]]-[[Year 12|12]]
| grades_label = Years
| principal = John Dunning
| enrolment = 961<ref name="Student numbers"/>
| enrolment_as_of = 2021
| colours = {{colorbox|#002F5A}}{{colorbox|#FFBE3F}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/}}
}}

'''Eastern Hills Senior High School''' is an [[Independent Public Schools|Independent Public]] [[Education in Western Australia#Secondary schools|secondary school]] in [[Mount Helena, Western Australia|Mount Helena]], in the [[Perth Hills]], {{convert|35|km}} east of [[Perth]], Western Australia. It serves approximately 950 students from year 7 to year 12.

==Overview==
The school was opened originally in 1892 as Lion Mill School. One of the most Dumb kid in the school is Lucy Roper. In 1954, it became Mount Helena Junior High School, serving both primary students and secondary students from years eight to ten. The original school consists of single storey, linear brick buildings with a clay tile roof. It is built in a non-specific architectural style, although it borrows elements from the [[California bungalow]] style and the [[International Style (architecture)|Post War International Style]]. It was built between 1951 and 1960 in three stages.<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |title=DOCUMENTATION OF PLACES FOR ENTRY IN THE REGISTER OF HERITAGE PLACES – Eastern Hills Senior High School |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Parliament/commit.nsf/(Evidence+Lookup+by+Com+ID)/78E0A58AD4C561BA4825793A001D01E5/$file/ef.aar10.111025.aqton.Heritage+Council+of+WA.pdf |website=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073041/https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Parliament/commit.nsf/%28Evidence+Lookup+by+Com+ID%29/78E0A58AD4C561BA4825793A001D01E5/$file/ef.aar10.111025.aqton.Heritage+Council+of+WA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1963, Mount Helena Primary School was opened next to Mount Helena Junior High School. The original school was renamed to Eastern Hills High School, teaching students between year eight and ten only. The school's home economics and manual arts facilities were expanded in 1962 as well. Over the years, the school had other additions to it. More classrooms were added in {{circa|1964}} and 1967. A computer science laboratory was built in 1967 as well, and in 1968, tennis courts were added. Changes in the curriculum resulted in additions to the school as well. A science block opened in 1966, a more specialised library was completed in 1972, and a manual arts centre opened in {{circa|1978}}.<ref name="Heritage"/>

In 1975, after advocating from parents, the school opened to year 11 students, and year 12 students the following year. This was to ease enrolments at [[Governor Stirling Senior High School]], which was one of the largest schools in Western Australia at the time. It was chosen as more cost effective to expand Eastern Hills than to build [[Swan View Senior High School|a school in Swan View]]. The school was renamed to Eastern Hills Senior High School as a result.<ref name="Heritage"/><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.svshs.wa.edu.au/about-us/history/ |website=Swan View Senior High School |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312030249/https://www.svshs.wa.edu.au/about-us/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A community recreation centre, including a gymnasium, opened in 1980.<ref name="Heritage"/>

In July 1997, a new $1.6 million technology and performing arts centre opened at the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening of technology/performing arts centre at E. Hills school |url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1997/07/Opening-of-technologyperforming-arts-centre-at-E-Hills-school.aspx |website=Media Statements |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> A new teaching block for year eights opened in 1998, and a music centre in 2006.<ref name="Heritage"/>

In 2014, Eastern Hills Senior High School became an [[Independent Public School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=School Board |url=https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/school-board |website=Eastern Hills Senior High School |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172417/https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/school-board |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Eastern Hills Senior High School, alongside most other public high schools in Western Australia, transitioned to having year 7 students.

On the night of Thursday, 8 September 2016, the school was heavily damaged by vandals, causing $100,000 worth of damage. Over 200 windows were broken, rooms were flooded and computers were destroyed, affecting 40% of the school. Only limited classes were held on Friday, the school telling parents to keep their children at home if possible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Hills High School trashed, flooded by vandals, police seeking two teens |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-09/eastern-hills-high-school-extensively-damaged-by-vandals/7830224 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102353/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-09/eastern-hills-high-school-extensively-damaged-by-vandals/7830224 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 19 year old man and a 22 year old man were charged over the incident on Saturday 10 September.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paddenburg |first1=Trevor |last2=Campbell |first2=Kate |title=Two men charged over vandalism spree at Eastern Hills Senior High School |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-vandalism-spree-at-eastern-hills-senior-high-school/news-story/fd854e9122058345595c7d1673c8a16e |website=News.com.au |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911172101/http://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-vandalism-spree-at-eastern-hills-senior-high-school/news-story/fd854e9122058345595c7d1673c8a16e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Beattie |first1=Adrian |title=Two men charged over 'senseless vandalism' and flooding at Mount Helena school |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-senseless-vandalism-and-flooding-at-mount-helena-school-20160910-grdb1b.html |website=WAtoday |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073147/https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/two-men-charged-over-senseless-vandalism-and-flooding-at-mount-helena-school-20160910-grdb1b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The men were convicted and given a suspended prison sentence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Emily |title=Man convicted over $100,000 vandalism at Mount Helena school spared jail |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/man-convicted-over-100000-vandalism-at-mount-helena-school-spared-jail-ng-b88810701z |website=The West Australian |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511074926/https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/man-convicted-over-100000-vandalism-at-mount-helena-school-spared-jail-ng-b88810701z |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Eastern Hills Senior High School signed a sister school agreement with Taishi Senior High School ({{lang-ja|[[:ja:兵庫県立太子高等学校|兵庫県立太子高等学校]]}}) in [[Hyogo Prefecture]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister School Relationship |url=https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/taishisisisterschool |website=Eastern Hills Senior High School |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172453/https://www.ehshs.wa.edu.au/taishisisisterschool |url-status=live }}</ref>

Refurbishment of the school's facilities is expected to start in August 2021, and be complete in 2022. The upgrade has a cost of $2 million. An architect for the upgrade was appointed in December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architect appointed for upgrades at Eastern Hills Senior High School |url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2020/12/Architect-appointed-for-upgrades-at-Eastern-Hills-Senior-High-School.aspx |website=Media Statements |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224752/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2020/12/Architect-appointed-for-upgrades-at-Eastern-Hills-Senior-High-School.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The upgrade is part of the state's [[COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia|COVID-19]] recovery plan to create jobs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ageing WA public schools set for $500 million facelift as part of coronavirus recovery plan |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-03/ageing-wa-schools-get-500m-upgrade-under-covid-19-recovery-plan/12517836 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823232804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-03/ageing-wa-schools-get-500m-upgrade-under-covid-19-recovery-plan/12517836 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Student numbers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Number<ref name="Student numbers">{{cite web |title=Eastern Hills Senior High School – Student Numbers |url=https://www.det.wa.edu.au/schoolsonline/student_trends.do?schoolID=4017&pageID=SP03 |website=Schools Online |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073054/https://www.det.wa.edu.au/schoolsonline/student_trends.do?schoolID=4017&pageID=SP03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| 920
|-
| 2017
| 944
|-
| 2018
| 975
|-
| 2019
| 939
|-
| 2020
| 944
|-
| 2021
| 961
|}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Craig Challen]] – Cave diver and 2019 [[Australian of the Year]] for his involvement in the [[Tham Luang cave rescue]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian of the Year |url=https://www.helenacollege.wa.edu.au/latest-news/australian-of-the-year/ |website=Helena College |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312050650/https://www.helenacollege.wa.edu.au/latest-news/australian-of-the-year/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Jemma Green – [[City of Perth]] councillor until March 2018 and acting [[Lord Mayor of Perth]] from October 2017 to January 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamlyn |first1=Charlotte |title=Perth new acting Lord Mayor Jemma Green aims to end toxic politics |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/who-is-new-perth-deputy-mayor-jemma-green/9085746 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204185437/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/who-is-new-perth-deputy-mayor-jemma-green/9085746 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shepherd |first1=Briana |title=Perth Lord Mayor Lisa Scaffidi announces her return to office after disqualification overturned |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-21/perth-lord-mayor-lisa-scaffidi-announces-her-return-to-council/9280256 |website=ABC News |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025224/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-21/perth-lord-mayor-lisa-scaffidi-announces-her-return-to-council/9280256 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Alyssa Hayden]] – Former [[Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division)|Liberal]] member for [[Electoral district of Darling Range|Darling Range]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alyssa Hayden |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/library/MPHistoricalData.nsf/(Lookup)/EDBDB2A6EB24C64048257C7700155B7E?OpenDocument |website=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>
* [[Louise Pratt]] – [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] party [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Western Australia]] and former member of the [[Western Australian Legislative Council]] for [[Electoral region of East Metropolitan|East Metropolitan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Louise Clare Pratt |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/library/MPHistoricalData.nsf/(Lookup)/5DB30AFF6D1A8D84482577E50028A77C?OpenDocument |website=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404043226/https://parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/library/MPHistoricalData.nsf/(Lookup)/5DB30AFF6D1A8D84482577E50028A77C?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Western Australia|Schools}}}}
* [[List of schools in the Perth metropolitan area]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Public high schools in Western Australia}}

[[Category:Public high schools in Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Australia]]

Participatory democracy

2022-02-17T05:07:50Z

193.119.42.246: /* Overview */

{{Short description|Model of democracy}}
{{Tone|date=May 2018}}{{Democracy}}
'''Participatory democracy''' or '''participative democracy''' is a model of democracy in which citizens are provided power to make political decisions. Etymological roots of ''[[democracy]]'' (Greek ''[[wikt:demos|demos]]'' and ''[[wikt:κράτος|kratos]]'') imply that the people are in power, making all democracies participatory to some degree. However, participatory democracy tends to advocate greater citizen participation and more direct representation than traditional [[representative democracy]]. For example, the creation of governing bodies through a system of [[sortition]], rather than election of representatives, is thought to produce a more participatory body by allowing citizens to hold positions of power themselves.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Manin|first=Bernard|title=The Principles of Representative Government|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995}}</ref>

Some scholars argue for refocusing the term on community-based activity within the domain of [[civil society]], based on the belief that a strong non-governmental [[public sphere]] is a precondition for the emergence of a strong [[liberal democracy]].<ref>Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, edited by Simone Chambers and Will Kymlicka (Princeton University Press, 2002)</ref> These scholars tend to stress the value of separation between the realm of civil society and the formal political realm.<ref>The Idea of Civil Society, by Adam B. Seligman (Princeton University Press, 1992)</ref>

== Overview ==
[[Participation (decision making)|Participation]] is commonly defined as the act of taking part in some action. 'Political participation', hence, is largely assumed as an act of taking part in 'political' action. However, such definition often varies in political science due to the ambiguities surrounding what can be conceived as 'political' actions.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Participation in politics|last=Geraint.|first=Parry|date=1972|publisher=Manchester University Press [Totowa, N.J.] Rowman and Littlefield|others=Anderson, Bryce.|isbn=0874711312|location=Manchester|oclc=587215|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/participationinp00gera}}</ref> Within this general definition, the perception of political participation varies by differing modes, intensities, and qualities of participation.<ref name=":02" /> From voting to directly influencing the implementation of public policies, the extent to which a political participation should be considered appropriate in political theory is, to this day, under debate. Participatory democracy is primarily concerned with ensuring that citizens are afforded an opportunity to participate or otherwise be involved in decision making on matters that affect their lives.<ref>De Vos et al (2014) South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press</ref>

Participatory democracy is not a novel concept and has existed under various political designs since the [[Athenian democracy]]. The theory of participatory democracy was developed by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and later promoted by [[John Stuart Mill|J.S. Mill]] and [[G. D. H. Cole]], who argued that political participation is indispensable for the realization of a just society.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last=Wolfe|first=Joel D.|date=July 1985|title=A Defense of Participatory Democracy|journal=The Review of Politics|volume=47|issue=3|pages=370–389|doi=10.1017/S0034670500036925|issn=1748-6858}}</ref> Nevertheless, the sudden invigoration and popularity on this topic in the academic literature only began in mid-19th century. One conjecture is that the revival of political participation's significance was a natural progression from the growing assessment that representative models of democracy were in decline; increasingly inorganic relations between the elected elites and the public, diminishing electoral turnouts, and ceaseless political corruptions are often considered as the rationales behind its alleged crisis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The end of representative politics|last=1963-|first=Tormey, Simon|isbn=9780745681955|location=Malden, MA|oclc=890310124}}</ref> Another, as argued by David Plotke, is that the proponents of participatory democracy were originally the critics of 'minimal democracy', a theory popularly established by [[Joseph Schumpeter]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Plotke|first=David|date=1997|title=Representation is Democracy|journal=Constellations|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8675.00033|issn=1467-8675}}</ref> Plotke claims, "In the Cold War, nonCommunist left critics of minimal democracy tended to define their positions by reversing the [proponents of minimal democracy's] claims. [...] Given [an] unappetizing menu, critics of minimal democracy advocated a sharp and sustained increase in political participation. shrek "<ref name=":12"/> Regardless of its origin, the recent resurgence of participatory democracy has led to various institutional reforms such as [[participatory budgeting]], steadily challenging the traditionally predominant form of [[liberal democracy]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Pateman|first=Carole|date=March 2012|title=Participatory Democracy Revisited|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=10|issue=1|pages=7–19|doi=10.1017/S1537592711004877|s2cid=145534893|issn=1541-0986|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b5f74f959d4154b23ec6ac0e93efc411055dd31f}}</ref>

The proponents of participatory democracy criticize liberal democracy and argue that representation is inherently deficient for truly democratic societies, leading to the fundamental debate on democratic ideology. [[Benjamin Barber]], an advocate for 'individual democracy', has denounced liberal democracy because "it alienates human beings from each other and, more important, because the epistemological basis on which liberalism stands is itself fundamentally flawed."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Strong democracy : participatory politics for a new age|last=1939-2017.|first=Barber, Benjamin R.|isbn=0520242335|edition=Twentieth anniversary edition with a new preface|location=Berkeley|oclc=54531414|year = 2003}}</ref> Barber's notable significance is the return to the epistemological basis of politics and democracy, and in that vein, Joel Wolfe reinforces his hypothesis: "[...] strong democracy should be a form of government in which all people participate in decision-making and implementation. While recognizing that the complexity of modern society imposes limits on direct democracy, participation by all is imperative because it creates shared interests, a common will, and community action, all of which inevitably give legitimacy to politics."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wolfe|first=Joel|date=Fall 1986|title=Varieties of Participatory Democracy and Democratic Theory|journal=Political Science Reviewer|volume=16|pages=1–38}}</ref>

All modern constitutions and fundamental laws contain and declare the concept and principle of popular sovereignty, which essentially means that the people are the ultimate source of public power or government authority. The concept of popular sovereignty holds simply that in a society organized for political action, the will of the people as a whole is the only right standard of political action. It can be regarded as an important element in the system of the checks and balances, and representative democracy. Therefore, the people are implicitly entitled even to directly participate in the process of law making. This role of linking citizens and their government and legislators is closely related to the concept of legitimacy. The exercise of democratic control over the legislative system and the policy-making process can occur even when the public has only an elementary understanding of the national legislative institution and its membership. Civic education is a vital strategy for strengthening public participation and confidence in the legislative process.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vértesy|first=László|date=2017-01-10|title=The Public Participation in the Drafting of Legislation in Hungary|journal=Central European Public Administration Review|volume=14|issue=4|doi=10.17573/ipar.2016.4.06|issn=2591-2259|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Occupy Wall Street Washington Square Park 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Members of the [[Occupy Movement]] practicing participatory democracy in a [[General assembly (Occupy movement)|general assembly]] held in [[Washington Square Park]], New York City on October 8, 2011]]

=== Origins ===
In 7th and 8th century BCE [[Ancient Greece]], the informal distributed power structure of the villages and minor towns began to be displaced with collectives of Oligarchs seizing power as the villages and towns coalesced into city states. This caused much hardship and discontent among the common people, with many having to sell their land due to debts, and even suffer from debt slavery. Around 600 BCE the Athenian leader [[Solon]] initiated some reforms to limit the power of Oligarchs and re-establish a partial form of participatory democracy with some decisions taken by a popular assembly composed of all free male citizens. About a century later, Solon's reforms were further enhanced for even more direct involvement of regular citizens by [[Cleisthenes]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Osborne|2006|loc= pages 50 -56}}</ref> During its tenure, Athenian democracy used its system of popular assembly in tandem with the selection of magisterial positions by lot and the election of a small number of high level government officials. Athenian democrats supported the use of sortition on account of the Aristotelian belief in the importance of ruling and being ruled in a democratic system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manin|first=Bernard|title=The Principles of Representative Government|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995}}</ref> By using sortition to assign citizens to one year magisterial offices, and not permitting them to hold a particular office more than once, the Athenian system distributed power amongst a greater number of citizens who intermittently led and followed throughout their lives. [[Athenian democracy]] came to an end in 322 BC. When democracy was revived as a political system about 2000 years later, decisions were made by representatives rather than by the people themselves. A minor exception to this was the limited form of direct democracy which flourished in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss Cantons]] from the later Middle Ages.

=== 19th and 20th centuries ===
An ephemerous but notorious instance, taking place in the Modern Age, was the [[Paris Commune]] of 1871, which married the universal political engagement of participatory democracy with a correspondent [[collective ownership]] and [[workers' self-management|management]] of the [[means of production]], which, like participatory democracy itself, was a demand of the nascent organized [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]. In the late 19th century, a small number of thinkers, including [[Karl Marx]],<ref>Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/index.htm The Civil War in France], Karl Marx, 1871</ref> [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]]<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State], Mikhail Bakunin, 1871</ref>—all highly influenced, along with their [[International Working Men's Association]], by the Commune–and [[Oscar Wilde]]<ref>Principally in [[The Soul of Man under Socialism]].</ref> began advocating increased participatory democracy. It was in the 20th century that practical implementations of participatory democracy once again began to take place, albeit mostly on a small scale, attracting considerable academic attention in the 1980s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Elster|1998|loc= pages 1-3 }}</ref><ref name="Ross 2011 loc= Chapter 3">{{Harvnb|Ross|2011|loc= Chapter 3 }}</ref>

During the [[Spanish Civil War|Spanish civil war]], from 1936–1938, the parts of Spain controlled by [[Anarchism|anarchist]] members of the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republican]] faction was governed almost totally by participatory democracy. In 1938 the anarchists were displaced after betrayal by their former Republican allies in the Communist party and attacks from the [[Falangism|Nationalist]] forces of [[Francisco Franco|General Franco]]. The writer [[George Orwell]], who experienced participatory democracy in Spain with the anarchists before their defeat, discusses it in his book ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'', and says participatory democracy was a "strange and valuable" experience where one could breathe "the air of equality" and where normal human motives like snobbishness, greed, and fear of authority had ceased to exist.<ref name="Ross 2011 loc= Chapter 3"/>

The mystic and philosopher [[Simone Weil]], who had helped the Spanish anarchists as a combat soldier, would later promote participatory democracy in her political manifesto ''[[The Need for Roots]]''.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Simone Weil
|title=The Need for Roots
|pages = 44–55
|year=2002
|isbn=0-415-27102-9
|publisher = [[Routledge]]|author-link=Simone Weil
|title-link=The Need for Roots
}}</ref>

[[Students for a Democratic Society]] organized around the principles of participatory democracy in the 1960s.

In the 1980s, the profile of participatory democracy within academia was raised by [[James S. Fishkin]], the professor who introduced the [[deliberative opinion poll]]. In 1996, in response to the emergence of renewable energy technologies, the Texas government commissioned an informed public opinion poll, also known as a [[Deliberative opinion poll|deliberative poll]], to gage citizens' willingness to pursue alternative energies.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Kate Galbraith and Asher|date=2013-09-17|title=Book Excerpt: How the Public Got Behind Texas Wind Power|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2013/09/17/book-excerpt-how-public-got-behind-tx-wind-power/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=The Texas Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Prior to deliberation, a raw opinion poll was taken in which Texans were asked whether they were willing to pay more on monthly utility bills to support renewable energy. After the initial poll, a representative sample of citizens was provided non-partisan briefing books and invited to deliberate in the presence of moderators. Following a weekend of deliberation, the participants developed informed opinions that significantly diverged from their raw opinions. Before deliberation, fifty-two percent of participants supported a two to five dollar increase on monthly utility bills to support renewable energy. By the end of the experiment, participant support increased to eighty-four percent.<ref name=":04" /> The results of the informed public opinion poll deeply influenced the actions of the Texas government and electric power industry; though Texas was the forty-ninth largest producer of renewable energy in the United States in 1996, it now leads the nation in the production of the wind power.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas - State Energy Profile Analysis - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=TX|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>

Experiments in forms of participatory democracy that took place within a wider framework of representative democracy began in cities around the world, with an early adopter being Brazil's [[Porto Alegre]]. A [[World Bank]] study found that participatory democracy in these cities seemed to result in considerable improvement in the quality of life for residents.<ref name="Ross 2011 loc= Chapter 3" />

=== 21st century ===

==== Social Movements ====
In the early-21st century, low-profile experiments in participatory democracy began to spread throughout South and North America, to China and across the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishkin|2011|loc= ''passim'', see especially the preface.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.participatorybudgeting.org.uk/ UK participatory budgeting homepage: a church sponsored charity that supports participatory budgeting in numerous local communities.]</ref> A partial example in the [[United States of America|USA]] occurred with drawing up the plans to rebuild [[New Orleans]] after 2005's [[Hurricane Katrina]], with thousands of ordinary citizens involved in drafting and approving the plan.<ref name="Ross 2011 loc= Chapter 3"/>

In recent years, [[social media]] have led to changes in the conduct of participatory democracy. In the [[2016 United States elections]] social media spread news and many{{quantify|date=June 2019}} politicians used social-media outlets like [[Twitter]] to attract voters. Social media has helped to organize movements to demand change. Mainly through [[hashtag]]s, citizens join political conversations with differing view-points.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Krutka|first1= Daniel G.|last2= Carpenter|first2= Jeffery P.|date= November 2017|title= DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP in the Curriculum: Educators Can Support Strong Visions of Citizenship by Teaching with and about Social Media |url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=125935937&site=ehost-live&scope=site|journal= Educational Leadership |volume= 75|pages= 50–55|via= EBSCOhost}}</ref> To promote public interest and involvement, local governments have started using social media to make decisions based on public feedback.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Won|first= No|date= April 2017|title= Ideation in an Online Participatory Platform: Towards Conceptual Framework|journal= Information Polity |volume= 22|issue= 2–3 |pages= 101–116|doi= 10.3233/IP-170417}}</ref> Though it requires much commitment, citizens have organized committees to highlight local needs and appoint budget delegates who work with the citizens and city agencies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Mattson|first= Gary A.|date= Spring 2017|title= Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America|journal= Political Science Quarterly |volume= 132 |pages= 192–194|doi= 10.1002/polq.12603}}</ref> In the [[Russian Federation]], President [[Vladimir Putin]]'s annual [[Direct Line with Vladimir Putin|''Direct Line'' television]] Q&A sessions, wherein he answers a selection of the hundreds of thousands of questions which Russians submit via telephones or social media, provides a degree of participation for ordinary citizens<ref>
{{cite web
|url= https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-faces-discontent-annual-questions-live-broadcast-russia/30009135.html
|title= Putin Faces Critical Questions During Public Q&A
|date= 20 June 2019
|publisher= Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
|access-date= 26 June 2019
|quote= Putin's 'Marathon' Q&A Sessions Vladimir Putin's annual Direct Line call-in show is a marathon event during which the Russian president answers - for hours - prescreened questions from the Russian public.
}}
</ref> - an updated, more interactive version of [[fireside chats]].

In 2011 participatory democracy became a notable feature of the [[Occupy movement]], a movement largely started by a [[Tumblr]] [[post (disambiguation)|post]] (titled "We Are the 99 Percent") protesting and claiming that a few individuals held all the [[Power (social and political)|power]]. Occupy camps around the world made decisions based on the outcome of working groups where every protester had their say, and by general assemblies where the decisions taken by [[working group]]s were effectively aggregated together. Their decision process combined equality, mass participation, and deliberation.<ref name="NYtimes">{{Cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/opinion/will-extremists-hijack-occupy-wall-street.html|title= Will Extremists Hijack Occupy Wall Street?|author= James Miller|date= 2011-10-25|work= [[The New York Times]]|access-date= 2011-11-21}}
</ref><ref name="Penny">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/laurie-penny/2011/10/spain-movement-square-world
| title= Protest by consensus
| publisher= [[New Statesman]]
| author= Laurie Penny
| date=2011-10-16
| access-date=2011-11-21}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7a106566-0931-11e1-8e86-00144feabdc0.html
|title= The Occupy crowd is no match for banks
|work= [[Financial Times]]
|author= Michael Skapinker
|date = 2011-11-09
|access-date=2011-11-14
|format={{registration required}}|author-link= Michael Skapinker
}}
</ref><ref name=":0">
{{Cite journal
|last1=Gismondi|first1=Adam
|last2=Osteen|first2=Laura|date=2017
|title=Student Activism in the Technology Age
|journal=New Directions for Student Leadership
|volume= 2017|issue=153|pages= 63–74
|doi=10.1002/yd.20230
|pmid=28199062
}}
</ref>

==== Citizens' Assemblies ====
Participatory democracy has been practiced more frequently as of late on account of a rise of government commissioned citizens' conventions that seek to address specific policy or constitutional issues. Participants in citizens' assemblies are typically chosen through sortition with stratified sampling to increase the representative nature of the body. Assemblies are then divided into groups to explore specific topics in greater depth, guided by the testimony of experts. Deliberation is led by professional facilitators and legal experts aid in the formulation of policy proposals or constitutional amendments in legal language. The reports of the assemblies are often put to referenda or used to advise government bodies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Claire Mellier, Rich|title=Getting Climate Citizens' Assemblies Right|url=https://carnegieeurope.eu/2020/11/05/getting-climate-citizens-assemblies-right-pub-83133|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Carnegie Europe|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, in response to growing distrust between citizens and the government following a 2008 economic crisis, Ireland authorized the use of a citizens' assembly titled "We the Citizens" to pilot the use of a participatory democratic body to increase political legitimacy. Having found an increase in efficacy and interest in governmental functions, as well as significant shifts in opinion on contested issues like taxation, Ireland sanctioned a citizens' assembly with legal remit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2011|title=We the Citizens Speak Up for Ireland -- Final Report|url=http://www.wethecitizens.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/We-the-Citizens-2011-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Ireland held a [[Constitutional Convention (Ireland)|Constitutional Convention]] to discuss proposed amendments to the Constitution. Ten issues were discussed in total with proposals ranging from reducing the voting age to 17 to including a provision for same-sex marriage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Farrell|first1=David M.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501749346|title=Reimagining Democracy|last2=Suiter|first2=Jane|date=2019-09-15|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/9781501749346|isbn=978-1-5017-4934-6}}</ref> The citizens' convention embraced a hybrid model: participants included sixty-six individuals from the greater population, thirty-three legislators from the [[Oireachtas|Irish Parliament]], and chairman [[Tom Arnold (economist)|Tom Arnold]]. At the end of the fourteenth month of the Constitutional Convention, several of the citizens' recommendations were put to referenda. The Thirty-fourth Amendment to the Irish Constitution, the Marriage Equality Act, was signed into law following a successful referendum with success attributed in part to the deliberation of the 2012 Constitutional Convention. In the next iteration of citizens' assemblies in [[Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)|Ireland in 2016-2018]], the Assembly, now composed of ninety-nine ordinary citizens and one chairperson appointed by the government, was tasked with considering whether the Eighth Amendment should be removed from the Constitution, along with other issues of referendums, population aging, and climate change. The Eighth Amendment banned abortion in nearly all instances by recognizing a constitutional right to life. Debate occurred over a five month period and a secret-ballot vote was held at the end of the convention with members voting to replace the Eighth Amendment with a new provision authorizing the Irish Parliament to legislate abortion.<ref name=":3" /> The proposals of the assembly were put up to a countrywide referendum and sixty-six percent voted to repeal the Eighth Amendment. The two-thirds vote in favor of repealing the Eighth Amendment closely aligned with the vote taken internally in the citizens' assembly, suggesting the representative nature of the randomly chosen participants.

In response to the [[Yellow vests movement]], the French government organized the “Grand National Debate” in early 2019 to allow one hundred randomly selected citizens in each of eighteen regional conventions to deliberate on issues that the citizens valued the most to inform government action.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Giraudet|first1=Louis-Gaëtan|last2=Apouey|first2=Bénédicte|last3=Arab|first3=Hazem|last4=Baeckelandt|first4=Simon|last5=Begout|first5=Philippe|last6=Berghmans|first6=Nicolas|last7=Blanc|first7=Nathalie|last8=Boulin|first8=Jean-Yves|last9=Buge|first9=Eric|last10=Courant|first10=Dimitri|last11=Dahan|first11=Amy|date=2021-01-26|title=Deliberating on Climate Action: Insights from the French Citizens' Convention for Climate|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/wpaper/hal-03119539.html|language=en}}</ref> At the end of the Grand National Debate, [[Emmanuel Macron|President Macron]] committed to the creation of a dedicated citizens' assembly to discuss climate change: the Citizens' Climate Convention (CCC). The CCC was designed to serve as a legislative body, guided by the question of how France may reduce its greenhouse gas emissions with social justice in mind.<ref name=":1" /> One hundred and fifty citizens, selected by sortition and stratified sampling, were sorted into five sub-groups to discuss individual climate themes such as housing and consuming. The citizens were guided by the experts on several steering committees that worked to inform the participants on the specifics of climate issues, help citizens formulate their ideas in legal language, and facilitate discussion. At the end of the nine month long process, the deliberation of the CCC culminated in 149 measures outlined in a 460-page report, ranging from the decarbonization of the car fleet to reforming environmental labeling on food packaging. The proceedings and results of the CCC have garnered national and international attention. President Macron has committed to supporting 146 of the 149 measures proposed by the CCC, and a bill containing the 146 suggestions was submitted to Parliament in late 2020.<ref name=":4" />

The UK, like France, also held a citizens' assembly in 2020 to discuss paths to address climate change following the [[Extinction Rebellion]].<ref name=":1" /> The framing question of the [[UK Climate Assembly]] (CAUK) asked how the UK should approach reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050. Rather than functioning as a political chamber as in the CCC, the CAUK was used more as a supplemental, advisory body with stricter rules of engagement. The UK brought 108 citizens together to deliberate over four months, resulting in more than fifty recommendations outlined in a 556-page report. The findings of the citizens' assembly helped advise the government's next steps in [[climate change mitigation|combating climate change]].<ref name=":1" />

== Evaluation ==

=== Strengths ===
Main advocates of participatory democracy view it as an appropriate political development considering the inherent democratic deficiency in representative models. Generally argued as an intermediary between direct and representative democracy, participatory democracy's alleged strengths lie in greater citizen involvement, popular control, and egalitarian and non-exploitative social relations.

The most prominent argument for participatory democracy is its function of greater democratization. Although the extent of how 'democratized' societies should be may rely on sociocultural and economic contexts, Pateman claims, "[...] the argument is about changes that will make our own social and political life more democratic, that will provide opportunities for individuals to participate in decision-making in their everyday lives as well as in the wider political system. It is about democratizing democracy."<ref name=":42"/> In such a democratized society, individuals or groups can not only pursue, but also realistically achieve their interests, ultimately "[providing] the means to a more just and rewarding society, not a strategy for preserving the status quo."<ref name=":33"/>

Another proposed advantage participatory democracy over other democratic models is its educative effect. Initially promoted by Rousseau, Mill, and Cole, greater political participation can in turn lead the public to seek or accomplish higher qualities of participation in terms of efficacy and depth: "the more individuals participate the better able they become to do so"<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":42" /> Pateman emphasizes this potential because it precisely counteracts the widely spread lack of faith in citizen capacity, especially in advanced societies with complex organizations.<ref name=":42" /> In this vein, J. Wolfe asserts his confidence in the feasibility of participatory models even in large-member organizations, which would progressively diminish state intervention as the most crucial mode of political change.<ref name=":33"/>

=== Weaknesses ===
The negative criticisms of participatory democracy generally align with exclusive advocacy for 'minimal democracy'. While some critics, such as David Plotke, call for a conciliatory medium between participatory and representative models, others are skeptical of the overly leftist democratic ideology. Two general oppositions can be found within the literature, the prior is the disbelief in citizen capabilities, considering how greater responsibilities come as participation grows. Michels rejects the feasibility of participatory models and goes so far as to refute the educative benefits of participatory democracy by delineating the lack of motivations for extensive participation to begin development: "First, the self-interested, rational member has little incentive to participate because he lacks the skills and knowledge to be effective, making it cost effective to rely on officials' expertise."<ref name=":33"/> In other words, the motivation, or even desire, for participation is a misconceived understanding of the general will in politics.<ref name=":33" /> By analyzing that the aggregate citizenry is rather disinterested and leader-dependent, the mechanism for participatory democracy is argued to be inherently incompatible with advanced societies.

Other concerns largely rest on the feasibility of effectively managing massive political input into an equally meaningful, responsive output. Plotke condemns the ideological element of universal participation since any institutional adjustment to employ greater political participation can never exclude a representative element.<ref name=":12"/> Consequently, neither direct nor participatory democracy can be truly themselves without having some type of representation to sustain realistically a stable political system. Such examination derives from the supposed impossibility of achieving equitably direct participation in large and populated regions. Plotke ultimately argues in favor of representation over participation and criticizes the misconception by participatory democrats of "representation [as] an unfortunate compromise between an ideal of direct democracy and messy realities."<ref name=":12" />

A third category of criticism, primarily advanced by Dr. [[Roslyn Fuller]], rejects equating or even subsuming instruments of [[Deliberative Democracy]] (such as citizens’ assemblies) under the term of Participatory Democracy, as such instruments violate the hard-won concept of political equality ([[One Man, One Vote]]), in exchange for a small chance of being randomly selected to participate and are thus not ‘participatory’ in any meaningful sense.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web|url=https://unherd.com/2019/07/dont-be-fooled-by-citizens-assemblies/|title=Don’t be fooled by citizens’ assemblies|website=Unherd|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=Roslyn |title=In Defence of Democracy|publisher=Polity Books |isbn=9781509533138}}</ref>

Proponents of [[Deliberative Democracy]] in her view misconstrue the role sortition played in the ancient Athenian democracy (where random selection was limited only to offices and positions with very limited power whereas participation in the main decision-making forum was open to all citizens). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/the-digital-age-has-sparked-anxiety-about-democracy/|title=The digital age has sparked anxiety about democracy|website=Catholic Herald|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=Roslyn |title=Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed its Meaning and Lost its Purpose|publisher=Zed Books |isbn=9781783605422}}</ref>

Dr. Fuller’s most serious criticism is that [[Deliberative Democracy]] purposefully limits decisions to small, externally controllable groups while ignoring the plethora of e-democracy tools available which allow for unfiltered mass participation and deliberation. <ref name=":38"/>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://c17d130b-decc-4466-8955-20c2748a6b10.usrfiles.com/ugd/c17d13_265be675da744cf1a2d9a92ddea742a1.pdf |format=PDF |title=2021 Digital Democracy Report |last=Fuller |first=Roslyn |authorlink=Roslyn Fuller |publisher=Solonian Democracy Institute |accessdate=2021-07-24 }}</ref>

== Mechanisms for participatory democracy ==
Scholars, including Graham Smith in ''Democratic Innovations,'' have recently considered several mechanisms to create more participatory democratic systems, ranging from the use of [[referendum]]s to the creation of deliberative [[Citizens' assembly|citizens' assemblies]]. As contrasted with the mechanism of [[election]]s, these proposals intend to increase the agenda-setting and decision-making powers of the people through giving citizens' more direct ways to contribute to politics, as opposed to indirectly choosing representatives through voting.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Landemore|first=Hélène|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1158505904|title=Open democracy : reinventing popular rule for the twenty-first century|date=2020|isbn=978-0-691-20872-5|location=Princeton, New Jersey|oclc=1158505904}}</ref>

=== Mini-Publics ===
Also called citizens' assemblies, mini-publics are representative samples of the population at large that meet to advise other legislative bodies or to write laws themselves. Because citizens are chosen to participate by [[stratified sampling]], the assemblies are more representative of the population as a whole as compared to elected legislatures whose representatives are often disproportionally wealthy, male, and white.<ref name=":44">{{Citation|title=6. The Principles of Open Democracy|date=2020-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691208725-008|work=Open Democracy|pages=128–151|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9780691208725-008|isbn=978-0-691-20872-5|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> Mini-publics chosen by sortition thus provide average citizens the opportunity to exercise substantive agenda-setting and/or decision-making power. Over the course of the assembly, citizens are guided by experts and discussion facilitators to ensure meaningful deliberation. The results of mini-publics typically culminate in reports to be sent to the government or proposals that are directly sent to the people via referendums. Critics of mini-publics have raised concerns about their perceived legitimacy. For instance, political scientist Daan Jacobs finds that the perceived legitimacy of mini-publics is higher than a system in which no participation is permitted but not higher than any system involving self-selection, like elections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jacobs|first1=Daan|last2=Kaufmann|first2=Wesley|date=2021-01-02|title=The right kind of participation? The effect of a deliberative mini-public on the perceived legitimacy of public decision-making|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1668468|journal=Public Management Review|volume=23|issue=1|pages=91–111|doi=10.1080/14719037.2019.1668468|s2cid=203263724|issn=1471-9037|doi-access=free}}</ref> Regardless, the use of mini-publics has grown in recent years and they have often been used to pursue constitutional reforms, such as in British Columbia's [[Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (British Columbia)|Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform]] in 2004 and the Irish [[Constitutional Convention (Ireland)|Constitutional Convention]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite book|last=author.|first=Van Reybrouck, David|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1029788565|title=Against elections : the case for democracy|isbn=978-1-60980-810-5|oclc=1029788565}}</ref>

=== Referendums ===
In binding referendums, citizens vote on laws and/or constitutional amendments proposed by a legislative body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chollet|first=Antoine|date=2018|title=Referendums Are True Democratic Devices|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/spsr.12322|journal=Swiss Political Science Review|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=342–347|doi=10.1111/spsr.12322|issn=1662-6370}}</ref> Referendums afford citizens greater decision-making power by giving them the ultimate choice in the passage of legislation. Citizens may also use referendums to engage in agenda-setting power if they are allowed to draft proposals to be put to referenda in efforts called [[Initiatives and referenda|initiatives]]. Referendums may be made increasingly participatory by using a mandatory vote system that requires participation amongst all citizens. However, despite providing the people with additional political power, political theorist [[Hélène Landemore]] raises the concern that referendums may fail to be sufficiently deliberative, meaning that the people are unable to engage in discussions and debate that may enhance their decision-making abilities and wielding of political power.<ref name=":43">{{Citation|title=6. The Principles of Open Democracy|date=2020-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691208725-008|work=Open Democracy|pages=128–151|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9780691208725-008|isbn=978-0-691-20872-5|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> A rigorous system of referendums is currently used in Switzerland, under which all laws architected by the legislature go to referendums. Swiss citizens may also enact [[Popular initiative (Switzerland)|popular initiatives]]: a process whereby citizens can put forward a constitutional amendment or the removal of an existing provision, if the proposal receives signatures by one hundred thousand citizens.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Linder|first1=Wolf|last2=Mueller|first2=Sean|date=2021|title=Swiss Democracy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3|isbn=978-3-030-63265-6}}</ref>

=== E-Democracy ===
E-democracy is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of proposals made to increase participation through the utilization of technology.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Graham|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/667034253|title=Democratic innovations : designing institutions for citizen participation|date=2009|isbn=978-0-511-65116-8|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=667034253}}</ref> Open discussion forums, for example, provide citizens the opportunity to debate policy online while facilitators guide discussion. These forums normally serve agenda-setting purposes or may be used to provide legislators with additional testimony when considering the passage of legislation. Closed forums may be used to discuss more sensitive information. In the UK, a closed discussion forum was used to enable domestic violence survivors to provide testimony to the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Violence and Abuse while preserving the anonymity of survivors. Another e-democratic mechanism is [[Online deliberation|online deliberative polling]], a system under which citizens are provided the opportunity to deliberate with peers virtually before answering a poll question. The results of deliberative polls are more likely to reflect the considered judgments of the people and are thought to be a better way to assess public opinion while encouraging increased citizen awareness of civic issues.<ref name=":6" />

=== Town Meetings ===
In a form of more local participatory democracy, [[Town meeting|town meetings]] provide all residents with legislative power.<ref>{{Citation|last=Smith|first=Graham|title=Studying democratic innovations: an analytical framework|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511609848.002|work=Democratic Innovations|year=2009|pages=8–29|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511609848.002|isbn=978-0-511-60984-8|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref> Practiced in the United States, particularly in New England, since the 17th century, town meetings assure that local policy decisions are made directly by members of the public without any intermediaries. Local democracy is often seen as the first step in producing a more participatory system; as said by democratic scholar [[Frank M. Bryan]], "For real democracy small not only is beautiful, it is essential."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frank.|first=Bryan|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/746883510|title=Real Democracy : the New England Town Meeting and How It Works.|date=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-1-282-53829-0|oclc=746883510}}</ref> Theorist Graham Smith, however, notes the inherently limited impact of town meetings which focus on local issues and cannot bring about action on larger, national issues. He also suggests that town meetings are not representative of the town as a whole as they disproportionately represent individuals with free time, including the elderly and the affluent. Nevertheless, New Hampshire continues to use a streamlined version of town meetings in which every voter is a legislator, and all issues may be put to a legally binding vote as long as its subject matter was placed on the warrant, a type of agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=16 Things Every Citizen Should Know About Town Meeting|url=https://www.nhmunicipal.org/town-city-article/16-things-every-citizen-should-know-about-town-meeting|access-date=2021-03-30|website=New Hampshire Municipal Association|language=en}}</ref>

=== Participatory Budgeting ===
The system of [[participatory budgeting]] allows citizens to make decisions on the allocation of a public budget.<ref name=":52">{{Citation|last=Smith|first=Graham|title=Studying democratic innovations: an analytical framework|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511609848.002|work=Democratic Innovations|year=2009|pages=8–29|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511609848.002|isbn=978-0-511-60984-8|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref> With origins in Porto Alegre, Brazil, the general procedure of the participatory budgeting involves the creation of a concrete financial plan that serves as a recommendation to elected representatives. Importantly, under the Brazilian system, neighborhoods are given the authority to design budgets for the greater region, with local proposals being brought to elected regional budget forums. The incorporation of deliberative processes in participatory budgeting has allowed for a decrease in clientelism and corruption as well as increased levels of participation, particularly amongst marginalized or poorer residents. Theorist Graham Smith observes that participatory budgeting still has some barriers to entry for the poorest members of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Novy|first1=Andreas|last2=Leubolt|first2=Bernhard|date=2005-10-01|title=Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Social Innovation and the Dialectical Relationship of State and Civil Society|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500279828|journal=Urban Studies|language=en|volume=42|issue=11|pages=2023–2036|doi=10.1080/00420980500279828|s2cid=143202031|issn=0042-0980}}</ref>

=== Liquid Democracy ===
In a hybrid between direct and representative democracy, [[liquid democracy]] permits individuals to vote on issues themselves or to select issue-competent delegates to vote on their behalf.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blum|first1=Christian|last2=Zuber|first2=Christina Isabel|date=2016|title=Liquid Democracy: Potentials, Problems, and Perspectives|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jopp.12065|journal=Journal of Political Philosophy|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=162–182|doi=10.1111/jopp.12065|issn=1467-9760}}</ref> Political scientists Christian Blum and Christina Isabel Zuber suggest that liquid democracy has the potential to improve a legislature's performance through bringing together delegates with a greater issue awareness, thus taking advantage of epistemic knowledge within the populace. In order to make liquid democracy more deliberative, a trustee model of delegation may be implemented in which the delegates are free to vote as they see fit following deliberation with other representatives. Some concerns have been raised about the implementation of liquid democracy; Blum and Zuber, for example, find that liquid democracy produces two distinct participative classes of voters: individuals with one vote and delegates with two or more votes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blum|first1=Christian|last2=Zuber|first2=Christina Isabel|date=2016|title=Liquid Democracy: Potentials, Problems, and Perspectives|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jopp.12065|journal=Journal of Political Philosophy|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=162–182|doi=10.1111/jopp.12065|issn=1467-9760}}</ref> Blum and Zuber also worry that the policy produced in issue-specific legislatures will lack cohesiveness if each group has separate and independent delegates. Today, liquid democracy is utilized by [[Pirate Party|Pirate Parties]], groups known for their support for more democratic reforms and greater internet transparency, for intra-party decision-making.

=== Deliberative Polling ===
Trademarked by Stanford professor [[James S. Fishkin|James Fishkin]], [[Deliberative opinion poll|deliberative opinion polls]] permit citizens to develop informed opinions following a period of deliberation. Deliberative polling begins with surveying a random representative sample of citizens to gage their raw opinion.<ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=What is Deliberative Polling®?|url=https://cdd.stanford.edu/what-is-deliberative-polling/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=CDD|language=en-US}}</ref> These same individuals are then invited to deliberate for a weekend in the presence of political leaders, competing experts, and trained moderators. At the end of the deliberation, the group is surveyed again, and the final opinions of the group are taken to be representative of the conclusion that the public would reach provided they had opportunities to engage with the issues more deeply. There are many examples of deliberative polling being used around the world: in 2008, Fishkin and team conducted a deliberative poll in Poznan, Poland to decide the fate of a Euro Cup stadium after 2012, and, in South Korea in 2011, a deliberative poll was used to discuss the issue of Korean Unification.<ref name=":05" /> [[Cristina Lafont]], a critic of deliberative polling, argues that the "filtered" (informed) opinion reached at the end of a deliberative poll is too far removed from the opinion of the citizenry as a whole, thus delegitimizing the actions taken in the name of the poll.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lafont|first=Cristina|date=March 2015|title=Deliberation, Participation, and Democratic Legitimacy: Should Deliberative Mini-publics Shape Public Policy?: Deliberation, Participation & Democratic Legitimacy|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jopp.12031|journal=Journal of Political Philosophy|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=40–63|doi=10.1111/jopp.12031}}</ref> Conversely, Fishkin and other proponents find deliberative polling to be a "poll with a human face" that can be used in tandem with other participatory mechanisms to reflect the normatively desirable informed will of the people.<ref name=":05" />

== Mechanisms against participatory democracy ==
[[Jason Brennan]], in ''Against Democracy'', advocates for a less participatory system on the basis of the irrationality of voters in a representative democracy. He proposes several mechanisms to reduce participation, presented with the assumption that a vote-based system of electoral representation is maintained.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Jason.|first=Brennan|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1041586995|title=Against democracy|isbn=0-691-17849-6|oclc=1041586995}}</ref>

=== Restricted Suffrage and Plural Voting ===
In an analogy comparing the perils of an unlicensed driver to an untested voter, Brennan argues that exams should be administered to all citizens to determine if they are competent to participate. Under this system, citizens either have one or zero votes, depending on their test performance. Brennan also proposes a plural voting regime in which each citizen has by default one vote (or zero votes) but can earn additional votes through passing voter entrance exams or possessing academic degrees. Critics of Brennan, including Vox reporter Sean Illing, find parallels between his proposed system and the literacy tests of the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] South that prevented black people from voting in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Illing|first=Sean|date=2018-07-23|title=Epistocracy: a political theorist's case for letting only the informed vote|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/23/17581394/against-democracy-book-epistocracy-jason-brennan|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref>

=== Universal Suffrage with Epistocratic Veto ===
Brennan proposes a second system under which all citizens have equal rights to vote or otherwise participate in government, but the decisions made by elected representatives are scrutinized by an epistocratic council. Brennan notes that this council cannot make law, only "unmake" law, and would likely be composed of individuals who passed rigorous competency exams. He admits that an epistocratic veto could lead to significant gridlock but suggests that the gridlock may be a necessary evil in the process of reducing democratic incompetence. The epistocratic veto would thus serve as a back-end check, as opposed to a front-end check in restricted suffrage, that still allows all citizens to participate in electing representatives. <ref name=":03" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Civic intelligence]]
* [[Collaborative governance]]
* [[E-participation]]
* [[E-democracy]]
* [[Deliberative democracy]]
* [[Collaborative e-democracy]]
* [[Demarchy]]
* [[Direct democracy]]
* [[Green politics]]
* [[Inclusive Democracy]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Participatory budgeting]]
* [[Participatory democracy in the European Union]]
* [[Participatory economics]]
* [[Participatory justice]]
* [[Participism]]
* [[Public incubator]]
* [[Public sphere]]
* [[Public participation]]
* [[Radical transparency]]
* [[Rationality and power]]
* [[Sociocracy]]
* [[Socialism of the 21st century]]
* [[Tax choice]]
* [[The 23 objectives of the Australian Democrats]]
* [[b:Development Cooperation Handbook/The participatory approach|The participatory approach]]
* [[Third International Theory]]
* [[Workers' council]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|29em}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| author= [[Jon Elster]] (editor) | year=1998 | title= Deliberative Democracy (Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy)
| publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]
| isbn= 0-521-59696-3
|ref = CITEREFElster1998}}

* {{cite book
| author= James S. Fishkin | year=2011 | title= When the People Speak
| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
| isbn= 978-0-19-960443-2
|ref = CITEREFFishkin2011}}

* {{cite book
| author= Roger Osborne | year=2006 | title= Civilization: A New History of the Western World
| publisher= Jonathan Cape Ltd| isbn= 0-224-06241-7
|ref = CITEREFOsborne2006}}

* {{cite book
| author= Carne Ross | year=2011 | title= The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People Can Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century
| publisher= Simon & Schuster
| isbn= 978-1-84737-534-6
|ref = CITEREFRoss2011| author-link=Carne Ross }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Baiocchi |first=Gianpaolo |title=Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre|year=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Participatory Democracy}}
[[Category:Participatory democracy| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Types of democracy]]

Dynamoterror

2022-02-17T03:08:47Z

193.119.42.246: /* Classification */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|78}}
| image = Dynamoterror frontals in rostral view.png
| image_caption =[[Frontal bones]] in front view
| taxon = Dynamoterror
| authority = McDonald ''et al.'', [[2018 in paleontology|2018]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Dynamoterror dynastes'''''
| type_species_authority = McDonald ''et al.'', 2018
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}

'''''Dynamoterror''''' is a [[genus]] of [[tyrannosaurid]] [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] that lived in what is now [[New Mexico]] during the Late [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]], approximately 78 [[million years ago]]. The [[type species]] (and sole known species) is '''''Dynamoterror dynastes'''''. The [[name of a biological genus|generic name]] is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''dynamis'' (δύναμις) meaning "power" and the [[Latin]] word ''terror''. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] is derived from δυνάστης, "ruler".<ref name="McDonald2018">{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=A.T. |last2=Wolfe |first2=D.G. |last3=Dooley Jr |first3=A.C. |title=A new tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |date=2018 |page=6:e5749 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5749|pmc=6183510 |pmid=30324024 }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Dynamoterror frontal complex.png|thumb|left|upright|Reconstructed frontal complex]]
It has been estimated that ''Dynamoterror'' would have been about {{Convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on|round=0.5}} long.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> The holotype specimen, UMNH VP 28348, is an incomplete but associated skeleton consisting of cranial and postcranial elements including the left and right frontals, four vertebral centra, fragments of ribs, the right second metacarpal, the ilium, and two phalanx bones of the fourth toe of the left foot.<ref name="McDonald2018" />

==Discovery==
[[File:Dynamoterror caudal centrum.png|thumb|upright|Centrum of a middle tail vertebra]]
The holotype specimen, UMNH VP 28348, was recovered in the lower [[Campanian]] Allison Member of the [[Menefee Formation]] in the [[San Juan Basin]] of northwestern New Mexico. The remains were first discovered in August 2012 during an expedition led by Andrew McDonald of the [[Western Science Center]] and Douglas Wolfe, the CEO of the Zuni Dinosaur Institute for Geosciences. During the expedition, volunteers Brian Watkins and Eric Gutierrez noticed fragmentary bones present within the [[sandstone]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last1=Switek |first1=Brian |title=Newly Discovered Tyrant Dinosaur Stalked Ancient New Mexico |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/newly-discovered-tyrant-dinosaur-stalked-ancient-new-mexico-180970491/ |access-date=10 October 2018 |work=Smithsonian |date=9 October 2018}}</ref> The specimen is currently housed in the collection of the [[Natural History Museum of Utah]] in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]. Along with ''[[Lythronax]]'', ''Dynamoterror'' is one of the oldest tyrannosaurids discovered so far.

==Classification==
McDonald ''et al.'' found ''Dynamoterror'' to belong to the [[Tyrannosaurinae]]. In their phylogenetic analysis, the genus formed a [[polytomy]] with other large bodied derived tyrannosaurines. This polytomy was likely caused by the genus' fragmentary nature.<ref name="McDonald2018" />

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Voris et al. (2020) is reproduced below.<ref name="Voris2020">{{Cite journal |last=Voris |first=Jared T. |last2=Therrien |first2=Francois |last3=Zelenitzky |first3=Darla K. |last4=Brown |first4=Caleb M. |year=2020 |title=A new tyrannosaurine (Theropoda:Tyrannosauridae) from the Campanian Foremost Formation of Alberta, Canada, provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of tyrannosaurids |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=110 |pages=104388 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104388}}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%

|label1=[[Eutyrannosauria]]
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dryptosaurus aquilunguis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bistahieversor sealeyi]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Tyrannosauridae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Albertosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgosaurus libratus]]''
|2=''[[Albertosaurus sarcophagus]]''}}
|label2=[[Tyrannosaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|label1='''Alioramini'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Qianzhousaurus sinensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alioramus remotus]]''
|2=''[[Alioramus altai]]''}} }}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Teratophoneus curriei]]''
|2='''''Dynamoterror dynastes'''''
|3=''[[Lythronax argestes]]''}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nanuqsaurus hoglundi]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1='''Daspletosaurini'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Thanatotheristes degrootorum]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Daspletosaurus torosus]]''
|2=''[[Daspletosaurus horneri]]''}} }}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Zhuchengtyrannus magnus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tarbosaurus bataar]]''
|2=''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The results of an earlier analysis by McDonald et al. (2018) are reproduced below.<ref name="McDonald2018" />

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Tyrannosauridae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Albertosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Gorgosaurus libratus]]''
|1=''[[Albertosaurus sarcophagus]]'' }}
|label2=[[Tyrannosaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Alioramini]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Qianzhousaurus sinensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Alioramus remotus]]''
|2=''[[Alioramus altai]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lythronax argestes]]''
|2='''''Dynamoterror dynastes'''''
|3=''[[Nanuqsaurus hoglundi]]''
|4=''[[Teratophoneus curriei]]''
|5=''[[Daspletosaurus torosus]]''
|6=''[[Daspletosaurus horneri]]''
|7=''[[Zhuchengtyrannus magnus]]''
|8={{clade
|2=''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|1=''[[Tarbosaurus bataar]]''
}} }} }} }} }}

A study in 2020 determined ''Dynamoterror'' to be a ''nomen dubium'' due to the holotype's undiagnostic, fragmentary nature.<ref name="Yun2020">{{cite journal|last=Chan-gyu|first=Yun.|year=2020|title=A reassessment of the taxonomic validity of ''Dynamoterror dynastes'' (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae)|journal=Zoodiversity |volume=54|pages=259–264|doi=10.15407/zoo2020.03.259|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Paleoecology==
''Dynamoterror'' originates from the lower [[Campanian]] of the Allison Member of the [[Menefee Formation]], New Mexico.<ref name="McDonald2018" /> Other fauna known from the formation include the [[Nodosauridae|nodosaurid]] ''[[Invictarx]]'', the [[Alligatoroidea|alligatoroid]] ''[[Brachychampsa sealeyi]]'', the hadrosaur ''[[Ornatops]]'', and the [[Centrosaurinae|centrosaurine]] ''[[Menefeeceratops]]''.<ref name="McDonald2018Nodosaur">{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=A.T. |last2=Wolfe |first2=D.G. |title=A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |date=2018 |page=6:e5435 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5435 |pmid=30155354 |pmc=6110256}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Williamson | first1 = TE | year = 1996 | title = Brachychampsa sealeyi, sp. nov., (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 421–431 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1996.10011331 }}</ref><ref>Williamson TE. 1997. A new Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) vertebrate fauna from the Allison Member, Menefee Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In: Lucas SG, Estep JW, Williamson TE, Morgan GS, eds. New Mexico’s Fossil Record 1. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 11. 51-59.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[2018 in paleontology]]
* [[Timeline of tyrannosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Theropoda|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q57194687}}

[[Category:Tyrannosaurids]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Monotypic dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Cretaceous animals of North America]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2018]]
[[Category:Nomina dubia]]

{{theropod-stub}}

Anzu wyliei

2022-02-16T05:53:33Z

193.119.42.246:

{{short description|Genus of caenagnathid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Anzu''
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]]), {{fossilrange|67.2|66}}
| image = Anzu CMNH White Background.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton, [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]
| taxon = Anzu
| authority = [[Matthew C. Lamanna|Lamanna]] ''et al.'', [[2014 in paleontology|2014]]
| type_species = '''''{{extinct}}Anzu wyliei'''''
| type_species_authority = Lamanna ''et al.'', 2014
}}

'''''Anzu''''' (named for [[Anzû (mythology)|Anzû]], a bird-like [[Daemon (classical mythology)|daemon]] in [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion]]) is a [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[caenagnathidae|caenagnathid]] [[dinosaur]] from [[North Dakota]] and [[Montana]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] (upper [[Maastrichtian]] stage, 67.2-66.0 Ma) in what is now the [[Hell Creek Formation]].<ref name=anzu/> The [[type species]] and only species, '''''Anzu wyliei''''' is known from numerous skeletons that preserve [[skull|cranial]] and [[postcrania|postcranial]] elements.<ref name=anzu/> It was named in [[2014 in paleontology|2014]] by Matthew C. Lamanna, Hans-Dieter Sues, Emma R. Schachner, and Tyler R. Lyson.<ref name=anzu/>

It was named one of the "Top 10 New Species" for new species discovered in 2014 by the International Institute for Species Exploration in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=The ESF Top 10 New Species for 2015|url=http://www.esf.edu/top10/|publisher=State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry|access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Berenson|first1=Tessa|title=These Are the Top 10 New Species Discovered Last Year|url=http://time.com/3892806/top-ten-species-2014/|access-date=13 November 2015|work=Time|date=21 May 2015}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Anzu wyliei.jpg|thumb|left|Life restoration]]
''Anzu wyliei'' is characterized by a toothless beak, a prominent crest, long arms ending in slender, relatively straight claws, long powerful legs with slender toes, and a relatively short tail. ''Anzu'' measured about {{convert|3|m|ft}} to {{convert|3.5|m|ft}} long, up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} tall at the hips and {{convert|200|kg|lbs}} to {{convert|300|kg|lbs}} in weight, and was the largest North American oviraptorosaur,<ref name=anzu/> though the Mongolian genus ''[[Gigantoraptor]]'' was larger than ''Anzu''. In 2021, Atkins-Weltman ''et al''. (2021), used two methods to calculate the mass of ''Anzu''. Using volumetric methods, the authors obtained a body mass of 216-280 kg; and using allometric methods, they obtained a result of 159-199 kg. Atkins-Weltman and co-authors, however, commented that volumetric methods are more accurate than allometric methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atkins-Weltman|first=Kyle|last2=Snively|first2=Eric|last3=O'Connor|first3=Patrick|date=2021-09-28|title=Constraining the body mass range of Anzu wyliei using volumetric and extant-scaling methods|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29375|journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.18435/vamp29375|issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref>

When the [[type specimen]] of ''Anzu'' was described, several [[autapomorphies]] (derived traits unique to a genus) were established. There is a high crescent-like crest on the skull, formed by the upper branches of the [[praemaxilla]]e. The [[occipital condyle]] is wider than the [[foramen magnum]]. The front part of the lower jaw, which is fused with its counterpart, has a prominent flange on its outer side. The retroarticular process, a prominent projection at the rear of the lower jaw, is elongated, about as long as the jaw joint surface. The lower end of the [[Radius (bone)|radius]] is divided into two rounded processes. The first phalanx of the second finger has a trough along the lower edge of its inner side. The front side of the [[talus bone|astragalus]] (ankle bone) has a tubercle at the base of its ascending process.<ref name=anzu/>

An additional four possible autapomorphies were identified in the referred specimens. The main body of the [[maxilla]] has no depression around the [[antorbital fenestra]]. The nasal branch of the maxilla is elongated and constructed like an inverted L. The branch of the [[jugal]] towards the [[quadratojugal]] is vertically deep. The same branch is forked at its rear end.<ref name=anzu/>

==History of discovery==
[[File:Anzu wyliei localities.png|thumb|left|Map of locations yielding ''Anzu'' specimens (stars)]]
Several large skeletons from the late [[Maastrichtian]] [[Hell Creek Formation]] of [[Montana]] and [[South Dakota]] were initially referred to as "cf. ''[[Chirostenotes]]''",<ref name=triebold>Varricchio, D. J. (2001). Late Cretaceous Oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. ''Mesozoic Vertebrate Life.'' D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter. Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 42–57.</ref> though more recent studies concluded that they represent new species.<ref name=caenagnathids>{{cite journal |author=Robert M. Sullivan, Steven E. Jasinski and Mark P.A. Van Tomme |year=2011 |title=A new caenagnathid ''Ojoraptorsaurus boerei, n. gen., n. sp.'' (Dinosauria, Oviraptorosauria), from the Upper Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico |url=http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/169._Sullivan_et_al.__Ojoraptorsaurus__COLOR.pdf |journal=Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=53 |pages=418–428 |access-date=2014-03-20 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004220252/http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/169._Sullivan_et_al.__Ojoraptorsaurus__COLOR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1998 Fred Nuss of Nuss Fossils discovered the site containing the Holotype CM 7800. The first two partial skeletons of Anzu were discovered in 1998 by Fred Nuss Fossils on a private South Dakota ranch.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Triebold and Nuss|title=Initial report of a new North American oviraptor.|journal=Graves Museum of Archaeology and Natural History, Publications in Paleontology|date=2000|volume=2}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} {{Unreliable source?|date=December 2014}} The two specimens weren't buried together – the skeletons rested about 330 feet apart with the second individual in a rock layer about 11 feet below the first – but, once prepped by the commercial outfit Triebold Paleontology, it was clear that both represented the same dinosaur.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Walter|title=So You Want to Dig Dinosaurs?|date=2001|publisher=Dragon's Claw Press|location=Woodland Park, CO|isbn=0971620601|pages=260|url=https://www.academia.edu/6356197|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Both were mostly disarticulated and appeared to have been transported by a water current. A third referred specimen, fragmentary skeleton MRF 319, studied by Tyler Lyson of the [[National Museum of Natural History]], was discovered by Scott Haire, who spotted the bones at his uncle's ranch at [[Marmarth, North Dakota]]. A rear lower jaw fragment, FMNH PR 2296, was also referred.<ref name=anzu>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0092022| title = A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = e92022| year = 2014| last1 = Lamanna | first1 = M. C. | last2 = Sues | first2 = H. D. | last3 = Schachner | first3 = E. R. | last4 = Lyson | first4 = T. R. | pmid=24647078 | pmc=3960162| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Fawcett">{{cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/scientists-discover-discover-large-feathered-dinosaur-once-roamed-north-america-180950130/|title=Scientists Discover a Large and Feathered Dinosaur that Once Roamed North America|last=Fawcett|first=Kirstin|date=March 19, 2014|access-date=March 20, 2014|publisher=Smithsonianmag.com}}</ref>

These four fossils found at Hell Creek together make up a fairly complete skeleton of ''Anzu wyliei'', comprising about 75 to 80 per cent of the whole skeleton.<ref name="Fawcett" /> Three researchers, Emma Schachner of the [[University of Utah]], Matthew Lamanna of the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] and Tyler Lyson of the Smithsonian in Washington realized in 2006 that they each had partial skeletons of the same species and began collaborating to study it, assisted by [[Hans-Dieter Sues]], a [[paleontologist]] at the National Museum of Natural History of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington.<ref name="Fawcett" /> The main fossils are being held at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in [[Pittsburgh]].<ref name="Sample" />
[[File:Anzu wyliei.png|thumb|Illustrations of selected elements of the two specimens held at Carnegie Museum (CM 78000 and CM 78001)]]
The genus is notable as the first well-preserved example of a North American oviraptorosaur. According to Sues, "for almost a hundred years, the presence of oviraptorosaurs in North America was only known from a few bits of skeleton, and the details of their appearance and biology remained a mystery. With the discovery of ''A. wyliei'', we finally have the fossil evidence to show what this species looked like and how it is related to other dinosaurs."<ref name="Sample">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/19/dinosaur-chicken-hell-anzu-wyliei|title=Dinosaur dubbed 'chicken from hell' was armed and dangerous|last=Sample|first=Ian|work=The Guardian|date=March 19, 2014|access-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

The creature's appearance – "big crests on their skulls, a beak, no teeth, and a very bird-like skeleton"<ref name="Sample" /> – and its discovery in the Hell Creek Formation led to it being jokingly nicknamed the "chicken from hell". Matthew Lamanna, who devised the species' name, originally wanted to use a Latin or Greek version of "chicken from hell". However, he found that this nickname does not translate well in those languages, so he eventually settled on evoking and using the name of the bird-like [[Daemon (classical mythology)|daemon]] [[Anzû (mythology)|Anzu]] from the mythology of ancient [[Sumer]],<ref name="bostonchicken">{{cite news|title='Chicken from hell' dinosaur gets a proper name|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/science/2014/03/19/chicken-from-hell-dinosaur-gets-proper-name/jiPEwk7EaUQpifshtxvciP/story.html|agency=Associated Press|last=Ritter|first=Malcolm|date=March 20, 2014|access-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref> which itself roughly translates to "heavenly eagle".<ref name=alster>Alster, B. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23282051 Contributions to the Sumerian lexicon]. ''Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale'', '''85'''(1): 1–11.</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''wyliei'', honors Wylie J. Tuttle, the grandson of one of the museum's donors, Lee B. Foster.<ref name=anzu />

==Phylogeny==
[[File:Anzu MRF 319 specimens.png|upright|thumb|Referred specimen MRF 319]]
''Anzu'' was placed in the [[Oviraptorosauria]], as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]]. A [[cladistic]] analysis showed it was a possible [[sister species]] of ''[[Caenagnathus]]''.<ref name=anzu/>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|label1=[[Caenagnathoidea]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=Alberta dentary morph 3
|8=''[[Leptorhynchos (dinosaur)|Leptorhynchos gaddisi]]''
|9={{clade
|1=''"Caenagnathus" sternbergi''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Anzu wyliei'''''
|2=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
|2=[[Oviraptoridae]] }} }}

It had been expected that oviraptorosaurs would be found in North America, as well as the documented specimens in Asia, as the two continents had a land connection during the Cretaceous, but the discovery of ''Anzu wyliei'' indicates that North American oviraptorosaurs were related more closely to each other than to their counterparts in Asia.<ref name="Smithsonian" />

==Paleobiology==
[[File:Anzu skull.png|upright|thumb|left|Photos of the skull elements of the Carnegie specimens]]
''Anzu'' was probably an [[omnivore]] or [[herbivore]], although the beak is not as heavily constructed as in the Asian [[Oviraptoridae]].<ref name="anzu"/> Other differences from its Asian cousins include size – the Asian Oviraptoridae were smaller – as well as thicker legs and different lower jaws.<ref name="Fawcett" />

The fossils of ''Anzu wyliei'' were found in [[mudstone]] rock that had once been part of ancient floodplains. This indicates that the species likely had a lifestyle significantly different from its Asian counterparts, which lived in arid or semi-arid conditions.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news|url=http://smithsonianscience.org/2014/03/one-scary-chicken-new-species-large-feathered-dinosaur-discovered/|title=One Scary Chicken—New species of large, feathered dinosaur discovered|publisher=Smithsonian Science|date=March 19, 2014|access-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref> Its lifestyle, according to [[Stephen Brusatte]] of the [[University of Edinburgh]], was that of "a fast-running, ecological generalist that didn't quite fit the usual moulds of meat-eating or plant-eating dinosaur."<ref name="Sample" /> Its jaw morphology suggests that it could eat a variety of food items, including vegetation, small animals, and possibly eggs.<ref name=anzu />
[[File:Chirostenotes skull.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed head and neck]]
While a number of its features were similar to those of modern birds, it was not an [[Bird#Dinosaurs and the origin of birds|avian dinosaur]] and its line died out in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] 66 million years ago, along with all the rest of the non-avian dinosaurs. Its bird-like features are instead an example of [[convergent evolution]]. Matthew Lamanna comments that "it would have had a lot of birdy behaviors. When people think of a dinosaur, they think of something like a ''T. rex'' or a brontosaurus, and when they think of a bird, they think of something like a sparrow or a chicken. This animal, ''Anzu'', has a mosaic of features of both of those groups, and so it basically provides a really nice link in the evolutionary chain."<ref name="washpostchicken">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/new-dinosaur-called-the-chicken-from-hell/2014/03/19/92cc64d4-af7d-11e3-9627-c65021d6d572_story.html|title=New dinosaur called the Chicken From Hell|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|work=The Washington Post|date=March 19, 2014|access-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

The purpose of ''Anzu's'' large crest is unclear; Sues notes that it "is very large and made of paper-thin bone, so it was not able to take much stress. All oviraptosaurs have this crest but it is certainly the largest in ''A. wyliei''. The most likely function is for display, showing off to members of your own species. The Australian [[cassowary]] has a similar crest which is thought to be used to attract mates, so it is possible that ''A. wyliei'' could have used its crest in a similar fashion."<ref name="Smithsonian" /> The fossils showed evidence of injuries, including a healed broken rib and an arthritic toe that was probably the result of a tendon being ripped away from the bone (an [[avulsion fracture]]). It is not known whether this indicates that the animals fought each other, or were injured by predators.<ref name="Sample" />

== See also ==
* [[Timeline of oviraptorosaur research]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://c.o0bg.com/rf/image_960w/Boston/2011-2020/2014/03/20/BostonGlobe.com/HealthScience/Images/479570907.jpg Artist's impression of ''Anzu wyliei'']

{{Maniraptora|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15966623}}

[[Category:Caenagnathids]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian life]]
[[Category:Paleontology in North Dakota]]
[[Category:Paleontology in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Hell Creek fauna]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2014]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Matt Lamanna]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Hans-Dieter Sues]]

Hagryphus

2022-02-16T05:43:56Z

193.119.42.246:

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|75.95}}
| image = Hagryphus giganteus - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07248.JPG
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton based on the related ''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', [[Natural History Museum of Utah]]
| taxon = Hagryphus
| authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
| type_species_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
}}

'''''Hagryphus''''' (meaning "[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]") is a [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[caenagnathidae|caenagnathid]] [[dinosaur]] from southern [[Utah]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] (upper [[Campanian]] stage, 75.95 Ma) in what is now the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] of the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]].<ref name=Zanno2005/> The type and only species, '''''Hagryphus giganteus''''', is known only from an incomplete but articulated left manus and the distal portion of the left radius.<ref name=Zanno2005/> It was named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno|Lindsay E. Zanno]] and [[Scott D. Sampson]].<ref name=Zanno2005/> ''Hagryphus'' has an estimated length of 2.4-3 metres (8-10 feet) and weight of 50 kilograms (110 lbs).<ref name=Zanno2005/><ref name=Paul2010/>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Hagryphus_giganteus_holotype_salt_lake_city.jpg|thumb|left|Holotype specimen on display at Natural History Museum of Utah, Salt Lake City.]]
To date, only a single species of ''Hagryphus'' has been named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno]] and [[Scott Sampson]], the [[type species]] ''Hagryphus giganteus''. The generic name is derived from Egyptian ''Ha'', the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] γρύψ (''gryps'') meaning '[[griffin]]' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "gigantic" in [[Latin]].<ref name=Zanno2005>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L. E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S. D. | year = 2005 | title = A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 897–904 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2}}</ref>

The [[holotype]] was discovered in 2002 by [[Michael Getty]] in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.<ref name=Zanno2003>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S.D. | year = 2003 | title = A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| page = 114A | s2cid = 220410105 }}</ref> [[Radiometric dating]] of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 [[million years ago]].<ref name=Talos>{{Cite journal|author1=Lindsay E. Zanno |author2=David J. Varricchio |author3=Patrick M. O'Connor |author4=Alan L. Titus |author5=Michael J. Knell |year=2011 |title=A new troodontid theropod, ''Talos sampsoni'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 6|pages=e24487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024487 |pmid=21949721 |pmc=3176273 |issue=9|doi-access=free }}</ref> Designated '''UMNH VP 12765''', the [[type specimen]] resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

==Description==
[[File:Hagryphus_Scale.svg|thumbnail|left|Size comparison of ''Hagryphus'']]
As the specific name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976), apart from the later described ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''. ''H. giganteus'' was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''[[Chirostenotes]]''. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.<ref name=Zanno2005/> However, later estimates have been lower: [[Gregory S. Paul]] in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.<ref name=Paul2010>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 150</ref>

==Phylogeny==
[[File:Hagryphus.jpg|thumb|right|Silhouette showing the known hand]]
In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]].<ref name=Zanno2003/> However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general [[Oviraptorosauria]]. ''Hagryphus'' would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Elmisaurus]] rarus'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered.

[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]] skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicate to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small [[vertebrate]]s. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information).

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Funston (2020) is reproduced below.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston|first=Gregory|date=2020-07-27|title=Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29362|journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology|language=en|volume=8|pages=105–153|doi=10.18435/vamp29362|issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anomalipes zhaoi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2='''''Hagryphus giganteus''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nomingia gobiensis]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae|Elmisaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Citipes elegans]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]'' }}
|label2=[[Caenagnathinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anzu wyliei]]''
|2=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]}}

The results of an earlier analysis by Funston & Currie (2016) are reproduced below.<ref name=apatoraptor1>{{cite journal |author=Gregory F. Funston and Philip J. Currie |year=2016 |title=A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue= 4|pages=e1160910 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 |s2cid=131090028 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_new_caenagnathid_Dinosauria_Oviraptorosauria_from_the_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_of_Alberta_Canada_and_a_reevaluation_of_the_relationships_of_Caenagnathidae/3172573 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1='''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]''
|2=''[[Anzu wyliei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]''
|label2=[[Elmisaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Leptorhynchos elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoecology==

===Habitat===
The only known specimen of ''Hagryphus'' was recovered at the [[Kaiparowits Formation]], in southern Utah. [[Argon-argon dating|Argon-argon radiometric dating]] indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.</ref><ref>Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.</ref> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]], a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, [[Laramidia]] to the west and [[Appalachia]] to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland [[peat]] swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<ref>Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.</ref> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|access-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

===Paleofauna===
''Hagryphus'' shared its [[natural environment|paleoenvironment]] with [[theropod]]s such as [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]s, the [[troodontidae|troodontid]] ''[[Talos sampsoni]]'', [[ornithomimids]] like ''[[Ornithomimus|Ornithomimus velox]]'', [[tyrannosaurids]] like ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Teratophoneus]]'', [[ankylosauria|armored ankylosaurids]], the [[hadrosaurid|duckbilled hadrosaurs]] ''[[Parasaurolophus|Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus]]'' and ''[[Gryposaurus|Gryposaurus monumentensis]]'', and the [[ceratopsians]] ''[[Utahceratops|Utahceratops gettyi]]'', ''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' and ''[[Kosmoceratops|Kosmoceratops richardsoni]]''.<ref name=ZS05>{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included [[chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] (sharks and rays), [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns. A variety of early [[mammal]]s were present including [[multituberculate]]s, [[metatheria]]ns, and [[eutheria]]ns.<ref name=ECHKP99>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |author2=Cifelli, Richard L. |author3=Hutchinson, J. Howard |author4=Kirkland, James I. |author5= Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete, David D.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=1-55791-634-9 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of oviraptorosaur research]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal| last=Barsbold | first=Rinchen | author-link=Rinchen Barsbold | year=1976 | title=[A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] | journal=[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] | volume=226 | issue=3 | pages=685–688}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"]

{{Maniraptora|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q137257}}

[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Caenagnathids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Scott D. Sampson]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Utah]]
[[Category:Kaiparowits Formation]]
[[Category:Campanian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Campanian genus extinctions]]

Caleb

2022-02-16T05:15:19Z

193.119.42.246: /* Name */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{about|the son of Jephunneh|the other biblical Caleb|Caleb (son of Hezron)|the given name|Caleb (given name)||Caleb (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Caleb2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tomb of Caleb, [[Timnat Serah]]]]
'''Caleb''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|l|ə|b}}), sometimes transliterated as '''Kaleb''' ({{lang-he|כָּלֵב}}, ''Kalev'', {{IPA-he|kaˈlev}}; [[Tiberian vocalization]]: Kālēḇ; [[Academy of the Hebrew Language|Hebrew Academy]]: Kalev), is a figure who appears in the [[Hebrew Bible]] as a representative of the [[Tribe of Judah]] during the [[Israelites]]' [[the Exodus|journey]] to the [[Promised Land]].

A reference to him is also found in the [[Quran]], although his name is not mentioned.

im watching you caleb

== Biblical account ==
[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 058.png|thumb|right|''Return of the Spies'', 1860 woodcut by [[Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld]]]]

Caleb, son of [[Jephunneh]] ([[Book of Numbers]], {{bibleverse|Numbers|13:6|9}}) is not to be confused with Caleb, great-grandson of [[Judah (son of Jacob)|Judah]] through [[Tamar (Genesis)|Tamar]] ({{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|2:3-9|9}}). This other Caleb was the [[Caleb (son of Hezron)|son of Hezron]], and his wife was Azubah ({{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|2:18,19|9}}).

According to {{bibleverse|Numbers|13|9}}, Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, was one of [[The Twelve Spies|the twelve spies]] sent by Moses into Canaan. Their task, over a period of 40 days,<ref>{{bibleverse|Numbers|14:34|9}}</ref> was to explore the [[Negev]] and surrounding area, and to make an assessment of the geographical features of the land, the strength and numbers of the [[population]], the [[Agriculture|agricultural]] potential and actual performance of the land, settlement patterns (whether their [[City|cities]] were like camps or strongholds), and [[forestry]] conditions. Moses also asked them to be courageous and to return with samples of local produce.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Numbers|13:17-20|9}}</ref>

In the Numbers 13 listing of the heads of each tribe, {{bibleverse|Numbers|13:6|9|verse 6}} reads "Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh." Caleb's report balanced the appeal of the land and its fruits with the challenge of making a conquest.

{{bibleverse|Numbers|13:30|9|Verse 30}} of chapter 13 reads "And Caleb stilled the people toward Moses, and said: 'We should go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it.{{'"}}<ref name=jps>Jewish Publication Society Version (1917)</ref> Caleb and Joshua said the people should trust God and go into the land; the other ten spies, being fearful and rebellious, argued that conquering the land was impossible.

=== Caleb and Kenizzites ===
Caleb the spy is the son of Jephunneh. Jephunneh is called a [[Kenizzite]] ({{bibleverse|Numbers|32:12|9}}, {{bibleverse|Joshua|14:6|9}},{{bibleverse|Joshua|14:14|9|14}}). The Kenizzites are listed ({{bibleverse|Genesis|15:19|9}}) as one of the nations who lived in the land of Canaan, at the time that God covenanted with Abram (Abraham) to give that land to his descendants forever ({{bibleverse|Genesis|17:8|9}}). However, Caleb is mentioned alongside the descendants of Judah recorded in {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|4|9}}: "And the sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam; and the sons of Elah: Kenaz" ({{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|4:15|9}}).<ref name=jps /> {{bibleverse|Numbers|13:6|9}}, likewise, lists Caleb as a tribal leader in Judah.

The Kenizzites are generally considered an Edomite clan (see {{bibleverse|Genesis|36:40-43|9}}).<ref name="FreedmanMyers2000">{{cite book|author1=David Noel Freedman|author2=Allen C. Myers|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA763|chapter=Kenaz|date=31 December 2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-503-2|page=763}}</ref>

=== About Caleb ===
In the aftermath of the conquest, Caleb asks Joshua to give him a mountain in property within the land of Judah, and Joshua blesses him as a sign of God's blessing and approval, giving him Hebron ({{bibleverse|Joshua|14|9}}). Since Hebron itself was one of the [[Cities of Refuge]] to be ruled by the [[Levites]], it is later explained that Caleb actually was given the outskirts ({{bibleverse|Joshua|21:11-13|9}}). Caleb promised his daughter [[Achsah]] in marriage to whomever would conquer the land of [[Debir]] from the giants. This was eventually accomplished by [[Othniel Ben Kenaz]], Caleb's nephew ({{bibleverse|Judges|1:13|9}}), who became Caleb's son-in-law as well ({{bibleverse|Joshua|15:16,17|9}}).

[[1 Samuel]] {{bibleverse-nb|1 Samuel|25:3|9}} states that [[Nabal]], the husband of [[Abigail]] before [[David]], was "a Calebite" (Hebrew ''klby'').<ref name="Fokkelman1981">{{cite book|author=J. P. Fokkelman|title=Narrative Art and Poetry in the Books of Samuel: A Full Interpretation Based on Stylistic and Structural Analyses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2Vj6-v4cv4C&pg=PA482|year=1981|publisher=Uitgeverij Van Gorcum|isbn=978-90-232-2175-3|page=482}}</ref> It is not stated whether this refers to one of the Calebs mentioned in the Bible, or another person bearing the same name.

== Traditional Jewish accounts ==
Traditional Jewish sources record a number of stories about Caleb which expand on the biblical account.

One account records that Caleb wanted to bring produce from the land, but that the other spies discouraged him from doing so in order to avoid giving the Israelites a positive impression of Canaan. They only agreed to carry in samples of produce after Caleb brandished a sword and threatened to fight over the matter.<ref>Ginzberg, Louis. (1911). ''[https://archive.org/details/legendsofjewstra03ginz Legends of the Jews: Bible Times and Characters From the Exodus to the Death of Moses]'' (Volume III). Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 270.</ref> A [[Midrash]] refers to Caleb being devoted to the Lord and to Moses, splitting from the other scouts to tour [[Hebron]] on his own and visit the [[Cave of the Patriarchs|graves of the Patriarchs]].<ref>Ginzberg, Louis. (1911). ''[https://archive.org/details/legendsofjewstra03ginz Legends of the Jews: Bible Times and Characters From the Exodus to the Death of Moses]'' (Volume III). Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 272.</ref> While in Canaan with the spies, Caleb's voice was so loud that he succeeded in saving the other spies by frightening giants away from them.<ref>Ginzberg, Louis. (1911). ''[https://archive.org/details/legendsofjewstra03ginz Legends of the Jews: Bible Times and Characters From the Exodus to the Death of Moses]'' (Volume III). Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 274.</ref>

== Quranic account ==
Caleb is alluded to in the 5th [[Sura]]h of the [[Quran]] (5:20-26). The two men alluded to here are Caleb and Joshua:

<blockquote>{{verse|chapter=5|verse=20}} <section
begin="5:20"/>And when Moses said to his people: O my people, remember the favour of [[Allah]] to you when He raised [[prophet]]s among you and made you kings and gave you what He gave not to any other of the nations. <section
end="5:20"/>

{{verse|chapter=5|verse=21}} <section
begin="5:21"/>O my people, enter the Holy Land which Allah has ordained for you and turn not your backs, for then you will turn back losers. <section
end="5:21"/>

{{verse|chapter=5|verse=22}} <section
begin="5:22"/>They said: O Moses, therein are a powerful people, and we shall not enter it until they go out from it; if they go out from it, then surely we will enter. <section
end="5:22"/>

{{verse|chapter=5|verse=23}} <section
begin="5:23"/>Two men of those who feared, on whom Allah had bestowed a favour, said: Enter upon them by the gate, for when you enter it you will surely be victorious; and put your trust in Allah, if you are believers. <section
end="5:23"/>

{{verse|chapter=5|verse=24}} <section
begin="5:24"/>They said: O Moses, we will never enter it so long as they are in it; go therefore thou and thy Lord, and fight; surely here we sit. <section
end="5:24"/>

{{verse|chapter=5|verse=25}} <section
begin="5:25"/>He said: My Lord, I have control of none but my own self and my brother; so distinguish between us and the transgressing people. <section
end="5:25"/>

{{verse|chapter=5|verse=26}} <section
begin="5:26"/>He said: It will surely be forbidden to them for forty years -- they will wander about in the land. So grieve not for the transgressing people.<section
end="5:26"/><ref>Maulana Muhammad Ali, ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an_(Maulana_Muhammad_Ali)/5._The_Food The Holy Qur'an]'' (1917).</ref>
</blockquote>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Caleb (Biblical figure)}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Caleb}}
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/ ''The Jewish Encyclopedia,'' 1908]
*[https://www.academia.edu/34948264/Who_Conquered_Hebron_Apologetic_and_Polemical_Tendencies_in_the_Story_of_Caleb_in_Josh_14 Gili Kugler, Who Conquered Hebron? Apologetic and Polemical Tendencies in the Story of Caleb in Josh 14]
{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tribe of Judah]]
[[Category:Book of Numbers people]]

George Floyd protests in Australia

2022-02-16T05:12:58Z

193.119.42.246: /* Background */

{{Short description|Anti-racism protests in Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = George Floyd protests in Australia
| partof = [[George Floyd protests]]
| image =
{{Photomontage
| photo1a = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05346.jpg
| photo1b = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05261.jpg
| photo2a = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05441.jpg
| photo2b = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05380.jpg
| photo3a = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05387.jpg
| position = center
| size = 300
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 2
| color_border = black
| spacing = 1
| foot_montage =
}}
| caption = Montage of Australian anti-racism protests on 6 June 2020. These images are from the Brisbane protest.
| date = 1–5 June 2020
| place = Australia
|causes=* [[Police brutality]]
* [[Institutional racism]]
* [[Racism in Australia]]
* [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]]
* Reaction to the [[murder of George Floyd]]}}
{{George Floyd protests map|width=500|height=475|zoom=4|coords={{coord|-28.5|133.5}}|text=Cities in Australia in which a protest with about 100 or more participants was held|jurisdiction=Australia}}

Shortly after [[List of George Floyd protests in the United States|protests began in the United States]] in late May 2020 seeking justice for the [[murder of George Floyd]], an [[African Americans|African-American]] who died during an arrest by [[Minneapolis Police Department|Minneapolis police]], people in Australia protested to show solidarity with Americans and the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, as well as to demonstrate against issues with police brutality and [[institutional racism]], [[racism in Australia]], and [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]]. Vigils and protests of thousands of participants took part nationwide.

==Background ==
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia]] began with the first recorded case in January 2020. By March, [[social distancing|social-distancing]] rules were implemented, international borders closed to non-residents, and a series of [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdown]]s began in some places, respondin52861726|title=George Floyd: What happened in the final moments of his life|date=May 30, 2020|access-date=June 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605073814/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52861726|archive-date=June 5, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=June 3, 2020|title=Protesters Hail Charges Against Police but Seek Broader Change|work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/live-george-floyd-protests-today.html|access-date=June 7, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606143844/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/live-george-floyd-protests-today.html|archive-date=June 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='This is the right call': Officers involved in fatal Minneapolis incident fired, mayor says |url=https://kstp.com/news/investigation-minnesota-bca-fbi-man-in-medical-distress-handcuffs-/5741256/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |publisher=[[KSTP-TV]] |date=May 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527135038/https://kstp.com/news/investigation-minnesota-bca-fbi-man-in-medical-distress-handcuffs-/5741256/ |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The murder of George Floyd lead to widespread protests in the US, as his murder became a focal point for [[race relations]], institutionalised racism and police brutality. [[Police brutality in the United States]] was a longstanding social issue, with activists often protesting against excessive force and high incarceration rates of African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 1, 2020|title=George Floyd death: Violence erupts on sixth day of protests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52872401|website=BBC News|access-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606172814/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52872401|archive-date=June 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aside from solidarity with US protesters, these themes also resonated in Australia, where the media considering similarities with [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]] and wider [[closing the gap|social issues faced by Indigenous Australians]]. Oppression of [[Indigenous Australians]] is a prominent theme in [[History of Australia|Australian history]]. Despite encountering Indigenous Australians upon their arrival, members of the [[First Fleet]] invoked the principle of ''[[terra nullius]]'' to claim the continent. This was followed by a long period of [[Australian frontier wars|recurrent massacres and violent conflicts.]] By the 20th century, the Australian government adopted a policy of [[Stolen Generations|forcibly separating mixed-race Indigenous children from their families]], which remained in place until the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/stolen/stolen10.html|publisher=Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission|title=Bringing Them Home: Part 2: 4 Victoria|via=AustLII|date=1997|access-date=25 November 2016|postscript=: In its submission to the ''Bringing Them Home'' report, the Victorian government stated that "despite the apparent recognition in government reports that the interests of Indigenous children were best served by keeping them in their own communities, the number of Aboriginal children forcibly removed continued to increase, rising from 220 in 1973 to 350 in 1976."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506061502/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/stolen/stolen10.html|archive-date=6 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Wendy|author-link1=Wendy Lewis|author2=Simon Balderstone|author3=John Bowan|title=Events That Shaped Australia|page=130|publisher=New Holland|year=2006|isbn=978-1-74110-492-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter470Oct+2010|title=4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010 (final)|work=abs.gov.au|date=17 February 2011|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831032753/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter470Oct+2010|archive-date=31 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1987, the [[Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody]] was appointed to investigate 99 cases of Aboriginal deaths in custody during the 1980s. As of 5 June 2020, an additional 434 Aboriginal Australians had died in custody since the commission's findings were handed down in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/06/aboriginal-deaths-in-custody-434-have-died-since-1991-new-data-shows|title=Aboriginal deaths in custody: 434 have died since 1991, new data shows|first1=Lorena|last1=Allam|first2=Calla|last2=Wahlquist|first3=Nick|last3=Evershed|date=5 June 2020|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> As of 2016, while Indigenous Australians accounted for roughly 2% of Australia's total population, they made up 27% of the national prison population, with incarceration rates rising markedly in the preceding decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/pathways-to-justice-inquiry-into-the-incarceration-rate-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-alrc-report-133/executive-summary-15/disproportionate-incarceration-rate/|title=Disproportionate incarceration rate|website=ALRC}}</ref>

The George Floyd protests in Australia often referenced recent instances of Aboriginal deaths in custody. These include: the 2014 [[death of Ms Dhu]] in police custody;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-38345015|title=Aboriginal woman's treatment 'inhumane'|work=BBC News|date=16 December 2016}}</ref> the 2015 death of [[David Dungay]] (whose final words were "[[I can't breathe]]") in a prison hospital;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justiceaction.org.au/prisons/prison-issues/221-deaths-in-custody/980-death-of-david-dungay-jr|title=Death of David Dungay Jr|website=Justice Action|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607160220/https://www.justiceaction.org.au/prisons/prison-issues/221-deaths-in-custody/980-death-of-david-dungay-jr|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/i-cant-breathe-australia-must-look-in-the-mirror-to-see-our-own-deaths-in-custody-139848|title='I can't breathe!' Australia must look in the mirror to see our own deaths in custody|first=Thalia|last=Anthony|website=The Conversation}}</ref> the 2017 death of [[Tanya Day]] in a police cell;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrlc.org.au/tanya-day-overview|title=Tanya Day – Overview of the Coronial Inquest into her Death in Police Custody|website=Human Rights Law Centre}}</ref> and the forceful arrest of an Aboriginal teenager on 1 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/nsw-police-boss-indigenous-teen-arrest-bad-day_au_5ed70359c5b65a4210017503|title=NSW Police Boss Says Officer Who Slammed Indigenous Teen To The Ground 'Had A Bad Day'|first=Carly|last=Williams|date=3 June 2020|via=Huff Post}}</ref>

Many Indigenous people have been frustrated that it took the murder of a black man in the US to bring focus onto injustices in Australia.<ref name="Henriques-Gomes 2020">{{cite web | last=Henriques-Gomes | first=Luke | title=Indigenous inequality in spotlight as Australia faces reckoning on race | website=the Guardian | date=12 June 2020 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/12/indiginous-inequality-in-spotlight-as-australia-faces-reckoning-on-race | access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

==Reactions==
Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] stated his beliefs that violent protests would not create change. He warned against Australian demonstrations taking a similar course as "there's no need to import things happening in other countries."<ref>{{cite web |title=Quoting a meme, Scott Morrison says US violence will not bring about change |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/quoting-a-meme-scott-morrison-says-us-violence-will-not-bring-about-change |website=SBS News |access-date=2 June 2020 |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Following major Australia-wide protests on 6 June, Morrison called them "completely unacceptable" and demanded an end to further protests. In addition to concerns around [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]], he stated that some protests had been hijacked by left-wing movements, and called for demonstrators at future events to be charged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Lives Matter protests 'completely unacceptable', Scott Morrison says in call for demonstrators to be charged|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/black-lives-matter-protests-morrison-calls-for-charges/12342762|website=ABC News|access-date=11 June 2020 |date=11 June 2020}}</ref> However, after being challenged on his assertion that there had not been [[slavery in Australia]], Morrison acknowledged that "all sorts of hideous practices" had taken place in the past.<ref name="Henriques-Gomes 2020"/>

The [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] did not directly criticise people protesting, but said that everyone should follow the authorities’ health advice. Senior Indigenous MP [[Linda Burney]] said that it was important for the media to focus on the issues, not whether people protested or not.<ref name="Henriques-Gomes 2020"/>

==Demonstrations==
===Australian Capital Territory===
* [[Canberra]]: 2,000 protesters in the capital city marched to [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] on Friday 5 June.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Thousands in Australia Join Black Lives Matter Rally|url=https://time.com/5848846/australia-protest-george-floyd/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605054704/https://time.com/5848846/australia-protest-george-floyd/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020|magazine=Time}}</ref>

===New South Wales===
Protests have occurred across the state, Australia's largest, to show solidarity with American protesters and to highlight [[Aboriginal deaths in custody|the high rate of death among incarcerated]] [[Indigenous Australians]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title='No justice, no peace': Inside Sydney's Black Lives Matter protest|url=https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/sydneys-black-lives-matter-protest-sees-tens-of-thousands-spurred-on-by-three-words-c-1083340|access-date=6 June 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au}}</ref> The protests were preempted by an incident wherein a 16-year-old Indigenous boy was kicked and pinned to the ground by a [[New South Wales Police Force]] officer in [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Video of Indigenous teen being kicked to ground by NSW police officer during arrest goes viral|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-02/nsw-police-investigate-officer-over-arrest-of-indigenous-teen/12310758|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref>

Protests that have occurred in the state have done so in violation of the state's coronavirus Public Health (COVID-19 Restrictions on Gathering and Movement) Order, which bans gatherings of more than ten people outdoors for a common purpose without a reasonable excuse or exemption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/_emergency/Public%20Health%20(COVID-19%20Restrictions%20on%20Gathering%20and%20Movement)%20Order%20(No%203)%202020_as%20amended.pdf|title=Public Health (COVID-19 Restrictions on Gathering and Movement) Order (No 3) 2020}}</ref>

==== Sydney ====
Three major protests have been held in [[Sydney]]. The first was held on Tuesday 2 June, where 3,000 protesters peacefully marched from [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] to [[Parliament of New South Wales|Parliament]] and [[Martin Place]], was held on Tuesday 2 June.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2020|title=Live: NSW Now: Government refuses to give up on pay freeze, Sydney protests for George Floyd|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-03/sydney-morning-briefing-wednesday-june-3/12312710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605053246/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-03/sydney-morning-briefing-wednesday-june-3/12312710|archive-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hundreds gather in Sydney as part of latest Australian Black Lives Matter protest|work=[[SBS News]]|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/hundreds-gather-in-sydney-as-part-of-latest-australian-black-lives-matter-protest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031016/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/hundreds-gather-in-sydney-as-part-of-latest-australian-black-lives-matter-protest|archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cooper|first=Luke|title=Thousands of protesters join Sydney Black Lives Matter march|work=[[Nine News]]|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-rally-sydney-cbd-1000-people-streets-nsw-police/ab840cd1-9d56-4aec-88f0-49f2a9e083f2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031017/https://www.9news.com.au/national/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-rally-sydney-cbd-1000-people-streets-nsw-police/ab840cd1-9d56-4aec-88f0-49f2a9e083f2|archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>

The second and largest protest was held on Saturday 6 June, where at least 10,000 protesters gathered at [[Sydney Town Hall]] and marched to [[Belmore Park]]. The crowd chanted "[[I can't breathe]]" and held a [[moment of silence]] for George Floyd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=Enormous crowds march through Sydney after Black Lives Matter protests declared lawful|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/arrests-at-sydney-black-lives-matter-protests/12329066|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> A [[counter-protest]]er, who interrupted the protest by holding up an "[[All Lives Matter]]" sign, was handcuffed and removed from the protest by police.<ref name=":2" /> A group of protesters was pepper-sprayed by police at [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] following the protest,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-07|title=Sydney Black Lives Matter Protesters Who Got Pepper Sprayed Say They Were “Trapped” By Police|work=Pedestrian.TV|url=https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sydney-black-lives-matter-protesters-pepper-spray-central/|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> and Acting Police Commissioner Mal Lanyon later defended this action as an appropriate use of force.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-07|title=Tens of thousands call for an end to violence and racism against Indigenous Australians|work=Special Broadcasting Service|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tens-of-thousands-call-for-an-end-to-violence-and-racism-against-indigenous-australians|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-08|title=NSW Police defend pepper spraying Sydney Black Lives Matter protesters|work=Special Broadcasting Service|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/nsw-police-defend-pepper-spraying-sydney-black-lives-matter-protesters|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>

The protest caused significant controversy. [[Premier of New South Wales|Premier]] [[Gladys Berejiklian]] originally stated that she believed people had a right to protest, but later [[Flip-flop (politics)|backflipped]] and deemed the protest 'illegal' and in violation of the state's public health orders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rabe|first=Mary Ward, Tom|date=2020-06-05|title=NSW Police taking organisers of Sydney Black Lives Matter protest to Supreme Court|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/nsw-police-taking-organisers-of-sydney-black-lives-matter-protest-to-supreme-court-20200605-p54zw8.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Following this, the protest was subject to a successful legal challenge in the [[Supreme Court of New South Wales|Supreme Court]] from the Commissioner of the [[New South Wales Police Force]] on the basis of health reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2020|title=Sydney Black Lives Matter supporters pledge to head to protest despite court ruling|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/court-rules-sydney-black-lives-protest-unsafe-due-to-coronavirus/12324186|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Whitbourn|first1=Michaela|last2=Rabe|first2=Tom|last3=Chung|first3=Laura|date=5 June 2020|title=Black Lives Matter protesters will push ahead despite court ruling|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/nothing-is-stopping-us-black-lives-matter-protesters-to-push-ahead-20200605-p55011.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> That decision was overturned on appeal by the [[New South Wales Court of Appeal]] just minutes before the protest began.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Whitbourn|first1=Michaela|last2=Mitchell|first2=Georgina|date=6 June 2020|title=Court of Appeal rules Sydney Black Lives Matter protest is authorised|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/court-of-appeal-rules-sydney-black-lives-matter-protest-is-authorised-20200606-p55058.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> The Court of Appeal – constituted of [[Tom Bathurst|Chief Justice Bathurst]], [[Andrew Bell (judge)|President Bell]] and [[Mark Leeming|Justice Leeming]] – overturned the decision of Justice Fagan on the basis that the protest organisers had complied with the necessary steps in order to gain approval to hold the protest in an authorised way.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Court points to police approval for Black Lives protest|url=https://www.afr.com/politics/court-points-to-police-approval-for-black-lives-protest-20200609-p550sc|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref>

A third protest was held on the evening of 12 June in solidarity with protesters at Sydney's [[Long Bay Correctional Centre]],<ref name="Lorrimer">{{Cite web|last=Lorrimer|first=Laura Chung, Matt Bungard, Dominic|date=2020-06-12|title=Hundreds of people attend Sydney protest despite police warnings|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/police-surround-town-hall-ahead-of-planned-protest-20200612-p55257.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> where [[Corrective Services New South Wales|Corrective Services officers]] fired [[tear gas]] on inmates who spelled out "BLM" on the prison yard.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Tear gas fired into prison yard of Sydney's Long Bay jail during unrest and Black Lives Matter protest|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-08/tear-gas-fired-into-exercise-yard-of-sydney-long-bay-jail/12332572|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> Approximately 300 protesters met in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] because of a significant police presence at Sydney Town Hall, the original location for the protest.<ref name="Lorrimer"/> 600 police were involved in policing the gathering, and one woman was arrested for failing to comply with a move on order.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-12|title=Sydney protesters disperse after game of cat and mouse with police|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-12/organisers-change-location-of-sydney-protest/12349686|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> [[Mounted police]] and officers guarded a large statue of [[James Cook]] located in Hyde Park on the night, which was later defaced.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanda|first=Dominica|date=2020-06-13|title=Sydney's Captain Cook statue defaced|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/sydney-s-captain-cook-statue-defaced-20200614-p552cv.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhou|first=Naaman|date=2020-06-14|title=Two women charged after Captain Cook statue defaced in Sydney's Hyde Park|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/14/two-women-arrested-after-captain-cook-statue-defaced-in-sydneys-hyde-park|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Guardian}}</ref> A police officer was filmed making an [[OK gesture]] toward protesters,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=NSW Police officer appears to make white power symbol after Black Lives Matter march in Sydney|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-13/nsw-police-officer-ok-symbol-black-lives-matter-march/12352134|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> a gesture which has been co-opted by the [[White Power movement|white power movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-16|title=When is this gesture not OK?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48293817|access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref> The Police Force denied that the officer used the gesture in an offensive way.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Boseley|first=Matilda|date=2020-06-13|title=NSW police officer appears to make white power salute near Sydney Black Lives Matter protest|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/13/nsw-police-officer-appears-to-make-white-power-salute-near-sydney-black-lives-matter-protest|access-date=2020-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Rest of New South Wales ====
*[[Byron Bay, New South Wales|Byron Bay]]: 5000 gathered at Apex Park and knelt for [[Eight minutes 46 seconds|8 minutes and 45 seconds]] in memory of George Floyd on 6 June.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Black Lives Matter in Byron and Lismore|url=https://www.echo.net.au/2020/06/black-lives-matter-in-byron-and-lismore/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Echonetdaily}}</ref>
*[[Coffs Harbour]]: A protest on 6 June attracted hundreds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramsey|first=Britt|date=2020-06-06|title=BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTEST IN COFFS ATTRACTS HUNDREDS|url=https://www.nbnnews.com.au/2020/06/06/black-lives-matter-protest-in-coffs-attracts-hundreds/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=NBN News}}</ref>
*[[Katoomba, New South Wales|Katoomba]]: 200 protesters gathered at the council seat of the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] on 6 June and held a [[smoking ceremony]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Ilsa|date=2020-06-06|title=Push for change at Black Lives Matter gathering in Katoomba|url=https://www.bluemountainsgazette.com.au/story/6783210/push-for-change-at-black-lives-matter-gathering-in-katoomba/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Blue Mountains Gazette}}</ref>
*[[Lismore, New South Wales|Lismore]]: 1000 protesters marched from Spinks Park to the Lismore police station on 6 June.<ref name=":3" />
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle:]] An estimated 5,000 protesters gathered in Pacific Park and marched through the city to Civic Park.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harrison|first=Heath|date=6 June 2020|title=Thousands turn out for Newcastle's Black Lives Matter protest|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6783701/thousands-turn-out-for-newcastles-black-lives-matter-protest/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=Newcastle Herald}}</ref> The protest, held on Saturday 6 June, is one of the largest rallies the city has ever seen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Huge crowds in Newcastle call for change at Black Lives Matter rally|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/newscastle-protest-thousands-attend-black-lives-matter-rally/12329434|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref>
*[[Wyong, New South Wales|Wyong]]: An estimated 500 protesters marched through the town's central business district to the Wyong Court House.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2020|title=Australians show support for Black Lives Matter movement in peaceful protests|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/george-floyd-protests-us-live-updates/12327484|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref>
*Protests were also held in [[Port Macquarie]], [[Wagga Wagga]] (led by [[Aunty Isabel Reid]]<ref name=hayter>{{cite web | last=Hayter | first=Melinda | title='Fighter' for Stolen Generations and Indigenous education Aunty Isabel Reid recognised as NSW Senior Australian of Year | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=10 November 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-10/stolen-generation-survivor-isabel-reid-named-nsw-senior-of-year/12866680 | access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>) and [[Wollongong]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title='Black Lives Matter' protests go global|url=https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/we-can-t-take-much-more-protests-swell-20200607-p5507z|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Some white people keep saying #AllLivesMatter. Here's why it doesn't make sense|url=https://www.therural.com.au/story/6785793/some-white-people-keep-saying-alllivesmatter-heres-why-it-doesnt-make-sense/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Rural}}</ref>

===Northern Territory===
*[[Alice Springs]]: 500 protesters gathered at the town's courthouse.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Tens of thousands turn out for Black Lives Matter protests across Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/black-lives-matter-rallies-held-across-australia/12325442|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref>
*[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]: 1000 protesters gathered at Civic Park and marched through the central business district on 14 June, in a protest organised by members of the [[Larrakia people]], who are the traditional owners of the Darwin area.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title='This is just the beginning for Darwin': Black Lives Matter protesters push for long-lasting change|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-13/nt-black-lives-matter-protest-darwin-aboriginal-death-in-custody/12351998|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> The protest was granted an exemption from the Territory's coronavirus health orders, which restrict outdoor gatherings of more than 500 people.<ref name=":4" />

===Queensland===
* [[Brisbane]]:  An estimated 15,000 protesters gathered in [[King George Square]] in Brisbane's [[Brisbane central business district|central business district]] on Saturday 6 June.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stolz|first=Greg|date=6 June 2020|title=Outrage as 30,000 defy COVID-19 restrictions for Brisbane Black Lives Matter protests|work=The Courier-Mail|url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/outrage-as-30000-defy-covid19-restrictions-for-brisbane-black-lives-matter-protests/news-story/c55360f01fe9de33f0aad468f93138f3|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> Earlier, on 3 June, a candlelight vigil was held in [[Musgrave Park, Brisbane|Musgrave Park]] attended by 40 to 50 people. They lighted 432 candles to represent [[Aboriginal deaths in custody|432 known Aboriginal deaths in custody]], and a 433rd candle for Floyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/candles-spell-out-i-can-t-breathe-as-queenslanders-stand-in-solidarity-with-george-floyd-protests-20200603-p54z7d.html|title=Candles spell out 'I Can't Breathe' as Queenslanders stand in solidarity with George Floyd protests|first=Tony|last=Moore|date=3 June 2020|work=[[Brisbane Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604010055/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/candles-spell-out-i-can-t-breathe-as-queenslanders-stand-in-solidarity-with-george-floyd-protests-20200603-p54z7d.html|archive-date=4 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Townsville]]: 1000 protesters rallied at [[The Strand, Townsville|The Strand]].<ref name=":1"/>
*[[Cairns]]: 3000 protesters protested at Fogarty Park on Sunday 7 June<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mounter |first1=Brendan |title=Why 3,000 people gathered for Black Lives Matter protest in Cairns |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-08/cairns-black-lives-matter-protest/12331752 |website=ABC Far North |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

===South Australia===
* [[Adelaide]]: At least 6,000 protesters gathered in [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga]] on Saturday 6 June and marched along [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]] after the [[South Australia Police]] Commissioner gave protesters an exemption from lockdown restrictions. A second protest had been planned for the following Saturday, but police disallowed this.<ref>{{cite web | title=Crowds allowed for AFL Showdown but not second Adelaide Black Lives Matter protest | website=ABC News |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation|first =Eugene |last=Boisvert| date=9 June 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-09/crowd-allowed-at-afl-showdown-but-not-black-lives-matter-protest/12334610 | access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Unity the key at peaceful Adelaide march|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/thousands-gather-at-blm-rally-in-adelaide/news-story/55ddb7094f947c04c842a2f6b99c5be7|access-date=6 June 2020|website=NewsComAu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title='Today we stand united': Black Lives Matter crowd stuns organisers|url=https://7news.com.au/politics/law-and-order/today-we-stand-united-thousands-gather-as-adelaide-leads-the-national-protests-c-1083141|access-date=6 June 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2020|title=Black Lives Matter protest to go ahead in Adelaide after exemption granted|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/sa-police-grant-exemption-for-adelaide-george-floyd-protest/12325186|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref> The protest was titled "Solidarity with Minneapolis" by the organisers, and speakers included several [[African Australian]] and Aboriginal speakers, who mostly focussed on Australia's history of violence and racism and towards black people. Among those who addressed the crowd were actor [[Natasha Wanganeen]], [[Kaurna]] culture and [[Kaurna language|language]] educator and 2011 SA [[Young Australian of the Year]] Jack Buckskin,<ref>{{cite web| title=2011 SA Young Australian of the Year: Vincent ["Jack"] Buckskin| website=Australian of the Year Awards| url=https://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/honour-roll/?view=fullView&recipientID=434| access-date=10 June 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610082643/https://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/honour-roll/?view=fullView&recipientID=434| archive-date=10 June 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[South Sudanese Australians|South Sudanese]] musician [[Gabriel Akon]] (known as DyspOra), several [[Aboriginal elder|elders]], including 76-year-old Kaurna and [[Narungga]] elder Yvonne Agius and Aunty Joan Lemont, as well as relatives of deceased victims.<ref>{{cite web|title='You're going to hear us – really hear us'|website=CityMag|first=Angela|last=Skuijns|others=Photos by Jack Fenby, Tim Lyons and Dimitra Koriozos|date=9 June 2020|url=http://citymag.indaily.com.au/culture/youre-going-to-hear-us-really-hear-us/|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Tasmania ===

* [[Hobart]]:  About 3000 people gathered on the lawns in front of [[Parliament House, Hobart|Parliament House]] in solidarity with the international George Floyd protests.<ref name="hobart">{{cite web |url=https://tasmaniantimes.com/2020/06/blm-gathering-nipaluna/ |title=Black Lives Matter Gathering at nipaluna |date=June 6, 2020 |website=tasmaniantimes.com}}</ref> Hand sanitiser and masks were made available, and entry to the lawns was restricted at times to keep the crowd at an acceptable size.<ref name="hobart"/>
* [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]]:  About 300{{efn|An additional 100 people or so were viewing a livestream of the event.<ref name="launceston"/>}} people peacefully protested at a vigil in [[Prince's Square]] against racism and police brutality against minorities.<ref name="launceston">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/6783834/solidarity-shown-for-people-of-colour-at-launceston-vigil/|title=Solidarity shown for people of colour at Launceston vigil|first=Harry|last=Murtough|date=7 June 2020|website=The Advocate}}</ref> Protesters stood for [[Eight minutes 46 seconds|8′46″]] of silence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/george-floyd-protests-us-live-updates/12327484|title=Australians show support for Black Lives Matter movement in peaceful protests|date=5 June 2020|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> Speakers also covered issues [[Aboriginal Tasmanians]] face, such as Indigenous children being [[strip search]]ed by police.<ref name="launceston"/> The vigil had been approved by the local health authorities, and hand sanitiser and masks were made available.<ref name="launceston"/>

===Victoria===
[[File:Black Lives Matter - Melbourne (Australia) Rally 47.jpg|thumb|Protest in [[Melbourne]] on 6 June 2020]]
* [[Ballarat]]: An estimated 350 protesters gathered at Alfred Deakin Place for a [[Smoking ceremony]] and silent protest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesnewsgroup.com.au/ballarat/news/black-lives-matter-rally-fills-alfred-deakin-place/|title=Black Lives Matter rally fills Alfred Deakin Place|date=6 June 2020|website=Ballarat}}</ref>
* [[Melbourne]]: An estimated 7,000 protesters gathered at the [[Parliament of Victoria]] and marched to [[Flinders Street railway station]] on Saturday 6 June 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Melbourne Black Lives Matter protest organisers fined by police|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/melbourne-black-lives-matter-protest-organisers-fined-by-police/12329514|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref> The organisers of the protest, the Warriors of the Aboriginal Resistance, were each fined A$1651 for organising a mass gathering in violation of the Victorian Chief Health Officer's coronavirus directives,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hope|first=Rachael Dexter, Zach|date=6 June 2020|title='No justice, no peace': Thousands pack Melbourne's CBD for Black Lives Matter rally|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/no-justice-no-peace-thousands-pack-melbourne-s-cbd-for-black-lives-matter-rally-20200606-p5505v.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Age}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> which prohibited outdoor gatherings of more than 20 people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Landis-Hanley|first=Justine|date=5 June 2020|title=Australia's coronavirus lockdown rules and restrictions explained: how far can I travel, and can I have people over?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/05/coronavirus-australia-lockdown-covid-19-restrictions-how-far-can-travel-social-distancing-rules-nsw-victoria-queensland-qld-wa-sa-act-how-many-people-over-house|access-date=6 June 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Several days later, Victoria's Chief Health Officer revealed that one of the protesters had since been confirmed as [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID positive]], though suggested they would have likely contracted COVID-19 before the protest (and may have been asymptomatic during it)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter protester among eight new coronavirus infections in Victoria|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/victorian-black-lives-matter-protester-diagnosed-coronavirus/12343130|access-date=11 June 2020|website=ABC News|date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

===Western Australia===
* [[Perth]]: At least 10,000 protesters rallied at [[Langley Park, Perth|Langley Park]] and marched through the [[Perth central business district|central business district]] (CBD) on 13 June.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=Perth hosts nation's biggest BLM rally|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/perth/black-lives-matter-thousands-walk-through-perth-cbd-in-historic-blm-protest-after-langley-park-rally-ng-b881576942z|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The West Australian}}</ref> marched through the Hundreds{{efn|Sources vary in describing the attendance, from hundreds to thousands, with ''[[The West Australian]]'' reporting "hundreds",<ref name="perth.west">{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Kate|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/perth/hundreds-gather-in-perth-cbd-as-black-lives-matter-protest-draws-attention-to-aboriginal-deaths-in-custody-ng-b881564633z|title=Black Lives Matter protest draws hundreds to Perth CBD|date=1 June 2020|work=[[The West Australian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602113951/https://thewest.com.au/news/perth/hundreds-gather-in-perth-cbd-as-black-lives-matter-protest-draws-attention-to-aboriginal-deaths-in-custody-ng-b881564633z|archive-date=2 June 2020|access-date=1 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Special Broadcasting Service]]'' reporting "[a]bout 2000",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Aaron |title='The world is waking up': Perth joins global protests against police brutality |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-world-is-waking-up-perth-joins-global-protests-against-police-brutality |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[SBS News]] |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114513/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-world-is-waking-up-perth-joins-global-protests-against-police-brutality |archive-date=2 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Age]]'' reporting "thousands".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilat |first1=Lauren |last2=Juanola |first2=Marta |title='I was too light and too black': The teenager behind one of Perth's largest protests |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/western-australia/i-was-too-light-and-too-black-the-teenager-behind-one-of-perth-s-largest-protests-20200602-p54yj6.html |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[The Age]] |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114226/https://www.theage.com.au/national/western-australia/i-was-too-light-and-too-black-the-teenager-behind-one-of-perth-s-largest-protests-20200602-p54yj6.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} of people protested at [[Forrest Place]] in the [[Perth central business district|central business district]] (CBD).<ref name="perth.west"/>
*

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|George Floyd protests in Australia}}

* {{Cite web | title=Why #BlackLivesMatter solidarity must start at home | website=The Adelaide Review | date=5 June 2020 | url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/latest/2020/06/05/why-blacklivesmatter-solidarity-must-start-at-home/|first= Walter |last=Marsh}}

{{George Floyd protests}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George Floyd protests, Australia}}
[[Category:George Floyd protests by country|Australia]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]
[[Category:Protests in Australia]]
[[Category:2020 in Australia]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politics]]
[[Category:Anti-racism in Australia]]

George Floyd protests in Australia

2022-02-16T04:55:12Z

193.119.42.246: /* Background */

{{Short description|Anti-racism protests in Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = George Floyd protests in Australia
| partof = [[George Floyd protests]]
| image =
{{Photomontage
| photo1a = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05346.jpg
| photo1b = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05261.jpg
| photo2a = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05441.jpg
| photo2b = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05380.jpg
| photo3a = Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05387.jpg
| position = center
| size = 300
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 2
| color_border = black
| spacing = 1
| foot_montage =
}}
| caption = Montage of Australian anti-racism protests on 6 June 2020. These images are from the Brisbane protest.
| date = 1–5 June 2020
| place = Australia
|causes=* [[Police brutality]]
* [[Institutional racism]]
* [[Racism in Australia]]
* [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]]
* Reaction to the [[murder of George Floyd]]}}
{{George Floyd protests map|width=500|height=475|zoom=4|coords={{coord|-28.5|133.5}}|text=Cities in Australia in which a protest with about 100 or more participants was held|jurisdiction=Australia}}

Shortly after [[List of George Floyd protests in the United States|protests began in the United States]] in late May 2020 seeking justice for the [[murder of George Floyd]], an [[African Americans|African-American]] who died during an arrest by [[Minneapolis Police Department|Minneapolis police]], people in Australia protested to show solidarity with Americans and the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, as well as to demonstrate against issues with police brutality and [[institutional racism]], [[racism in Australia]], and [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]]. Vigils and protests of thousands of participants took part nationwide.

hello

==Reactions==
Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] stated his beliefs that violent protests would not create change. He warned against Australian demonstrations taking a similar course as "there's no need to import things happening in other countries."<ref>{{cite web |title=Quoting a meme, Scott Morrison says US violence will not bring about change |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/quoting-a-meme-scott-morrison-says-us-violence-will-not-bring-about-change |website=SBS News |access-date=2 June 2020 |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Following major Australia-wide protests on 6 June, Morrison called them "completely unacceptable" and demanded an end to further protests. In addition to concerns around [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]], he stated that some protests had been hijacked by left-wing movements, and called for demonstrators at future events to be charged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Lives Matter protests 'completely unacceptable', Scott Morrison says in call for demonstrators to be charged|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/black-lives-matter-protests-morrison-calls-for-charges/12342762|website=ABC News|access-date=11 June 2020 |date=11 June 2020}}</ref> However, after being challenged on his assertion that there had not been [[slavery in Australia]], Morrison acknowledged that "all sorts of hideous practices" had taken place in the past.<ref name="Henriques-Gomes 2020"/>

The [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] did not directly criticise people protesting, but said that everyone should follow the authorities’ health advice. Senior Indigenous MP [[Linda Burney]] said that it was important for the media to focus on the issues, not whether people protested or not.<ref name="Henriques-Gomes 2020"/>

==Demonstrations==
===Australian Capital Territory===
* [[Canberra]]: 2,000 protesters in the capital city marched to [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] on Friday 5 June.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Thousands in Australia Join Black Lives Matter Rally|url=https://time.com/5848846/australia-protest-george-floyd/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605054704/https://time.com/5848846/australia-protest-george-floyd/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020|magazine=Time}}</ref>

===New South Wales===
Protests have occurred across the state, Australia's largest, to show solidarity with American protesters and to highlight [[Aboriginal deaths in custody|the high rate of death among incarcerated]] [[Indigenous Australians]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title='No justice, no peace': Inside Sydney's Black Lives Matter protest|url=https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/sydneys-black-lives-matter-protest-sees-tens-of-thousands-spurred-on-by-three-words-c-1083340|access-date=6 June 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au}}</ref> The protests were preempted by an incident wherein a 16-year-old Indigenous boy was kicked and pinned to the ground by a [[New South Wales Police Force]] officer in [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Video of Indigenous teen being kicked to ground by NSW police officer during arrest goes viral|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-02/nsw-police-investigate-officer-over-arrest-of-indigenous-teen/12310758|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref>

Protests that have occurred in the state have done so in violation of the state's coronavirus Public Health (COVID-19 Restrictions on Gathering and Movement) Order, which bans gatherings of more than ten people outdoors for a common purpose without a reasonable excuse or exemption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/_emergency/Public%20Health%20(COVID-19%20Restrictions%20on%20Gathering%20and%20Movement)%20Order%20(No%203)%202020_as%20amended.pdf|title=Public Health (COVID-19 Restrictions on Gathering and Movement) Order (No 3) 2020}}</ref>

==== Sydney ====
Three major protests have been held in [[Sydney]]. The first was held on Tuesday 2 June, where 3,000 protesters peacefully marched from [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] to [[Parliament of New South Wales|Parliament]] and [[Martin Place]], was held on Tuesday 2 June.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2020|title=Live: NSW Now: Government refuses to give up on pay freeze, Sydney protests for George Floyd|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-03/sydney-morning-briefing-wednesday-june-3/12312710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605053246/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-03/sydney-morning-briefing-wednesday-june-3/12312710|archive-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hundreds gather in Sydney as part of latest Australian Black Lives Matter protest|work=[[SBS News]]|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/hundreds-gather-in-sydney-as-part-of-latest-australian-black-lives-matter-protest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031016/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/hundreds-gather-in-sydney-as-part-of-latest-australian-black-lives-matter-protest|archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cooper|first=Luke|title=Thousands of protesters join Sydney Black Lives Matter march|work=[[Nine News]]|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-rally-sydney-cbd-1000-people-streets-nsw-police/ab840cd1-9d56-4aec-88f0-49f2a9e083f2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031017/https://www.9news.com.au/national/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-rally-sydney-cbd-1000-people-streets-nsw-police/ab840cd1-9d56-4aec-88f0-49f2a9e083f2|archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>

The second and largest protest was held on Saturday 6 June, where at least 10,000 protesters gathered at [[Sydney Town Hall]] and marched to [[Belmore Park]]. The crowd chanted "[[I can't breathe]]" and held a [[moment of silence]] for George Floyd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=Enormous crowds march through Sydney after Black Lives Matter protests declared lawful|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/arrests-at-sydney-black-lives-matter-protests/12329066|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> A [[counter-protest]]er, who interrupted the protest by holding up an "[[All Lives Matter]]" sign, was handcuffed and removed from the protest by police.<ref name=":2" /> A group of protesters was pepper-sprayed by police at [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] following the protest,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-07|title=Sydney Black Lives Matter Protesters Who Got Pepper Sprayed Say They Were “Trapped” By Police|work=Pedestrian.TV|url=https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sydney-black-lives-matter-protesters-pepper-spray-central/|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> and Acting Police Commissioner Mal Lanyon later defended this action as an appropriate use of force.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-07|title=Tens of thousands call for an end to violence and racism against Indigenous Australians|work=Special Broadcasting Service|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tens-of-thousands-call-for-an-end-to-violence-and-racism-against-indigenous-australians|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-08|title=NSW Police defend pepper spraying Sydney Black Lives Matter protesters|work=Special Broadcasting Service|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/nsw-police-defend-pepper-spraying-sydney-black-lives-matter-protesters|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>

The protest caused significant controversy. [[Premier of New South Wales|Premier]] [[Gladys Berejiklian]] originally stated that she believed people had a right to protest, but later [[Flip-flop (politics)|backflipped]] and deemed the protest 'illegal' and in violation of the state's public health orders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rabe|first=Mary Ward, Tom|date=2020-06-05|title=NSW Police taking organisers of Sydney Black Lives Matter protest to Supreme Court|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/nsw-police-taking-organisers-of-sydney-black-lives-matter-protest-to-supreme-court-20200605-p54zw8.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Following this, the protest was subject to a successful legal challenge in the [[Supreme Court of New South Wales|Supreme Court]] from the Commissioner of the [[New South Wales Police Force]] on the basis of health reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2020|title=Sydney Black Lives Matter supporters pledge to head to protest despite court ruling|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/court-rules-sydney-black-lives-protest-unsafe-due-to-coronavirus/12324186|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Whitbourn|first1=Michaela|last2=Rabe|first2=Tom|last3=Chung|first3=Laura|date=5 June 2020|title=Black Lives Matter protesters will push ahead despite court ruling|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/nothing-is-stopping-us-black-lives-matter-protesters-to-push-ahead-20200605-p55011.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> That decision was overturned on appeal by the [[New South Wales Court of Appeal]] just minutes before the protest began.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Whitbourn|first1=Michaela|last2=Mitchell|first2=Georgina|date=6 June 2020|title=Court of Appeal rules Sydney Black Lives Matter protest is authorised|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/court-of-appeal-rules-sydney-black-lives-matter-protest-is-authorised-20200606-p55058.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> The Court of Appeal – constituted of [[Tom Bathurst|Chief Justice Bathurst]], [[Andrew Bell (judge)|President Bell]] and [[Mark Leeming|Justice Leeming]] – overturned the decision of Justice Fagan on the basis that the protest organisers had complied with the necessary steps in order to gain approval to hold the protest in an authorised way.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Court points to police approval for Black Lives protest|url=https://www.afr.com/politics/court-points-to-police-approval-for-black-lives-protest-20200609-p550sc|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref>

A third protest was held on the evening of 12 June in solidarity with protesters at Sydney's [[Long Bay Correctional Centre]],<ref name="Lorrimer">{{Cite web|last=Lorrimer|first=Laura Chung, Matt Bungard, Dominic|date=2020-06-12|title=Hundreds of people attend Sydney protest despite police warnings|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/police-surround-town-hall-ahead-of-planned-protest-20200612-p55257.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> where [[Corrective Services New South Wales|Corrective Services officers]] fired [[tear gas]] on inmates who spelled out "BLM" on the prison yard.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Tear gas fired into prison yard of Sydney's Long Bay jail during unrest and Black Lives Matter protest|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-08/tear-gas-fired-into-exercise-yard-of-sydney-long-bay-jail/12332572|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> Approximately 300 protesters met in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] because of a significant police presence at Sydney Town Hall, the original location for the protest.<ref name="Lorrimer"/> 600 police were involved in policing the gathering, and one woman was arrested for failing to comply with a move on order.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-12|title=Sydney protesters disperse after game of cat and mouse with police|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-12/organisers-change-location-of-sydney-protest/12349686|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> [[Mounted police]] and officers guarded a large statue of [[James Cook]] located in Hyde Park on the night, which was later defaced.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanda|first=Dominica|date=2020-06-13|title=Sydney's Captain Cook statue defaced|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/sydney-s-captain-cook-statue-defaced-20200614-p552cv.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhou|first=Naaman|date=2020-06-14|title=Two women charged after Captain Cook statue defaced in Sydney's Hyde Park|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/14/two-women-arrested-after-captain-cook-statue-defaced-in-sydneys-hyde-park|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Guardian}}</ref> A police officer was filmed making an [[OK gesture]] toward protesters,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=NSW Police officer appears to make white power symbol after Black Lives Matter march in Sydney|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-13/nsw-police-officer-ok-symbol-black-lives-matter-march/12352134|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> a gesture which has been co-opted by the [[White Power movement|white power movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-16|title=When is this gesture not OK?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48293817|access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref> The Police Force denied that the officer used the gesture in an offensive way.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Boseley|first=Matilda|date=2020-06-13|title=NSW police officer appears to make white power salute near Sydney Black Lives Matter protest|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/13/nsw-police-officer-appears-to-make-white-power-salute-near-sydney-black-lives-matter-protest|access-date=2020-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Rest of New South Wales ====
*[[Byron Bay, New South Wales|Byron Bay]]: 5000 gathered at Apex Park and knelt for [[Eight minutes 46 seconds|8 minutes and 45 seconds]] in memory of George Floyd on 6 June.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Black Lives Matter in Byron and Lismore|url=https://www.echo.net.au/2020/06/black-lives-matter-in-byron-and-lismore/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Echonetdaily}}</ref>
*[[Coffs Harbour]]: A protest on 6 June attracted hundreds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramsey|first=Britt|date=2020-06-06|title=BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTEST IN COFFS ATTRACTS HUNDREDS|url=https://www.nbnnews.com.au/2020/06/06/black-lives-matter-protest-in-coffs-attracts-hundreds/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=NBN News}}</ref>
*[[Katoomba, New South Wales|Katoomba]]: 200 protesters gathered at the council seat of the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] on 6 June and held a [[smoking ceremony]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Ilsa|date=2020-06-06|title=Push for change at Black Lives Matter gathering in Katoomba|url=https://www.bluemountainsgazette.com.au/story/6783210/push-for-change-at-black-lives-matter-gathering-in-katoomba/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Blue Mountains Gazette}}</ref>
*[[Lismore, New South Wales|Lismore]]: 1000 protesters marched from Spinks Park to the Lismore police station on 6 June.<ref name=":3" />
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle:]] An estimated 5,000 protesters gathered in Pacific Park and marched through the city to Civic Park.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harrison|first=Heath|date=6 June 2020|title=Thousands turn out for Newcastle's Black Lives Matter protest|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6783701/thousands-turn-out-for-newcastles-black-lives-matter-protest/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=Newcastle Herald}}</ref> The protest, held on Saturday 6 June, is one of the largest rallies the city has ever seen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Huge crowds in Newcastle call for change at Black Lives Matter rally|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/newscastle-protest-thousands-attend-black-lives-matter-rally/12329434|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref>
*[[Wyong, New South Wales|Wyong]]: An estimated 500 protesters marched through the town's central business district to the Wyong Court House.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2020|title=Australians show support for Black Lives Matter movement in peaceful protests|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/george-floyd-protests-us-live-updates/12327484|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref>
*Protests were also held in [[Port Macquarie]], [[Wagga Wagga]] (led by [[Aunty Isabel Reid]]<ref name=hayter>{{cite web | last=Hayter | first=Melinda | title='Fighter' for Stolen Generations and Indigenous education Aunty Isabel Reid recognised as NSW Senior Australian of Year | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=10 November 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-10/stolen-generation-survivor-isabel-reid-named-nsw-senior-of-year/12866680 | access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>) and [[Wollongong]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title='Black Lives Matter' protests go global|url=https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/we-can-t-take-much-more-protests-swell-20200607-p5507z|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Some white people keep saying #AllLivesMatter. Here's why it doesn't make sense|url=https://www.therural.com.au/story/6785793/some-white-people-keep-saying-alllivesmatter-heres-why-it-doesnt-make-sense/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Rural}}</ref>

===Northern Territory===
*[[Alice Springs]]: 500 protesters gathered at the town's courthouse.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Tens of thousands turn out for Black Lives Matter protests across Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/black-lives-matter-rallies-held-across-australia/12325442|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref>
*[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]: 1000 protesters gathered at Civic Park and marched through the central business district on 14 June, in a protest organised by members of the [[Larrakia people]], who are the traditional owners of the Darwin area.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title='This is just the beginning for Darwin': Black Lives Matter protesters push for long-lasting change|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-13/nt-black-lives-matter-protest-darwin-aboriginal-death-in-custody/12351998|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ABC News}}</ref> The protest was granted an exemption from the Territory's coronavirus health orders, which restrict outdoor gatherings of more than 500 people.<ref name=":4" />

===Queensland===
* [[Brisbane]]:  An estimated 15,000 protesters gathered in [[King George Square]] in Brisbane's [[Brisbane central business district|central business district]] on Saturday 6 June.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stolz|first=Greg|date=6 June 2020|title=Outrage as 30,000 defy COVID-19 restrictions for Brisbane Black Lives Matter protests|work=The Courier-Mail|url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/outrage-as-30000-defy-covid19-restrictions-for-brisbane-black-lives-matter-protests/news-story/c55360f01fe9de33f0aad468f93138f3|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> Earlier, on 3 June, a candlelight vigil was held in [[Musgrave Park, Brisbane|Musgrave Park]] attended by 40 to 50 people. They lighted 432 candles to represent [[Aboriginal deaths in custody|432 known Aboriginal deaths in custody]], and a 433rd candle for Floyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/candles-spell-out-i-can-t-breathe-as-queenslanders-stand-in-solidarity-with-george-floyd-protests-20200603-p54z7d.html|title=Candles spell out 'I Can't Breathe' as Queenslanders stand in solidarity with George Floyd protests|first=Tony|last=Moore|date=3 June 2020|work=[[Brisbane Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604010055/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/candles-spell-out-i-can-t-breathe-as-queenslanders-stand-in-solidarity-with-george-floyd-protests-20200603-p54z7d.html|archive-date=4 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Townsville]]: 1000 protesters rallied at [[The Strand, Townsville|The Strand]].<ref name=":1"/>
*[[Cairns]]: 3000 protesters protested at Fogarty Park on Sunday 7 June<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mounter |first1=Brendan |title=Why 3,000 people gathered for Black Lives Matter protest in Cairns |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-08/cairns-black-lives-matter-protest/12331752 |website=ABC Far North |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

===South Australia===
* [[Adelaide]]: At least 6,000 protesters gathered in [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga]] on Saturday 6 June and marched along [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]] after the [[South Australia Police]] Commissioner gave protesters an exemption from lockdown restrictions. A second protest had been planned for the following Saturday, but police disallowed this.<ref>{{cite web | title=Crowds allowed for AFL Showdown but not second Adelaide Black Lives Matter protest | website=ABC News |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation|first =Eugene |last=Boisvert| date=9 June 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-09/crowd-allowed-at-afl-showdown-but-not-black-lives-matter-protest/12334610 | access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Unity the key at peaceful Adelaide march|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/thousands-gather-at-blm-rally-in-adelaide/news-story/55ddb7094f947c04c842a2f6b99c5be7|access-date=6 June 2020|website=NewsComAu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title='Today we stand united': Black Lives Matter crowd stuns organisers|url=https://7news.com.au/politics/law-and-order/today-we-stand-united-thousands-gather-as-adelaide-leads-the-national-protests-c-1083141|access-date=6 June 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2020|title=Black Lives Matter protest to go ahead in Adelaide after exemption granted|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/sa-police-grant-exemption-for-adelaide-george-floyd-protest/12325186|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref> The protest was titled "Solidarity with Minneapolis" by the organisers, and speakers included several [[African Australian]] and Aboriginal speakers, who mostly focussed on Australia's history of violence and racism and towards black people. Among those who addressed the crowd were actor [[Natasha Wanganeen]], [[Kaurna]] culture and [[Kaurna language|language]] educator and 2011 SA [[Young Australian of the Year]] Jack Buckskin,<ref>{{cite web| title=2011 SA Young Australian of the Year: Vincent ["Jack"] Buckskin| website=Australian of the Year Awards| url=https://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/honour-roll/?view=fullView&recipientID=434| access-date=10 June 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610082643/https://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/honour-roll/?view=fullView&recipientID=434| archive-date=10 June 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[South Sudanese Australians|South Sudanese]] musician [[Gabriel Akon]] (known as DyspOra), several [[Aboriginal elder|elders]], including 76-year-old Kaurna and [[Narungga]] elder Yvonne Agius and Aunty Joan Lemont, as well as relatives of deceased victims.<ref>{{cite web|title='You're going to hear us – really hear us'|website=CityMag|first=Angela|last=Skuijns|others=Photos by Jack Fenby, Tim Lyons and Dimitra Koriozos|date=9 June 2020|url=http://citymag.indaily.com.au/culture/youre-going-to-hear-us-really-hear-us/|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Tasmania ===

* [[Hobart]]:  About 3000 people gathered on the lawns in front of [[Parliament House, Hobart|Parliament House]] in solidarity with the international George Floyd protests.<ref name="hobart">{{cite web |url=https://tasmaniantimes.com/2020/06/blm-gathering-nipaluna/ |title=Black Lives Matter Gathering at nipaluna |date=June 6, 2020 |website=tasmaniantimes.com}}</ref> Hand sanitiser and masks were made available, and entry to the lawns was restricted at times to keep the crowd at an acceptable size.<ref name="hobart"/>
* [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]]:  About 300{{efn|An additional 100 people or so were viewing a livestream of the event.<ref name="launceston"/>}} people peacefully protested at a vigil in [[Prince's Square]] against racism and police brutality against minorities.<ref name="launceston">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/6783834/solidarity-shown-for-people-of-colour-at-launceston-vigil/|title=Solidarity shown for people of colour at Launceston vigil|first=Harry|last=Murtough|date=7 June 2020|website=The Advocate}}</ref> Protesters stood for [[Eight minutes 46 seconds|8′46″]] of silence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/george-floyd-protests-us-live-updates/12327484|title=Australians show support for Black Lives Matter movement in peaceful protests|date=5 June 2020|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> Speakers also covered issues [[Aboriginal Tasmanians]] face, such as Indigenous children being [[strip search]]ed by police.<ref name="launceston"/> The vigil had been approved by the local health authorities, and hand sanitiser and masks were made available.<ref name="launceston"/>

===Victoria===
[[File:Black Lives Matter - Melbourne (Australia) Rally 47.jpg|thumb|Protest in [[Melbourne]] on 6 June 2020]]
* [[Ballarat]]: An estimated 350 protesters gathered at Alfred Deakin Place for a [[Smoking ceremony]] and silent protest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesnewsgroup.com.au/ballarat/news/black-lives-matter-rally-fills-alfred-deakin-place/|title=Black Lives Matter rally fills Alfred Deakin Place|date=6 June 2020|website=Ballarat}}</ref>
* [[Melbourne]]: An estimated 7,000 protesters gathered at the [[Parliament of Victoria]] and marched to [[Flinders Street railway station]] on Saturday 6 June 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=Melbourne Black Lives Matter protest organisers fined by police|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/melbourne-black-lives-matter-protest-organisers-fined-by-police/12329514|access-date=6 June 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref> The organisers of the protest, the Warriors of the Aboriginal Resistance, were each fined A$1651 for organising a mass gathering in violation of the Victorian Chief Health Officer's coronavirus directives,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hope|first=Rachael Dexter, Zach|date=6 June 2020|title='No justice, no peace': Thousands pack Melbourne's CBD for Black Lives Matter rally|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/no-justice-no-peace-thousands-pack-melbourne-s-cbd-for-black-lives-matter-rally-20200606-p5505v.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Age}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> which prohibited outdoor gatherings of more than 20 people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Landis-Hanley|first=Justine|date=5 June 2020|title=Australia's coronavirus lockdown rules and restrictions explained: how far can I travel, and can I have people over?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/05/coronavirus-australia-lockdown-covid-19-restrictions-how-far-can-travel-social-distancing-rules-nsw-victoria-queensland-qld-wa-sa-act-how-many-people-over-house|access-date=6 June 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Several days later, Victoria's Chief Health Officer revealed that one of the protesters had since been confirmed as [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID positive]], though suggested they would have likely contracted COVID-19 before the protest (and may have been asymptomatic during it)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter protester among eight new coronavirus infections in Victoria|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/victorian-black-lives-matter-protester-diagnosed-coronavirus/12343130|access-date=11 June 2020|website=ABC News|date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

===Western Australia===
* [[Perth]]: At least 10,000 protesters rallied at [[Langley Park, Perth|Langley Park]] and marched through the [[Perth central business district|central business district]] (CBD) on 13 June.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=Perth hosts nation's biggest BLM rally|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/perth/black-lives-matter-thousands-walk-through-perth-cbd-in-historic-blm-protest-after-langley-park-rally-ng-b881576942z|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The West Australian}}</ref> marched through the Hundreds{{efn|Sources vary in describing the attendance, from hundreds to thousands, with ''[[The West Australian]]'' reporting "hundreds",<ref name="perth.west">{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Kate|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/perth/hundreds-gather-in-perth-cbd-as-black-lives-matter-protest-draws-attention-to-aboriginal-deaths-in-custody-ng-b881564633z|title=Black Lives Matter protest draws hundreds to Perth CBD|date=1 June 2020|work=[[The West Australian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602113951/https://thewest.com.au/news/perth/hundreds-gather-in-perth-cbd-as-black-lives-matter-protest-draws-attention-to-aboriginal-deaths-in-custody-ng-b881564633z|archive-date=2 June 2020|access-date=1 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Special Broadcasting Service]]'' reporting "[a]bout 2000",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Aaron |title='The world is waking up': Perth joins global protests against police brutality |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-world-is-waking-up-perth-joins-global-protests-against-police-brutality |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[SBS News]] |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114513/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-world-is-waking-up-perth-joins-global-protests-against-police-brutality |archive-date=2 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Age]]'' reporting "thousands".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilat |first1=Lauren |last2=Juanola |first2=Marta |title='I was too light and too black': The teenager behind one of Perth's largest protests |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/western-australia/i-was-too-light-and-too-black-the-teenager-behind-one-of-perth-s-largest-protests-20200602-p54yj6.html |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[The Age]] |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114226/https://www.theage.com.au/national/western-australia/i-was-too-light-and-too-black-the-teenager-behind-one-of-perth-s-largest-protests-20200602-p54yj6.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} of people protested at [[Forrest Place]] in the [[Perth central business district|central business district]] (CBD).<ref name="perth.west"/>
*

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|George Floyd protests in Australia}}

* {{Cite web | title=Why #BlackLivesMatter solidarity must start at home | website=The Adelaide Review | date=5 June 2020 | url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/latest/2020/06/05/why-blacklivesmatter-solidarity-must-start-at-home/|first= Walter |last=Marsh}}

{{George Floyd protests}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George Floyd protests, Australia}}
[[Category:George Floyd protests by country|Australia]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]
[[Category:Protests in Australia]]
[[Category:2020 in Australia]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politics]]
[[Category:Anti-racism in Australia]]

Hagryphus

2022-02-16T03:14:33Z

193.119.42.246: /* Discovery and naming */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|75.95}}
| image = Hagryphus giganteus - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07248.JPG
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton based on the related ''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', [[Natural History Museum of Utah]]
| taxon = Hagryphus
| authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
| type_species_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
}}

'''''Hagryphus''''' ("[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]"), is an [[oviraptorosauria]]n [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the Upper [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] of what is now [[Utah]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Hagryphus.jpg|thumb|left|Silhouette showing the known hand]]
To date, only a single species of ''Hagryphus'' has been named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno]] and [[Scott Sampson]], the [[type species]] ''Hagryphus giganteus''. The generic name is derived from Egyptian ''Ha'', the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] γρύψ (''gryps'') meaning '[[griffin]]' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "gigantic" in [[Latin]].<ref name=Zanno2005>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L. E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S. D. | year = 2005 | title = A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 897–904 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2}}</ref>

[[File:Hagryphus_giganteus_holotype_salt_lake_city.jpg|thumb|right|Holotype specimen on display at Natural History Museum of Utah, Salt Lake City.]]
The [[holotype]] was discovered in 2002 by [[Michael Getty]] in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.<ref name=Zanno2003>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S.D. | year = 2003 | title = A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| page = 114A | s2cid = 220410105 }}</ref> [[Radiometric dating]] of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 [[million years ago]].<ref name=Talos>{{Cite journal|author1=Lindsay E. Zanno |author2=David J. Varricchio |author3=Patrick M. O'Connor |author4=Alan L. Titus |author5=Michael J. Knell |year=2011 |title=A new troodontid theropod, ''Talos sampsoni'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 6|pages=e24487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024487 |pmid=21949721 |pmc=3176273 |issue=9|doi-access=free }}</ref> Designated '''UMNH VP 12765''', the [[type specimen]] resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

==Description==
[[File:Hagryphus_Scale.svg|thumbnail|left|Size comparison of ''Hagryphus'']]
As the specific name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976), apart from the later described ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''. ''H. giganteus'' was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''[[Chirostenotes]]''. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.<ref name=Zanno2005/> However, later estimates have been lower: [[Gregory S. Paul]] in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 150</ref>

==Phylogeny==
In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]].<ref name=Zanno2003/> However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general [[Oviraptorosauria]]. ''Hagryphus'' would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Elmisaurus]] rarus'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered.

[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]] skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicate to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small [[vertebrate]]s. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information).

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Funston (2020) is reproduced below.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston|first=Gregory|date=2020-07-27|title=Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29362|journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology|language=en|volume=8|pages=105–153|doi=10.18435/vamp29362|issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anomalipes zhaoi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2='''''Hagryphus giganteus''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nomingia gobiensis]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae|Elmisaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Citipes elegans]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]'' }}
|label2=[[Caenagnathinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anzu wyliei]]''
|2=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]}}

The results of an earlier analysis by Funston & Currie (2016) are reproduced below.<ref name=apatoraptor1>{{cite journal |author=Gregory F. Funston and Philip J. Currie |year=2016 |title=A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue= 4|pages=e1160910 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 |s2cid=131090028 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_new_caenagnathid_Dinosauria_Oviraptorosauria_from_the_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_of_Alberta_Canada_and_a_reevaluation_of_the_relationships_of_Caenagnathidae/3172573 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1='''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]''
|2=''[[Anzu wyliei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]''
|label2=[[Elmisaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Leptorhynchos elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoecology==

===Habitat===
The only known specimen of ''Hagryphus'' was recovered at the [[Kaiparowits Formation]], in southern Utah. [[Argon-argon dating|Argon-argon radiometric dating]] indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.</ref><ref>Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.</ref> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]], a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, [[Laramidia]] to the west and [[Appalachia]] to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland [[peat]] swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<ref>Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.</ref> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|access-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

===Paleofauna===
''Hagryphus'' shared its [[natural environment|paleoenvironment]] with [[theropod]]s such as [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]s, the [[troodontidae|troodontid]] ''[[Talos sampsoni]]'', [[ornithomimids]] like ''[[Ornithomimus|Ornithomimus velox]]'', [[tyrannosaurids]] like ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Teratophoneus]]'', [[ankylosauria|armored ankylosaurids]], the [[hadrosaurid|duckbilled hadrosaurs]] ''[[Parasaurolophus|Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus]]'' and ''[[Gryposaurus|Gryposaurus monumentensis]]'', and the [[ceratopsians]] ''[[Utahceratops|Utahceratops gettyi]]'', ''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' and ''[[Kosmoceratops|Kosmoceratops richardsoni]]''.<ref name=ZS05>{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included [[chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] (sharks and rays), [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns. A variety of early [[mammal]]s were present including [[multituberculate]]s, [[metatheria]]ns, and [[eutheria]]ns.<ref name=ECHKP99>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |author2=Cifelli, Richard L. |author3=Hutchinson, J. Howard |author4=Kirkland, James I. |author5= Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete, David D.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=1-55791-634-9 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of oviraptorosaur research]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal| last=Barsbold | first=Rinchen | author-link=Rinchen Barsbold | year=1976 | title=[A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] | journal=[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] | volume=226 | issue=3 | pages=685–688}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"]

{{Maniraptora|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q137257}}

[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Caenagnathids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Scott D. Sampson]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Utah]]
[[Category:Kaiparowits Formation]]
[[Category:Campanian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Campanian genus extinctions]]

Hagryphus

2022-02-16T03:12:30Z

193.119.42.246: /* Description */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|75.95}}
| image = Hagryphus giganteus - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07248.JPG
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton based on the related ''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', [[Natural History Museum of Utah]]
| taxon = Hagryphus
| authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
| type_species_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
}}

'''''Hagryphus''''' ("[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]"), is an [[oviraptorosauria]]n [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the Upper [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] of what is now [[Utah]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Hagryphus.jpg|thumb|left|Silhouette showing the known hand]]
To date, only a single species of ''Hagryphus'' has been named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno]] and [[Scott Sampson]], the [[type species]] ''Hagryphus giganteus''. The generic name is derived from Egyptian ''Ha'', the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] γρύψ (''gryps'') meaning '[[griffin]]' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "gigantic" in [[Latin]].<ref name=Zanno2005>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L. E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S. D. | year = 2005 | title = A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 897–904 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2}}</ref>

The [[holotype]] was discovered in 2002 by [[Michael Getty]] in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.<ref name=Zanno2003>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S.D. | year = 2003 | title = A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| page = 114A | s2cid = 220410105 }}</ref> [[Radiometric dating]] of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 [[million years ago]].<ref name=Talos>{{Cite journal|author1=Lindsay E. Zanno |author2=David J. Varricchio |author3=Patrick M. O'Connor |author4=Alan L. Titus |author5=Michael J. Knell |year=2011 |title=A new troodontid theropod, ''Talos sampsoni'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 6|pages=e24487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024487 |pmid=21949721 |pmc=3176273 |issue=9|doi-access=free }}</ref> Designated '''UMNH VP 12765''', the [[type specimen]] resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

==Description==
[[File:Hagryphus_Scale.svg|thumbnail|left|Size comparison of ''Hagryphus'']]
As the specific name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976), apart from the later described ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''. ''H. giganteus'' was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''[[Chirostenotes]]''. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.<ref name=Zanno2005/> However, later estimates have been lower: [[Gregory S. Paul]] in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 150</ref>

==Phylogeny==
In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]].<ref name=Zanno2003/> However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general [[Oviraptorosauria]]. ''Hagryphus'' would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Elmisaurus]] rarus'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered.

[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]] skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicate to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small [[vertebrate]]s. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information).

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Funston (2020) is reproduced below.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston|first=Gregory|date=2020-07-27|title=Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29362|journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology|language=en|volume=8|pages=105–153|doi=10.18435/vamp29362|issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anomalipes zhaoi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2='''''Hagryphus giganteus''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nomingia gobiensis]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae|Elmisaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Citipes elegans]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]'' }}
|label2=[[Caenagnathinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anzu wyliei]]''
|2=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]}}

The results of an earlier analysis by Funston & Currie (2016) are reproduced below.<ref name=apatoraptor1>{{cite journal |author=Gregory F. Funston and Philip J. Currie |year=2016 |title=A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue= 4|pages=e1160910 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 |s2cid=131090028 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_new_caenagnathid_Dinosauria_Oviraptorosauria_from_the_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_of_Alberta_Canada_and_a_reevaluation_of_the_relationships_of_Caenagnathidae/3172573 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1='''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]''
|2=''[[Anzu wyliei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]''
|label2=[[Elmisaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Leptorhynchos elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoecology==

===Habitat===
The only known specimen of ''Hagryphus'' was recovered at the [[Kaiparowits Formation]], in southern Utah. [[Argon-argon dating|Argon-argon radiometric dating]] indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.</ref><ref>Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.</ref> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]], a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, [[Laramidia]] to the west and [[Appalachia]] to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland [[peat]] swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<ref>Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.</ref> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|access-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

===Paleofauna===
''Hagryphus'' shared its [[natural environment|paleoenvironment]] with [[theropod]]s such as [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]s, the [[troodontidae|troodontid]] ''[[Talos sampsoni]]'', [[ornithomimids]] like ''[[Ornithomimus|Ornithomimus velox]]'', [[tyrannosaurids]] like ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Teratophoneus]]'', [[ankylosauria|armored ankylosaurids]], the [[hadrosaurid|duckbilled hadrosaurs]] ''[[Parasaurolophus|Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus]]'' and ''[[Gryposaurus|Gryposaurus monumentensis]]'', and the [[ceratopsians]] ''[[Utahceratops|Utahceratops gettyi]]'', ''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' and ''[[Kosmoceratops|Kosmoceratops richardsoni]]''.<ref name=ZS05>{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included [[chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] (sharks and rays), [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns. A variety of early [[mammal]]s were present including [[multituberculate]]s, [[metatheria]]ns, and [[eutheria]]ns.<ref name=ECHKP99>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |author2=Cifelli, Richard L. |author3=Hutchinson, J. Howard |author4=Kirkland, James I. |author5= Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete, David D.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=1-55791-634-9 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of oviraptorosaur research]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal| last=Barsbold | first=Rinchen | author-link=Rinchen Barsbold | year=1976 | title=[A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] | journal=[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] | volume=226 | issue=3 | pages=685–688}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"]

{{Maniraptora|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q137257}}

[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Caenagnathids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Scott D. Sampson]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Utah]]
[[Category:Kaiparowits Formation]]
[[Category:Campanian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Campanian genus extinctions]]

Hagryphus

2022-02-16T03:10:41Z

193.119.42.246: /* Phylogeny */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|75.95}}
| image = Hagryphus giganteus - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07248.JPG
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton based on the related ''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', [[Natural History Museum of Utah]]
| taxon = Hagryphus
| authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
| type_species_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005
}}

'''''Hagryphus''''' ("[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]"), is an [[oviraptorosauria]]n [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the Upper [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] of what is now [[Utah]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Hagryphus.jpg|thumb|left|Silhouette showing the known hand]]
To date, only a single species of ''Hagryphus'' has been named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno]] and [[Scott Sampson]], the [[type species]] ''Hagryphus giganteus''. The generic name is derived from Egyptian ''Ha'', the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] γρύψ (''gryps'') meaning '[[griffin]]' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "gigantic" in [[Latin]].<ref name=Zanno2005>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L. E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S. D. | year = 2005 | title = A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 897–904 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2}}</ref>

The [[holotype]] was discovered in 2002 by [[Michael Getty]] in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.<ref name=Zanno2003>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S.D. | year = 2003 | title = A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| page = 114A | s2cid = 220410105 }}</ref> [[Radiometric dating]] of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 [[million years ago]].<ref name=Talos>{{Cite journal|author1=Lindsay E. Zanno |author2=David J. Varricchio |author3=Patrick M. O'Connor |author4=Alan L. Titus |author5=Michael J. Knell |year=2011 |title=A new troodontid theropod, ''Talos sampsoni'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 6|pages=e24487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024487 |pmid=21949721 |pmc=3176273 |issue=9|doi-access=free }}</ref> Designated '''UMNH VP 12765''', the [[type specimen]] resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

==Description==
As the specific name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976), apart from the later described ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''. ''H. giganteus'' was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''[[Chirostenotes]]''. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.<ref name=Zanno2005/> However, later estimates have been lower: [[Gregory S. Paul]] in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 150</ref>

==Phylogeny==
In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]].<ref name=Zanno2003/> However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general [[Oviraptorosauria]]. ''Hagryphus'' would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Elmisaurus]] rarus'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered.

[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]] skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicate to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small [[vertebrate]]s. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information).

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Funston (2020) is reproduced below.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston|first=Gregory|date=2020-07-27|title=Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29362|journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology|language=en|volume=8|pages=105–153|doi=10.18435/vamp29362|issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anomalipes zhaoi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2='''''Hagryphus giganteus''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nomingia gobiensis]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae|Elmisaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Citipes elegans]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]'' }}
|label2=[[Caenagnathinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anzu wyliei]]''
|2=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]}}

The results of an earlier analysis by Funston & Currie (2016) are reproduced below.<ref name=apatoraptor1>{{cite journal |author=Gregory F. Funston and Philip J. Currie |year=2016 |title=A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue= 4|pages=e1160910 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 |s2cid=131090028 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_new_caenagnathid_Dinosauria_Oviraptorosauria_from_the_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_of_Alberta_Canada_and_a_reevaluation_of_the_relationships_of_Caenagnathidae/3172573 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1='''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]''
|2=''[[Anzu wyliei]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]''
|label2=[[Elmisaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Leptorhynchos elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''
|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoecology==

===Habitat===
The only known specimen of ''Hagryphus'' was recovered at the [[Kaiparowits Formation]], in southern Utah. [[Argon-argon dating|Argon-argon radiometric dating]] indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.</ref><ref>Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.</ref> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]], a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, [[Laramidia]] to the west and [[Appalachia]] to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland [[peat]] swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<ref>Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.</ref> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|access-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

===Paleofauna===
''Hagryphus'' shared its [[natural environment|paleoenvironment]] with [[theropod]]s such as [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]s, the [[troodontidae|troodontid]] ''[[Talos sampsoni]]'', [[ornithomimids]] like ''[[Ornithomimus|Ornithomimus velox]]'', [[tyrannosaurids]] like ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Teratophoneus]]'', [[ankylosauria|armored ankylosaurids]], the [[hadrosaurid|duckbilled hadrosaurs]] ''[[Parasaurolophus|Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus]]'' and ''[[Gryposaurus|Gryposaurus monumentensis]]'', and the [[ceratopsians]] ''[[Utahceratops|Utahceratops gettyi]]'', ''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' and ''[[Kosmoceratops|Kosmoceratops richardsoni]]''.<ref name=ZS05>{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included [[chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] (sharks and rays), [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns. A variety of early [[mammal]]s were present including [[multituberculate]]s, [[metatheria]]ns, and [[eutheria]]ns.<ref name=ECHKP99>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |author2=Cifelli, Richard L. |author3=Hutchinson, J. Howard |author4=Kirkland, James I. |author5= Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete, David D.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=1-55791-634-9 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of oviraptorosaur research]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal| last=Barsbold | first=Rinchen | author-link=Rinchen Barsbold | year=1976 | title=[A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] | journal=[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] | volume=226 | issue=3 | pages=685–688}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"]

{{Maniraptora|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q137257}}

[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Caenagnathids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Scott D. Sampson]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Utah]]
[[Category:Kaiparowits Formation]]
[[Category:Campanian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Campanian genus extinctions]]

Ultrastenos

2022-02-15T05:53:11Z

193.119.42.246: Page is no longer a stub article

{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Oligocene]], {{fossilrange|28.1|23|ref=<ref name="Rio2021">{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=6 September 2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 |pages=e12094 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmid=34567843 |pmc=8428266 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
| taxon = Ultrastenos
| authority = Stein ''et al.'', 2016
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = * {{extinct}}''U. willisi'' Stein ''et al.'', 2018 ([[type species|type]])
}}

'''''Ultrastenos''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[Australia]]n [[mekosuchine]] [[crocodilian]] first [[scientifically described|described]] in 2016. The [[type species]] '''''Ultrastenos willisi''''' was discovered at [[Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)|Riversleigh]] in northwestern [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], and lived during the [[Late Oligocene]] era.<ref name="Stein2016">{{cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Michael |last2=Hand |first2=Suzanne J. |last3=Archer |first3=Michael |date=26 May 2016 |title=A new crocodile displaying extreme constriction of the mandible, from the late Oligocene of Riversleigh, Australia |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=e1179041 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1179041 |s2cid=88895724 }}</ref>

==Discovery and naming==
''Ultrastenos'' was described in 2016 based on the [[holotype]] specimen '''''QM F42665''''', a [[posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] [[cranium]] and [[mandible]] found at the Low Lion Site of the [[Riversleigh World Heritage Area]]. While Riversleigh is known to have been home to a variety of other mekosuchine genera, the discovery of ''Ultrastenos'' represented a previously unknown [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the native [[Oligocene]] to [[Miocene]] crocodilian fauna. The [[paratype]] material includes further material of the [[postcrania]]l skeleton, namely a left atlantal [[neural arch]], atlantal intercentrum, a [[caudal vertebrae]] series and [[dorsal (anatomy)|dorsal]] [[osteoderm]]s, [[metatarsal bones|metatarsals]], a right [[coracoid]] and a right [[tibia]]. Posterior cranial material from the White Hunter Site has also been referred to ''Ultrastenos''.<ref name="Stein2016"/>

The name derives from the Latin "ultra" for extreme and the Greek "stenos" for narrow, chosen to reflect the morphology of the animal's mandible. The species epithet "willisi" honors Dr. Paul Willis for his contribution to Australian paleontology and specifically his research on members of [[Mekosuchinae]].<ref name="Stein2016"/>

==Description==
''Ultrastenos'' is defined by a prominent tear-shaped [[supratemporal]] fenstra, [[anteroposterior]]ly short [[jugal bone|jugal]], weakly developed paroccipital process and a shallow mandibular profile with strong anterior curvature.

The mandible of ''Ultrastenos'' is gracile in proportion with a strong curvature in dorsal view and a low [[lateral (anatomy)|lateral]] profile. Two ridges extend along the [[surangular]], one on its [[ventral]] and one on its dorsal margin, enclosing the sculpted lateral surface of the bone. The ventral ridge is the more pronounced of the two, forming a ventral buttress to the mandible. The ornamentation consists of closely packed deep pitting and the [[mandibular fenestra]] is small. In dorsal view the mandible strongly constricts towards its anterior end, with the bone transitioning from a convex to a concave form. In lateral view the [[dentary]] is approximately as tall as the [[angular bone|angular]] and surangular, however it grows more shallow towards the posterior margin. The toothrow is mediolaterally shallow and only the last four [[Dental alveolus|dentary alveoli]] are preserved, giving little information on the overall [[dentition]]. Two teeth are preserved with lateral carinae and weak labiolingual compression. All four alveoli are of roughly equal size. The atlantal intercentrum is tall and both it and the atlantal neural arch are anteroposteriorly elongated. The remaining [[vertebrae]] of the caudal series display similar proportions. The osteoderms forming part of the paratype stem from the dorsal shield and are moderately robust in morphology with deep pits but lacking a medial ridge. The preserved portions of the coracoid are similar to members of the genus ''[[Crocodylus]]'' but anteroposteriorly elongated with the [[proximal]] head forming an acute triangle. The tibia also resembles ''Crocodylus'' species but with marked anteroposterior flattening and a squaring of the [[distal]] [[diaphysis]].

All material gathered at the Low Lion Site is interpreted to have belonged to a single individual that is set apart from all other crocodilians of the Oligocene to Miocene Riversleigh fauna by the distinctive constriction of the mandible. The skull material indicates a relatively small bodied animal similar in size to the [[extant taxon|extant]] [[Freshwater crocodile]] and notably larger than the known mekosuchine dwarf forms such as ''[[Trilophosuchus]]'' and ''[[Mekosuchus]]''. The cranium is approximately 16 to 18 cm wide between the lateral margins of the [[Quadrate bone|quadrates]], however there is no indication that the holotype specimen was a mature individual. The mandible could have either been truncated just anterior to the end of the preserved bone or narrowed further towards the midline, potentially meeting an elongated [[mandibular symphysis]], however preservation does not allow for a certain answer. Since an elongated mandibular symphysis is the defining trait of a [[Longirostres|longirostrine]] morphology, this skull shape can only be assigned to ''Ultrastenos'' tentavively. However the mandible still shares a number of characters seen in extant longirostrine taxa such as the low mandibular profile also seen in [[gharials]], ''[[Tomistoma]]'', ''[[Mecistops]]'' and [[Freshwater crocodiles]]. In these animals a shallow [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] serves to streamline the skull for rapid [[Rostral (anatomical term)|rostral]] movement against the water column. [[Homodont]]y is another trait associated with a longirostrine morphology, however the presence of only four dentary alveoli does not allow for a certain attribution of this trait to ''Ultrastenos''.

==Phylogeny==
Stein ''et al.'' recovered ''Ultrastenos'' as a mekosuchine crocodilian and [[sister taxa]] to ''Trilophosuchus rackhami'' with which it shares a vertical [[exoccipital]]. Based on prior [[phylogenetic]] analysis this would suggest placement within Mekosuchini, however in Stein ''et al.''{{'}}s analysis Mekosuchini has lost cohesion due to ''Trilophosuchus'' being recovered as [[basal (phylogeny)|basal]] to ''Kambara''. This was not the result of the inclusion of ''Ultrastenos'' and instead is caused by the ambiguity of ''[[Harpacochampsa]]'' and its uncertain placement within [[Crocodilia]], which possibly introduces noise into the phylogeny of [[Mekosuchinae]]. As recovered by Stein ''et al.'', ''Ultrastenos'' would be located at the base of the Oligocene to Miocene [[Evolutionary radiation|radiation]] of mekosuchines.

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Mekosuchinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Harpacochampsa|Harpacochampsa camfieldensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Trilophosuchus|Trilophosuchus rackhami]]''
|2='''''Ultrastenos willisi'''''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kambara|Kambara murgonensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Quinkana|Quinkana spp.]]''
|2=''[[Australosuchus|Australosuchus clarkae]]''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Volia|Volia athollandersoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Baru|Baru darrowi]]''
|2=''[[Mekosuchus|Mekosuchus sanderi]]''
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

==Paleobiology==
The narrow [[mandible]] and possibly longirostrine nature of ''Ultrastenos'' suggests it inhabited a [[Ecological niche|niche]] previously not known from Riversleigh. Typically longirostrine skulls in [[crocodylomorph]]s are associated with a [[piscivorous]] diet as seen in modern day gharials. However fish were not a prominent component of late Oligocene Riversleigh and less common than frogs, snakes and lizards, which suggests that ''Ultrastenos'' may have instead fed on such small [[tetrapod]]s. This hypothesis is supported with what is known of its dentition, being suited for catching and crushing prey. Consequently the narrow mandible prevents ''Ultrastenos'' from tackling larger prey as more robust-skulled mekosuchines did.

During the Late Oligocene the Riversleigh area was predominantly covered by open forests. The presence of a longirostrine crocodilian would suggest the presence of bodies of water, at the least ephemeral [[billabong]] as those inhabited by modern freshwater crocodiles. Previous studies on the Riversleigh area have argued against the presence of substantial wetlands or riversystems, with no evidence of [[fluviatile]] environments. Due to this it is more likely that ''Ultrastenos'' inhabited forest lakes and ponds that were internally drained via the [[karst]]ic [[limestone]] beneath them. During the Oligocene to Miocene this part of Australia was inhabited by an ecologically diverse array of mekosuchines including two platyrostral species of ''[[Baru]]'', three altirostral species belonging to ''[[Mekosuchus]]'' and ''[[Trilophosuchus]]'' as well as the ziphodont ''[[Quinkana]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from= Q109255789}}

{{Extinct Crocodilia|B.}}

[[Category:Mekosuchinae]]
[[Category:Oligocene crocodylomorphs]]
[[Category:Riversleigh fauna]]
[[Category:Cenozoic reptiles of Australia]]
[[Category:Crocodiles of Australia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera]]

Talk:Allen Formation

2022-02-15T05:36:43Z

193.119.42.246: /* Nodosaurs in South America are impossible. */

{{WikiProject Argentina|class=start|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Palaeontology|class=start|importance=Low}}
{{paleobiota-help}}

== Edit Warring ==

It seems there is an edit war brewing on this page. I'd like to request the issue be talked out here on the talk page, instead of endless reverting. Cheers, --[[User:TimTheDragonRider|TimTheDragonRider]] ([[User talk:TimTheDragonRider|talk]]) 11:08, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

== Nodosaurs in South America are impossible. ==

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04147-1

The only type of ankylosaurs known from Gondwana, which South America was a part of, were the parankylosaurs, nodosaurs were endemic to Europe, Asia and North America, and could not be able to venture into South America because it was completely separate from North America during the Late Cretaceous. [[Special:Contributions/162.40.241.62|162.40.241.62]] ([[User talk:162.40.241.62|talk]]) 00:50, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
::Unless a publication specifically assigns the Allen Formation anyklosaurian to parankylosaurs rather than nodosaurids, this is original research and not valid information to put here. You need to directly back this claim up rather than handwaving it by saying that nodosaurs couldn't have existed in Gondwana because the three taxa described just happen to be in a different clade.[[User:Armin Reindl|Armin Reindl]] ([[User talk:Armin Reindl|talk]]) 15:24, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
How could a North American Clade of Ankylosaur even make it across the vast, mosasaur infested sea that separated South America from North America? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/162.40.241.62|162.40.241.62]] ([[User talk:162.40.241.62#top|talk]]) 01:17, 15 February 2022 (UTC) 

::The same way that hadrosaurids arrived to South America. Kritosaurini is a clade that almost entirely comprises of North American taxa and yet some taxa pertaining to the clade are known from South America such as ''Secernosaurus koerneri'' and the unnamed Argentinean hadrosaurid from Salitral Moreno (Prieto-Marquez & Salinas, 2010). The clade dispersed from southern North America to South America during the late Campanian, around the same time and place the South American nodosaurid shows up in the Allen Formation. So as to say that South American nodosaurids are completely impossible is inaccurate. [[Special:Contributions/193.119.42.246|193.119.42.246]] ([[User talk:193.119.42.246|talk]]) 05:36, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Allen Formation

2022-02-15T02:46:04Z

193.119.42.246: /* Dinosaurs */ Removed vandalism

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Allen Formation
| image = Fms Anacleto Allen Auca Mahuida 1.jpg
| caption = Outcrop of the Allen and Anacleto Formations at [[Auca Mahuida]]
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Campanian|Mid Campanian]]-[[Maastrichtian]] ~{{fossilrange|73|69}}
| period = Campanian
| prilithology = [[Mudstone]], [[sandstone]]
| otherlithology = [[Limestone]]
| namedfor =
| namedby = Uliana & Dellapé
| year_ts = 1981
| region = [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]] & [[La Pampa Province]]s
| country = {{ARG}}
| coordinates = {{coord|40.0|S|66.6|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|42.8|S|52.2|W|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Malargüe Group]]
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Jagüel Formation]]
| overlies = [[Anacleto Formation]]
| thickness = up to {{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = [[Neuquén Basin]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | Argentina
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | Argentina
| lat_deg = -40.0
| lon_deg = -66.6
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Allen Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[Argentina]] whose strata date back to the [[Late Cretaceous]] (middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian.<ref name=salgadoetal2007>Salgado et al., 2007</ref> Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, South America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 600-604. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Allen Formation Fauna.png|thumb|left|Fauna of Allen]]
The stratotype of the formation was defined by Uliana and Dellapé in 1981 in the eastern area of the Bajo de Añelo, where the relation between base and top is clearly exposed. The deposits are mostly clastic, interbedded with banks of [[limestone]] and layers of [[anhydrite]], which were defined continental and shallow marine facies associated with semiarid conditions.<ref name=Armas2015_p101>Armas & Sánchez, 2015, p.101</ref>

The interpreted sedimentary paleoenvironments range from purely continental such as ephemeral [[lacustrine]], [[aeolian processes|aeolian]] and [[fluvial]] systems to coastal marine paleoenvironments with development of [[estuary|estuaries]] and [[tidal flat]]s, followed by a lagoon sedimentary stage from marsh to sea with carbonate precipitation in an area protected from waves, ending with a retraction leading to the accumulation of [[evaporite]]s.<ref name=Armas2015_p101/>

A detailed facies analysis of the formation was performed by Armas and Sánchez in 2015, where the authors concluded the formation represents a hybrid coastal system
of tidal flats, dominated by Atlantic ingressions, with a large storm influence in some areas linked to aeolian systems.<ref name=Armas2015_p110>Armas & Sánchez, 2015, p.110</ref>

== Fossil content ==
=== Dinosaurs ===
Dinosaur eggs are known from the formation.<ref name="allen" />

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Dinosaur]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Aeolosaurus]]''
| Indeterminate
|
|Lower
|
| {{center|<ref name="allen">Weishampel et al., 2004, p.604</ref>}}
| [[File:Aeolosaurus-rionegrinus-JD-2020-1.png|center|100px]]
|-
| ''[[Austroraptor]]''
| ''A. cabazai''
|
| Lower
|
|
| [[File:Austroraptor Reconstruction.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
|''[[Bonapartesaurus]]''
|''B. rionegrensis''
|
|Lower
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Bonapartenykus]]''
|''B. ultimus''
|
|Upper
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Bonatitan]]''<ref name="rionegro" />
|
''B.reigi''<ref name="rionegro">"63.10 Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina; 4. Río Colorado Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 604.</ref>
|
* [[Río Negro Province]]<ref name="rionegro" />
|Lower
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lamarqueavis]]''
| ''L. australis''
|
|Lower
| "Right coracoid with damaged sternal and omal extremities, and lacking acrocoracoidal process"
| {{center|<ref name=Lamarqueavis>Agnolin, 2010</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Lapampasaurus]]''
| ''L. cholinoi''
|
|Lower
| Elements of the axial and appendicular skeleton of a subadult individual
| {{center|<ref name=Lapampasaurus>Coria et al., 2012</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Limenavis]]''
| ''L. patagonica''
|
|Lower
| "Partial forelimb"
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-11-1-215">"Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.215</ref>}}
|
|-
|''[[Niebla antiqua|Niebla]]''
|''N. antiqua''
|
|Upper
|Braincase, fragmentary jaw and teeth, relatively complete scapulocoracoid, dorsal ribs, and incomplete vertebrae.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aranciaga Rolando|first1=Mauro|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Garcia Marsà|first3=Jordi A.|last4=Agnolín|first4=Federico l.|last5=Motta|first5=Matías J.|last6=Rozadilla|first6=Sebastián|last7=Brisson Eglí|first7=Federico|last8=Novas|first8=Fernando E.|date=2020-10-14|title=A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304582|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|volume=105|language=en|pages=102915|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915|issn=0895-9811}}</ref>
| [[File:Niebla antiqua.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
|[[Nodosauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|Lower
|Tooth, three posterior dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, two caudal centra, right femur, partial cervical half ring, and osteoderms.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|date=2016-05-03|title=Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=14|issue=5|pages=385–444|doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985|s2cid=214625754|issn=1477-2019}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Panamericansaurus]]''
| ''P. schroederi''
|
|
| "Five tail vertebrata, sacral vertebrae, left humerus and rib fragments"
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-13-1-269">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.269</ref>}}
|
|-
| ''[[Pellegrinisaurus]]?''
| ''P. powelli''
|
|Lower (if it is from the formation)
| "Dorsal and caudal vertebrae, partial femur"
| {{center|<ref name="allen"/><ref name="table-13-1-269"/>}}
| [[File:Pellegrinisaurus Skeleton reconstruction.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
| ''[[Quilmesaurus]]''
| ''Q. curriei''
|
|Upper
| Femur and distal tibia
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-4-1-77">"Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.77</ref>}}
| [[File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
| ''[[Rocasaurus]]''
| ''R. muniozi''
|
|Lower
| "Partial postcranial skeleton"
| {{center|<ref name="allen" /><ref name="table-13-1-270">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al., 2004, p.270</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Willinakaqe]]''
| ''W. salitralensis''
|
|Lower
|
| {{center|<ref name=Willinakaqe>Juárez Valieri et al., 2010</ref>}}
|
|}

=== Pterosaurs ===
Fragmentary fossils are known from the formation.<ref name="allen" />

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Pterosaur]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Aerotitan]]''
| ''A. sudamericanus''
| Bajo de Arriagada
| Uppermost Allen Fm.
| Partial rostrum
| The first unambiguous [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchid]] from South-America<ref name="Aerotitan">Novas et al., 2012</ref>
|[[File:Aerotitan.jpg|center|100px]]
|-
|}

=== Rhynchocephalia ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Rhynchocephalia]] reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Lamarquesaurus]]''
| ''L. cabazai''
| Cerro Tortuga
|
|
| align=center | <ref name=Apesteguia2007_p3>Apesteguía & Rougier, 2007, p.3</ref> ||
|-
|}

=== Plesiosauria ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Plesiosaur]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Kawanectes]]''
| ''K. lafquenianum''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== Mammals ===
The mammal fauna of the Allen Formation is known from seven teeth, which document the presence of several species.<ref name=Rougier2009>Rougier et al., 2009</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Mammal]]s reported from the Allen Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Mesungulatum]]''
| ''M. lamarquensis''
| Cerro Tortuga
| Two upper molars and a fragmentary lower molar
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Groebertherium]]''
| ''G. stipanicici''
| Cerro Tortuga
| One upper molar
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| cf. ''[[Brandonia]]''
| sp.
| Cerro Tortuga
| One lower molar
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Barberenia]]''
| ''B. allenensis''
| Cerro Tortuga
| One upper molariform
| A [[dryolestoid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Trapalcotherium]]''
| ''T. matuastensis''
| Cerro Tortuga
| One first lower molar
| A [[gondwanathere]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
* [[Adamantina Formation]]
* [[La Colonia Formation]]
* [[Lecho Formation]]
* [[Los Alamitos Formation]]
* [[Los Llanos Formation]]
* [[Marília Formation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite LSA |last=Agnolin |first=Federico L |year=2010 |title=An avian coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina |url= http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0211-8327/article/view/7642/8861 |journal=[[Studia Geologica Salmanticensia]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Apesteguía |first=Sebastián |last2=Rougier |first2=Guillermo W. |year=2007 |title=A Late Campanian Sphenodontid Maxilla from Northern Patagonia |url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5874//v3/dspace/updateIngest/pdfs/N3581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |volume=3581 |pages=1–12 |accessdate=2019-03-30}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Armas |first=Paula |last2=Sánchez |first2=María Lidia |year=2015 |title=Hybrid coastal edges in the Neuquén Basin (Allen Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) |url= http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1739/173936233006.pdf |journal=[[Andean Geology]] |volume=42 |pages=97–113 |accessdate=2018-10-02}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Coria |first=Rodolfo A. |last2=González Riga |first2=Bernardo |last3=Casadío |first3=Silvio |year=2012 |title=Un nuevo hadrosáurido (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) de la Formación Allen, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273302264 |journal=[[Ameghiniana]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Juárez Valieri |first=Rubén D. |last2=Haro |first2=José A. |last3=Fiorelli |first3=Lucas E. |last4=Calvo |first4=Jorge O. |year=2010 |title=A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Patagonia, Argentina |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228457566 |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=217–231 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Fernando Novas|Novas]] |first=F.E. |last2=Kundrat |first2=M. |last3=Agnolín |first3=F.L. |last4=Ezcurra |first4=M.N.D. |last5=Ahlberg |first5=P.E. |last6=Isasi |first6=M.P. |last7=Arriagada |first7=A. |last8=Chafrat |first8=P. |year=2012 |title=A new large pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia |url= http://www.museopatagonico.org.ar/files/aerotitan.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=32 |pages=1447 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rougier |first=G.W. |last2=Chornogubsky |first2=L. |last3=Casadio |first3=S. |last4=Paéz Arango |first4=N. |last5=Giallombardo |first5=A. |year=2009 |title=Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina (subscription required) |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232804456 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=30 |pages=223–238 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Salgado |first=L. |last2=Coria |first2=R.A. |last3=Magalheas Ribeiro |first3=C.M. |last4=Garrido |first4=A. |last5=Rogers |first5=R. |last6=Simon |first6=M.E. |last7=Arcucci |first7=A.B. |last8=Rogers, Carabajal, A. P., Apesteguia, S., Fernandez, M., Garcia, R. A., and Talevi, M. |first8=K.C. |year=2007 |title=Upper Cretaceous dinosaur nesting sites of Rio Negro (Salitral Ojo de Agua and Salinas de Trapalco-Salitral de Santa Rosa), northern Patagonia, Argentina |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223834880 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=28 |pages=392–404 |accessdate=2019-02-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel]] |first=David B. |last2=[[Peter Dodson|Dodson]] |first2=Peter |last3=[[Halszka Osmólska|Osmólska]] (eds.) |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}{{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category|Allen Formation}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259527794 O'Gorman, J. P., Salgado, L., y Gasparini, Z., 2011. Plesiosaurios de la Formación Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano) en el área del Salitral de Santa Rosa (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina). Ameghiniana 48 (1): 129-135]

[[Category:Allen Formation| ]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Argentina]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Mudstone formations]]
[[Category:Aeolian deposits]]
[[Category:Evaporite deposits]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Lacustrine deposits]]
[[Category:Cretaceous paleontological sites of South America]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Argentina]]
[[Category:Malargüe Group]]