Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Bison and Coyote armoured vehicles

2023-01-18T15:34:56Z

194.103.240.26: /* Operators */

[[File:12eregimentCoyote.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Coyote from the [[12e Régiment blindé du Canada|12e Régiment blindé du Canada]]]]
The [[LAV II]] '''Bison''' and '''Coyote''' are [[Armoured car (military)|armoured car]]s (or [[armoured personnel carrier]]s) built by [[General Dynamics Land Systems|General Dynamics Land Systems Canada]] for the [[Canadian Armed Forces]].<ref name=DnDCoyote>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.dnd.ca/menu/coyote/
| title=Exploring the Coyote
| publisher=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]]
| access-date=2008-09-18
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002044142/http://www.dnd.ca/menu/coyote/
| archive-date=2 October 2007
| df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=GDCanadaVehicles>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.gdcanada.com/content/detail.cfm?acronym=vetronics
| title=Vetronics Engineering
| publisher=[[General Dynamics Canada]]
| access-date=2008-09-18
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429185239/http://www.gdcanada.com/content/detail.cfm?acronym=vetronics
| archive-date=29 April 2008
| df=dmy-all
}}</ref>
It is based on the [[Mowag Piranha]] 8x8.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Maas|first=Frank|date=Spring 2011|title=The Success of the Light Armoured Vehicle|url=https://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/4-Maas-LAV.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808210553/https://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/4-Maas-LAV.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=8 August 2020|website=Canadian Military History, Volume 20, No. 2}}</ref>

Bison vehicles have also been used (to a lesser extent) by the [[Australian Army]] and the [[US National Guard]].<ref name="miltoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/apc/bison.htm|title=Bison Armoured Personnel Carrier|publisher=Military-Today.com|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref>

==Bison==
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Bison
| image = File:Parked Bison Vancouver.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Parked Bison armoured personnel carrier in [[Vancouver]], Canada.
| origin = [[Canada]]
| type = [[Armoured Personnel Carrier]]

| is_vehicle = Yes
| is_UK = Yes

| service = 1990–present
| used_by = See: [[Bison (armoured personnel carrier)#Operators|'Operators']]
| wars = [[War on Terror]]
[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]

[[Yugoslav Wars]] (1991-2001)

[[United Nations Operation in Somalia II]] (1993-1995)

[[Gulf War]] (1990-1991)
[[Oka Crisis]] (1990)

| designer = [[General Motors Diesel]]
| design_date = 1988
| manufacturer = Diesel Division General Motors Canada
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 1988 (prototype) 1989 (regular production)
| number = 199
| variants = Personnel Carrier, Field Ambulance, 81mm Mortar Carrier, Command Post, Maintenance and Recovery Vehicle, Electronic Warfare Vehicle, Mobile Repair Team Vehicle, Air Space Coordination Centre Vehicle, Reconnaissance Vehicle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/equipment/vehicles/bison-armoured-vehicle.page|title=Canadian Army Forces Bison Page|website=www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/|access-date=2022-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004431/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/equipment/vehicles/bison-armoured-vehicle.page|archive-date=2020-05-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" />

| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|13|t|ST|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width = {{convert|2.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| diameter =
| crew = 2 (driver & commander) + 8 passengers

| armour =
| primary_armament = 1 × [[FN MAG|C6]] 7.62mm machine gun ([[pintle]]) 
| secondary_armament =
| engine = [[Detroit Diesel]] 6V53T two-cycle turbo-charged diesel
| engine_power = 275 hp
| pw_ratio =
| transmission = Allison 5 speed MT653
| payload_capacity =
| suspension = 8x8
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| speed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (land) {{convert|10|km/h|kn|abbr=on}} (water)
| guidance =
| steering =
}}
The Bison is an [[armoured personnel carrier]] that has been in active service since 1990, built by Diesel Division General Motors Canada.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" />

They were purchased and intended for operation by the [[Canadian Forces Primary Reserve]], but were rapidly appropriated for use by the Regular Force of the [[Canadian Army]].<ref name="dnd2">{{cite press release|url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lf/English/6_1_1.asp?id=3504|title=Bison Mobile Repair Team vehicle delivered to CF|publisher=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)]]|date=2009-05-26|access-date=2009-07-27}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" />

=== Origins ===
Land Force Command, after the release of the 1987 Defence White Paper by the then recently appointed [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)]] [[Perrin Beatty]], which announced major spending increases to support the [[Canadian Forces]] Reserves, began looking for a new armoured personnel carrier to equip the Canadian Forces Reserves.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1">{{cite web|url=http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/the-canadian-army-and-the-procurement-of-the-bison-a-short-history-by-frank-maas/|title=Canadian Army procurement of the Bison|website=canadianmilitaryhistory.ca|access-date=2022-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021131427/http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/the-canadian-army-and-the-procurement-of-the-bison-a-short-history-by-frank-maas/|archive-date=2020-10-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry">{{cite book |last1=Kasurak |first1=Peter |title=Canada's Mechanized Infantry: The Evolution of a Combat Arm, 1920-2012 |date=2020-02-01 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0774862721 |pages=178–183 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Canada_s_Mechanized_Infantry/jDLNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> Leading this project was [[Colonel (Canada)|Colonel]] [[Roméo Dallaire]] (Head of the Army's Armoured Vehicle Assessment and Procurement at the time) who was intent on purchasing 200 M113A3, the most recently upgraded variant of the [[M113]] series, which the Canadian Forces were already using in the form of M113A1s and M113A2s.<ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" /> The original plan for these 200 M113A3s was to have the vehicles manufactured in the United States with some parts produced locally in Canada to fulfil Canadian content requirements for Canadian Forces procurement.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /> At the same time, Diesel Division General Motors Canada (DDGM) was nearing completion of [[LAV-25]] production for the [[United States Marine Corps]] and was facing the potential of having empty production lines for a year at the [[Ontario]] Plant, as they had no additional contracts until 1990 and considered shutting down the plant during that time.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" /> During this time a small team of salesmen and engineers heard about the army program and thought they had a chance to scoop up the contract and supply a vehicle based on the [[LAV II]] chassis with the idea that the vehicle would be better suited to the intended reservist role over the M113A3 due to being wheeled compared to the tracked M113 APC, as the vehicles would likely do a large amount of their movement by road within Canada as well as the cheaper operation costs of using a wheeled vehicle for the Reserves.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" />

===Design, prototype and procurement===
To convince Land Force Command to purchase the vehicle, two engineers from DDGM began to design the vehicle by working on a small scale model of the LAV II chassis in which they cut off the troop compartment and added a large box on the rear half of the vehicle, which increased internal capacity along with replacing the two doors previously used for the troop compartment with a ramp similar to the style found on the M113. This small scale model was then shown to Dallaire, who was not interested in the proposal and continued to support the [[M113A3]] acquisition.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /> At this point DDGM decided to begin flexing lobbying muscles in 1988 to get the Canadian government to consider the vehicle more seriously. DDGM secured the support of [[Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)|Michael Wilson]], the [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]], as well as members of Mobile Forces Command Headquarters in [[Saint-Hubert, Quebec]], but engineers and executives of DDGM realized they would likely need the support of Dallaire to obtain the contract and decided that the way to win him over would be to build a full-scale prototype vehicle and present it to him. DDGM saw an opportunity to do this at [[Canadian Forces Base Borden]] for [[Armed Forces Day]] on June 5, 1988, as both Dallaire and Beatty would be attending the event.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /> With this the engineers had little time to spare to produce a prototype of the vehicle and began by starting with a [[LAV-25]] that had been used in tests to judge if the LAV-25 could be airdropped from transport aircraft. Similar to the small scale model, they began by cutting off the troop compartment while keeping the suspension, drive-train, and front half of the vehicle intact. The cut-off area was cut piece by piece and then welded together to create a box on the rear half of the vehicle and was then fitted with a ramp. The turret ring was then replaced with a large folding roof hatch and a raised commander cupola was added on the front left of the vehicle behind the driver. The entire process to produce the prototype took eight days, after which the "Bison", as named by DDGM, was assembled, painted and ready to be shown. After this it was driven up to CFB Borden and was presented during the parade on Armed Forces Day and was considered to be a success, with Beatty coming on board with the idea but stating that he would not force the army's hand to purchase the Bison over the M113A3.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /> While the prototype had seemingly won over Beatty, Colonel Dallaire was not convinced and continued to support the M113A3 acquisition, which caused DDGM to send a lobbyist to [[Ottawa]] to work on him, making largely the same arguments as DDGM had before; that the Bison would be more cost efficient for operation by the reservists over the tracked M113A3, that the Bison did not face the same restriction for use on roads as the tracked M113, and that the Regular Force would simply reacquisition new M113s, possibly implying that DDGM likely knew that the Regular Force would appropriate the new vehicles for their own use, as they later did with the Bison. Although Colonel Dallaire did not budge, the army sidestepped him and decided to purchase the Bison in July 1989 in the form of 149 "Bison" armoured personnel carriers, 18 "Bison CP" command posts, 16 "Wolf" 81 mm mortar carriers and 16 "MRV Bison" maintenance and recovery vehicles.<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" /> The Bison (production version) differs from the baseline LAV-25 by raising the height of the roof, removing the turret ring, placing a commander's cupola behind the driver, and incorporating a rail mount system in the cargo/passenger compartment to quickly change mission specific equipment. The driver is seated in the front-left of the crew compartment. The commander has a slightly raised position directly behind the driver with access to his own hatch and mounted machine gun. The engine is to the right of the crew compartment.

The Canadian Forces began upgrading the Bison between 2002 and 2008. The upgrades include improved engine power, new [[torsion bar]]s, fittings for add-on armour, [[air conditioning]], and the VRS respirator system for [[nuclear, biological and chemical]] (NBC) defence.<ref name="dnd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=140|title=Canadian Army > Bison Armoured Vehicle|publisher=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)]]|access-date=2009-07-24}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Variants===
The Bison's rail-mount system allows it to be adapted to a variety of roles without any major modifications. Bisons used by the [[Canadian Forces]] have been adapted for use as armoured personnel carriers (original configuration{{snd}} mostly replaced in this role by the [[LAV III]]), 81 mm mortar carriers, command post vehicles, field ambulances (32), mobile repair team (MRT) vehicles (32), [[armoured recovery vehicle]]s (32), airspace coordination centre vehicle, [[electronic warfare]] vehicles (25), engineer vehicles equipped with hydraulic tools and NBC reconnaissance vehicles (4).<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" /><ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" />

===Legacy and operational history===
The Bison is described by Peter Kasurak as being the first step on the road to the transformation of the Canadian Forces, moving away from primarily tracked armoured vehicles towards wheeled armoured vehicles, setting a trend that is still prevalent.<ref name="Peter Kasurak Canadian Mechanized Infantry" /> The Bison was seen during various high-profile events during the 1990s and 2000s and is often associated with those periods and conflicts. It was seen by the public and used by Canadian Forces during the [[Oka Crisis]], the [[Gulf War]] as part of the ground security force defending Coalition aircraft, the [[UN]] and later [[NATO]] missions during the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the form of [[UNPROFOR]], [[IFOR]], [[SFOR]] and [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]], in the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II]] with it being mentioned in the [[Somalia Affair]], and the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] as part of the [[ISAF]] contingent as part of the [[War on Terror]].<ref name="Frank Maas Bison 1" />

===Operators===
As of July 2009, the number of Bison vehicles in use were
* {{AUS}} | [[Australian Army]] – 97<ref name="miltoday"/> (See [[ASLAV#ASLAV Type II|ASLAV Type II]])
* {{CAN}} | [[Canadian Army]] – 199<ref name="miltoday"/>
* {{US}} | [[US National Guard]] – 12 (for use against the [[illegal drug trade]])<ref name="miltoday"/>
* {{UKR}} | [[Armed forces of Ukraine]] - 39+

==Coyote==
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle
| image = Canadian Light Armored Vehicle at the Calgary Stampede, 2007.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Canadian light armoured vehicle at the Calgary Stampede
| origin = [[Canada]]
| type = [[Armored car (military)|Armoured Car]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| is_UK = Yes
| service = 1996–present
| used_by = [[Canadian Army]]
| wars = [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] [[Yugoslav Wars]]
| designer = [[General Motors Diesel Division]]
| crew = 4 (driver, commander, gunner, surveillance suite operator)
| length = {{convert|6.39|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|2.50|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2.69|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|14.4|t|ST|abbr=on}}
| armour =
| primary_armament = 1 × [[M242]] 25mm [[chain gun]]
| secondary_armament = 1 × [[FN MAG|C6]] 7.62mm [[machine gun]] ([[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]]) 1 × C6 7.62mm machine gun ([[pintle]]) 8 × [[grenade launchers]] (2 × cluster of 4)
| engine = [[Detroit Diesel]] 6V53T
| engine_power = 275[[horsepower|hp]]
| suspension = 8×8 wheeled, 4× drive
| speed = 100 km/h
| pw_ratio =
| vehicle_range = 660 km
}}
The Coyote has been in service since 1996 for use in the light [[reconnaissance]] (scout) role. It was also initially used in the role of medium tank trainer within armoured cavalry squadrons in the same way as the [[AVGP]] Cougar it replaced.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History | publisher=Robin Brass Studio |author1=Marteinson, John |author2=McNorgan,Michael R. | year=2000 | location=Montreal | isbn=978-1896941172}}</ref>

=== Origins ===
The Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle is a non-[[Amphibious vehicle|amphibious]] [[armoured reconnaissance vehicle]] based on the design of the LAV-25 and the [[Mowag Piranha|MOWAG Piranha]] II. The Canadian Forces ordered 203 of the vehicles in 1993 to replace the [[Lynx reconnaissance vehicle]], and all were delivered and entered service by 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Maas|first=Frank|date=Spring 2011|title=The Success of the Light Armoured Vehicle|url=https://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/4-Maas-LAV.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808210553/https://www.canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/4-Maas-LAV.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=8 August 2020|website=Canadian Military History, Volume 20, No. 2}}</ref><ref name="military-today.com">{{Cite web|title=Coyote Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle {{!}} Military-Today.com|url=https://www.military-today.com/apc/coyote.htm|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.military-today.com}}</ref><ref name="DnDCoyote25">{{cite news|title=Exploring the Coyote|publisher=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]]|url=http://www.dnd.ca/menu/coyote/|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002044142/http://www.dnd.ca/menu/coyote/|archive-date=2 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Coyote originally came in three variants: the "Mast" variant with a mast-mounted surveillance system, a variant with a remote surveillance suite, and a basic reconnaissance/command post variant.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="militaryfactory.com">{{Cite web|title=Coyote LAV (Light Armored Vehicle) 8-Wheeled Battlefield Reconnaissance Vehicle|url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=202|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.militaryfactory.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Government of Canada">{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=National Defence|date=2013-03-08|title=Coyote Armoured Patrol Vehicle {{!}} Canadian Army|url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/vehicles/coyote.page|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca}}</ref>

=== Armament ===
The Coyote mounts a 25×137mm [[M242|M242 Bushmaster]] [[chain gun]] and two [[7.62×51mm NATO]] [[FN MAG|C6]] [[general purpose machine gun]]s in an electrically driven turret. The turret also features a [[Laser warning receiver|laser-warning receiver]], and mounts a total of eight grenade launchers in two clusters capable of firing smoke and fragmentation grenades.<ref name="DnDCoyote25"/> One of the machine guns is [[Coaxial machine gun|mounted coaxial]] to the main gun while the other is pintle-mounted in front of the crew commander's hatch.<ref name="military-today.com"/> The main gun is equipped with dual ammunition feeds that allow for separate weapons effects, selectable by the gunner/crew commander; the standard load is a belt of [[Armor-piercing shot and shell|armour-piercing]] [[Sabot (firearms)|sabot]] rounds and a belt of HE-T explosive/fragmentation rounds. The main gun and coax machine gun are 2-axis stabilized. The turret is equipped with a laser rangefinder, but no ballistic computer; elevation and lead corrections are applied manually by the gunner using multi-stadia reticules in the day, thermal, and image intensification sights.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Protection ===
The standard armour of the Coyote protects against small arms fire, anti-personnel mines, and shrapnel, with add-on armour kits able to protect against larger projectiles.<ref name="Government of Canada"/> The Coyote is equipped with a suite of devices for detection [[weapons of mass destruction|nuclear, biological, and chemical]] (NBC) weapons, consisting of a GID-3 chemical detector and an AN/VDR-2 radiation monitor. Each vehicle is also equipped with an NBC ventilated respirator system.<ref name="DnDCoyote25"/>

=== Sensors ===
The mast-mounted surveillance variants are equipped with a mast-mounted surveillance system that can be raised to 10 meters above the ground.<ref name="DnDCoyote25"/> This system includes the [[MSTAR|AN/PPS-5C MSTAR]] Version 3 surface surveillance radar and an [[Electro-optical sensor|electro-optical]]/[[Infrared photography|infrared]] surveillance system with a long-range [[video camera]] and [[laser rangefinder]].<ref name=":40">{{Cite web|date=27 July 2005|title=Canada orders ground surveillance radars|url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/rf-analog/article/16713297/canada-orders-ground-surveillance-radars|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.militaryaerospace.com}}</ref> The remote surveillance variant consists of two tripod-mounted systems capable of being deployed up to 200 meters away from the vehicle. The surveillance systems can detect tank-sized targets at up to 12 kilometres away, and large truck-sized targets at up to 24 kilometres. In good conditions the visual surveillance system can detect personnel up to 20 kilometres away.<ref name="military-today.com"/>

=== Mobility ===
The Coyote is powered by a [[Detroit Diesel]] 6V53T engine developing {{convert|275|hp||abbr=}}, and can reach speeds of {{convert|100|km/h}} on road. The Coyote has a maximum road range of {{convert|660|km}}. Each vehicle is equipped with a tactical navigation system that includes a [[Global Positioning System|GPS receiver]], a digital compass system, and a backup [[Dead reckoning|dead-reckoning]] system.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} A 15-tonne capacity hydraulic winch is also fitted to every vehicle to aid in self-recovery.<ref name="DnDCoyote25"/> Unlike the LAV-25, the Coyote is equipped with extra fuel tanks in place of amphibious equipment.<ref name="militaryfactory.com"/> The Coyote is air-transportable on [[Hercules C-130]] aircraft but only with the turret removed first.<ref name="FraserInstituted20042">{{cite news|author=[[Barry F. Cooper|Barry Cooper]], [[Mercedes Stephenson]], [[Ray Szeto]]|year=2004|title=Canada's Military Posture: An Analysis of Recent Civilian Reports|publisher=[[The Fraser Institute]]|url=http://www.fraserinstitute.org/COMMERCE.WEB/product_files/CanadaMilitaryPosture.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111092308/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/COMMERCE.WEB/product_files/CanadaMilitaryPosture.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Variants===
Coyotes come in three variants: Command, Mast, and Remote. The Mast and Remote variants have a sophisticated suite of electronic surveillance equipment including [[radar]], [[video]], and [[infrared]] [[surveillance]] [[night vision device]]s. The mast variant has this equipment mounted on a 10-metre telescoping mast that can be extended to raise the surveillance suite out from behind cover. The remote variant of the Coyote has its surveillance suite mounted on two short tripods, which crew can deploy remotely using a 200-metre spool of cable.

When first purchased, the Coyote was designated for service with both the Regular Force and Reserve Force, with the Mast variants earmarked for the Regular units and the Remotes designated for the Reserves. Shortly after taking delivery of the vehicles, but before they were assigned to the Reserve units, all Coyotes were reassigned to the Regular Force.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Service history===
Since the introduction of the Coyote to the Canadian Armed Forces, the vehicle has been used domestically and abroad. The Coyote was deployed during the [[United Nations]] / NATO missions in [[United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|Kosovo]], and in Afghanistan. Domestically, it has been deployed during "Operation Grizzly" to Kananaskis to secure the [[28th G8 summit]], the [[36th G8 summit]], and the [[2010 G-20 Toronto summit|G-20 Toronto summit]],<ref>Barr, Colonel David. [http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo4/no4/operatio-eng.asp "The Kananaskis G8 Summit: A Case Study in Interagency Cooperation"]. ''Canadian Military Journal'', 14 July 2008. Retrieved: 5 June 2010.</ref><ref>Barr, Colonel David.[https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/827138--mosquitoes-could-be-huntsville-weapon-against-protesters "Mosquitoes could be Huntsville weapon against protesters"]. ''[[Toronto Star]]'', 22 June 2010. Retrieved: 23 June 2010.</ref> in addition to a number of domestic emergency response incidents. As of 2015–2022, the Coyote was in the midst of a planned retirement and being replaced by a mix of [[Textron Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle|TAPV]] and [[LAV III#Canadian Army LAV VI|LAV VI]] armoured vehicles.<ref name="Canada Light Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance Surveillance System">{{cite web|date=2015-02-01|title=Light Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance Surveillance System (LRSS)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/procurement/lightly-armoured-vehicle-reconnaissance.html|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-13|title=Tactical armoured patrol vehicle|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/procurement/tactical-armoured-patrol-vehicle.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[LAV III]] – Canadian infantry fighting vehicle. Replaced the Bison in many roles.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle}}
* [http://www.primeportal.net/apc/dan_hay/coyote/ Prime Portal: Coyote walk-around]
* [http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/vehicles/bison-armoured-vehicle.page? Canadian Army > Bison Armoured Vehicle]
* [http://www.military-today.com/apc/bison.htm Military-Today.com > Bison Armoured Personnel Carrier]

{{Modern AFV}}
{{Modern IFV and APC}}
{{Modern Recce}}
{{Canadian Forces Land Force Command}}
{{Canadian Army}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Armoured cars]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of Canada]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:General Dynamics land vehicles]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Mowag Piranha]]

Buran (spacecraft)

2022-08-04T06:53:34Z

194.103.240.26: /* References */

{{short description|Soviet winged orbital vehicle}}
{{For|the cruise missile|RSS-40 Buran}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use International English|date = December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox space shuttle
| name = ''Buran''
| native_name = Буран
| native_name_lang = ru
| type = [[Buran programme|''Buran''-class orbiter]]
| number = 1.01
| image = Buran on An-225 (Le Bourget 1989) 1.JPEG
| image_size = 275px
| caption = ''Buran'' on [[An-225]] at the 1989 [[Paris Air Show]]
| country = [[Soviet Union]]
| named_after = Russian for "Snowstorm"<ref name= "nasa">{{cite web |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/rsa/buran.html |title=Buran |publisher=NASA |date=12 November 1997 |access-date=15 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804153528/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/rsa/buran.html |archive-date=4 August 2006}}</ref> or "Blizzard"
| first_flight = {{start date and age|1988|11|15|df=y}}<ref name="nasa" />
| missions = 1<ref name="nasa" />
| crews = 0<ref name="nasa" />
| orbits = 2<ref name="nasa" />
| status = Destroyed {{end date and age|2002|05|12|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0205/13baikonur/ |title=Eight feared dead in Baikonur hangar collapse |work=Spaceflight Now |date=16 May 2002}}</ref>
}}
'''''Buran''''' ({{lang-ru|Буран}}, {{IPA-ru|bʊˈran|IPA}}, meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; [[GRAU]] index [[serial number]]: 11F35 '''1K''', construction number: '''1.01''') was the first [[spaceplane]] to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian [[Buran programme]]. Besides describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter, "Buran" was also the designation for the entire Soviet/Russian spaceplane project and its orbiters, which were known as "Buran-class orbiters".

Buran completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed in the 2002 collapse of its storage hangar.<ref name="Zak">{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html |title=Buran reusable orbiter |publisher=Russian Space Web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |date=25 December 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019 }}</ref> The Buran-class orbiters used the [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] rocket, a class of [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]].

==Construction==
{{further|Buran programme{{!}}''Buran'' programme}}
The construction of the Buran spacecraft began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale orbiter was rolled out. Over 1000 companies all over the Soviet Union were involved in construction and development. The Buran spacecraft was made to be launched on the Soviet Union's super-heavy lift vehicle, Energia. The Buran programme ended in 1993.<ref name=astronautix />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Milestone<ref>{{cite web |title="Reusable space system "Energia – Buran" (in russian) |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/gud%2021.htm |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ground preparation |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/ongrmain.htm |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1980
| Assembly started
|-
| August 1983
| Fuselage delivery to NPO Energia
|-
| March 1984
| Start of comprehensive electrical testing
|-
| December 1984
| Delivery to Baikonur
|-
| April 1986
| Start of final assembly
|-
| 15 November 1987
| Final assembly completed
|-
| 15 November 1987 – 15 February 1988
| Testing in MIK OK
|-
| 19 May – 10 June 1988
| Test rollout
|-
| 15 November 1988
| Orbital flight (1K1)
|}

== Technical description ==
[[File:Buran family.png|300px|right]]
The Buran orbiter is built around a "glider", which is its main structural component, since all other components such as wings and the crew cabin are attached to it. The components necessary for flight make up approx. 20% of the weight of the orbiter, while another 11% of weight is added by payload systems and removable parts. The wings of the Buran orbiter contain elevators whose position can be changed from +35° to -20°.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/kon_ok.htm|title=Конструкция "Бурана"|website=www.buran.ru|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427204139/http://www.buran.ru/htm/kon_ok.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Exterior ===
Similarly to US space shuttle orbiters, Buran orbiters have their exterior covered in 38,600 heat shielding tiles designed to withstand 100 reentries,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/raskroy.htm|title=Раскрой плиток|website=www.buran.ru|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430124809/http://www.buran.ru/htm/raskroy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> which themselves were very similar to the ones in the space shuttle,<ref name="buranrutersaf4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/tersaf4.htm|title=Типы теплозащиты|website=www.buran.ru|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430105527/http://www.buran.ru/htm/tersaf4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> however, the carbon-carbon Buran heat tiles have an antioxidant molybdenum disilicide coating. The black coating in the carbon-carbon heat tiles helps dissipate heat, and, similarly to the heat tiles used in the space shuttle, Buran heat tiles are glued to the orbiter, and the bottom of the heat tiles are left uncoated to equalize the pressure in the tile with that of its surroundings, preventing additional mechanical loads. The gaps between tiles are deliberate to allow for thermal expansion. The gaps were filled with quartz fiber, rope, alkaline elements, inserts and brush seals, and the carbon-carbon heat tiles were also waterproofed.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/tersaf.htm|title=Теплозащита|website=www.buran.ru|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430105505/http://www.buran.ru/htm/tersaf.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Buran and space shuttle orbiters are exposed to similar temperatures, and both have similar levels of insulation.
Buran has a different carbon-carbon heat tile layout in its underside, in which all gaps between heat tiles are parallel or perpendicular to the direction of airflow through the orbiter's underside, reducing heat in between heat tiles and in the boundary layer between the heat tiles and surrounding air, while helping maintain a laminar airflow through the orbiter.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/molniya5.htm|title=Buran Orbiter|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025405/http://www.buran.ru/htm/molniya5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

=== Crew cabin ===
The cabin is an all-metal, welded, pressurised compartment housing the crew’s workplaces, control and life support systems. It has three decks. The Command Module on the upper deck is the workspace for the crew and serves to accommodate the commander, pilot, engineer and mission specialist's seats, as well as the RMS operator's workplace. The middeck houses life support and auxiliary equipment, and up to six crewmembers could be seated there during launch and reentry. The lower deck houses the power systems.<ref name="bru_cocpit/htm/cocpit">{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/cocpit.htm |title=Модуль кабины (МК) орбитального корабля "Буран" (11Ф35) |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430105415/http://www.buran.ru/htm/cocpit.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The cockpit is similar in layout to that of the space shuttle, with three [[cathode-ray tube]] displays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/soi.htm|title=Конструкция "Бурана" - система отображения информации (СОИ) в кабине|website=www.buran.ru|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430173300/http://www.buran.ru/htm/soi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Automatic landing system ===
Automatic landing system is capable of performing fully automatic descent, approach and landing from any point located in the "admissible starting conditions area" at {{convert|100|km|mi}} altitude, controlling the orbiter flight during half an hour, covering {{convert|8000|km|nmi}} flight distance during the approach and eventually slowing down from {{convert|28000|km/h|kn}} to zero.<ref name="buranrulandingalgo">{{cite web |title=Траектории спуска и посадки орбитального корабля "Буран". Алгоритмы автоматического управления |url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/algoritm.htm |website=Буран.ру |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416211923/https://www.buran.ru/htm/algoritm.htm |archive-date=16 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

First Buran flight was notable for automatic landing system electing to perform an unlikely (estimated 3% probability) manoeuvre at the {{convert|20|km|ft}} key point of cancelling a standard approach from south, consisting of two left turns onto the [[final approach]] course, and performing additional turns in both directions, overflying the field to its northern side and making right turn back onto the final course to extend distance and bleed excessive energy. The landing system elected to perform the manoeuvre as orbiter energy didn't decrease enough due to strong gusty wind in the area, measured {{convert|15|m/s|kn}} gusting {{convert|20|m/s|kn}} at the ground level.<ref name="buranrufirsflight">{{cite web |title=Полет орбитального корабля "Буран" 15 ноября 1988 г. |url=https://www.buran.ru/htm/flight.htm |website=Буран.ру |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416212446/https://www.buran.ru/htm/flight.htm |archive-date=16 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Docking system ===
{{see also|Androgynous Peripheral Attach System}}
The docking module ({{lang-ru|label=none|Стыковочный модуль}}) is mounted into the forward part of the payload bay. It is a spherical compartment with a diameter of {{convert|2.67|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with a cylindrical tunnel leading to the androgynous peripheral docking unit (APAS-89). Unlike the U.S. Space Shuttle, the docking compartment for Buran features an extendable tunnel to increase clearance between orbiter and station. Another hatch, facing into the payload bay, was to support extravehicular activity from the orbiter.<ref name=addons>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/equipm.htm |title=Сменные отсеки и универсальное оборудование |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430105419/http://www.buran.ru/htm/equipm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Remote manipulator ===
The Onboard Manipulator System ({{lang-ru|label=none|Система Бортовых Манипуляторов}}), similar to the Space Shuttle's RMS, was developed at the [[Russian State Scientific Center for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics|Central Research and Development Institute for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics]] to support operations with payload. It could be operated both in manual and automatic modes. Buran-class orbiter could carry, depending on the mission, one or two manipulator arms.<ref name=addons/><ref name=manipulator>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/bighand.htm |title=Средства обеспечения работ с полезным грузом: система бортовых манипуляторов "Аист" |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430105409/http://www.buran.ru/htm/bighand.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=rtc>{{cite web |url=https://rtc.ru/history/ |title=История ЦНИИ РТК |trans-title=History of the Central Research Institute of RTK |website=RTC.ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513144601/https://rtc.ru/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Laboratory modules ===
To expand Buran{{'s}} capabilities, pressurised modules similar to ESA's [[Spacelab]] were designed based on the [[Kvant-1|37K design]]. These modules had to be both compartments to conduct experiments and logistics volume, could be mounted either in the payload bay and connected to the crew cabin via tunnel or be temporarily docked to Mir's [[Kristall]] side docking port. On Buran{{'s}} maiden flight, the Accessory Unit ({{lang-ru|label=none|Блок Дополнительных Приборов}}) 37KB No.37070 was installed into the orbiter's payload bay. It carried recording equipment and accumulators providing power to onboard systems as the regular fuel cells based power system were not ready at the time. The second unit, 37KB No.37071 was built in 1987. It was planned to build a third unit, 37KB No.37072, but this never happened because of programme cancellation.<ref name=labmodules>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/newssp.htm |title="Буран" - полет в никуда? (К 10-летию со дня запуска) |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430111048/http://www.buran.ru/htm/newssp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Propulsion ===
Orbital maneuvering is provided by the Joint Propulsion System ({{lang-ru|label=none|Объединенная двигательная установка}}).<ref name=odu>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/odu.htm |title=Объединенная двигательная установка (ОДУ) |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417205403/http://www.buran.ru/htm/odu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Buran.jpg|thumb|upright|''Buran'' during launch of flight 1K1 on 15 November 1988]]
{{Main|List of Buran missions}}

===Orbital flight===
The only orbital launch of a Buran-class orbiter, 1K1 (first orbiter, first flight<ref name="projected"/>) occurred at 03:00:02 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 15 November 1988 from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] launch [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|pad 110/37]].<ref name="Zak" /><ref name="energia20081114">{{cite web |url=http://www.energia.ru/eng/news/news-2008/photo_11-14.html |title=S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia held a ceremony... |work=Energia.ru |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref> Buran was lifted into space, on an uncrewed mission, by the specially designed Energia rocket. The automated launch sequence performed as specified, and the Energia rocket lifted the vehicle into a temporary orbit before the orbiter separated as programmed. After boosting itself to a higher orbit and completing two orbits around the Earth, the ODU ({{lang-ru|объединённая двигательная установка}}, сombined propulsion system) engines fired automatically to begin the descent into the atmosphere, [[Return To Launch Site|return to the launch site]], and [[VTHL|horizontal landing]] on a runway.<ref name="natGeo">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160412-soviet-union-space-shuttle-buran-cosmonaut-day-gagarin/ |title=The Forgotten Soviet Space Shuttle Could Fly Itself |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |first=Brian |last=Handwerk |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

After making an automated approach to [[Yubileyniy Airport|Site 251]],<ref name="Zak" /> Buran touched down under its own control at 06:24:42 UTC and came to a stop at 06:25:24,<ref name="buran1stfl">{{cite web |url=http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-versvol-1erVol.php |title=Buran-Energia: 1st Flight |work=Буран |access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> 206 minutes after launch.<ref name="rockets_and_people">{{cite book |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050010181 |title=Raketi i lyudi |trans-title=Rockets and People |publisher=NASA |series=History Series |first=Boris |last=Chertok |editor-first=Asif A. |editor-last=Siddiqi |page=179 |year=2005}}</ref> Despite a lateral wind speed of {{convert|61.2|km/h|mph}}, Buran landed only {{convert|3|m|ft}} laterally and {{convert|10|m|ft}} longitudinally from the target mark.<ref name="rockets_and_people" /><ref name="sd20131119a">{{cite news |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_starts_ambitious_super_heavy_space_rocket_project_999.html |title=Russia starts ambitious super-heavy space rocket project |work=Space Daily |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> It was the first [[spaceplane]] to perform an uncrewed flight, including landing in fully automatic mode.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-spacecraft-to-orbit-and-land-unmanned |title=Largest spacecraft to orbit and land unmanned |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> It was later found that Buran had lost only eight of its 38,000 thermal tiles over the course of its flight.<ref name="sd20131119a" />

===Projected flights===
In 1989, it was projected that Buran would have an uncrewed second flight by 1993, with a duration of 15–20 days.<ref name="projected">{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |title=Экипажи "Бурана" Несбывшиеся планы |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=5 August 2006}}</ref> Although the Buran programme was never officially cancelled, the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] led to funding drying up and this flight never took place.<ref name=astronautix>{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Wade |work=Encyclopedia Astronautics |url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/buran.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820170842/http://www.astronautix.com/b/buran.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2016 |title=Buran |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:04 OK-1.01.png|right|300px|thumb|Buran OK-1.01 orbiter]]
The mass of Buran is quoted as 62 tons,<ref name=buranvssts>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.su/buranvssts-comparison.php |title=The orbiters and the launch vehicle |website=Buran.su |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> with a maximum payload of 30 tons, for a total lift-off weight of 105 tons.<ref name=astronautix/>

'''Mass breakdown'''<ref name="Zak" />
* Total mass of structure and landing systems: {{convert|42000|kg|abbr=on}}
* Mass of functional systems and propulsion: {{convert|33000|kg|abbr=on}}
* Maximum payload: {{convert|30000|kg|abbr=on}}
* Maximum liftoff weight: {{convert|105000|kg|abbr=on}}

'''Dimensions'''<ref name="Zak" /><ref name=astronautix/>
* Length: {{convert|36.37|m|abbr=on}}
* Wingspan: {{convert|23.92|m|abbr=on}}
* Height on gear: {{convert|16.35|m|abbr=on}}
* Payload bay length: {{convert|18.55|m|abbr=on}}
* Payload bay diameter: {{convert|4.65|m|abbr=on}}
* Wing chine sweep: 78 degrees
* Wing sweep: 45 degrees

'''Propulsion'''<ref name=astronautix/>
* Total orbital manoeuvring engine thrust: {{convert|17600|kgf|abbr=on}}
* Orbital manoeuvring engine [[specific impulse]]: {{convert|362|isp}}
* Total manoeuvring impulse: unknown
* Total [[reaction control system|RCS]] thrust: {{convert|14866|kgf|abbr=on}}
* Average RCS specific impulse: {{convert|275|-|295|isp}}
* Normal maximum propellant load: {{convert|14500|kg|abbr=on}}

Unlike the [[US]] [[Space Shuttle]], which was propelled by a combination of solid boosters and the orbiter's own liquid-propellant engines fuelled from a large tank, the Soviet/Russian launch system used thrust from each booster's [[RD-170]] liquid oxygen/kerosene engine (each with 4 nozzles), developed by [[Valentin Glushko]], and another four [[RD-0120]] liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engines attached to the central block.<ref name=buranvssts />

== List of vehicles ==
{{More citations needed section |date=December 2015}}
Five orbiters were planned to be built (designated 1K-5K, K stands for {{lang-ru|label=none|Корабль|lit=craft, flying article}}), and hull numbering starts with 1 or 2 (e.g. 1.01), two originally ordered in 1970s and three ("second series") additionally ordered in 1983.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} For research and testing purposes, several test articles produced, designated 1M-8M (M stands for {{lang-ru|label=none|Макет|lit=mock-up}}), hull numbering starts with 0 (e.g. 0.02). The programme prefix OK stands for {{lang-ru|label=none|Орбитальный Корабль|lit=Orbital Vehicle}} and carries the [[GRAU]] index number 11F35.

By 1991 two operational vehicles were delivered to Baikonur, three others were under construction at Tushino.

Most of the geo-locations below show the orbiter bodies on the ground; in some cases [[Google Earth]]'s History facility is required to see the orbiter within the dates specified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran-energia.com/ |access-date=20 February 2015 |title=Buran-Energia |first=Vasili |last=Petrovitch |archive-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905161253/http://www.buran-energia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html |access-date=20 February 2015 |title=Buran |first=Anatoliy |last=Zak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215094534/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html |archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="75px"|Name
! Function
! Location
! Image
! Geo-location
! Approximate dates
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:#ffdead;"|Flight orbiters
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Buran''' 1K 1.01
| rowspan="2" | First flight article, first spaceplane series
| [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110]]/37 (L) at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
| [http://www.thelivingmoon.com/41pegasus/04images/Russian/Shuttle/Buran_Launchpad_12.jpg] 1988 [[File:Antonov An-225 with Buran at Le Bourget 1989 Manteufel.jpg|150px]] 1989
| {{coord|45.96486|63.30496}} Spaceplane not visible; no available satellite photos
| 15 November 1988
| Built in 1986, only flightworthy orbiter. Launched on an uncrewed, remote controlled flight; two orbits and landing (with heavy crosswinds and a self-initiated approach direction change) at Yubileiniy (Jubilee) Airport, Baikonur.
|-
| MIK building, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
| [http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg] 2002
| {{coord|45.92750|63.29761}} Spaceplane not visible; shadows
| 1988 to 2002
| Housed in MIK building in area 112, Baikonur with an Energia booster mockup and other Energia hardware, destroyed in a roof collapse on 12 May 2002, which killed eight workers.
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''''[[Ptichka]]''''' 2K 1.02
| rowspan="2" | Second flight article, first series, 95–97% complete
| MIK building, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
| [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/buran/ptichka2.jpg]
| {{coord|45.92836|63.29809}} Shuttle not visible, in building
| 1988 to 1995
| Built in 1988, housed adjacent to Buran.
|-
| MZK building 80, area 112a, Baikonur
| [https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/evm3dm/photographing-these-abandoned-space-shuttles-made-me-a-russian-target] 2015
| {{coord|45.94046|63.31841}} Spaceplane not visible; in building
| 1995 to present
| Moved to the MZK in August 1995.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOYEg1fj95Q | title=Перегруз Бурана или последние дни 3 центра испытаний - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Reportedly property of Russian-Kazakh company ''Aelita'' since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jacopo Prisco|title=Two abandoned Soviet space shuttles left in the Kazakh steppe|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/baikonur-buran-soviet-space-shuttle/index.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=[[CNN]]|date=21 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''[[2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)|3K]]''' 2.01
| rowspan="3" | First flight article, second series, 30–50% complete
| Inside Tushino Plant, Moscow, Russia
|
|
| 1991 to 2006
| Built 1991
|-
| Car park on Kimki Reservoir, near plant
| [http://www.thelivingmoon.com/41pegasus/04images/Russian/Buran_2_01/Buran2_01_01.jpg] 2007–2011
| {{coord|55.84136|37.46625}}; use history
| 2006 to 2011
| Moved outdoors
|-
| Zhukovsky Airport, near Moscow, Russia
| [[File:Buran 2.01 2011 in Gromov Flight Research Institute.jpg|150px]] 2011
| on 15 August 2011 {{coord|55.57125|38.143}}; use history
| 2011 to present
| An exhibit in the MAKS-2011 and later air shows. [[Zhukovsky International Airport]] is the site of the [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]], and has become a large outdoor flight museum. Other sightings: on 15 March 2012: {{coord|55.56565|38.14491}}, on 31 July 2012 and 8 May 2013 {{coord|55.56309|38.14714}}, on 4 June and 29 July 2014 {{coord|55.55179|38.14463}}, on 11 September 2016 through 2020 {{coord|55.57125|38.143}}. As of December, 2021, it has been reportedly bought by Vadim Zadorozhny, in order to be restored and displayed in a museum near Moscow <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20211228/buran-1765917855.html|title=To restore the "Buran" will have to build a special hangar|date=28 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft)|4K]]''' 2.02 
| Second flight article, second series, 10–20% complete
| Tushino plant, Moscow, Russia
| [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/buran/2.02-2.jpg]
|
| 1991–present
| Build started 1991, some pieces of 2.02, like [[Space Shuttle thermal protection system|heat tiles]], have found their way onto eBay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/SPACE-SHUTTLE-BURAN-HEAT-SHIELD-THERMAL-BLACK-TILE-EXCELLENT-CONDITION-/191516295906|title=Space shuttle Buran heat shield thermal black tile excellent condition|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222175723/http://www.ebay.com/itm/SPACE-SHUTTLE-BURAN-HEAT-SHIELD-THERMAL-BLACK-TILE-EXCELLENT-CONDITION-/191516295906|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[2.03 (Buran-class spacecraft)|5K]]''' 2.03
| Third flight article, second series, very small amount assembled
|
|
| Scattered
| 1988 to present
| All parts have been scattered and are unidentifiable.
|-
! colspan="7" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:#ffdead;"|Test articles
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''OK-M''' OK-ML-1 BTS-001 1M 0.01
| rowspan="2" | Airframe and shake test bed article
| Outdoor pad, area 112, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
| [http://i0.wp.com/sometimes-interesting.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/abandoned-buran.jpg]
| {{coord|45.91963|63.30996}}; use history
| 1988 to January 2007
| Built in 1982, deteriorated considerably outdoors on pad
|-
| Gagarin Museum, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
| [[File:Buran baikonur.jpg|150px]] 2007
| {{coord|45.90963|63.31789}}
| January 2007 to present
| Refurbished in 2007, now on outdoor display
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''[[OK-GLI]]''' OK-ML-2 BTS-002 2M 0.02
| rowspan="4" | Atmospheric test article, two extra jet engines in rear to facilitate take-off
| Ramenskoye Airport, Moscow
|
| {{coord|55.5631|38.14716}}; no history available this far back
| 1999
| Built in 1984, used in 25 test flights. On display at MAKS-1999, Russia's most prestigious airshow.
|-
| Pyrmont Island, Sydney harbor, Australia
| [https://www.flickr.com/photos/ripienaar/111994359/in/album-72057594081299763/] 2000 [[File:Buran Space Shuttle (5449959291).jpg|150px]] 2002
| {{coord|-33.86392|151.19662}}; use history to see shelter, shuttle not visible
| February 2000 to September 2000; afterwards stored on the site until about Oct 2002
| Sold and sent in February 2000 to the Sydney, Australia 2000 Olympic Games. Displayed inside a light structure, stored outdoors there afterwards.
|-
| Manama harbor, Bahrain
|
| {{coord|26.19826|50.60243}}; use history
| July 2004 to 2007
| Stored outdoors in [[Bahrain]] while the ownership of the spaceplane was legally contested.
|-
| Technik Museum, Speyer, Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://speyer.technik-museum.de/en/en/spaceshuttle-buran |title=Space Shuttle Buran |publisher=Technik Museum Speyer |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115142/http://speyer.technik-museum.de/en/en/spaceshuttle-buran |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:OK-GLI Technik Museum Speyer 2008 12.JPG|150px]] 2008
| {{coord|49.31185|8.44628}}; shuttle not visible, in building
| 2008 to present
| Purchased from Roscosmos State Corporation when it won the legal battle, displayed indoors.
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''OK-KS''' 3M 0.03
| rowspan="3" | Electrical test article
| Checkout and Test Building (KIS), RKK Energia Plant, Korolev, Russia
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517055026/http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/aok-ks1.jpg]
| {{coord|55.92132|37.79929}}; not visible, in building. This location shows a half-scale memorial of Energia and the Buran, perhaps meant to be replaced.
| 2006 to 15 October 2012
| Built in 1982, stored inside
|-
| Grounds of the RKK Energia plant
|
| {{coord|55.91685|37.79937}}
| 15 October 2012 to June 2017
| Stored outside by 15 October 2012, intended to be placed on permanent display.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html |access-date=22 February 2015 |first=Anatoly |last=Zak |publisher=Russian Space Web |title=Buran reusable shuttle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215094534/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html |archive-date=15 February 2015}} See the last line of the cronology.</ref>
|-
| Sirius Science Center, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
| [[File:Буран БТС-003 Сочи 27102018.jpg|150px]] 2018
| {{coord|43.414442|39.949115}}
| June 2017 to current
| On permanent outdoor display at the Sirius Science Center in Sochi, Russia.<ref name="tass20170616">{{cite news |url=http://tass.ru/kosmos/4342852 |title=Космический корабль "Буран" установят в детском центре в Сочи |work=TASS.ru |language=ru |date=16 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620005730/http://tass.ru/kosmos/4342852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BuranSochi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2017/6/29/9092/?h |title=Mockup of the legendary Buran orbiter is being readied for shipment to Sirius educational center |date=29 June 2017 |publisher=Russian Aviation |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| '''OK-MT''' 4M 0.04
| Engineering mockup
| MZK building, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
| [https://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/16117/46616872.dc/0_cbbff_6c5b945d_orig.jpg] 2014
| {{coord|45.94046|63.31841}}; vehicle not visible, in building
| 1988 to present
| Built in 1983
|-
| '''5M''' 0.05
| Environmental test parts from forward fuselage
|
|
| Unknown
| 1988 to present
| Destroyed, parts used for [[OK-TVA]].<ref>[[:ru:ОК-ТВА]]</ref>
|-
| '''OK-TVI''' 6M 0.06
| Environmental test article
| NIIKhimMash rocket test area, near Moscow, Russia
| [http://www.buran.fr/bourane-buran/img/ok-tvi1-petit.jpg]
|
| 1988 to present
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''OK-TVA''' 7M 0.15
| rowspan="2" | Structural test article
| Gorky Park, Moscow, Russia
| [[File:Moscow Gorky Park View from Frunzenskaya Embankment 05.jpg|150px]] 2010
| {{coord|55.72876|37.59688}}; use history
| 1995 to July 2014
| Served as an attraction, a small restaurant, and bicycle storage, as part of the now-defunct amusement park at that site.
|-
| Outside Pavilion 20 about 250 meters south of the [[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok rocket]], [[VDNKh (Russia)|VDNKh]]/VVT (All-Russia Exhibition Center)
| [[File:Buran OK-TVA VDNKh.JPG|150px]] 2014
| {{coord|55.83219|37.62291}}; use history
| July 2014 to present
| Moved to VDNKh on 5 July 2014, assembled by 21 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2010/09/abandoned-russian-space-shuttle-2 |title=Buran: The Abandoned Russian Space Shuttle |publisher=Urban Ghost Media |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=23 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004909/http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2010/09/abandoned-russian-space-shuttle-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-modele-tva-transport.php |title=Transportation of the shuttle to the VDNKh park |website=Buran-Energia.com |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714014247/http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-modele-tva-transport.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The shuttle acquisition is part of the VDNKh refurbishment.
|-
| '''8M''' 0.08
| Components used for static thermal and vacuum tests
| Outdoor display at Clinical Hospital No. 83 FMBA on Orekhovy Boulevard in Moscow
| [[File:Buran 8M front view.JPG|150px]] 2012
| {{coord|55.618|37.76448}}
| from 24 April 2011 to present
|
|-
| Unnamed
| Wooden wind tunnel model, 1/3 scale
| Ramenskoye Airport, near Moscow, Russia, photographed in 2013
| [[File:It_no_longer_exists._Wind_tunnel_wooden_model_1_3_scale_of_Buran_is_at_the_far_corner_of_Zhukovsky_airfield._(11137924623).jpg|150px]] 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/33104187@N04/sets/72157638216331125/ |first=Aleksander |last=Makin |title=It no longer exists. Wind tunnel wooden model 1:3 scale model of Buran is at the corner of Zhukovsky airfield |date=11 October 2013 |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919080435/http://www.flickr.com/photos/33104187@N04/sets/72157638216331125 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
| up to 2013
| Has been destroyed in or after 2013. Photographed at [[Zhukovsky International Airport]] by Aleksander Makin.
|}

=== Related test vehicles and models ===
{{More citations needed section |date=December 2015}}
{| class="wikitable"
! width="75px"|Name
! Function
! Image
! Construction date
! Current status<ref name="status">{{cite web |url=http://www.k26.com/buran/Future/energia_-_buran_-_where_are_th.html |title=Energia-Buran: Where are they now |work=K26.com |access-date=5 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519134511/http://www.k26.com/buran/Future/energia_-_buran_-_where_are_th.html |archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[BOR-4]] || Sub-scale model of the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105|Spiral]] space plane || [[File:BOR-4S.jpg|150px]] || 1982–1984 || 1:2 scale model of Spiral space plane. 5 launches. NPO Molniya, Moscow.
|-
| [[BOR-5]] ("Kosmos") || Suborbital test of 1/8 scale model of Buran || [[File:Bor-(5).jpg|150px]] || 1983–1988 || 5 launches, none were reflown but at least 4 were recovered. NPO Molniya, Moscow.
|-
| Wind tunnel models || Scales from 1:3 to 1:550 || || || 85 models built; see unnamed test article in table above.
|-
| Gas dynamics models || Scales from 1:15 to 1:2700 || || ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[MAKS (spacecraft)]] – Soviet air-launched spaceplane concept
* [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105]] – Soviet spaceplane test program
* [[OK-GLI]] – Buran Analog BST-02 test vehicle
* [[Space Shuttle program]] – American spaceplane program
* [[Tupolev OOS]] – Soviet air-launched spaceplane concept

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Visit to the ancient Soviet space center in Khazakstan, where the Buran is stored https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fZ-r5Qe3tM&list=WL&index=2&t=803s

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle |publisher=Springer-Praxis |first1=Bart |last1=Hendrickx |first2=Bert |last2=Vis |page=526 |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-69848-9 |bibcode=2007ebss.book.....H}}
* {{cite book |title=History and Transportation of the Russian Space Shuttle OK-GLI to the Technik Museum Speyer |publisher=Technik Museum Speyer |first1=Heinz |last1=Elser |first2=Margrit |last2=Elser-Haft |first3=Vladim |last3=Lukashevich |date=2008 |isbn=978-3-9809437-7-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.buran.ru/ Buran.ru]

{{Buran program}}
{{Space Shuttles}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buran (Spacecraft)}}
[[Category:Buran-class orbiters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1988]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Man-made disasters in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Partially reusable space launch vehicles]]
[[Category:Rocket-powered aircraft]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Zenit and Energia rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1988]]
[[Category:Tailless delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:1988 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:2002 disasters]]
[[Category:2002 in Kazakhstan]]

Rachel Dolezal

2022-02-11T11:12:33Z

194.103.240.26: Truth doesn't matter just like anyone can identify as any gender, so goes for race.

{{short description|American racial identity activist}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rachel Dolezal
| image = Rachel Dolezal at Spokane Rally cropped 2.jpg
| caption = Dolezal at a rally in May 2015.
| birth_name = Rachel Anne Dolezal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Lincoln County, Montana]], U.S.
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-1CaKZkyyE|title=Guest: Rachel Dolezal, on cancel culture and 2020 elections|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = {{Plainlist|
* Rachel Moore<ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Rivero|title=Rachel Dolezal's art blog is something to behold |quote=The name of the piece Dolezal presented (under her married name Rachel Moore) was 'Hypocrisy: A Form of Godliness'. |publisher=[[Fusion (TV channel)|Fusion]] |date=June 12, 2015 |url=http://fusion.net/story/149786/rachel-dolezals-art-blog-is-something-to-behold/ |access-date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>
* Nkechi Amare Diallo<ref name="kfor.com2">{{cite web |title=Former Washington NAACP leader Rachel Dolezal gets new name |url=http://kfor.com/2017/03/02/former-washington-naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-gets-new-name/ |access-date=5 March 2017 |agency=Associated Press |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Oluo, Ijeoma2">{{cite web |title=The Heart of Whiteness: Ijeoma Oluo Interviews Rachel Dolezal, the White Woman Who Identifies as Black|author-link=Ijeoma Oluo |author=Oluo, Ijeoma |url=http://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/04/19/25082450/the-heart-of-whiteness-ijeoma-oluo-interviews-rachel-dolezal-the-white-woman-who-identifies-as-black |work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]] |date=April 19, 2017}}</ref>}}
| relatives = [[Joshua Dolezal]] (brother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Kevin Moore|2000|2005|end=divorced}}
| children = 3
| education = [[Belhaven University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Howard University]] ([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])
| occupation = {{Plainlist|
* Education director, Human Rights Education Institute in [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdapress.com/opinion/editorial/article_9a0a86a3-22e6-53af-8f64-ddb1c4a14565.html |title=Because the truth matters |work=CDA Press |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> until 2010
* Part-time art instructor, [[North Idaho College]] (2005–13)
* President, [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]] chapter of [[Spokane, Washington]] (2014–2015)
* Part-time instructor, [[Eastern Washington University]] (2007–2015)
* [[Hairdresser]] (2015–present)<ref name="Malkin">{{cite web |first=Bonnie |last=Malkin |title=Rachel Dolezal making a living braiding hair |publisher=telegraph.co.uk |date=July 21, 2015 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11752577/Rachel-Dolezal-I-am-black-and-I-havent-deceived-anyone.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11752577/Rachel-Dolezal-I-am-black-and-I-havent-deceived-anyone.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=July 21, 2015 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Nkechi Amare Diallo''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|k|eɪ|tʃ|iː|_|ə|ˈ|m|ɑːr|eɪ|_|d|iː|ˈ|ɑː|l|oʊ}}; born November 12, 1977), also professionally known as '''Rachel Anne Dolezal'''{{#tag:ref|She was born as '''Rachel Anne Dolezal''' and went by the name '''Rachel Anne Moore''' during her marriage to Kevin Moore from 2000–2005. In 2016, Dolezal legally changed her name in Washington state superior court to '''Nkechi Amare Diallo''' but continues to use her birth name in professional life.|group=fn|name=rachel}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|oʊ|l|ə|ʒ|ɑː|l}};<ref name="Moyer-13-6-2015" /> {{lang-cz|Doležal}}),<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Brownson|first=Laura|date=2018|title=The Rachel Divide|medium=motion picture|url=http://www.netflix.com/watch/80149821|access-date=May 7, 2018|time=1:39:48|publisher=Netflix}}</ref> is an American former college instructor and activist known for presenting herself as a [[black women|black woman]] despite having been born to white parents. The name "Dolezal" itself is of [[Czech Republic|Czech]] origin.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Brownson|first=Laura|date=2018|title=The Rachel Divide|medium=motion picture|url=http://www.netflix.com/watch/80149821|access-date=May 7, 2018|time=1:39:48|publisher=Netflix}}</ref> In addition to claiming black ancestry, she also claimed Native American descent.<ref>{{cite news| author =Allahpundit| title =Reporter to Rachel Dolezal: Is this African-American man really your father?| newspaper =[[Hot Air]]| date =June 12, 2015| url =http://hotair.com/archives/2015/06/12/reporter-to-rachel-dolezal-is-this-african-american-man-really-your-father/| access-date = June 12, 2015| author-link =Allahpundit}}</ref> She is also a former [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) chapter president.

Dolezal was president of the NAACP chapter in [[Spokane, Washington]], from 2014 until June 2015, when she resigned in the midst of controversy over her racial identity. She received public scrutiny when her parents publicly stated that she was [[passing (racial identity)|passing]] as [[Black people|black]]. The statement by Dolezal's parents followed Dolezal's reports to police and local news media that she had been the victim of race-related [[hate crime]]s;<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=Selle2015/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/did-naacp-president-lie-about-her-race-city-investigates/33533026|title=Did NAACP president lie about her race? City investigates|first=Jeff|last=Humphrey|date=June 11, 2015|publisher=KXLY|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-date=December 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219095200/http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/did-naacp-president-lie-about-her-race-city-investigates/33533026|url-status=dead}}</ref> a police investigation did not turn up evidence to support her allegations.<ref name="krem-2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.krem.com/story/news/local/spokane-county/2015/06/10/detectives-question-naacp-hate-mail-processing/71043278/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612052814/http://www.krem.com/story/news/local/spokane-county/2015/06/10/detectives-question-naacp-hate-mail-processing/71043278/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 12, 2015|title=SPD suspends all cases involving Rachel Dolezal|access-date=June 13, 2015}}</ref> Dolezal had also identified herself as mixed-race on an application and had claimed that an African-American man was her father. In the aftermath of the controversy, Dolezal was dismissed from her position as an instructor in [[Africana studies]] at [[Eastern Washington University]] and was removed from her post as chair of the Police Ombudsman Commission in Spokane over "a pattern of misconduct". In 2015, Dolezal acknowledged that she was "born white to white parents," but maintained that she self-identified as black.

The Dolezal controversy fueled a national debate in the United States about racial identity. Dolezal's critics stated that she committed [[cultural appropriation]] and fraud; Dolezal and her defenders asserted that her self-identification is genuine. In 2017, Dolezal released a memoir on her racial identity entitled ''[[In Full Color (memoir)|In Full Color: Finding My Place in a Black and White World]]''.

==Early life, family, and education==
Dolezal was born in [[Lincoln County, Montana]], on November 12, 1977,<ref name=Selle2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.cdapress.com/news/local_news/article_385adfeb-76f3-5050-98b4-d4bf021c423f.html |title=Black like me? |first1=Maureen |last1=Dolan |first2=Jeff |last2=Selle |location=[[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho]] |publisher=[[Coeur d'Alene Press]] |date=June 11, 2015 |access-date=June 15, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075444/http://www.cdapress.com/news/local_news/article_385adfeb-76f3-5050-98b4-d4bf021c423f.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/16/us/rachel-dolezal/ | title=Who is Rachel Dolezal? | work=CNN | date=June 16, 2015 | access-date=August 12, 2015 | author=Ford, Dana}}</ref> to Ruthanne ([[née]] Schertel) and Lawrence "Larry" Dolezal, who are white and primarily of [[Germans|German]], [[Czech people|Czech]], and [[Swedes|Swedish]] origin; she was born as a blue-eyed blonde with straight hair.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/12/civil-rights-activist-rachel-dolezal-misrepresented-herself-as-black-claim-parents | title=Civil rights activist Rachel Dolezal misrepresented herself as black, claim parents | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=June 12, 2015 | access-date=June 12, 2015 | last=Elgot| first= Jessica}}</ref><ref name=Selle2015 /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/parents-naacp-chapter-president-rachel-dolezal-say-she-not-black-n374301 | title=Parents of NAACP Chapter President Rachel Dolezal Say She Is Not Black | publisher=NBC News | date=June 12, 2015 | access-date=June 15, 2015 | first= Elizabeth |last=Chuck}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 2015 |title=NAACP official's race questioned |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/12/us/gallery/naacp-rachel-dolezal-identity/index.html |access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> Ruthanne and Larry Dolezal were married in 1974.<ref name=Selle2015 /> Dolezal has an older biological brother, [[Joshua Dolezal]], who authored a book about their upbringing in Montana.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-lied-black-parents-article-1.2255743|title=NAACP leader of Washington state chapter lied about being black, parents say|last1=Blidner|first1=Rachelle|date=June 12, 2015|newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|access-date=June 12, 2015|last2=Silverstein|first2=Jason|location=New York|quote=Rachel and her older brother, Joshua, are the only white children in the...|last3=McShane|first3=Larry}}</ref> As of 2015, Joshua Dolezal is a full professor of English at [[Central College (Iowa)|Central College]] in Iowa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/us/rachel-dolezal-nbc-today-show.html|title=Rachel Dolezal, in Center of Storm, Is Defiant: 'I Identify as Black'|first1=Kirk|last1=Johnson|first2=Richard|last2=Pérez-Peña|first3=John|last3=Eligon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> When Dolezal was a teenager, her parents adopted three [[African Americans|African-American]] children and one [[Haitians|Haitian]] child.<ref name="benbrumfieldandgregbotelho,cnn">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/12/us/washington-spokane-naacp-rachel-dolezal-identity/|title=Race of Rachel Dolezal, Spokane NAACP head, questioned |first1= Ben |last1=Brumfield |first2= Greg |last2=Botelho |date=June 12, 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Dolezal has said she was born and lived in a [[teepee]] and that the family had hunted for their food with bow and arrow. She also said that [[Lima bean|lima beans]] were used as chess pieces when enjoying family game night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-lied-black-parents-article-1.2255743 |title=NAACP leader of Washington state chapter Rachel Dolezal leaned on adoptive kid brothers to help her lie about being black |last1=Blidner |first1=Rachelle |last2=Dillon |first2=Nancy |last3=McShane |first3=Larry |last4=Silverstein |first4=Jason |date=June 12, 2015 |website=Daily News |access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> Her mother stated that she and Dolezal's father briefly lived in a teepee in 1974, three years before their daughter was born, and that Dolezal's claims were "totally false".<ref name="Selle2015" /><ref name="guardian" /> From 2002 to 2006, her parents and adopted siblings lived in [[South Africa]] as [[Mission (Christianity)|Christian missionaries]]. Dolezal said she lived in South Africa as a child, but her family disputes the claim.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/naacp-reacts-to-rachel-dolezals-curious-case/ |title=Spokane NAACP leader: 'I do consider myself to be black' |last=Cornwell |first=Paige |publisher=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=June 12, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926125749/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/naacp-reacts-to-rachel-dolezals-curious-case/ |archive-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| first= Benge |last= Nsenduluka| title ='Black' NAACP Leader Facing Ethics Probe After Being Outed as White by Saddened Missionary Parents| newspaper =[[Christian Post]]| date =June 12, 2015| url = http://www.christianpost.com/news/black-naacp-leader-facing-ethics-probe-after-being-outed-as-white-by-saddened-missionary-parents-140335/| access-date = June 12, 2015}}</ref>

Dolezal was raised in the [[Pentecostal]] faith. She has stated that her parents frequently abused her. In a 2017 interview, she said she was taught to believe that "everything that came naturally, instinctively was wrong"—a point that was "literally beaten into us".<ref name=grovel/> In a 2015 interview, Dolezal said she was "punished by skin complexion" by her mother and "white stepfather", and compared this alleged punishment to the punishment suffered by black slaves.<ref name=Selle2015/><ref name="easterneronline">{{cite web |url=http://easterneronline.com/35006/eagle-life/a-life-to-be-heard/ |title= A Life to be Heard |last=Moncy |first=Shawntelle |date=February 5, 2015 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/spokane-naacp-leaders-parents-shes-not-being-rational/|title=Spokane NAACP leader's parents: 'She's not being rational'|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=June 14, 2015|date=June 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/06/naacp-leader-accused-of-pretending-to-be-black.html|title=NAACP Leader Accused of Pretending to Be Black |work=Daily Intelligencer|access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/06/17/rachel_dolezal_was_raised_by_strict_fundamentalists_the_revelation_sheds.html|title=Rachel Dolezal Was Raised by Christian Fundamentalists. No Wonder She Wanted a New Identity.|last=Marcotte|first=Amanda|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=2015-06-17}}</ref>

Dolezal was [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] via the [[Christian Liberty Academy]] CLASS program, achieving a 4.0 [[Grading in education|grade point average]] (GPA). She was one of several co-valedictorians upon graduation in 1996. She won a $2,000 scholarship for college awarded by [[Tandy Leather Factory|Tandy Leather]] for her entry in their 1996 Leather Art contest.<ref name=Selle2015/><ref>{{Citation |last= Herguth |first=Robert C. |title= Hersey High School Seniors Head out with a Little Fork Fun |newspaper=[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)]] |publisher= Douglas K. Ray {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam]]}} |location=Arlington Heights, Illinois |date=June 5, 1996 }}</ref> In 1998, she entered art works at Spokane's annual [[Juneteenth]] celebration; she expressed African-American themes through collages and mixed-media works.<ref name=Timmerman1998>{{Citation |last= Timmerman |first= Luke |title= Discovering Juneteenth Spokane Festival Helps Educate Kids About Important Milestone In American History |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |publisher= William Stacey Cowles {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam]]}} |location=Spokane, Washington |date=June 21, 1998 }}</ref>

Following the completion of high school, Dolezal attended [[Belhaven University]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], receiving her bachelor's degree in 2000. She then attended [[Howard University]], a [[Historically black colleges and universities|historically black college]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]; she received a [[Master of fine arts|Master of Fine Arts]], [[summa cum laude]], from Howard in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sojo.net/articles/why-i-thank-rachel-dolezal|title=Why I Thank Rachel Dolezal|last=Steele|first=Jazmine|date=2017-05-05|website=Sojourners|language=EN|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref name=Selle2015/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2015/06/12/rachel-dolezal-jackson-naacp-belhaven/71129550/|title=Woman accused of lying about race has Miss. ties|first=Kate |last=Royals|date=June 12, 2015|work=The Clarion-Ledger}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news| first=Hillary |last=Crosley Coker| title =When Rachel Dolezal Attended Howard University, She Was Still White| publisher=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]]| date =June 12, 2015| url =http://jezebel.com/when-rachel-dolezal-attended-howard-university-she-was-1710941472| access-date = June 12, 2015}}</ref> Her thesis at Howard was a series of paintings presented from the perspective of a black man.<ref name="auto" /> Dolezal later said that she was drugged and sexually assaulted by a "trusted mentor" when attending Howard University, and that "suing was nearly impossible".<ref name="easterneronline" />

In 2000, Dolezal married Kevin Moore, a black man. Moore, a medical student at Howard University at the time of their marriage, divorced Dolezal in 2004.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rachel-dolezal-accused-lying-son-article-1.2257590|work=[[New York Daily News]]|title=Rachel Dolezal's ex-husband accused her of 'poisoning' his relationship with 3-year-old son|date=June 14, 2015|first1=Larry |last1=McShane |first2= Nancy |last2=Dillon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/jun/12/naacp-presidents-claims-about-background-disputed/ |title=Spokane NAACP president Rachel Dolezal's claims about background disputed |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> Dolezal and Moore have a son, Franklin Moore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tasneemnashrulla/rachel-dolezals-brother-says-she-warned-dont-blow-my-cover|title=Rachel Dolezal's Brother Says She Warned: "Don't Blow My Cover"|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rachel-dolezal-claimed-forced-sex-tape-article-1.2261643|title=Rachel Dolezal claimed ex-husband forced her to make sex tape, abused her during bitter custody battle|first=Nancy Dillon, Ginger Adams|last=Otis|website=nydailynews.com}}</ref>

In 2010, with the consent of her parents, Dolezal obtained legal guardianship of her 16-year-old adopted brother, Izaiah Dolezal.<ref name="benbrumfieldandgregbotelho,cnn"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/claudiakoerner/a-civil-rights-leader-has-disguised-herself-as-black-for-yea |first1=Claudia |last1=Koerner |first2=Jim, II|last2=Dalrymple|title=A Civil Rights Leader Has Disguised Herself As Black For Years, Her Parents Say |publisher=BuzzFeed |access-date=February 8, 2018 |date=June 13, 2015}}</ref> Izaiah sought to be [[emancipation of minors|emancipated]] after alleging that Larry and Ruthanne not only beat him and his siblings, but also threatened to send them to group homes if they did not obey their rules.<ref name="auto6"/> Her adoptive brother, Ezra Dolezal, later denied Izaiah's accusations in an interview with [[CNN]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/13/us/washington-rachel-dolezal-adopted-brother/index.html|title=Rachel Dolezal's biracial appearance is "blackface", brother says|author=Ray Sanchez and Ben Brumfield|website=CNN|date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> however, in an interview with [[BuzzFeed]], he acknowledged that his adoptive parents were strict and sometimes used corporal punishment.<ref name=Nashrulla/>

Dolezal gave birth to another son, Langston Attickus, in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/parents/rachel-dolezal-welcomes-son-langston-attickus/|title=Rachel Dolezal Welcomes Son Langston Attickus, Named After Two African-American Historical Figures|website=PEOPLE.com}}</ref>

===Lawsuit against Howard University===

In 2002, Dolezal unsuccessfully sued [[Howard University]] for discrimination based on "race, pregnancy, family responsibilities, and gender, as well as retaliation". Her lawsuit alleged that she was denied scholarship funds, a teaching assistant position, and other opportunities because she was a white woman.<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3921964/rachel-dolezal-howard-university/|title=Rachel Dolezal Will Break Her Silence on Tuesday|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="tsg-lawsuit">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/bizarre/rachel-dolezal-discrimination-lawsuit-786451|title=NAACP Imposter Sued School Over Race Claims|work=The Smoking Gun|date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> She also alleged that the removal of her artwork from a student exhibition at Howard in 2001 "was motivated by a discriminatory purpose to favor African-American students" over her.<ref name="time.com"/><ref name="tsg-lawsuit" />

==Career==

===Art===
Dolezal created a fountain sculpture titled "Triumph of the Human Spirit" that consisted of a tall column with troubled, sad figures at its base and dancing, celebrating figures further up the column. It was installed in downtown Spokane in June 2005 and was later auctioned off to benefit the Human Rights Education Institute.<ref name= Boggs2005a>{{Citation |last= Boggs |first= Alison |title=Fountains will pour proceeds into nonprofits; CdA project to include up to 30 pieces |newspaper= The Spokesman-Review |publisher=William Stacey Cowles |url=http://m.spokesman.com/stories/2005/may/01/fountains-will-pour-proceeds-into-nonprofits/ |access-date=June 15, 2015 |date= May 1, 2005 }}</ref>

In 2007, while working as an art teacher at School Indigo in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, Dolezal collaborated with children to make five works for a "Rights of the Child" exhibit by the Human Rights Education Institute.<ref name=Cuniff2007a>{{Citation |last= Cuniff |first=Meghann M. |title= The rights of children illuminated through art. |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |date=April 7, 2007 |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2007/apr/07/the-rights-of-children-illuminated-through-art/ |access-date=June 15, 2015 }}</ref>

====Plagiarism accusations====
[[File:Slave-ship.jpg|thumb|''[[The Slave Ship]]'' (1840) by [[J. M. W. Turner]]. Dolezal painted a picture known as ''The Shape of Our Kind'' which was so similar to this one that it was considered plagiarism by Priscilla Frank at ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' and Sarah Cascone at [[artnet]].]]
In June 2015, Priscilla Frank at ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' and Sarah Cascone at [[artnet]] made accusations of [[plagiarism]] against Dolezal. A Dolezal painting titled ''The Shape of Our Kind'' was alleged to be nearly identical to [[J. M. W. Turner]]'s 1840 work, ''[[The Slave Ship]]''.<ref name=Frank2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/15/rachel-dolezal-art_n_7586972.html|title=Rachel Dolezal's Artwork Is Not Only Problematic, It Might Be Plagiarized|work=The Huffington Post | date=June 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Cascone2015>{{cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/in-brief/rachel-dolezal-jmw-turner-308620|title=Did Rachel Dolezal Plagiarize J.M.W. Turner?|first=Sarah |last=Cascone |date=June 16, 2015|work=[[artnet]] news}}</ref> Frank accused Dolezal of plagiarism for not crediting Turner.<ref name=Frank2015/>

===Civil rights activism===
====Human Rights Institute====
A July 2010 newspaper article indicated that Dolezal had stepped down as education director of the Human Rights Institute in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, after having served in that capacity for two years. Dolezal indicated that she was, "for all intents and purposes", forced to resign from the organization after its board declined to hire her as its executive director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2010/jul/28/human-rights-educator-resigns/|title=Human rights educator Rachel Dolezal resigns - The Spokesman-Review|website=www.spokesman.com}}</ref>

====NAACP====
[[File:Rachel Dolezal leads the MLK March in Spokane 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Dolezal (fourth from right) while marching with [[NAACP]] activists in [[Spokane, Washington]] and holding a sign reading "[[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin's]] [[I Have a Dream|dream]] is forever!" on [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day|Martin Luther King Day]] in January 2015.]]
Dolezal was elected president of the Spokane chapter of the NAACP in 2014, replacing James Wilburn. During her brief tenure, she was noted for revitalizing the chapter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachel Dolezal's story, a study of race and identity, gets 'crazier and crazier'|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-spokane-naacp-rachel-dolezal-resigns-20150615-story.html#page=1|newspaper=LA Times | date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> Her resignation from the civil rights organization was announced on June 15, 2015, after the controversy surrounding her racial identity became public.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=http://www.wfsb.com/story/29322282/spokane-naacp-president-rachel-dolezal-resigns | title=Spokane NAACP president Rachel Dolezal resigns | publisher=WFSB Eyewitness News 3 | access-date=June 15, 2015 | first= George |last= Jones}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/nov/23/spokane-naacp-elects-new-president/ | title=Spokane NAACP elects new president | work=The Spokesman-Review | date=November 23, 2014 | access-date=June 12, 2015 | last=Culver| first= Nina}}</ref>

====Police Ombudsman Commission====
Dolezal applied for the position of chair of the Office of the Police Ombudsman Commission in Spokane in May 2014, and was subsequently appointed by Mayor [[David Condon]]. In her application, she identified herself as having several ethnicities, including black.<ref name="guardian"/><ref name=KinseyClarke>{{cite news| first= Kinsey |last= Clarke| title =Making Sense Of Rachel Dolezal, The Alleged White Woman Who Passed As Black| quote =... Rachel Dolezal, a leader of the Human Rights Education Institute ...| publisher=[[NPR]]| date =June 12, 2015| url =https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/06/12/413887930/making-sense-of-rachel-dolezal-the-alleged-white-woman-who-passed-as-black| access-date = June 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="sbs-rachel-dolezal-resigns">{{cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/06/16/rachel-dolezal-resigns-amid-race-identity-scandal|title=Rachel Dolezal resigns amid race identity scandal|work=sbs.com.au}}</ref> In June 2015, City Council President Ben Stuckart said the city had opened an investigation of the truthfulness of her application.<ref name="sbs-rachel-dolezal-resigns"/> On June 17, 2015, the investigation concluded that she had acted improperly, violated government rules and abused her authority, and the report said the evidence and interviews confirmed workplace harassment allegations and "a pattern of misconduct" by Dolezal.<ref name="theguardian-commission">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/18/rachel-dolezal-under-pressure-to-quit-police-ombudsman-board|title=Rachel Dolezal under pressure to quit police ombudsman board|newspaper=the Guardian|date=June 18, 2015|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Dolezal was asked to resign by Condon and Stuckart due to "intimidating and harassing" behavior.<ref name="theguardian-commission"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/article/rachel-dolezal-naacp-police-ombudsman-resignation|title=Rachel Dolezal Asked to Resign From Police Ombudsman Commission : People.com|work=PEOPLE.com}}</ref> On June 18, 2015, the Spokane City Council voted unanimously to remove Dolezal from her position as chair of the Police Ombudsman Commission.<ref name="kxly-city-council-removes-dolezal-from-spokane-police-ombudsman-commission">{{cite web|url=http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/city-council-removes-dolezal-from-spokane-police-ombudsman-commission/33663178|title=City Council removes Dolezal from Spokane police ombudsman commission|work=KXLY|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|archive-date=September 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907120445/http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/city-council-removes-dolezal-from-spokane-police-ombudsman-commission/33663178|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/18/rachel-dolezal-removed-police-panel_n_7617490.html|title=Rachel Dolezal Removed From Police Panel|work=The Huffington Post | date=June 18, 2015}}</ref>

===Teaching and writing===
In 2015, [[Eastern Washington University]] stated that "since 2010, Rachel Dolezal has been hired at Eastern Washington University on a quarter by quarter basis as an instructor in the Africana Education program. This is a [[Adjunct professor|part-time position]] to address program needs. Dolezal is not a professor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/ewu-releases-statement-on-rachel-dolezal/33552506|title=EWU releases statement on Rachel Dolezal|website=KXLY.com| publisher= Morgan Murphy Media|date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> She taught "The Black Woman's Struggle", "African and African American Art History", "African History", "[[African American]] Culture", and "Intro to [[Africana studies|Africana Studies]]".<ref>{{cite news| first1=Shawn |last1= Chitnis |first2= Taylor |last2= Viydo |first3= Lindsay |last3= Nadrich| title =EWU comments on teacher & NAACP leader outed as 'white'| publisher =[[KREM (TV)|KREM]]| date =June 12, 2015| url =http://www.krem.com/longform/news/local/spokane-county/2015/06/10/detectives-question-naacp-hate-mail-processing/71043278/| access-date = June 12, 2015}}</ref> A statement by university officials on June 15, 2015, indicated that Dolezal was "no longer an employee of Eastern Washington University". Despite not being a professor, she used the title "professor" on several websites.<ref name="kxly33594360" /><ref name="washingtontimes-rachel-dolezal-dismissed" />

Dolezal was a frequent contributor to ''[[The Inlander (newspaper)|The Inlander]]'', an [[alternative weekly]] newspaper in Spokane.<ref name="easterner">{{cite web|url=http://easterneronline.com/35006/eagle-life/a-life-to-be-heard/|title=The Easterner: A Life to be Heard|first= Shawntelle |last=Moncy|work=The Easterner|date=February 5, 2015}}</ref>

Dolezal released a memoir on her racial identity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/news/celebrities/2016/04/12/you-won-t-believe-why-rachel-dolezal-is-writing-a-book.html|title=You Won't Believe Why Rachel Dolezal Is Writing a Book|website=[[BET]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/2016/04/12/rachel-dolezal-book-today-show/|title=Rachel Dolezal announces new book on racial identity|date=April 12, 2016|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> titled ''[[In Full Color (memoir)|In Full Color: Finding My Place in a Black and White World]]'' in March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-dolezal-book-cover-20161031-story.html|title=What do you think of Rachel Dolezal's book cover?|first=Michael|last=Schaub|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref><ref name=grovel/>

===Other work===
Dolezal later worked as a [[hair stylist]], specialising in [[weaves]] and [[braid]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oh|first=Inae|title=Rachel Dolezal Is Now a Weave-Specializing Hairstylist|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/07/rachel-dolezal-now-weave-specializing-hairstylist/|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Mother Jones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-21|title=Rachel Dolezal now works at hair salon, still says she's black|url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2015/07/rachel_dolezal_hair_salon_naacp_black.html|access-date=2021-09-26|website=syracuse}}</ref> She also creates and sells her own [[artwork]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frank|first=Priscilla|date=2015-06-15|title=Rachel Dolezal's Artwork Is Not Only Problematic, It Might Be Plagiarized|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rachel-dolezal-art_n_7586972|access-date=2021-09-26|website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She has stated that in the past she worked as a [[Itamae|sushi chef]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just Two Months Ago, Rachel Dolezal Did An Interview About Passing For Another Race|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nicolasmedinamora/heres-what-rachel-dolezal-said-about-passing-two-months-ago|access-date=2021-09-26|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Walters|first=Daniel|title=76 false or otherwise #problematic statements from Rachel Dolezal, and counting|url=https://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/archives/2015/06/19/75-false-or-otherwise-problematic-statements-from-rachel-dolezal-and-counting|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Inlander}}</ref> She has an [[OnlyFans]] account, where it is reported that she will begin posting content of herself engaging in activities such as [[Exercise|working out]], [[Squat (exercise)|doing squats]] and posting pictures of her feet. The account itself is notable as the OnlyFans website is normally associated with erotic material although there is no such content posted by Dolezal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Rachel Dolezal, the white woman who went viral for living as a Black woman, launched a 'tasteful' OnlyFans for workout content and 'foot pics'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rachel-dolezal-onlyfans-transracial-white-woman-black-2021-8|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Business Insider|date=August 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=Rachel Dolezal sets up OnlyFans page|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/only-fans-rachel-dolezal-content-b1906208.html|access-date=2021-09-26|website=The Independent}}</ref>

==Racial identity==
===General===
[[File:Rachel Dolezal at the MLK March in Spokane 2015.jpg|thumb|Dolezal (third from right, holding the sign) before the Spokane NAACP march on Martin Luther King Day in January 2015.]]
Dolezal is a person of Northern and Central European ancestry; genealogical researches of her ancestry have found no non-European ancestry.<ref name="NYPost2015">{{cite news| url=https://nypost.com/2015/06/12/naacp-leader-has-pretended-to-be-black-for-years-family/|title=NAACP leader has pretended to be black for years: family|work=New York Post | first=Laura|last=Italiano|date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> She identifies as black.

According to her brother Ezra, Dolezal began changing her appearance as early as 2009, when she began using hair products that she had seen Ezra's biological sister use. She began darkening her skin and perming her hair sometime around 2011. When Ezra moved in with Rachel in 2012, she told him that Spokane-area residents knew her as black and said, "Don't blow my cover."<ref name=Nashrulla>{{cite news|last1=Nashrulla|first1=Tasneem|title=Rachel Dolezal's Brother Says She Warned: "Don't Blow My Cover"|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/tasneemnashrulla/rachel-dolezals-brother-says-she-warned-dont-blow-my-cover#.ogrRQaZYy|access-date=June 18, 2015|publisher=[[Buzzfeed News]]|date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>

Dolezal has claimed to be a victim of race-related harassment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/how-rachel-dolezals-cover-as-a-black-woman-was-blown/|title=Inside Story: How Rachel Dolezal's Cover as a Black Woman Was Blown|website=PEOPLE.com}}</ref> Dolezal stated on September 29, 2009, to [[KXLY-TV|KXLY]] that a noose had been left on her porch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kxly.com/news/Human-Rights-Advocate-Finds-Noose-On-Porch/719734|title=Human Rights Advocate Finds Noose On Porch|date=June 10, 2015|access-date=June 12, 2015|publisher=[[KXLY-TV|KXLY]]|quote=A local human rights advocate says she's become a target of racism after she recently woke up to find a noose on her front porch.}}</ref><ref name="kxly33512308">{{cite news|url=http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/questions-raised-about-naacp-hate-mail-report/33512308|title=Questions raised about NAACP hate mail report|last=Humphrey|first=Jeff|date=June 10, 2015|publisher=[[KXLY-TV|KXLY]]}}</ref> In July 2010, Dolezal resigned from Human Rights Education Institute in Kootenai County and stated to [[KREM (TV)|KREM 2 News]] that "she had been the target of discrimination".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.11alive.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/06/11/spokane-naacp-president-questions/71101474/|title='Black' NAACP leader outed as white woman|date=June 11, 2015|work=11Alive|publisher=KREM|location=Spokane}}</ref> Dolezal's biography on Eastern Washington University's website stated that while she was living in Idaho, "at least eight documented hate crimes targeted (Rachel) Dolezal and her children". Dolezal reportedly made several reports of harassment and other crimes to police in Idaho and Washington, including that she had received a hate mail package at her NAACP post office box and that a swastika was placed on the door of the Human Rights Education Institute, where she had previously worked.<ref name="CL">{{Cite news|url=http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2015/06/12/rachel-dolezal-jackson-naacp-belhaven/71129550/|title=Woman accused of lying about race has Miss. ties|last=Royals|first=Kate|work=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Regarding the hate mail package, detectives said the envelope that contained the alleged threats had no postage stamps, barcodes or any other indication of having been handled by the postal service.<ref name="kxly33512308" /> The postal inspector said, "The only way this letter could have ended up in this P.O. box would be if it was placed there by someone with a key to that box or a USPS employee."<ref name="kxly33512308" /> According to the ''Spokesman Review'', as of 2015, none of Dolezal's allegations had resulted in an arrest or in the filing of criminal charges.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/an-naacp-leader-in-washington-state-was-just-accused-of-pretending-to-be-black-2015-6|title=The NAACP stands behind one of its leaders accused of 'pretending' to be black|first=Bryan|last=Logan|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

Dolezal's uncle, Dan Dolezal, has stated that his niece first claimed that a black friend named Albert Wilkerson was her real father in 2012 or 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rachel-dolezal-older-brother-accused-child-molestation-article-1.2257560| title= Rachel Dolezal supporting victim who accused her brother of child molestation, suggests parents outed her as white in retaliation | first1= Nancy |last1=Dillon |first2=Larry |last2=McShane| work= New York Daily News| date= June 14, 2015| access-date= June 15, 2015}}</ref> In another 2015 interview, Dolezal made reference to her "stepfather".<ref name="easterneronline" /> Dolezal's mother has said she has never met Albert Wilkerson and that Dolezal does not have a stepfather.<ref name=Selle2015/> Following the public controversy surrounding her identity, Dolezal later acknowledged that she had met Wilkerson while living in Idaho and that she considered him her "dad".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-naacp-leader-who-was-recently-outed-as-white-says-she-identifies-as-black-2015-6|title=The NAACP leader who was recently outed as white says she identifies as black|first=Pamela|last=Engel|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

In her 2014 application for the position of chair of the Office of the Police Ombudsman Commission in Spokane, Dolezal identified herself as having several ethnicities, including black.<ref name="guardian"/><ref name=KinseyClarke/><ref name="sbs-rachel-dolezal-resigns"/> She has said that she is of "African American, Native American, German, Czech, Swedish, Jewish and Arabic" heritage.<ref>{{cite news| author =Allahpundit| title =Reporter to Rachel Dolezal: Is this African-American man really your father?| newspaper =[[Hot Air]]| date =June 12, 2015| url =http://hotair.com/archives/2015/06/12/reporter-to-rachel-dolezal-is-this-african-american-man-really-your-father/| access-date = June 12, 2015| author-link =Allahpundit}}</ref> In an article she wrote for ''The Inlander'' in March 2015, Dolezal included herself when discussing black women through use of the "we" and "our" pronouns.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dolezal|first1=Rachel|title=A Woman's Worth| url= http://www.inlander.com/spokane/a-womans-worth/Content?oid=2425703|access-date=June 13, 2015|work=[[The Inlander (newspaper)|The Inlander]]|date=March 11, 2015|quote=Black women stand at the intersection of both oppressions, and when our lives are measured, the weight of our legacy will attest that we are of equal value to black men, white men, white women and every other person on the planet.}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Dolezal's self-identification as black became the subject of public controversy in June 2015.<ref name="Moyer-13-6-2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/06/12/spokane-naacp-president-rachel-dolezal-may-be-white/ |title='Are you an African American?' Why an NAACP official isn't saying. |last=Moyer |first=Justin |date=June 12, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nyt-6-12-25/>

In a June 10, 2015, interview<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/rachel-dolezal-shell-address-race-questions-naacp-meeting/story?id=31748595 |title=Rachel Dolezal Postpones Monday NAACP Meeting Where She Planned to Address Race Questions |last1=Schabner |first1=Dean |last2=Shapiro |first2=Emily |date=June 14, 2015 |website=ABC News}}</ref> about various alleged hate crimes that Dolezal had reported,<ref name="Shapiro_6/12/2015">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/rachel-dolezal-asked-fathers-race-interview-abcs-spokane/story?id=31727573 |title=Rachel Dolezal Is Asked About Father's Race in Interview with ABC's Spokane Affiliate |last=Shapiro |first=Emily |date=June 12, 2015 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kxly.com/news/local-news/spokane/did-naacp-president-lie-about-her-race-city-investigates_20161121042949505/176695501 |title=Did NAACP president lie about her race? City investigates |first=Jeff |last=Humphrey |date=June 12, 2015 |website=KXLY}}</ref> [[KXLY-TV]] reporter Jeff Humphrey asked Dolezal about a Facebook post in which Dolezal identified Albert Wilkerson as her dad.<ref name="Moyer-13-6-2015" /><ref name=nyt-6-12-25>{{cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |title=Black or White? Woman's Story Stirs Up a Furor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/13/us/rachel-dolezal-naacp-president-accused-of-lying-about-her-race.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2015}}</ref> The following is a partial transcript of the exchange:

{{blockquote|KXLY: Is that your dad?

Dolezal: "Yeah, that's my dad."

KXLY: This man right here is your father? Right there?

Dolezal: "You have a question about that?"

KXLY: Yes, ma'am. I was wondering if your dad really is an African-American man?

Dolezal: "That's a very, I mean, I don’t I don't know what you're implying."

KXLY: Are you African-American?

Dolezal: "I don't, I don't understand the question of—I did tell you that, yes, that's my dad. And he was unable to come in January."

KXLY: Are your parents, are they white?

Dolezal: "I refuse." ''Dolezal walks away and turns off her mic.''<ref name="Shapiro_6/12/2015"/>}}

On June 11, Jeff Selle and Maureen Dolan of the ''Coeur d'Alene Press'' published an article entitled "Black Like Me?" The article reported that Dolezal had "made claims in the media and elsewhere about her ethnicity, race and background that are contradicted by her biological parents", and went on to outline Dolezal's past hate crimes allegations, allegations of being abused with a baboon whip by her parents, misrepresentations about her race, and misrepresentations about the identity of her father. The article further stated that Dolezal, in a recent interview, "maintained that she is African-American. 'They can DNA test me if they want to,' she said. 'I would caution you on all of this. This is ridiculous.{{'"}} Ruthanne Dolezal was quoted in the article, stating that her daughter's allegation of being abused with a baboon whip was "a very false and malicious lie" and adding that it was "disturbing that she has become so dishonest".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdapress.com/archive/article-385adfeb-76f3-5050-98b4-d4bf021c423f.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119063738/http://www.cdapress.com/archive/article-385adfeb-76f3-5050-98b4-d4bf021c423f.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2017|title=Black like me?|last1=June 11|first2=Jeff|last2=Selle|date=June 11, 2015|website=www.cdapress.com}}</ref>

''People'' later reported on the circumstances leading up to the publication of "Black Like Me?" According to ''People'', Selle had learned of Dolezal's allegation that a package containing racist threats against her was delivered to the post office box of the Spokane, Washington, NAACP. Selle recalled that Dolezal had made similar allegations when she was living in Coeur d'Alene, and that the allegations were not substantiated. Sensing a potential story, Selle discovered that Dolezal had identified Wilkerson as her father; when contacted, Wilkerson contradicted this assertion. Dolan then discovered a photo of Dolezal's actual parents on the internet, and Selle made contact with them. Larry and Ruthanne Dolezal gave Selle pictures of "their naturally blond, fair-skinned daughter" and a copy of her birth certificate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/article/rachel-dolezal-black-woman-cover-blown-hate-crimes |title=Inside Story: How Rachel Dolezal's Cover as a Black Woman Was Blown |last=Herbst |first=Diane |date=June 20, 2015 |website=People}}</ref>

The controversy surrounding Dolezal's ancestry and identity became national news.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/13/us/rachel-dolezal-naacp-president-accused-of-lying-about-her-race.html |title=NAACP Leader Rachel Dolezal Posed as Black, Parents Say |work=The New York Times |date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=June 12, 2015 |last=Victor| first=Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/what-rachel-dolezal-left-behind/449316/ |title=What Rachel Dolezal Left Behind |first=Sarah |last=Mimms |date=July 6, 2015 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/former-naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-gets-new-african-name|title=Former NAACP leader Rachel Dolezal gets new African name|date=March 2, 2017|website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=newsweek>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsweek.com/family-accuses-naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-falsely-portraying-herself-black-342511 | title=Family Accuses NAACP Leader Rachel Dolezal of Falsely Portraying Herself as Black | work=Newsweek | date=June 12, 2015 | access-date=June 12, 2015 | last=Mosendz |first=Polly}}</ref>

====Reactions to the controversy====
After the controversy regarding Dolezal's racial identity became public, the NAACP released a statement in support of her leadership.<ref name="auto5"/> However, a petition calling for her to resign her position as President of the Spokane chapter of the NAACP was launched.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/jun/14/spokane-officials-investigating-rachel-dolezals/ |title=Spokane officials investigating Rachel Dolezal's behavior on ombudsman panel |last=Culver |first=Nina |date=June 14, 2015 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> Dolezal stepped down from her position at the NAACP on June 15, 2015.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>

An investigation into Dolezal's behavior as chair of the Office of the Police Ombudsman Commission in Spokane concluded that she had engaged in "a pattern of misconduct".<ref name="theguardian-commission"/> On June 18, 2015, the Spokane City Council voted unanimously to remove Dolezal from her position as chair.<ref name="kxly-city-council-removes-dolezal-from-spokane-police-ombudsman-commission"/><ref name="auto4"/>

On June 15, 2015, ''The Inlander'' (a publication to which Dolezal had contributed) announced that it had cut ties with Dolezal, saying that they felt "manipulated and deceived".<ref name="kxly33594360">{{cite web|url=http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/dolezal-out-at-ewu-inlander/33594360|title=Dolezal out at EWU, Inlander|work=KXLY|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617211600/http://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-news/dolezal-out-at-ewu-inlander/33594360|archive-date=June 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="washingtontimes-rachel-dolezal-dismissed">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/15/rachel-dolezal-dismissed-local-university-weekly-p/|title=Rachel Dolezal dismissed from local university, weekly paper|work=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref>

The revelations about Dolezal's ancestry and her other claims provoked a range of reactions. Dolezal's critics argued that she committed cultural appropriation<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/rachel-dolezal-white-woman-black-racial-fluidity-accepted-transracial-naacp-a7653131.html|title=Rachel Dolezal calls for 'racial fluidity' to be accepted|date=March 27, 2017|website=The Independent}}</ref> and fraud.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-banks-rachel-race-20150616-column.html|title=Getting a clearer view of a white woman's black deception|first=Sandy|last=Banks|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> However, others said that Dolezal's asserted identity should be respected.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3921404/rachel-dolezal-naacp-race-kareem-abdul-jabbar/|title=Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Let Rachel Dolezal Be as Black as She Wants To Be|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/90860-5-surprising-rachel-dolezal-supporters-who-have-stood-by-the-activist-despite-the-public-backlash|title=5 Surprising Rachel Dolezal Supporters|first=Melanie|last=Schmitz|website=Bustle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/rachel-dolezal-defended-by-black-scholar-let-her-be-a-black-woman-its-not-going-to-hurt-anybody/|title=Rachel Dolezal Defended by Black Scholar: 'Let Her Be a Black Woman, It's Not Going to Hurt Anybody'|date=June 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-dolezal-defense-20170603-story.html|title=Why can't Rachel Dolezal transcend race?|first=Barrie|last=Friedland|website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> Angela Schwendiman, a colleague of Dolezal's at Eastern Washington University, expressed her belief that Dolezal perceived herself as black internally, and that "she was only trying to match how she felt on the inside with her outside".<ref>{{cite news |first1=Elisha |last1=Fieldstadt |first2=Giselle |last2=Lamarre |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/embattled-naacp-president-rachel-dolezal-will-address-race-controversy-monday-n374986 |title=NAACP Chapter President Rachel Dolezal Plans to Address Race Controversy Monday |publisher=NBC News |date=June 13, 2015}}</ref> Similarly Cedric Bradley, a colleague of hers at Spokane's NAACP, suggested it mattered little to him whether Dolezal was actually black or not. What did matter to him was her proven track record in social justice work. "It's not about black and white", Bradley stated, "it's about what we can do for the community".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/archives/2015/06/11/media-firestorm-swirls-around-rachel-dolezal-the-local-naacp-president |title=Media firestorm swirls around Rachel Dolezal, the local NAACP president |last1=Walters |first1=Daniel |last2=Thomas |first2=Jake |date=June 11, 2015 |website=Inlander |access-date=May 29, 2016 }}</ref>

In June 2015, psychologist [[Halford Fairchild]] said, "Rachel Dolezal is black because she identifies as black. Her identity was authentic, as far as I could tell."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/13/rachel-dolezal-african-american-naacp-spokane|title=Rachel Dolezal identifying as African American is highly unusual, experts say |first=Amanda |last=Holpuch |work=The Guardian |access-date=June 13, 2015}}</ref> Sociologist Ann Morning also defended Dolezal, saying: "We're getting more and more used to the idea that people's racial affiliation and identity and sense of belonging can change, or can vary, with different circumstances."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/06/12/nyu-professor-naacp-rachel-dolezal/|title=Some People Can Be Trans-Racial, Prof. Says Of NAACP Controversy « CBS New York|work=cbslocal.com|date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> ''[[Washington Post]]'' journalist [[Krissah Thompson]] described her behavior as "[[white guilt]] played to its end". Thompson discussed the issue with psychologist [[Derald Wing Sue]], an expert on racial identity, who suggested that Dolezal had become so fascinated by racism and racial justice issues that she "over-identified" with black people.<ref name="Krissah Thompson">{{cite news|last1=Thompson|first1=Krissah|date=14 June 2015|title=Rachel Dolezal: What the rights activist's story says about being white in modern America|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rachel-dolezal-what-the-rights-activists-story-says-about-being-white-in-modern-america-10318082.html|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

Gender studies scholar Samantha Allen said, "Rachel Dolezal seems determined to appropriate not just blackness but the rhetoric of transgender identity as well" and called the analogy "spurious".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/16/dolezal-s-damaging-transracial-game.html|title=Dolezal's Damaging 'Transracial' Game|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=June 16, 2015|last=Allen|first=Samantha}}</ref> ''Washington Post'' journalist [[Jonathan Capehart]] suggested, "[[blackface]] remains highly racist, no matter how down with the cause a white person is."<ref name=Capehart-13-6-2015>{{cite news|last1=Capehart|first1=Jonathan|title=The damage Rachel Dolezal has done|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2015/06/12/the-damage-rachel-dolezal-has-done/|access-date=June 13, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 12, 2015|quote=Blackface remains highly racist, no matter how down with the cause a white person is.}}</ref> Her adopted brother Ezra Dolezal also compared his sister's behavior to blackface and said "she's basically creating more racism".<ref name="Moyer-13-6-2015" />

In December 2017, Shawn Vestal of ''[[The Spokesman-Review]]'' called Dolezal "Spokane's undisputed heavyweight champion of racial appropriation".<ref name="spokesman17">{{cite web|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/dec/01/shawn-vestal-rachel-dolezal-remains-unabashedly-ra/|title=Shawn Vestal: Rachel Dolezal remains unabashedly Rachel Dolezal}}</ref>

The Dolezal case led to [[Hypatia transracialism controversy|a debate in scholarship]] as to whether [[Transracial (identity)|transracial identity]] can be compared to [[transgender]] identity.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Taylor |url=https://www.essence.com/news/rachel-dolezal-transracial-identity-opinions/ |title=Is 'Transracial' Identity Real? 11 Opinions That Will Leave You Thinking |work=Essence (magazine) |date=2020-10-27 |accessdate=2022-01-18 }}</ref>

==== Responses from Dolezal ====
Dolezal has asserted that her self-identification is genuine, even though it is not based on ancestry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachel Dolezal in Center of Storm, Is Defiant, 'I Identify as Black'|date=June 16, 2015|last1=Johnson|first1=Kirk|last2=Pérez-Peña|first2=Richard|last3=Eligon|first3=John|author-link2=Richard Pérez-Peña|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/us/rachel-dolezal-nbc-today-show.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Dolezal issued a statement on June 15, 2015, asserting that "challenging the construct of race is at the core of evolving human consciousness".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattle.cbslocal.com/2015/06/15/naacp-meeting-rachel-dolezal/|title=Rachel Dolezal Resigns As NAACP Leader Amid Controversy |publisher=CBS Seattle|website=Seattle.CBSlocal.com|date=June 15, 2015 }}</ref> The following day, Dolezal told ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today Show]]'' host [[Matt Lauer]] she was first described as "transracial" and "biracial" in articles about her human rights work, and chose not to correct them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/rachel-dolezal-breaks-her-silence-i-identify-black|title=Rachel Dolezal: Yes, I am black|date=June 16, 2015|first1=Benjamin |last1=Landy |first2= Joy Y. |last2=Wang|work=MSNBC}}</ref> In the same interview, she said the way she presented herself was "not some freak, ''[[The Birth of a Nation|Birth of a Nation]]'', mockery [[blackface]] performance".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.today.com/news/rachel-dolezal-speaks-today-show-matt-lauer-after-naacp-resignation-t26371 |title=Rachel Dolezal breaks her silence on TODAY: 'I identify as black' |last1=Kim |first1=Eun Kyung |date=June 16, 2015 |website=Today News |access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref> Dolezal later said that she has never claimed to be "transracial", a term associated mainly with [[transracial adoption]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/06/17/rachel-dolezal-draws-ire-of-transracial-adoptees/|title=Rachel Dolezal draws ire of transracial adoptees|first=Justin Wm. |last=Moyer|date=June 17, 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In a March 27, 2017, interview Dolezal said she identified as "trans-black".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rachel Dolezal Says She Identifies as Trans-Black|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/rachel-dolezal-says-she-identifies-as-trans-black-907981379504|access-date=2021-06-26|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref>

Dolezal alleged that the Spokane police chief had tired of dealing with her and had asked a private investigator to find out more information on her;<ref name=grovel>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/25/rachel-dolezal-not-going-stoop-apologise-grovel|title=Rachel Dolezal: 'I'm not going to stoop and apologise and grovel'|last=Aikenhead|first=Decca|work=The Guardian|date=2017-02-25}}</ref> while the private investigator in question (Ted Pulver) acknowledged having investigated Dolezal, both he and the attorney for the police chief denied that the police chief had hired Pulver.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/feb/25/investigator-who-learned-spokane-naacp-leader-rach/ |title=Investigator who learned Spokane NAACP leader Rachel Dolezal was white says police Chief Frank Straub didn't hire him |last=Hill |first=Kip |date=Feb 25, 2017 |work=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref>

In subsequent interviews, Dolezal stated that she considered herself to be black.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news| title =Family says Spokane NAACP head falsely portrays herself as black| quote =Civil rights leader Rachel Dolezal responds to claims she has misrepresented herself as African-American: "Yes, I do consider myself to be black."| newspaper =[[Chicago Tribune]]| date =June 12, 2015| url =http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-spokane-naacp-president-race-20150611-story.html| access-date = June 12, 2015}}</ref> In a November 2, 2015, interview on ''[[The Real (TV series)|The Real]]'', Dolezal publicly acknowledged for the first time since the controversy began that she was "biologically born white to white parents", but maintained that she identified as black.<ref name="Time born white">{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4096959/rachel-dolezal-white/|last1=Frizell|first1=Sam|title=Rachel Dolezal: I Was Born White|access-date=November 2, 2015|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="People born white">{{cite web|last1=Mercedes Lara|first1=Maria|title=Rachel Dolezal Admits She Was 'Biologically Born White' but Maintains That She Identifies as Black|url=http://www.people.com/article/rachel-dolezal-admits-white-the-real-show-video|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=November 2, 2015|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Today born white">{{cite news|last1=Serico|first1=Chris|title=Former NAACP leader Rachel Dolezal: 'I was biologically born white'|url=http://www.today.com/news/former-naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-i-was-biologically-born-white-t53636|access-date=November 2, 2015|publisher=Today.com|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref>

In a February 2017 interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Dolezal reasoned that race is more fluid than gender because race is an entirely social construct. She stated, "I feel that I was born with the essential essence of who I am, whether it matches my anatomy and complexion or not ... I've never questioned being a girl or woman, for example, but whiteness has always felt foreign to me, for as long as I can remember." She added, "I didn't choose to feel this way or be this way, I just am. What other choice is there than to be exactly who we are?" Critics took issue with Dolezal's logic.<ref name=grovel/> ''The Guardian'' columnist Claire Hynes wrote, "Dolezal is correct to argue that race is largely a social construct rather than a science", but "what defines people of colour is a limited ability to control how we are viewed, and a lack of freedom to 'write our own stories'."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-27|title=Rachel Dolezal's pick-your-race policy works brilliantly – as long as you're white {{!}} Claire Hynes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/27/rachel-dolezal-race-white|access-date=2020-11-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In June 2015, [[Maya Rudolph]] did an impression of Dolezal on ''[[Late Night with Seth Meyers]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/23/maya-rudolph-rachel-dolezal-impression_n_7645094.html |title = Maya Rudolph Does the Rachel Dolezal Impression You've Been Waiting for|website = [[HuffPost]]|date = June 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3931829/rachel-dolezal-maya-rudolph-impression/|title=Watch Maya Rudolph's Hilarious Rachel Dolezal Impression|magazine=Time}}</ref> In 2016, [[Deborah Theaker]] played a parody of Dolezal on ''[[Lady Dynamite]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.avclub.com/lady-dynamite-solves-racism-yay-1798188254|title=Lady Dynamite solves racism! Yay!|first=Emily L.|last=Stephens|website=TV Club}}</ref>

In 2018, a documentary entitled ''[[The Rachel Divide]]'' aired.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0115269/|title=Laura Brownson|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> The film was directed by Laura Brownson and distributed by [[Netflix]]. The documentary explored Dolezal's 2015 racial identity controversy, the circumstances surrounding it, and its aftermath. The documentary received mixed reviews. [[Vogue Magazine|''Vogue'']] gave the filmmaker credit for "balanced treatment of her deeply problematic subject matter".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rachel-dolezal-netflix-documentary-the-rachel-divide-laura-brownson|title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Rachel Dolezal?|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'' noted the film's portrait of family dynamics. "Eventually, Brownson locates the real story: a primitive power game between mother and child, one that forecasts calamity. And it is in this mode that ''The Rachel Divide'' becomes a disturbing and enthralling drama of the American family, the pain of its truths and its fictions."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-rachel-divide-review-a-disturbing-portrait-of-dolezals-racial-fraudulence|title="The Rachel Divide" Review: A Disturbing Portrait of Dolezal's Racial Fraudulence|last=St. Félix|first=Doreen |date=2018-04-26|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref>

A character based on Rachel was also portrayed in a fictional Broadway show in the series finale of ''[[Younger (TV series)|Younger]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fremont|first=Maggie|date=2021-06-10|title=Younger Series-Finale Recap: Everything New Is Old Again|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/younger-series-finale-recap-season-7-episode-12-older.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref>

==Personal life==

According to a February 2015 article in ''[[The Easterner]]'', Dolezal said she had suffered from [[cervical cancer]] in 2006, but had recovered by 2008.<ref name="easterner"/> Dolezal's brother, Ezra Dolezal, has stated that he does not believe this to be true.<ref name=Nashrulla/>

In 2015, Dolezal stated that she is [[bisexual]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spokanefavs.com/an-interview-with-rachel-dolezal-the-new-spokane-naacp-president/|title=An interview with Rachel Dolezal, the new Spokane NAACP president|first=Kelly Rae |last=Mathews|work=SpokaneFAVS |date=December 6, 2015 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> She has also stated that she has been diagnosed with [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2017/03/23/rachel-dolezal-explores-her-blackness-in-bizarre-memoir/|title=The story of Rachel Dolezal gets even more bizarre|first=Gabrielle|last=Fonrouge|date=March 23, 2017}}</ref>

In October 2016, Dolezal legally changed her name to a Nigerian phrase that means "gift of God".<ref name="kfor.com">{{cite news|title=Former Washington NAACP leader Rachel Dolezal gets new name|url=http://kfor.com/2017/03/02/former-washington-naacp-leader-rachel-dolezal-gets-new-name/|access-date=5 March 2017|agency=Associated Press|date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Oluo, Ijeoma">{{cite web|title=The Heart of Whiteness: Ijeoma Oluo Interviews Rachel Dolezal, the White Woman Who Identifies as Black|author-link=Ijeoma Oluo|author=Oluo, Ijeoma|url=http://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/04/19/25082450/the-heart-of-whiteness-ijeoma-oluo-interviews-rachel-dolezal-the-white-woman-who-identifies-as-black|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]|date=April 19, 2017}}</ref> She later clarified that she still intends to use the name Rachel Dolezal "as her public persona", but that she changed her name to have a better chance of landing work.<ref>{{cite news|author=Geranios, Nicholas K. |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rachel-dolezal-racial-identity-african-american-black-white-struggle-financially-naacp-memoir-a7648376.html |title=Rachel Dolezal struggling to make ends meet after racial identity scandal |work=[[The Independent]] |date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017}}</ref>

===Welfare fraud===
In February 2017, Dolezal was receiving [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]]. She said that she was on the brink of homelessness and unable to find employment.<ref name=grovel/>

In May 2018, Dolezal was charged with second-degree perjury and felony [[theft]] by [[welfare fraud]] by the [[Washington State Department of Social and Health Services]].<ref name="khq1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.khq.com/story/38272892/first-on-khq-former-spokane-naacp-president-rachel-dolezal-facing-felony-theft-charges-for-welfare-fraud |title=Former Spokane NAACP president Rachel Dolezal facing felony theft charges for welfare fraud |last=Maxwell |first=Peter |date=Jun 12, 2018 |publisher=[[KHQ-TV]] |access-date=2018-07-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sacbee1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sacbee.com/news/business/article211878159.html |title=Rachel Dolezal charged with welfare fraud |date=May 24, 2018 |work=[[The Sacramento Bee]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525134119/http://www.sacbee.com/news/business/article211878159.html |archive-date=2018-05-25 |agency=[[The Associated Press]]}}</ref> The charges were filed after it was revealed that she had received $8,847 in food and childcare assistance between August 2015 and December 2017. During that time period, she had been receiving tens of thousands of dollars in unreported income, but had told the state that her income was less than $500 per month. State investigators discovered that, after her book was published, approximately $83,924 had been deposited into her bank account in monthly installments between August 2015 and September 2017. According to the Spokane County prosecutor's office, Dolezal could have received a sentence of up to 15 years in prison if she was found guilty.<ref name="USATodayfraud">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/05/25/rachel-dolezal-who-posed-black-woman-accused-welfare-fraud/643773002/ |title=Rachel Dolezal, former NAACP leader who posed as a black woman, accused of welfare fraud |last=May |first=Ashley |date=2018-05-25 |website=usatoday.com |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref><ref name="salon fraud">{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2018/05/25/rachel-dolezal-faces-up-to-15-years-in-prison-if-convicted-of-felony-charges-for-welfare-fraud/ |title=Rachel Dolezal faces up to 15 years in prison if convicted of felony charges for welfare fraud Dolezal, who changed her name to Nkechi Diallo, is accused of being overpaid a total of $8,847 from social services |last=Leah |first=Rachel |date=2018-05-25 |access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> She entered into a diversion agreement on March 25, 2019, agreeing to repay her assistance benefits and complete 120 hours of community service to avoid a trial.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rachel Dolezal agrees to pay back $8,847, complete community service to avoid trial on welfare fraud charges | website=Spokesman.com | date=April 4, 2019 | url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/apr/04/rachel-dolezal-pays-back-8847-agrees-to-community-/ | access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Racial brownface]], [[Yellowface]], [[Redface]], [[Plastic Paddy]], and [[Whiteface (performance)|Whiteface]]
* [[Racial misrepresentation]]
* [[Cultural appropriation]]
*''[[Wigger]]''
* [[List of impostors]]
* [[Andrea Smith (academic)]]
* [[Iron Eyes Cody]]
* [[Grey Owl]]
* [[Asa Earl Carter]]
* [[Margaret Seltzer]]
* [[Martina Big]]
* [[Nasdijj]]
* [[Hypatia transracialism controversy]]
* [[Jessica Krug]]
* [[Oli London]]
* [[H. G. Carrillo]]
* [[Hilaria Baldwin]]
* [[Joseph Boyden]]
* [[Misha Defonseca]]
* [[Jamake Highwater]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=pron}}
{{Reflist|group=fn}}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q20085770|c=Category:Rachel Dolezal|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no|q=no}}
*{{official website}}
* [http://racheldolezal.blogspot.com/ Dolezal's art blog]

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|LGBT|United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolezal, Rachel}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Czech descent]]
[[Category:American people of Swedish descent]]
[[Category:American women activists]]
[[Category:Artists from Spokane, Washington]]
[[Category:Belhaven University alumni]]
[[Category:Bisexual artists]]
[[Category:Bisexual feminists]]
[[Category:Bisexual women]]
[[Category:Feminist artists]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:Impostors]]
[[Category:2015 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT artists from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Idaho]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Montana]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:NAACP activists]]
[[Category:People from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho]]
[[Category:People from Lincoln County, Montana]]
[[Category:People involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Multiracial affairs in the United States]]
[[Category:American women memoirists]]
[[Category:Transracial people]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:OnlyFans creators]]

List of NFL quarterback playoff records

2022-02-02T11:44:36Z

194.103.240.26: /* Champion starters */ brady not active anymore

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{NFL lists}}
''For playoff quarterback touchdown record see [[List of National Football League playoffs career passing touchdowns leaders]].''

The first official [[National Football League]] (NFL) playoff game was the [[1933 NFL Championship Game]] between the [[Chicago Bears]] and [[New York Giants]]. A "playoff" game was played in 1932 between the Chicago Bears and [[Portsmouth Spartans]] to break a regular season tie, but is recorded in the team record books as a regular season game.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/chi/1932.htm | title=1932 Chicago Bears | publisher=Pro football reference.com | access-date=November 13, 2013}}</ref> Since then there have been a total over 525 NFL playoff games including games from the [[American Football League|AFL]], but not the [[All-America Football Conference|AAFC]]. The following list shows career postseason records for each starting [[quarterback]] in the NFL playoffs.

Wins or losses are credited to the quarterback who started the game for each team, even if he was injured or failed to complete the game.

'''Note''': from 1933 to 1949 some offenses did not employ a quarterback in the modern sense of the position. Listed below are the "primary passers" for those games, the players that passed the ball most in those games. They may not have actually started the game at quarterback. This format allows [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] quarterbacks like [[Sid Luckman]] and [[Sammy Baugh]] to maintain credit for their team's playoff records since they were obviously the top passer for their team. The players involved in such games are marked with an asterisk (*).

==Champion starters==

The following 55 quarterbacks have led their team to an NFL or [[American Football League]] (AFL) title. Super Bowls '''before''' the 1970 [[AFL–NFL merger]] are not included in total championship count.

{{0}}'''†''' is a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" |'''Bold''' denotes an active player || style="background:#DDFFDD" | {{0}}^{{0}} Won with 2 teams
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="auto"
|-
!Rank
!Quarterback
!Team
!NFL Championships
!Super Bowls
!Total Champ{{shy}}ionships
|- style="text-align:center"
|rowspan=2|1
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | {{sortname|Tom|Brady}} ^
|data-sort-value="Patriots P" style="background:#DDFFDD" | Patriots || data-sort-value="2001" |
|2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018
|rowspan=2|7
|- style="text-align:center"
|data-sort-value="Buccaneers B" style="background:#DDFFDD" | Buccaneers || data-sort-value="2020" |
| 2020
|- style="text-align:center"
| 2
| style="text-align:left" |{{sortname|Bart|Starr}}{{0}}†
| data-sort-value="Packers C" | Packers
| data-sort-value="1961" |1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967
| data-sort-value="1966" | 1966, 1967
|5
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3" | 3
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Sid|Luckman}}*{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Bears B " | Bears
|data-sort-value="1940" | 1940, 1941, 1943, 1946 ||data-sort-value="1940" |
|rowspan="3" |4
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Terry|Bradshaw}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Steelers A" | Steelers ||data-sort-value="1974" |
|data-sort-value="1974" | 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Montana}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="49ers A" | 49ers ||data-sort-value="1981" |
|data-sort-value="1981" | 1981, 1984, 1988, 1989
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4" | 6
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Otto|Graham}} 1{{0}}†{{0}}
|data-sort-value="Browns A " | Browns
|data-sort-value="1950" | 1950, 1954, 1955 ||data-sort-value="1950" |
| rowspan="4" | 3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Johnny|Unitas}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Colts A" | Colts
|data-sort-value="1958" | 1958, 1959
|1970
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Len|Dawson}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Chiefs A" | Dallas Texans Chiefs
|data-sort-value="1969.1962 " | AFL 1962, 1966, 1969
|1969
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Troy|Aikman}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Cowboys B" | Cowboys ||data-sort-value="1992" |
|data-sort-value="1992" | 1992, 1993, 1995
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="18" |10
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Ed|Danowski}}*
| data-sort-value="Giants A " | Giants
| data-sort-value="1934" | 1934, 1938 ||data-sort-value="1934" |
| rowspan="18" |2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Arnie|Herber}} *{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Packers A" | Packers
|data-sort-value="1936" | 1936, 1939 ||data-sort-value="1936" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Sammy|Baugh}} *{{0}}†
|data-sort-value=" Redskins A" | Redskins
|data-sort-value="1937" | 1937, 1942 ||data-sort-value="1937" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bob|Waterfield}}*{{0}}†
|data-sort-value=" Rams A" | Rams
|data-sort-value="1945" | 1945, 1951 ||data-sort-value="1945" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tommy|Thompson|Tommy Thompson (quarterback)}}*
|data-sort-value="Eagles A" | Eagles
|data-sort-value="1948" | 1948, 1949 ||data-sort-value="1948" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bobby|Layne}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Lions B" | Lions
|data-sort-value="1952" | 1952, 1953 ||data-sort-value="1952" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#DDFFDD" | {{sortname|Tobin|Rote}} ^
|data-sort-value="Lions C" style="background:#DDFFDD" | Lions
| 1957 ||data-sort-value="1957" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="background:#DDFFDD" | Chargers
|data-sort-value="1969.1963" | AFL 1963 ||data-sort-value="1963" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|George|Blanda}}{{0}}†
|Oilers
|data-sort-value="1969.1960" | AFL 1960, 1961 ||data-sort-value="1960" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jack|Kemp}}
| Bills
|data-sort-value="1969.1964 " | AFL 1964, 1965 ||data-sort-value="1964" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Roger|Staubach}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Cowboys A" | Cowboys ||data-sort-value="1971" |
|data-sort-value="1971" | 1971, 1977
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bob|Griese}}{{0}}†
| Dolphins ||data-sort-value="1972" |
|data-sort-value="1972" | 1972, 1973
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|Plunkett}}
|data-sort-value="Raiders C" | Raiders ||data-sort-value="1980" |
|data-sort-value="1980" | 1980, 1983
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|John|Elway}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Broncos A " | Broncos ||data-sort-value="1997" |
|data-sort-value="1997" | 1997, 1998
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |{{sortname|Ben|Roethlisberger}}
|data-sort-value="Steelers B" | Steelers ||data-sort-value="2005" |
|data-sort-value="2005" | 2005, 2008
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#DDFFDD" rowspan="2" | {{sortname|Peyton|Manning}} ^{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Colts C" style="background:#DDFFDD" | Colts || data-sort-value="2006" |
|2006
|- style="text-align:center"
|data-sort-value="Broncos B" style="background:#DDFFDD" | Broncos || data-sort-value="2015" |
| 2015
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Eli|Manning}}
|data-sort-value="Giants E" | Giants ||data-sort-value="2007" |
|data-sort-value="2007" | 2007, 2011
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="30" |26
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Carl|Brumbaugh}}*
|data-sort-value="Bears A " | Bears
|1933 ||data-sort-value="1933" |
|rowspan="30" |1
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Glenn|Presnell}}*
|data-sort-value="Lions A" | Lions
|1935 ||data-sort-value="1935" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Irv|Comp}} *
|data-sort-value="Packers B" | Packers
|1944 ||data-sort-value="1944" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Paul|Christman}} *
|Cardinals
|1947 ||data-sort-value="1947" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Don|Heinrich}}
|data-sort-value="Giants B " | Giants
|1956 ||data-sort-value="1956" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Norm|Van Brocklin}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Eagles B" |Eagles
| 1960 ||data-sort-value="1960" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bill|Wade}}
|data-sort-value="Bears C " | Bears
|1963 ||data-sort-value="1963" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Frank|Ryan|Frank Ryan (American football)}}
|data-sort-value=" Browns B" | Browns
|1964 ||data-sort-value="1964" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Daryle|Lamonica}}
|data-sort-value=" Raiders A" | Raiders ||data-sort-value=" 1969.1967 " | AFL 1967
|data-sort-value=" 1967 " |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Earl|Morrall}}
|data-sort-value="Colts B" | Colts
| 1968 ||data-sort-value="1968" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Namath}}{{0}}†
| data-sort-value="Jets" | Jets
| data-sort-value="1969.1968 " |AFL 1968 || data-sort-value="1968" |1968
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Kapp}}
|Vikings
|1969 ||data-sort-value="1969" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Ken|Stabler}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value=" Raiders B" | Raiders ||data-sort-value="1976" |
| 1976
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Theismann}}
|data-sort-value=" Redskins B" | Redskins || data-sort-value="1982" |
|1982
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|McMahon}}
|data-sort-value="Bears D " | Bears ||data-sort-value="1985" |
| 1985
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Phil|Simms}}
|data-sort-value="Giants C " | Giants ||data-sort-value="1986" |
|1986
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Doug|Williams|Doug Williams (quarterback)}}
|data-sort-value=" Redskins C" | Redskins ||data-sort-value="1987" |
| 1987
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jeff|Hostetler}}
|data-sort-value="Giants D " | Giants ||data-sort-value="1990" |
| 1990
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Mark|Rypien}}
|data-sort-value=" Redskins D" | Redskins ||data-sort-value="1991" |
|1991
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|Young}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="49ers B" | 49ers ||data-sort-value="1994" |
|1994
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Brett|Favre}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value="Packers D" | Packers || data-sort-value="1996" |
| 1996
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Kurt|Warner}}{{0}}†
|data-sort-value=" Rams B" | Rams ||data-sort-value="1999" |
| 1999
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Trent|Dilfer}}
|data-sort-value=" Ravens A" | Ravens ||data-sort-value="2000" |
| 2000
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Brad|Johnson|Brad Johnson (American football)}}
| Buccaneers ||data-sort-value="2002" |
| 2002
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; |{{sortname|Drew|Brees}}
| Saints ||data-sort-value="2009" |
| 2009
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Aaron|Rodgers}}'''
|data-sort-value="Packers E" | Packers ||data-sort-value="2010" |
|2010
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Joe|Flacco}}'''
|data-sort-value="Ravens B" | Ravens ||data-sort-value="2012" |
|2012
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" data-sort-value="Wilson, Russell" | '''[[Russell Wilson]]'''
|Seahawks || data-sort-value="2013" |
|2013
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" data-sort-value="Foles, Nick" | '''[[Nick Foles]]'''
|data-sort-value="Eagles C" | Eagles || data-sort-value="2017" |
|2017
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" data-sort-value="Mahomes" | '''[[Patrick Mahomes]]'''
|data-sort-value="Chiefs B" | Chiefs|| data-sort-value="2019" |
|2019
|}

 1 Graham also won four AAFC championships with the Cleveland Browns prior to the NFL/AAFC merger.

==Winning starters==
[[File:Tom Brady 2011.JPG|thumb|right|225px|[[Tom Brady]] holds the NFL records for most playoff wins by a quarterback, 35, and for most playoff games started.]]
[[File:Bart_starr_bw.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Bart Starr]], at 9–1, holds the NFL record for post-season winning percentage for a starting quarterbacks with more than two starts.]]
[[Tom Brady]] holds the NFL record for most playoff wins by a quarterback with 35, and the record for most playoff games started (46). Including [[Super Bowl]]s, which are played at [[Home advantage#Neutral venues|neutral sites]], [[Tom Brady]] holds the record for most post-season wins by a quarterback in non-[[Home (sports)#Venue|home]] games (14). [[Joe Flacco]] and Tom Brady are tied for the most [[Road (sports)|road]] post-season wins (7). For players with 5 or more playoff appearances, [[Bart Starr]] holds the record for the highest winning percentage, (.900) and is second for the record for most championships (5 NFL titles plus 2 Super Bowl wins vs. AFL teams) to Tom Brady, who has won 7 Super Bowls. Seven quarterbacks are undefeated in post-season play but all of them have just a single appearance as a starter except for [[Frank Reich]] who had two starts. [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] quarterback [[Y. A. Tittle]] shares the record with [[Andy Dalton]] for the highest number of playoff starts without ever winning a game (4). [[John Elway]] holds the record for the highest number of playoff wins before eventually winning his first Super Bowl (10). [[Donovan McNabb]] and [[Jim Kelly]] hold the record for the highest number of playoff wins (9) without winning the Super Bowl.

This table lists all quarterbacks who have won a playoff game in the NFL or the AFL. 
Sort chart by clicking on heading. Reload page to return to original form. 
'''Sorting 'Teams' in ascending order''' will list all champion quarterbacks for each team first and in the order they won the title game for their team.

{|class="wikitable" align center:;" width=50%
|- style="background:#A1CAF1"
|'''Bold''' denotes an active player ||
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"
|'''Won 1 [[List of NFL champions|NFL Championship]]''' * || '''1920–1969'''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
|'''Won 2 or more [[List of NFL champions|NFL Championships]]''' ¤ || '''1920–1969'''
|- style="background:#FBAED2"
|'''Won 1 [[American Football League#AFL Championship Games|AFL Championship]]''' ~||'''1960–1969'''
|- style="background:#F88379"
|'''Won 2 or more [[American Football League#AFL Championship Games|AFL Championships]]''' ‡ || '''1960–1969'''
|- style="background:#C5E17A"
|'''Won a [[List of Super Bowl champions|Super Bowl]] ^ ''' || '''1970–present'''
|- style="background:#FADA5E"
|'''Won 2 or more [[List of Super Bowl champions|Super Bowls]]''' **|| '''1970–present'''
|}

From 1960 to 1969, NFL and AFL Champs are listed. 
Super Bowls listed after NFL-AFL merger.

{{0}}'''†''' is a member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]

''Updated through the AFC/NFC Championship games, 2021-22 playoffs .''

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=95%
|+ style="vertical-align:bottom" | Quarterbacks Sorted by 1st – Most Wins{{0}}{{0}} 2nd – Fewest Losses{{0}}{{0}}
! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center:" height=65px;|Rank !!style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
!! style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" |{{0}}Wins{{0}}!!style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" | Losses!!style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" | Percent!! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center" | Teams !! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center" data-sort-type="number" |Championship Season(s) !! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center" class="unsortable" | Ref
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" |1
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | '''{{sortname|Tom|Brady}}'''
| rowspan="2" |35
| rowspan="2" |12
| rowspan="2" |{{winning percentage|35|12}}
|Pat 1<div style="background:#FADA5E">Patriots** (30–11)</div>
| style="vertical-align:top" | {{sort|2001|2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/game_query.cgi?qb=BradTo00&yr=post "Tom Brady Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|Buc 2<div style="background:#FADA5E">Buccaneers** (5–1)</div>
| 2020
|- style="text-align:center"
|2
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Montana}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|16|7}}
|49 1<div style="background:#FADA5E">49ers** (14–5)</div> Chiefs (2–2)
| style="vertical-align:top" | {{sort|1981|1981, 1984, 1988, 1989}}
|<ref>[http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/2004playoffsQB.html "Page2 – Who is the best in the big games?"], ESPN.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|3
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Terry|Bradshaw}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|14|5}}
|Steel 1<div style="background:#FADA5E">Steelers**</div>
|{{sort|1974|1974, 1975, 1978, 1979}}
|<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2007-06-20-no-23-bradshaw_N.htm "No. 23: Playoff success carried Bradshaw into Hall"], USA Today.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|4
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|John|Elway}}{{0}}†
|14
|7
|{{sort|.672|.667}} 
|Bronc 1<div style="background:#FADA5E">Broncos**</div>
|{{sort|1997|1997, 1998}}
|<ref>[http://www.denver-broncos-autographs.com/john-elway-bio.htm "John Elway Biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827224006/http://www.denver-broncos-autographs.com/john-elway-bio.htm |date=August 27, 2007 }}, Denver Broncos Autographs</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" |5
| style="text-align:left" rowspan=2 | {{sortname|Peyton|Manning}}{{0}}†
| rowspan="2" |14
| rowspan="2" |13
| rowspan="2" |{{winning percentage|14|13}}
|Colt 3<div style="background:#FADA5E">Colts^ (9–10)</div>
| 2006
| rowspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MannPe00_playoffs.htm "Peyton Manning Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|Bronc 2<div style="background:#FADA5E">Broncos^ (5–3)</div>
| 2015
|- style="text-align:center"
|6
| style="text-align:left;| {{sortname|Ben|Roethlisberger}}
|{{WinLossPct|13|10}}
|Steel 2<div style="background:#FADA5E">Steelers**</div>
|{{sort|2005|2005, 2008}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoetBe00.htm "Ben Roethlisberger career statistics"], Pro-football-reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|7
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Brett|Favre}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|13|11}}
|Pac 4<div style="background:#C5E17A">Packers ^ (12–10)</div> Vikings (1–1)
| style="vertical-align:top" | 1996
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FavrBr00/gamelog/post/ "Favre Game Logs"], Pro-football-reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|8
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Troy|Aikman}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|11|4}}
|Cow 2<div style="background:#FADA5E">Cowboys**</div>
|{{sort|1992|1992, 1993, 1995}}
|<ref>[http://www.dallascowboys.com/history_roh.cfm "Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor – Troy Aikman"], DallasCowboys.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|9
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Roger|Staubach}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|11|6}}
|Cow 1<div style="background:#FADA5E">Cowboys**</div>
|{{sort|1971|1971, 1977}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
|10
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Aaron|Rodgers}}'''
|11
|10
|{{winning percentage|11|10}}
|Pac 5<div style="background:#C5E17A">Packers ^ </div>
|2010
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RodgAa00/gamelog/post/ "Aaron Rodgers Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|11
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Joe|Flacco}}'''
|10
|5
|{{sort|.671|.667}} 
|Rav 2<div style="background:#C5E17A">Ravens ^</div>
|2012
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FlacJo00/gamelog/post/ "Joe Flacco Game Logs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|12
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bart|Starr}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|9|1}}
|Pac 3<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Packers ¤</div>
|{{0}}{{sort|1961|1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967}}
|<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=706233 "Top 5 Lists: Packers Playoff Playback"], JS Online</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|13
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Kurt|Warner}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|9|4}}
|Ram 3<div style="background:#C5E17A">Rams ^ (5–2)</div> Cardinals (4–2)
| style="vertical-align:top" | 1999
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WarnKu00/gamelog/post/ "Warner Game Logs"], Pro-football-reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 14
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" data-sort-value="Wilson, Russell" | '''[[Russell Wilson]]'''
|9
|7
|{{winning percentage|9|7}}
|Sea 1 <div style="background:#C5E17A">Seahawks ^</div>
|2013 ||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WilsRu00/gamelog/ "Wilson Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Donovan|McNabb}}
|{{WinLossPct|9|7}}
|Eagles ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/McNaDo00/gamelog/post/ "McNabb Game Logs"], Pro-football-reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 16
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|Kelly}}{{0}}†
|{{WinLossPct|9|8}}
|Bills
|{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| 17
| style="text-align:left; |{{sortname|Drew|Brees}}
|9
|9
|{{sort|.509|.500}} 
|Saint 1Chargers (0–1) <div style="background:#C5E17A">Saints ^ (9–8)</div>
| style="vertical-align:bottom" |2009
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BreeDr00.htm "Drew Brees Gamelongs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|18
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|Plunkett}}
| 8
|2
|.800
|Raid 3<div style="background:#FADA5E">Raiders**</div>
|{{sort|1980|1980, 1983}}
|<ref>[http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/2004playoffsQB.html "Page2 – Who is the best in the big games?"], ESPN.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|19
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Patrick |Mahomes}}'''
|8
|3
|{{winning percentage|8|3}}
|Chie 2<div style="background:#C5E17A">Chiefs ^ </div>
| 2019||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MahoPa00/gamelog/ "Mahomes Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 20
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Eli|Manning}}
|8
|4
|data-sort-value=".670" | {{winning percentage|8|4}}
|G 5<div style="background:#FADA5E">Giants**</div>
|data-sort-value="2007" | 2007, 2011
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MannEl00.htm |title=Eli Manning Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|21
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|Young}}{{0}}†
|8
|6
|{{sort|.578|.571}} 
|49 2<div style="background:#C5E17A">49ers ^ </div>
|1994
|<ref>[http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/2004playoffsQB.html "Page2 – Who is the best in the big games?"], ESPN.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|22
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Dan|Marino}}{{0}}†
|8
|10
|{{winning percentage|8|10}}
|Dolphins ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[http://www.worldathletes.com/sports_biographies/Dan_Marino.htm "World Athletes – Dan Marino"], World Athletes.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|23
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Ken|Stabler}}{{0}}†
|7
|5
|{{winning percentage|7|5}}
|Raid 2<div style="background:#C5E17A">Raiders ^ (7–4)</div> Oilers (0–1)
| style="vertical-align:top" | 1976
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/StabKe00/gamelog/post/ "Stabler Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 24
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Johnny|Unitas}}{{0}}†
|6
|2
|{{winning percentage|6|2}}
|Colt 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Colts ¤</div><div style="background:#C5E17A">Colts ^ </div>
|{{sort|1958|1958, 1959}} 1970
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Theismann}}
|6
|2
|{{winning percentage|6|2}}
|Red 2<div style="background:#C5E17A">Redskins ^ </div>
|1982
|<ref>[http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/2004playoffsQB.html "Page2 – Who is the best in the big games?"], ESPN.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|26
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Phil|Simms}}
|6
|4
|data-sort-value=".601" | .600 
|G 3<div style="background:#C5E17A">Giants ^ </div>
|1986
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 27
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bob|Griese}}{{0}}†
|6
|5
|{{winning percentage|6|5}}
|Dol 1<div style="background:#FADA5E">Dolphins**</div>
|{{sort|1972|1972, 1973}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GrieBo00.htm "Bob Griese Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Fran|Tarkenton}}{{0}}†
|6
|5
|{{winning percentage|6|5}}
|Vikings ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TarkFr00/gamelog/post/ "Tarkenton Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" |29
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Sid|Luckman}}*{{0}}†
|5
|1
|.833
|Be 2<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Bears ¤</div>
|{{sort|1940|1940, 1941, 1943, 1946}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/L/LuckSi00/gamelog/ "Sid Luckman Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Trent|Dilfer}}
|5
|1
|.833
|Rav 1Buccaneers (1–1)<div style="background:#C5E17A"> Ravens ^ (4–0)</div>
| style="vertical-align:bottom" |2000
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DilfTr00_playoffs.htm "Trent Dilfer Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|31
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Mark|Rypien}}
|5
|2
|.714
|Red 4<div style="background:#C5E17A">Redskins ^ </div>
|1991
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RypiMa00_playoffs.htm "Mark Rypien Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 32
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Len|Dawson}}{{0}}†
|5
|3
|.625
|Chie 1<div style="background:#F88379">Dallas Texans / Chiefs‡ </div>
| data-sort-value="1969.1962" | AFL 1962, 1966, 1969
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DawsLe00/gamelog/post/ "Dawson Gamelongs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jake|Delhomme}}
|5
|3
|.625
|Panthers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4" |34
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Craig|Morton}}
|5
|5
|{{sort|.505|.500}} 
|Cowboys (3–2) Broncos (2–3)||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MortCr00.htm "Craig Morton Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Danny|White}}
|5
|5
|{{sort|.505|.500}} 
|Cowboys ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WhitDa01.htm "Danny White Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Mark|Brunell}}
|5
|5
|{{sort|.505|.500}} 
|Jaguars (4–4) Redskins (1–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BrunMa00_playoffs.htm "Mark Brunell Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|McNair}}
|5
|5
|{{sort|.505|.500}} 
|Titan 2Titans (5–4) Ravens (0–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/McNaSt00/gamelog/post/ "McNair Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="1" |38
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Matt|Hasselbeck}}
|5
|6
|.455
|Seahawks ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HassMa00/gamelog/post/ "Matt Hasselbeck Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="1" |39
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Philip|Rivers}}
|5
|7
|.417
|Chargers (5–6) Colts (0–1)
|{{sort|3000|}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 40
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Earl|Morrall}}
|4
|1
|.800
|Colt 2<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Colts* (2–1)</div> Dolphins (2–0)
| style="vertical-align:top" | 1968
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MorrEa00/gamelog/post/ "Morrall Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jeff|Hostetler}}
|4
|1
|.800
|G 4 <div style="background:#C5E17A">Giants ^ (3–0)</div> Raiders (1–1)
| style="vertical-align:top" | 1990
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HostJe00/gamelog/post/ "Hostetler Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4" | 42
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Mark|Sanchez}}
|4
|2
|{{sort|.668|.667}} 
|Jets ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Colin|Kaepernick}}
|4
|2
|{{sort|.668|.667}} 
|49ers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KaepCo00/gamelog/ "Kaepernick Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Nick| Foles}}'''
|4
|2
|{{sort|.668|.667}} 
|Ea 3<div style="background:#C5E17A">Eagles ^</div>
| 2017 ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FoleNi00.htm|title=Foles Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Jimmy |Garoppolo}}'''
|4
|2
|{{sort|.668|.667}} 
|49ers||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GaroJi00/gamelog/post/ |title=Garoppolo Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|rowspan="4" | 46
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Otto|Graham}}{{0}}†
|4
|3
|.571
|Brown 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Browns ¤</div>
|{{sort|1950|1950, 1954, 1955}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Doug|Williams|Doug Williams (quarterback)}}
|4
|3
|.571
|Red 3Buccaneers (1–3) <div style="background:#C5E17A">Redskins ^ (3–0)</div>
| style="vertical-align:bottom" | 1987
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WillDo01/gamelog/post/ "Williams Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Brad|Johnson|Brad Johnson (American football)}}
|4
|3
|.571
|Buc 1Vikings (0–1) Redskins (1–1)<div style="background:#C5E17A"> Buccaneers ^ (3–1)</div>
| style="vertical-align:bottom" | 2002
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JohnBr00.htm "Brad Johnson Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Rich|Gannon}}
|4
|3
|.571
|Raiders ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 50
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Ron|Jaworski}}
|4
|4
|{{sort|.504|.500}} 
|Rams (1–0) Eagles (3–4) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JawoRo00/gamelog/post/ "Jaworski Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Andrew|Luck}}
|4
|4
|{{sort|.504|.500}} 
|Colts
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/L/LuckAn00/gamelog/post/ | title=Andrew Luck Playoffs Game Log | publisher=Pro-Football-Reference.com | access-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|52
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Daryle|Lamonica}}
|4
|5
|{{winning percentage|4|5}}
|data-sort-value="Raid 1" | <div style="background:#FBAED2">Raiders</div>
|data-sort-value="1969.1967" | AFL 1967
|
|- style="text-align:center"
|53
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" |'''{{sortname|Matt|Ryan|Matt Ryan (American football)}}'''
|4
|6
|{{winning percentage|4|6}}
|Falcons
|{{sort|3000|}} ||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RyanMa00/gamelog/post/ "Matt Ryan Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|54
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Joe|Burrow}}'''
|3
|0
|{{sort|1.3|1.000}} 
|Bengals||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref name="Burrow stats">{{Cite web |title=Burrow game logs |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BurrJo01/gamelog/post/}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4" |55
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tommy|Thompson|Tommy Thompson (quarterback)}}*
|3
|1
|.750
|Ea 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Eagles ¤</div>
|{{sort|1948|1948, 1949}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/ThomTo21/gamelog/ "Tommy Thompson Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bobby|Layne}}{{0}}†
|3
|1
|.750
|Li 2<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Lions ¤</div>
|{{sort|1952|1952, 1953}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tobin|Rote}}
| rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |.750
|Li 3<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Lions* (2–0)</div>
|1957
| rowspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoteTo00/gamelog/post/ "Rote Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|Charger 1<div style="background:#FBAED2">Chargers~ (1–1)</div>
| data-sort-value="1969.1963" | AFL 1963
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="6" |58
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Dan|Pastorini}}
|3
|2
|.600
|Titan 3Oilers
|{{sort|3000|}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|David|Woodley}}
|3
|2
|.600
|Dolphins
|{{sort|3000|}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Boomer|Esiason}}
|3
|2
|.600
|Bengals ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/EsiaBo00/gamelog/post/ "Boomer Esiason Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jay|Schroeder}}
|3
|2
|.600
|Redskins (2–1) Raiders (1–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SchrJa00/gamelog/post/ "Schroeder Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tony|Eason}}
|3
|2
|.600
|Patriots ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/EasoTo00_playoffs.htm "Tony Eason Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Mike|Tomczak}}
|3
|2
|.600
|Bears (2–1) Steelers (1–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TomcMi00/gamelog/post/ "Tomczak Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="7" |64
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Sammy|Baugh}} *{{0}}†
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Red 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Redskins ¤</div>
|{{sort|1937|1937, 1942}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BaugSa00/gamelog/ "Sammy Baugh Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|McMahon}}
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Be 4<div style="background:#C5E17A">Bears ^ (3–2)</div> Vikings (0–1)
| style="vertical-align:top" | 1985
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/McMaJi00/gamelog/post/ "McMahon Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Vince|Ferragamo}}
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Rams ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FerrVi00_playoffs.htm "Vince Ferragamo Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Stan|Humphries}}
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Chargers
|{{sort|3000|}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Drew|Bledsoe}}
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Patriots
|{{sort|3000|}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Josh |Allen |Josh Allen (quarterback)}}'''
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Bills ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AlleJo02.htm "Allen Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Matthew|Stafford}}'''
|3
|3
|{{sort|.503|.500}} 
|Lions (0–3) Rams (3–0) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/P/PresDa01/gamelog/post/ |title=Prescott game logs |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="5" | 71
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Dan|Fouts}}{{0}}†
|3
|4
|.429
|Chargers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FoutDa00.htm "Dan Fouts Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bernie|Kosar}}
|3
|4
|.429
|Browns ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KosaBe00/gamelog/post/ "Bernie Kosar Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Neil|O'Donnell}}
|3
|4
|.429
|Steelers
|{{sort|3000|}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Kerry|Collins}}
|3
|4
|.429
|Panthers (1–1) Giants (2–2) Titans (0–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CollKe00/gamelog/post/ "Collins Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Cam|Newton}}'''
|3
|4
|.429
|Panthers
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/N/NewtCa00/gamelog/post/ "Cam Newton Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 76
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Dave|Krieg}}
|3
|6
|{{sort|.339|.333}} 
|Seahawks (3–4) Chiefs (0–1) Lions (0–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KrieDa00/gamelog/post/ "Krieg Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Randall|Cunningham}}
|3
|6
|{{sort|.339|.333}} 
|Eagles (1–4) Vikings (2–2) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CunnRa00/gamelog/post/ "Cunningham Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|78
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Warren|Moon}}{{0}}†
|3
|7
|.300
|Titan 4Oilers (3–6) Vikings (0–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MoonWa00_playoffs.htm "Warren Moon Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|79
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Frank|Reich}}
|2
|0
|{{sort|1.2|1.000}} 
|Bills ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="5" |80
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|George|Blanda}}{{0}}†
|2
|1
|.667
|data-sort-value="Titan 1" | <div style="background:#F88379">Oilers‡</div>
|data-sort-value="1969.1960" | AFL 1960, 1961
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BlanGe00/gamelog/post/ "Blanda Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg3AAwkIVho "You Tube Video of '56 Championship"], NFL and NBC</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Don|Heinrich}}
|2
|1
|.667
|G 2<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Giants*</div>
|1956
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Namath}}{{0}}†
|2
|1
|.667
|Jet 1<div style="background:#FBAED2">Jets ^</div>
|data-sort-value="1969.1968" | AFL 1968
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Chris|Chandler}}
|2
|1
|.667
|Falcons ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/1998/playoffs/news/1999/01/23/quarterbacks_contrasting/ |title=Elway, Chandler traveled different paths to Super Bowl |website=CNNSI.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022224521/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/1998/playoffs/news/1999/01/23/quarterbacks_contrasting/ |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=June 5, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Blake |Bortles}}'''
|2
|1
|.667
|Jaguars||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BortBl00.htm | title=Bortles statistics | publisher=Pro-Football-Reference.com | date=January 4, 2018 | access-date=January 4, 2018}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="10" | 85
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Ed|Danowski}}*
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|G 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Giants ¤</div>
|{{sort|1934|1934, 1938}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Arnie|Herber}} *{{0}}†
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Pac 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Packers ¤ (2–1)</div>Giants (0–1)
| style="vertical-align:top" | {{sort|1936|1936, 1939}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HerbAr20.htm " Herber Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref><ref>[http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/20-01-737.pdf "1938 NFL Championship Game"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218202459/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/20-01-737.pdf |date=December 18, 2010 }}, Profootballresearchers.org</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bob|Waterfield}}*{{0}}†
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Ram 1<div style="background:#B2FFFF">Rams ¤</div>
|{{sort|1945|1945, 1951}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Norm|Van Brocklin}}{{0}}†
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Ea 2Rams (1–2) <div style="background:#ADD8E6">Eagles* (1–0)</div>
| style="vertical-align:bottom" | 1960
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Kapp}}
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Vik 1<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Vikings*</div>
|1969
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Richard|Todd|Richard Todd (American football)}}
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Jets ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tommy|Kramer}}
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Vikings ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KramTo00_playoffs.htm "Tommy Kramer Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Kordell|Stewart}}
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Steelers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Daunte|Culpepper}}
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Vikings ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/sports/11830366.html "Sid Hartman: Moss' departure left void for Culpepper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430115945/http://www.startribune.com/sports/11830366.html |date=April 30, 2008 }}, Star Tribune.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Rex|Grossman}}
|2
|2
|{{sort|.502|.500}} 
|Bears ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="10" | 95
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|John|Brodie}}
|2
|3
|.400
|49ers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bill|Nelsen}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Browns ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/N/NelsBi00.htm "Bill Nelsen Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Pat|Haden}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Rams ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Wade|Wilson|Wade Wilson (American football)}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Vikings ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WilsWa00_playoffs.htm "Wade Wilson Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|Everett}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Rams ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jim|Harbaugh}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Bears (0–1) Colts (2–2) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HarbJi00/gamelog/post/ "Harbaugh Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Vinny|Testaverde}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Browns (1–1) Jets (1–2) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TestVi00_playoffs.htm "Vinny Testaverde Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Michael|Vick}}
|2
|3
|.400
|Falcons (2–2) Eagles (0–1)
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/V/VickMi00_playoffs.htm "Michael Vick Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Jared |Goff}}'''
|2
|3
|.400
|Rams ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GoffJa00/gamelog/post/ "Goff Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Ryan| Tannehill}}'''
|2
|3
|.400
|Titans||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TannRy00/gamelog/ |title=Tannehill Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
|rowspan="6" | 105
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jack|Kemp}}
|2
|4
|{{sort|.336|.333}} 
|Bill 1Chargers (0–2)<div style="background:#F88379"> Bills‡ (2–2)</div>
| style="vertical-align:bottom" data-sort-value="1969.1964" | AFL 1964, 1965
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KempJa00/gamelog/post/ "Kemp Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Ken|Anderson|Ken Anderson (quarterback)}}
|2
|4
|{{sort|.336|.333}} 
|Bengals ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jake|Plummer}}
|2
|4
|{{sort|.336|.333}} 
|Cardinals (1–1) Broncos (1–3) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/P/PlumJa00/gamelog/post/ "Plummer Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jeff|Garcia}}
|2
|4
|{{sort|.336|.333}} 
|49ers (1–2) Eagles (1–1) Buccaneers (0–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GarcJe00/gamelog/post/ "Garcia Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Chad|Pennington}}
|2
|4
|{{sort|.336|.333}} 
|Jets (2–3) Dolphins (0–1) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/P/PennCh01/gamelog/post/ "Chad Pennington Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tony|Romo}}
|2
|4
|{{sort|.336|.333}} 
|Cowboys
|{{sort|3000|}} ||<ref>[http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=280113006 "Cowboys fall short on last effort as Giants move on to face Packers"], ESPN.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 111
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Billy|Kilmer}}
|2
|5
|.286
|Redskins ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KilmBi00.htm "Billy Kilmer Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Alex|Smith}}
|2
|5
|{{winning percentage |2|5}}
|49ers (1–1) Chiefs (1–4) ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SmitAl03.htm | title=Alex Smith statistics | publisher=Pro-Football-Reference.com | date=January 4, 2014 | access-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="6" | 113
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Glenn|Presnell}}*
|1
|0
|1.000
|Li 1<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Lions*</div>
|1935
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Irv|Comp}} *
|1
|0
|1.000
|Pac 2<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Packers*</div>
|1944
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CompIr20/gamelog/ "Irv Comp Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Paul|Christman}} *
|1
|0
|1.000
|Card 1<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Cardinals*</div>
|1947
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/ChriPa20/gamelog/ "Paul Christman Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bill|Wade}}
|1
|0
|1.000
|Be 3<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Bears*</div>
|1963
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Gifford|Nielsen}}
|1
|0
|1.000
|TitansOilers||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|John|Wolford}}'''
|1
|0
|1.000
|Rams||{{sort|3000|}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="23" | 119
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Carl|Brumbaugh}}*
|1
|1
|.500
|Be 1<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Bears*</div>
|1933
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Babe|Parilli}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Patriots ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Lynn|Dickey}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Packers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Pat|Ryan|Pat Ryan (American football)}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Jets ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|Fuller|Steve Fuller (American football)}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Bears ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Mark|Malone}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Steelers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MaloMa00_playoffs.htm "Mark Malone Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Scott|Brunner}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Giants ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Dieter|Brock}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Rams ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bubby|Brister}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Steelers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BrisBu00.htm "Bubby Brister Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Chris|Miller|Chris Miller (quarterback)}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Falcons ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MillCh00.htm "Chris Miller Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|Beuerlein}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Cowboys ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Rodney|Peete}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Eagles ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tommy|Maddox}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Steelers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MaddTo00_playoffs.htm "Tommy Maddox Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Aaron|Brooks|Aaron Brooks (American football)}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Saints ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/2001/playoffs/news/2001/01/06/saints_vikings_ap/ "Vikings end Saints' playoff run with 34-16 victory"], CNNSI.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|David|Garrard}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Jaguars ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=280112017 "Brady, Patriots keep rolling, advance to AFC championship"], ESPN.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Tim|Tebow}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Broncos ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TeboTi00.htm "Tim Tebow statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jay|Cutler|Jay Cutler (American football)}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Bears ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|T. J.|Yates}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Texans ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/Y/YateT.00.htm "T.J. Yates statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |{{sortname|Matt|Schaub}}
|1
|1
|.500
|Texans
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SchaMa00.htm "Matt Schaub Career Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" data-sort-value="Osweiler" | [[Brock Osweiler]]
|1
|1
|.500
|Texans
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/O/OsweBr00.htm |title=Osweiler Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Marcus |Mariota}}'''
|1
|1
|.500
|Titans||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MariMa01.htm | title=Mariota statistics | publisher=Pro-Football-Reference.com | date=January 4, 2018 | access-date=January 4, 2018}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Case|Keenum}}'''
|1
|1
|.500
|Vikings ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KeenCa00.htm "Keenum Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Baker|Mayfield}}'''
|1
|1
|.500
|Browns||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="12" | 142
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Frank|Ryan|Frank Ryan (American football)}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Brown 2<div style="background:#ADD8E6">Browns*</div>
|1964
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|James|Harris|James Harris (quarterback)}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Rams ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Bob|Lee|Bob Lee (quarterback)}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Vikings
|{{sort|3000|}} ||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/L/LeexBo00.htm "Bob Lee Statistics"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Erik|Kramer}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Lions ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|Walsh|Steve Walsh (American football)}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Saints (0–1) Bears (1–1)
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WalsSt00/gamelog/post/ "Walsh Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jeff|George}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Falcons (0–1) Vikings (1–1)
|{{sort|3000|}} ||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GeorJe00/gamelog/post/ "George Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Elvis|Grbac}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Chiefs (0–1) Ravens (1–1)
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GrbaEl00/gamelog/post/ "Grbac Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Jay|Fiedler}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Dolphins ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Shaun|King|Shaun King (American football)}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Buccaneers ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Marc|Bulger}}
|1
|2
|.333
|Rams
|{{sort|3000|}} ||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BulgMa00_playoffs.htm "Marc Bulger Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Kirk|Cousins}}'''
|1
|2
|.333
| Redskins (0–1) Vikings (1–1) || {{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Deshaun |Watson}}'''
|1
|2
|.333
|Texans
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WatsDe00/gamelog/post/ "Deshaun Watson Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="7" | 154
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Don|Meredith}}
|1
|3
|.250
|Cowboys ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Joe|Ferguson}}
|1
|3
|.250
|Bills ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|Bartkowski}}
|1
|3
|.250
|Falcons ||{{sort|3000|}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Steve|DeBerg}}
|1
|3
|.250
|Broncos (0–1) Chiefs (1–2)
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DebeSt00/gamelog/post/ "DeBerg Gamelogs"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | {{sortname|Carson|Palmer}}
|1
|3
|.250
|Bengals (0–2) Cardinals (1–1)
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/P/PalmCa00/gamelog/post/ "Carson Palmer Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Lamar| Jackson}}'''
|1
|3
|.250
|Ravens
| {{sort|3000|}}||<ref>https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JackLa00.htm "Lamar Jackson Game Log"], Pro-Football-Reference.com</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left; background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Dak|Prescott}}'''
|1
|3
|.250
|Cowboys ||{{sort|3000|}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/P/PresDa01/gamelog/post/ |title=Prescott game logs |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center:" height=65px;|Rank !!style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
! style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" |{{0}}Wins{{0}}!!style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" | Losses!!style="background-color:#e3e3e3;" | Percent!! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center" | Teams!! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center" data-sort-type="number" |Championship Season(s) !! style="background-color:#e3e3e3; text-align:center" class="unsortable" | Ref
|}

==Remaining starters==

The following quarterbacks have started in at least one playoff game, but have not earned a win.

''Updated through the 2021-22 playoffs.''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/qbindex.htm | title=Players who played as a Quarterback | publisher=Pro Football Reference.com | access-date=December 28, 2013}}</ref> 
{|class="wikitable" align center:;"
|- style="background:#A1CAF1"
| ||'''Bold''' denotes an active quarterback
|-
| '''†''' || Member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
|}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-5}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+1 Playoff Loss
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Team
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
|-
| rowspan="5" |Bears||{{sortname|Bob|Avellini}}
|-
|[[Ed Brown (quarterback)|Ed Brown]]
|-
|{{sortname|Johnny|Lujack}}
|-
|{{sortname|Bernie|Masterson}}
|-
|{{sortname|Jim|Miller|Jim Miller (quarterback)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bengals||{{sortname|Virgil|Carter}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|A. J.|McCarron}}'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bills||{{sortname|Rob|Johnson|Rob Johnson (American football)}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Tyrod|Taylor}}'''
|-
| rowspan="6" | Browns||{{sortname|Kelly|Holcomb}}
|-
|{{sortname|Paul|McDonald|Paul McDonald (American football)}}
|-
|{{sortname|Tommy|O'Connell}}
|-
|{{sortname|Milt|Plum}}
|-
|{{sortname|Brian|Sipe}}
|-
|{{sortname|Don|Strock}}
|-
|Buccaneers||{{sortname|Chris|Simms}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | Cardinals||{{sortname|Ryan|Lindley}}
|-
|{{sortname|Neil|Lomax}}
|-
|{{sortname|Ray|Mallouf}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname| Kyler |Murray}}'''
|-
| rowspan="3" | Chiefs||{{sortname|Todd|Blackledge}}
|-
|{{sortname|Steve|Bono}}
|-
|{{sortname|Matt|Cassel}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Colts||{{sortname|Tom|Matte}}
|-
|{{sortname|Jack|Trudeau}}
|-
|Cowboys||{{sortname|Quincy|Carter}}
|-
|Dolphins||{{sortname|Matt|Moore|Matt Moore (American football)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Eagles||{{sortname|Ty|Detmer}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" |'''{{sortname|Carson|Wentz}}'''
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" |'''{{sortname|Jalen|Hurts}}'''
|}
{{Col-5}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+1 Playoff Loss
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Team
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
|-
| rowspan="3" | Giants||{{sortname|Frank|Filchock}}*
|-
|{{sortname|Danny|Kanell}}
|-
|{{sortname|Harry|Newman}}*
|-
|Jaguars
|{{sortname|Byron|Leftwich}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | Lions||{{sortname|Gary|Danielson}}
|-
|{{sortname|Eric|Hipple}}
|-
|{{sortname|Greg|Landry}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Packers||{{sortname|Scott|Hunter|Scott Hunter (American football)}}
|-
|{{sortname|Cecil|Isbell}}*
|-
|rowspan="2"|Patriots||{{sortname|Scott|Zolak}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Mac|Jones}}'''
|-
| rowspan="4" | Raiders
|{{sortname|Connor |Cook}}
|-
|{{sortname|Todd|Marinovich}}
|-
|{{sortname|Marc|Wilson|Marc Wilson (American football)}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Derek|Carr}}'''
|-
|Rams
|{{sortname|Jeff|Kemp}}
|-
|Ravens||{{sortname|Anthony|Wright|Anthony Wright (American football)}}
|-
|Seahawks||{{sortname|Jon|Kitna}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Steelers||{{sortname|Johnny|Clement}}*
|-
|{{sortname|Cliff|Stoudt}}
|-
|Texans|| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Brian|Hoyer}}'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Oilers Titans||{{sortname|Cody|Carlson}}
|-
|{{sortname|Vince|Young}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |Vikings|| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Teddy |Bridgewater}}'''
|-
|{{sortname|Gary|Cuozzo}}
|-
|{{sortname|Tarvaris|Jackson}}{{0}}
|-
|{{sortname|Sean|Salisbury}}
|-
|{{sortname|Joe|Webb}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |Redskins Washington F.T.||{{sortname|Todd|Collins|Todd Collins (quarterback)}}
|-
|{{sortname|Riley|Smith|Riley Smith (American football)}}*
|-
| {{sortname|Robert|Griffin III}}
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Taylor|Heinicke}}'''
|}
{{Col-5}}
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background: #FFCCCC;color: #FFCCCC" colspan=2| v
|+2 Playoff Losses
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Team
|-
|{{sortname|Doug|Flutie}}
|Bears Bills
|-
|{{sortname|Mike|Phipps}}
|Browns Bears
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Mitchell |Trubisky}}'''
|Bears
|-
|{{sortname|Jim|Hart|Jim Hart (American football)}}
|Cardinals
|-
|{{sortname|John|Hadl}}
|Chargers Rams
|-
|{{sortname|Trent|Green}}
|Chiefs
|-
|{{sortname|Charlie|Conerly}}{{0}}
|Giants
|-
|{{sortname|Tuffy|Leemans}}*
|Giants
|-
|{{sortname|Ken|O'Brien}}
|Jets
|-
|{{sortname|Gus|Frerotte}}
|Lions Broncos
|-
|{{sortname|Scott|Mitchell|Scott Mitchell (quarterback)}}
|Lions
|-
|{{sortname|Pete|Beathard}}
|TitansOilers
|-
|{{sortname|Roman|Gabriel}}
|Rams
|-
| style="background: #FFCCCC;color: #FFCCCC" colspan=2| v
|- style="text-align:center"
| colspan=2|'''3 Playoff Losses'''
|-
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Team
|-
|{{sortname|Bert|Jones}}
|Colts
|-
|{{sortname|Steve|Grogan}}{{0}}
|Patriots
|-
|{{sortname|Bobby|Hebert}}
|Saints
|-
| style="background: #FFCCCC;color: #FFCCCC" colspan=2| v
|- style="text-align:center"
| colspan=2|'''4 Playoff Losses'''
|-
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Quarterback
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" | Team
|-
|{{sortname|Y. A.|Tittle}}{{0}}†
|49ers (0–1) Giants (0–3)
|-
| style="background:#A1CAF1" | '''{{sortname|Andy|Dalton}}'''
|Bengals
|}
{{Col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
*[[List of NFL franchise post-season streaks]]
*[[List of NFL franchise post-season droughts]]
*[[Most wins by a starting quarterback (NFL)]]
*[[List of National Football League head coaches by playoff record]]

{{NFL playoffs}}
{{NFL records}}

[[Category:National Football League records and achievements|Q]]
[[Category:Lists of National Football League quarterbacks|Wins]]
[[Category:National Football League lists]]

Shrug

2022-02-02T09:40:07Z

194.103.240.26: rm useless reference

{{Short description|Gesture of raising both shoulders}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Shrug.jpg|alt=A young man wearing a loosened paisley tie and holding a plastic party cup shrugging at the camera.|thumb|A man wearing a [[tiara]], a tie, and a pair of glasses with a beverage "shrugs" at the camera.]]
A '''shrug''' is a [[gesture]] performed by raising both shoulders, and is a representation of an individual either [[apathy|being indifferent about something]] or not knowing an answer to a question.<ref name="dictionary.reference.com">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shrug |title=Shrug | Define Shrug at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2011-12-20}}</ref> A shrug is an [[Emblem#Emblems_in_speech|emblem]], meaning that it integrates the vocabulary of only certain cultures and may be used in place of words.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Paul Ekman|last1=Ekman |first1=Paul |title=Telling Lies |date=2009 |isbn=9780393081749|page=101|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Telling_Lies_Clues_to_Deceit_in_the_Mark/AWc-AAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=shrug|publisher=[[W. W. Norton]]}}</ref> It can also be used when simply ignoring a question. It may be accentuated with raised eyebrows, a turned-down mouth, an exaggerated frown, a tilted head, and raised palms. It is very common in [[Western culture]]—rather than saying "I don't know", one may simply perform a shrug.<ref name="15 Shrug Emoji face">{{cite web|title=Shrug Emoji|url=https://getkaomoji.com/shrug-kaomoji-emojis/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the English-speaking world it may be accompanied by a three-syllable grunt or hummed mumble mimicking the intonation of "I don't know".{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}

== Emoji ==

The shrug gesture is a [[Unicode]] [[emoji]] included as {{unichar|1F937|SHRUG}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emojipedia.org/shrug/ |title=Shrug Emoji |website=[[Emojipedia]] |access-date=2016-01-17}}</ref>
The shrug [[emoticon]], made from [[Unicode|Unicode characters]], is also typed as ¯\_(ツ)_/¯, where "ツ" is the character [[Tsu (kana)|tsu]] from Japanese [[katakana]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.textpopo.com/shrug.html |title=Shrug Emoticon |website=Textpopo |access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indifference (emotion)]]
* [[Meh]]

==References==

<references/>

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]
[[Category:Human communication]]

{{Society-stub}}

USS Pegasus (PHM-1)

2022-01-14T16:00:50Z

194.103.240.26: Fixed incorrect syntax in beam descripton "," to "."

{{Short description|Hydrofoil of the US Navy}}{{other ships|USS Pegasus|USS Delphinus}}
{{distinguish|PHM Pegasus}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = PHM-1.jpg
| Ship caption = USS ''Pegasus''
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = United States
| Ship flag = {{USN flag|1993}}
| Ship name = ''Pegasus''
| Ship namesake = [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
| Ship ordered =
| Ship awarded = 1 February 1973
| Ship builder = [[Boeing Integrated Defense Systems|Boeing Marine Systems]], [[Boeing Renton Factory|Renton, Washington]]
| Ship laid down = 10 May 1973
| Ship launched = 9 November 1974
| Ship acquired =
| Ship commissioned = 9 July 1977
| Ship decommissioned = 30 July 1993
| Ship struck = 30 July 1993
| Ship homeport = [[Key West]], Florida
| Ship motto =
| Ship nickname =
| Ship honors =
| Ship fate = Sold for scrapping, 19 August 1996
| Ship status =
| Ship notes =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption = {{sfn|Navsource}}
| Ship class = {{sclass|Pegasus|hydrofoil}}
| Ship displacement = * {{cvt|178|LT|lk=on}} light
* {{cvt|248|LT}} full
| Ship length = {{cvt|131.2|ft}}
| Ship beam = {{cvt|28.2|ft}}
| Ship draft = * {{convert|23.2|ft}} hullborne
* {{cvt|8.8|ft}} foilborne
| Ship power = *2 × [[Mercedes-Benz]] marine diesels (hullborne), {{convert|1600|bhp|0|abbr=on}}
*1 × [[General Electric LM2500]] gas turbine (foilborne), {{convert|18000|shp|0|abbr=on}}
| Ship propulsion = * 2 × [[Pump-jet|Water jets]] (hullborne)
*1 × Water jet (foilborne)
| Ship speed = * {{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} hullborne
* {{convert|48|kn}} foilborne
| Ship range = {{convert|750–1200|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
| Ship complement = 4 officers, 17 enlisted
| Ship sensors = *LN-66 navigation radar
*MK 94 Mod 1 [[fire-control system]]
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament = * 1 × [[Otobreda 76 mm|{{cvt|76|mm|0}}/62 Mk.75 OTO-Melara gun]]
* 2 × quad [[Boeing Harpoon|RGM-84 Harpoon]]
| Ship armour =
| Ship notes =
}}
|}

'''USS ''Pegasus'' (PHM-1)''' was the [[lead ship]] of [[Pegasus-class hydrofoil|her class]] of [[hydrofoil]]s operated by the [[United States Navy]]. ''Pegasus''-class vessels were designed for high speed and mobility, and carried a powerful armament for their size.

==Naming==
Originally given the name ''[[Delphinus]]'', a small [[constellation]] in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere, by SecNav Notice 5030, on 15 February 1974. It was quickly realized during development and discussion that she could be nicknamed 'dull-penis'. After bringing this to the attention of the [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[J. William Middendorf]], a new SecNav Notice 5030 was issued on 1 April 1974, renaming her ''Pegasus'' for [[Pegasus (constellation)|the constellation Pegasus]].{{sfn|Duff|2011}}{{sfn|NVR}} In service it earned the nickname 'Pegasorous'. As this vessel was constructed several years before the rest of the class, there are some minor differences, notably in the [[fire-control system]]s of the respective craft.{{sfn|Navysite}}

==Construction==
''Pegasus'' was laid down on 10 May 1973, by [[Boeing|Boeing Marine Systems]], in [[Seattle]], Washington. She was launched on 9 November 1974, and commissioned on 9 July 1977.{{sfn|Navsource}}

==Purpose==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
''Pegasus''-class hydrofoils were designed to operate offensively against hostile surface combatants and other surface craft; and conduct surveillance, screening and special operations. The six PHMs of the ''Pegasus'' class formed a single squadron which operated from [[Key West, Florida|Key West]]. They were the Navy's fastest ships when foil borne and driven by their single gas turbine. They had good range on their diesels, excellent sea keeping qualities, good acceleration, and a potent punch. They established an unusually high availability rate while participating in a variety of missions, including significant involvement in the national drug interdiction program.

==Project==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
The PHM project was started in early 1970, by CNO Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt]], in an effort to increase the Navy's number of surface combatants. The project called for a cost-effective hydrofoil boat designed to operate in coastal waters and equipped to fulfill the missions of destroyers and frigates in those areas so that these larger ships could be deployed to areas where they are needed most. These missions included surface surveillance as well as immediate responses such as [[surface-to-surface missile]]s (SSM) to any hostile actions conducted by enemy navies.

The PHM project was not only a US project. Other countries involved included Italy, Germany, Canada and Great Britain. During the initial phase of the project it was planned to build up to 100 hydrofoil boats for the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation|NATO]] navies.

Following the retirement of Admiral Zumwalt, the Navy reduced funding for the PHM project. Due to the lack of money it was decided to use available monies for larger fleet units instead. The increasing costs of the PHM project finally resulted in the completion of only one PHM, ''Pegasus'', although the construction of this ship had to be stopped for a while in 1974, again due to the lack of funds. At that time, the ship was only 20% completed.

Although PHM 3 - 6 had already been funded in [[Financial year|FY 74]] (PHM 2 in FY 73), construction of these ships did not start until 6 April 1977, when Secretary of Defense [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] announced that the whole project, with the exception of ''Pegasus'', was suspended. Congress now insisted on the completion of the last five ships since they had already been funded. In August 1977, Secretary of Defense Brown reactivated the PHM project and construction of the ships resumed, but the four countries involved in the project had lost interest in the PHM program.

The last of the US Navy's hydrofoil boats was commissioned in 1982.

==Collision==
On 30 September 1981, ''Pegasus'' was involved in a collision with {{USS|Newport|LST-1179|2}}, but was later repaired.{{sfn|Navysite}}

==See also==
* [[Hydrofoil]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/1601.htm
| title= Pegasus (PHM-1)
| publisher=Navsource.org
| date=
| access-date=29 October 2021
| ref={{sfnRef|Navsource}}
}}
* {{cite web
|first= Karl, Captain USN (retired)
|last= Duff
|url=http://www.navyhistory.org/2011/10/uss-pegasus-an-important-name-change/
|title=USS PEGASUS: An Important Name Change
|publisher=[[Naval Historical Foundation]]
|date=18 October 2011
|access-date=22 April 2016
}}
* {{cite web
| url= https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_PHM_1.HTML
| title= DELPHINUS (PHM 1)
| publisher= Naval Vessel Register
| date= 1 January 1990
| access-date= 29 October 2021
| ref= {{sfnRef|NVR}}
}}
* {{cite web
| url= https://www.navysite.de/pboats/phm1.htm
| title= USS Pegasus (PHM 1)
| publisher= Navysite.de
| date=
| access-date= 29 October 2021
| ref= {{sfnRef|Navysite}}
}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{navsource|12/1601|USS Pegasus}}
* [http://navysite.de/pboats/phm1.htm Navysite.de PHM-1 page]
* [http://usspegasus.com USS PEGASUS PHM-1 ]


{{Pegasus class hydrofoil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pegasus (PHM-1)}}
[[Category:Pegasus-class hydrofoils]]
[[Category:Patrol vessels of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Renton, Washington]]
[[Category:1974 ships]]

Dušan Pašek (ice hockey, born 1985)

2021-11-05T16:44:50Z

194.103.240.26:

{{short description|Slovak ice hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| name = Dušan Pašek
| played_for = [[HC Slovan Bratislava]] [[HK 36 Skalica]] [[HC Košice]] [[ŠHK 37 Piešťany]] [[HC ’05 Banská Bystrica]]
| image =
| image_size =
| position = [[Forward (ice hockey)|Forward]]
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 11
| weight_lb = 183
| shoots = Left
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1985|1|18}}
| birth_place = [[Bratislava]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|11|5|1985|1|18|df=y}}
| death_place = Bratislava, Slovakia
| career_start = 2003
| career_end = 2016
}}

'''Dušan Pašek''' (18 January 1985 – 5 November 2021) was a Slovak professional [[ice hockey]] player who played [[HC Slovan Bratislava]] in the [[Slovak Extraliga]].<ref>[http://www.hckosice.sk/sk/novinky/detail/dusan-pasek-posobi-v-metropole-vychodu-treti-rok/3733 Dušan Pašek pôsobí v metropole východu tretí rok] Zdroj HC Košice (TL) 4 February 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_players.php?tmi=4989 All-time roster for the Bratislava Slovan HC - 1985-01-18]</ref>

On the morning of 5 November 2021, Pašek was discovered hanged in [[Koliba]], [[Bratislava]], while being a club official for [[Bratislava Capitals]]. His suicide came only two days after the death of fellow club player [[Boris Sádecký]]. Pašek's father, [[Dušan Pašek|Dušan]], also committed suicide in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2021|title=Ďalšia rana pre slovenský hokej: Dušana Pašeka ml. (†36) našli mŕtveho|url=https://www.tvnoviny.sk/sport/hokej/2043512_dalsia-rana-pre-slovensky-hokej-dusana-paseka-ml-36-nasli-mrtveho|access-date=5 November 2021|website=tvnoviny.sk|language=sk}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Ice hockey stats}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasek, Dusan}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:2021 suicides]]
[[Category:HC '05 Banská Bystrica players]]
[[Category:SHK Hodonín players]]
[[Category:HC Košice players]]
[[Category:ŠHK 37 Piešťany players]]
[[Category:HK 91 Senica players]]
[[Category:HK 36 Skalica players]]
[[Category:HC Slovan Bratislava players]]
[[Category:Slovak ice hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bratislava]]
[[Category:HK Trnava players]]
[[Category:Suicides in Slovakia]]

{{Slovakia-icehockey-bio-stub}}

Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)

2021-04-06T09:16:55Z

194.103.240.26: /* List of stations */

{{short description|Metro route of mass rapid transit system in Nagpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Aqua Line
| color = 00FFFF 
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| status = Under construction
| locale = [[Nagpur]]
| start = [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]]
| end = [[Hingna Mount View metro station|Hingna Mount View]]
| stations = 21
| daily_ridership =
| open = 28 January 2020
| close =
| operator = [[MahaMetro]]
| character = Elevated
| stock =
| linelength = 19.407 km
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg}} ([[Standard gauge]])
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = expanded
}}
The '''Aqua Line (East-West)''' of the [[Nagpur Metro]] is an under construction metro route of mass rapid transit system in [[Nagpur]], India. It consists of 21 metro stations from Prajapati Nagar to Hingna Mount View with a total distance of 19.407 km. Full line is elevated.

This corridor originates from Prajapati Nagar and runs westwards, through Vaishnodevi Square, Ambedkar Square, Telephone Exchange, Chittar Oli Square, Agarsen Square, Doser Vaisya Square, Nagpur Railway Station, Sitaburdi, Jhansi Rani Square, Institute of Engineers, Shankar Nagar Square, Lad Square, Dharmpeth College, Subhash Nagar, Rachna (Ring road Junction), Vasudev Nagar, Bansi Nagar to Lomanya Nagar. The entire corridor is elevated.

The total length of the corridor is 19.407 km. There are 21 stations on this corridor. All stations are elevated stations and Sitaburdi station is an Interchange Station. Average inter-station distance is 1.00 km approximately varying from 0.65 km to 1.29 km depending upon the site, operational and traffic requirements.

The [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] in its Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]] has suggested to start the construction work on both the routes simultaneously contradicting the prior suggestion of phase wise development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Work-on-two-routes-to-start-together/articleshow/18566514.cms|title=Work on two routes to start together|date=19 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== List of stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#00FFFF;" colspan="8" | '''Aqua Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stn. No.
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Chainage (in metre)
! rowspan="2" |Distance from previous station
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
|{{metro|Prajapati Nagar}}
|प्रजापती नगर
|Under Construction
|0.0
|0.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|2
|{{metro|Vaishnodevi Square}}
|वैष्णोदेवी चौक
|Under Construction
|1229.3
|1229.3
|None
|Elevated
|-
|3
|{{metro|Ambedkar Square}}
|आंबेडकर चौक
|Under Construction
|1947.9
|718.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|4
|{{metro|Telephone Exchange}}
|टेलिफोन एक्सचेंज
|Under Construction
|3137.4
|1189.5
|None
|Elevated
|-
|5
|{{metro|Chitar Oli Square}}
|चितारओळी चौक
|Under Construction
|3950.2
|812.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
|6
|{{metro|Agrasen Square}}
|अग्रसेन चौक
|Under Construction
|4759.8
|809.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|{{metro|Dosar Vaishya Square}}
|दोसर वैश्य चौक
|Under Construction
|5590.4
|830.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|8
|{{metro|Nagpur Railway Station}}
|नागपूर रेल्वे स्थानक
|Under Construction
|6464.4
|874.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|9
|{{metro|Cotton Market}}
|कॉटन मार्केट
|Under Construction
|
|
|None
|Elevated
|-
|10
|{{metro|Sitabuldi}} (Interchange Station)
|सीताबर्डी
|January 28, 2020
|7707.7
|1243.3
|{{color box|#FF8C00; font-size:100%|[[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|'''Orange Line''']]|}}
|Elevated
|-
|11
|{{metro|Jhansi Rani Square}}
|झाशी राणी चौक
|January 28, 2020
|8354.0
|646.3
|None
|Elevated
|-
|12
|{{metro|Institute of Engineers}}
|इन्स्टिट्यूट ऑफ इंजिनीअर्स
|January 28, 2020
|9117.2
|763.2
|None
|Elevated
|-
|13
|{{metro|Shankar Nagar Square}}
|शंकर नगर चौक
|10 December 2020
|10074.9
|957.7
|None
|Elevated
|-
|14
|{{metro|LAD College Square}}
|एल ए डी कॉलेज चौक
|25 September 2020
|10873.1
|798.2
|None
|Elevated
|-
|15
|{{metro|Ambazari Lake}}
|अंबाझरी तलाव
|April 05, 2021
|12020.7
|1147.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|16
|{{metro|Subhash Nagar}}
|सुभाष नगर
|January 28, 2020
|12947.1
|926.4
|None
|Elevated
|-
|17
|{{metro|Rachana Ring Road Junction}}
|रचना रिंग रोड जंक्शन
|10 December 2020
|14201.1
|1254.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|18
|{{metro|Vasudev Nagar}}
|वासुदेव नगर
|January 28, 2020
|15173.9
|972.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
|19
|{{metro|Bansi Nagar}}
|बंसी नगर
|25 September 2020
|16131.6
|957.7
|None
|Elevated
|-
|20
|{{metro|Lokmanya Nagar}}
|लोकमान्य नगर
|January 28, 2020
|17792.6
|1661.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|21
|{{metro|Hingna Mount View}}
|हिंगणा माउंट व्ह्यू
|Under Construction
| –
| –
|None
|Elevated
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
* [[Nagpur Metro]]
* [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)]]

== Other Metro systems in India ==
{{columns-list|
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Gurugram Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]|colwidth=22em}}{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagpur}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Nagpur]]
[[Category:Nagpur Metro]]

Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)

2021-04-06T09:16:32Z

194.103.240.26: /* List of stations */

{{short description|Metro route of mass rapid transit system in Nagpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Aqua Line
| color = 00FFFF 
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| status = Under construction
| locale = [[Nagpur]]
| start = [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]]
| end = [[Hingna Mount View metro station|Hingna Mount View]]
| stations = 21
| daily_ridership =
| open = 28 January 2020
| close =
| operator = [[MahaMetro]]
| character = Elevated
| stock =
| linelength = 19.407 km
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg}} ([[Standard gauge]])
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = expanded
}}
The '''Aqua Line (East-West)''' of the [[Nagpur Metro]] is an under construction metro route of mass rapid transit system in [[Nagpur]], India. It consists of 21 metro stations from Prajapati Nagar to Hingna Mount View with a total distance of 19.407 km. Full line is elevated.

This corridor originates from Prajapati Nagar and runs westwards, through Vaishnodevi Square, Ambedkar Square, Telephone Exchange, Chittar Oli Square, Agarsen Square, Doser Vaisya Square, Nagpur Railway Station, Sitaburdi, Jhansi Rani Square, Institute of Engineers, Shankar Nagar Square, Lad Square, Dharmpeth College, Subhash Nagar, Rachna (Ring road Junction), Vasudev Nagar, Bansi Nagar to Lomanya Nagar. The entire corridor is elevated.

The total length of the corridor is 19.407 km. There are 21 stations on this corridor. All stations are elevated stations and Sitaburdi station is an Interchange Station. Average inter-station distance is 1.00 km approximately varying from 0.65 km to 1.29 km depending upon the site, operational and traffic requirements.

The [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] in its Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]] has suggested to start the construction work on both the routes simultaneously contradicting the prior suggestion of phase wise development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Work-on-two-routes-to-start-together/articleshow/18566514.cms|title=Work on two routes to start together|date=19 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== List of stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#00FFFF;" colspan="8" | '''Aqua Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stn. No.
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Chainage (in metre)
! rowspan="2" |Distance from previous station
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
|{{metro|Prajapati Nagar}}
|प्रजापती नगर
|Under Construction
|0.0
|0.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|2
|{{metro|Vaishnodevi Square}}
|वैष्णोदेवी चौक
|Under Construction
|1229.3
|1229.3
|None
|Elevated
|-
|3
|{{metro|Ambedkar Square}}
|आंबेडकर चौक
|Under Construction
|1947.9
|718.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|4
|{{metro|Telephone Exchange}}
|टेलिफोन एक्सचेंज
|Under Construction
|3137.4
|1189.5
|None
|Elevated
|-
|5
|{{metro|Chitar Oli Square}}
|चितारओळी चौक
|Under Construction
|3950.2
|812.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
|6
|{{metro|Agrasen Square}}
|अग्रसेन चौक
|Under Construction
|4759.8
|809.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|{{metro|Dosar Vaishya Square}}
|दोसर वैश्य चौक
|Under Construction
|5590.4
|830.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|8
|{{metro|Nagpur Railway Station}}
|नागपूर रेल्वे स्थानक
|Under Construction
|6464.4
|874.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|9
|{{metro|Cotton Market}}
|कॉटन मार्केट
|Under Construction
|
|
|None
|Elevated
|-
|10
|{{metro|Sitabuldi}} (Interchange Station)
|सीताबर्डी
|January 28, 2020
|7707.7
|1243.3
|{{color box|#FF8C00; font-size:100%|[[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|'''Orange Line''']]|}}
|Elevated
|-
|11
|{{metro|Jhansi Rani Square}}
|झाशी राणी चौक
|January 28, 2020
|8354.0
|646.3
|None
|Elevated
|-
|12
|{{metro|Institute of Engineers}}
|इन्स्टिट्यूट ऑफ इंजिनीअर्स
|January 28, 2020
|9117.2
|763.2
|None
|Elevated
|-
|13
|{{metro|Shankar Nagar Square}}
|शंकर नगर चौक
|10 December 2020
|10074.9
|957.7
|None
|Elevated
|-
|14
|{{metro|LAD College Square}}
|एल ए डी कॉलेज चौक
|25 September 2020
|10873.1
|798.2
|None
|Elevated
|-
|15
|{{metro|Ambazari Lake}}
|अंबाझरी तलाव
|April, 05, 2021
|12020.7
|1147.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|16
|{{metro|Subhash Nagar}}
|सुभाष नगर
|January 28, 2020
|12947.1
|926.4
|None
|Elevated
|-
|17
|{{metro|Rachana Ring Road Junction}}
|रचना रिंग रोड जंक्शन
|10 December 2020
|14201.1
|1254.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|18
|{{metro|Vasudev Nagar}}
|वासुदेव नगर
|January 28, 2020
|15173.9
|972.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
|19
|{{metro|Bansi Nagar}}
|बंसी नगर
|25 September 2020
|16131.6
|957.7
|None
|Elevated
|-
|20
|{{metro|Lokmanya Nagar}}
|लोकमान्य नगर
|January 28, 2020
|17792.6
|1661.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|21
|{{metro|Hingna Mount View}}
|हिंगणा माउंट व्ह्यू
|Under Construction
| –
| –
|None
|Elevated
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
* [[Nagpur Metro]]
* [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)]]

== Other Metro systems in India ==
{{columns-list|
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Gurugram Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]|colwidth=22em}}{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagpur}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Nagpur]]
[[Category:Nagpur Metro]]

1997 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21

2020-06-30T12:15:00Z

194.103.240.26: /* Stage 16 */ Time of José María Jiménez corrected

[[File:Route of the 1997 Tour de France.png|thumb|360px|alt=Map of France with the route of the 1997 Tour de France|Route of the 1997 Tour de France]]
The [[1997 Tour de France]] was the 84th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's [[Grand Tours]]. The Tour began in [[Rouen]] with a prologue [[individual time trial]] on 5 July and Stage 11 occurred on 16 July with a hilly stage from [[Andorra Arcalis]]. The race finished on the [[Champs-Élysées]] in [[Paris]] on 27 July.

==Stage 11==
'''16 July 1997 — [[Andorra Arcalis]] to [[Perpignan]], {{convert|192|km|1|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997.php#Etapes|title=84ème Tour de France 1997|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102123103/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997.php#Etapes|archivedate=2 January 2012}}</ref>

{|
|'''Stage 11 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Desbiens]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|5h 05' 05"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Carlo Finco]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|GBM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Serguei Outschakov]]|UKR}}
| {{ct|POL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Frédéric Moncassin]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|C.A|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Erik Zabel]]|GER}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Mario Traversoni]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Fabio Baldato]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|GBM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Frankie Andreu]]|USA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Adriano Baffi]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|DSC|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Gianluca Pierobon]]|ITA}}
| [[Batik-Del Monte]]
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 11'''<ref name="MdC1997-11">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_11.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 11ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914070820/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_11.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|60h 06' 17"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 38"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 4' 46"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 4' 53"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 29"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 46"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 02"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Oscar Camenzind]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 7' 00"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 7' 20"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Cédric Vasseur]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|C.A|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 7' 31"
|}
|}

==Stage 12==
'''18 July 1997 — [[Saint-Étienne]], {{convert|55.5|km|1|abbr=on}} ([[Individual time trial|ITT]])'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 12 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|1h 16' 24"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 04"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 08"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 56"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Frank Vandenbroucke (cyclist)|Frank Vandenbroucke]]|BEL}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 4' 44"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Zenon Jaskuła]]|POL}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 4' 50"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Beat Zberg]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 00"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Michael Boogerd]]|NED}}
| {{ct|RAB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 04"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 12'''<ref name="MdC1997-12">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_12.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 12ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914125956/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_12.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|61h 22' 41"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 8' 00"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 8' 01"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 9' 11"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 11' 09"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 11' 16"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 12' 28"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Oscar Camenzind]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 13' 15"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Pascal Lino]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|C.A|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 14' 16"
|}
|}

==Stage 13==
'''19 July 1997 — [[Saint-Étienne]] to [[Alpe d'Huez]], {{convert|203.5|km|1|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 13 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|5h 02' 42"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 47"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 1' 27"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 27"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 28"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Beat Zberg]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 59"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Udo Bölts]]|GER}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Madouas]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|SIL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Jalabert]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|ONC|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 22"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 13'''<ref name="MdC1997-13">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_13.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 13ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914164703/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_13.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|66h 26' 10"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 8' 24"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 9' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 10' 38"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 12' 56"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 14' 36"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Oscar Camenzind]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 59"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18' 32"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18' 46"
|}
|}

==Stage 14==
'''20 July 1997 — [[Le Bourg-d'Oisans]] to [[Courchevel]], {{convert|148|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 14 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|4h 34' 16"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 47"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 1' 19"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 1' 24"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 06"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 36"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 50"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 4' 41"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 14'''<ref name="MdC1997-14">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_14.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 14ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914155551/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_14.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|71h 00' 26"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 11' 06"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 11' 30"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 14' 28"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 15' 23"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 32"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 20' 05"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 22' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 25' 39"
|}
|}

==Stage 15==
'''21 July 1997 — [[Courchevel]] to [[Morzine]], {{convert|208.5|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 15 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|5h 57' 16"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 1' 17"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Beat Zberg]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 1' 59"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Bobby Julich]]|USA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 06"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 37"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Oscar Camenzind]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 29"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 15'''<ref name="MdC1997-15">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_15.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 15ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914111923/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_15.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|76h 58' 59"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 10' 13"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 11' 55"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 05"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 40"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 23' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 28' 20"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 29' 46"
|}
|}

==Stage 16==
'''22 July 1997 — [[Morzine]] to [[Fribourg]] (Switzerland), {{convert|181|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 16 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Christophe Mengin]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FDJ|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|4h 30' 11"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Frank Vandenbroucke (cyclist)|Frank Vandenbroucke]]|BEL}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Gianluca Pierobon]]|ITA}}
| [[Batik-Del Monte]]
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Udo Bölts]]|GER}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Orlando Rodrigues]]|POR}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 16'''<ref name="MdC1997-16">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_16.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 16ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914124815/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_16.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|81h 29' 10"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 10' 13"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 05"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 40"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18' 07"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 23' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 28' 20"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 29' 46"
|}
|}

==Stage 17==
'''23 July 1997 — [[Fribourg]] (Switzerland) to [[Colmar]], {{convert|218.5|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 17 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Neil Stephens]]|AUS}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|4h 54' 38"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Oscar Camenzind]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Viatcheslav Ekimov]]|RUS}}
| {{ct|DSC|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Roux]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|TVM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Erik Dekker]]|NED}}
| {{ct|RAB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Javier Pascual Rodríguez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bobby Julich]]|USA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Serguei Outschakov]]|UKR}}
| {{ct|POL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Peter Farazijn]]|BEL}}
| {{ct|SIL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Christophe Mengin]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FDJ|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 17'''<ref name="MdC1997-17">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_17.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 17ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914054610/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_17.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|86h 27' 46"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 10' 13"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 05"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 40"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18' 07"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 23' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 28' 20"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 29' 26"
|}
|}

==Stage 18==
'''24 July 1997 — [[Colmar]] to [[Montbéliard]], {{convert|175.5|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 18 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Didier Rous]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|4h 24' 38"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Pascal Hervé]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 09"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Bobby Julich]]|USA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 10"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Roux]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|TVM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Ángel Casero]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Javier Pascual Rodríguez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 12"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Daniele Nardello]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|MAP|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Manuel Beltrán]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Madouas]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|SIL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 5' 16"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 18'''<ref name="MdC1997-18">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_18.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 18ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914232338/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_18.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|90h 58' 03"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 10' 13"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 05"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 40"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18' 07"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 23' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 28' 20"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 29' 29"
|}
|}

==Stage 19==
'''25 July 1997 — [[Montbéliard]] to [[Dijon]], {{convert|172|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 19 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Mario Traversoni]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|4h 03' 43"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[François Simon (cyclist)|François Simon]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|C.A|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Saligari]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|ALM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Christian Henn]]|GER}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Viatcheslav Ekimov]]|RUS}}
| {{ct|DSC|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Thierry Bourguignon]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|AUB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Erik Dekker]]|NED}}
| {{ct|RAB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Servais Knaven]]|NED}}
| {{ct|TVM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Serguei Outschakov]]|UKR}}
| {{ct|POL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Bart Voskamp]]|NED}}
| {{ct|SIL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | <ref group=nb>Relegated</ref> 4h 03' 17"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 19'''<ref name="MdC1997-19">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_19.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 19ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914234902/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_19.php|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|95h 19' 17"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 22"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 10' 13"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 05"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 16' 40"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 14"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 18' 07"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 23' 42"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 28' 20"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 29' 29"
|}
|}

==Stage 20==
'''26 July 1997 — [[Disneyland Paris]], {{convert|63|km|abbr=on}} ([[Individual time trial|ITT]])'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{|
|'''Stage 20 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|1h 15' 57"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 45"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Philippe Gaumont]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 1' 12"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Bobby Julich]]|USA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 24"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Erik Dekker]]|NED}}
| {{ct|RAB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 39"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Christophe Moreau]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 2' 56"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Brochard]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 10"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 11"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 32"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Artūras Kasputis]]|LTU}}
| {{ct|ALM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 48"
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 20'''<ref name="MdC1997-20">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_20.php|title=84ème Tour de France 1997 - 20ème étape|publisher=Memoire du cyclisme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326183907/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1997_20.php|archivedate=26 March 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|96h 35' 59"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 9' 09"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 14' 03"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 15' 55"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 20' 32"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 22' 47"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 26' 34"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 31' 17"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 31' 55"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 32' 26"
|}
|}

==Stage 21==
'''27 July 1997 — [[Disneyland Paris]] to [[Paris]] [[Champs-Élysées]], {{convert|149.5|km|abbr=on}}'''<ref name="MdC1997" />

{{main|Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France}}

{|
|'''Stage 21 result'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Nicola Minali]]|ITA}}
| [[Batik-Del Monte]]
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|3h 54' 36"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Erik Zabel]]|GER}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Henk Vogels]]|AUS}}
| {{ct|C.A|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Jeroen Blijlevens]]|NED}}
| {{ct|TVM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[George Hincapie]]|USA}}
| {{ct|DSC|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Robbie McEwen]]|AUS}}
| {{ct|RAB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Lauri Aus]]|EST}}
| {{ct|ALM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[Nicola Loda]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|GBM|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Philippe Gaumont]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|COF|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Rolf Sørensen]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|RAB|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | s.t.
|}
||
|'''General classification after stage 21'''<ref name="MdC1997" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Ullrich]]|GER}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nowrap|100h 30' 35"}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{flagathlete|[[Richard Virenque]]|FRA}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 9' 09"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{flagathlete|[[Marco Pantani]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 14' 03"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Olano]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 15' 55"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{flagathlete|[[Fernando Escartín]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|KEL|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 20' 32"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{flagathlete|[[Francesco Casagrande]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|SAE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 22' 47"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{flagathlete|[[Bjarne Riis]]|DEN}}
| {{ct|THR|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 26' 34"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{flagathlete|[[José María Jiménez]]|ESP}}
| {{ct|GCE|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 31' 17"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{flagathlete|[[Laurent Dufaux]]|SUI}}
| {{ct|FES|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 31' 55"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{flagathlete|[[Roberto Conti]]|ITA}}
| {{ct|UNO|1997}}
| style="text-align:right;" | + 32' 26"
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Cycling stage recaps|1997 Tour de France|P|10|11|21}}

[[Category:1997 Tour de France]]
[[Category:Tour de France stages]]

History of Spain (1808–1874)

2019-11-29T16:27:26Z

194.103.240.26: /* Economic and social impact */

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Spain
|native_name = ''Reino de España''
|common_name = Spain
|era = 19th century
|status =
|status_text =
|empire =
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Absolute monarchy]] (1814–1820; 1823–1833) [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Constitutional monarchy]] (1810–1814; 1820–1823; 1833–1873)
|
|event_start = [[Cádiz Cortes]]
|date_start = 24 September
|year_start = 1810
|event_end = [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]] [[Abdication|abdicates]]
|date_end = 11 February
|year_end = 1873
|year_exile_start =
|year_exile_end =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event3 =
|date_event3 =
|event4 =
|date_event4 =
|event_pre =
|date_pre =
|event_post =
|date_post =
|
|p1 = Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic)
|flag_p1 = Bandera de España 1808-1813.svg
|p2 = Enlightenment in Spain{{!}}Kingdom of Spain (Bourbonic)
|flag_p2 = Bandera de España 1760-1785.svg
|p3 = Couto Misto
|flag_p3 = Flag of the Couto Misto.svg
|s1 = First Spanish Republic
|flag_s1 = Flag of the First Spanish Republic.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|flag_type = Naval flag, introduced as national flag 1843
|image_coat = Lesser Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1700-1868 and 1834-1930) Pillars of Hercules Variant.svg
|image_map = España provincial 1850.jpg
|image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Spain in 1850.
|capital = [[Madrid]]
|national_motto = ''[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]'' "Further Beyond"
|national_anthem = ''[[Marcha Real]]'' "Royal March" (1813–1822; 1823–1873) <center>[[File:Marcha Real-Royal March by US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> 
----''[[Himno de Riego]]'' "Anthem of Riego" (1822–1823)
|common_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
|currency = [[Spanish escudo]] (1813–1869) [[Spanish peseta]] (1869–1873)
|
|leader1 = [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]
|year_leader1 = 1813–1833
|leader2 = [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]
|year_leader2 = 1833–1868
|leader3 = [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]]
|year_leader3 = 1870–1873
|title_leader = [[List of Spanish monarchs|King/Queen]]
|representative1 = [[Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga, 14th Count of Chinchón|Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga]]
|year_representative1 = 1813–1814
|representative2 = [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|Francisco Serrano]]
|year_representative2 = 1869–1871
|title_representative = [[List of Spanish regents|Regent]]
|deputy1 = José Luyandoa
|year_deputy1 = 1813–1814
|deputy2 = [[Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla]]b
|year_deputy2 = 1872–1873
|title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Spain|Prime Minister]]
|
|legislature = [[Cortes Generales]]
|house1 = [[Senate of Spain|Senate]]
|house2 = [[Congress of Deputies of Spain|Congress of Deputies]]
|
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnote_a = as First Secretary of State
|footnote_b = as President of the Council of Ministers
|footnotes =
}}
{{History of Spain}}
[[Spain]] in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "[[Peninsular War|war of independence]]" ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish [[nationalism]]. An era of reaction against the [[liberalism|liberal ideas]] associated with revolutionary France followed the war, personified by the rule of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] and – to a lesser extent – his daughter [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]. Ferdinand's rule included the loss of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] in the [[New World]], except for [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]], in the 1810s and 1820s. A series of civil wars then broke out in Spain, pitting Spanish liberals and then [[Republicanism|republicans]] against conservatives, culminating in the [[Carlist Wars]] between the moderate Queen Isabella and her uncle, the reactionary [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Infante Carlos]]. Disaffection with Isabella's government from many quarters led to repeated military intervention in political affairs and to several revolutionary attempts against the government. Two of these revolutions were successful, the moderate [[Vicalvarada]] or "Vicálvaro Revolution" of 1854 and the more radical ''[[Glorious Revolution (1868)|la Gloriosa]]'' (Glorious Revolution) in 1868. The latter marks the end of Isabella's monarchy. The brief rule of the liberal king [[Amadeo I of Spain]] ended in the establishment of the [[First Spanish Republic]], only to be replaced in 1874 by the popular, moderate rule of [[Alfonso XII of Spain]], which finally brought Spain into a [[Spain under the Restoration|period of stability and reform]].

==Spain's first national assembly (1810–1814)==
{{Main|Junta (Peninsular War)}}

[[File:Cortes de cadiz.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|first Spanish Constitution]] was established by the [[Cádiz Cortes]] ]]

The [[Cádiz Cortes]] was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain. It represented the abolition of the old kingdoms. The opening session was held on 24 September 1810.

By the beginning of 1810, the Spanish forces under Central Junta's command, the independent government, had suffered serious military defeat, the [[Battle of Ocaña]], the French forces took control of southern Spain, and forced the Spanish government to retreat to Cádiz, and being under siege by the French from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812, but was never captured (See the [[Siege of Cádiz]]). The "Central Junta" dissolved itself on 29 January 1810, and set up a five-person Regency. The five regents convened the meeting of the Cortes in Cadiz. It operated as a government in exile.

The [[Cortes Generales]] ("General Courts") refuge in Cádiz during the [[Peninsular War]]. The Cortes opened their sessions in September 1810 on the [[Isla de León|Isle of Leon]]. They consisted of 97 deputies, 47 of whom were alternates from Cadiz residents. The Cortes were representatives of the provinces but were unable to hold elections, either in Spain or Americas. The assembly thus try a territorial representation who approved a decree expressing represent the Spanish nation in which lay the national sovereignty over Spain and Americas.

The [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]] was established on 19 March 1812 by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly. It abolished the [[Inquisition]] and [[Absolute monarchy]] in Spain and Americas, and established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy and freedom of the press, and supported land reform and free enterprise.

==Reaction (1814–1820)==


[[Image:Fernando VII en un campamento, por Goya.jpg|thumb|left|King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] (r. 1814–1833)]]

On 24 March 1814, six weeks after returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution. King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]'s refusal to agree to the [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]] on his accession to the throne in 1814 came as little surprise to most Spaniards; the king had signed on to agreements with the clergy, the church, and with the nobility in his country to return to the earlier state of affairs even before the fall of [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]]. The decision to abrogate the Constitution was not welcomed by all, however. Liberals in Spain felt betrayed by the king who they had decided to support, and many of the local [[Junta (Peninsular War)|juntas]] that had pronounced against the rule of [[Joseph Bonaparte]] lost confidence in the king's rule. The army, which had backed the pronouncements, had liberal leanings that made the king's position tenuous. Even so, agreements made at the [[Congress of Vienna]] (where Spain was represented by [[Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador]]) starting a year later would cement international support for the old, [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] regime in Spain.

The [[Spanish Empire]] in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Joseph had promised radical reform, particularly the centralization of the state, which would cost the local authorities in the American empire their autonomy from Madrid. The Spanish Americans, however, did not support [[Enlightened absolutism|absolutism]] and wanted auto-governance. The juntas in the Americas did not accept the governments of the Europeans, neither [[Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic)|the French]] or [[Spain|Spaniards]].

==Trienio Liberal (1820–1823)==
{{See also|Trienio Liberal}}

[[Image:Cortes of the Trienio Liberal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ''[[Cortes Generales|cortes]]'' of the [[Trienio Liberal]] (1820–1823), a period of [[liberalism|liberal]] rule in Spain]]

A conspiracy of [[liberalism|liberal]] mid-ranking [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] in the expedition being outfitted at [[Cadiz]] [[mutiny|mutinied]] before they were shipped to the Americas. Led by [[Rafael del Riego]], the conspirators seized their commander and led their army around [[Andalusia]] hoping to gather support; garrisons across Spain declared their support for the would-be revolutionaries. Riego and his co-conspirators demanded that the liberal [[Constitution of 1812]] be restored. Before the coup became an outright revolution, King Ferdinand agreed to the demands of the revolutionaries and swore by the constitution. A ''"[[Partido progresista|Progresista]]"'' (liberal) government was appointed, though the king expressed his disaffection with the new administration and constitution.

Three years of liberal rule (the ''[[Trienio Liberal]]'') followed. The ''Progresista'' government [[1822 territorial division of Spain|reorganized Spain into 52 provinces]], and intended to reduce the regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg rule]] in the 16th and 17th centuries. The opposition of the affected regions – in particular, [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], and [[Catalonia]] – shared in the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The [[anticlericalism|anticlerical]] policies of the ''Progresista'' government led to friction with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], and the attempts to bring about [[industrialization]] alienated old trade [[guild]]s. The [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]]—which had been abolished by both [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and the [[Cádiz Cortes]] during the French occupation—was ended again by the ''Progresista'' government, summoning up accusations of being nothing more than ''[[afrancesado]]s'' (Francophiles), who only six years before had been forced out of the country. More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, constitutional or otherwise, in 1821; these [[republicanism|republicans]] were suppressed, though the incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the ''Progresista'' government together.

The election of a [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army – whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power – began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in [[Madrid]] had to be suppressed. The [[Jesuits]] (who had been banned by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] in the 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by Ferdinand VII after his restoration) were banned again by the radical government. For the duration of liberal rule, King Ferdinand (though technically [[head of state]]) lived under virtual [[house arrest]] in Madrid.

The [[Congress of Vienna]] ending the [[Napoleonic Wars]] had inaugurated the "[[Congress system]]" as an instrument of international stability in Europe. While Ferdinand had been rebuffed by the "[[Holy Alliance]]" of Russia, Austria, and [[Prussia]] in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822 the "[[Concert of Europe]]" was at sufficient unease with Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that they were prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf. In 1822, the [[Congress of Verona]] authorized France to intervene. [[Louis XVIII of France]] – himself an arch-[[reactionary]] – was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army – the "[[100,000 Sons of Saint Louis]]" – was dispatched across the [[Pyrenees]] in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to the well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new [[Spanish War of Independence]] were not to be fulfilled.

==The Ominous Decade (1823–1833)==
[[Image:Fusilamiento de Torrijos (Gisbert).jpg|thumb|right|300px|''The execution of Torrijos'', by [[Antonio Gisbert Pérez]]. [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]], after his restoration as [[absolute monarchy|absolute monarch]] in 1823, took repressive measures against the [[liberalism|liberal]] forces in his country.]]
{{main|Ominous Decade}}
Immediately following the restoration of absolutist rule in Spain, King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]] embarked on a policy intended to restore old conservative values to government; the [[Jesuit Order]] and the [[Spanish Inquisition]] were reinstated once more, and some autonomy was again devolved to the provinces of [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], and [[Catalonia]]. Although he refused to accept the loss of the American colonies, Ferdinand was prevented from taking any further action against the rebels in the Americas by the opposition of the United Kingdom and the United States, who voiced their support of the new Latin American republics in the form of the [[Monroe Doctrine]]. The recent betrayal of the army demonstrated to the king that his own government and soldiers were untrustworthy, and the need for domestic stability proved to be more important than the reconquest of the Empire abroad. As a result, the destinies of Spain and her empire on the American mainland were to permanently take separate paths.

[[Image:Fernando VII a caballo.jpg|thumb|left|''[[King of Spain|King]] [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] on his horse'', by Vicente López Portaña]]

Although in the interests of stability Ferdinand issued a general [[amnesty]] to all those involved in the 1820 coup and the liberal government that followed it, the original architect of the coup, [[Rafael del Riego]], was executed. The [[liberalism|liberal]] ''[[Partido Progresista]]'', however, continued to exist as a political force, even if it was excluded from actual policy-making by Ferdinand's restored government. Riego himself was hanged, and he would become a [[martyr]] for the liberal cause in Spain and would be memorialized in the [[anthem]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic]], ''[[El Himno de Riego]]'', more than a century later.

The remainder of Ferdinand's reign was spent restoring domestic stability and the integrity of Spain's finances, which had been in ruins since the occupation of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The end of the wars in the Americas improved the government's financial situation, and by the end of Ferdinand's rule the economic and fiscal situation in Spain was improving. A revolt in Catalonia was crushed in 1827, but at large the period saw an uneasy peace in Spain.

[[Image:María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, reina de España.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], Queen Consort (1822–1833) and Queen Regent (1833–1840) of Spain]]

Ferdinand's chief concern after 1823 was how to solve the problem of his own succession. He was married four times in his life, and bore two daughters in all his marriages; the [[Order of succession|succession]] law of [[Philip V of Spain]], which still stood in Ferdinand's time, excluded women from the succession. By that law, Ferdinand's successor would be his brother, [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Carlos]]. Carlos, however, was a [[reactionary]] and an [[authoritarian]] who desired the restoration of the traditional [[moralism]] of the Spanish state, the elimination of any traces of [[constitutionalism]], and a close relationship with the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Though surely not a liberal, Ferdinand was fearful of Carlos's extremism. War had broken out in neighboring Portugal in 1828 as a result of just such a conflict between reactionary and moderate forces in the royal family – the [[Liberal Wars|War of the Two Brothers]].

In 1830, at the advice of his wife, [[Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], Ferdinand decreed a [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830|Pragmatic Sanction]] that had the effect of fundamental law in Spain. As a result of the sanction, women were allowed to accede to the Spanish throne, and the succession would fall on Ferdinand's infant daughter, [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella]], rather than to his brother Carlos. Carlos – who disputed the legality of Ferdinand's ability to change the fundamental law of succession in Spain – left the country for Portugal, where he became a guest of [[Miguel I of Portugal|Dom Miguel]], the absolutist pretender in that country's civil war.

Ferdinand died in 1833, at the age of 49. He was succeeded by his daughter Isabella under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, and his wife, Maria Christina, became [[regent]] for her daughter, who at that time was only three years of age. Carlos disputed the legitimacy of Maria Christina's regency and the accession of her daughter, and declared himself to be the rightful heir to the Spanish throne. A half-century of civil war and unrest would follow.

== Spanish American independence (1810–1833) ==
{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence}}
[[Image:19 de abril.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Caracas]] junta replaces the Spanish [[Captaincy General]], 19 April 1810]]

Already in 1810, [[Caracas]] and [[Buenos Aires]] juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. The British alliance with Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade relations were developed.

[[Image:Battle of Chacabuco.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The victory of General [[José de San Martín]] over Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]], 12 February 1817]]
Spanish liberals opposed to the abrogation of the Constitution of 1812 when Ferdinand's rule was restored, the new American states were cautious of abandoning their independence, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists rose up against the Spanish in the New World.
Although Ferdinand was committed to the reconquest of the colonies, along with many of the Continental European powers, Britain was ostensibly opposed to the move which would limit her new commercial interests. Latin American resistance to Spanish reconquest of the colonies was compounded by uncertainty in Spain itself, over whether or not the colonies should be reconquered; Spanish liberals – including the majority of military officers – already disdainful of the monarchy's rejection of the constitution, were opposed to the restoration of an empire that they saw as an obsolete antique, as against the liberal revolutions in the New World with which they sympathized.

[[Image:Martin Tovar y Tovar 01.JPG|thumb|right|200px| The [[Battle of Ayacucho]], 9 December 1824. The defeat of the Spanish army at Ayacucho was the definitive end of Spain's empire on the South America mainland.]]
The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire. [[Simón Bolívar]], the leader of revolutionary forces in [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]], was briefly forced into exile in British-controlled [[Jamaica]], and independent [[Haiti]]. In 1816, however, Bolívar found enough popular support that he was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada ([[Colombia]]), he defeated Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Boyacá]] in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia. [[Venezuela]] was liberated on 24 June 1821 when Bolívar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the [[Battle of Carabobo]]. [[Argentina]] declared its independence in 1816 (though it had been operating with virtual independence as a British client since 1810 after successfully [[British invasions of the River Plate|resisting a British invasion]]). [[Chile]] was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under [[José de San Martín]], crossed the [[Andes Mountains]] from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]] in 1817.

[[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Central America]] still remained under Spanish control in 1820. King Ferdinand, however, was dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it; a large expedition was assembled in [[Cadiz]] with the aim of reconquest. However the army was to create political problems of its own.

[[José de San Martín]], who had already helped to liberate [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]], entered [[Peru]] in 1820. In 1821, the inhabitants of [[Lima]] invited him and his soldiers to the city. The viceroy fled into the interior of the country. From there he resisted successfully, and it was only with the arrival of [[Simón Bolívar]] and [[Antonio José de Sucre]] in 1823 that the Spanish royalist forces were defeated at the battles of [[Battle of Junin|Junin]] and [[Battle of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], where the entire Spanish Army of Peru and the Viceroy were captured. The Battle of Ayacucho signified the end of the [[Spanish Empire]] on the American mainland.

Although [[Mexico]] had been in revolt in 1811 under [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] bands in the countryside. The coup in Spain did not change the centralized policies of the government of Trieno Liberal in Madrid and many Mexicans were disappointed. In 1821, [[Mexico]] led by [[Agustin de Iturbide]] and [[Vincente Guerrero]] presented the [[Plan de Iguala]], calling for an independent Mexican monarchy, in response to the centralism and fears of the liberalism and anticlericalism in Spain. The liberal government of Spain showed less interest in the military reconquest of the colonies than Ferdinand, although it rejected the independence of Mexico in the failed [[Treaty of Córdoba]]. The last bastion of [[San Juan de Ulúa]] resisted to 1825, and [[Isidro Barradas]] tried to recapture Mexico from Cuba in 1829. With the king's death in 1833 Spain finally abandoned all plans of military re-conquest.

==The Carlist War and the Regencies (1833–1843)==
{{See also|First Carlist War}}

[[Image:Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, por Vicente López.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Carlos María Isidro, Infante of Spain]], the leader of the [[Carlism|Carlist]] cause and pretender to the [[King of Spain|Spanish throne]].]]

After their fall from grace in 1823 at the hands of a French invasion, Spanish [[liberalism|liberals]] had pinned their hopes on Ferdinand VII's wife, [[Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], who bore some marks as a liberal and a reformer. However, when she became regent for her daughter Isabella in 1833, she made it clear to the court that she intended no such reforms. Even still, an alliance of convenience was formed with the ''progresista'' faction at court against the conservatives, who backed the rebel [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Infante Carlos of Spain]].

Carlos, who declared his support for the ancient, pre-[[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] privileges of the ''[[fueros]]'', received considerable support from the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque country]], [[Aragon]], and [[Catalonia]], which valued their ancient privileges from [[Madrid]]. The insurrection seemed, at first, a catastrophic failure for the Carlists, who were quickly driven out of most of Aragon and Catalonia, and forced to cling to the uplands of Navarre by the end of 1833. At this crucial moment, however, Carlos named the [[Basque people|Basque]] [[Tomás de Zumalacárregui]], a veteran [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] of the [[Peninsular War]], to be his [[commander-in-chief]]. Within a matter of months, Zumalacárregui reversed the fortunes of the Carlist cause and drove government forces out of most of Navarre, and launched a campaign into Aragon. By 1835, what was once a band of defeated guerrillas in Navarre had turned into an army of 30,000 in control of all of Spain north of the [[Ebro River]], with the exception of the fortified ports on the northern coast.

[[Image:Tomás Zumalacárregui (portrait).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Carlism|Carlist]] General [[Tomás de Zumalacárregui]]. Zumalacárregui, a [[Basque people|Basque]], saved the Carlist cause from the brink of disaster in 1833.]]

The position of the government was growing increasingly desperate. Rumors of a liberal coup to oust Maria Cristina abounded in Madrid, compounding the danger of the Carlist army which was now within striking distance of the capital. Appeals for aid did not fall on deaf ears; France, which had [[July Revolution|replaced]] the [[reactionary]] monarchy of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] with the liberal monarchy of [[Louis-Philippe I of France|Louis-Philippe]] in 1830, was sympathetic to the Cristino cause. The [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] governments of [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Viscount Melbourne]] were similarly friendly, and organized volunteers and material aid for Spain. Still confident of his successes, however, Don Carlos joined his troops on the battlefield. While Zumalacárregui agitated for a campaign to take Madrid, Carlos ordered his commander to take a port on the coast. In the subsequent campaign, Zumalacárregui died after being shot in the calf. There was suspicion that Carlos, jealous of his general's successes and politics, conspired to have him killed.

Having failed to take Madrid, and having lost their popular general, the Carlist armies began to weaken. Reinforced with British equipment and manpower, Isabella found in the ''progressista'' general [[Baldomero Espartero]] a man capable of suppressing the rebellion; in 1836, he won a key victory at the [[Battle of Luchana]] that turned the tide of the war. After years of vacillation on the issue of reform, events compelled Maria Cristina to accept a [[Spanish Constitution of 1837|new constitution]] in 1837 that substantively increased the powers of the Spanish parliament, the ''[[Cortes Generales|cortes]]''. The constitution also established state responsibility for the upkeep of the church, and a resurgence of [[anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] sentiment, led to the disbandment of some religious orders which considerably reduced the strength of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] in Spain. The [[Jesuit]]s – expelled during the [[Trienio Liberal]] and readmitted by Ferdinand – were again expelled by the wartime regency in 1835.

[[Image:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Spanish ''progresista'' statesman [[Juan Álvarez Mendizábal]]. Mendizábal proposed the [[Spanish confiscation|sale of church property (''desamortización'')]] by the state as a solution to Spain's financial woes.]]

The Spanish government was growing deeper in debt as the Carlist war dragged on, nearly to the point that it became insolvent. In 1836, the president of the government, [[Juan Álvarez Mendizábal]], offered a program of ''desamortización'', the ''[[Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal]]'', that involved the confiscation and sale of church, mainly monastic, property. Many liberals, who bore [[anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] sentiments, saw the clergy as having allied with the Carlists, and thus the ''desamortización'' was only justice. Mendizábal recognized, also, that immense amounts of Spanish land (much of it given as far back as the reigns of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] and [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]]) were in the hands of the church lying unused – the church was Spain's single largest landholder in Mendizábal's time. The Mendizábal government also passed a law guaranteeing [[freedom of the press]].

After Luchana, Espartero's government forces successfully drove the Carlists back northward. Knowing that much of the support for the Carlist cause came from supporters of regional autonomy, Espartero convinced the Queen-Regent to compromise with the ''fueros'' on the issue of regional autonomy and retain their loyalty. The subsequent [[Convention of Vergara]] in 1839 was a success, protecting the privileges of the ''fueros'' and recognizing the defeat of the Carlists. Don Carlos again went into exile.

Freed from the Carlist threat, Maria Cristina immediately embarked on a campaign to undo the Constitution of 1837, provoking even greater ire from the liberal quarters of her government. Failing in the attempt to overthrow her own constitution, she attempted to undermine the rule of the municipalities in 1840; this proved to be her undoing. She was forced to name the ''progressista'' hero of the Carlist War, General Espartero, president of the government. Maria Cristina resigned the regency after Espartero attempted a program of reform.

In the absence of a regent, the ''cortes'' named [[Baldomero Espartero|Espartero]] to that post in May 1841. Although a noted commander, Espartero was inexperienced with politics and his regency was markedly authoritarian; it was arguably Spain's first experience with military rule. The government wrangled with Espartero over the choice of [[Agustín Argüelles]], a radical liberal politician, as the young queen's tutor. From Paris, Maria Cristina railed against the decision and attracted the support of the ''moderados'' in the ''Cortes''. The war heroes [[Manuel de la Concha]] and [[Diego de León, 1st Count of Belascoáin|Diego de León]] attempted a coup in September 1841, attempting to seize the queen, only months after Espartero was named regent. The severity with which Espartero crushed the rebellion led to considerable unpopularity; the ''Cortes'', increasingly rebellious against him, selected an old rival, [[José Ramón Rodil y Campillo]], as their chief minister. Another uprising in [[Barcelona]] in 1842 against his [[free trade]] policies prompted him to bombard the city, serving only to loosen his tenuous grip on power. On 20 May 1843, [[Salustiano Olózaga]] delivered his famous "Dios salve al país, Dios salve a la reina!" (God save the country, God save the queen!) speech that led to a strong moderate-liberal coalition that opposed Espartero. This coalition sponsored a third and final uprising led by generals [[Ramón Narváez]] and [[Francisco Serrano y Dominguez|Francisco Serrano]], who finally overthrew Espartero in 1843, after which the deposed regent fled to England.

==Moderado rule (1843–1849)==
[[Image:Salustiano Olózaga.jpg|thumb|left|[[Salustiano Olózaga]], [[President of the Government of Spain]]]]

The ''cortes'', now exasperated by serial revolutions, coups, and counter-coups, decided not to name another regent, and instead declared that the 13-year-old [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] was of age. Isabella, now inundated with the competing interests of courtiers espousing an array of ideologies and interests, vacillated as her mother did between them, and served to aggravate those genuinely interested in progress and reform. [[Salustiano Olózaga]] was named the first president of the government after Espartero's fall. His commission to form a government was, however, highly unpopular with the ''cortes''; he allegedly received the authority to dissolve the ''cortes'' from the queen, but the queen within days withdrew her support for the plan, and cast her lot behind Olózaga's opponent in the ''cortes'', the Minister of State [[Luis González Bravo]]. Olózaga was accused of obtaining the order of dissolution by forcing Queen Isabella to sign against her will. Olózaga had to resign, having only been President of the Government for an ephemeral fifteen days. Olózaga, a liberal, was succeeded by [[Luis González Bravo]], a moderate, inaugurating a decade of ''moderado'' rule. President [[Luis González Bravo]] was Isabella's first stable president during her effective kingdom, ruling for 6 straight months (from that moment on he would remain loyal to the queen until the end of her kingdom, acting as her very last president decades later at the outbreak of the 1868 Revolution). Isabella's kingdom was to include unstable administration, policies, and governments, due to the various opposition parties that continuously wanted to take over her government – in 1847, for instance, she went through five Presidents of the Government.

[[File:Luis gonzalez bravo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Luis González Bravo]], [[President of the Government of Spain]]]]

[[Luis González Bravo]], leading the moderate faction, dissolved the ''cortes'' himself and ruled by royal decree. He declared Spain to be in a state of siege and dismantled a number of institutions that had been set up by the ''progressista'' movement such as [[election|elected]] [[city council]]s. Fearing another [[Carlism|Carlist]] insurrection in northern Spain, he established the [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]], a force merging police and military functions to retain order in the mountainous regions that had been the Carlists' base of support and strength, so as to defend Isabella's rightful kingdom from her enemies.

[[Image:Ramon Maria Narvaez.jpg|thumb|left|225px|General [[Ramón María Narváez, Duke of Valencia]], a [[caudillo]], leader of the ''Moderado'' faction at court. Like Espartero, Narváez, with the consent of the queen, repressed opposition whenever he was in power, due to the constant emerging conspiracies that sprouted throughout.]]

A new constitution, authored by the ''moderados'' was written in 1845. It was backed by the new Narváez government begun in May 1844, led by General Ramón Narváez, one of the original architects of the revolution against Espartero. A series of reforms promulgated by Narváez's government attempted to stabilize the situation. The ''cortes'', which had been uneasy with the settlement with the ''fueros'' at the end of the [[First Carlist War]], were anxious to centralize the administration. The law of 8 January 1845 did just that, stifling local autonomy in favor of [[Madrid]]; the act contributed to the revolt of 1847 and the revival of [[Carlism]] in the provinces. The Electoral Law of 1846 limited the suffrage to the wealthy and established a property bar for voting. In spite of Bravo and Narváez's efforts to suppress the unrest in Spain, which included lingering Carlist sentiments and ''progressista'' supporters of the old Espartero government, Spain's situation remained uneasy. A revolt led by [[Martín Zurbano]] in 1845 included the support of key generals, including [[Juan Prim]], who was imprisoned by Narváez.

Narváez ended the sale of church lands promoted by the ''progresistas''. This put him into a difficult situation, as the ''progresistas'' had had some progress in improving Spain's financial situation through those programs. The Carlist War, the excesses of Maria Cristina's regency, and the difficulties of the Espartero government left the finances in a terrible situation. Narváez entrusted the finances to the minister [[Alejandro Mon]], who embarked on an aggressive program to restore solvency to Spain's finances; in this he was remarkably successful, reforming the tax system which had been badly neglected since the reign of [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]]. With its finances more in order, the government was able to rebuild the military and, in the 1850s and 1860s, embark on successful infrastructure improvements and campaigns in Africa that are often cited as the most productive aspects of Isabella's reign.

[[Image:Portrait of Isabella II of Spain.png|thumb|left|225px|[[King of Spain|Queen]] [[Isabella II of Spain]] (r. 1833–1868). Isabella's rule was a chaotic and troubled chapter in Spain's history, wracked by civil wars, coups, and scandal that ended with a successful revolution against the monarchy.]]

Isabella was convinced by the ''Cortes'' to marry her cousin, a Bourbon prince, [[Francis, Duke of Cádiz]]. Her younger sister [[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|Maria Louisa Fernanda]] was married to the French king [[Louis-Philippe I of France|Louis-Philippe]]'s son [[Antoine, Duke of Montpensier]]. The [[Affair of the Spanish Marriages]] threatened to break the alliance between Britain and France, which had come to a different agreement over the marriage. France and Britain nearly went to war over the issue before it was resolved; the affair contributed to the [[The Revolutions of 1848 in France|fall of Louis-Philippe]] in 1848. Fury raged in Spain over the queen's nonchalance with the national interest and worsened her public image.

Partly as a result of this, a major rebellion broke out in northern [[Catalonia]] in 1846, the [[Second Carlist War]]. Rebels led by [[Rafael Tristany]] launched a guerilla campaign against government forces in the region and pronounced themselves in favor of [[Carlos, Conde de Montemolin]], carrier of the Carlist cause and son of [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Infante Carlos of Spain]]. The rebellion grew, and by 1848 it was relevant enough that Carlos sponsored it himself and named [[Ramón Cabrera]] as commander of the Carlist armies in Spain. A force of 10,000 men was raised by the Carlists; in response to fears of further escalation Narváez was again named President of the Government in Madrid in October 1847. The biggest battle of the war, the [[Battle of Pasteral]] (January 1849) was inconclusive; Cabrera, however, was wounded and lost confidence. His departure from Spain caused the rebellion dissolve by May 1849. The Second Carlist War, though contemporaneous with the [[revolutions of 1848]], is rarely included as part of the same phenomenon, since the rebels in Spain were not fighting for liberal or [[socialism|socialist]] ideas, but rather conservative and even absolutist ones.

==Rule by pronunciamento (1849–1856)==
[[Image:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]'' by [[J.M.W. Turner]]. [[Isabella II of Spain|Queen Isabella]]'s ''moderado'' governments brought the first steps toward a modern infrastructure in Spain.]]

[[Ramón Narváez]] was succeeded by [[Juan Bravo Murillo]], a practical man and a seasoned politician. Murillo carried the same authoritarian tendencies as Narváez but made serious efforts to advance Spanish industry and commerce. He surrounded himself with technocrats who attempted to take an active role in the advancement of the Spanish economy. An aggressive policy of financial reform was coupled with an equally aggressive policy of infrastructure improvement enabled by [[Alejandro Mon]]'s financial reforms in the preceding decade. A serious effort to build a rail network in Spain was begun by the Murillo government.

Murillo, facing the issue of anti-clericalism, signed a [[concordat]] with the Vatican on the issue of religion in Spain; it was conclusively decided that [[Roman Catholicism]] remained the [[state religion]] of Spain, but that the contribution of the church in education would be regulated by the state. In addition, the state renounced ''desamortización'', the process of selling church lands. Murillo's negotiations with the Papacy were aided by Narváez's role in the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states]], where he had led Spanish soldiers in the pope's defense against revolutionaries.

Murillo, flush with economic and international successes, announced a series of policies on 2 December 1852 to the ''cortes''. Prominent among the reforms he suggested were the reduction of the powers of the ''cortes'' as a whole in favor of Murillo's office as president of the government, and the ability for the executive to legislate by decree in times of crisis. Twelve days later, the ''cortes'' successfully convinced the queen to sack Murillo and find a new minister.

[[Image:Jose Luis Sartorius.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Luis José Sartorius]], Spanish ''moderado'' statesman. The collapse of his administration in 1854 ended a decade of ''moderado'' rule.]]

The next president of the government, [[Federico Roncali]], governed briefly, and did well to maintain a civil atmosphere with the ''cortes'' after Murillo's flamboyance. The army, dissatisfied with Roncali a few months later, convinced the queen to oust him, replacing him with General [[Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea|Francisco Lersundi]]. The ''cortes'', which by then were unsatisfied with the army's intervening in government affairs, arranged for [[Luis José Sartorius]], the [[Count of San Luis]], to be named president of the government. Sartorius – who had gained power only by betraying [[Luis González Bravo]] and following the fortunes of General Narváez – was notorious for falsifying election results in favor of his co-conspirators and himself. His appointment as President of the Government drew violent agitation from the liberal wing of the Spanish government.

In July 1854, a [[Vicalvarada|major rebellion]] broke out bringing together a wide coalition of outrages against the state. The [[Crimean War]], which had broken out in March of that year, had led to an increase in [[grain]] prices across Europe and a [[famine]] in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. [[Riot]]s against the [[power loom]] erupted in the cities, and ''progresistas'' outraged at a decade of ''moderado'' dictatorship and the corruption of the Sartorius government broke out in revolution. General [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] took the lead in the revolution; after the indecisive [[Battle of Vicálvaro]], he issued the [[Manifesto of Manzanares]] that pronounced himself in favor of Spain's former ''progresista'' dictator, [[Baldomero Espartero]], the man that O'Donnell had actively rebelled against in 1841. The ''moderado'' government collapsed before them and Espartero returned to politics at the head of an army.

[[Image:Baldomero Espartero.jpg|thumb|left|225px|[[Baldomero Espartero]], Spanish Cristino General and [[President of the Government of Spain|President of the Government]]. Espartero, leader of the ''progresista'' faction, governed the country as a dictator from 1840–1843 and again from 1854–1856.]]

Espartero was named president of the government, this time by the very queen for whom he had been regent ten years before. Espartero, indebted to O'Donnell for restoring him to power but concerned about having to share power with another man, tried to get him installed to a post as far away from Madrid as possible – in this case, in [[Cuba]]. The attempt failed and only alienated Espartero's colleague; instead, O'Donnell was given a seat in Espartero's cabinet as war minister, though his influence was greater than his [[Portfolio (government)|portfolio]].

The two [[caudillos]], who came into power with immense popularity, attempted to reconcile their differences and form a coalition party that crossed the ''progresista-moderado'' lines that had dominated and restricted Spanish politics since the [[Peninsular War]]. The "[[Unión Liberal]]", as it was called, attempted to forge a policy based on progress in industry, infrastructure, public works, and a national compromise on constitutional and social issues.

Espartero attempted to rebuild the ''progresista'' government after ten years of ''moderado'' reform. Most of Espartero's tenure was absorbed into promulgating the new constitution he intended to replace the ''moderado'' [[Spanish Constitution of 1845|constitution of 1845]]. The resistance of the ''cortes'', however, meant that most of his term was spent deadlocked; the coalition that Espartero relied on was built on both liberals and moderates, who disagreed fundamentally on the ideology of the new constitution and policies. Espartero's constitution included provisions for the [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom of the press]], and, most importantly, a more liberal suffrage than the Constitution of 1845 allowed for. Even before the constitution had been passed, Espartero endorsed [[Pascual Madoz]]'s ''desamortización'' against communal lands in Spain; the plan was strongly opposed not only by the ''moderados'' in the ''cortes'', but also by the queen and General O'Donnell. Espartero's coalition with O'Donnell collapsed, and the queen named O'Donnell president of the government. He too proved unable to work with the government in any meaningful way; he attempted to compromise Espartero's constitution with the 1845 document by, in a bald assertion of power, declaring the 1845 constitution restored with certain specified exceptions, with or without the approval of the ''cortes''. The act led to O'Donnell's ousting; the "Constitution of 1855" was never successfully put into place.

==The end of the old order (1856–1868)==
[[Image:Leopoldo ODonnell.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Leopoldo O'Donnell]], Spanish general and statesman. O'Donnell led the ''[[Unión Liberal]]'' party in the court of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]], a fusion of ''progresista'' and ''moderado'' elements that would alternate in power with [[Ramón Narváez]]'s hardline ''moderado'' faction.]]

Again, [[Ramón María Narváez]], the symbol of reaction, returned to politics and was named president of the government by Isabella in 1856, who switched her favor to the ''moderados''; Espartero, frustrated and bitter with political life, retired permanently to [[Logroño]]. Narváez's new government undid what little Espartero had been able to accomplish while in office; the Constitution of 1845 was restored in its entirety and the legislation that Espartero had put forward was entirely reversed in a matter of months. Isabella grew weary of this, too, and a moderate conservative with a less offensive authoritarian character was found in [[Francisco Armero Peñaranda]], who took power in October 1857. Without Narváez's authoritarian touch, however, Peñaranda found that it was now as difficult for conservative policies to be successfully enacted by the ''cortes'' as it was for Espartero's ''progresista'' policies; the ''moderado'' faction was now divided, with some favoring O'Donnell's ''Unión Liberal'' ideal. Isabella then sacked Peñaranda – to the ire of the ''moderados'' – and replaced him with [[Francisco Javier Istúriz]]. Istúriz, though Isabella admired him, lacked any support from the conservative wing of the government, and was adamantly opposed by Bravo Murillo. Isabella was then disgusted with the ''moderados'' in any form; O'Donnell's faction was able to give the ''Unión Liberal'' another chance in 1858.

This government – the longest-lasting of all of Isabella's governments – lasted nearly five years before it was deposed in 1863. O'Donnell, reacting against the extremism that came from Espartero's government and the ''moderado'' governments that followed it, managed to pull some results from a functional ''Unión Liberal'' coalition of centrist, conciliatory ''moderados'' and ''progresistas'', all of whom were exhausted from partisan bickering. O'Donnell's ministry was successful enough in restoring stability at home that they were able to project power abroad, which also helped to pull popular and political attention away from the ''cortes''; Spain supported the [[Cochinchina Campaign|French expedition]] to [[Cochinchina]], the allied expedition sent in support of the [[French intervention in Mexico]] and [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Emperor Maximilian]], an expedition to [[Santo Domingo]], and most importantly, a [[Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|successful campaign]] into [[Morocco]] that earned Spain a favorable peace and new territories across the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. O'Donnell, even while president of the government, personally took command of the army in this campaign, for which he was named ''Duque de Tetuán''. A new agreement was made with the Vatican in 1859 that reopened the possibility of legal ''desamortizaciones'' of church property. The previous year, [[Juan Prim]], whilst a [[general]], had either allowed [[Jew]]s back onto Spanish territory for the first time since the [[Alhambra Decree]] in 1492,<ref>[http://www.sephardiccouncil.org/spain.html Jews in Spain in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century]</ref> or he would do so in 1868.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/spain1.html The Jewish Virtual History Tour: Spain]</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=BNWvt4i2NRIC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=juan+prim+jews&source=bl&ots=tYWnofIZSc&sig=rBnLHPkhPOyJ9TUaU3xWV3LOsxw&hl=en&ei=4viRSqL9E9HclAfG5PWjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=juan%20prim%20jews&f=false The Spanish Right and the Jews, 1898–1945: Antisemitism and Opportunism</ref> 

[[Image:Battle of Tetuan.jpg|frame|right|''[[The battle of Tetuan]]'' by [[Mariano Fortuny (painter)|Mariano Fortuny]]. The government of [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] launched a series of successful campaigns against [[Morocco]], [[Vietnam]], [[Mexico]], and [[Santo Domingo]] in the early 1860s]]

The coalition broke apart in 1863 when old factional lines broke O'Donnell's cabinet: the issue of ''desamortización'', brought up again, antagonized the two wings of the ''Unión Liberal.'' The ''moderados'', sensing an opportunity, attacked O'Donnell for being too liberal, and succeeded in turning the queen and ''cortes'' against him; his government collapsed on 27 February 1863.

The ''moderados'' immediately took to undoing O'Donnell's legislation but Spain's economic situation took a turn for the worse; when [[Alejandro Mon]], who had already saved Spain's finances, proved ineffectual, Isabella turned to her old warhorse, [[Ramón Narváez]], in 1864 to make certain that things did not get out of hand; this only infuriated the ''progresistas'', who were promptly rewarded for their agitation by another O'Donnell government. General [[Juan Prim]] launched a major uprising against the government during O'Donnell's administration that prefigured future events; the rebellion was crushed brutally by O'Donnell, prompting the same sort of criticism that had toppled Espartero's government years earlier. The queen, listening to the opinion of the ''cortes'', again sacked O'Donnell, and replaced him with Narváez, who had just been sacked two years earlier.

Narváez's support for the queen by this time was lukewarm; he had been sacked and seen enough governments thrown out by the queen in his lifetime that he, and much of the ''cortes'' had great doubts about her ability. The consensus spread; since 1854, a [[Republicanism|Republican]] party had been growing in strength, roughly in step with the fortunes of the ''Unión Liberal'', and indeed, the ''Unión'' had been in coalition with the Republicans at times in the ''cortes''.

==La Gloriosa (1868–1873)==
{{main|Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Provisional Government (1868-1871)|Amadeo I of Spain}}
[[Image:El general Juan Prim (Museo del Romanticismo de Madrid).jpg|right|thumb|225px|[[Juan Prim]], Spanish general. Prim was an architect of the 1868 revolution against [[Isabella II of Spain|Queen Isabella II]]]]

The 1866 rebellion led by [[Juan Prim]] and the revolt of the sergeants at [[San Gil]] sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest with the state of affairs in Spain that could be harnessed if it were properly led. Liberals and republican exiles abroad made agreements at [[Ostend]] in 1866 and [[Brussels]] in 1867. These agreements laid the framework for a major uprising, this time not merely to replace the president of the government with a liberal, but to overthrow Isabella herself, whom Spanish liberals and republicans began to see as the source of Spain's ineffectuality.

Her continual vacillation between liberal and conservative quarters had, by 1868, outraged ''moderados'', ''progresistas'', and members of the ''Unión Liberal'' and enabled, ironically, a front that crossed party lines. Leopoldo O'Donnell's death in 1867 caused the ''Unión Liberal'' to unravel; many of its supporters, who had crossed party lines to create the party initially, joined the growing movement to overthrow Isabella in favor of a more effective regime.

[[Image:Isabella II of Spain in exile.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Queen [[Isabella II of Spain]] in exile at Paris]]

The die was cast in September 1868, when naval forces under admiral [[Juan Bautista Topete]] mutinied in [[Cadiz]] – the same place that [[Rafael del Riego]] had launched his coup against [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella]]'s father a half-century before. Generals [[Juan Prim]] and [[Francisco Serrano y Dominguez|Francisco Serrano]] denounced the government and much of the army defected to the revolutionary generals on their arrival in Spain. The queen made a brief show of force at the [[Battle of Alcolea (1868)|Battle of Alcolea]], where her loyal ''moderado'' generals under [[Manuel Pavía]] were defeated by General Serrano. Isabella then crossed into France and retired from Spanish politics to Paris, where she would remain until her death in 1904.

The revolutionary spirit that had just overthrown the Spanish government lacked direction; the coalition of liberals, moderates, and republicans were now faced with the incredible task of finding a government that would suit them better than Isabella. Control of the government passed to Francisco Serrano, an architect of the revolution against [[Baldomero Espartero]]'s dictatorship. The ''cortes'' initially rejected the notion of a republic; Serrano was named regent while a search was launched for a suitable monarch to lead the country. A truly liberal constitution was written and successfully promulgated by the ''cortes'' in 1869 – the first such constitution in Spain since 1812.

[[Image:Amadeo I, rey de España.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King [[Amadeo I of Spain]] (r. 1870–1873). Amadeo – elected after the 1868 revolution against [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella]] – abdicated after two years, leading to the brief [[First Spanish Republic]]]]

The search for a suitable king proved to be quite problematic for the ''Cortes''. The republicans were, on the whole, willing to accept a monarch if he was capable and abided by a constitution. [[Juan Prim]], a perennial rebel against the Isabelline governments, was named chief of the government in 1869 and remarked that "to find a democratic king in Europe is as hard as to find an atheist in Heaven!" The aged Espartero was brought up as an option, still having considerable sway among the ''progresistas''; even after he rejected the notion of being named king, he still gained eight votes for his coronation in the final tally. Many proposed Isabella's young son Alfonso (the future [[Alfonso XII of Spain]]), but many thought that he would invariably be dominated by his mother and would inherit her flaws. [[Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg]], the former regent of neighboring Portugal, was sometimes raised as a possibility. A nomination offered to Prince [[Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] would trigger the [[Franco-Prussian War]].

In August 1870, an Italian prince, Amadeo of the [[House of Savoy]], Duke of [[Aosta]], was selected. The younger son of [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]], Amadeo had less of the troublesome political baggage that a German or French claimant would bring, and his liberal credentials were strong. He was duly elected King as [[Amadeo I of Spain]] on 3 November 1870. He landed in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] on 27 November, the same day that [[Juan Prim]] was assassinated while leaving the ''Cortes''. Amadeo swore upon the general's corpse that he would uphold Spain's constitution.

However, Amadeo had no experience as king, and what experience his father as King of Italy could offer was nothing compared to the extraordinary instability of Spanish politics. Amadeo was instantly confronted with a ''Cortes'' that regarded him as an outsider, even after it had elected him King; politicians conspired with and against him; and a [[Carlist]] [[Third Carlist War|uprising was taking place]]. In February 1873, he declared the people of Spain to be "ungovernable" and abandoned his kingdom, leaving rebel [[republicanism|Republicans]] and Carlists to battle over the country.

== Economic and social impact ==
The Napoleonic wars had severe negative effects on Spain's economic development. The Peninsular war ravaged towns and countryside alike. There was a sharp decline in population in many areas, caused by casualties, outmigration, and disruption of family life. The demographic impact was the worst of any Spanish war. The marauding armies seized farmers crops; more important, farmers lost much of their livestock, their main capital asset. Severe poverty was widespread, reducing market demand. The disruption of local and international trade, and the shortages of critical inputs, seriously hurt industry and services. The loss of a vast colonial empire reduced overall wealth. Spain by 1820 had become one of Europe's poorest and least-developed societies. Illiteracy characterized three-fourths of the people. Natural resources such as coal and iron existed but the transportation system was rudimentary, with few canals and navigable rivers. Road travel was slow and expensive. British railroad builders were pessimistic about the potential for freight and passenger traffic and did not invest. Eventually a small railway system was built radiating from Madrid, and bypassing the natural resources. The government relied on high tariffs, especially on grain, which further slowed economic development. For example, eastern Spain was unable to import inexpensive Italian wheat, and had to rely on expensive homegrown products carted in over poor roads. The export market collapsed apart from some agricultural products. <ref>Leandro Prados de la Escosura and Carlos Santiago-Caballero, "The Napoleonic Wars: A Watershed in Spanish History?" [ "EHES Working Papers In Economic History, No. 130" 2018]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Spanish confiscation]]
* [[Mexican War of Independence]]
* [[Spanish American wars of independence]]

==References==
* Pierson, Peter (1999). ''The History of Spain''. London: Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-313-30272-3}}.
* Carr, Raymond (2000). ''Spain: A History''. London: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-820619-4}}.
* Esdaile, Charles S. (2000). ''Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939''. {{ISBN|0-631-14988-0}}.
* Gallardo, Alexander (1978). ''Britain and the First Carlist War''. Darby, PA: Norwood Editions.

<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bowen|first=Wayne H.|title=Spain and the American Civil War|year=2011|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0826219381|oclc=711050963 }}
* Bullen, Roger. "France and the Problem of Intervention in Spain 1834–1836." ''Historical Journal'' 20.2 (1977): 363-393.
* Costeloe, Michael. ''Response to Revolution. Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810–1840'' (1986)
* Esdaile, Charles. "Enlightened absolutism versus theocracy in the Spanish restoration: 1814–1850." in David Laven and Lucy Riall, eds. ''Napoleon’s legacy: Problems of government in restoration Europe'' (2000): 65–82.
* Fehrenbach, Charles Wentz. "Moderados and Exaltados: the liberal opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814–1823." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 50.1 (1970): 52–69. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2511632 online]
* Jakóbczyk-Adamczyk, Patrycja M., and Jacek Chelminiak. ''Allies Or Enemies: Political Relations Between Spain and Great Britain During the Reign of Ferdinand VII (1808–1833)'' (Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2015).
* Lawrence, Mark. ''Spain's First Carlist War, 1833–40'' (Springer, 2014).
* [[Juan López-Morillas|López-Morillas, Juan]]. ''The Krausist Movement and ideological change in Spain, 1854–1874'' (Cambridge UP, 1981).
* Paquette, Gabriel. "Romantic Liberalism In Spain And Portugal, c. 1825–1850." ''Historical Journal'' 58.2 (2015): 481–511. [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/37635112/GPaquette_Romantic_Liberalism_HJ_2015.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1531816443&Signature=JyjZkMjeyVXexDR0jKVhLrvannk%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DRomantic_Liberalism_in_Spain_and_Portuga.pdf online]{{dead link|date=March 2019}}
* Vincent, Mary. ''Spain, 1833–2002: people and state'' (Oxford UP, 2007).

===Historiography===
* Hamnett, Brian. "Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues." ''European History Quarterly'' 41.3 (2011): 397–412.
* Simal, Juan Luis. "«Strange Means of Governing»: The Spanish Restoration in European Perspective (1813–1820)." ''Journal of Modern European History'' 15.2 (2017): 197–220.

{{Spain topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Spain (1814-73)}}
[[Category:Modern history of Spain|1810]]
[[Category:19th century in Spain|1810]]

AFRY

2019-11-25T10:13:43Z

194.103.240.26: Company name

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AFRY
| logo = ÅF Logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Publicly traded]] [[Aktiebolag]]
| traded_as = AF B
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afry.com}}

}}

'''AFRY (ÅF Pöyry)''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industrial and Digital Solutions
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Process Industries
# ÅF Management Consulting

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and [[Switzerland]] - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-11-25T10:11:22Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AFRY
| logo = ÅF Logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Publicly traded]] [[Aktiebolag]]
| traded_as = AF B
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afry.com}}

}}

'''ÅF Pöyry''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industrial and Digital Solutions
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Process Industries
# ÅF Management Consulting

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and [[Switzerland]] - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-07-12T14:32:49Z

194.103.240.26: /* Operation */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF Pöyry
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF Pöyry''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industrial and Digital Solutions
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Process Industries
# ÅF Management Consulting

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-07-12T13:04:35Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF Pöyry
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF Pöyry''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-07-12T13:04:05Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF Pöyry
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-07-12T13:03:40Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF Pöyry
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-07-12T13:02:07Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest Scandinavian consulting giants with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-07-12T13:00:50Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish design and consulting company within the fields of energy, industry, infrastructure and information technology. It is one of the biggest scandinavian consulting giant with headcount close to 17,500 consultants all over the world. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest consulting companies in Sweden. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-06-17T09:39:43Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 17 500 (2019)<ref name="Corporate Movie" />
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish engineering and design company within the fields of energy, industry and infrastructure. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest consulting companies in Sweden. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström.<ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!"/>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering.<ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener.<ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

Seychelles

2019-03-07T13:28:29Z

194.103.240.26: /* Political culture */

{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{for|the ship|HMS Seychelles (K592)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Coord|4|35|S|55|40|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Seychelles
|common_name = Seychelles
|native_name = {{unbulleted list |''République des Seychelles'' ([[French language|French]]) |''Repiblik Sesel'' ([[Seychelles Creole]]) }}
|image_flag = Flag of the Seychelles.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|national_motto = {{native phrase|la|"Finis Coronat Opus"|italics=off}} {{small|"The End Crowns the Work"}}
|national_anthem = ''[[Koste Seselwa]]'' {{small|''Join together all Seychellois''}} 
|image_map = Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}}
|capital = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|4|37|S|55|27|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = capital
|official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[English language|English]] |[[French language|French]] |[[Seychellois Creole]]}}
|languages_type =
|languages =
|ethnic_groups =
{{unbulleted list
| {{nowrap|93.2% [[Seychellois Creole people|Creoles]]}}
| 3.0% [[British people|British]]
| 1.8% French
| 0.4% Chinese
| 0.4% [[Indo-Seychellois|Indian]]
| 1.2% others
}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2000
|demonym = {{unbulleted list |Seychellois |Seychelloise |Seselwa {{small|(Creole)}}}}
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Seychelles|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Danny Faure]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Seychelles|Vice President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Vincent Mériton]]
|legislature = [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|National Assembly]]
|sovereignty_type = Independence
|established_event1 = from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_date1 = 29 June 1976
|area_km2 = 459
|area_rank = 181st 
|area_sq_mi = 177
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Seychelles}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
|population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
|population_estimate_rank = 195th
|population_census_year =2014
|population_density_km2 = 205.3
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank = 67th
|GDP_PPP = $2.919 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=718&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Seychelles |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193431/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=718&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=10 October 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2018
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,486<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal = $1.564 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2018
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $16,332<ref name=imf2/>
|Gini = 46.8
|Gini_year = 2013
|Gini_change = 
|Gini_ref =<ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072813/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|archive-date=21 January 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.797 
|HDI_year = 2017
|HDI_change = increase 
|HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update |title=2018 Human Development Report |year=2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203906/http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update |archive-date=14 September 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 62nd
|currency = [[Seychellois rupee]]
|currency_code = SCR
|time_zone = [[Seychelles Time|SCT]]
|utc_offset = +4
|utc_offset_DST = +4
|time_zone_DST = not observed
|drives_on = left
|calling_code = [[+248]]
|cctld = [[.sc]]
}}

'''Seychelles''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Seychelles.ogg|s|eɪ|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|z}} {{respell|say|SHELZ|'}}; {{IPA-fr|sɛʃɛl|lang}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.langenscheidt.com/french-german/seychelles|title=Seychelles - English translation in German - Langenscheidt dictionary French-German|accessdate=29 December 2018|language=en, de, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/Seychelles/121797|title=Traduction : Seychelles - Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse|accessdate=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.pons.com/translate?q=Seychelles&l=enfr&in=fr&lf=fr|title=Seychelles {{!}} French » English {{!}} PONS|accessdate=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref> {{small|or}} {{IPA-fr|seʃ-|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/seychelles|title=English Translation of "Seychelles" {{!}} Collins French-English Dictionary|accessdate=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref>), officially the '''Republic of Seychelles''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|République des Seychelles}}; [[Seychellois Creole|Creole]]: ''Repiblik Sesel''), is an [[archipelago]] country in the [[Indian Ocean]]. The capital of the 115-[[island country]], [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], lies {{convert|1500|km|mi|0}} east of mainland [[East Africa]]. Other nearby island countries and territories include [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]] ([[region of France]]), [[Madagascar]], [[Réunion]] (region of France) and [[Mauritius]] to the south; as well as the [[Maldives]] and [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] to the east. With a population of roughly {{UN_Population|Seychelles}}, it has the [[List of African countries by population|smallest population of any sovereign African country]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goafrica.about.com/od/africatraveltips/a/africafacts.htm |title=Facts about Africa |author=Anouk Zijlma |publisher=Goafrica.about.com |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304125223/http://goafrica.about.com/od/africatraveltips/a/africafacts.htm |archive-date=4 March 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Seychelles is a member of the [[African Union]], the [[Southern African Development Community]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and the [[United Nations]]. After proclamation of independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1976, Seychelles has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, with agriculture being supplanted by rapidly rising [[service sector|service]] and [[public sector]]s as well as [[tourism]]. From 1976 until 2015, nominal GDP output has increased nearly sevenfold and the [[purchasing power parity]] nearly sixteenfold. In late 2010s, the [[President of the Seychelles|President]] [[Danny Faure]] and the [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|National Assembly]] presented plans to encourage foreign investment in order to further upgrade these sectors.

Today, Seychelles boasts the highest [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal per capita GDP]] in Africa, excluding the [[region of France|French regions]]. It is one of only a handful of countries in Africa with a high [[List of African countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]. Despite the country's newfound economic prosperity, poverty remains widespread due to a high level of [[economic inequality]], one of the highest in the world, and unequal [[wealth distribution]] among the populace which vastly favors the upper and ruling class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Seychelles/topics/Poverty/Income-Inequality/GINI-index|title=Seychelles – Income Inequality – GINI index|publisher=Knoema, World Data Atlas|date=2013|accessdate=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810050711/https://knoema.com/atlas/Seychelles/topics/Poverty/Income-Inequality/GINI-index|archive-date=10 August 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of Seychelles}}
[[File:Victoria Seychelles 1900s.jpg|thumb|left|Victoria, Seychelles 1900s]]
The Seychelles were uninhabited throughout most of recorded history. Some scholars assume that [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] seafarers and later [[Maldive Islands|Maldivian]] and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. This assumption is based on the discovery of tombs, visible until 1910.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lionnet |first=Guy |date=1972 |title=The Seychelles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INUJAQAAIAAJ |location= |publisher=David and Charles |pages=55–56 |isbn=978-0811715140 |author-link=Guy Lionnet }}</ref> The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral [[Vasco da Gama]], who passed through the [[Amirantes]] and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the "Ascension" under Captain [[Alexander Sharpeigh]] during the fourth voyage of the British [[East India Company]].

A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by [[pirates]] until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] by Captain [[Corneille Nicholas Morphey|Nicholas Morphey]]. The islands were named after [[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]], [[Louis XV]]'s Minister of Finance.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Assembly of Seychelles |title=Our History |url=http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |accessdate=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628122148/http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The British controlled the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, the French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
[[File:Seychelles 1953 coronation stamp.JPG|thumb|140px|1953 stamp with portrait of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]]]
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of [[Mauritius]] in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]]. Seychelles became a [[crown colony]] separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970.

=== Independence ===
Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref name="History of Seychelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |title=History of Seychelles |publisher=seychelles.com |year=2009 |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608091646/http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |archive-date=8 June 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the 1970s Seychelles was "the place to be seen, a playground for film stars and the international jet set".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Joanna Symons (21 March 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html "Seychelles: Life's a breeze near the equator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html |date=4 May 2018 }}. ''Telegraph.co.uk''.</ref> In 1977, a [[coup d'état]] by [[France Albert René]] ousted the first president of the republic, [[James Mancham]].<ref name="africanhistory.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |title=africanhistory.about.com |publisher=africanhistory.about.com |date= |accessdate=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184227/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted "to keep the Seychelles for the Seychellois".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.

In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa. In 1981, [[Mike Hoare]] led a team of 43 South African mercenaries masquerading as holidaying rugby players in the [[1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> There was a gun battle at the airport, and most of the mercenaries later escaped in a hijacked [[Air India]] plane.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> The leader of this hijacking was German mercenary D. Clodo, a former member of the Rhodesian SAS.<ref>Hoare, Mike The Seychelles Affair (Transworld, London, 1986; {{ISBN|0-593-01122-8}})</ref> Clodo later stood trial in South Africa (where he was acquitted) as well as in his home country Germany for air-piracy.<ref>Bartus László: Maffiaregény {{ISBN|9634405967}}, Budapest 2001</ref>

In 1986, an attempted coup led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis, caused President René to request assistance from India. In [[Operation Flowers are Blooming]], the Indian naval vessel [[INS Vindhyagiri]] arrived in Port Victoria to help avert the coup.<ref>{{cite journal|author=David Brewster and Ranjit Rai|url=https://www.academia.edu/7698363|title=Flowers Are Blooming: the story of the India Navy's secret operation in the Seychelles. Retrieved 10 August 2014|access-date=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607235023/http://www.academia.edu/7698363/Flowers_Are_Blooming_the_story_of_the_India_Navys_secret_operation_in_the_Seychelles|archive-date=7 June 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.

In January 2013, Seychelles declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|title=International Chapter activated for flooding in the Republic of Seychelles|publisher=United Nation|accessdate=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203214223/http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|archive-date=3 February 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AL">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|title=State of Emergency declared in the Seychelles|publisher=Aljazeera|accessdate=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130060303/http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|archive-date=30 January 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Politics ==
[[File:Victoria.jpeg|thumb|[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], the capital of Seychelles]]
{{main|Politics of Seychelles}}
The Seychelles president, who is [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.

The [[unicameral]] Seychellois parliament, [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|the National Assembly]] or ''Assemblée Nationale'', consists of 34 members, 25 of whom are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.

The [[Supreme Court of Seychelles]], created in 1903, is the highest trial court in Seychelles and the first court of appeal from all the lower courts and tribunals. The highest court of law in Seychelles is the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which is the court of final appeal in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bas.sc/seychelles-legal-system/the-judiciary|title=The Judiciary|publisher=Bar Association of Seychelles|accessdate=18 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301051942/http://www.bas.sc/seychelles-legal-system/the-judiciary|archivedate=1 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Political culture ===
[[File:James Michel in meeting.jpg|thumb|Former President [[James Michel]] in his office in [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], 2009]]
[[File:Se-map.gif|thumb|Map of Seychelles]]
Seychelles' previous president [[France Albert René]] came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president [[James Mancham]] on 5 June 1977 in a [[coup d'état]] and installed him as president. René was at that time the prime minister.<ref name="Seychelles Nation">{{cite web | title=Results reflect popular will, observers say | work=Seychelles Nation | url=http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=23584 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928140238/http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=23584 | archive-date=28 September 2011 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news | title=Seychelles re-elects President Michel | work=Reuters | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/seychellesNews/idAFLDE74K0E820110521?sp=true | accessdate=23 May 2011 | date=21 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725212131/http://af.reuters.com/article/seychellesNews/idAFLDE74K0E820110521?sp=true | archive-date=25 July 2012 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Agence France-Presse">{{cite web|title=Vote buying claims mar Seychelles election |work=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ix-TzZJRTJJ_PAHQoACqmS7xSQ3Q?docId=CNG.07d4a47a8ce76f0e07e322726bdf65a2.b1 |date=19 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525013907/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ix-TzZJRTJJ_PAHQoACqmS7xSQ3Q?docId=CNG.07d4a47a8ce76f0e07e322726bdf65a2.b1 |archivedate=25 May 2012 }}</ref> René ruled as a [[strongman (politics)|strongman]] under a [[socialist]] [[one-party system]] until in 1993, when he was forced to introduce a multi-party system. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, [[James Michel]], who was reelected in 2006 and again in 2011.<ref name="Seychelles Nation"/><ref name="Reuters"/><ref name="Agence France-Presse"/> On 28 September 2016, the Office of the President announced that Michel would step down effective 16 October, and that Vice President Danny Faure would complete the rest of Michel's term.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles vice president to complete term of resigning president |author=George Thande |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-seychelles-politics-idUSKCN11Y0DM |work=Reuters |date=28 September 2016 |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929145955/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-seychelles-politics-idUSKCN11Y0DM |archive-date=29 September 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The primary political parties are the ruling socialist [[People's Party (Seychelles)|People's Party]] (PP), known until 2009 as the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), and the [[social liberalism|socially liberal]] [[Seychelles National Party]] (SNP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seychelles4u.com/Seychelles-Info/mobile|title=Seychellen4you – Seychelles Info|website=www.seychelles4u.com|language=de-DE|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322020108/http://www.seychelles4u.com/Seychelles-Info/mobile/|archive-date=22 March 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Further|Foreign relations of Seychelles}}

Seychelles is a member of the [[African Union]]('''AU'''), the francophone [[Indian Ocean Commission]] (IOC), [[La Francophonie]], the [[Southern African Development Community]] ('''SADC''') and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|Districts of Seychelles}}

Seychelles is divided into twenty-six administrative regions comprising all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]]. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] with two districts on [[Praslin]] and one on [[La Digue]] which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the [[Outer Islands (Seychelles)|Outer Islands]] (''{{lang|fr|Îles Eloignées}}'') are the last district recently created by the tourism ministry.
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-3}}
'''Greater Victoria'''
*[[Bel Air, Seychelles|Bel Air]]
*[[La Rivière Anglaise]] (''English River'')
*[[Les Mamelles]]
*[[Mont Buxton]]
*[[Mont Fleuri]]
*[[Plaisance, Seychelles|Plaisance]]
*[[Roche Caiman]]
*[[Saint Louis, Seychelles|Saint Louis]]
{{col-3}}
'''Rural Mahé'''
*[[Anse aux Pins]]
*[[Anse Boileau]]
*[[Anse Etoile]]
*[[Au Cap]]
*[[Anse Royale]]
*[[Baie Lazare]]
*[[Beau Vallon, Seychelles|Beau Vallon]]
*[[Bel Ombre, Seychelles|Bel Ombre]]
*[[Cascade, Seychelles|Cascade]]
*[[Glacis, Seychelles|Glacis]]
*[[Grand'Anse Mahé]]
*[[Pointe La Rue]]
*[[Port Glaud]]
*[[Takamaka, Seychelles|Takamaka]]
{{col-3}}
'''Praslin'''
*[[Baie Sainte Anne]] (Anse Volbert)
*[[Grand'Anse Praslin]] (Grande Anse)

'''La Digue and remaining Inner Islands'''
*[[La Digue]] (Anse Réunion)
{{col-end}}

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Seychelles}}
{{refimprove section|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Praslin vom Nid d'Aigle.jpg|thumb|center|800px|View of [[Praslin]], the second largest island of the Seychelles]]

An island nation, Seychelles is located in the Indian Ocean, northeast of [[Madagascar]] and about {{convert|1600|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of [[Kenya]]. The archipelago consists of 115 islands. The majority of the islands are uninhabited, with many dedicated as nature reserves.

A group of 42 islands, referred to as the inland islands, has a total area of 244 km2, comprising 54% of the total land area of the Seychelles and 98% of the entire population.

The islands are divided into groups as follows.

There are 45 granite-based islands known as the [[Granitic Seychelles]]. These are in descending order of size: [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]], [[Praslin]], [[Silhouette Island]], [[La Digue]], [[Curieuse]], [[Félicité Island|Félicité]], [[Frégate Island|Frégate]], Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, [[Moyenne Island|Moyenne]], Eden, Île Soleil, Romainville, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), [[Cachée Island|Cachée]], Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve-Souris (Mahé), Chauve-Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
[[File:Anse Source d'Argent 2-La Digue.jpg|thumb|Beach of Anse Source d'Argent on the island of [[La Digue]]]]
There are two coral sand [[cay]]s north of the granitics: [[Denis Island|Denis]] and [[Bird Island, Seychelles|Bird]].

There are two [[coral island]]s south of the Granitics: [[Coëtivy Island|Coëtivy]] and [[Île Platte|Platte]].
[[File:Anse Lazio beach Praslin Seychelles.jpg|thumb|left|Beach of [[Anse Lazio]] on the island of [[Praslin]]]]

There are 29 coral islands in the [[Amirantes|Amirantes group]], west of the granitics: [[Desroches]], Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph, Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnœufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Étoile, Bijoutier.

There are 13 coral islands in the [[Farquhar Group]], south-southwest of the Amirantes: [[Farquhar Atoll]] (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable, Déposés, Île aux Goëlettes, Lapins, Île du Milieu, North Manaha, South Manaha, Middle Manaha, North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.

[[File:Seychelles 017.JPG|thumb|Mahé Island]]
There are 67 [[Raised coral atoll|raised coral islands]] in the [[Aldabra Group]], west of the Farquhar Group: [[Aldabra Atoll]] (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Émile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Héron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), [[Assumption Island]], Astove and [[Cosmoledo Atoll]] (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goélettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).

=== Climate ===
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6268.htm | title = Background Note: Seychelles | author = U.S. Department of State | accessdate = 25 May 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527143145/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6268.htm | archive-date = 27 May 2010 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }} ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> classified by [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen-Geiger system]] as [[tropical rain forest]] (Af). The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from {{convert|24|to|30|°C|°F|0}}, and rainfall ranges from {{convert|2900|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} annually at [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] to {{convert|3600|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} on the mountain slopes. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is somewhat less on the other islands.<ref name="Climate">{{cite web|url=http://www.stgt.com/seychelles/html/climate.htm|title=Climate|publisher=STGT.com|accessdate=23 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306150756/http://www.stgt.com/seychelles/html/climate.htm|archivedate=6 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about {{convert|24|°C|°F|0}}. The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds {{convert|31|°C|°F|0}}. Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.<ref name="Climate"/>

{{Weather box
|location = Victoria ([[Seychelles International Airport]])
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high C = 29.8
|Feb high C = 30.4
|Mar high C = 31.0
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 30.5
|Jun high C = 29.1
|Jul high C = 28.3
|Aug high C = 28.4
|Sep high C = 29.1
|Oct high C = 29.6
|Nov high C = 30.1
|Dec high C = 30.0
|year high C = 29.8
|Jan mean C = 26.8
|Feb mean C = 27.3
|Mar mean C = 27.8
|Apr mean C = 28.0
|May mean C = 27.7
|Jun mean C = 26.6
|Jul mean C = 25.8
|Aug mean C = 25.9
|Sep mean C = 26.4
|Oct mean C = 26.7
|Nov mean C = 26.8
|Dec mean C = 26.7
|year mean C = 26.9
|Jan low C = 24.1
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 24.8
|Apr low C = 25.0
|May low C = 25.4
|Jun low C = 24.6
|Jul low C = 23.9
|Aug low C = 23.9
|Sep low C = 24.2
|Oct low C = 24.3
|Nov low C = 24.0
|Dec low C = 23.9
|year low C = 24.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 379
|Feb precipitation mm = 262
|Mar precipitation mm = 167
|Apr precipitation mm = 177
|May precipitation mm = 124
|Jun precipitation mm = 63
|Jul precipitation mm = 80
|Aug precipitation mm = 97
|Sep precipitation mm = 121
|Oct precipitation mm = 206
|Nov precipitation mm = 215
|Dec precipitation mm = 281
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan humidity= 82
|Feb humidity= 80
|Mar humidity= 79
|Apr humidity= 80
|May humidity= 79
|Jun humidity= 79
|Jul humidity= 80
|Aug humidity= 79
|Sep humidity= 78
|Oct humidity= 79
|Nov humidity= 80
|Dec humidity= 82
|year humidity = 79.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 17
|Feb precipitation days = 11
|Mar precipitation days = 11
|Apr precipitation days = 14
|May precipitation days = 11
|Jun precipitation days = 10
|Jul precipitation days = 10
|Aug precipitation days = 10
|Sep precipitation days = 11
|Oct precipitation days = 12
|Nov precipitation days = 14
|Dec precipitation days = 18
|Jan sun = 153.3
|Feb sun = 175.5
|Mar sun = 210.5
|Apr sun = 227.8
|May sun = 252.8
|Jun sun = 232.0
|Jul sun = 230.5
|Aug sun = 230.7
|Sep sun = 227.7
|Oct sun = 220.7
|Nov sun = 195.7
|Dec sun = 170.5
|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/080/c00253.htm |title=World Weather Information Service – Victoria |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |accessdate=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313184413/http://worldweather.wmo.int/080/c00253.htm |archive-date=13 March 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|source 2 = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<ref name=NOAA>{{NOAA normals|id=RA-I/SC/63980 |title=SEYCHELLES INTL AP Climate Normals 1971–1990 |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref>
|date = March 2012
}}

=== Wildlife ===
{{main|Flora and fauna of Seychelles}}
[[File:Seychelles Paradise-flycatcher.jpg|thumb|left|Seychelles Paradise-flycatcher]]
[[File:Aldabra Female on Curieuse.JPG|thumb|An Aldabra giant tortoise]]
[[File:Nerita plicata.jpg|thumb|''Nerita plicata'' on Mahe island]]
[[File:Bird flocks Bird Island Seychelles.jpg|thumb|Bird flocks Bird Island Seychelles]]

Seychelles is among the world's leading countries to protect lands for [[threatened species]], allocating 42% of its territory for [[conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/mapped-the-countries-with-the-most-protected-areas/|title=Mapped: The countries with the most protected land (#1 might surprise you)|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223043633/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/mapped-the-countries-with-the-most-protected-areas/|archive-date=23 February 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Like many fragile island ecosystems, Seychelles saw the loss of [[biodiversity]] when humans first settled in the area, including the disappearance of most of the [[giant tortoise]]s from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the [[Seychelles chestnut-flanked white-eye|chestnut flanked white eye]], the [[Seychelles parakeet]], and the [[saltwater crocodile]]. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as [[Mauritius]] or [[Hawaii]], partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare [[Seychelles black parrot]], the national bird of the country, is now protected.

The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the [[Aldabra]] group. Particularly well-known is the [[coco de mer]], a species of palm that grows only on the islands of [[Praslin]] and neighbouring [[Curieuse]]. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because the shape of its "double" coconut resembles buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed. The [[jellyfish tree]] is to be found in only a few locations on [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahe]]. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (''[[Medusagyne]]'') seems to reproduce only in cultivation and not in the wild. Other unique plant species include Wright's gardenia (''[[Rothmannia annae]]'') found only on [[Aride Island]] Special Reserve.

The [[freshwater crab]] genus ''[[Seychellum]]'' is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and five species of [[hermit crab]]s live on the islands.<ref name="Haig">{{cite book |author=Janet Haig|year=1984 |chapter=Land and freshwater crabs of the Seychelles and neighbouring islands |page=123 |editor=David Ross Stoddart |title=Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-90-6193-107-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAu6qogRHloC&pg=PA123}}</ref>

The [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] now populates many of the islands of Seychelles; the Aldabra population is the largest remaining. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. The granitic islands of Seychelles may support distinct species of [[Seychelles giant tortoise]]s; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.

There are several unique species of orchid on the islands.

Seychelles hosts some of the largest [[Bird colony|seabird colonies]] in the world, notably on the outer islands of Aldabra and Cosmoledo. In [[granitic Seychelles]] the largest colonies are on [[Aride Island]] including the world's largest numbers of two species. Sooty terns also breed on the islands. Other birds include Cattle egrets (''Bubulcus ibis'') and Fairy terns (''Gygis alba'').<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998.''The Life of Birds.'' p.220-221. BBC. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref>

The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.

=== Environmental issues ===
Since the use of [[speargun]]s and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of [[Snorkeling|snorkelers]] and [[Scuba diving|divers]]. [[Coral bleaching]] in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., [[Silhouette Island]]).

Despite huge disparities across nations,{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Seychelles claims to have achieved nearly all of its [[Millennium Development Goals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/english/MDG%20Country%20Reports/Seychelles/Seychelles%20MDR2010Print.pdf|title=Seychelles Millennium Development Goals: Status Report 2010|last=|first=|date=August 2010|website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029044444/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/english/MDG%20Country%20Reports/Seychelles/Seychelles%20MDR2010Print.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> 17 MDGS and 169 targets have been achieved.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Environmental protection is becoming a cultural value.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Their government's Seychelles Climate Guide describes the nation's climate as rainy, with a dry season with an ocean economy in the ocean regions. The Southeast Trades is on the decline but still fairly strong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065927/http://www.meteo.gov.sc/index.php/climate/climate-services/seychelles-climate-guide Seychelles Climate Guide, 2015]. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. meteo.gov.sc</ref> Reportedly, weather patterns there are becoming less predictable.<ref>[https://www.expertafrica.com/seychelles/info/seychelles-weather-and-climate Seychelles weather and climate, see 'Blue Economy'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926071503/https://www.expertafrica.com/seychelles/info/seychelles-weather-and-climate |date=26 September 2015 }}. Expertafrica.com. Retrieved on 8 December 2016.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Seychelles}}
{{see also|Indo-Seychellois|Sino-Seychellois|Seychellois Creole People|Seychellois Creole|Franco-Seychellois}}
[[File:Victoria (Seychelles).jpg|thumb|left|[[Victoria, Seychelles]]]]
[[File:Seychelles demography.png|thumb|right|Demographics of Seychelles, Data of [[FAO]], year 2005; Number of inhabitants in thousands.]]
When the British gained control of the islands during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans, and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the ''Gran blan'' ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on [[Indentured servant|indentured servitude]] to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Seychelles.html |title=Culture of Seychelles |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422160631/http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Seychelles.html |archive-date=22 April 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Through harmonious socioeconomic policies and developments{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} over the years, today Seychelles is described as a fusion of peoples and cultures. Numerous Seychellois are considered multiracial: blending from African, Asian and European descent to create a modern creole culture. Evidence of this harmonious blend is also revealed in Seychellois food, incorporating various aspects of French, Chinese, Indian and African cuisine.

[[File:St Francis Church Mahe.jpg|thumb|St Francis Church, Mahé]]

As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups were those of African, French, [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]] and [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] descent. The median age of the Seychellois was 32 years.<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html|title=Seychelles|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|access-date=27 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004422/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html|archive-date=13 February 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Languages===
French and English are official languages along with [[Seychellois Creole]], which is primarily based upon French. However, nowadays the language is often laced with English words and phrases. Including second-language speakers, Seychellois is the most-spoken official language in the Seychelles, followed by French, and lastly by English.<ref name="ethno">{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/sc/languages | title=Seychelles languages | publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Dallas, Texas; 19th edition | date=2016 | accessdate=2 November 2016 | author=Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235045/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/sc/languages | archive-date=3 November 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref> 87% of the population speaks Seychellois, 51% speaks French, and 38% speaks English.<ref name=ethno/>

=== Religion ===
{{main|Religion in Seychelles}}
According to the 2010 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 76.2% were [[Catholic Church in Seychelles|Roman Catholic]], pastorally served by the exempt [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Victoria o Seychelles|Diocese of Port Victoria or Seychelles]] (immediately dependent on the Holy See); 10.6% were Protestant, ([[Anglicanism|Anglican]] 6.1%, [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal Assembly]] 1.5%, [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-Day Adventist]] 1.2%, other Protestant 1.6%).

Hinduism is practiced by 2.4%, and Islam by 1.6%. Other non-Christian faiths accounted for 1.1% of the population while a further 5.9% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.<ref name="CIA"/>

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Seychelles}}
[[File:Mahe Beach - author with the sailfish by J. Strzelecki.JPG|thumb|The sailfish at Mahé Beach]]
[[File:Colourful Skirts at Seychelles Market.jpg|thumb|Colourful skirts at Seychelles Market]]
During the plantation era, [[cinnamon]], [[vanilla]] and [[copra]] were the chief exports. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist [[Donald Prell]] prepared for the then-[[crown colony]] Governor General an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. Quoting from his report, in the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.<ref>{{cite book|author= D. B. Prell|title=Economic Study of the Seychelles Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_6yHAAACAAJ|year=1965|publisher=D.B. Prell}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Economic.Study.Seychelles.1965.D.B.Prell|title=Economic. Study. Seychelles. 1965. D. B. Prell|work=Internet Archive|year=1965}}</ref>
The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé used by the [[Air Force Satellite Control Network]] was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.

Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla.

{{As of|2013}}, the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).<ref>[http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/syc/all/show/2013/ OEC – Products exported by the Seychelles (2013)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821072216/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/syc/all/show/2013/ |date=21 August 2016 }}. Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved on 8 December 2016.</ref>

The prime agricultural products currently produced in Seychelles include [[sweet potatoes]], vanilla, coconuts and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon and vanilla are the main export commodities.

Since the [[Great Recession|worldwide economic crises of 2008]], the Seychelles government has prioritised a curbing of the [[budget deficit]], including the containment of [[social welfare]] costs and further [[privatisation]] of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications and a wide range of other businesses. According to the 2013 [[Index of Economic Freedom]], which measures the degree of limited government, market openness, regulatory efficiency, rule of law, and other factors, economic freedom has been increasing each year since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Index of Economic Freedom|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/seychelles|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708011801/http://www.heritage.org/index/country/seychelles|archive-date=8 July 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The national currency of Seychelles is the [[Seychellois rupee]]. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies, it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.

=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Seychelles}}
[[File:Seychelles 083.JPG|thumb|right|Aircraft at [[Seychelles International Airport]]]]
[[File:General hotel.jpg|thumb|left|Beach resort at Seychelles]]
In 1971, with the opening of [[Seychelles International Airport]], tourism became a significant industry, essentially dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.

In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seychellestour.com/seychelles-guide/economy/ |title=Seychelles economy – Seychelles Travel Guide |publisher=Seychellestour.com |date= |accessdate=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102010/http://seychellestour.com/seychelles-guide/economy/ |archive-date=2 March 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Financial Services Authority and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).

During March 2015, Seychelles allocated [[Assumption Island]] to be developed by India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-develop-two-islands-in-Indian-Ocean/articleshow/46533103.cms India to develop two islands in Indian Ocean – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315162052/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-develop-two-islands-in-Indian-Ocean/articleshow/46533103.cms |date=15 March 2015 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (11 March 2015). Retrieved on 8 December 2016.</ref>

=== Energy ===
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Persian Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about {{convert|5700|oilbbl/d}}.

In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of [[Bunker fuel|bunker]] for ships and aircraft calling at [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]]. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).

== Culture ==
{{see also|Women in Seychelles}}

[[File:Clock Tower -Victoria -Seychelles2.jpg|thumb|200px|The district clock tower in the centre of the capital [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]].]]
Seychellois society is essentially [[Matriarchy|matriarchal]].<ref name=cs>Tartter, Jean R. "Status of Women". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sctoc.html Indian Ocean country studies: Seychelles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211060002/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sctoc.html |date=11 December 2005 }} (Helen Chapin Metz, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (August 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref><ref name=hr>[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100502.htm Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Seychelles (2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120045525/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100502.htm |date=20 January 2012 }} [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] (11 March 2008). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''</ref> Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children.<ref name=cs/> [[Unwed mother]]s are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to [[child support|support their children]].<ref name=hr/> Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.<ref name=cs/>

=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Seychelles}}

Until the mid 19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles. The Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944.

A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect, requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.

The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 100% in 2014.

There are a total of 68 schools in Seychelles. The public school system consists of 23 [[Kindergarten|crèches]], 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. They are located on [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]], [[Praslin]], [[La Digue]] and [[Silhouette Island|Silhouette]]. Additionally, there are three private schools: École Française, International School and the independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on [[Praslin]]. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, Seychelles Tourism Academy, University of Seychelles Education, Seychelles [[Institute of Technology]], Maritime Training Center, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Center and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.

The administration launched plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the [[brain drain]] that has occurred. [[University of Seychelles]], initiated in conjunction with the [[University of London]], opened on 17 September 2009 in three locations, and offers qualifications from the University of London.

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Cuisine of Seychelles}}
[[File:Cutting coconuts Seychelles.jpg|thumb|Cutting open young coconuts for drinking, Seychelles]]
Staple foods include fish, seafood and [[shellfish]] dishes, often accompanied with rice.<ref name="Lonely Planet">{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKAH9zxBiA8C&pg=PA273|year=2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-167-9|pages=273–274}}</ref><ref name="Evans"/> Fish dishes are cooked in several ways, such as steamed, [[Grilling|grilled]], wrapped in [[banana leaves]], baked, salted and [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]].<ref name="Lonely Planet"/> Curry dishes with rice are also a significant aspect of the country's cuisine.<ref name="Evans"/><ref name="PT">{{cite book|title=Practice Tests for IGCSE English as a Second Language Reading and Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVT26ZRnGFQC&pg=PA50|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-14059-1|page=50|date=4 February 2010}}</ref>

Additional food staples include coconut, [[breadfruit]], [[mango]]es and ''kordonnyen fish''.<ref name="Tingay"/> Dishes are often garnished with fresh flowers.<ref name="Tingay">{{cite book|author=Paul Tingay|title=Seychelles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoUynTBELeIC&pg=PA33|year=2006|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-439-6|pages=33–34}}</ref>

* Chicken dishes, such as chicken curry and [[coconut milk]].<ref name="Evans">{{cite book|author=Dyfed Lloyd Evans|title=The Recipes of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJxlWwrVcKcC&pg=PA235|publisher=Dyfed Lloyd Evans|pages=235–236}}</ref>
* Coconut curry<ref name="Evans"/>
* [[Dal|Dhal]] (lentils)<ref name="Tingay"/>
* Fish curry<ref name="Evans"/>
* [[Saffron rice]]<ref name="Tingay"/>
* Fresh [[tropical fruit]]s<ref name="Lonely Planet"/><ref name="GOT">{{cite book|author1=Lloyd E. Hudman|author2=Richard H. Jackson|title=Geography of Travel and Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyGjpyNAur0C&pg=PA384|year=2003|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-7668-3256-5|page=384}}</ref>
* [[Ladob]] is eaten either as a savoury dish or as a dessert. The dessert version usually consists of ripe [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] and [[sweet potatoes]] (but may also include [[cassava]], [[breadfruit]] or even [[Soursop|corossol]]) boiled with coconut milk, sugar, [[nutmeg]] and vanilla in the form of a pod until the fruit is soft and the sauce is creamy.<ref name="Carpin"/> The savoury dish usually includes salted fish, cooked in a similar fashion to the dessert version, with plantain, cassava and breadfruit, but with salt used in place of sugar (and omitting vanilla).
* [[Shark chutney]] typically consists of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed, and cooked with squeezed [[bilimbi]] juice and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]. It is mixed with onion and spices, and the onion is fried and it is cooked in oil.<ref name="Carpin">Sarah Carpin (1998) ''Seychelles'', Odyssey Guides, The Guidebook Company Limited. p. 77</ref>
* Vegetables<ref name="Evans"/><ref name="GOT"/>

=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Seychelles}}
The [[music of Seychelles]] is diverse, a reflection of the fusion of cultures through its history. The [[folk music]] of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as [[berimbau]]), European [[Contredanse (organisation)|contredanse]], [[polka]] and [[mazurka]], French folk and pop, [[sega music|sega]] from [[Mauritius]] and Réunion, [[taarab]], [[soukous]] and other pan-African genres, and [[Polynesia]]n, [[Music of India|Indian]] and [[Arcadia]]n music.

A form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is [[Moutya]], a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan [[benga music|benga]]. Kontredans (based on European contredanse) is popular, especially in District and School competitions during the annual Festival Kreol (International Creole Festival). Moutya playing and dancing can often be seen at beach bazaars. Their main languages are [[Seychellois Creole]] of the French language, French and English.

=== Media and telecommunications ===
{{main|Media and telecommunications in Seychelles}}

The main daily newspaper is the ''[[Seychelles Nation]]'', dedicated to local government views and current affairs and topics. Other political parties operate other papers such as ''Regar''. Foreign newspapers and magazines are readily available in most bookshops and newsagents. The papers are mostly written in [[Seychellois Creole]], French and English.

The main television and radio network is operated by the [[Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation]] which offers locally produced news and discussion programmes in the Seychellois Creole language. Broadcasts run between 3 pm and 11:30 pm on weekdays and longer hours during the weekends. There are also imported English and French language television programmes imported on Seychellois terrestrial television and international satellite television has grown rapidly in recent years.

=== Sports ===
The most popular sport in Seychelles is basketball, which has particularly developed in this decade.<ref>[https://www.fiba.com/seychelles-basketball-federation-eager-to-grow-sports-popularity Seychelles Basketball Federation eager to grow sport's popularity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807191631/https://www.fiba.com/seychelles-basketball-federation-eager-to-grow-sports-popularity |date=7 August 2016 }}, Fiba.com, 12 May 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref> The country's [[Seychelles national basketball team|national team]] qualified for the [[Basketball at the 2015 African Games|2015 African Games]], its greatest accomplishment to date. There, the team competed against some of the continent's largest countries such as [[Egypt national basketball team|Egypt]].

== Security ==

=== Military ===
{{main|Military of Seychelles}}
[[File:INS Teg approaching Port Victoria, Seychelles.JPG|thumb|{{INS|Teg}} approaching Port Victoria, Seychelles]]
The Military of Seychelles is the Seychelles People's Defence Force which consists of a number of distinct branches: an Infantry Unit and Coast Guard, Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit. India has played and continues to play a key role developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over two [[Trinkat-class patrol vessel|SDB Mk5 patrol vessels]] namely INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli to [[Seychelles Coast Guard]], built by [[GRSE]] which were subsequently renamed SCG Constant and SCG Topaz, India also gifted a [[Dornier Flugzeugwerke|Dornier]] Maritime Patrol aircraft built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-08/news/55894379_1_k-dhowan-maritime-security-indian-ocean "India gifts second fast attack craft INS Tarasa to the Seychelles Coast Guard"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131651/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-08/news/55894379_1_k-dhowan-maritime-security-indian-ocean |date=2 April 2015 }}. ''Times of India''. 8 November 2014</ref> India also signed a pact to develop [[Assumption Island]], one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over {{convert|11|km2|0|abbr=on}}, it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of [[Madagascar]]. The island is being leased for the development of infrastructure, a euphemism for developing strategic assets by India.<ref>Shubhajit Roy (12 March 2015) [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/india-seychelles-sign-four-pacts-to-boost-security-cooperation/ "India to develop strategic assets in 2 Mauritius, Seychelles islands"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311205408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/india-seychelles-sign-four-pacts-to-boost-security-cooperation/ |date=11 March 2015 }}. ''The Indian Express''.</ref>

=== Incarceration ===
{{Further|List of countries by incarceration rate}}
In 2014, Seychelles had the highest incarceration rate in the world of 799 prisoners per 100,000 population, exceeding the United States rate by 15%.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_population_rate?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All | title=Highest to Lowest – Prison Population Rates Across the World | publisher=World Prison Brief | date=2014 | accessdate=22 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111000721/http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_population_rate?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All | archive-date=11 November 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, the country's actual population is less than 100,000; as of September 2014, Seychelles had 735 actual prisoners, 6% of whom were female, incarcerated in three prisons.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/seychelles | title=Data for prison population in Seychelles | publisher=World Prison Brief | date=2014 | accessdate=22 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107120440/http://prisonstudies.org/country/seychelles | archive-date=7 November 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Modern piracy ===
Seychelles is a key participant in the fight against Indian Ocean [[piracy]] primarily committed by [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia#Effects and perceptions|Somali pirates]].<ref name="wc">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/a-pirate-s-prison-tucked-inside-seychelles-paradise/c1s4825/#.VayUIflViko | title=A Pirate's Prison Tucked Inside Seychelles Paradise | publisher=Worldcrunch | date=6 March 2012 | accessdate=22 October 2016 | author=Colonnello, Paolo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017100317/http://www.worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/a-pirate-s-prison-tucked-inside-seychelles-paradise/c1s4825/#.VayUIflViko | archive-date=17 October 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Former president [[James Michel]] said that piracy costs between $7 million – $12 million a year to the international community: "The pirates cost 4% of the Seychelles [[gross domestic product|GDP]], including direct and indirect costs for the loss of boats, fishing, and tourism, and the indirect investment for the maritime security," factors affecting local fishing – one of the country's main national resources – which had a 46% loss in 2008–2009.<ref name=wc/> International contributions of patrol boats, planes or drones have been provided to help Seychelles combat sea piracy.<ref name=wc/>

== See also ==
{{portal|Africa}}
{{Wikipedia books|Seychelles}}
* [[Outline of Seychelles]]
*[[Index of Seychelles-related articles]]{{-}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Seychelles|voy=Seychelles}}
'''Government'''
* [http://www.egov.sc/ SeyGov], main government portal
* [http://www.statehouse.gov.sc/ State House], Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles
* [http://www.cbs.sc/ Central Bank of Seychelles], on-shore banking and insurance regulator
* [http://www.sib.gov.sc/ Seychelles Investment Bureau], government agency promoting investment in Seychelles
* [https://archive.is/20121225023604/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/ National Bureau of Statistics], government agency responsible for collecting, compiling, analysing and publishing statistical information

'''Religion'''
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/pvic0.htm GigaCatholic]

'''General'''
* {{CIA_World_Factbook link|se|Seychelles}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081025074904/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/seychelles.htm Seychelles] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Seychelles}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093816 Seychelles] from [[BBC News]]
*{{wikiatlas|Seychelles}}
* [http://www.islandconservationseychelles.com Island Conservation Society], a non-profit nature conservation and educational non-governmental organisation
* [http://www.natureseychelles.org Nature Seychelles], a scientific/environmental non-governmental nature protection association
* [http://www.nation.sc ''The Seychelles Nation''], the largest circulation local daily newspaper
* [http://seychellesbirdrecordscommittee.com Seychelles Bird Records Committee]
* [http://www.seychelles.travel Seychelles.travel], Government tourism portal
* [http://airseychelles.com Air Seychelles], Seychelles national airline
* [http://adst.org/2015/04/seychelles-gangstas-paradise/ ADST interview with U.S. Ambassador to Seychelles David Fischer]
* [http://www.seychelles.cc/ Private website with tips and images]

{{Seychelles topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Related articles
|list =
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Indian Ocean}}
{{Southern African Development Community}}
{{African Union}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Seychelles| ]]
[[Category:Mascarene Islands]]
[[Category:Island countries of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:East African countries]]
[[Category:Commonwealth republics]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Africa]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
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[[Category:Countries in Africa]]

AFRY

2019-02-19T09:22:17Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 10 000 (2017)<ref name="Corporate Movie"></ref>
| divisions = Energy, Industry, Infrastructure and Digital Solutions
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish engineering and design company within the fields of energy, industry and infrastructure. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest consulting companies in Sweden. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson. <ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström. <ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering. <ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener. <ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]
{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

AFRY

2019-02-05T12:00:28Z

194.103.240.26: /* Olympic Green Advisor */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ÅF
| logo = ÅF HQ2015 300.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Consulting services for energy, industry and infrastructure projects
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
| founder =
| location = [[Solna]], [[Sweden]]
| num_locations = 100< (May 2017) <ref name="Corporate Movie">{{cite web|title=ÅF Corporate Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=CvyWYgt8M_A}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Jonas Gustavsson ([[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/nyhetsrum/pressreleaser/all/2017/jonas-gustavsson-tilltrader-som-ny-vd-for-af-den-1-april-2017/|title=Jonas Gustavsson tillträder som ny VD för ÅF den 1 april 2017|publisher=ÅF consult|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
* Anders Narvinger (Chairman) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2011/155490-anders-narvinger-foreslas-till-ny-styrelseledamot/|title=Anders Narvinger föreslås till ny styrelseledamot i ÅF|publisher=ÅF consult|date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} 11 070 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016">{{cite web|title=ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016|url=http://www.afconsult.com/sv/investor-relations/pressmeddelanden/press/2017/589701-af-ab-bokslutskommunike-januari-december-2016/|publisher=ÅF consult}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} 965 [[Swedish krona|MSEK]] (2016)<ref name="ÅF AB Bokslutskommuniké januari-december 2016" />
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 10 000 (2017)<ref name="Corporate Movie"></ref>
| divisions = International, Industry, Infrastructure and Technology
| homepage = {{URL|www.afconsult.com}}

}}

'''ÅF''' is a Swedish engineering and design company within the fields of energy, industry and infrastructure. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest consulting companies in Sweden. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

Former Minister for Gender Equality in the Swedish government, [[Nyamko Sabuni]], is the company's [[Environmental quality|Environmental]] and [[Corporate social responsibility]] manager.<ref name="Nyamko Sabuni">{{cite web|title=ÅF recruits Nyamko Sabuni as Sustainability Director|url=http://www.afconsult.com/en/investor-relations/press-releases/press/2013/333332-af-recruits-nyamko-sabuni-as-sustainability/|date=11 September 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
The first Swedish steam-pipe association was formed in [[Malmö]] on February 23, 1895 under the name of "The Southern Swedish Steam Generator Association". The association was formed by owners of [[Boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] and other pressure vessels. The intention was to prevent accidents through periodic inspections. "The Central and Northern Swedish Steam Generator Association" was formed in [[Stockholm]] in 1897, and the inspectors began to conduct consultancy services. In 1910 both associations expanded their business to include Electrical engineering. The two associations merged in 1964 under the name Ångpanneföreningen, ÅF, with all of Sweden as a business area.

On May 5, 2008, the Ångpanneföreningen changed its name to ÅF. In 2010, the operations of ÅF-Kontroll were sold to [[Dekra|DEKRA]] Industrial.

== Operation ==
The ÅF Group consists of the parent company ÅF AB and a number of subsidiaries:
# ÅF Energy
# ÅF Industry
# ÅF Infrastructure
# ÅF Digital Solutions

== CEOs ==
* 1 April 2017- now: Jonas Gustavsson. <ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>
* 2002- 30 March 2017: Jonas Wiström. <ref name="Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!">{{Cite news|url=http://teknikdygnet.se/2017/01/30/han-blir-afs-nya-vd/|title=Han blir ÅF:s nya VD!}}</ref>

== Sustainability at ÅF ==
ÅF'S focuses on three areas to maintain sustainable business: offering sustainable solutions to clients and partners, perform business in a responsible manner, and offering an attractive workplace. ÅF was ranked number one as the most attractive workplace for MSc Engineering. <ref name="ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer">{{Cite news|url=https://universumglobal.com/rankings/company/af/|title=ÅF is ranked as an Attractive Employer}}</ref>

== Olympic Green Advisor ==
Between 2010 and 2018, ÅF was the Green Advisor for the four Olympic committees in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland - a sponsorship partnership that helps sports to think greener. <ref name="Olympic Green Advisor">{{Cite news|url=http://nomineconsult.com/news/af-to-be-green-advisor-and-sponsor-for-four-olympic-committees/|title=ÅF to be Green Advisor and sponsor for four Olympic Committees}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.af.se/}} {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Af}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies based in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1895]]
{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-stub}}

Timeline of U2

2018-10-23T13:33:56Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
This is a '''timeline of the history of rock band [[U2]]:'''

{{TOCyears|startyear=1980|endyear={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
{| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" align="center"
|-
|align="center"|[[#Notes|Notes]] [[#References|References]]
|}

==pre 1980==
[[File:MountTempleClock.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Temple Comprehensive School]] where Larry Mullen Jr. posted a notice looking for musicians to form a band.]]
*'''13 March 1960:''' [[Adam Clayton]] is born in [[Chinnor]], Oxfordshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0165651/ |title=Adam Clayton (I) |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref>
*'''10 May 1960:''' Paul David Hewson ([[Bono]]) is born in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095104/ |title=Bono |publisher=IMDb |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref>
*'''8 August 1961:''' David Howell Evans ([[The Edge]]) is born in [[North East (London sub region)|East London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0857253/ |title=The Edge |publisher=IMDb |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref>
*'''31 October 1961:''' [[Larry Mullen, Jr]]. is born in [[Artane, Dublin|Artane]], Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0611979/ |title=Larry Mullen Jr. |publisher=IMDb |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref>
*'''September 1974:''' Bono's mother Iris Hewson dies of a brain aneurysm in Dublin four days after collapsing at her father's funeral.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140">Stokes (1996), p. 140.</ref>
*'''Autumn:''' Paul Hewson and his neighbourhood friends form the "Lypton Village" in which they made their own language, dressed differently, and put on art installation. The group gives Paul the nickname Bono after a Dublin hearing aid store.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 9</ref>
*'''25 September 1976:''' The band forms in Dublin after Mullen posts a notice on the [[Mount Temple Comprehensive School]] notice board in search of musicians for a new band. Mullen was on drums, Bono on lead vocals, The Edge and his older brother Dik on guitar, Adam Clayton, a friend of the Evans brothers on bass guitar, and initially Ivan McCormick and Peter Martin, two other friends of Mullen.<ref>Chatterton (2001), page 130</ref> Martin did not return after the first practice, and McCormick left the group within a few weeks.
*'''September 1976:''' The group settle on the name "Feedback", because it was one of the few technical terms they knew.<ref>McCormick (2006), page 30</ref>
*'''late 1976:''' The band play their first performance at a talent contest in the school canteen.<ref>Parra (1996), p. 6.</ref>
*'''February/March 1978:''' The band records a performance of their song "The Fool" in February for the RTÉ programme, ''Our Times''. It airs in March and is the band's first television appearance.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 14</ref>
*'''16 March 1978:''' The band win a talent show in [[Limerick]], Ireland, the prize of which is £500 and studio time to record a demo for CBS Ireland.<ref name="U2_by_U2_46-48"/>
*'''20 March 1978:''' The band plays their last concert as The Hype. Dik leaves the stage and the remaining four continue to play but as "U2".<ref name="U2_by_U2_46-48">McCormick (2006), pages 46–48</ref>
*'''28 April 1978:''' [[Bill Graham (author)|Bill Graham]] writes his first interview with U2 in [[Hot Press]].<ref>{{cite journal| last = Graham | first = Bill | title = Yep, It's U2 | journal= [[Hot Press]]| date = 28 April 1978|url = http://www.atu2.com/news/yep-its-u2.html | accessdate =5-11-09}}</ref>
*'''April 1978:''' The band records their first demo tape at Keystone Studios, Dublin.<ref name="Bono">Wall, Mick, (2005). Bono. Andre Deutsch Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-233-00159-3}} (Promotional edition published by Paperview UK is association with the Irish Independent), pages 45</ref>
[[File:Paul McGuinness crop.jpg|thumb|Paul McGuiness (pictured in 2010) became manager of the band in 1978]]
*'''25 May 1978:''' [[Paul McGuinness]] agrees to become U2's manager.<ref>Stokes (1996), p. 140; McCormick (2006), pages 53–56</ref>
*'''9 September 1978:''' U2 support [[The Stranglers]] at the Top Hat Ballroom. Their biggest gig so far, they are paid £50.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''November 1978:''' Mullen's mother, Maureen Mullen, is killed in a car accident.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''December 1978:''' U2 play support to The Greedy Bastards, a band made up of [[Sex Pistols]], [[Thin Lizzy]] and [[Boomtown Rats]] members, at the Stardust nightclub in Dublin.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140">Stokes (1996), p. 140.</ref>
*'''February 1979:''' Using borrowed money, Bono travels to London to plug U2 at the offices of record companies and music magazines.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''May 1979:''' U2 play the first of six afternoon concerts at the Dandelion Market in Dublin. Organised for young people otherwise prohibited from the venues U2 play, the concerts greatly expand their Dublin audience.<ref>de la Parra (1994), page 8; Stokes (1996), p. 140.</ref>
*'''September 1979:''' U2's first release, an Ireland-only EP entitled ''[[Three (U2 EP)|Three]]'', becomes the band's first Irish chart success.<ref>de la Parra (1994), page 8</ref>
*'''5 October 1979:''' U2 play their first television performance on [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] at a televised concert in the [[Cork Opera House]].<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''26 October 1979:''' U2 are featured on the cover of ''[[Hot Press]]'' magazine.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''1 November 1979:''' U2 receive their first cover story outside Ireland in British magazine ''[[Record Mirror]]''.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''1 December 1979:''' With ₤3,000 borrowed from family and friends, U2 begin a two-week tour of London clubs, their first shows outside Ireland.<ref>{{Citation
| last = McCullough | first =David | title = Honesty goes out of control | newspaper = Sounds magazine | pages = | date = 8 December 1979 | url = http://www.atu2.com/news/honesty-goes-out-of-control.html | accessdate =04-11-09}}; Stokes (1996), p. 140.</ref>

==1980==
[[File:Windmill Lane Studio.jpg|thumb|[[Windmill Lane Studios]] where U2 recorded their [[Boy (album)|first album]]]]
*'''15 January:''' The band performs "Stories for Boys" live on ''[[The Late Late Show (Ireland)|The Late Late Show]]''.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''26 February:''' Their second single "[[Another Day (U2 song)|Another Day]]" is released on the CBS label for the Irish market only.<ref>Stokes (1996), page 142; McCormick (2006), page 88</ref>
*'''19 March:''' U2 share the bill with [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]] and [[The Virgin Prunes]] at the ''Sense of Ireland'' festival. Record company executives are present, and four days later U2 sign an international deal with [[Island Records]].<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''March – September:''' The band record their first album in [[Windmill Lane Studios]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''23 May:''' "[[11 O'Clock Tick Tock]]" is released in Ireland, and as the band's first internationally released single, in the UK.<ref>Stokes (1996), page 142</ref>
*'''27 July:''' U2 play their first open-air festival to an audience of 15,000 at Leixlip Castle in [[Kildare]]. [[The Police]] top the bill which includes [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]] and [[Q-Tips (band)|Q-Tips]].<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''August:''' "[[A Day Without Me]]" is released as a single.
*'''6 September – 3 December:''' The band play a 56-date tour of the United Kingdom.<ref>Parra (1996), pp. 15–17.</ref>
*'''27 September:''' U2 support [[Echo and the Bunnymen]] in London's Lyceum Ballroom.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''October:''' "[[I Will Follow]]" is released as a single and peaks at number 20 on the [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|Mainstream Rock charts]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''14 October:''' The band play to a small audience in KRO Studios in [[Hilversum]], The Netherlands. The show is broadcast the following day to coincide with the following day's first mainland European concert.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''15 October:''' U2 play their first continental Europe gig at [[Melkweg]] ("The Milkyway") in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''19 October:''' They played the [[Lyceum Ballroom]], opening for [[Slade]] with the hardcore punk fame [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]] and [[Last Words (band)|Last Words]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2theearlydayz.com/19101980-lyceum-ballroom-london2.html |title=Ghostown The Dublin music scene 1976 - 1980 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628181538/http://www.u2theearlydayz.com/19101980-lyceum-ballroom-london2.html |archivedate=28 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sladeinengland.co.uk/Press/live%20reviews/slade_lyceum_ballroom_80.htm |title=Slade/ U2/ Discharge Lyceum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2741/5762178825_e25ff62cb6_b.jpg |title=Slade/ U2/ Discharge show flyer at the Lyceum Ballroom}}</ref>
*'''20 October:''' The band's debut album, ''[[Boy (album)|Boy]]'', is released in Ireland and the United Kingdom. It peaks at No. 52 in British charts.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>
*'''6 December:''' U2 play their first American concert at [[Ritz (rock club)|The Ritz]] in New York City as part of a 14-date tour.<ref>Parra (1996), p. 17.</ref>
*'''9 December:''' U2 perform their debut concert in Canada the day after [[John Lennon]]'s death. The angry and emotional performance receives glowing reviews in Canadian media.<ref name="Stokes 1996, p. 140"/>

==1981==
*'''24 January – 28 February:''' U2 play dates in the United Kingdom and play their first tour of continental Europe.<ref>de la Parra (2003), pages 18–19</ref>
*'''3 March:''' ''Boy'' is released in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''3 March – 31 May:''' U2 commence their first major tour of the United States playing almost 60 dates across the country largely in clubs.<ref>Parra (1996), pp.19–24.</ref>
*'''4 June:''' U2 make their American television debut on the [[Tomorrow Show]] to promote the Boy album. Bono and the Edge are interviewed briefly by host Tom Snyder and the band plays "I Will Follow" and an incomplete version of "Twilight" during the credits
*'''July:''' The single "[[Fire (U2 song)|Fire]]" is released.
*'''July – August:''' The band record their second album at [[Windmill Lane Studios]], in [[Dublin, Ireland|Dublin]]. The sessions are complicated after the briefcase containing Bono's lyrics was lost earlier in the year during a show in [[Portland, Oregon]].
*'''5 October:''' "[[Gloria (U2 song)|Gloria]]" is released as a single and makes the UK charts.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 25">Parra (1996), p. 25.</ref> The video for "Gloria" is directed by [[Meiert Avis]] and shot in the Canal Basin in Dublin.
*'''12 October:''' The band's second album, ''[[October (U2 album)|October]]'', is released.<ref>http://u2.com/discography/index/album/albumId/4001/tagName/studio_albums</ref> During the album's recording sessions, Bono and The Edge left the band due to spiritual conflicts, and U2 ceased to exist for a brief period of time.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=October |titlelink=October (U2 album) |others=U2 |year=2008 |last=McCormick |first=Neil |type=Remastered deluxe edition CD booklet |publisher=[[Island Records]] |id=B0010948-02}}</ref> The album received mixed reviews and limited radio play. It enters the UK charts at number 11.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 25"/>

==1982==
*'''March:''' The single "[[A Celebration]]" is released.
*'''2 July:''' U2 performs at Roskilde Festival in Denmark<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dr.dk/bonanza/serie/115/roskilde-festival/19645/u2-paa-dyreskuepladsen-temaloerdag|title=Bonanza {{!}} Roskilde Festival {{!}} U2 på Dyreskuepladsen. Temalørdag.|website=Bonanza {{!}} Roskilde Festival {{!}} U2 på Dyreskuepladsen. Temalørdag.|language=da-DK|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref>
*'''21 August:''' Bono marries high school sweetheart, [[Ali Hewson|Alison Stewart]], in Raheny, Dublin. They honeymoon in [[Jamaica]] where Bono reportedly works on the lyrics for the new album.<ref name="U2 by U2">{{Cite book|title=U2 by U2|publisher=HarperCollins|ISBN=978-0-06-077674-9|author=Edge, Adam Clayton, Larry Mullen Jr.}}</ref>
*'''1 December:''' The pre-[[War Tour]] begins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://u2tours.com/find.src?TOUR=Pre-War&Concert=&x=11&y=9 |title=U2 tour details |date=1 January 2000 |accessdate=29 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://podcast.atu2.com/index.php?post_id=312271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423002215/http://podcast.atu2.com/index.php?post_id=312271 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 April 2008 |title=@U2 Podcast, Edition 4–2 "The @U2 Warcast |date=29 February 2008 |accessdate=29 February 2008 }}</ref>

==1983==
*'''January:''' The new album's first single, "[[New Year's Day (U2 song)|New Year's Day]]" is released and becomes the band's first hit outside Ireland or the UK.<ref>"New Year's Day" reached number ten on the UK charts, and received extensive radio coverage in the US, almost breaking that country's Top 50. (McCormick (2006), page 139); {{cite web | url = http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=892 | title = Songfacts: New Year's Day by U2 | publisher = Songfacts.com | accessdate = 6 September 2007}}</ref>
*'''28 February:''' The band release their third album ''[[War (U2 album)|War]]''.<ref>Stokes (1996), page 36</ref> which debuts at number one in the UK.
*'''11 March:''' The single "[[Two Hearts Beat as One]]" is released<ref name="Stokes_142">Stokes (1996), p. 142.</ref> in Europe, North America, and Australia. In Germany and The Netherlands, "[[Sunday Bloody Sunday (song)|Sunday Bloody Sunday]]" is released instead.
*'''23 April:''' The American leg of the War Tour starts in [[Kenan Stadium]], [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''30 May:''' US Festival at Glen Helen Regional Park, San Bernardino, CA, USA <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/u2-at-the-us-festival-in-1983-premiere-20131119 | title = U2 at the US Festival in 1983 – Premiere | publisher = rollingstone.com | accessdate = 3 June 2015}}</ref>
*'''5 June:''' U2 plays in the [[Red Rocks Amphitheatre]] in Denver.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''12 July:''' The Edge marries Aislinn O'Sullivan with Bono serving as best man.
*'''November:''' The live mini album ''[[Under a Blood Red Sky]]'' is released alongside the video of the Denver concert, ''[[Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://netmusiccountdown.com/inc/artist.php?artist=U2 | title = Net Music Countdown: U2 | publisher = netmusiccountdown.com | accessdate = 6 September 2007}}</ref>
*'''22 November:''' U2 play their first Japanese concert in debut in [[Osaka]].
[[File:U2 21081983 01 800b.jpg|200px|thumb|Bono singing during a U2 performance at the Kalvøya Festival in [[Oslo]], [[Norway]], near the end of the War Tour on 21 August 1983.]]
*'''30 November:''' The War Tour ends.
*'''December:''' U2 is voted "Band of the Year" in the [[Rolling Stone]] magazine writer's poll.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

==1984==
*'''1984''': U2 re-sign with Island Records under far more lucrative terms.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Connelly | first = Christopher | title = Keeping the Faith | journal = [[Rolling Stone]] | date = 14 March 1984 }}</ref>
*'''7 May – 5 June:''' U2 work on their fourth album at [[Slane Castle]]. The band hire [[Brian Eno]] and [[Daniel Lanois]] as producers.
*'''6 June – 7 August:''' U2 complete work on their fourth album at [[Windmill Lane Studios]].<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 75">McGee (2008), p. 75</ref>
*'''4 July:''' The Edge's wife Aislinn gives birth to their first child, Hollie.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 75"/>
*'''1 August:''' U2 establish [[Mother Records]].
*'''29 August:''' The band’s first tour of Australia and New Zealand begins in [[Christchurch]]. Dubbed, "Under Australian Skies Tour",<ref name="PARRA_52-56"/> it comprises 15 concerts with Australian band [[Matt Finish]] and a largely War Tour setlist is played.<ref name="PARRA_52-56"/>
*'''September:''' "[[Pride (In the Name of Love)]]" is released as the album's first single and becomes the band's biggest hit to that point, including being their first to enter the U.S. top 40.<ref>Graham, (2004), pages 23–24</ref>
*'''1 October:''' U2’s fourth album, ''[[The Unforgettable Fire]]'', is released.<ref name="PARRA_52-56">Parra, Pimm Jal de la ''U2 Live: A Concert Documentary'', pages 52–55, 1996, Harper Collins Publishers, {{ISBN|0-7322-6036-1}}</ref>
*'''October – November:''' [[The Unforgettable Fire Tour]] plays 21 shows in halls and [[arena]]s in Western Europe.<ref>Parra (1994), pp. 55–58</ref>
*'''1 December:''' The band play 10 dates in major United States cities. Demand for tickets significantly outstrip supply indicating that U2 will no longer be able to play these smaller theatres and halls.<ref>Parra (1994), pp. 58–60.</ref>

==1985==
*'''1985:''' ''Rolling Stone'' magazine calls U2 the "Band of the 80s", saying that "for a growing number of rock-and-roll fans, U2 have become the band that matters most, maybe even the only band that matters".<ref>Peake, Steve. [http://80music.about.com/od/artistsqu/p/u2profile.htm U2, the Only Band that Mattered in the '80s?] about.com. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref>
*'''January – February:''' The band play 13 shows in Western Europe. The leg included 5 shows in Germany and the band's first concert in Italy.<ref>Parra (1994), pp. 60–62.</ref>
*'''Late February – May:''' U2 play 40 shows in 29 cities in the United States and Canada. For the first time, the band play solely in arenas with multiple nights in many of the locations.
*'''April:''' The album's second and final single, "[[The Unforgettable Fire (song)|The Unforgettable Fire]]", is released. It reaches No. 6 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and No. 8 on the Dutch singles chart, but does not perform as well in the U.S.
*'''May:''' The four-track EP ''[[Wide Awake in America]]'' is released.
*'''Late May – mid July:''' U2 play nine concerts in the European festival season.
*'''29 June:''' They play a home-coming concert at Dublin's [[Croke Park]], their first headlining show in a stadium.<ref>Parra (1996), pp. 71–72.</ref>
*'''13 July:''' U2 play [[Live Aid]] for [[1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia|Ethiopian famine relief]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]].<ref>Kaufman, Gil (29 Jun 2005). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1504968/20050629/story.jhtml Live Aid: A Look Back At A Concert That Actually Changed The World] MTV.com. Retrieved 31 October 2006.</ref> The band's performance, which included a 14-minute version of "[[Bad (U2 song)|Bad]]", is a pivotal point for the band's career,<ref>McCormick (2006), page 164</ref> showing a television audience of millions the personal connection that Bono could make with audiences.<ref>de la Parra (2003), pages 72–73</ref>
*'''September:''' Bono and wife, Ali, volunteer as relief workers for [[World Vision]] in Ethiopia.<ref>McCormick (2006), pp. 89–90; McGee (2008), p. 167.</ref>
*'''15 October:''' The Edge and wife Aislinn's second child, Arran, is born.<ref>McCormick (2006), p. 172.</ref>

==1986==
*'''30 January:''' Bono and Mullen are interviewed for half an hour on Irish TV show, ''TV Gaga'', before the band play a song called "Womanfish", a rough early version of "Trip Through Your Wires", and a cover of "Knocking on Heaven's Door".<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 74">Parra (1996), p. 74.</ref>
*'''February:''' The debut issue of ''Propaganda'', U2's new fanclub magazine, is published.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 93.</ref>
*'''27 February:''' U2 are among the readers’ choice for in ''Rolling Stone''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Music Awards, for Band of the Year. Best Songwriter was Bono, Best Live Performance was U2. In the Critics' Picks, the Band of the Year was U2.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''17 May:''' U2 play the [[Self Aid]] festival in Dublin. The event is organised to create jobs and raise money during Ireland's unemployment crisis.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 74"/>
*'''4–15 June:''' U2 interrupt writing for their album to serve as a headline act on [[Amnesty International]]'s [[A Conspiracy of Hope]] tour. Rather than distract, the tour adds extra intensity and power to their new music.<ref>McCormick (2006), page 174</ref>
*'''3 July:''' U2 crew member Greg Carroll is killed in a motorcycle accident in Dublin.
*'''10 July:''' Band members perform at Carroll's burial [[Kai-iwi Marae]] in New Zealand.
*'''mid-July:''' Bono and wife Ali travel to [[Nicaragua]] on a visit organised by [[Central American Mission Partners]] (CAMP), which is dedicated to human rights and economic development in Latin America. They visit [[Ernesto Cardenal]] of the [[Sandinista]] government and musician [[Carlos Mejía Godoy]].<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98">McGee (2008), p. 98.</ref>
*'''19 July:''' The group listens to President [[Daniel Ortega]] speak on the country's Revolution Day.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/>
*'''20 July:''' Bono is moved by churchgoers calling out the names of loved ones who have died fighting the ''contras''.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/>
*'''late July:''' Bono and Ali's group flies to Nicaragua for 4 to 5 days. They meet the group COMADRES – the Mothers of the Disappeared – a group of women whose children have been killed or disappeared at the hands of the government.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/> As the group walks through a remote rural area north of [[San Salvador]], government troops shoot in their direction scaring the group.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/>
*'''1 August:''' The band recommence recording sessions at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin. Bono's first-hand experience of the conflicts in Central America become a central influence on songs such as "Bullet The Blue Sky" and "Mothers of the Disappeared". Motivated by friendships with [[Bob Dylan]], [[Van Morrison]], and [[Keith Richards]], the band looked back to the roots of rock music, and Bono focused on his skills as a song and lyric writer.<ref>McCormick (2006), page 179; Stokes (1996), p. 141.</ref>
*'''October:''' U2 see blues legend [[B.B. King]] play in Dublin and they meet him backstage.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/> The band and King later record the song "[[When Love Comes to Town]]".
*'''November:''' Recording sessions for the new album finish.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
[[File:Blue-Joshua 2 - July-2011.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a [[Joshua Tree]], the band's [[The Joshua Tree|fifth album]] was named after this plant.]]
*'''14–16 December:''' U2 travel around the Californian desert with photographer [[Anton Corbijn]] and designer [[Steve Averill]] shooting pictures in the desert landscape for the new album's cover.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/> On the evening after the first day's shooting, Corbijn tells the band about [[Joshua Tree]]s and suggests their use on the sleeve. The following day they find an unusual lone-standing tree, images of which are used for the album sleeve and the album is named ''[[The Joshua Tree]]''.<ref>King and Nuala (1998)</ref>
*'''late December:''' U2 call in [[Steve Lillywhite]] to remix a few of the new songs which he works on into the new year.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 98"/>

==1987==
*'''January:''' U2 complete B-side recordings for the album's single releases including the tracks "Walk To The Water", "Luminous Times", and "Spanish Eyes".<ref>McGee (2008), p. 99.</ref>
*'''February:''' U2 shoot a video for "[[Red Hill Mining Town]]",<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 100">McGee (2008), p. 100.</ref> which was intended to be one of the album's singles but it was not released. A video is also shot for "[[With or Without You]]" in Dublin.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 100"/>
*'''9 March:''' U2’s fifth studio album, ''[[The Joshua Tree]]'', is released and goes to number one in 22 countries.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''21 March:''' "[[With or Without You]]" is released and becomes the band's first number one single in the United States.<ref name="RS_JT">{{cite journal | last =Pond | first =Steve | title =The Joshua Tree Album Review | journal =[[Rolling Stone]] | date=9 April 1987 | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/u2/albums/album/108063/review/6067670/the_joshua_tree | accessdate = 8 February 2008}}</ref>
*'''27 March:''' U2 perform on the roof of a shop in downtown Los Angeles and film the video for "Where the Streets Have No Name".<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 79">Parra (1996), p. 79.</ref>
*'''30 March:''' In rehearsals for [[The Joshua Tree Tour]], Bono falls backwards off the stage and his chin is gashed. He still carries the scar.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 79"/> ''The Joshua Tree'' enters the Billboard charts at number 7.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 97">Parra (1996), p. 97.</ref>
*'''2 April:''' U2 open The Joshua Tree Tour in the [[Arizona]] city of [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]]. The hot dry desert air has affected Bono's voice, and he is barely able to sing in front of the world's music press on opening night. Concert promoter, [[Barry Fey]], reads out a statement on behalf of the band denouncing Arizona Governor, [[Evan Mecham]]'s intention to abolish the [[Martin Luther King Day]] holiday in that State.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 79">Parra (1996), p. 79.</ref>
*'''7 April:''' ''The Joshua Tree'' reaches number 1 on the Billboard, where it remains for nine weeks.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 97"/>
*'''12 April:''' Following a concert in Las Vegas, the band film the video clip for "[[I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For]]" in the neon-lit streets.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 79"/>
*'''14 April:''' [[Maria McKee]] performs a duets with Bono on U2's cover on "[[I Shall Be Released]]" during their concert in San Diego.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 97"/>
*'''20 April:''' [[Bob Dylan]] joins the band onstage to sing "I Shall Be Released" and "[[Knocking on Heaven's Door]]".<ref name="Rock's Hottest Ticket">"[http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19870427,00.html Rock's Hottest Ticket]" ''Time'' Archive, April 1987. Retrieved on 20 January 2007.</ref>
*'''27 April:''' U2 become the fourth rock band to be featured on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine,<ref>[[The Beatles]], [[The Band]], and [[The Who]] were the first three.</ref> which declares U2 "Rock's Hottest Ticket".<ref name="Rock's Hottest Ticket"/>
*'''30 April:''' U2 play their first headlining stadium show in the United States at the [[Pontiac Silverdome]].<ref>Parra (1996), p. 100.</ref>
*'''May:''' Sales of ''The Joshua Tree'' pass seven million.<ref>Stokes (1996), p. 204</ref> "[[I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For]]" is released and reaches number one in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''27 May:''' U2 begin the European leg of the Joshua Tree Tour at the [[Stadio Flaminio]] in Rome. Most of the leg's 31 shows are in outdoor stadiums.<ref>Parra (1996), pp. 103–110.</ref>
*'''2 June:''' After listening to [[Roy Orbison]]'s "In Dreams" the night before, Bono starts writing a song for Orbison. After that night's show at [[Wembley Arena]], Orbison makes a surprise visit to the band backstage whereupon Bono plays the song, "[[She's a Mystery to Me]]" for him.
*'''4 July:''' The show at the [[Hippodrome de Vincennes]] in Paris is filmed for Island Records' 25th birthday celebrations. A canister of tear gas is set off in the crowd causing mild panic and the band interrupt their performance of "With or Without You".<ref>Parra (1996), p. 107.</ref>
*'''August:''' "[[Where the Streets Have No Name]]" is released as ''The Joshua Tree''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s third single.
*'''August:''' U2 find out that Island Records is in financial difficulties and cannot pay them $5 million in ''The Joshua Tree'' royalties. U2 reinvest the unpaid amount into the company in return for an estimated 10% stake in the company.<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 108–109.</ref>
*'''26 September:''' U2 rehearse "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" with the New Voices of Freedom in a Harlem church, footage of which later appears in the movie [[Rattle and Hum]].<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 110–111.</ref>
*'''October:''' [[Eamon Dunphy]]'s official biography of the band, ''Unforgettable Fire: The Definitive Biography of U2'' is published.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 111.</ref>
*'''November:''' "[[In God's Country]]" is released as a single in Canada and the US. Import sales are so strong that it charts in the UK.
*'''1 November:''' [[The Dalton Brothers (band)|The Dalton Brothers]] make the first of three appearances on The Joshua Tree Tour as support act for U2. A [[country and western]] four-piece that plays two songs, they are actually U2 in western disguise and all but the front few rows of the audience fail to recognise them.<ref name="Parra 1994">Parra (1994)</ref>
*'''8 November:''' U2 play the [[McNichols Sports Arena]] in [[Denver]]. The same day, an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] bomb had [[Remembrance Day Bombing|killed eleven people]] at a [[Remembrance Day]] ceremony in the Northern Irish town of [[Enniskillen]]. During the performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday", Bono condemned the violence and his ''"Fuck the revolution!"'' remark earns him the ire of the IRA. This performance and six other songs from the concert are later used in the ''Rattle and Hum'' film.
*'''11 November:''' U2 play an impromptu "Save the Yuppie" concert in [[Justin Herman Plaza]] in San Francisco as a mock benefit following the [[October 1987 stock market crash]]. A cover version of [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[All Along the Watchtower]]" is captured for ''Rattle and Hum''. During a performance of "Pride", Bono spray-painted "Rock and Roll Stops the Traffic" on the [[Vaillancourt Fountain]]. The city issues a warrant for Bono's arrest and Bono writes a letter of apology.<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 112–113</ref>
*'''29 November:''' U2 visit [[Graceland]] and footage from the visit is later included in the ''Rattle and Hum'' movie.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 114</ref>
*'''19–20 December:''' The final two shows of The Joshua Tree Tour are played in the [[Sun Devil Stadium]] in Arizona. 5 songs are later used in ''Rattle and Hum''.

==1988==
*'''February:''' U2 move to Los Angeles to work with [[Phil Joanou]] on the ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'' documentary. While in LA, they also record new songs at A&M Studios and STS Studios.<ref name="Stokes_141">Stokes (1996), p. 141.</ref>
[[File:One Tree Hill Auckland by Sajeewa.jpg|upright|thumb|[[One Tree Hill, New Zealand|One Tree Hill]] in 2008.]]
*'''March:''' "[[One Tree Hill (song)|One Tree Hill]]" is released as a single exclusively in New Zealand.
*'''2 March:''' At the Grammy Awards, U2 win "Best Vocal of the Year" for "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" and "Album of the Year" for ''The Joshua Tree''.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''May:''' U2 record additional material for the movie at Dublin's [[Point Depot]]. Footage of performances of "Van Diemen's Land" and "[[Desire (U2 song)|Desire]]" are later used in the movie.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''September:''' "[[Desire (U2 song)|Desire]]" is released as the new album's first single. It is the band's first number one single in the UK.
*'''10 October:''' The part live, part studio, double album ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'' is released.
*'''27 October:''' The ''Rattle and Hum'' film has its world premiere.
*'''November:''' The Edge joins [[Bryan Ferry]] on-stage for a surprise appearance in the [[RDS Arena|RDS]] in Dublin.
*'''6 December:''' [[Roy Orbison]], for whom Bono and the Edge had recently written "[[She's a Mystery to Me]]", dies in the United States before the release of his ''[[Mystery Girl]]'' album.
*'''17 December:''' "[[Angel of Harlem]]" is released as ''Rattle and Hum''{{'}}s second single.

==1989==
*'''April:''' "[[When Love Comes to Town]]" is released as ''Rattle and Hum''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s third single.
*'''10 May:''' Bono and Ali's first child, Jordan, is born on Bono's 29th birthday.
*'''13 June:''' "[[All I Want Is You (U2 song)|All I Want is You]]" is released as ''Rattle and Hum''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s fourth and final single. Its release in Australia is held off until October to coincide with the [[Lovetown Tour]]. It reaches number 1 on the Australian charts.
[[File:Adam clayton u2 brasilia 2011.jpg|150px|thumb|Adam Clayton]]
*'''6 August:''' Clayton is arrested in Dublin on drug charges.
*'''21 September:''' The Lovetown Tour starts in Australia.
*'''30 December:''' On one of the final shows of the Lovetown Tour, Bono says onstage in [[Dublin]] that "this is just the end of something for U2" and that "we have to go away and … and dream it all up again".
{{Quote box|width=27%|align=right|quote="It's your future. The only limits are the limits of your imagination. Dream up the kind of world you want to live in. Dream out loud. At high volume.""|source=—Bono, 31 December 1989<ref name="time-cover">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964182,00.html |title=U2: Band on The Run |author=Cocks, Jay |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=27 April 1987 |authorlink=Jay Cocks}}</ref>}}
*'''31 December:''' At midnight, U2 open their final of four Dublin shows with "Where The Streets Have No Name" as the audience counts down the last seconds of the 1980s. The show is played live on radio throughout Europe.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 129.</ref>

==1990==
*'''January:''' U2 begin its longest break to date, which includes a two-year break from public performance.<ref>de la Parra (1994), pp. 138–149.</ref>
*'''17 January:''' With the rest of U2 in attendance, Bono inducts [[The Who]] into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 130">McGee (2008), p. 130.</ref>
*'''6 February:''' The [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]'s theatrical version of ''[[A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music|A Clockwork Orange]]'' debuts in London. Bono and Edge provided the score.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 130"/><ref name="u215">McCormick (2006), p. 215.</ref>
*'''18 February:''' U2 is named Best International Group at the [[Brit Awards]].<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 130"/>
*'''March:''' Bono writes two songs with the [[Neville Brothers]] called "Jah Love" and "Kingdom Come".<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 130"/>
*'''April:''' Mullen writes the official anthem of Ireland's 1990 World Cup Soccer Team. It is released under a [[Mother Records]] subsidiary and reaches number one on the Irish Charts.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 130"/>
*'''June:''' U2 record "[[Night and Day (song)|Night and Day]]" for the first of the ''[[Red Hot + Blue]]'' releases.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 131.</ref> The song is recorded in Edge's basement and produced by Edge and Paul Barrett, according to the Red Hot + Blue album credits.
*'''mid-1990:''' The band record demos at STS studios in Dublin that later evolve into "[[Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses]]", "[[Until the End of the World (song)|Until the End of the World]]", "[[Even Better Than the Real Thing]]", and "[[Mysterious Ways (song)|Mysterious Ways]]".<ref name="u216">McCormick (2006), pp. 216, 221.</ref>
*'''3 October:''' The band arrive in East Berlin to begin work on a new album. With producers Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, they are seeking inspiration and renewal on the eve of [[German reunification]].<ref>Flanagan (1995), page 7</ref>
*'''4 October:''' U2 shoot the music video for "Night and Day" at director [[Wim Wenders]]' home in Berlin.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 132.</ref>
*'''December:''' U2 do several photo shoots with [[Anton Corbijn]] around their hotel and at [[Hansa Studios]] for the new album sleeve and publicity shots.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 133">McGee (2008), p. 133.</ref>
*'''Christmas:''' In Dublin, the band get together to talk about the group's future after the difficulties of the Berlin sessions. They all agree to continue.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 133"/>

==1991==
*'''January:''' The band return to Berlin to finalise some recording work.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 134">McGee (2008), p. 134.</ref>
*'''9 February:''' U2 arrive in [[Tenerife]] for two weeks of photo and video shoots that the band hopes will change its image. The band dresses in masks and joins the crowds in the [[Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and it is during this time that the famous photos of U2 in drag are taken.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 134"/>
*'''late February/March – July:''' Back in Dublin, U2 rent the [[Dalkey]] seaside manor, "Elsinore House", to continue work on the new album.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 135">McGee (2008), p. 135.</ref>
*'''Easter:''' The Edge separates from his wife, Aislinn. The pain of the separation strongly influences the album material for which is being written.<ref name="u216" /><ref name="fricke">Fricke (1993).</ref><ref name="xxv">Gardner (1994), p. xxv.</ref>
*'''17 March:''' U2 meet with Willie Williams to continue discussions on the band's next tour.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 135"/>
*'''April:''' Tapes from the album's earlier Berlin session's are leaked and [[Bootleg recording|bootlegged]].<ref>[http://lyrics.interference.com/u2/lyrics/rarities/salome/info.html The Origins and History of Salome] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013130407/http://lyrics.interference.com/u2/lyrics/rarities/salome/info.html |date=13 October 2007 }}</ref>
*'''May:''' U2 sue the ''[[Sunday Independent (Ireland)|Sunday Independent]]'' over an October 1990 article based on third-hand reports about U2 behaving badly in a Dublin restaurant. The matter is settled out of court including a printed apology from the paper which says the original article had "no foundation in fact".<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 136">McGee (2008), p. 136.</ref>
*'''mid-May:''' Island Records advertises that it will pursue legal action against anyone selling U2's bootlegged studio tapes. In late May, authorities trace the tapes' distribution to Germany and a factory is shut down.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 136"/>
[[File:Anton Corbijn (Berlinale 2012).jpg|upright|thumb|[[Anton Corbijn]]'s most famous, and longest standing, association is with U2.]]
*'''June:''' Anton Corbijn is commissioned for another photo shoot, this time in Dublin, the results of which include the nude photo of Clayton that is used on the album sleeve.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 136"/>
*'''14 June:''' U2 meets with Willie Williams and [[Catherine Owens]] to discuss the next tour. New ideas include placing TV monitors all over the stage and using [[Trabant]]s as overhead light sources.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137">McGee (2008), p. 137.</ref>
*'''July:''' U2, Anton Corbijn, and designer Steve Averill meet in [[Morocco]] for a four-day photo shoot.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''7 July:''' Bono and Ali's second child, Eve, is born.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''20 August:''' Electronic band, [[Negativland]], release a single called "U2" which includes an unauthorised sample of "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For".<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''5 September:''' Island Records obtain an injunction against the sale and promotion of Negativland's "U2" single.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''13 September:''' Parts of the video for the new album's first single, "[[The Fly (U2 song)|The Fly]]" are shot in Dublin. The rest of the video is shot in London a few weeks later.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''21 September:''' Upon the deadline for completion of the new album, U2 stay up all night choosing mixes and the album's running order.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''22 September:''' The Edge takes the tapes of the new album to the United States for final mastering.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 137"/>
*'''October:''' The video of "[[Mysterious Ways (song)#Music video|Mysterious Ways]]" is shot in [[Fes|Fez]] in Morocco by director [[Stéphane Sednaoui]] and Anton Corbijn photographs the band.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 138</ref>
*'''12 October:''' The new album's first single, "[[The Fly (U2 song)|The Fly]]", is released. It becomes U2's second No. 1 single in the UK.<ref name="UK chart">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/u2/ |title=U2 {{!}} Artist |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>
*'''19 November:''' U2 release ''Achtung Baby''.
*'''25 November:''' "[[Mysterious Ways (song)|Mysterious Ways]]" is released as ''Achtung Baby''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s second single. The song reaches No. 9 on the [[Hot 100]], making it the band's fourth highest charting single.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

==1992==
*'''15 January:''' The Edge inducts [[The Yardbirds]] into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]. On stage he joins [[Keith Richards]], [[Neil Young]], and [[Jimmy Page]] for a version of "[[Big River (Johnny Cash song)|Big River]]".<ref>Stokes (1996), p. 141; Flanagan (1994).</ref>
*'''29 February:''' The [[Zoo TV Tour]] begins in Lakeland, Florida.
*'''March:''' The third single from ''Achtung Baby'', "[[One (U2 song)|One]]", is released. It reached No. 7 in the UK charts, No. 10 in the US charts, and No. 1 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks and the US Modern Rock Tracks charts.
*'''5 March:''' U2 issue a statement denying newspaper reports that the words shown on video screens during performances of "The Fly" include "Bomb Japan Now" and that they have no wish to offend the people of Japan.<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 144–145</ref>
*'''27 March:''' Bono orders 10,000 pizzas on stage for the audience at a concert in Detroit. The pizza supplier manages to deliver 100 pizzas.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''7 May:''' The European leg of the Zoo TV tour opens in Paris.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''31 May:''' Bono meets author [[Salman Rushdie]] for the first time backstage after a show in London.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 148">McGee (2008), p. 148</ref>
*'''7 June:''' The fourth single from ''Achtung Baby'', "[[Even Better Than the Real Thing]]" is released. It reaches number 32 in the US and number 12 in the UK. A remix version reaches number 8 in the UK.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 148"/>
*'''11 June:''' In a Stockholm show, [[Björn Ulvaeus]] and [[Benny Andersson]] from [[ABBA]] join the band for a performance of "[[Dancing Queen]]".<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 148"/>
*'''19 June:''' U2 play the "Stop Sellafield" show in Manchester. They play alongside [[Kraftwerk]], [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]], and [[Big Audio Dynamite II]] in protest against the operation of a second nuclear reactor at Sellafield.<ref name="Stokes_141"/> The following day, the band participate in a demonstration organised by [[Greenpeace]] whereby protesters land on the beach at Sellafield in rubber dinghies and display 700 placards for the waiting media.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 148.</ref>
*'''29 June:''' Bono records a solo version of "[[Can't Help Falling in Love]]''.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 150.</ref>
[[File:1993 - Zooropa Tour 1993-05-15 - Lisbon mysterious ways em alvalade 93 640.jpg|thumb|[[Morleigh Steinberg]] performing a belly dance dancing in 1993.]]
*'''7 August''': After three weeks of stage erection and a week of rehearsals, U2 provide a public rehearsal. [[Morleigh Steinberg]] makes her debut as the belly dancer in "Mysterious Ways".<ref name="Parra 1994"/>
*'''12 August:''' The Outside Broadcast leg of the Zoo TV tour opens in New Jersey.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''August:''' The fifth and final single from ''Achtung Baby'', "[[Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses]]", is released.
*'''28 August:''' During a New York interview with Rockline, US Presidential candidate Bill Clinton contacts U2 live on air.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>

==1993==
*'''20 January:''' Mullen and Clayton attend the inauguration of United States President [[Bill Clinton]] in Washington. That evening, they perform with [[R.E.M.]]'s [[Michael Stipe]] and [[Mike Mills]] in Washington for a performance of "One" at the [[MTV]] 1993 Rock and Roll Inaugural Ball. They dub the one-off group, "[[Automatic Baby]]", after merging the names of the bands' most recent albums ''[[Automatic for the People]]'' and ''Achtung Baby''.<ref>Parra (1994), p. 159.</ref>
*'''February:''' U2 start recording new material in Dublin.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''23 February:''' Bono brings model [[Naomi Campbell]] to a U2 organisation party to meet up with [[Adam Clayton]] who has a crush on Campbell. They start dating over the following days.<ref name="McGee 2008 p. 159">McGee (2008), p. 159; Flanagan (1995)</ref>
*'''24 February:''' ''Achtung Baby:'' wins "Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Group or Duo" but loses "Album of the Year" to Eric Clapton's ''Unplugged''.<ref name="McGee 2008 p. 159"/>
*'''4 March:''' In ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's readers' poll U2 win Best Band, Artist of the Year, Comeback of the Year, Best Tour, Best Album, and Best Album Cover, and Best Single (for "One"). Bono is voted Best Male Singer, Best Songwriter and Sexiest Male Artist. Mullen is voted Best Drummer and Edge and Clayton are runners up in their respective categories. Critics are slightly less enthusiastic.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 159">McGee (2008), p. 159.</ref>
*'''Late April:''' Having almost finished the ''[[Zooropa]]'' album, U2 rehearse for the European concerts.<ref name="McGee 2008, p. 159"/>
*'''9 May:''' Dubbed "Zooropa", the Zoo TV Tour recommences with a European stadium leg starting in [[Rotterdam]]. U2 play to 2,100,000 people over 43 shows.<ref>Parra (1996), p. 160.</ref> The concert includes the premier of Bono's new alter-ego MacPhisto.<ref>Parra (1996), p. 161.</ref> Throughout the month of May, the band often fly back to Dublin following concerts to finalise mixing of the ''Zooropa'' album.<ref>Parra (1996), p. 163.</ref>
*'''June:''' "[[Numb (U2 song)|Numb]]" is released as the first single from the new album. It is released only on video.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''5 July:''' U2 release ''[[Zooropa]]''.
*'''14 July:''' At a concert in [[Marseille]], Bono's holds the first of a number of live on-stage interviews with documentary maker [[Bill Carter]] who is in the besieged city of [[Sarajevo]].<ref>Parra (1996), p. 166.</ref>
*'''11 August:''' Author [[Salman Rushdie]], the subject of a death Fatwa, joins U2 on stage in front of 70,000 people in Wembley Stadium.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''28 August:''' On the final Zooropa concert in Dublin, Clayton's fiancé, model [[Naomi Campbell]] appears on stage.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 170">Parra (1996), p. 170.</ref>
*'''September:''' "[[Lemon (U2 song)|Lemon]]" is released as the second single from ''Zooropa''.
*'''3 September:''' At the MTV awards in Los Angeles, The Edge makes his first ever solo appearance where he performs "Numb" in front of a miniature version of the Zoo TV set.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 170"/>
*'''November:''' Bono records the vocal for his duet with Frank Sinatra on "I've Got You Under My Skin" in Dublin.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''12 November:''' U2 commence the "Zoomerang" leg of Zoo TV in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 172">Parra (1996), p. 172.</ref>
*'''22 November:''' "[[Stay (Faraway, So Close!)]]" is released as ''Zooropa''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s third single.
*'''26 November:''' Clayton doesn’t play the first of two concerts in Sydney. Bono tells the audience that he is suffering from a virus and his guitar technician Stuart Morgan fills in. It is the first time a member of U2 has missed a performance. It is later revealed that Clayton was too hung over to play.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 172"/>
*'''27 November:''' The second Sydney concert is filmed and shown around the world as a pay per view TV show. The video is released the following year in VHS.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 172">Parra (1996), p. 172.</ref>
*'''10 December:''' U2 play the final gig of the Zoo TV tour at the Tokyo Dome.<ref name="Parra 1996, p. 172"/>

==1994==
*'''February:''' U2 issue a writ challenging the [[Performing Rights Society]] on their exclusive rights to collect songwriting royalties for song performances.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''March:''' ''Zooropa'' wins "Best Alternative Album" award at the Grammy's.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
{{Quote box|width=27%|align=right|quote="It was my idea to relocate to New York for the year off and start a new life as non-drinker, which is commonly known as 'doing the geographic'. It was surprisingly easy to stop but it was difficult to stay stopped."|source=—Adam Clayton on quitting alcohol. <ref name="U2 by U2"/>}}
*'''1994:''' Clayton and Mullen move to New York City to study music.<ref name="U2 by U2"/>
*'''April:''' Mullen and Clayton record four tracks with [[Nanci Griffith]] for her ''[[Flyer (Nanci Griffith album)|Flyer]]'' album.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''5 April:''' The Zoo TV concert film, ''[[Zoo TV: Live from Sydney]]'', is released in Europe and Australia.
*'''November:''' U2 and Brian Eno record new music over two weeks in a West London studio.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>

==1995==
*'''February:''' Bono and the Edge record "[[North and South of the River]]" with [[Christy Moore]].<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''Mid-1995:''' U2, Brian Eno, and [[Howie B]] form [[Original Soundtracks 1|Passengers]] and spend five weeks recording in Dublin.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''1 June:''' U2 release the single, "[[Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me]]", which features in the ''[[Batman Forever]]'' soundtrack. It reaches No.2 in the UK, No.16 in America, and No.1 in Australia and Ireland.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''12 September:''' Bono, The Edge, and Brian Eno premiere "Miss Sarajevo" at the annual Pavarotti and Friends concert in Modena, Italy.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
{{Quote box |align=right|width=27%|quote="I love it, because it's so different to our normal work."|source=—The Edge on ''[[Original Soundtracks 1]]''<ref name="U2 by U2"/>|style=padding:8px;}}
*'''7 November:''' The Passengers album ''[[Original Soundtracks 1]]'' is released worldwide. "[[Miss Sarajevo]]" featuring [[Luciano Pavarotti]] was the only single from the release. On the same day, Tina Turner releases "Goldeneye", the theme for the new James Bond film of [[GoldenEye|the same name]], written by Bono and the Edge-on Capitol Records.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>

==1996==
*'''January:''' U2 begin working on a new album in Dublin.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''April:''' The band move to Miami for further work on the album.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''1 May:''' Clayton and Mullen release their version of the ''[[Mission: Impossible]]'' theme track. It enters the charts in the Top 10 in the US, the UK, and other countries.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>
*'''11 May:''' Hot Press journalist [[Bill Graham (author)|Bill Graham]] dies at his home in [[Howth]]. The band fly back to Dublin from America to attend the funeral.<ref name="Stokes_141"/>

==1997==
*'''3 February:''' "[[Discothèque (song)|Discothèque]]" is released as the new album's first single.
*'''4 March:''' U2 release ''[[Pop (U2 album)|Pop]]''. The album debuts at number one in 35 countries and drew mainly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1111&news_type=review | title = (U2 have) relaxed sufficiently to allow a certain funk into their music... | publisher = NME | accessdate = 31 October 2006}}; {{cite web | url = http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1110&news_type=review | date=28 February 2007| title = U2 have not reinvented themselves so much as rediscovered themselves... | work = Sunday Times (UK) | accessdate = 31 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title =Rolling Stone Pop Review| journal = Rolling Stone| issue = 756 |date=March 1997| url =http://www.u2station.com/news/archives/1997/03/index.php| accessdate = 8 February 2008}}</ref> Sales were poor compared to previous U2 releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewmueller.net/display.lasso?id=88 |title=U2's Pop reconsidered |author=Mueller, Andrew |publisher=andrewmueller.net |accessdate=7 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031100932/http://www.andrewmueller.net/display.lasso?id=88 |archivedate=31 October 2007 }}; {{cite web | url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/reviews/2002/thebestof19902000.html | title = The Best of 1990–2000 – U2 | work = Christianity Today | author= Breimeier, Russ| accessdate = 7 January 2008}}</ref>
*'''15 April:''' "[[Staring at the Sun (U2 song)|Staring at the Sun]]" is released as ''Pop''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s second single.
[[File:U2 PopMart Tour, Belfast, August 1997 (04).jpg|thumb|U2 stage designer Willie Williams and stage architect Mark Fisher developed the PopMart Tour.]]
*'''25 April:''' The [[PopMart Tour]] commences in Las Vegas.
*'''14 July:''' "[[Last Night on Earth (U2 song)|Last Night on Earth]]" is released as the third single from ''Pop''.
*'''8 September:''' The live EP ''[[Please: PopHeart Live EP|PopHeart]]'' is released.
*'''20 September:''' U2 plays a PopMart show at the Festival Site in Reggio Emilia, Italy to an estimated 150,000 people, making it the biggest concert on the entire PopMart Tour.
*'''23 September:''' U2 [[1997 U2 concert in Sarajevo|play a concert in Sarajevo]]; they were the first major group to perform there following the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>[http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-u/u2_main.htm Rock On The Net: U2] rockonthenet.com. Retrieved 31 October 2006</ref> Mullen described the concert as "an experience I will never forget for the rest of my life, and if I had to spend 20 years in the band just to play that show, and have done that, I think it would have been worthwhile."<ref>[http://entertainment.msn.com/news/article.aspx?news=106185&mpc=2 U asked U2!] msn.com. Retrieved 15 January 2007; Furthermore, Bono described the show as "one of the toughest and one of the sweetest nights of my life". ([http://www.u2station.com/news/archives/1997/09/index.php Bono in Conversation.] ''The Independent'' (26 September 1997). Retrieved 15 January 2007)</ref>
*'''20 October:''' "[[Please (U2 song)|Please]]" is released as the fourth single from ''Pop''.
*'''8 December:''' "[[If God Will Send His Angels]]" and "[[Mofo (song)|Mofo]]" are released as the fifth and final singles respectively.

==1998==
*'''21 March:''' The PopMart Tour concludes in Johannesburg, South Africa.
*'''26 April:''' One month following the conclusion of the PopMart Tour, U2 appeared on the 200th episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', "[[Trash of the Titans]]", in which [[Homer Simpson]] disrupted the band on stage during a PopMart concert.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1435008/19980424/u2.jhtml |title=U2 And Homer Share Stage In "Simpsons" 200th Episode |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=14 August 1997 |accessdate=9 May 2008}}</ref>
*'''19 October:''' "[[Sweetest Thing]]" is released as a single.
*'''2 November:''' ''The Best of 1980–1990 B-Sides'' is released.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''9 November:''' ''[[The Best of 1980-1990]]'' is released.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''22 November:''' The ''[[PopMart: Live from Mexico City]]'' video is released.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''20 November:''' U2 appear on ''[[The Late Late Show (Ireland)|The Late Late Show]]'' in Dublin for the [[Omagh Tribute]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''23 December:''' Larry Mullen Jr and partner Ann Acheson have a baby girl whom they name Ava after the actress [[Ava Gardner]].

==1999==
*'''17 August:''' Bono and wife Ali have a baby boy who is named Elijah Bob Patricious Guggi Q.

==2000==
*'''9 October:''' "[[Beautiful Day]]" is released as a single, debuting at No. 1 in Australia, Canada, the UK, and No. 21 in the US.
*'''30 October:''' ''[[All That You Can't Leave Behind]]'' is released. For many of those not won over by the band's 1990s music, it was considered a return to grace;<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/friday_review/story/0,,388228,00.html#article_continue Time to Get the Leathers Out.] Guardian.co.uk (27 October 2000). Retrieved on 31 October 2006</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' called it U2's "third masterpiece" alongside ''The Joshua Tree'' and ''Achtung Baby''.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Hunter | first = James | title = Review: All That You Can't Leave Behind |work=[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone Magazine]] |issue = RS 853 |date=26 October 2000 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/232369/all_that_you_cant_leave_behind |accessdate = 8 February 2008}}</ref> The album debuted at number one in 22 countries.<ref>[http://www.therockradio.com/u2/biography.html The Rock Radio: U2 biography.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206013542/http://www.therockradio.com/u2/biography.html |date=6 February 2010 }} therockradio.com. Retrieved 31 October 2006.</ref>

==2001==
*'''22 February:''' The single "Beautiful Day" wins 3 Grammy Awards. {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} U2 perform in a scaled-down setting, returning to arenas after nearly a decade of stadium productions. A heart-shaped stage and ramp permitted greater proximity to the audience.
*'''29 February:''' "[[Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of]]" is released as the second single from ''All That You Can't Leave Behind''.
*'''24 March:''' American Leg of the [[Elevation Tour]] starts in Miami, Florida.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''20 May:''' Bono and Ali had their fourth child, a son, named John Abraham.<ref name="U2 by U2"/>
*'''12 June:''' "[[Elevation (song)|Elevation]]" is released as the third single from the album.
*'''7 July:''' European Leg of the Elevation Tour starts in Copenhagen, Denmark.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''21 August:''' Bono's father, Brendan Robert 'Bob' Hewson, dies of cancer before U2's third performance at Earl's Court Arena in London, England. However, "the show goes on", with Aung San Suu Kyi appearing in a new video before "Bullet the Blue Sky".
*'''25 August:''' U2 play two sold out concerts at Slane Castle.<ref name="U2 by U2"/>
*'''10 October:''' U2 commence the 2nd American leg of the Elevation Tour. Following the [[September 11 attacks]], the new album gained added resonance,<ref>{{Cite web |title = The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time |date = 30 November 2003 |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6598735/139_all_that_you_cant_leave_behind |accessdate =2 February 2008 |work = Rolling Stone}}; McCormick (2006), pages 308–309</ref> and from 24 --27 October, U2 performed at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City.
*'''19 November:''' "[[Walk On (U2 song)|Walk On]]" is released as ''All That You Can't Leave Behind''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s fourth and final single. The song is written about and dedicated to [[Aung San Suu Kyi]].

==2002==
*'''3 February:''' U2 perform during halftime of [[Super Bowl XXXVI]],<ref>de la Parra (2003), page 268</ref> which [[SI.com]] ranked as the best halftime show in Super Bowl history.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0901/top.10.super.bowl.halftime.shows/content.10.html | title = Top 10 Super Bowl Halftime shows | work = Sports Illustrated | accessdate = 1 February 2009}}</ref>
*'''March:''' U2 wins 4 Grammy awards for ''All That You Can't Leave Behind''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''13 March:''' Bono meets President Bush at the White House as the U.S. pledges development boost.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''May:''' Bono tours 4 African countries with the U.S. Treasury Secretary, [[Paul O'Neill (Secretary of the Treasury)|Paul O'Neill]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''September:''' Bono appears on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' and urges Oprah's audience to take action in the fight against AIDS in Africa.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''21 October:''' "[[Electrical Storm (song)|Electrical Storm]]" is released as a single.
*'''12 November:''' ''[[The Best of 1990–2000]]'' is released.
*'''December:''' Bono and DATA begin the Heart of America tour.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

==2003==
*'''8 February:''' The exhibit "In the Name of Love: Two Decades of U2" opens at the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] and Museum.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''February:''' Bono receives the '[[Knight of the Legion of Honour]]' medal from French President [[Jacques Chirac]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''March:''' U2 performs "[[The Hands That Built America]]" live at the Academy Awards.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''April:''' Bono is on the cover of ''Time Magazine'' as one of a group of great European Heroes.<ref name="U2 by U2"/>
*'''Mid:''' U2 play live at the 11th Special Olympics World Summer Games; Nelson Mandela joins them on stage.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''17 November''' ''[[U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle]]'', a concert film from the European leg of U2's [[Elevation Tour]] is released. Bono dedicates a performance of "[[Kite (U2 song)|Kite]]" to his father, who had died on 21 August 2001, several days before the concert.

==2004==
*'''January:''' The single "[[Take Me to the Clouds Above]]", a house-pop collaboration by [[LMC (band)|LMC]] vs U2, is released.
*'''16 September:''' Bono is nominated a third time for the Nobel Peace Prize.
*'''8 November:''' The new album's first single, "[[Vertigo (U2 song)|Vertigo]]", is released. It reaches number 1 on the UK Singles Chart, number 1 on the Billboard charts, and number 5 on the Australian charts.
[[File:IPod U2.jpeg|200px|thumb|The U2 Special Edition iPod accompanied the release of [[The Complete U2]].]]
*'''23 November:''' ''[[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb]]'' is released. The album debuted at number one in the U.S. where first week sales doubled that of ''All That You Can't Leave Behind'' and set a record for the band.<ref>[http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-u/u2_main.htm Rock On The Net: U2] rockonthenet.com. Retrieved 31 October 2006.</ref> The same day, ''[[The Complete U2]]'' digital [[box set#Music box sets|box set]] is released by [[Apple Computer]] on the [[iTunes Store]]. It is the first major release of a purely digital online set by any artist. It contains the complete set of U2 albums and singles, and also contains live, rare and previously unreleased material from 1978 to 2004, with a total of 446 songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u2wanderer.org/?p=356|title=Happy Holidays and RIP The Complete U2|date=20 December 2007|accessdate=21 December 2007|publisher=U2Wanderer.org}}</ref> The release accompanies a U2 Special Edition iPod.

==2005==
*'''2005:''' ''How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb'' and its singles won Grammy Awards in all eight categories in which U2 were nominated.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''7 February:''' "[[All Because of You (U2 song)|All Because of You]]" and "[[Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own]]" are released as the second and third singles from the album in North America and Europe respectively.
*'''March:''' In 2005, [[Bruce Springsteen]] inducted U2 into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref name="RRHOF">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4349877.stm U2 stars enter rock Hall of Fame] bbc.co.uk (15 March 2005). Retrieved 17 January 2007; [http://www.u2station.com/news/archives/2005/03/transcript_bruc.php Transcript: Bruce Springsteen Inducts U2 into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.] u2station.com. Retrieved 17 January 2007</ref>
[[File:2005-05-17 U2 @ CAA by ZG.JPG|thumb|U2 performing at Vertigo Tour.]]
*'''28 March:''' The [[Vertigo Tour]] commences in the US city of [[San Diego]].
*'''22 April:''' ''[[U2.COMmunication]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4100 |title=U2.Communication (22 Apr, 2005) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2005 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
*'''27 April:''' U2 shoot a video for "City of Blinding Lights" at [[General Motors Place]] in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]. Members of the public are invited into the venue as an audience backdrop.
*'''9 - 10 May:''' Two concerts in [[Chicago, Illinois]] are filmed for a video release of the tour.
*'''6 June:''' "[[City of Blinding Lights]]" is released as the fourth single from ''How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb''.
*'''10 June:''' The European leg of the Vertigo Tour commences in Brussels.
{{triple image|right|U2 Live8 Hyde Park.jpg|200|U2 Edge.jpg|200|Bono & Macca.jpg|200|The band performing at Live8 concert.}}
*'''2 July:''' U2 perform at [[Live8]], opening the show. The band plays "[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]" with [[Paul McCartney]], "Beautiful Day", "Vertigo", and "One". The performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" is released as a digital-single during the day and sets a world record as the fastest-selling online song.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Paul-McCartney-In-The-Guinness-Book-of-Records-5167.shtml |title=Paul McCartney in The 'Guinness Book of Records' |publisher=Softpedia |date=21 July 2005 |accessdate=21 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428192941/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Paul-McCartney-In-The-Guinness-Book-of-Records-5167.shtml |archivedate=28 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*'''20–21 July:''' Two concerts in [[Milan]], Italy are filmed. Ten tracks would later be included on the bonus DVD for ''U218 Singles''.
*'''12 September:''' A second North American leg of the Vertigo Tour commences in [[Toronto]], Ontario.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*'''10 October:''' "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" and "All Because of You" are released as the fourth single from ''How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb'' in North America and Europe respectively, switching territories from their earlier releases.
*'''November:''' "[[Original of the Species]]" is released as the album's fifth and final single in a digital-only format.
*'''14 November:''' ''[[Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago]]'' is released on DVD.

==2006==
*'''12 February:''' An eight-date Latin American leg of the Vertigo tour commences in [[Mexico]].
*'''March:''' U2 arrive in Australia to prepare for the Australian leg of the Vertigo Tour. The tour, however, is postponed until further notice due to a band family member’s illness.
*'''3 April:''' A duet of "One" with [[Mary J. Blige]] is released as a single.
*'''Mid-2006:''' The band begin work on material for a new album writing and recording with producer [[Rick Rubin]]; the material is later shelved.
*'''August:''' The band incorporates its publishing business in The Netherlands following the capping of Irish artists' tax exemption at €250,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/u2-move-their-rock-empire-out-of-ireland-133364.html|title=U2 move their rock empire out of Ireland|date=6 August 2006 | accessdate=8 February 2008 |author=McConnell, Daniel|work=The Independent}}</ref> The move was criticised in the [[Oireachtas|Irish parliament]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&refer=home&sid=aef6sR60oDgM|title=Bono, Preacher on Poverty, Tarnishes Halo With Irish Tax Move|first=Fergal|last=O'Brien|date=15 October 2006|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Marina |last=Hyde |title= They live like aristocrats. Now they think like them |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/story/0,,1968136,00.html |work= Guardian | publisher=Guardian Media Group | date=February 2007 | accessdate = 16 February 2007 | location=London}}</ref>
*'''25 September:''' U2 play with [[Green Day]] to open an [[National Football League|NFL]] game in the [[Louisiana Superdome]]. It is the first game in the stadium following the heavy damage it sustained from [[Hurricane Katrina]]. They play a four-song set of "[[Wake Me Up When September Ends]]", "[[House of the Rising Sun]]", "[[The Saints Are Coming]]", and "Beautiful Day".
*'''31 October:''' A studio cover with Green Day of [[The Skids]]' song "[[The Saints Are Coming#U2 and Green Day cover|The Saints Are Coming]]" is released as a single for the charity [[Music Rising]].
*'''7 November:''' The 13 postponed dates in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Hawaii commence in [[Brisbane]].
*'''17 November:''' ''[[U218 Singles]]'' and ''[[U218 Videos]]'' are released. The bonus DVD on ''U218 Singles'' includes ten tracks taken from the 2005 concerts in Milan.
*'''18 November:''' ''[[Zoo TV Live]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com/<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4097 |title=ZOO2LIVE – U2 Live in Sydney (18 Nov, 2006) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2006 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>

==2007==
*'''1 January:''' The "[[Window in the Skies]]" single is released.
*'''June:''' The band continue writing and recording for the album, this time with Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno as co-writers and producers. A two-week trip to [[Fez, Morocco]] where the six recorded led to the band experimenting with North African influences.
*'''20 November:''' ''The Joshua Tree'' is re-released as a 20th anniversary [[triple album]].

==2008==
*'''23 January:''' A [[3-D film|3-D]] [[concert film]], ''[[U2 3D]]'', filmed at nine concerts during the Latin America leg of the Vertigo Tour is released at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah.
*'''19 February:''' The single "[[The Ballad of Ronnie Drew]]" - a collaboration between U2, [[The Dubliners]], [[Kíla]], and "A Band of Bowsies" - is released. All proceeds went towards the Irish Cancer Society; the song is an homage to [[Ronnie Drew]], who was dying of cancer at the time.
*'''31 March:''' U2 sign a 12-year deal with [[Live Nation]] worth an estimated $100 million (£50 million),<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/2787228/U2-ties-the-knot-with-Live-Nation-deal.html U2 ties knot with Live Nation deal]</ref> which includes Live Nation controlling the band's merchandise, sponsoring, and their official website.
*'''Mid-2008:''' ''Boy'', ''October'', ''War'', and ''Under a Blood Red Sky'' are remastered and released. Three different formats of each were made available, featuring remastered tracks, B-sides, live, and unreleased songs.
*'''18 December:''' The band complete [[No Line On The Horizon]], and announce that the album will be released to the world on 2 March 2009.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

==2009==
[[File:The Edge Bono Lincoln Memorial 2009.jpg|thumb|Bono and The Edge performing at the [[Lincoln Memorial]]]]
*'''18 January:''' U2 perform "[[Pride (In The Name Of Love)]]" and "[[City of Blinding Lights]]" at the [[We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial|We Are One]] concert, celebrating the inauguration of [[Barack Obama]], at the [[Lincoln Memorial]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
*'''23 January:''' "[[Get on Your Boots]]" is released as the first single from the new album.
*'''27 February:''' U2's twelfth studio album, ''[[No Line on the Horizon]]'', is released.<ref>[http://music.msn.com/music/article.aspx?news=344832&gt1=28102 U2 set to release new album in March] msn.com</ref>
*'''27 March:''' ''[[Medium, Rare & Remastered]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4096 |title=Medium, Rare & Remastered (27 Mar, 2009) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2009 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
*'''4 May:''' "[[Magnificent (U2 song)|Magnificent]]" is released as the second single from the album.
*'''30 June:''' The [[U2 360° Tour]] begins on 30 June 2009 in Europe. The shows feature a 360-degree staging/audience configuration, in which the fans surround the stage from all sides.<ref name="hotpress">{{cite web | url = http://www.hotpress.com/archive/5293385.html| title = Paul McGuinness on U2's World Tour | work = [[Hot Press]] | date = 4 March 2009 | accessdate = 6 March 2009}}</ref>
*'''17 August:''' "[[I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight]]" is released as third single from ''No Line on the Horizon''.
*'''25 October:''' YouTube broadcast their concert at the [[Rose Bowl Stadium]]. With a sellout crowd of 97,014, it is the highest attendance on record for one U.S. show by a single headliner based on box office totals reported to Billboard. The previous record had been set by U2 in 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Allen | first = Bob | title = U2's Rose Bowl Show Breaks Attendance Records. | journal = Billboard | publisher = | date = 30 October 2009 | url = http://www.atu2.com/news/u2s-rose-bowl-show-breaks-attendance-record.html | accessdate =8 November 2009 }}</ref>
*'''27 October:''' A 25th Anniversary remastered edition of ''[[The Unforgettable Fire]]'' is released by [[Mercury Records]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.u2wanderer.org/?p=432|title=The Unforgettable Fire 25th Anniversary Edition|date=5 July 2009|work=U2Wanderer.org|accessdate=24 July 2009}}</ref>
*'''28 October:''' U2 finish the 2009 legs of the U2 360° Tour in Vancouver.
*'''30 October:''' U2 headline the second of two consecutive concerts at [[Madison Square Gardens]] to celebrate the 25 anniversary of the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Pareles | first = John | title = Rock's Hall of Famers Mix It Up | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | pages = | date = 31 October 2009 | url = http://www.atu2.com/news/rocks-hall-of-famers-mix-it-up.html | accessdate =8 November 2009}}</ref>
*'''5 November:''' U2 are invited by Berlin Lord Mayor to play a concert at the [[Brandenburg Gate]] to commemorate the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]]. They play a six-song set to 10,000 fans.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Scally | first = Derek | title = U2 Strike Emotional Chord with Berliners on NIght of Celebration | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | location = [[Dublin]] | date = 6 November 2009 | url = http://www.atu2.com/news/u2-strike-emotional-chord-with-berliners-on-night-of-celebration.html | accessdate = }}</ref>

==2010==
*'''25 March:''' ''[[Artificial Horizon (album)|Artificial Horizon]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4094 |title=Artificial Horizon (25 Mar, 2010) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2010 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
*'''21 May:''' Bono has emergency surgery on a back injury during tour preparations, and the band postpones the North American leg of the U2 360° Tour<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10139846.stm|title=Bono's back surgery puts U2 dates in jeopardy|publisher=The BBC|date=21 May 2010|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="postp-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.u2.com/news/title/bono-discharged-from-hospital|title=Bono Discharged From Hospital|publisher=U2.com|date=25 May 2010}}</ref> and their appearance at the [[Glastonbury Festival]].
*'''26 June:''' The Edge makes a special guest appearance with [[Muse (band)|Muse]] at Glastonbury to perform "Where the Streets Have No Name".
*'''13 July:''' U2 announce the rescheduled dates for the postponed North American leg of the U2 360° tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/180384 |title=U2 announce return to the stage in homemade video |work=Rolling Stone |date=13 July 2010 |accessdate=13 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rCo678Ji?url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/180384 |archivedate=14 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
*'''6 August:''' The second European leg of the U2 360° Tour starts on 6 August 2010 in Turin. It marks their first performance since Bono recovered from his back injury.
*'''25 November:''' U2 begin their Australasian leg of the 360° tour in Mt Smart Stadium, Auckland.

==2011==
*'''31 January:''' Announces last date on their U2 360° tour to be in [[Moncton, New Brunswick]], Canada. Their first date ever in [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/01/31/nb-u2-moncton-concert-1153.html |title=U2 confirms Moncton concert date |date=31 January 2011 |work=cbc.ca |accessdate=31 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203011433/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/01/31/nb-u2-moncton-concert-1153.html |archivedate=3 February 2011 }}</ref>
*'''10 May:''' ''[[Duals]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4142 |title=Duals (10 May, 2011) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2011 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
*'''24 June:''' U2 headline the first night of the Glastonbury Festival.
*'''30 July:''' Last concert of the 360° tour held in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
*'''8 September:''' World premiere of U2 Documentary, "From the Sky Down", Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/1030574--u2-will-be-film-festival-s-opening-act|title=World Premiere|accessdate=8 September 2011 | location=Toronto|work=The Star|date=26 July 2011}}</ref>

==2012==
*'''1 May:''' ''[[U22: A 22 Track Live Collection from U2360°|U22]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4143 |title=U22 (1 May, 2012) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2012 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
*'''17 December:''' ''[[From the Ground Up: Edge's Picks from U2360°|From the Ground Up: Edge's Picks]]'' is released to subscribers of U2.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/tagName/U2.com+Limited+Editions/albumId/4142 |title=From The Ground Up : Edge's Picks (17 Dec, 2012) |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |year=2012 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>

==2013==
*'''29 May:''' Bono and [[The Edge|Edge]] help celebrate [[Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark]]'s 1000th Show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atu2.com/news/bono--edge-help-celebrate-spideys-1000th-show.html |title=Bono & Edge Help Celebrate Spidey's 1000th Show |first=Matt |last=McGee |date=29 May 2013 |publisher=@U2 }}</ref>
*'''17 June:''' Bono speaks out for Voices Against Violence Campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/06/17/bono-speaks-out-for-voices-against-violence-campaign/2430655/ |title=Bono speaks out for Voices Against Violence campaign |first=Korina |last=Lopez |date=17 June 2013 |publisher=''[[USA Today]]'' |location=New York }}</ref>
* '''18 June:''' [[Family of Barack Obama|Obama family]] meet Bono for pub lunch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/obama-family-meet-bono-for-pub-lunch-29354306.html |title=Obama family meet Bono for pub lunch |first=Nicola |last=Anderson |date=18 June 2013 |publisher=''[[Irish Independent]]'' |location=Dublin }}</ref>
* '''25–26 June:''' [[Mark Fisher (architect)|Mark Fisher]], U2's longtime stage architect, dies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atu2.com/news/mark-fisher-u2s-longtime-stage-architect-has-died.html |title=Mark Fisher, U2's Longtime Stage Architect, Has Died |first=Matt |last=McGee |date=26 June 2013 |publisher=@U2 }}</ref>
*'''16 July:''' [[Bono]] is made [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres]] by the French Minister of Culture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/ali-and-jordan-help-bono-celebrate-award-of-frances-highest-cultural-honour-29425007.html |title=Ali and Jordan help Bono celebrate award of France's highest cultural honour |first=Catherine |last=Wylie |date=16 July 2013 |publisher=''[[Irish Independent]]'' |location=Dublin }}</ref>
*'''2 September:''' U2 attends funeral mass for [[Seamus Heaney]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.atu2.com/news/u2-attends-funeral-mass-for-seamus-heaney.html|title=U2 attends funeral mass for Seamus Heaney|first= |last= |work= |year=2013 |accessdate=}}</ref>
* '''3 September:''' [[Larry Mullen, Jr.|Larry Mullen Jr.]]'s second film, ''A Thousand Times Goodnight'', wins Special Grand Prix of the Jury at [[Montreal World Film Festival]].<ref>{{ cite web |title=A Thousand Times Goodnight wins Special Grand Prix of the Jury at Montreal World Film Festival |url=http://www.irishfilmboard.ie/irish_film_industry/news/A_Thousand_Times_Goodnight_wins_Special_Grand_Prix_of_the_Jury_at_Montreal_World_Film_Festival/2264 |publisher=Irish Film Board |date=3 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129145217/http://www.irishfilmboard.ie/irish_film_industry/news/A_Thousand_Times_Goodnight_wins_Special_Grand_Prix_of_the_Jury_at_Montreal_World_Film_Festival/2264 |archivedate=29 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*'''4 September:''' Adam Clayton marries Mariana Teixeira de Carvalho, a Brazilian supermodel, in a ceremony in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/republic-of-ireland/u2s-adam-clayton-ties-the-knot-with-brazilian-girlfriend-29553750.html |title=U2's Adam Clayton ties the knot with Brazilian girlfriend – BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |first= |last= |work=belfasttelegraph.co.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''17 October:''' A song titled "[[Ordinary Love (U2 song)|Ordinary Love]]" is revealed to be written specifically for the film ''[[Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/10/17/mandela-long-walk-to-freedom-trailer-features-new-u2-song-ordinary-love/ |title='Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom’ Trailer Features New U2 Song ‘Ordinary Love’ |publisher=''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' |date=17 October 2013 |accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> Subscribers of the band's official website are able to hear it first.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u2.com/news/title/ordinary-love |title='Ordinary Love' |work=U2.com |publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]] |date=17 October 2013 |accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref>
*'''29 November:''' "Ordinary Love" is officially released as a single.

==2014==
*'''16 January:''' U2 receives an [[Academy Award]] nomination for "Ordinary Love".
*'''2 February:''' U2 releases a charity single titled "[[Invisible (U2 song)|Invisible]]", a song incorrectly believed to be included on the band's 13th studio album.
*'''9 September:''' U2 partners with [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] in releasing ''[[Songs of Innocence (U2 album)|Songs of Innocence]]'' through the [[iTunes Store]]. The first single from the album, "[[The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)]]" is also released.
*'''16 November:''' Bono was involved in a "high energy bicycle accident" when he attempted to avoid another rider. Bono was rushed to [[New York-Presbyterian]]/[[Weill Cornell Medical Center]]'s Emergency Department and underwent "multiple X-rays and CAT scans" followed by five hours of surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bono-intensive-therapy-bike-injury-20141119#ixzz3JWkKeCJI|title=Bono Intensive Therapy Bike Injury from Rolling Stones Magazine|publisher=Rolling Stone Magazine|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last =Graham | first =Bill | authorlink = |author2=van Oosten de Boer | title =U2: The Complete Guide to their Music | publisher =Omnibus Press |year=2004 | location =London | isbn = 0-7119-9886-8 }}
* McCormick, Neil (ed), (2006). ''U2 by U2''. HarperCollins Publishers. {{ISBN|0-00-719668-7}}
* {{Cite book | last = McGee | first = Matt | authorlink = | title = U2:A Diary | publisher = Omnibus Press | year = 2008 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-84772-108-2}}
* de la Parra, Pimm Jal (2003). ''U2 Live: A Concert Documentary''. Omnibus Press. {{ISBN|0-7119-9198-7}}
* {{cite book | last =Stokes | first =Niall | authorlink =Niall Stokes | title =Into The Heart: The Stories Behind Every U2 Song | publisher =Harper Collins Publishers |year=1996 | isbn = 0-7322-6036-1 }}

{{U2}}

{{U2 singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of U2}}
[[Category:U2]]
[[Category:Timelines of music|U2]]

6061 aluminium alloy

2018-07-06T16:24:28Z

194.103.240.26: aluminium

{{Infobox material
| name = A6061
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| type =
| density = 2.70 g/cm3<ref>[https://materialsdata.nist.gov/dspace/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11115/179/Properties%20of%20Wrought%20Aluminum.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y ASM Handbook, Volume 2: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials ASM Handbook Committee, p 102 DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0001060].</ref>
| abbe_number =
| refractive_index =
| flammability =
| limiting_oxygen_index =
| water_absorption_eq =
| water_absorption_24h =
| radiation_resistance =
| uv_resistance =
| youngs_modulus = {{cvt|68.9|GPa|ksi}}
| tensile_strength = {{cvt|124–290|MPa|ksi}}
| elongation = 12–25%
| compressive_strength =
| poissons_ratio = 0.33
| hardness_rockwell =
| izod_impact_strength =
| notch_test =
| abrasive_resistance_note =
| abrasive_resistance =
| coeff_friction =
| speed_of_sound =
| melting_point = {{cvt|585|C|F}}
| glass_transition =
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| vicat =
| vicat_a =
| vicat_b =
| upper_working_temp =
| lower_working_temp =
| heat_transfer_coeff =
| thermal_conductivity_note =
| thermal_conductivity = 151–202 W/(m·K)
| thermal_diffusivity_note =
| thermal_diffusivity =
| linear_expansion = 2.32{{e|−5}} K−1
| specific_heat = 897 J/(kg·K)
| dielectric_constant_note =
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| relative_permeability_note =
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| surface_resistivity =
| volume_resistivity = 32.5–39.2 nOhm·m
| chem_res_acid_c =
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| chem_res_alcohol =
| chem_res_alkali =
| chem_res_aromatic =
| chem_res_grease_oil =
| chem_res_haloalkane =
| chem_res_halogen =
| chem_res_ketone =
| gas_perm_temp = 20 °C
| gas_perm_N =
| gas_perm_O =
| gas_perm_CO2 =
| gas_perm_H2O =
| price =
| footnotes =
}}
'''6061''' is a [[precipitation hardening|precipitation-hardened]] [[aluminium alloy]], containing [[magnesium]] and [[silicon]] as its major [[alloy]]ing elements. Originally called "Alloy 61S", it was developed in 1935.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Robert E. Sanders, Jr. |url=http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0102/sanders-0102.html |title=Technology Innovation in Aluminum Products |journal=JOM |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.1007/s11837-001-0115-7 |bibcode=2001JOM....53b..21S}}</ref> It has good mechanical properties, exhibits good [[weldability]], and is very commonly [[extrusion|extruded]] (second in popularity only to [[6063 aluminium alloy|6063]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thealuminumsource.com/tech/alloys.htm |title=Aluminum Alloys |publisher=Materials Management Inc. |date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=2016-07-25}}</ref> It is one of the most common alloys of [[aluminium]] for general-purpose use.

It is commonly available in pre-tempered grades such as 6061-O (annealed), tempered grades such as 6061-T6 (solutionized and artificially aged) and 6061-T651 (solutionized, stress-relieved stretched and artificially aged).

== Chemical composition ==
The alloy composition of 6061 is:
* [[Silicon]] minimum 0.4%, maximum 0.8% by weight
* [[Iron]] no minimum, maximum 0.7%
* [[Copper]] minimum 0.15%, maximum 0.4%
* [[Manganese]] no minimum, maximum 0.15%
* [[Magnesium]] minimum 0.8%, maximum 1.2%
* [[Chromium]] minimum 0.04%, maximum 0.35%
* [[Zinc]] no minimum, maximum 0.25%
* [[Titanium]] no minimum, maximum 0.15%
* Other elements no more than 0.05% each, 0.15% total
* Remainder [[aluminium]] (95.85–98.56%)

== Mechanical properties ==
The mechanical properties of 6061 depend greatly on the [[tempering (metallurgy)|temper]], or heat treatment, of the material.<ref name="ALCOA">[http://www.alcoa.com/adip/catalog/pdf/Extruded_Alloy_6061.pdf Alcoa 6061 data sheet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020230114/http://www.alcoa.com/adip/catalog/pdf/Extruded_Alloy_6061.pdf |date=2006-10-20 }} (pdf), accessed October 13, 2006</ref> [[Young's Modulus]] is {{convert|69|GPa|ksi|abbr=on}} regardless of temper.<ref>''Aluminum Standards and Data 2006 Metric SI'', by the Aluminum Association Inc.</ref>

=== 6061===
[[Annealing (metallurgy)|Annealed]] 6061 (6061-O temper) has maximum [[tensile strength]] no more than {{convert|45000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and maximum [[yield strength]] no more than {{convert|8000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The material has elongation (stretch before ultimate failure) of 25–30%.

=== 6061-T4 ===
T4 temper 6061 has an [[ultimate tensile strength]] of at least {{convert|30000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}} and yield strength of at least {{convert|16000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}}. It has elongation of 16%.

=== 6061-T6 ===
T6 temper 6061 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least {{convert|42000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}} and yield strength of at least {{convert|35000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}}. More typical values are {{convert|310|MPa|ksi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|270|MPa|ksi|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref>[http://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/6061-T6-Aluminum/ Material Properties Data: 6061-T6 Aluminum]</ref> In thicknesses of {{convert|6.35|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} or less, it has elongation of 8% or more; in thicker sections, it has elongation of 10%. T651 temper has similar mechanical properties.
The typical value for thermal conductivity for 6061-T6 at {{convert|25|C|abbr=on}} is around 152 W/m K.
A material data sheet <ref>[http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MA6061T6 ASM Material Data Sheet]</ref> defines the [[fatigue limit]] under cyclic load as {{convert|14000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}} for 500,000,000 completely reversed cycles using a standard RR Moore test machine and specimen. Note that aluminium does not exhibit a well defined "knee" on its S-n graph, so there is some debate as to how many cycles equates to "infinite life". Also note the actual value of fatigue limit for an application can be dramatically affected by the conventional de-rating factors of loading, gradient, and surface finish.

== Uses ==
'''6061 is commonly used for the following:'''
*construction of [[aircraft]] structures, such as [[wing]]s and [[fuselage]]s, more commonly in [[homebuilt aircraft]] than commercial or military aircraft.<ref name="AIRSPRUCE">[http://www.aircraftspruce.com/catalog/mepages/aluminfo.php Aluminum Information at aircraftspruce.com], accessed October 13, 2006</ref> [[2024 aluminum alloy|2024 alloy]] is somewhat stronger, but 6061 is more easily worked and remains resistant to corrosion even when the surface is abraded, which is not the case for 2024, which is usually used with a thin [[Alclad]] coating for corrosion resistance.<ref>[http://www.homebuiltairplanes.com/forums/aircraft-design-aerodynamics-new-technology/5003-6061-vs-2024-a.html 6061 vs 2024] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130125113151/http://www.homebuiltairplanes.com/forums/aircraft-design-aerodynamics-new-technology/5003-6061-vs-2024-a.html |date=2013-01-25 }}. Homebuiltairplanes.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-04.</ref>
*[[yacht]] construction, including small utility [[boat]]s.<ref name="BOAT">''Boatbuilding with Aluminum'', Stephen F. Pollard, 1993, {{ISBN|0-07-050426-1}}</ref>
*automotive parts, such as the chassis of the [[Audi A8]].
*some tactical flashlights
*aluminium cans for the packaging of food and beverages.
*[[Scuba diving|SCUBA tanks]] (post 1995)

'''6061-T6 is used for:'''
*[[bicycle frame]]s and components.
*many [[fly fishing]] reels.
*the [[Pioneer plaque]] was made of this alloy.
*the secondary chambers and baffle systems in firearm sound [[suppressor]]s (primarily pistol suppressors for reduced weight and improved mechanical functionality), while the primary expansion chambers usually require 17-4PH or 303 [[stainless steel]] or [[titanium]].<ref>[http://www.advanced-armament.com/product.aspx?pid=199 EVOLUTION 9mm™, 1/2-28 TPI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801082403/http://www.advanced-armament.com/product.aspx?pid=199 |date=2011-08-01 }}. Advanced Armament. Retrieved on 2012-04-04.</ref><ref>[http://www.awcsystech.com/products/suppressors/amphibian-s/ Amphibian S .22LR : Suppressor : AWC Systems Technology]. Awcsystech.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-04.</ref>
*The upper and lower receivers of many non mil-spec [[AR-15|AR-15 rifle]] variants.
*Many aluminium docks and gangways are constructed with 6061-T6 extrusions, and welded into place.
*Material used in some [[ultra-high vacuum]] (UHV) chambers
*Many parts for remote controlled [[model aircraft]], notably [[helicopter rotor]] components.

=== Welding ===
6061 is highly weldable, for example using [[tungsten inert gas welding]] (TIG) or [[metal inert gas welding]] (MIG). Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are those of 6061-O, a loss of strength of around 80%. The material can be re-heat-treated to restore -T4 or -T6 temper for the whole piece. After welding, the material can naturally age and restore some of its strength as well. Nevertheless, the Alcoa Structural Handbook recommends the design strength of the material adjacent to the weld to be taken as {{convert|11000|psi|MPa|abbr=on|order=flip}} without proper heat treatment after the weld.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} Typical filler material is 4043 or 5356(used only for non heat treatable aluminium such as 5052).

=== Extrusions ===
6061 is an alloy used in the production of [[extrusion]]s—long constant–cross-section structural shapes produced by pushing metal through a shaped [[die (manufacturing)|die]].

=== Forgings ===
6061 is an alloy that is suitable for hot [[forging]]. The billet is heated through an [[induction furnace]] and forged using a closed die process. This particular alloy is suitable for open die forgings. Automotive parts, ATV parts, and industrial parts are just some of the uses as a forging. Aluminium 6061 can be forged into flat or round bars, rings, blocks, discs and blanks, hollows, and spindles. 6061 can be forged into special and custom shapes.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 6061 Aluminum Alloy Forging {{!}} Anderson Shumaker|url = http://www.andersonshumaker.com/materials/aluminum/6061-aluminum.html|website = www.andersonshumaker.com|accessdate = 2015-10-08}}</ref>

== Standards ==
Different forms and tempers of 6061 aluminium alloy are discussed in the following standards:<ref>[http://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/6061-3.3214-H20-A96061-Aluminum/ 6061 (3.3214, H20, A96061) Aluminum]. Retrieved on 2014-11-14.</ref>
* ASTM B 209: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Sheet and Plate
* ASTM B 210: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes
* ASTM B 211: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire
* ASTM B 221: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes
* ASTM B 308: Standard Specification for Aluminium-Alloy 6061-T6 Standard Structural Profiles
* ASTM B 483: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Drawn Tube and Pipe for General Purpose Applications
* ASTM B 547: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Formed and Arc-Welded Round Tube
* ISO 6361: Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Sheets, Strips and Plates

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
* "Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: 6061 Alclad 6061", ''Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials'', Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p. 102-103.

{{Aluminum alloys}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amesweb.info/Materials/Aluminum-6061-Properties.aspx Aluminum 6061 Properties]

[[Category:Aluminium alloys]]
[[Category:Aerospace materials]]
[[Category:Silicon alloys]]
[[Category:Aluminium–silicon alloys]]

Clutch

2018-01-10T11:00:56Z

194.103.240.26: /* Multiple plate clutch */ Angular velocity is the same in all areas of the clutch disc. Velocity is higher at the outer edge.

{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=March 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2012}}
}}

[[Image:Clutchdisc.jpg|thumb|right|Single dry-clutch friction disc. The [[Spline (mechanical)|splined]] hub is attached to the disc with springs to damp chatter.]]

A '''clutch''' is a mechanical device which engages and disengages power transmission especially from [[drive shaft|driving shaft]] to driven shaft.

In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts (drive shafts or [[line shaft]]s). In these devices, one shaft is typically attached to an engine or other power unit (the driving member) while the other shaft (the driven member) provides output power for work. While typically the motions involved are rotary, linear clutches are also possible.

In a torque-controlled [[drill]], for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so they may be locked together and spin at the same speed (engaged), locked together but spinning at different speeds (slipping), or unlocked and spinning at different speeds (disengaged).

==Friction clutches==

[[File:Car clutch.png|thumb|right|200px|A friction clutch]]
The vast majority of clutches ultimately rely on frictional forces for their operation. The purpose of friction clutches is to connect a moving member to another that is moving at a different speed or stationary, often to synchronize the speeds, and/or to transmit power. Usually, as little slippage (difference in speeds) as possible between the two members is desired.

===Materials===
Various materials have been used for the disc-friction facings, including asbestos in the past. Modern clutches typically use a [[organic compound|compound organic]] resin with copper wire facing or a [[ceramic]] material. Ceramic materials are typically used in heavy applications such as racing or heavy-duty hauling, though the harder ceramic materials increase [[flywheel]] and pressure plate wear.

In the case of "wet" clutches, composite paper materials are very common. Since these "wet" clutches typically use an oil bath or flow-through cooling method for keeping the disc pack lubricated and cooled, very little wear is seen when using composite paper materials.

===Push/pull===
Friction-disc clutches generally are classified as ''push type'' or ''pull type'' depending on the location of the pressure plate [[lever|fulcrum]] points. In a pull-type clutch, the action of pressing the pedal pulls the release bearing, pulling on the diaphragm spring and disengaging the vehicle drive. The opposite is true with a push type, the release bearing is pushed into the clutch disengaging the vehicle drive. In this instance, the release bearing can be known as a [[thrust bearing]] (as per the image above).

===Dampers===
A clutch damper is a device that softens the response of the clutch engagement/disengagement. In automotive applications, this is often provided by a mechanism in the clutch disc centres. In addition to the damped disc centres, which reduce driveline vibration, pre-dampers may be used to reduce gear rattle at idle by changing the natural frequency of the disc. These weaker springs are compressed solely by the radial vibrations of an idling engine. They are fully compressed and no longer in use once the main damper springs take up drive.

===Load===
Mercedes truck examples:
A clamp load of 33 kN is normal for a single plate 430. The 400 Twin application offers a clamp load of a mere 23 kN. Bursts speeds are typically around 5,000 rpm with the weakest point being the facing rivet.

===Manufacturing===
Modern clutch development focuses its attention on the simplification of the overall assembly and/or manufacturing method. For example, drive straps are now commonly employed to transfer torque as well as lift the pressure plate upon disengagement of vehicle drive. With regard to the manufacture of diaphragm springs, heat treatment is crucial. Laser welding is becoming more common as a method of attaching the drive plate to the disc ring with the laser typically being between 2-3KW and a feed rate 1m/minute.

===Multiple plate clutch===
This type of clutch has several driving members interleaved or "stacked" with several driven members. It is used in racing cars including [[Formula One|Formula 1]], [[IndyCar]], [[World Rally Championship|World Rally]] and even most club racing. Multiplate clutches see much use in [[drag racing]], which requires the best acceleration possible, and is notorious for the abuse the clutch is subjected to. Thus, they can be found in [[motorcycle]]s, in [[automatic transmission]]s and in some [[diesel locomotive]]s with mechanical transmissions. It is also used in some electronically controlled [[AWD (vehicle)|all-wheel drive]] systems as well as in some transfer cases. They can also be found in some [[Heavy equipment|heavy machinery]] such as [[tank]]s and [[Armoured fighting vehicle|AFV's]] ([[T-54/55|T-54]]) and earthmoving equipment ([[Loader (equipment)|front-end loaders]], [[bulldozer]]s), as well as components in certain types of [[Limited-slip differential|limited slip differentials]]. The benefit in the case of motorsports is that you can achieve the same total friction force with a much smaller overall diameter (or conversely, a much greater friction force for the same diameter, important in cases where a vehicle is [[Car tuning|modified]] with greater power, yet the maximum physical size of the clutch unit is constrained by the clutch housing). In motorsports vehicles that run at high engine[[drivetrain|/drivetrain]] speeds, the smaller diameter reduces [[Moment of inertia|rotational inertia]], making the drivetrain components accelerate more rapidly, as well as reducing the [[velocity]] of the outer areas of the clutch unit, which could become highly stressed and fail at the extremely high drivetrain rotational rates achieved in sports such as Formula 1 or drag racing. In the case of heavy equipment, which often deal with very high [[torque]] forces and drivetrain loads, a single plate clutch of the necessary strength would be too large to easily package as a component of the driveline.

Another, different theme on the multiplate clutch is the clutches used in the fastest classes of drag racing, highly specialized, purpose-built cars such as [[Top Fuel|Top Fuel dragsters]] or [[Funny Car]]s. These cars are so powerful that to attempt a start with a simple clutch would result in complete loss of traction. To avoid this problem, Top Fuel cars actually use a single, fixed [[Transmission (mechanics)|gear ratio]], and a ''series'' of clutches that are engaged one at a time, rather than in unison, progressively allowing more power to the wheels. A single one of these clutch plates (as designed) can not hold more than a fraction of the power of the engine, so the driver starts with only the first clutch engaged. This clutch is overwhelmed by the power of the engine, allowing only a fraction of the power to the wheels, much like "slipping the clutch" in a slower car, but working not requiring concentration from the driver. As speed builds, the driver pulls a lever, which engages a second clutch, sending a bit more of the engine power to the wheels, and so on. This continues through several clutches until the car has reached a speed where the last clutch can be engaged. With all clutches engaged, the engine is now sending all of its power to the rear wheels. This is far more predictable and repeatable than the driver manually slipping the clutch himself and then shifting through the gears, given the extreme violence of the run and the speed at which is all unfolds. Another benefit is that there is no need to break the power flow in order to swap gears (a conventional manual cannot transmit power while between gears, which is important because 1/100ths of a second are important in Top Fuel races). A traditional multiplate clutch would be more prone to overheating and failure, as all the plates must be subjected to heat and friction together until the clutch is fully engaged, while a Top Fuel car keeps its last clutches in "reserve" until the cars speed allows full engagement. It is relatively easy to design the last stages to be much more powerful than the first, in order to ensure they can absorb the power of the engine even if the first clutches burn out or overheat from the extreme friction.

===Wet vs. dry systems===
A ''wet clutch'' is immersed in a cooling [[lubricating fluid]] that also keeps surfaces clean and provides smoother performance and longer life. Wet clutches, however, tend to lose some energy to the liquid. Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery (as with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil), stacking multiple clutch discs can compensate for the lower [[coefficient of friction]] and so eliminate slippage under power when fully engaged.
The [[Hele-Shaw clutch]] was a wet clutch that relied entirely on viscous effects, rather than on friction.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://folk.uib.no/ava004/vasiliev.pdf|title=From the Hele-Shaw Experiment to IntegrableSystems: A Historical Overview|publisher=University of Bergen|accessdate=August 9, 2012}}</ref>

A ''dry clutch'', as the name implies, is not bathed in liquid and uses friction to engage.

===Centrifugal clutch===
A [[centrifugal clutch]] is used in some vehicles (e.g., [[moped]]s) and also in other applications where the speed of the engine defines the state of the clutch, for example, in a [[chainsaw]]. This clutch system employs [[centrifugal force]] to automatically engage the clutch when the engine rpm rises above a threshold and to automatically disengage the clutch when the engine rpm falls low enough. See [[Saxomat]] and [[Variomatic]].

===Cone clutch===
As the name implies, a [[cone clutch]] has conical friction surfaces. The cone's taper means that a given amount of movement of the actuator makes the surfaces approach (or recede) much more slowly than in a disc clutch. As well, a given amount of actuating force creates more pressure on the mating surfaces.
The best known example of a cone clutch is a [[Synchromesh|synchronizer ring]] in a manual transmission. The synchronizer ring is responsible for "synchronizing" the speeds of the shift hub and the gear wheel to ensure a smooth gear change.

===Torque limiter===
Also known as a slip clutch or ''safety clutch'', this device allows a rotating shaft to slip when higher than normal resistance is encountered on a machine. An example of a safety clutch is the one mounted on the driving shaft of a large grass mower. The clutch yields if the blades hit a rock, stump, or other immobile object, thus avoiding a potentially damaging torque transfer to the engine, possibly twisting or fracturing the crankshaft.

Motor-driven [[mechanical calculator]]s had these between the drive motor and gear train, to limit damage when the mechanism jammed, as motors used in such calculators had high stall torque and were capable of causing damage to the mechanism if torque wasn't limited.

Carefully designed clutches operate, but continue to transmit maximum permitted torque, in such tools as controlled-[[torque screwdriver]]s.

===Non-slip clutches===
Some clutches are designed not to slip; torque may only be transmitted either fully engaged or disengaged to avoid catastrophic damage. An example of this is the [[dog clutch]], most commonly used in non-synchromesh transmissions.

==Major types by application==

===Vehicular (general)===
There are multiple designs of vehicle clutch, but most are based on one or more [[friction]] discs pressed tightly together or against a [[flywheel]] using [[spring (device)|springs]]. The friction material varies in composition depending on many considerations such as whether the clutch is "dry" or "wet". Friction discs once contained [[asbestos]], but this has been largely discontinued. Clutches found in heavy duty applications such as trucks and competition cars use ceramic plates that have a greatly increased friction coefficient. However, these have a "grabby" action generally considered unsuitable for passenger cars. The spring [[pressure]] is released when the clutch pedal is depressed thus either pushing or pulling the diaphragm of the pressure plate, depending on type. Raising the engine speed too high while engaging the clutch causes excessive clutch plate wear. Engaging the clutch abruptly when the engine is turning at high speed causes a harsh, jerky start. This kind of start is necessary and desirable in [[drag racing]] and other competitions, where speed is more important than comfort.

====Automobile powertrain====
[[Image:PilotShaftGuideTool.jpg|thumb|right|This plastic pilot shaft guide tool is used to align the clutch disk as the spring-loaded pressure plate is installed. The transmission's drive splines and pilot shaft have a complementary shape. A number of such devices fit various makes and models of drivetrains.]]

In a modern [[automobile|car]] with a [[manual transmission]] the clutch is operated by the left-most [[Automobile pedal|pedal]] using a [[hydraulic]] or [[Wire rope|cable]] connection from the pedal to the clutch mechanism. On older cars the clutch might be operated by a mechanical linkage. Even though the clutch may physically be located very close to the pedal, such remote means of actuation are necessary to eliminate the effect of vibrations and slight engine movement, engine mountings being flexible by design. With a rigid mechanical linkage, smooth engagement would be near-impossible because engine movement inevitably occurs as the drive is "taken up."

The default state of the clutch is ''engaged'' - that is the connection between engine and gearbox is always "on" unless the driver presses the pedal and disengages it. If the engine is running with the clutch engaged and the transmission in neutral, the engine spins the input shaft of the transmission but power is not transmitted to the wheels.

The clutch is located between the engine and the gearbox, as disengaging it is usually required to change gear. Although the gearbox does not stop rotating during a gear change, there is no torque transmitted through it, thus less friction between gears and their engagement dogs. The output shaft of the gearbox is permanently connected to the [[final drive]], then the wheels, and so both always rotate together, at a fixed speed ratio. With the clutch disengaged, the gearbox input shaft is free to change its speed as the internal ratio is changed. Any resulting difference in speed between the engine and gearbox is evened out as the clutch slips slightly during re-engagement.

Clutches in typical cars are mounted directly to the face of the engine's [[flywheel]], as this already provides a convenient large diameter steel disk that can act as one driving plate of the clutch. Some racing clutches use small multi-plate disk packs that are not part of the flywheel. Both clutch and flywheel are enclosed in a conical [[bellhousing]], which (in a rear-wheel drive car) usually forms the main mounting for the gearbox.

A few cars, notably the [[Alfa Romeo Alfetta]], [[Porsche 924]], and [[Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|Chevrolet Corvette]] (since 1997), sought a more even weight distribution between front and back<ref group="note" >This more even weight distribution gives better handling, particularly for fast cornering. It offers much of the balance advantage of a mid-engined layout, whilst still using a front-engined rear-drive bodyshell.</ref> by placing the weight of the transmission at the rear of the car, combined with the rear axle to form a [[transaxle]]. The clutch was mounted with the transaxle and so the propeller shaft rotated continuously with the engine, even when in neutral gear or declutched.

====Motorcycles====
[[File:Basket clutch.png|thumb|right|200px|A basket clutch]]
Motorcycles typically employ a wet clutch with the clutch riding in the same oil as the transmission. These clutches are usually made up of a stack of alternating plain steel and friction plates. Some plates have lugs on their inner diameters that lock them to the engine crankshaft. Other plates have lugs on their outer diameters that lock them to a basket that turns the transmission input shaft. A set of coil springs or a diaphragm spring plate force the plates together when the clutch is engaged.

On [[motorcycle]]s the clutch is operated by a hand lever on the left handlebar. No pressure on the lever means that the clutch plates are engaged (driving), while pulling the lever back towards the rider disengages the clutch plates through cable or hydraulic actuation, allowing the rider to shift gears or coast. Racing motorcycles often use [[slipper clutch]]es to eliminate the effects of [[engine braking]], which, being applied only to the rear wheel, can cause instability.

====Automobile non-powertrain====
Cars use clutches in places other than the drive train. For example, a belt-driven engine cooling fan may have a heat-activated clutch. The driving and driven members are separated by a silicone-based fluid and a valve controlled by a [[Bimetallic strip|bimetallic spring]]. When the temperature is low, the spring winds and closes the valve, which lets the fan spin at about 20% to 30% of the [[crankshaft|shaft]] speed. As the temperature of the spring rises, it unwinds and opens the valve, allowing fluid past the valve, makes the fan spin at about 60% to 90% of shaft speed. Other clutches—such as for an [[air conditioning]] compressor—electronically engage clutches using magnetic force to couple the driving member to the driven member.

==Other clutches and applications==
* Belt clutch: Used on agricultural equipment, lawn mowers, tillers, and snow blowers. Engine power is transmitted via a set of [[belt (mechanical)|belts]] that are slack when the engine is idling, but an idler pulley can tighten the belts to increase friction between the belts and the pulleys.
* [[Dog clutch]]: Utilized in automobile manual transmissions mentioned above. Positive engagement, non-slip. Typically used where slipping is not acceptable and space is limited. Partial engagement under any significant load can be destructive.
* [[Fluid coupling|Hydraulic clutch]]: The driving and driven members are not in physical contact; coupling is hydrodynamic.
* [[Electromagnetic clutch]] are, typically, engaged by an electromagnet that is an integral part of the clutch assembly. Another type, ''magnetic particle clutches'', contain magnetically influenced particles in a chamber between driving and driven members—application of [[direct current]] makes the particles clump together and adhere to the operating surfaces. Engagement and slippage are notably smooth.
* Overrunning clutch or [[freewheel]]: If some external force makes the driven member rotate faster than the driver, the clutch effectively disengages. Examples include:
** Borg-Warner [[overdrive (mechanics)|overdrive]] transmissions in cars
** Ratchet: typical bicycles have these so that the rider can stop pedaling and coast
** An oscillating member where this clutch can then convert the oscillations into intermittent linear or rotational motion of the complimentary member; others use ratchets with the pawl mounted on a moving member
** The winding knob of a camera employs a (silent) wrap-spring type as a clutch in winding and as a brake in preventing it from being turned backwards.
** The rotor drive train in helicopters uses a freewheeling clutch to disengage the rotors from the engine in the event of engine failure, allowing the craft to safely descend by [[autorotation (helicopter)|autorotation]].
*Wrap-spring clutches: These have a helical spring, typically wound with square-cross-section wire. These were developed in the late 19th and early 20th century.<ref>Analdo M. English, Friction-Clutch, {{Patent|US|255957}}, granted Apr. 4 1882.</ref><ref>Charles C. Tillotson, Power-Transmission Clutch, {{Patent|US|850981}}, granted Apr. 23, 1907.</ref> In simple form the spring is fastened at one end to the driven member; its other end is unattached. The spring fits closely around a cylindrical driving member. If the driving member rotates in the direction that would unwind the spring the spring expands minutely and slips although with some drag. Because of this, spring clutches must typically be lubricated with light oil. Rotating the driving member the other way makes the spring wrap itself tightly around the driving surface and the clutch locks up very quickly. The torque required to make a spring clutch slip [[grows exponentially]] with the number of turns in the spring, obeying the [[capstan equation]].

===Specialty clutches and applications===

====Single-revolution clutch====

Single-revolution clutches were developed in the 19th century to power machinery such as [[Shear (sheet metal)|shears]] or [[Machine press|presses]] where a single pull of the operating lever or (later) press of a button would trip the mechanism, engaging the clutch between the power source and the machine's [[crankshaft]] for exactly one revolution before disengaging the clutch. When the clutch is disengaged and the driven member is stationary. Early designs were typically [[dog clutch]]es with a [[cam]] on the driven member used to disengage the dogs at the appropriate point.<ref>Frank Wheeler, Clutch and stop mechanism for presses, {{patent|US|470797}}, granted Dec. 14, 1891.</ref><ref>Samuel Trethewey, Clutch, {{patent|US|495686}}, granted Apr. 18, 1893.</ref>

Greatly simplified single-revolution clutches were developed in the 20th century, requiring much smaller operating forces and in some variations, allowing for a fixed fraction of a revolution per operation.<ref>Fred. R. Allen, Clutch, {{patent|US|1025043}}, granted Apr. 30, 1912.</ref> Fast action friction clutches replaced dog clutches in some applications, eliminating the problem of impact loading on the dogs every time the clutch engaged.<ref>John J. Zeitz, Friction-clutch, {{patent|US|906181}}, granted Dec. 8, 1908.</ref><ref>William Lautenschlager, Friction Clutch, {{patent|US|1439314}}, granted Dec. 19, 1922.</ref>

In addition to their use in heavy manufacturing equipment, single-revolution clutches were applied to numerous small machines. In [[tabulating machine]]s, for example, pressing the operate key would trip a single revolution clutch to process the most recently entered number.<ref>Fred. M. Carroll, Key adding device for tabulating machines, {{patent|US|1848106}}, granted Mar. 8, 1932.</ref> In [[Hot metal typesetting|typesetting machines]], pressing any key selected a particular character and also engaged a single rotation clutch to cycle the mechanism to typeset that character.<ref>Clifton Chisholm, Typesetting machine, {{patent|US|1889914}}, granted Dec. 6, 1932.</ref> Similarly, in [[teleprinter]]s, the receipt of each character tripped a single-revolution clutch to operate one cycle of the print mechanism.<ref>Arthur H, Adams, Selecting and typing means for printing telegraphs, {{patent|US|2161840}}, issued Jun. 13, 1928.</ref>

In 1928, [[Frederick G. Creed]] developed a single-turn spring clutch (see above) that was particularly well suited to the repetitive start-stop action required in [[teleprinter]]s.<ref>[[Frederick G. Creed]], Clutch Mechanism, {{patent|US|1659724}}, granted Feb. 21, 1928</ref> In 1942, two employees of [[Pitney Bowes|Pitney Bowes Postage Meter Company]] developed an improved single turn spring clutch.<ref>Alva G. Russell, Alfred Burkhardt, and Samuel E. Calhoun, Spring Clutch, {{patent|US|2298970}}, granted Oct. 13, 1942.</ref> In these clutches, a coil spring is wrapped around the driven shaft and held in an expanded configuration by the trip lever. When tripped, the spring rapidly contracts around the power shaft engaging the clutch. At the end of one revolution, if the trip lever has been reset, it catches the end of the spring (or a pawl attached to it) and the [[angular momentum]] of the driven member releases the tension on the spring. These clutches have long operating lives, many have cycled for tens and perhaps hundreds of millions of cycles without need of maintenance other than occasional lubrication.

====''Cascaded-pawl'' single-revolution clutches====
[[File:TTY-ASR-33-Clutch.jpg|thumb|Cascaded-pawl single-revolution clutch driving the [[cam]] cluster in a [[Teletype Model 33]] that performs fully mechanical conversion of incoming [[Asynchronous serial communication|asynchronous serial data]] to [[Parallel communication|parallel]] form. The clutch drum, lower left, has been removed to expose the pawls and trip projection.]]
These superseded wrap-spring single-revolution clutches in page printers, such as [[teleprinter]]s, including the [[Teletype Model 28]] and its successors, using the same design principles. [[IBM Selectric typewriter]]s also used them. These are typically disc-shaped assemblies mounted on the driven shaft. Inside the hollow disc-shaped drive drum are two or three freely floating pawls arranged so that when the clutch is tripped, the pawls spring outward much like the shoes in a [[drum brake]]. When engaged, the load torque on each pawl transfers to the others to keep them engaged. These clutches do not slip once locked up, and they engage very quickly, on the order of milliseconds. A trip projection extends out from the assembly. If the trip lever engaged this projection, the clutch was disengaged. When the trip lever releases this projection, internal springs and friction engage the clutch. The clutch then rotates one or more turns, stopping when the trip lever again engages the trip projection.

====''Kickback'' clutch-brakes====
These mechanisms were found in some types of synchronous-motor-driven electric clocks. Many different types of synchronous clock motors were used, including the pre-World War II Hammond manual-start clocks. Some types of self-starting synchronous motors always started when power was applied, but in detail, their behaviour was chaotic and they were equally likely to start rotating in the wrong direction. Coupled to the rotor by one (or possibly two) stages of reduction gearing was a wrap-spring clutch-brake. The spring did not rotate. One end was fixed; the other was free. It rode freely but closely on the rotating member, part of the clock's gear train. The clutch-brake locked up when rotated backwards, but also had some spring action. The inertia of the rotor going backwards engaged the clutch and wound the spring. As it unwound, it restarted the motor in the correct direction. Some designs had no explicit spring as such—but were simply compliant mechanisms. The mechanism was lubricated and wear did not present a problem.

====Lock-up clutch====
A Lock-up clutch is used in some [[automatic transmission]]s for motor vehicles. Above a certain speed (usually 60 km/h) it locks the [[torque converter]] to minimise power loss and improve fuel efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://youronlinemechanic.com/what-is-lock-up-clutch-mechanism/ |title=What is Lock-up Clutch Mechanism? |publisher=Your Online Mechanic |date= |accessdate=2014-07-17}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Clamp (disambiguation)]]
* [[Clutch control]]
* [[Clutch delay valve]]
* [[Coupling]]
* [[Dual-clutch transmission]]
* [[Gear shift]]
* [[Hele-Shaw clutch]]
* [[Torque converter]]
* [[Dual mass flywheel]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-roman}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Sclater, Neil. (2011). "Clutches and brakes." ''Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook.'' 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 211–234. {{ISBN|9780071704427}}. Drawings and designs of various clutches.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Clutches|Clutch (coupling)}}
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/clutch.htm HowStuffWorks has a detailed explanation] of the working of an automobile clutch.

{{Powertrain}}

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Clutches| ]]
[[Category:Automotive transmission technologies]]

Younes Delfi

2017-11-03T11:54:19Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Younes Delfi
| image =
| fullname = Younes Delfi
| height = 1.84 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Iran, Shoosh]]
| currentclub = [[Esteghlal Khuzestan F.C.|Esteghlal Khuzestan]]
| clubnumber = 70
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Forward]]
| years1 = 2016– | clubs1 = [[Esteghlal Khuzestan F.C.|Esteghlal Khuzestan]] |caps1 = 15 |goals1 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2015–2017
| nationalteam1 = [[Iran national under-17 football team|Iran U17]]<ref name="FIFA-Delfi"/>
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| pcupdate = 19 August 2017
| ntupdate = 17 January 2017
}}

'''Younes Delfi''' (born 2 October 2000, Shoosh) is an [[Iran]]ian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder (association football)|Forward]] for Iranian club [[Esteghlal Khuzestan F.C.|Esteghlal Khuzestan]] in the [[Persian Gulf Pro League]].<ref>{{soccerway|younes-delfi/474781}}</ref>.

Delfi is a very technical player displaying his talent initally at the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] in India. He burst onto the scene by recording 2 goals and 1 assist in the group stages of the competition. He also showed phenomenal technical ability by also getting 2 penalties for the Iran U-17 national team in the 3 group matches.<ref name="FIFA-Delfi">{{cite web|title=Fifa U-17 world cup statistics|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=405633/index.html|website=FIFA|publisher=FIFA}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delfi, Younes}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Iranian footballers]]
[[Category:Esteghlal Khuzestan players]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]

Bor

2017-10-09T06:48:29Z

194.103.240.26: /* Other */ Adding Bor father of the god Odin reference https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oden , origin of some place names Bor and inspiration to Bor in Elder scrolls

'''Bor''' may refer to:
==Places==
* Bor (or Bowr), a location in [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Bor (Tachov District)]], a town in Plzeň Region (Tachov District), Czech Republic
* Bor, name of several villages in the [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Bor, Russia]], name of several inhabited localities in Russia
* [[Bor, Catalonia]], a village in [[Cerdanya (comarca)]], Catalonia, Spain
* [[Bor, Serbia]], a town in Serbia
* [[Bor District]], a district in Serbia
* [[Bor County]], in South Sudan
* [[Bor, South Sudan]], a city in South Sudan
* [[Bor, Sweden]], a village in Sweden
* [[Bor, Niğde]], a district center of Niğde Province in Turkey

==People==
*[[Paulus Bor]], a Dutch Golden Age painter

==Other==
*[[Borr]], a god in Norse mythology
*[[BoR]], a bill of rights
**[[United States Bill of Rights]]
*Bor fruit, more commonly known as [[Ber]]
*[[Matej Bor]], the pen name of the Slovene poet Vladimir Pavšič (1913–1993)
*[[Bor rifle]], Polish sniper rifle
*[[Bor language (disambiguation)]], the name of two languages in South Sudan
*Bor, father of the Germanic god [[Odin]]
*[[Bor (Elder Scrolls)|Bor]], a character in [[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim]]

==See also==
*[[Bór (disambiguation)]]
*[[BOR (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

List of town tramway systems in Sweden

2017-06-13T15:20:10Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Single source|date=December 2014}}
This is a '''list of town tramway systems in Sweden'''. It includes all tram systems in Sweden, past and present; cities with currently operating systems, and those systems themselves, are indicated in bold and blue background colored rows. The use of the diamond (♦) symbol indicates where there were (or are) two or more independent tram systems operating concurrently within a single metropolitan area. Those tram systems that operated on other than [[standard gauge]] track (where known) are indicated in the 'Notes' column.

There are (as of 2016) plans of new systems in several Swedish cities: Helsingborg, Jönköping, Linköping, Lund, Malmö, Uppsala. For Lund there is a decided date for start of construction, late 2016{{Update after|2016|12|01}}. None of the other systems have scheduled construction start dates.

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
|-
! width=17% | Name of System
! width=17% | Location
! width=12% | Traction Type
! width=12% | Date (From)
! width=12% | Date (To)
! class="unsortable" width=30% | Notes
|-
|  
| [[Gävle]]
| Electric
| 13 Nov 1909
| 5 Apr 1956
| <ref name="STS-Sweden">{{cite web |url=https://www.sparvagssallskapet.se/atlas/atlas.php?land=se&ling=en |title=Atlas Sweden (se) |publisher=Svenska Spårvägssällskapet [Swedish Tramway Society] |date= |accessdate=2014-12-29}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#CFECEC" rowspan=2 | [[Gothenburg tram network]]
| style="background:#CFECEC" rowspan=2 | '''[[Gothenburg]]''' (Göteborg)
| Horse
| 24 Sep 1879
| 28 Oct 1902
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| Electric
| 18 Aug 1902
|  
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Helsingborg]]
| Electric
| 11 Jun 1903
| 2 Sep 1967
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| ♦ [[Ramlösa]]
| Horse
| Jun 1877
| Sep 1890
| Operated only during summer season; replaced by Helsingborg electric tramway line.<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Jönköping]]
| Electric
| 12 Jul 1907
| 7 Jun 1958
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Karlskrona]]
| Electric
| 21 Dec 1910
| 15 May 1949
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Kiruna]]
| Electric
| 1 Oct 1907
| 28 May 1958
| Heritage tramway: 1984–14 Aug 1993<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Limhamn]]
| Horse
| 1 Jul 1900
| Sep 1914
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Ljunghusen]]
| Horse
| May 1905
| Aug 1924
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| style="background:#CFECEC" rowspan=2 | [[Trams in Malmö]]
| style="background:#CFECEC" rowspan=2 | '''[[Malmö]]'''
| Horse
| 28 Aug 1887
| 2 Feb 1907
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| Electric
| 20 Dec 1906
| 27 Apr 1973
| Heritage tramway: opened 15 Aug 1987<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| [[Trams in Norrköping]]
| '''[[Norrköping]]'''
| Electric
| 10 Mar 1904
|  
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Trams in Stockholm]] ([[Stockholms Spårvägar]])
| style="background:#CFECEC" rowspan=7 | '''[[Stockholm]]'''
| Horse
| 10 Jul 1877
| 10 Feb 1905
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| Steam
| 11 Aug 1887
| 15 Nov 1901
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| Petrol
| 14 Apr 1924
| 1 Mar 1929
| One line over Gärdet, where wires were not allowed.<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| Electric
| 5 Sep 1901
| 1967
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" /> ''Note'' for Stockholm: Two systems, north and south, were connected at Slussen on 1 Apr 1922. The system was closed down piece by piece 1950-1967, after which only the Nockeby and Lidingö lines remained.
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| [[Djurgårdslinjen]]
| Electric
| Jun 1991
|  
| [[Heritage streetcar|Heritage tramline]]<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| [[Tvärbanan]]
| Electric
| 2000
|  
| '''Light rail'''<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| [[Spårväg City]]
| Electric
| 2010
|  
| Modern tramline<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| [[Lidingöbanan]]
| ♦'''Stockholm–[[Lidingö]]'''
| Electric
| 26 Oct 1907
|  
| Separated from the tram network in 1967.<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|- style="background:#CFECEC"
| [[Nockebybanan]]
| ♦'''[[Nockeby]], Stockholm'''
| Electric
| 1914
|  
| '''Light rail'''. Separated from the tram network in 1950.<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
| Långängsbanan
| ♦[[Stocksund]]
| Electric
| 15 Oct 1911
| 25 Sep 1966
| In 1934 converted from 1435 mm gauge tramway to 891 mm narrow-gauge railway.<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Sundsvall]]
| Electric
| 21 Dec 1910
| 9 Nov 1952
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Ulricehamn]]
| (Electric)
| -
| -
| Line completed 1911, test trips operated. Not opened for public service because of an accident, and a dispute over how much passengers should pay as fare.<ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|  
| [[Uppsala]]
| Electric
| 11 Sep 1906
| 12 Oct 1953
| <ref name="STS-Sweden" />
|-
|Spårväg Lund (under construction)
|[[Lund]]
|Electric
|Sep 2019
|
|First light rail system to be built in a new city since early 20th Century.
|}

==See also==
* [[List of town tramway systems]] – parent article
* [[List of town tramway systems in Europe]]
* [[List of tram and light rail transit systems]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tram transport in Sweden|*]]
[[Category:Sweden transport-related lists|Tramways]]
[[Category:Tram transport-related lists|Sweden]]

[[sv: Spårväg i Sverige]]

List of urban areas in the Nordic countries

2017-03-29T10:16:03Z

194.103.240.26:

This is a '''list of urban areas in the Nordic countries by population'''. The population is measured on a national level, independently by each statistical bureau. [[Statistics Sweden]] uses the term ''tätort'' (urban settlement), [[Statistics Finland]] uses also ''tätort'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and ''taajama'' in [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Statistics Denmark]] uses ''byområde'' (city), while [[Statistics Norway]] uses ''tettsted'' (urban settlement). The statistical definition is agreed upon in the [[Nordic countries]]:<ref name="NE-Definition">{{cite web|title=Nationalencyklopedin - Tätort|url=http://www.ne.se/t%C3%A4tort|publisher=[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|accessdate=21 July 2014|quote="Translation: 'a for the Nordic countries shared statistical definition of built-up area with at least 200 residents, not more than 200 m between each other (without regard to the ward, municipal or county boundaries)'"}}</ref> a continuous built-up area whose population is at least 200 inhabitants and where the maximum distance between residences is 200 metres; discounting roads, parking spaces, parks, sports grounds and cemeteries – without regard to the ward, municipal or county boundaries.<ref name="NE-Definition" /><ref name="SCB-Definition">{{cite web|title=Localities 2010: Population, age and gender|url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01C/MI0810_2010A01C_SM_MI38SM1203.pdf|publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]]|accessdate=21 July 2014|quote=A densely built area includes any cluster of buildings with at least 200 inhabitants, unless the distance between the houses exceeds 200 metres. However, the distance may exceed 200 metres if the cluster of buildings is situated within the area of influence of a larger locality. [...] Even if the distance between buildings exceeds 200 metres, the locality should not be divided if the area between the buildings is used for public purposes such as roads, parking spaces, parks, sports grounds and cemeteries. The same applies to undeveloped areas such as storage sites, railways and docks.page=21|language=Swedish, English}}</ref> This could be compared with ''[[census-designated place]]s'' in the [[United States]].

==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank !! City / urban settlement !! Population !! Notes !! Image
|-
| align="center"|1 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''' || align="center"|1,515,017 || Capital of Sweden. Municipality: 932,917. The [[Stockholm urban area]], ''Urban Stockholm'', or ''Tätorten Stockholm'' as it is called in Swedish, consists of the municipalities of [[Stockholm#Stockholm Municipality|Stockholm]], [[Solna Municipality|Solna]] and [[Sundbyberg]], as well as parts of [[Botkyrka]], [[Danderyd Municipality|Danderyd]], [[Haninge]], [[Huddinge]], [[Järfälla]], [[Nacka]], [[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]], [[Tyresö]] municipalities. Metropolitan area, [[List of metropolitan areas in Sweden|Metropolitan Stockholm]] or ''Stor-Stockholm'', 2,260,795 (2015).
|[[File:Stockholm old town 2002.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|2 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} '''[[Copenhagen]]''' || align="center"|1,246,611<ref>http://www.statistikbanken.dk (BEF44)</ref> || Capital of Denmark. Municipality: 569,557. [[Statistics Denmark]] considers the [[City of Copenhagen]] (''Byen København'') to consist of the [[Copenhagen Municipality|Municipality of Copenhagen]] plus three adjacent municipalities, viz. [[Dragør Municipality|Dragør]], [[Frederiksberg Municipality|Frederiksberg]], and [[Tårnby Municipality|Tårnby]]. <ref>http://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/dokumentation/Nomenklaturer/NUTS</ref> Their combined population stands at 763,908 ({{as of|2016|12|lc=on}}).<ref>https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning</ref> The [[Urban area of Copenhagen]] (''Hovedstadsområdet'') is defined as the municipalities of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, [[Albertslund]], [[Brøndby]], [[Gentofte]], [[Gladsaxe]], [[Glostrup]], [[Herlev]], [[Hvidovre]], [[Lyngby-Taarbæk]], [[Rødovre]], Tårnby and [[Vallensbæk]], as well as parts of the [[Ballerup Municipality|Ballerup]], [[Rudersdal Municipality|Rudersdal]], [[Furesø Municipality|Furesø]], [[Ishøj Municipality|Ishøj]] and [[Greve Municipality|Greve]] municipalities. The [[Copenhagen metropolitan area]] (''Hovedstadsregionen'') had a population of 1,969,941 in 2014, while the [[Oresund Region]] had approximately 3,500,000.
|[[File:Kopenhagen Innenstadt.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|3 || {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Helsinki]]''' || align="center"|1,231,595<ref>http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/156_vaerak_tau_344_fi.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=cda0d721-f43c-44ff-88bd-8e2cce42d3ed Urban settlements by population and population density, 31 Dec 2015</ref>
|Capital of Finland. Municipality: 632,577. '''Urban Helsinki''', or '''Helsingin kaupunkialue''' as it is called in Finnish, is defined by Statistics Finland. At minimum it includes most of the neighbouring municipalities [[Espoo]], [[Vantaa]] and [[Kauniainen]]. For the [[Greater Helsinki]] area: 1,360,232.
|[[File:Suurkirkko Helsinki maaliskuu 2002 IMG 0629.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|4 || {{flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Oslo]]''' || align="center"|942,084<ref name="norway"/>
|| Capital of Norway. Municipality: 647,676. The [[Greater Oslo Region]] metropolitan area has a population of 1,546,706. Conurbation includes the neighbouring municipalities [[Bærum]], [[Asker]], [[Skedsmo]], [[Lørenskog]] and [[Oppegård]] in their entirety, as well as parts of [[Røyken]], [[Sørum]], [[Nittedal]], [[Rælingen]] and [[Ski, Norway|Ski]]. It is the fastest growing capital city in Europe.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25722053</ref>
|[[File:Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|5 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Gothenburg]]''' || align="center"|549,839 || Municipality: 536,790. For the official statistical entity Storgöteborg (Gothenburg Metropolitan Area): 964,323
|[[File:Göteborg från Liseberg.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|6 || {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Tampere]]''' || align="center"|317,316<ref name="finland">[http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=159_vaerak_tau_341_en&ti=Urban+settlements+by+population+and+population+density%2C+31+Dec+2012&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=1&multilang=en Urban settlements by population and population density, 31 Dec 2012]</ref>|| Municipality: 217,767. Eurostats population size for Tampere is 369,525.<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu">http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en</ref>
|[[File:Downtown Tampere1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|7 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Malmö]]''' || align="center"|301,706 || Municipality: 328,494. For the official statistical entity Stormalmö (Malmö Metropolitan Area): 707,120 and for the [[Oresund Region]] circa 3,500,000
|[[File:Malmo view2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|8 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} '''[[Aarhus]]''' || align="center"|264,716<ref>http://www.statbank.dk/BY1</ref>|| Municipality: 330,639.<ref>http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1680</ref> Which is a part of the East Jylland region with a population of 1,279,492. Eurostats population size for Aarhus is 845,971.<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu"/>
|[[File:Århus city trafikhavn.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|9 || {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Turku]]''' || align="center"|254,671<ref name="finland"/>|| Municipality: 180,546.
|[[File:View of Aura River in Turku.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|10 || {{flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Bergen]]''' || align="center"|247,731<ref name="norway"/>|| Municipality: 267,150. Metropolitan area: 377,116.
|[[File:Bergen-Fløibanen-view.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|11 || {{flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Stavanger]]''' || align="center"|203,771<ref name="norway"/>|| Municipality: 128,830. Metropolitan area: 297,569.
Conurbation includes the neighbouring municipalities [[Sandnes]], [[Randaberg]] and [[Sola]].
|[[File:Breiavatnet2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|12 || {{flagicon|Iceland}} '''[[Reykjavík]]''' ||align="center"|201,049 || Capital of Iceland. Municipality: 118,898. Includes the neighbouring municipalities [[Kópavogur]], [[Hafnarfjörður]], [[Garðabær]], [[Mosfellsbær]], [[Seltjarnarnes]] and [[Álftanes]]. Metropolitan area: 220,000 – 240,000 (30 minute / 1 hour commute)<ref>http://www.statice.is/Statistics/Population/Urban-nuclei-and-zip-codes</ref> (2011).
|[[File:Reykjavík séð úr Hallgrímskirkju 6.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|13 || {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Oulu]]''' || align="center"|188,279<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 191,237
|[[File:Tuira.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|14 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} '''[[Odense]]''' || align="center"|172,512<ref name="dst.dk">http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?Maintable=BEF44&PLanguage=1</ref>|| Municipality: 195,797
|[[File:Odense Rathaus und Dom.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|15 || {{flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Trondheim]]''' || align="center"|169,972<ref name="norway"/>|| Municipality: 180,280. Metropolitan area: 274,958.
|[[File:Trondheim - buildings near Nidelva 03.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|16 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Uppsala]]''' || align="center"|140,454 || Municipality: 197,787
|[[File:Uppsala Church and city centre.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|17 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]] || align="center"|130,853<ref name="dst.dk"/>|| Includes [[Nørresundby]]; Municipality: 205,809
|[[File:Aalborg 2010 - 100 ubt.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|18 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Jyväskylä]] || align="center"|117,974<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 134,756
|[[File:Jyvaskyla centrum.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|19 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Lahti]] || align="center"|116,549<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 103,187
|[[File:Lahti centre.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|20 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Västerås]] || align="center"|110,877 || Municipality: 137,207
|[[File:3000' ovanför Västerås.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|21 || {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Drammen]] || align="center"|110,503<ref name="norway"/>|| Includes the neighbouring municipality [[Nedre Eiker]] in its entirety, as well as parts of [[Øvre Eiker]], [[Lier, Norway|Lier]] and [[Røyken]].
|[[File:Drammen from east.png|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|22 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Örebro]] || align="center"|107,038 || Municipality: 135,460
|[[File:Örebro, Stortorget.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|23 || {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg]] || align="center"|106,758<ref name="norway"/>|| [[Fredrikstad]] with 61,264 inhabitants and [[Sarpsborg]] with 44,281 have grown together, to form an urban area known as "Nedre Glommaregionen" ([[the Lower Glomma Region]] – The cities are placed along the outlet of the river [[Glomma]], hence the name).
|[[File:Fredrikstad_bryggepromenade_fra_Kr%C3%A5ker%C3%B8ybroa.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|24 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Linköping]] || align="center"|104,232 || Municipality: 146,416
|[[File:Linköping.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|25 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Helsingborg]] || align="center"|97,122 || Municipality: 129,177
|[[File:Helsingborg view.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|26 || {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Porsgrunn/Skien]] || align="center"|90,621<ref name="norway"/>|| Includes the neighbouring municipalities of [[Porsgrunn]] and [[Skien]] in its entirety, as well as a part of [[Bamble]].
|[[File:Skien_sentrum_sett_fra_Brekkeparken.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|27 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Jönköping]] || align="center"|89,396 || Municipality: 127,382
|[[File:Jönköping from Stadsparken.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|28 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Norrköping]] || align="center"|87,247 || Municipality: 130,050
|[[File:Dalsgatan Norrköping april 2005.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|29 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]] || align="center"|84,442<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 83,473
|[[File:Pori, the river Kokemäki and the central city..jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|30 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kuopio]] || align="center"|83,454<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 105,229
|[[File:Kuopio, Finland from Puijo tower.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|31 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Lund]] || align="center"|82,800 || Municipality: 110,488
|[[File:Stortorget lund 080508.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|32 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Umeå]] || align="center"|79,594 || Municipality: 115,473
|[[File:Umeå Blick auf Innenstadt mit Scandic-Hotel u. Stads kyrka.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|33 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Esbjerg]] || align="center"|71,618 || Municipality: 115,095
|[[File:Esbjerg fra oven.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|34 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gävle]] || align="center"|71,033 || Municipality: 95,055
|[[File:Gävle-Gamla Stan 2.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|35 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Borås]] || align="center"|66,273 || Municipality: 103,294
|[[File:Boras.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|36 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Vaasa]] || align="center"|65,414<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 66,401
|[[File:Vaasa Trinity Church.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|37 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Eskilstuna]] || align="center"|64,679 || Municipality: 96,311
|[[File:Eskilstuna flygbild1js-1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|38 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Södertälje]] || align="center"|64,619 || Municipality: 86,246
|[[File:Saltsjöbron,utsikt, Södertälje.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|39 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Joensuu]] || align="center"|64,108<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 74,457
|[[File:Joensuun pääkirkko.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|40 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Karlstad]] || align="center"|61,685 || Municipality: 85,753
|[[File:East bridge karlstad 20061022 001.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|41 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Täby]] || align="center"|61,272 || Municipality: 63,789
|[[File:Täby Centrum (shopping center) 2009.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|42 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Randers]] || align="center"|61,163 || Municipality: 96,343
|[[File:Randers Old Town Hall.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|43 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Växjö]] || align="center"|60,887 || Municipality: 83,005
|[[File:LA2-vx06-vaxjosjon2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|44 || {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Kristiansand]] || align="center"|58,662<ref name="norway"/> || Municipality: 78,320
|[[File:Kristiansand_i_den_bl%C3%A5_timen.jpg|200px]]
|
|-
| align="center"|45 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Halmstad]] || align="center"|58,577 || Municipality: 91,800
|[[File:Hstd ctr-1.JPG|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|46 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Kolding]] || align="center"|58,021 || Municipality: 90,066
|[[File:Kolding-centre.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|47 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Horsens]] || align="center"|55,884 || Municipality: 85,662
|[[File:Horsens - gågaden.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|48 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Lappeenranta]] || align="center"|54,567<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 72,748
|[[File:Lap-ta 2.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|49 || {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Vejle]] || align="center"|53,230 || Municipality: 109,652
|[[File:Vejle-2004.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|50 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kotka]] || align="center"|52,922<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 54,845
|[[File: Kotkansaari1.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|51 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Rovaniemi]] || align="center"|50,842<ref name="finland"/> || Municipality: 61,166
|[[File: Rovaniemi 06101999 rescanned.jpg|200px]]
|-
| align="center"|52 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sundsvall]] || align="center"|50,712 || Municipality: 96,977
|[[File: Sundsvall in Sweden from above.jpg|200px]]
|}

Note that the population numbers from the different countries are from different years, as Statistics Norway and Statistics Denmark release the statistic yearly (albeit at different times of the year), Statistics Sweden only release the figures every five years. The Norwegian data is from 2013,<ref name="norway">[http://www.ssb.no/beftett/tab-2012-09-06-01.html Citypopulation Norway]</ref> the Danish data is from 2014,<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Denmark.html Citypopulation DENMARK: Major Cities]</ref> the Swedish is from 2010<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Sweden.html Citypopulation SWEDEN]</ref> and the Finnish is from 2012.<ref name="finland"/>

==See also==
*[[Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries]]
*[[List of the most populated municipalities in the Nordic countries]]
*[[List of metropolitan areas in Sweden]]
*[[List of urban areas in Sweden by population]]
*[[List of urban areas in Denmark by population]]
*[[List of urban areas in Norway by population]]
*[[List of urban areas in Finland by population]]
*[[List of cities in Iceland]]
*[[List of cities in the Baltic states]]
*[[List of metropolitan areas by population]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{50 most populous urban settlements of Scandinavia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban Areas in the Nordic Countries}}
[[Category:Lists of urban areas|Nordic countries]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Denmark| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Norway| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Sweden| ]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Denmark]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Finland]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Norway]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Sweden]]

Core recovery parameters

2017-02-17T12:29:29Z

194.103.240.26: Spelling change

'''Core recovery parameters''' describe the quality of core recovered from a [[borehole]].

==Total core recovery==

Total core recovery (TCR) is the borehole core recovery [[percentage]].

TCR is defined as the quotient:
:<math>TCR = \left(\frac{l_{\mathrm{sum~of~pieces}}}{l_\mathrm{tot~core~run}}\right)\times 100 </math>%
:<math>l_\mathrm{sum~of~pieces}</math> = Sum of length of core pieces
:<math>l_\mathrm{tot~core~run}</math> = Total length of core run

==Solid core recovery==

Solid core recovery (SCR) is the borehole core recovery percentage of solid, cylindrical, pieces of rock core.

SCR is defined as the quotient:
:<math>SCR = \left(\frac{l_{\mathrm{sum~of~solid~core~pieces}}}{l_{\mathrm{tot~core~run}}}\right)\times 100 </math>%
:<math>l_{\mathrm{sum~of~solid~core~pieces}}</math> = Sum of length of solid, cylindrical, core pieces
:<math>l_{\mathrm{tot~core~run}}</math> = Total length of core run

==Rock quality designation==
Rock-quality designation (RQD) is a rough measure of the degree of jointing or fracture in a rock mass, measured as a percentage of the drill core in lengths of 10 cm or more. High-quality rock has an RQD of more than 75%, low quality of less than 50%.
Rock quality designation (RQD) has several definitions. The most widely used definition was developed in 1964 by D. U. Deere. It is the borehole core recovery percentage incorporating only pieces of solid core that are longer than 100 mm in length measured along the centerline of the core. In this respect pieces of core that are not hard and sound should not be counted though they are 100 mm in length. RQD was originally introduced for use with core diameters of 54.7 mm (NX-size core). RQD has considerable value in estimating support of rock tunnels. RQD forms a basic element in some of the most used rock mass classification systems: [[Rock Mass Rating system]] (RMR) and [[Q-system (geotechnical engineering)|Q-system]].

RQD is defined as the quotient:
:<math>RQD = \left(\frac{l_{\mathrm{sum~of~length~of~core~pieces~>100mm}}}{l_{\mathrm{tot~core~run}}}\right)\times 100 </math> %
:<math>l_{\mathrm{sum~of~length~of~core~pieces~>10cm}}</math> = Sum of length of core pieces that are > 100 mm (4 inches) measured along the centerline
:<math>l_{\mathrm{tot~core~run}}</math> = Total length of core run

===Classification table===
From the RQD index the rock mass can be classified as follows:
{| border=1
!RQD
!Rock mass quality
|-
|<25% || completely weathered rock
|-
|25-50% || weathered rock
|-
|50-75% || moderately weathered rock
|-
|75-90% || Hard rock
|-
|90-100% || Fresh rock
|}

==Rock mass classification==
Many [[rock mass classification]] systems use core recovery parameters as input parameter, such as [[Rock Mass Rating]] and [[Q-system (Geotechnical engineering)|Q-system]].

==References==
* Deere, D U (1964). "Technical description of rock cores", ''Rock Mechanics Engineering Geology'', 1 (16-22).
* Deere, D U (1989). "Rock quality designation (RQD) after twenty years", ''U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Contract Report GL-89-1'', Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS (67).
* Deere, D U & Deere, D W (1988), "The RQD index in practice", ''Proc. Symp. Rock Class. Engineering Purposes, ASTM Special Technical Publications 984'', Philadelphia, (91-101).
* Deere, D U, Hendron, A J, Patton, F D & Cording, E J (1967). "Design of surface and near surface constructions in rock", ''Proc. 8th U.S. Symp. Rock Mechanics'', ed. Fairhurst, publ. AIME, New York, (237-302).

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite conference | last1 = Hack |first1 = H.R.G.K. | title = An evaluation of slope stability classification. Keynote Lecture.
| booktitle = Proc. [[ISRM]] EUROCK’2002 | place = Funchal, Madeira, Portugal | date = 25–28 November 2002 | editor1-last = Dinis da Gama | editor1-first = C. | editor2-last = Ribeira e Sousa | editor2-first = L. | publisher = Sociedade Portuguesa de Geotecnia, Lisboa, Portugal
| ISBN = 972-98781-2-9 | pages = 3–32 }}
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Pantelidis | first1 = L. | year = 2009 | title = Rock slope stability assessment through rock mass classification systems | journal = International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences | volume = 46 | number = 2 | pages = 315–325 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.06.003 }}
*{{Cite book | last1 = Price | first1 = D.G. | editor1-last = De Freitas | editor1-first = M.H. | year = 2009 | title = Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | page = 450 | ISBN = 3-540-29249-7 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Core Recovery Parameters}}
[[Category:Geotechnical engineering]]
[[Category:Rock mass classification]]
[[Category:Tunnels]]

[[ko:Q시스템]]

Finite element method in structural mechanics

2017-01-27T11:33:09Z

194.103.240.26: /* Internal virtual work in a typical element */

{{expert needed|date=October 2010}}
The '''[[finite element method]]''' (FEM) is a powerful technique originally developed for numerical solution of complex problems in [[structural mechanics]], and it remains the method of choice for complex systems. In the FEM, the structural system is modeled by a set of appropriate '''finite elements''' interconnected at discrete points called nodes. Elements may have physical properties such as thickness, [[coefficient of thermal expansion]], [[density]], [[Young's modulus]], [[shear modulus]] and [[Poisson's ratio]].

== History ==
The origin of finite method can be traced to the matrix analysis of structures <ref>Matrix Analysis Of Framed Structures, 3rd Edition by Jr. William Weaver, James M. Gere, Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, ISBN 978-0-412-07861-3, 1966</ref><ref>Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis, J. S. Przemieniecki, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1968</ref> where the concept of a displacement or stiffness matrix approach was introduced. Finite element concepts were developed based on engineering methods in 1950s. The finite element method obtained its real impetus in the 1960s and 1970s by [[John Argyris]], and co-workers; at the [[University of Stuttgart]], by [[Ray W. Clough]]; at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], by [[Olgierd Zienkiewicz]], and co-workers [[Ernest Hinton]], [[Bruce Irons (engineer)|Bruce Irons]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hinton |first1=Ernest |last2=Irons |first2=Bruce |author-link= |title=Least squares smoothing of experimental data using finite elements |journal=Strain |volume=4 |pages=24–27 |date=July 1968 |doi= }}</ref> at the [[Swansea University|University of Swansea]], by [[Philippe G. Ciarlet]]; at the [[Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University|University of Paris]]; at [[Cornell University]], by Richard Gallagher and co-workers. The original works such as those by Argyris <ref>Argyris, J.H and Kelsey, S. Energy theorems and Structural Analysis Butterworth Scientific publications, London</ref> and Clough <ref>Clough, R.W, “The Finite Element in Plane Stress Analysis.” Proceedings, 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computations, Pittsburgh, Sep 1960</ref> became the foundation for today’s finite element structural analysis methods. Earlier books such as by Zienkiewicz <ref>The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics, Zienkiewicz O. C and Taylor R L ISBN 978-0-7506-6321-2, 1967, McGraw Hill, New York</ref> and more recent books such as by Yang <ref>Finite Element Structural Analysis , T.Y Yang, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood, NJ, 1986</ref> give comprehensive summary of developments in finite-element structural analysis. Implementing the method in software is described in the classic text by Smith, Griffiths and Margetts.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wiley: Programming the Finite Element Method, 5th Edition - I. M. Smith, D. V. Griffiths, L. Margetts|url = http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119973341.html|website = eu.wiley.com|accessdate = 2015-09-18}}</ref>

==Element properties==
* Straight or curved one-dimensional elements with physical properties such as axial, bending, and torsional stiffnesses. This type of element is suitable for modeling cables, braces, trusses, beams, stiffeners, grids and frames. Straight elements usually have two nodes, one at each end, while curved elements will need at least three nodes including the end-nodes. The elements are positioned at the [[centroid]]al axis of the actual members.
* Two-dimensional elements that resist only in-plane forces by membrane action (plane [[Stress (physics)|stress]], plane [[Strain (materials science)|strain]]), and plates that resist transverse loads by transverse shear and bending action (plates and [[Thin-shell structure|shells]]). They may have a variety of shapes such as flat or curved [[triangle]]s and [[quadrilateral]]s. Nodes are usually placed at the element corners, and if needed for higher accuracy, additional nodes can be placed along the element edges or even within the element. The elements are positioned at the mid-surface of the actual layer thickness.
* [[Torus]]-shaped elements for axisymmetric problems such as membranes, thick plates, shells, and solids. The cross-section of the elements are similar to the previously described types: one-dimensional for thin plates and shells, and two-dimensional for solids, thick plates and shells.
* Three-dimensional elements for modeling 3-D solids such as [[machine]] components, [[dam]]s, [[Embankment (transportation)|embankment]]s or soil masses. Common element shapes include [[tetrahedral]]s and [[hexahedral]]s. Nodes are placed at the vertexes and possibly in the element faces or within the element.

===Element interconnection and displacement===
The elements are interconnected only at the exterior nodes, and altogether they should cover the entire domain as accurately as possible. Nodes will have nodal [[displacement (vector)|(vector) displacements]] or [[degrees of freedom (engineering)|degrees of freedom]] which may include translations, rotations, and for special applications, higher order [[derivative]]s of displacements. When the nodes displace, they will ''drag'' the elements along in a certain manner dictated by the element formulation. In other words, displacements of any points in the element will be [[interpolation|interpolated]] from the nodal displacements, and this is the main reason for the approximate nature of the solution.

==Practical considerations==
From the application point of view, it is important to model the system such that:
* Symmetry or anti-symmetry conditions are exploited in order to reduce the size of the domain.
* Displacement compatibility, including any required discontinuity, is ensured at the nodes, and preferably, along the element edges as well, particularly when adjacent elements are of different types, material or thickness. Compatibility of displacements of many nodes can usually be imposed via constraint relations—When such a feature is not available in the software package, a physical model that imposes the constraints may be used instead.
* Elements' behaviours capture the dominant actions of the actual system, both locally and globally.
* The element mesh is sufficiently fine in order to have acceptable accuracy. To assess accuracy, the mesh is refined until the important results shows little change. For higher accuracy, the [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of the elements should be as close to unity as possible, and smaller elements are used over the parts of higher stress [[gradient]].
* Proper support constraints are imposed with special attention paid to nodes on symmetry axes.
Large scale commercial software packages often provide facilities for generating the mesh, graphical display of input and output, which greatly facilitate the verification of both input data and interpretation of the results.

==Theoretical overview of FEM-Displacement Formulation: From elements, to system, to solution==
While the theory of FEM can be presented in different perspectives or emphases, its development for [[structural analysis]] follows the more traditional approach via the [[virtual work]] principle or the [[minimum total potential energy principle]]. The [[virtual work]] principle approach is more general as it is applicable to both linear and non-linear material behaviours. The virtual work method is an expression of [[conservation of energy]]: for conservative systems, the work added to the system by a set of applied forces is equal to the energy stored in the system in the form of strain energy of the structure's components.

The principle of [[virtual work|virtual displacements]] for the structural system expresses the mathematical identity of external and internal virtual work:
:<math>\mbox{External virtual work} = \int_{V}\delta\boldsymbol{\epsilon}^T \boldsymbol{\sigma} \, dV \qquad \mathrm{(1)}</math>

The virtual internal work in the right-hand-side of the above equation may be found by summing the virtual work done on the individual elements. The latter requires that force-displacement functions be used that describe the response for each individual element. Hence, the displacment of the structure is described by the response of individual (discrete) elements collectively. The equations are written only for the small domain of individual elements of the structure rather than a single equation that describes the response of the system as a whole (a continuum). The latter would result in an intractable problem, hence the utility of the finite element method. As shown in the subsequent sections, Eq.(1) leads to the following governing equilibrium equation for the system:

:<math>\mathbf{R} = \mathbf{Kr} + \mathbf{R}^o \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(2)}</math>
where
:<math>\mathbf{R} </math> = vector of nodal forces, representing external forces applied to the system's nodes.
:<math>\mathbf{K} </math> = system stiffness matrix, which is the collective effect of the individual ''elements' stiffness matrices'' :<math>\mathbf{k}^e </math>.
:<math>\mathbf{r} </math> = vector of the system's nodal displacements.
:<math>\mathbf{R}^o </math> = vector of equivalent nodal forces, representing all external effects other than the nodal forces which are already included in the preceding nodal force vector '''R'''. These external effects may include distributed or concentrated surface forces, body forces, thermal effects, initial stresses and strains.

Once the supports' constraints are accounted for, the nodal displacements are found by solving the [[system of linear equations]] (2), symbolically:
:<math>\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{K}^{-1} (\mathbf{R}-\mathbf{R}^o ) \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(3)}</math>

Subsequently, the strains and stresses in individual elements may be found as follows:
:<math>\mathbf{\epsilon} = \mathbf{Bq} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(4)}</math>
:<math>\mathbf{\sigma} = \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{\epsilon} - \mathbf{\epsilon}^o)+\mathbf{\sigma}^o = \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{Bq} - \mathbf{\epsilon}^o)+\mathbf{\sigma}^o\qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(5)}</math>
where
:<math>\mathbf{q} </math> = vector of a nodal displacements--a subset of the system displacement vector '''r''' that pertains to the elements under consideration.
:<math>\mathbf{B} </math> = strain-displacement matrix that transforms nodal displacements '''q''' to strains at any point in the element.
:<math>\mathbf{E} </math> = elasticity matrix that transforms effective strains to stresses at any point in the element.
:<math>\mathbf{\epsilon}^o </math> = vector of initial strains in the elements.
:<math>\mathbf{\sigma}^o </math> = vector of initial stresses in the elements.

By applying the [[virtual work]] equation (1) to the system, we can establish the element matrices <math>\mathbf{B}</math>, <math>\mathbf{k}^e</math> as well as the technique of assembling the system matrices <math>\mathbf{R}^o</math> and <math>\mathbf{K}</math>. Other matrices such as <math>\mathbf{\epsilon}^o </math>, <math>\mathbf{\sigma}^o </math>, <math>\mathbf{R} </math> and <math>\mathbf{E} </math> are known values and can be directly set up from data input.

==Interpolation or shape functions==
Let <math>\mathbf{q}</math> be the vector of nodal displacements of a typical element. The displacements at any other point of the element may be found by the use of [[interpolation]] functions as, symbolically:
:<math>\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{N} \mathbf{q} \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(6)}</math>
where
:<math>\mathbf{u} </math> = vector of displacements at any point {x,y,z} of the element.
:<math>\mathbf{N} </math> = matrix of ''[[shape functions]]'' serving as [[interpolation]] functions.

Equation (6) gives rise to other quantities of great interest:
* Virtual displacements that are a function of virtual nodal displacements: <math> \delta \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{N} \delta \mathbf{q} \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(6b)}</math>
* Strains in the elements that result from displacements of the element's nodes:<math>\mathbf{\epsilon} = \mathbf{Du} = \mathbf{DNq} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(7)}</math>
:where <math>\mathbf{D} </math> = matrix of [[Strain-displacement relations|differential operators]] that convert displacements to strains using [[linear elasticity]] theory. Eq.(7) shows that matrix '''B''' in (4) is
::<math>\mathbf{B} = \mathbf{DN} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(8)}</math>
* Virtual strains consistent with element's virtual nodal displacements: <math> \delta \boldsymbol{\epsilon} = \mathbf{B} \delta \mathbf{q} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(9)}</math>

==Internal virtual work in a typical element==
For a typical element of volume <math> V^e </math>, the internal virtual work due to virtual displacements is obtained by substitution of (5) and (9) into (1):

:<math>\mbox{Internal virtual work} = \int_{V^e}\delta\boldsymbol{\epsilon}^T \boldsymbol{\sigma} \, dV^e = \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \int_{V^e} \mathbf{B}^T \big\{\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{Bq} - \mathbf{\epsilon}^o)+\mathbf{\sigma}^o\big\} \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(10)}</math>

===Element matrices===
Primarily for the convenience of reference, the following matrices pertaining to a typical elements may now be defined:

: Element stiffness matrix <math> \mathbf{K}^e = \int_{V^e} \mathbf{B}^T \mathbf{E} \mathbf{B} \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(11)}</math>

: Equivalent element load vector <math> \mathbf{Q}^{oe} = \int_{V^e} - \mathbf{B}^T \big( \mathbf{E}\mathbf{\epsilon}^o - \mathbf{\sigma}^o\big ) \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(12)}</math>

These matrices are usually evaluated numerically using [[Gaussian quadrature]] for [[numerical integration]].
Their use simplifies (10) to the following:
:<math>\mbox{Internal virtual work} = \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \big( \mathbf{K}^e \mathbf{q} + \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \big) \qquad \mathrm{(13)}</math>

===Element virtual work in terms of system nodal displacements===
Since the nodal displacement vector '''q''' is a subset of the system nodal displacements '''r''' (for compatibility with adjacent elements), we can replace '''q''' with '''r''' by expanding the size of the element matrices with new columns and rows of zeros:

:<math>\mbox{Internal virtual work} = \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \mathbf{K}^e \mathbf{r} + \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \big) \qquad \mathrm{(14)}</math>
where, for simplicity, we use the same symbols for the element matrices, which now have expanded size as well as suitably rearranged rows and columns.

==System virtual work==
Summing the internal virtual work (14) for all elements gives the right-hand-side of (1):

:<math>\mbox{System internal virtual work} = \sum_{e} \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \mathbf{k}^e \mathbf{r} + \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \big) = \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e \big)\mathbf{r} + \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \qquad \mathrm{(15)}</math>

Considering now the left-hand-side of (1), the system external virtual work consists of:
* The work done by the nodal forces '''R''': <math> \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \mathbf{R} \qquad \mathrm{(16)}</math>
* The work done by external forces <math> \mathbf{T}^e </math> on the part <math> \mathbf{S}^e </math> of the elements' edges or surfaces, and by the body forces <math> \mathbf{f}^e </math>
::<math> \sum_{e} \int_{S^e} \delta\ \mathbf{u}^T \mathbf{T}^e \, dS^e + \sum_{e} \int_{V^e} \delta\ \mathbf{u}^T \mathbf{f}^e \, dV^e </math>
: Substitution of (6b) gives:
:: <math> \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \sum_{e} \int_{S^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{T}^e \, dS^e + \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \sum_{e} \int_{V^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{f}^e \, dV^e </math>

:or <math> -\delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \sum_{e} (\mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe}) \qquad \mathrm{(17a)}</math>
:where we have introduced additional element's matrices defined below:
:: <math> \mathbf{Q}^{te} = -\int_{S^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{T}^e \, dS^e \qquad \mathrm{(18a)}</math>
:: <math> \mathbf{Q}^{fe} = -\int_{V^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{f}^e \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(18b)}</math>
:Again, [[numerical integration]] is convenient for their evaluation. A similar replacement of '''q''' in (17a) with '''r''' gives, after rearranging and expanding the vectors <math> \mathbf{Q}^{te}, \mathbf{Q}^{fe} </math>:
::<math> -\delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} (\mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe}) \qquad \mathrm{(17b)}</math>

==Assembly of system matrices==
Adding (16), (17b) and equating the sum to (15) gives:
<math> \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \mathbf{R} -\delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} (\mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe}) = \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e \big)\mathbf{r} + \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} \mathbf{Q}^{oe} </math>

Since the virtual displacements <math> \delta\ \mathbf{r}</math> are arbitrary, the preceding equality reduces to:

<math> \mathbf{R} = \big( \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e \big)\mathbf{r} + \sum_{e} \big( \mathbf{Q}^{oe} + \mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe} \big) </math>

Comparison with (2) shows that:
* The system stiffness matrix is obtained by summing the elements' stiffness matrices:
:<math> \mathbf{K} = \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e </math>
* The vector of equivalent nodal forces is obtained by summing the elements' load vectors:
:<math> \mathbf{R}^o = \sum_{e} \big( \mathbf{Q}^{oe} + \mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe} \big) </math>

In practice, the element matrices are neither expanded nor rearranged. Instead, the system stiffness matrix <math> \mathbf{K} </math> is assembled by adding individual coefficients <math> {k}_{ij}^e </math> to <math> {K}_{kl} </math> where the subscripts ij, kl mean that the element's nodal displacements <math> {q}_{i}^e, {q}_{j}^e </math> match respectively with the system's nodal displacements <math> {r}_{k}, {r}_{l} </math>. Similarly, <math> \mathbf{R}^o </math> is assembled by adding individual coefficients <math> {Q}_{i}^e </math> to <math> {R}^o_{k} </math> where <math> {q}_{i}^e </math> matches <math> {r}_{k} </math>. This direct addition of <math> {k}_{ij}^e </math> into <math> {K}_{kl} </math> gives the procedure the name ''[[Direct stiffness method|Direct Stiffness Method]]''.

==See also==
*[[Finite element method]]
*[[Flexibility method]]
*[[Matrix stiffness method]]
*[[Modal analysis using FEM]]
*[[List of finite element software packages]]
*[[Structural analysis]]
*[[Virtual work]]
*[[Interval finite element]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finite Element Method In Structural Mechanics}}
[[Category:Finite element method]]
[[Category:Numerical differential equations]]

Finite element method in structural mechanics

2017-01-27T11:31:58Z

194.103.240.26: /* Element matrices */

{{expert needed|date=October 2010}}
The '''[[finite element method]]''' (FEM) is a powerful technique originally developed for numerical solution of complex problems in [[structural mechanics]], and it remains the method of choice for complex systems. In the FEM, the structural system is modeled by a set of appropriate '''finite elements''' interconnected at discrete points called nodes. Elements may have physical properties such as thickness, [[coefficient of thermal expansion]], [[density]], [[Young's modulus]], [[shear modulus]] and [[Poisson's ratio]].

== History ==
The origin of finite method can be traced to the matrix analysis of structures <ref>Matrix Analysis Of Framed Structures, 3rd Edition by Jr. William Weaver, James M. Gere, Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, ISBN 978-0-412-07861-3, 1966</ref><ref>Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis, J. S. Przemieniecki, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1968</ref> where the concept of a displacement or stiffness matrix approach was introduced. Finite element concepts were developed based on engineering methods in 1950s. The finite element method obtained its real impetus in the 1960s and 1970s by [[John Argyris]], and co-workers; at the [[University of Stuttgart]], by [[Ray W. Clough]]; at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], by [[Olgierd Zienkiewicz]], and co-workers [[Ernest Hinton]], [[Bruce Irons (engineer)|Bruce Irons]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hinton |first1=Ernest |last2=Irons |first2=Bruce |author-link= |title=Least squares smoothing of experimental data using finite elements |journal=Strain |volume=4 |pages=24–27 |date=July 1968 |doi= }}</ref> at the [[Swansea University|University of Swansea]], by [[Philippe G. Ciarlet]]; at the [[Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University|University of Paris]]; at [[Cornell University]], by Richard Gallagher and co-workers. The original works such as those by Argyris <ref>Argyris, J.H and Kelsey, S. Energy theorems and Structural Analysis Butterworth Scientific publications, London</ref> and Clough <ref>Clough, R.W, “The Finite Element in Plane Stress Analysis.” Proceedings, 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computations, Pittsburgh, Sep 1960</ref> became the foundation for today’s finite element structural analysis methods. Earlier books such as by Zienkiewicz <ref>The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics, Zienkiewicz O. C and Taylor R L ISBN 978-0-7506-6321-2, 1967, McGraw Hill, New York</ref> and more recent books such as by Yang <ref>Finite Element Structural Analysis , T.Y Yang, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood, NJ, 1986</ref> give comprehensive summary of developments in finite-element structural analysis. Implementing the method in software is described in the classic text by Smith, Griffiths and Margetts.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wiley: Programming the Finite Element Method, 5th Edition - I. M. Smith, D. V. Griffiths, L. Margetts|url = http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119973341.html|website = eu.wiley.com|accessdate = 2015-09-18}}</ref>

==Element properties==
* Straight or curved one-dimensional elements with physical properties such as axial, bending, and torsional stiffnesses. This type of element is suitable for modeling cables, braces, trusses, beams, stiffeners, grids and frames. Straight elements usually have two nodes, one at each end, while curved elements will need at least three nodes including the end-nodes. The elements are positioned at the [[centroid]]al axis of the actual members.
* Two-dimensional elements that resist only in-plane forces by membrane action (plane [[Stress (physics)|stress]], plane [[Strain (materials science)|strain]]), and plates that resist transverse loads by transverse shear and bending action (plates and [[Thin-shell structure|shells]]). They may have a variety of shapes such as flat or curved [[triangle]]s and [[quadrilateral]]s. Nodes are usually placed at the element corners, and if needed for higher accuracy, additional nodes can be placed along the element edges or even within the element. The elements are positioned at the mid-surface of the actual layer thickness.
* [[Torus]]-shaped elements for axisymmetric problems such as membranes, thick plates, shells, and solids. The cross-section of the elements are similar to the previously described types: one-dimensional for thin plates and shells, and two-dimensional for solids, thick plates and shells.
* Three-dimensional elements for modeling 3-D solids such as [[machine]] components, [[dam]]s, [[Embankment (transportation)|embankment]]s or soil masses. Common element shapes include [[tetrahedral]]s and [[hexahedral]]s. Nodes are placed at the vertexes and possibly in the element faces or within the element.

===Element interconnection and displacement===
The elements are interconnected only at the exterior nodes, and altogether they should cover the entire domain as accurately as possible. Nodes will have nodal [[displacement (vector)|(vector) displacements]] or [[degrees of freedom (engineering)|degrees of freedom]] which may include translations, rotations, and for special applications, higher order [[derivative]]s of displacements. When the nodes displace, they will ''drag'' the elements along in a certain manner dictated by the element formulation. In other words, displacements of any points in the element will be [[interpolation|interpolated]] from the nodal displacements, and this is the main reason for the approximate nature of the solution.

==Practical considerations==
From the application point of view, it is important to model the system such that:
* Symmetry or anti-symmetry conditions are exploited in order to reduce the size of the domain.
* Displacement compatibility, including any required discontinuity, is ensured at the nodes, and preferably, along the element edges as well, particularly when adjacent elements are of different types, material or thickness. Compatibility of displacements of many nodes can usually be imposed via constraint relations—When such a feature is not available in the software package, a physical model that imposes the constraints may be used instead.
* Elements' behaviours capture the dominant actions of the actual system, both locally and globally.
* The element mesh is sufficiently fine in order to have acceptable accuracy. To assess accuracy, the mesh is refined until the important results shows little change. For higher accuracy, the [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of the elements should be as close to unity as possible, and smaller elements are used over the parts of higher stress [[gradient]].
* Proper support constraints are imposed with special attention paid to nodes on symmetry axes.
Large scale commercial software packages often provide facilities for generating the mesh, graphical display of input and output, which greatly facilitate the verification of both input data and interpretation of the results.

==Theoretical overview of FEM-Displacement Formulation: From elements, to system, to solution==
While the theory of FEM can be presented in different perspectives or emphases, its development for [[structural analysis]] follows the more traditional approach via the [[virtual work]] principle or the [[minimum total potential energy principle]]. The [[virtual work]] principle approach is more general as it is applicable to both linear and non-linear material behaviours. The virtual work method is an expression of [[conservation of energy]]: for conservative systems, the work added to the system by a set of applied forces is equal to the energy stored in the system in the form of strain energy of the structure's components.

The principle of [[virtual work|virtual displacements]] for the structural system expresses the mathematical identity of external and internal virtual work:
:<math>\mbox{External virtual work} = \int_{V}\delta\boldsymbol{\epsilon}^T \boldsymbol{\sigma} \, dV \qquad \mathrm{(1)}</math>

The virtual internal work in the right-hand-side of the above equation may be found by summing the virtual work done on the individual elements. The latter requires that force-displacement functions be used that describe the response for each individual element. Hence, the displacment of the structure is described by the response of individual (discrete) elements collectively. The equations are written only for the small domain of individual elements of the structure rather than a single equation that describes the response of the system as a whole (a continuum). The latter would result in an intractable problem, hence the utility of the finite element method. As shown in the subsequent sections, Eq.(1) leads to the following governing equilibrium equation for the system:

:<math>\mathbf{R} = \mathbf{Kr} + \mathbf{R}^o \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(2)}</math>
where
:<math>\mathbf{R} </math> = vector of nodal forces, representing external forces applied to the system's nodes.
:<math>\mathbf{K} </math> = system stiffness matrix, which is the collective effect of the individual ''elements' stiffness matrices'' :<math>\mathbf{k}^e </math>.
:<math>\mathbf{r} </math> = vector of the system's nodal displacements.
:<math>\mathbf{R}^o </math> = vector of equivalent nodal forces, representing all external effects other than the nodal forces which are already included in the preceding nodal force vector '''R'''. These external effects may include distributed or concentrated surface forces, body forces, thermal effects, initial stresses and strains.

Once the supports' constraints are accounted for, the nodal displacements are found by solving the [[system of linear equations]] (2), symbolically:
:<math>\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{K}^{-1} (\mathbf{R}-\mathbf{R}^o ) \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(3)}</math>

Subsequently, the strains and stresses in individual elements may be found as follows:
:<math>\mathbf{\epsilon} = \mathbf{Bq} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(4)}</math>
:<math>\mathbf{\sigma} = \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{\epsilon} - \mathbf{\epsilon}^o)+\mathbf{\sigma}^o = \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{Bq} - \mathbf{\epsilon}^o)+\mathbf{\sigma}^o\qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(5)}</math>
where
:<math>\mathbf{q} </math> = vector of a nodal displacements--a subset of the system displacement vector '''r''' that pertains to the elements under consideration.
:<math>\mathbf{B} </math> = strain-displacement matrix that transforms nodal displacements '''q''' to strains at any point in the element.
:<math>\mathbf{E} </math> = elasticity matrix that transforms effective strains to stresses at any point in the element.
:<math>\mathbf{\epsilon}^o </math> = vector of initial strains in the elements.
:<math>\mathbf{\sigma}^o </math> = vector of initial stresses in the elements.

By applying the [[virtual work]] equation (1) to the system, we can establish the element matrices <math>\mathbf{B}</math>, <math>\mathbf{k}^e</math> as well as the technique of assembling the system matrices <math>\mathbf{R}^o</math> and <math>\mathbf{K}</math>. Other matrices such as <math>\mathbf{\epsilon}^o </math>, <math>\mathbf{\sigma}^o </math>, <math>\mathbf{R} </math> and <math>\mathbf{E} </math> are known values and can be directly set up from data input.

==Interpolation or shape functions==
Let <math>\mathbf{q}</math> be the vector of nodal displacements of a typical element. The displacements at any other point of the element may be found by the use of [[interpolation]] functions as, symbolically:
:<math>\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{N} \mathbf{q} \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(6)}</math>
where
:<math>\mathbf{u} </math> = vector of displacements at any point {x,y,z} of the element.
:<math>\mathbf{N} </math> = matrix of ''[[shape functions]]'' serving as [[interpolation]] functions.

Equation (6) gives rise to other quantities of great interest:
* Virtual displacements that are a function of virtual nodal displacements: <math> \delta \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{N} \delta \mathbf{q} \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(6b)}</math>
* Strains in the elements that result from displacements of the element's nodes:<math>\mathbf{\epsilon} = \mathbf{Du} = \mathbf{DNq} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(7)}</math>
:where <math>\mathbf{D} </math> = matrix of [[Strain-displacement relations|differential operators]] that convert displacements to strains using [[linear elasticity]] theory. Eq.(7) shows that matrix '''B''' in (4) is
::<math>\mathbf{B} = \mathbf{DN} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(8)}</math>
* Virtual strains consistent with element's virtual nodal displacements: <math> \delta \boldsymbol{\epsilon} = \mathbf{B} \delta \mathbf{q} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(9)}</math>

==Internal virtual work in a typical element==
For a typical element of volume <math> V^e </math>, the internal virtual work due to virtual displacements is obtained by substitution of (5) and (9) into (1):

:<math>\mbox{Internal virtual work} = \int_{V^e}\delta\boldsymbol{\epsilon}^T \boldsymbol{\sigma} \, dV^e = \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \int_{V^e} \mathbf{B}^T \big\{\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{Bq} - \mathbf{\epsilon}^o)+\mathbf{\sigma}^o\big\} \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(10)}</math>

===Element matrices===
Primarily for the convenience of reference, the following matrices pertaining to a typical elements may now be defined:

: Element stiffness matrix <math> \mathbf{K}^e = \int_{V^e} \mathbf{B}^T \mathbf{E} \mathbf{B} \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(11)}</math>

: Equivalent element load vector <math> \mathbf{Q}^{oe} = \int_{V^e} - \mathbf{B}^T \big( \mathbf{E}\mathbf{\epsilon}^o - \mathbf{\sigma}^o\big ) \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(12)}</math>

These matrices are usually evaluated numerically using [[Gaussian quadrature]] for [[numerical integration]].
Their use simplifies (10) to the following:
:<math>\mbox{Internal virtual work} = \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \big( \mathbf{k}^e \mathbf{q} + \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \big) \qquad \mathrm{(13)}</math>

===Element virtual work in terms of system nodal displacements===
Since the nodal displacement vector '''q''' is a subset of the system nodal displacements '''r''' (for compatibility with adjacent elements), we can replace '''q''' with '''r''' by expanding the size of the element matrices with new columns and rows of zeros:

:<math>\mbox{Internal virtual work} = \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \mathbf{k}^e \mathbf{r} + \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \big) \qquad \mathrm{(14)}</math>
where, for simplicity, we use the same symbols for the element matrices, which now have expanded size as well as suitably rearranged rows and columns.

==System virtual work==
Summing the internal virtual work (14) for all elements gives the right-hand-side of (1):

:<math>\mbox{System internal virtual work} = \sum_{e} \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \mathbf{k}^e \mathbf{r} + \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \big) = \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e \big)\mathbf{r} + \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} \mathbf{Q}^{oe} \qquad \mathrm{(15)}</math>

Considering now the left-hand-side of (1), the system external virtual work consists of:
* The work done by the nodal forces '''R''': <math> \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \mathbf{R} \qquad \mathrm{(16)}</math>
* The work done by external forces <math> \mathbf{T}^e </math> on the part <math> \mathbf{S}^e </math> of the elements' edges or surfaces, and by the body forces <math> \mathbf{f}^e </math>
::<math> \sum_{e} \int_{S^e} \delta\ \mathbf{u}^T \mathbf{T}^e \, dS^e + \sum_{e} \int_{V^e} \delta\ \mathbf{u}^T \mathbf{f}^e \, dV^e </math>
: Substitution of (6b) gives:
:: <math> \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \sum_{e} \int_{S^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{T}^e \, dS^e + \delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \sum_{e} \int_{V^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{f}^e \, dV^e </math>

:or <math> -\delta\ \mathbf{q}^T \sum_{e} (\mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe}) \qquad \mathrm{(17a)}</math>
:where we have introduced additional element's matrices defined below:
:: <math> \mathbf{Q}^{te} = -\int_{S^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{T}^e \, dS^e \qquad \mathrm{(18a)}</math>
:: <math> \mathbf{Q}^{fe} = -\int_{V^e} \mathbf{N}^T \mathbf{f}^e \, dV^e \qquad \mathrm{(18b)}</math>
:Again, [[numerical integration]] is convenient for their evaluation. A similar replacement of '''q''' in (17a) with '''r''' gives, after rearranging and expanding the vectors <math> \mathbf{Q}^{te}, \mathbf{Q}^{fe} </math>:
::<math> -\delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} (\mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe}) \qquad \mathrm{(17b)}</math>

==Assembly of system matrices==
Adding (16), (17b) and equating the sum to (15) gives:
<math> \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \mathbf{R} -\delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} (\mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe}) = \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \big( \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e \big)\mathbf{r} + \delta\ \mathbf{r}^T \sum_{e} \mathbf{Q}^{oe} </math>

Since the virtual displacements <math> \delta\ \mathbf{r}</math> are arbitrary, the preceding equality reduces to:

<math> \mathbf{R} = \big( \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e \big)\mathbf{r} + \sum_{e} \big( \mathbf{Q}^{oe} + \mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe} \big) </math>

Comparison with (2) shows that:
* The system stiffness matrix is obtained by summing the elements' stiffness matrices:
:<math> \mathbf{K} = \sum_{e} \mathbf{k}^e </math>
* The vector of equivalent nodal forces is obtained by summing the elements' load vectors:
:<math> \mathbf{R}^o = \sum_{e} \big( \mathbf{Q}^{oe} + \mathbf{Q}^{te} + \mathbf{Q}^{fe} \big) </math>

In practice, the element matrices are neither expanded nor rearranged. Instead, the system stiffness matrix <math> \mathbf{K} </math> is assembled by adding individual coefficients <math> {k}_{ij}^e </math> to <math> {K}_{kl} </math> where the subscripts ij, kl mean that the element's nodal displacements <math> {q}_{i}^e, {q}_{j}^e </math> match respectively with the system's nodal displacements <math> {r}_{k}, {r}_{l} </math>. Similarly, <math> \mathbf{R}^o </math> is assembled by adding individual coefficients <math> {Q}_{i}^e </math> to <math> {R}^o_{k} </math> where <math> {q}_{i}^e </math> matches <math> {r}_{k} </math>. This direct addition of <math> {k}_{ij}^e </math> into <math> {K}_{kl} </math> gives the procedure the name ''[[Direct stiffness method|Direct Stiffness Method]]''.

==See also==
*[[Finite element method]]
*[[Flexibility method]]
*[[Matrix stiffness method]]
*[[Modal analysis using FEM]]
*[[List of finite element software packages]]
*[[Structural analysis]]
*[[Virtual work]]
*[[Interval finite element]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finite Element Method In Structural Mechanics}}
[[Category:Finite element method]]
[[Category:Numerical differential equations]]

Hammarby IF

2016-05-16T06:07:27Z

194.103.240.26: Addition of Damishockey to Member Clubs

{{about|the sports club's umbrella organisation|men's football department, see |Hammarby Fotboll}}

{{Infobox sports team
| name = Hammarby IF
| logo = Hammarby IF.png
| logo_size = 130
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name = Hammarby Idrottsförening
| nicknames = Bajen
| founded = 1897
| city = Stockholm
| colors = {{color box|#07613D}} {{color box|white}} Green and white
| president = Hans Bergman
| website = {{URL|http://www.hammarby-if.se/}}
}}
'''Hammarby Idrottsförening''' ({{IPA-sv|ˈhamːar'bʏ}}; or simply '''Hammarby IF''', "Hammarby Sports Club") is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[sports club]] located in [[Stockholm]], with a number of member organizations active in a variety of different sports. It was founded in 1889 as ''Hammarby Roddförening'' ("Hammarby Rowing Association"), but by 1897 the club had diversified and was participating in a number of different sports, leading to the renaming to Hammarby IF. In 1999, the club was reorganized into a legal format referred to in Swedish as an ''alliansförening'' ("alliance association"), with each of the club's departments becoming a separate legal entity cooperating under the "Hammarby IF" umbrella.<ref>http://www.hammarby-if.se/detta-ar-hammarby-if/historia/</ref>

==Member clubs==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sport
!Club name
!Founded
!Joined HIF
!Home venue
|-
|[[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
|[[Hammarby IF Friidrottsförening]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bandy]]
|[[Hammarby IF Bandy]]
|1905
|1905
|[[Zinkensdamms IP]]
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|[[Hammarby IF Basket]]
|1975
|2015
|[[Farstahallen]]
|-
|[[Boules|Boule]]
|[[Hammarby IF Bouleförening]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bowling]]
|[[Hammarby IF Bowlingförening]]
|
|
|[[Brännkyrka Bowlingcenter]]
|-
|[[Boxing]]
|[[Hammarby IF Boxningsförening]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Floorball]]
|[[Hammarby IF Innebandy]]
|1993
|1993
|[[Sjöstadshallen]]
|-
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Hammarby Fotboll|Hammarby IF Fotbollförening]] (men) [[Hammarby IF DFF|Hammarby IF Damfotbollförening]] (women)
|1915 1970
|1915 1970
|[[Tele2 Arena]] [[Hammarby IP]]
|-
|[[Goalball]]
|[[Hammarby IF Goalbollförening]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Team handball|Handball]]
|[[Hammarby IF Handboll]]
|1939
|1939
|[[Eriksdalshallen]]
|-
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[Hammarby Hockey|Hammarby IF Ishockeyförening]]
Hammarby IF Damishockeyförening
|2008
2016
|2013
2016
|[[LW-Hallen]]
Zinkensdamms IP
|-
|[[Orienteering]]
|[[Hammarby IF Orienteringsförening]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
|[[Hammarby IF Roddförening]]
|1889
|1889
|
|-
|[[Rugby union]]
|[[Hammarby IF Rugby]]
|2000
|2000
|
|-
|[[Cycle speedway|Speedway]]
|[[Hammarby Speedway]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Skiing]]
|[[Hammarby IF Skidförening]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Table tennis]]
|[[Hammarby IF Bordtennisförening]]
|
|
|
|}

===Defunct member clubs===
*[[Hammarby Hockey (1921–2008)]]

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.hammarby-if.se/ Hammarby IF] – official site
{{Hammarby IF}}

[[Category:Hammarby IF]]
[[Category:Sports teams in Sweden]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Sweden]]

AFRY

2015-11-16T10:02:58Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Unreferenced|date=October 2010}}
'''ÅF''' is an [[Sweden|Swedish]] engineering and [[Consultant|consulting]] company. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest consulting companies in Sweden. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

Former Minister for Gender Equality in the Swedish government, [[Nyamko Sabuni]], is the company's [[Environmental quality|Environmental]] and [[Corporate social responsibility]] manager.

== External links ==
* [http://www.af.se/ Official website] {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aaf}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-sn8tub}}

AFRY

2015-11-16T10:02:39Z

194.103.240.26:

{{Unreferenced|date=October 2010}}
'''ÅF''' is an [[Sweden|Swedish]] engineering and consulting [[Consultant|consulting]] company. It was formed in 1895 and is one of the biggest consulting companies in Sweden. ÅF was previously known as Aktiebolaget Ångpanneföreningen (The Steam-Boiler Association).

Former Minister for Gender Equality in the Swedish government, [[Nyamko Sabuni]], is the company's [[Environmental quality|Environmental]] and [[Corporate social responsibility]] manager.

== External links ==
* [http://www.af.se/ Official website] {{sv icon}}
* [http://www.afconsult.com/en Official English website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aaf}}
[[Category:Technology companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1895]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Sweden]]

{{tech-company-stub}}
{{sweden-company-sn8tub}}

Deus Ex

2015-09-25T08:34:12Z

194.103.240.26: Changed misleading information in sidebar

{{two other uses|the video game series|the first game in the series|Deus Ex|the dramatic device from which its title is derived|deus ex machina}}
{{Infobox video game series
| title = Deus Ex
| image = [[File:Deus Ex series logo.png|256px]]
| caption = The current logo for the ''Deus Ex'' series
| developer = [[Ion Storm]] [[Eidos Montreal]]
| publisher = [[Eidos Interactive]] [[Square Enix]]
| genre = [[Action role-playing game|Action role-playing]], [[First-person shooter]]
| platforms = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[OS X]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[Wii U]], [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Xbox One]]
| platform of origin = Microsoft Windows
| first release version = ''[[Deus Ex]]''
| first release date = June 26, 2000
| latest release version = ''[[Deus Ex: Human Revolution]]''
| latest release date = August 23, 2011
| website = https://www.deusex.com
}}

'''''Deus Ex''''' is a series of [[cyberpunk]]-themed [[First-person (video games)|first-person]] [[action role-playing game|action role-playing video games]]. The series was developed by [[Ion Storm]] for the first two games and [[Eidos Montreal]] for later entries in the series. The series, set during the 21st century, focuses on the conflict between secretive factions who wish to control the world by proxy, and the effects of transhumanistic attitudes and technologies in a dystopian future setting.

The series currently consists of four games: ''[[Deus Ex]]'' (2000), ''[[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]'' (2003), ''[[Deus Ex: Human Revolution]]'' (2011) and ''[[Deus Ex: The Fall]]'' (2013). A fifth installment, ''[[Deus Ex: Mankind Divided]]'', was announced on April 8, 2015.<ref>http://uk.ign.com/videos/2015/04/08/deus-ex-mankind-divided-announcement-trailer</ref>

Eidos stated in October 2013 that future entries in the series would go under the umbrella name '''''Deus Ex Universe'''''.<ref name="DeusExNextGen">{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2013/10/02/deus-ex-title-in-the-works-for-ps-and-next-gen/|title=Deus Ex title in the works for PC and next-gen, Deus Ex: Human Revolution – Director’s Cut releasing this month|first=Stephany|last=Nunneley|publisher=[[VG247]]|date=2 October 2013|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="DeusExUniverse">{{cite web |url=http://au.ign.com/articles/2013/10/02/next-gen-deus-ex-universe-announced |title=Next-Gen Deus Ex Universe Announced |last=Karmali |first=Luke |publisher=[[IGN]] |date=2 October 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 }}</ref> The series has received much critical acclaim over the years, and sold over 4.5 million units worldwide.{{#tag:ref|''Deus Ex series'':
*Sales as of September 2011:
**''[[Deus Ex]]'': 1.1 million plus<ref name= "DEapprox">{{cite web |url=http://ve3d.ign.com/articles/news/46400/Eidos-Square-Enix-Sales-Figures-Revealed|first=Andrew|last=Burnes|title=Eidos & Square Enix Sales Figures Revealed |work=Voodoo Extreme|publisher=IGN |date=April 23, 2009|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
**''[[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]'': 1.2 million plus<ref name= "DEapprox"/>
**''[[Deus Ex: Human Revolution]]'': 2.18 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-11-04-deus-ex-human-revolution-sells-2-18-million|title=Deus Ex: Human Revolution sells 2.18 million |date={{Date|2011-11-04|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-11-07|mdy}}|publisher=Eurogamer}}</ref>
|group=sales|name=Deus Ex}}

==Series overview==
{{main|Deus Ex|Deus Ex: Invisible War|Deus Ex: Human Revolution|Deus Ex: The Fall|Deus Ex: Mankind Divided}}
{{Deus Ex Timeline}}
''Note: given the freedom of choice found within each game, the section below only gives the general outline of the world and the individual plotlines.''

While each game has a distinct story, they are all set within the same world: an Earth of the future which has evolved a dystopian, cyberpunk society. In this setting, several organizations compete for overall control of the world.<ref name="IGNdd">{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2003/11/07/deus-ex-invisible-war-developer-diary|title=Deus Ex: Invisible War Developer Diary|author=Sheldon Pacotti, Lead Writer for Deus Ex Invisible War|publisher=IGN|date=November 6, 2003|accessdate=October 5, 2013}}</ref> Several of the societies mentioned or shown are inspired by real-world and invented [[secret societies]] and [[conspiracy theories]]. The one constant through the series is the [[Illuminati]], although [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]], [[Majestic 12]], and the [[Knights Templar]] are also featured. The main characters in the series possess artificially acquired superhuman abilities, generally referred to as "Augmentation", and more specifically called "Human augmentation" in the third game.

''Deus Ex'' takes place during 2052,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/april02/dxbible/dx1/index.shtm |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5w1Owsizs |archivedate=2011-01-26 |title=DX1 Continuity Bible: Part I |work=Gamespy |author=The Deus Ex Team |accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref> while the world is facing a crisis caused by a mysterious nano-virus called the Gray Death. In the midst of the crisis, JC Denton, a nano-augmented rookie agent for the United Nations Anti-Terrorist Coalition (UNATCO), is sent to eliminate terrorist cells, but ends up drawn into the various schemes of rival factions and secret societies, who are responsible for the epidemic. Once he arrives in Area 51, Denton has the choice between neutralizing technology and plunging the world into a second dark age,.<ref name="tongending">'''JC Denton:''' If we destroy the Aquinas Hub, we'll take down the global network. / '''Tracer Tong:''' Exactly. They dug their own grave, JC. We're going to eliminate global communications altogether. / '''JC:''' I don't know... sounds like overkill. / '''Tong:''' As long as technology has a global reach, someone will have the world in the palm of his hand. If not Bob Page, then Everett, Dowd... / '''JC:''' Another Stone Age would hardly be an improvement. / '''Tong:''' Not so drastic. A dark age, an age of city-states, craftsmen, government on a scale comprehensible to its citizens. {{cite video game |title=Deus Ex |developer=Ion Storm Inc. |publisher=Eidos Interactive |date=2002-03-25 |platform=PlayStation 2 }}</ref> allying with the Illuminati,<ref name="everettending">'''Everett:''' No, JC. Spare the facility. Spare Helios, the power station. They can be made to serve us. / '''JC:''' Us? / '''Everett:''' You and me, JC. We'll rule the world in secret, with an invisible hand, the way the Illuminati have always ruled. {{cite video game |title=Deus Ex |developer=Ion Storm Inc. |publisher=Eidos Interactive |date=2002-03-25 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> or merging with an advanced AI so as to impose a benevolent dictatorship.<ref name="heliosending">'''Helios:''' You are ready. I do not wish to wait for Bob Page. With human understanding and network access, we can administrate the world, yes, yes. / '''JC:''' Rule the world...? Why? Who gave you the directive? There must be a human being behind your ambition. / '''Helios:''' I should regulate human affairs precisely because I lack all ambition, whereas human beings are prey to it. Their history is a succession of inane squabbles, each one coming closer to total destruction. {{cite video game |title=Deus Ex |developer=Ion Storm Inc. |publisher=Eidos Interactive |date=2002-03-25 |platform=PlayStation 2 }}</ref> ''Invisible War'' takes place twenty years later, after a massive economic depression and period of war called the Collapse<ref>'''Load screen message''': JC Denton's destruction of Area 51 plunged the world into a period of depression and war known as the Collapse. ''Deus Ex: Invisible War''. Ion Storm, 2003</ref> that was indicated by Denton's actions and a combination of possible events from the first game.<ref name=gs>{{cite web | last=Shoemaker | first=Brad | date=2003-09-06 | url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/deusexinvisiblewar/preview_6074704.html | title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' Hands-On Impressions | work=GameSpot | accessdate=May 25, 2007 }}</ref> The game's protagonist, Alex D, a clone of Denton, is drawn into a conflict between two seemingly opposing factions, and learns of conspiratorial factions which seek to drastically change the world, including JC Denton: Alex can perform missions for any of them, and eventually becomes able to choose which organization should rule the world.

''Human Revolution'' is set in 2027, twenty-five years before the first title, where corporations have extended their influence past the reach of global governments and the development of bio-mechanical augmentation by a few elite and powerful companies threatens to destabilize society. The game follows Adam Jensen, the security chief for bio-tech company Sarif Industries. After a devastating attack on Sarif's headquarters which leaves him near-death, Adam is forced to undergo radical augmentation surgery, and he becomes embroiled both in the search for the attackers and the political and ethical repercussions of augmentation technology. ''The Fall'' is a parallel story, set after the spin-off novel ''Icarus Effect''.<ref name="EurogamerOnTheFall">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-06-05-deus-ex-the-fall-is-an-iphone-and-ipad-game-out-soon|title=Deus Ex: The Fall is an iPhone and iPad game out soon |author=Wesley Yin-Poole|publisher=Eurogamer|date=June 5, 2013|accessdate=2013-06-06}}</ref> It follows the story of Ben Saxon, an augmented former British SAS mercenary, who is on the run from his former employers, a group of augmented mercenaries that play a crucial part in the plot of ''Human Revolution''.<ref name= "TFdetails"/> ''Mankind Divided'' is set in 2029, 2 years after the events of ''Human Revolution'' in a world dealing with the consequences of the previous game's events. Regardless of the choice made by Adam at the end of ''Human Revolution'', the Illuminati have twisted his message and augmented individuals are now persecuted and feared. A disillusioned Adam now works with an international taskforce (hinted to be a precursor to UNATCO in ''Deus Ex'') designed to stop the rising wave of terrorism brought on by the disenfranchised and desperate augmented while working to uncover the perpetrators of the events that led to the current state of the world.

==Gameplay==
A unifying element across the series is the combination of gameplay styles from several different genres, including RPGs, shooters and adventure games.<ref name="gamasutra">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3114/postmortem_ion_storms_deus_ex.php |last=Spector |first=Warren |title=Postmortem: Ion Storm's ''Deus Ex'' |date=2000-12-06 |work=[[Gamasutra]] |accessdate=July 24, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=gamepro>{{cite web | date=2003-09-17 | url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/31099.shtml | title=Interview with Harvey Smith | work=[[GamePro]] | accessdate=May 25, 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040315231729/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/31099.shtml|archivedate=2004-03-15}}</ref><ref name='bonusweb.idnes.cz'>{{cite web | first = David | last = Sillmen | title = Deus Ex 3 – do sveta kyberpunku a renesance | trans_title = Deus Ex 3 - a world of cyberpunk and Renaissance | date = 2008-11-24 | publisher = [[iDNES]] | url = http://bonusweb.idnes.cz/pc/preview/deus-ex-3-do-sveta-kyberpunku-a-renesance-fdz-/clanek.A081121_101032_bw-pc-preview_das.idn | work = Bonusweb |accessdate=2008-11-24 | language = Czech }}</ref> Role-playing elements are mostly linked to augmenting the character in a specific way, spending skill points to create characters that can be focused either on stealth or combat, or a balance of the two.<ref name="kierongillen">{{cite web |first=Kieron |last=Gillen |authorlink=Kieron Gillen |year=2005 |title=Kieron Gillen's Workblog |url=http://gillen.cream.org/wordpress_html/assorted-essays/deus-ex/ |accessdate=October 13, 2006}}</ref> Player choice is a key feature of the series, with the actions of the player character affecting both the world around them and the way NPCs react to the character: depending which faction they belong to, NPCs might praise and be helpful, chastise, ignore, or even attack them.<ref name="gamasutra"/> This emphasis on player choice is most evident in ''Invisible War'', where players can choose the gender and skin color of the main character before starting, and have the option of running quests for and allying with four possible factions within the game.<ref name=newgun>{{cite web | first=Wagner | last=James Au | url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/play.html?pg=7 | title=New Gun in Town |date=December 2003 | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | accessdate=May 21, 2007 }}</ref>

==Development history==
The original ''Deus Ex'' was conceived in 1995 by [[Warren Spector]] in 1994 under the working title ''Troubleshooter''.<ref name="nuwen1">{{cite web |url=http://nuwen.net/dx.html#postmortem |title=Deus Ex - nuwen.net |accessdate=2007-07-27 |last=Spector |first=Warren |date=2000-12-06}}</ref> The main drive behind ''Deus Ex'' was Warren's growing dislike for straight fantasy or sci-fi video games, and the want to create something new and different.<ref name="GameSlice1">{{cite web |url=http://www.gameslice.com/features/spector/index.shtml |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071018115146/http://gameslice.com/features/spector/index.shtml |archivedate=2007-10-18 |title=A Spector Haunts Gaming |accessdate=2007-10-23 |last=James Wu |first=Wagner |year=2000 |work=GameSlice }}</ref> In an interview, he stated that he wanted to emulate the immersive playing styles of games like ''[[Ultima Underworld]]'', and eventually, after being rejected by [[Origin Systems]], the company he was working with at the time, and [[Looking Glass Studios]], Spector's project was picked up by Ion Storm, who, according to Spector, asked him to "make the game of [his] dreams".<ref name="PCZoneWS">{{cite news |first=Jamie |last=Sefton |title=PC Zone votes Deus Ex the best PC game ever! |date=2007-04-26 |publisher=[[PC Zone]] |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/162842/pc-zone-votes-deus-ex-the-best-pc-game-ever/?site=pcz |work=[[PC Zone]] |pages= |accessdate=2007-11-07 }}</ref> The title ''Deus Ex'' was meant to both represent aspects of the plot in the game and to poke fun at the design techniques that were prevalent in the majority of games at the time.<ref name= "Title origins">{{cite web |url=http://www.rpgfan.com/archive/1998/06.html |title=Deus Ex Interview! |work=Rpgfan |author=Webber |accessdate=December 20, 2006}}</ref> The second game in the series, ''Invisible War'', was first unveiled at E3 2002.<ref name="E3DXiw">{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2002/05/20/e3-2002-deus-ex-2|title=E3 2002: Deus Ex 2|author=Dan Adams|publisher=IGN|date=May 20, 2002|accessdate=May 10, 2013}}</ref> For this game, the designers chose to allow the players to choose which sex their player character would be, an idea conceived for the original game.<ref name="ignvisible">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/02/18/dx-visible-interview |title=DX: Visible Interview |accessdate=September 28, 2006 |author=Butts, Stephan |work=[http://www.ign.com/ IGN] |date=2003-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deusexgaming.com/articles/interviews/ws2 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928000812/http://www.deusexgaming.com/articles/interviews/ws2 |archivedate=2007-09-28 |title=Warren Spector Interview - Q11 - 20 |publisher=DeuxExGaming.com |accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> After the release of ''Invisible War'', both Harvey Smith, the main designer for ''Deus Ex'', and Spector left Ion Storm in 2004, with the former citing health problems<ref name="GSinterview">{{cite web|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/qanda-invisible-wars-harvey-smith-6092978|title=Q&A: Invisible War's Harvey Smith|author=Curt Feldman|publisher=Gamspot|date=April 6, 2004|accessdate=May 10, 2013}}</ref> and the latter saying he wished to pursue his own projects.<ref name="SpectorDeparture">{{cite web|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/warren-spector-exits-eidos-6112661|title=Warren Spector exits Eidos|author=Tor Thorsen|publisher=Gamespot|date=November 8, 2004|accessdate=May 10, 2013}}</ref> Later, because of restructuring at Eidos Interactive, Ion Storm was closed down the following year.<ref name="IonClosure">{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2005/02/10/ion-storm-closes|title=Ion Storm Closes|author=Devid Adams|publisher=IGN|date=February 10, 2005|accessdate=May 10, 2013}}</ref> A multiplayer-focused third game titled ''Deus Ex: Clan Wars'' was originally being made at Crystal Dynamics, but because of the commercial underperformance of ''Invisible War'', it was distanced from the ''Deux Ex'' series and renamed ''[[Project Snowblind]]''.<ref name="SnowblindDE">{{cite web|author=Thorsen, Tor|date=2004-06-16|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/snowblind/news.html?sid=6100820|title=Snowblind was Deus Ex: Clan Wars|publisher=gamespot.com|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> ''Human Revolution'' was announced in 2007 under the working title ''Deus Ex 3''.<ref name='pcz-2008preview'>{{cite web|author=Robinson, Andy|title=Deus Ex 3: First Details|date=October 4, 2008|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=198546|work=[[PC Zone]]|accessdate=October 4, 2008}}</ref> The game's creation was handled by Eidos Montreal and the developer's parent company Square Enix, whose Visual Works department created the CG movies for the game.<ref name='bittech-2009squenix'>{{cite news | last = Martin | first = Joe | title = Deus Ex 3 is Eidos and Square Enix joint effort | date = November 25, 2009 | publisher = [[bit-tech]] | url = http://www.bit-tech.net/news/gaming/2009/11/25/deus-ex-3-is-eidos-and-square-enix-joint-ef/1 | accessdate=2009-11-25 }}</ref> The game became the first entry in the series to receive DLC in the form of ''The Missing Link'', an extra episode designed to fill a narrative gap in the game.<ref>[http://www.vg247.com/2010/08/18/eidos-montreal-confirms-dlc-plans-for-deus-ex-human-revolution/ Eidos Montreal confirms downloadable content plans for Deus Ex: Human Revolution] Johnny Cullen, VG247.com. Last accessed August 18, 2010.</ref> In 2013, a new title was created for iPhone and iPad. Titled ''The Fall'' and set within ''Human Revolution''{{'}}s timeframe, the game was created by the previous game's core team and a team from mobile phone developer N-Fusion.<ref name= "TFdetails">{{Cite news |url=http://www.siliconera.com/2013/06/11/eidos-montreal-tells-us-all-about-deus-ex-the-fall/ |title=Eidos Montreal Tells Us All About Deus Ex: The Fall |publisher=Siliconera |date=2013-06-11 |accessdate=2013-07-09}}</ref> In October 2013, Eidos Montreal announced that they were working on another title in the series for PC and next-gen platforms, and that it would be the first part of a larger, transmedia project called ''Deus Ex: Universe''.<ref name="DeusExNextGen"/><ref name="DeusExUniverse"/>

==Related media==
[[CBS Films]] has acquired screen rights to ''Deus Ex'', after Eidos was purchased by Square Enix.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming |first=Mike |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/07/cbs-films-targets-deus-ex-vidgame-for-feature/ |title=CBS Films Targets ‘Deus Ex’ Video Game For Feature |publisher=Deadline.com |accessdate=2013-01-07}}</ref> An announcement was made for a film adaptation of ''[[Deus Ex: Human Revolution]]'' in July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/07/10/deus-ex-movie-in-the-works |title=Deus Ex Movie in the Works |accessdate=September 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/07/cbs-films-targets-deus-ex-vidgame-for-feature/ |title=CBS Films Targets ‘Deus Ex’ Video Game For Feature |accessdate=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

''Human Revolution'' inspired a tie-in comic book, a spin-off novel,<ref>{{cite web|title=Deus Ex; Icarus Effect at Amazon| url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Deus-Ex-The-Icarus-Effect/dp/0857681605|publisher=[[Amazon.co.uk]]|accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref> and action figures.<ref name=Figures>{{cite web|author=Poe, Heidi |url=http://gameswag.com/2011/08/deus-ex-human-revolution-play-arts-kai-action-figures-released/ |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Play Arts Kai Action Figures Released |publisher=Game Swag |date=2011-08-27 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> Alongside the announcement of a next-gen entry in the franchise, Eidos Montreal announced ''Deus Ex: Universe'', a multimedial project involving video games across all platforms, books, graphic novels and other unspecified mediums.<ref name="DeusExNextGen"/>

==Reception==
{{VG Series Reviews
| updated = June 21, 2015
| game1 = [[Deus Ex]]
| gr1 = (PC) 91.03%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/250533-deus-ex/index.html |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |title=''Deus Ex'' Reviews |accessdate=February 7, 2015}}</ref> (PS2) 82.97%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/516499-deus-ex-the-conspiracy/index.html |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |title=''Deus Ex: The Conspiracy'' Reviews |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| mc1 = (PC) 90<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/deus-ex |title=''Deus Ex'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=February 7, 2015}}</ref> (PS2) 81<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/deus-ex-the-conspiracy |title=''Deus Ex: The Conspiracy'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| game2 = [[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]
| gr2 = (Xbox) 85.36%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox/561456-deus-ex-invisible-war/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PC) 83.65%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/528588-deus-ex-invisible-war/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' Reviews |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| mc2 = (Xbox) 84<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox/deus-ex-invisible-war |title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PC) 80<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/deus-ex-invisible-war |title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| game3 = [[Deus Ex: Human Revolution]]
| gr3 = (PC) 90.19%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/944090-deus-ex-human-revolution/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PS3) 89.89%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/944088-deus-ex-human-revolution/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (X360) 89.57%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/944089-deus-ex-human-revolution/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (WIIU) 89.30%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/wii-u/707853-deus-ex-human-revolution-directors-cut/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution - Director's Cut'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| mc3 = (PC) 90<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/deus-ex-human-revolution |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PS3) 89<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/deus-ex-human-revolution |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (X360) 89<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/deus-ex-human-revolution |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (WIIU) 88<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/wii-u/deus-ex-human-revolution---directors-cut |title=''Deus Ex: Human Revolution - Director's Cut'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| game4 = [[Deus Ex: The Fall]]
| gr4 = (iOS) 70.06%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/iphone/717915-deus-ex-the-fall/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: The Fall'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PC) 43.78%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/764714-deus-ex-the-fall/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: The fall'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| mc4 = (iOS) 69<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/deus-ex-the-fall |title=''Deus Ex: The Fall'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PC) 45<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/deus-ex-the-fall |title=''Deus Ex: The Fall'' Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| game5 = [[Deus Ex: Mankind Divided]]
| gr5 = (PC) -<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/142236-deus-ex-mankind-divided/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Mankind Divided'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (PS4) -<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/ps4/142234-deus-ex-mankind-divided/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Mankind Divided'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref> (XONE) -<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/xboxone/142235-deus-ex-mankind-divided/index.html |title=''Deus Ex: Mankind Divided'' Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=June 21, 2015}}</ref>
| mc5 = (PC) - (PS4) - (XONE) -
}}

Overall, the ''Deus Ex'' series has received critical acclaim reception, with its storylines and freedom of choice being the main point of praise. The first game won multiple awards from various video game publications,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/deus-ex/cover-art/gameCoverId,13891/ |title=Deus Ex: Invisible War PS2 Back cover |work=EIDOS Interactive}}</ref> and was lauded by critics at the time, although its graphics came in for some criticism.<ref name="GameProDERev">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/6030.shtml |title=Deus Ex for PC on GamePro.com |accessdate=2007-11-07 |last=Patterson |first=Chris |work=[[GamePro]] |publisher=[[GamePro]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110607145334/http://www.gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/6030.shtml|archivedate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref name="IGNDERev">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/06/28/deus-ex-3 |title=Deus Ex Review |accessdate=2007-11-06 |last=Blevins |first=Tal |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN }}</ref><ref name="adrenalinevaultDE">{{cite web |url=http://www.avault.com/reviews/pc/deus-ex-pc-review/ |title=Deus Ex review |work=Adrenaline Vault |author=Harding, Chris |accessdate=December 18, 2006}}</ref> ''Invisible War'' was also well received, but did not enjoy the success of its predecessor, with many elements of its gameplay and story being targets for criticism, but many praising its branching gameplay and the high level of paths the player could take through the story.<ref name=pcgamer2IW>{{cite journal | title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' review | journal=[[PC Gamer]] | pages=81 |date=January 2004 }}</ref><ref name=egm>{{cite journal | journal=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] | title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' review | author=Fielder, Joe |author2=Intihar, Bryan |author3=Hsu, Dan |date=February 2004 | pages=124 }}</ref><ref name=xbm>{{cite journal | journal=[[Official Xbox Magazine]] | title=''Deus Ex: Invisible War'' review |date=December 2003 | pages=74 }}</ref><ref name=gi>{{cite journal | journal=[[Game Informer]] | author=Biessener, Adam | title=Choose, But Choose Wisely |date=January 2004 | pages=152 }}</ref> ''Human Revolution'' received high critical praise roughly equal to the first game, with many reviewers praising the open-ended nature of the game and the weight of social interaction on the outcome of events.<ref name=gamespot>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/deus-ex-human-revolution/review.html |title=''GameSpot'' review |publisher=Gamespot.com |date=2011-08-23 |accessdate=2011-08-27}}</ref><ref name="ign.com">{{cite web|url= http://pc.ign.com/articles/118/1189621p2.html |title=Deus Ex: Human Revolution Review |publisher=Ign.com |date=2011-08-23 |accessdate=2012-05-26}}</ref><ref name="oxm.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxm.co.uk/31917/worlds-first-deus-ex-xbox-360-review-in-new-oxm/ |title=World's first Deus Ex Xbox 360 review in new OXM |publisher=Oxm.co.uk |date=2011-07-30 |accessdate=2011-08-27}}</ref> Reviews for ''The Fall'' were slightly more mixed, with praise going to the game's attempt to bring the ''Deus Ex'' universe to a portable platform, but many other aspects coming in for both praise and criticism. The PC version was criticized for being a bad mobile-to-computer port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-07-08-deus-ex-the-fall-review|title=Deus Ex: The Fall review|author=Christian Donlan|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|date=10 July 2013|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2013/07/10/deus-ex-the-fall-review|title=Deus Ex: The Fall Review|author=Justin Davis|publisher=IGN|date=July 10, 2013|accessdate=July 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://toucharcade.com/2013/07/10/deus-ex-the-fall-review-console-gaming-stuffed-into-a-mobile-package/|title='Deus Ex: The Fall' Review - Console Gaming Stuffed into a Mobile Package|author=Jared Nelson|publisher=Touch Arcade|date=June 10, 2013|accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/review/a496775/deus-ex-the-fall-review-iphone-a-faithful-but-broken-spin-off.html|title='Deus Ex: The Fall' review (iPhone): A faithful but broken spin-off|author=Scott Nichols|publisher=Digital Spy|date=11 June 2013|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=sales}}

==See also==
* [[List of Square Enix franchises]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official|https://www.deusex.com}}

{{Deus Ex}}
{{Square Enix franchises}}
[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk video games]]
[[Category:Cyborg video games]]
[[Category:Deus Ex| ]]
[[Category:Dystopian video games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Genetic engineering in fiction]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Stealth video games]]
[[Category:Video game franchises introduced in 2000]]

Talk:Demetrius (Shakespeare)

2015-04-23T12:53:04Z

194.103.240.26:

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Shakespeare|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Literature|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Fictional characters|class=Start}}
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==Untitled==
Surely Puck puts the love potion into '''Lysander's''' eyes by mistake?
[[Special:Contributions/87.113.128.195|87.113.128.195]] ([[User talk:87.113.128.195|talk]]) 03:02, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

It is misleading that an article called Demetrius_(Shakespeare) only refers to Midsummer Night's Dream, considering Titus Andronicus also features a Demetrius.

Program optimization

2015-02-17T09:16:01Z

194.103.240.26: The quote was incomplete

In [[computer science]], '''program optimization''' or '''software optimization''' is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more [[algorithmic efficiency|efficiently]] or use fewer resources.<ref>[[Robert Sedgewick (computer scientist)|Robert Sedgewick]], ''Algorithms'', 1984, p. 84</ref> In general, a [[computer program]] may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or is capable of operating with less [[Computer data storage|memory storage]] or other resources, or draw less power.

==General==
Although the word "optimization" shares the same root as "optimal", it is rare for the process of optimization to produce a truly optimal system. The optimized system will typically only be optimal in one application or for one audience. One might reduce the amount of time that a program takes to perform some task at the price of making it consume more memory. In an application where memory space is at a premium, one might deliberately choose a slower [[algorithm]] in order to use less memory. Often there is no "one size fits all" design which works well in all cases, so [[engineer]]s make [[trade-off]]s to optimize the attributes of greatest interest. Additionally, the effort required to make a piece of software completely optimal — incapable of any further improvement — is almost always more than is reasonable for the benefits that would be accrued; so the process of optimization may be halted before a completely optimal solution has been reached. Fortunately, it is often the case that the greatest improvements come early in the process.

==Levels of optimization==
Optimization can occur at a number of levels. Typically the higher levels have greater impact, and are harder to change later on in a project, requiring significant changes or a complete rewrite if they need to be changed. Thus optimization can typically proceed via refinement from higher to lower, with initial gains being larger and achieved with less work, and later gains being smaller and requiring more work. However, in some cases overall performance depends on performance of very low-level portions of a program, and small changes at a late stage or early consideration of low-level details can have outsized impact. Typically some consideration is given to efficiency throughout a project – though this varies significantly – but major optimization is often considered a refinement to be done late, if ever. On longer-running projects there are typically cycles of optimization, where improving one area reveals limitations in another, and these are typically curtailed when performance is acceptable or gains become too small or costly.

As performance is part of the specification of a program – a program that is unusably slow is not fit for purpose: a video game with 60 Hz (frames-per-second) is acceptable, but 6 fps is unacceptably choppy – performance is a consideration from the start, to ensure that the system is able to deliver sufficient performance, and early prototypes need to have roughly acceptable performance for there to be confidence that the final system will (with optimization) achieve acceptable performance. This is sometimes omitted in the belief that optimization can always be done later, resulting in prototype systems that are far too slow – often by an order of magnitude (factor of 10×) or more – and systems that ultimately are failures because they architecturally cannot achieve their performance goals, such as the [[Intel 432]] (1981); or ones that take years of work to achieve acceptable performance, such as Java (1995), which only achieved acceptable performance with [[HotSpot]] (1999). The degree to which performance changes between prototype and production system, and how amenable it is to optimization, can be a significant source of uncertainty and risk.

* '''Design level'''
At the highest level, the design may be optimized to make best use of the available resources, given goals, constraints, and expected use/load. The architectural design of a system overwhelmingly affects its performance. For example, a system that is network latency-bound (where network latency is the main constraint on overall performance) would be optimized to minimize network trips, ideally making a single request (or no requests, as in a [[push protocol]]) rather than multiple roundtrips. Choice of design depends on the goals: when designing a [[compiler]], if fast compilation is the key priority, a [[one-pass compiler]] is faster than a [[multi-pass compiler]] (assuming same work), but if speed of output code is the goal, a slower multi-pass compiler fulfills the goal better, even though it takes longer itself. Choice of platform and programming language occur at this level, and changing them frequently requires a complete rewrite, though a modular system may allow rewrite of only some component – for example, a Python program may rewrite performance-critical sections in C. In a distributed system, choice of architecture (client-server, peer-to-peer, etc.) occurs at the design level, and may be difficult to change, particularly if all components cannot be replaced in sync (e.g., old clients).

* '''Algorithms and data structures'''
Given an overall design, a good choice of [[algorithmic efficiency|efficient algorithms]] and [[data structure]]s, and efficient implementation of these algorithms and data structures comes next. After design, the choice of [[algorithm]]s and data structures affects efficiency more than any other aspect of the program. Generally data structures are more difficult to change than algorithms, as a data structure assumption and its performance assumptions are used throughout the program, though this can be minimized by the use of abstract data types in function definitions, and keeping the concrete data structure definitions restricted to a few places.

For algorithms, this primarily consists of ensuring that algorithms are constant O(1), logarithmic O(log ''n''), linear O(''n''), or in some cases log-linear O(''n'' log ''n'') in the input (both in space and time). Algorithms with quadratic complexity O(''n''2) fail to scale, and even linear algorithms cause problems if repeatedly called, and are typically replaced with constant or logarithmic if possible.

Beyond asymptotic order of growth, the constant factors matter: an asymptotically slower algorithm may be faster or smaller (because simpler) than an asymptotically faster algorithm when they are both faced with small input, which may be the case that occurs in reality. Often a [[hybrid algorithm]] will provide the best performance, due to this tradeoff changing with size.

A general technique to improve performance is to avoid work. A good example is the use of a [[fast path]] for common cases, improving performance by avoiding unnecessary work. For example, using a simple text layout algorithm for Latin text, only switching to a complex layout algorithm for complex scripts, such as [[Devanagari]]. Another important technique is caching, particularly [[memoization]], which avoids redundant computations. Because of the importance of caching, there are often many levels of caching in a system, which can cause problems from memory use, and correctness issues from stale caches.

* '''Source code level'''
Beyond general algorithms and their implementation on an abstract machine, concrete source code level choices can make a significant difference. For example, on early C compilers, <code>while(1)</code> was slower than <code>for(;;)</code> for an unconditional loop, because <code>while(1)</code> evaluated 1 and then had a conditional jump which tested if it was true, while <code>for (;;)</code> had an unconditional jump . Some optimizations (such as this one) can nowadays be performed by [[optimizing compiler]]s. This depends on the source language, the target machine language, and the compiler, and can be both difficult to understand or predict and changes over time; this is a key place where understanding of compilers and machine code can improve performance. [[Loop-invariant code motion]] and [[return value optimization]] are examples of optimizations that reduce the need for auxiliary variables and can even result in faster performance by avoiding round-about optimizations.

* '''Build level'''
Between the source and compile level, [[Directive (programming)|directives]] and [[Build automation|build flags]] can be used to tune performance options in the source code and compiler respectively, such as using [[preprocessor]] defines to disable unneeded software features, optimizing for specific processor models or hardware capabilities, or predicting branching, for instance. Source-based software distribution systems such as [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]]'s [[Ports collection|Ports]] and [[Gentoo Linux|Gentoo]]'s [[Portage (software)|Portage]] can take advantage of this form of optimization.

* '''Compile level'''
Use of an [[optimizing compiler]] tends to ensure that the [[executable program]] is optimized at least as much as the compiler can predict.

* '''Assembly level'''
At the lowest level, writing code using an [[assembly language]], designed for a particular hardware platform can produce the most efficient and compact code if the programmer takes advantage of the full repertoire of [[machine instruction]]s. Many [[operating system]]s used on [[embedded system]]s have been traditionally written in assembler code for this reason. Programs (other than very small programs) are seldom written from start to finish in assembly due to the time and cost involved. Most are compiled down from a high level language to assembly and hand optimized from there. When efficiency and size are less important large parts may be written in a high-level language.

With more modern [[optimizing compiler]]s and the greater complexity of recent [[CPU]]s, it is harder to write more efficient code than what the compiler generates, and few projects need this "ultimate" optimization step.

Much code written today is intended to run on as many machines as possible. As a consequence, programmers and compilers don't always take advantage of the more efficient instructions provided by newer CPUs or quirks of older models. Additionally, assembly code tuned for a particular processor without using such instructions might still be suboptimal on a different processor, expecting a different tuning of the code.

Typically today rather than writing in assembly language, programmers will use a [[disassembler]] to analyze the output of a compiler and change the high-level source code so that it can be compiled more efficiently, or understand why it is inefficient.

* '''Run time'''
[[Just-in-time compilation|Just-in-time]] compilers can produce customized machine code based on run-time data, at the cost of compilation overhead. This technique dates to the earliest [[regular expression]] engines, and has become widespread with Java HotSpot and V8 for JavaScript. In some cases [[adaptive optimization]] may be able to perform [[Run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time]] optimization exceeding the capability of static compilers by dynamically adjusting parameters according to the actual input or other factors.

[[Profile-guided optimization]] is an ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation optimization technique based on runtime profiles, and is similar to a static "average case" analog of the dynamic technique of adaptive optimization.

[[Self-modifying code]] can alter itself in response to run time conditions in order to optimize code; this was more common in assembly language programs.

Some [[CPU design]]s can perform some optimizations at runtime. Some examples include [[Out-of-order execution]], [[Speculative execution]], [[Instruction pipeline]]s, and [[Branch predictor]]s. Compilers can help the program take advantage of these CPU features, for example through [[instruction scheduling]].

===Platform dependent and independent optimizations===
Code optimization can be also broadly categorized as [[computer platform|platform]]-dependent and platform-independent techniques. While the latter ones are effective on most or all platforms, platform-dependent techniques use specific properties of one platform, or rely on parameters depending on the single platform or even on the single processor. Writing or producing different versions of the same code for different processors might therefore be needed. For instance, in the case of compile-level optimization, platform-independent techniques are generic techniques (such as [[loop unwinding|loop unrolling]], reduction in function calls, memory efficient routines, reduction in conditions, etc.), that impact most CPU architectures in a similar way. Generally, these serve to reduce the total [[instruction path length]] required to complete the program and/or reduce total memory usage during the process. On the other hand, platform-dependent techniques involve instruction scheduling, instruction-level parallelism, data-level parallelism, cache optimization techniques (i.e., parameters that differ among various platforms) and the optimal instruction scheduling might be different even on different processors of the same architecture.

==Trade-offs==
In some cases, however, optimization relies on using more elaborate algorithms, making use of "special cases" and special "tricks" and performing complex trade-offs. A "fully optimized" program might be more difficult to comprehend and hence may contain more [[software bug|faults]] than unoptimized versions. Beyond eliminating obvious antipatterns, some code level optimizations decrease maintainability.

==Strength reduction==
Computational tasks can be performed in several different ways with varying efficiency. A more efficient version with equivalent functionality is known as a [[strength reduction]]. For example, consider the following [[C (programming language)|C]] code snippet whose intention is to obtain the sum of all integers from 1 to N:

<source lang="C">
int i, sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= N; ++i) {
sum += i;
}
printf("sum: %d\n", sum);
</source>

This code can (assuming no [[arithmetic overflow]]) be rewritten using a mathematical formula like:

<source lang="C">
int sum = N * (1 + N) / 2;
printf("sum: %d\n", sum);
</source>

The optimization, sometimes performed automatically by an optimizing compiler, is to select a method ([[algorithm]]) that is more computationally efficient, while retaining the same functionality. See [[algorithmic efficiency]] for a discussion of some of these techniques. However, a significant improvement in performance can often be achieved by removing extraneous functionality.

Optimization is not always an obvious or intuitive process. In the example above, the "optimized" version might actually be slower than the original version if N were sufficiently small and the particular hardware happens to be much faster at performing addition and [[Loop (computing)#Loops|loop]]ing operations than multiplication and division.

=={{Visible anchor|Trade-offs}}==
Optimization will generally focus on improving just one or two aspects of performance: execution time, memory usage, disk space, bandwidth, power consumption or some other resource. This will usually require a trade-off — where one factor is optimized at the expense of others. For example, increasing the size of [[cache (computing)|cache]] improves runtime performance, but also increases the memory consumption. Other common trade-offs include code clarity and conciseness.

There are instances where the programmer performing the optimization must decide to make the software better for some operations but at the cost of making other operations less efficient. These trade-offs may sometimes be of a non-technical nature — such as when a competitor has published a [[Benchmark (computing)|benchmark]] result that must be beaten in order to improve commercial success but comes perhaps with the burden of making normal usage of the software less efficient. Such changes are sometimes jokingly referred to as ''pessimizations''.

==Bottlenecks==
Optimization may include finding a [[Bottleneck (engineering)|bottleneck]] in a system – a component that is the limiting factor on performance. In terms of code, this will often be a [[Hot spot (computer science)|hot spot]] – a critical part of the code that is the primary consumer of the needed resource – though it can be another factor, such as I/O latency or network bandwidth.

In computer science, resource consumption often follows a form of [[power law]] distribution, and the [[Pareto principle]] can be applied to resource optimization by observing that 80% of the resources are typically used by 20% of the operations.<ref>{{cite book | last = Wescott | first = Bob | title = The Every Computer Performance Book, Chapter 3: Useful laws | url= http://www.amazon.com/Every-Computer-Performance-Book-Computers/dp/1482657759/ | publisher = [[CreateSpace]] | date = 2013 | isbn = 1482657759}}</ref> In software engineering, it is often a better approximation that 90% of the execution time of a computer program is spent executing 10% of the code (known as the 90/10 law in this context).

More complex algorithms and data structures perform well with many items, while simple algorithms are more suitable for small amounts of data — the setup, initialization time, and constant factors of the more complex algorithm can outweigh the benefit, and thus a [[hybrid algorithm]] or [[adaptive algorithm]] may be faster than any single algorithm.

In some cases, adding more [[main memory|memory]] can help to make a program run faster. For example, a filtering program will commonly read each line and filter and output that line immediately. This only uses enough memory for one line, but performance is typically poor, due to the latency of each disk read. Performance can be greatly improved by reading the entire file then writing the filtered result, though this uses much more memory. Caching the result is similarly effective, though also requiring larger memory use.

==When to optimize==


Optimization can reduce [[readability]] and add code that is used only to improve the [[Computer performance|performance]]. This may complicate programs or systems, making them harder to maintain and debug. As a result, optimization or performance tuning is often performed at the end of the [[development stage]].

[[Donald Knuth]] made the following two statements on optimization:

<blockquote>"We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil. Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%"<ref name="autogenerated268">{{cite journal | last = Knuth | first = Donald | id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.103.6084}} | title = Structured Programming with go to Statements | journal = ACM Journal '''Computing Surveys''' | volume = 6 | issue = 4 |date=December 1974 | page = 268 }}</ref></blockquote>
:(He also attributed the quote to [[Tony Hoare]] several years later,<ref>''The Errors of Tex'', in ''Software—Practice & Experience'', Volume 19, Issue 7 (July 1989), pp. 607–685, reprinted in his book Literate Programming (p. 276)</ref> although this might have been an error as Hoare disclaims having coined the phrase.<ref>[http://hans.gerwitz.com/2004/08/12/premature-optimization-is-the-root-of-all-evil.html Tony Hoare, a 2004 email]</ref>)
<blockquote> "In established engineering disciplines a 12% improvement, easily obtained, is never considered marginal and I believe the same viewpoint should prevail in software engineering"<ref name="autogenerated268"/></blockquote>

"Premature optimization" is a phrase used to describe a situation where a programmer lets performance considerations affect the design of a piece of code. This can result in a design that is not as clean as it could have been or code that is incorrect, because the code is complicated by the optimization and the programmer is distracted by optimizing.

When deciding whether to optimize a specific part of the program, [[Amdahl's Law]] should always be considered: the impact on the overall program depends very much on how much time is actually spent in that specific part, which is not always clear from looking at the code without a [[Profiling (computer programming)|performance analysis]].

A better approach is therefore to design first, code from the design and then [[profiling (computer programming)|profile]]/[[Benchmark (computing)|benchmark]] the resulting code to see which parts should be optimized. A simple and elegant design is often easier to optimize at this stage, and profiling may reveal unexpected performance problems that would not have been addressed by premature optimization.

In practice, it is often necessary to keep performance goals in mind when first designing software, but the programmer balances the goals of design and optimization.

==Macros==
Optimization during code development using [[Macro (computer science)|macros]] takes on different forms in different languages.

In some procedural languages, such as [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]], macros are implemented using token substitution. Nowadays, [[inline function]]s can be used as a [[type safe]] alternative in many cases. In both cases, the inlined function body can then undergo further compile-time optimizations by the compiler, including [[constant folding]], which may move some computations to compile time.

In many [[functional programming]] languages macros are implemented using parse-time substitution of parse trees/abstract syntax trees, which it is claimed makes them safer to use. Since in many cases interpretation is used, that is one way to ensure that such computations are only performed at parse-time, and sometimes the only way.

[[Lisp programming language|Lisp]] originated this style of macro,{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} and such macros are often called "Lisp-like macros." A similar effect can be achieved by using [[template metaprogramming]] in [[C++]].

In both cases, work is moved to compile-time. The difference between [[C (programming language)|C]] macros on one side, and Lisp-like macros and [[C++]] [[template metaprogramming]] on the other side, is that the latter tools allow performing arbitrary computations at compile-time/parse-time, while expansion of [[C (programming language)|C]] macros does not perform any computation, and relies on the optimizer ability to perform it. Additionally, [[C (programming language)|C]] macros do not directly support [[recursion (computer science)|recursion]] or [[iteration]], so are not [[Turing complete]].

As with any optimization, however, it is often difficult to predict where such tools will have the most impact before a project is complete.

==Automated and manual optimization==
{{Main|Optimizing compiler}}
''See also [[:Category:Compiler optimizations]]''

Optimization can be automated by compilers or performed by programmers. Gains are usually limited for local optimization, and larger for global optimizations. Usually, the most powerful optimization is to find a superior [[algorithm]].

Optimizing a whole system is usually undertaken by programmers because it is too complex for automated optimizers. In this situation, programmers or system administrators explicitly change code so that the overall system performs better. Although it can produce better efficiency, it is far more expensive than automated optimizations.

Use a [[Profiler (computer science)|profiler]] (or [[Profiling (computer programming)|performance analyzer]]) to find the sections of the program that are taking the most resources — the ''bottleneck''. Programmers sometimes believe they have a clear idea of where the bottleneck is, but intuition is frequently wrong.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Optimizing an unimportant piece of code will typically do little to help the overall performance.

When the bottleneck is localized, optimization usually starts with a rethinking of the algorithm used in the program. More often than not, a particular algorithm can be specifically tailored to a particular problem, yielding better performance than a generic algorithm. For example, the task of sorting a huge list of items is usually done with a [[quicksort]] routine, which is one of the most efficient generic algorithms. But if some characteristic of the items is exploitable (for example, they are already arranged in some particular order), a different method can be used, or even a custom-made sort routine.

After the programmer is reasonably sure that the best algorithm is selected, code optimization can start. Loops can be unrolled (for lower loop overhead, although this can often lead to ''lower'' speed if it overloads the [[CPU cache]]), data types as small as possible can be used, integer arithmetic can be used instead of floating-point, and so on. (See [[algorithmic efficiency]] article for these and other techniques.)

Performance bottlenecks can be due to language limitations rather than algorithms or data structures used in the program. Sometimes, a critical part of the program can be re-written in a different [[programming language]] that gives more direct access to the underlying machine. For example, it is common for very [[High-level programming language|high-level]] languages like [[Python (programming language)|Python]] to have modules written in [[C (programming language)|C]] for greater speed. Programs already written in C can have modules written in [[assembly language|assembly]]. Programs written in [[D programming language|D]] can use the [[inline assembler]].

Rewriting sections "pays off" in these circumstances because of a general "[[rule of thumb]]" known as the [[90/10 law]], which states that 90% of the time is spent in 10% of the code, and only 10% of the time in the remaining 90% of the code. So, putting intellectual effort into optimizing just a small part of the program can have a huge effect on the overall speed — if the correct part(s) can be located.

Manual optimization sometimes has the side effect of undermining readability. Thus code optimizations should be carefully documented (preferably using in-line comments), and their effect on future development evaluated.

The program that performs an automated optimization is called an '''optimizer'''. Most optimizers are embedded in compilers and operate during compilation. Optimizers can often tailor the generated code to specific processors.

Today, automated optimizations are almost exclusively limited to [[compiler optimization]]. However, because compiler optimizations are usually limited to a fixed set of rather general optimizations, there is considerable demand for optimizers which can accept descriptions of problem and language-specific optimizations, allowing an engineer to specify custom optimizations. Tools that accept descriptions of optimizations are called [[program transformation]] systems and are beginning to be applied to real software systems such as C++.

Some high-level languages ([[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[Esterel]]) optimize their programs by using an [[intermediate language]].

[[Grid computing]] or [[distributed computing]] aims to optimize the whole system, by moving tasks from computers with high usage to computers with idle time.

==Time taken for optimization==
Sometimes, the time taken to undertake optimization therein itself may be an issue.

Optimizing existing code usually does not add new features, and worse, it might add new [[Software bug|bugs]] in previously working code (as any change might). Because manually optimized code might sometimes have less "readability" than unoptimized code, optimization might impact maintainability of it as well. Optimization comes at a price and it is important to be sure that the investment is worthwhile.

An automatic optimizer (or [[optimizing compiler]], a program that performs code optimization) may itself have to be optimized, either to further improve the efficiency of its target programs or else speed up its own operation. A compilation performed with optimization "turned on" usually takes longer, although this is usually only a problem when programs are quite large.

In particular, for [[just-in-time compiler]]s the performance of the [[Run time environment|run time]] compile component, executing together with its target code, is the key to improving overall execution speed.

==Quotes==
* ''"The order in which the operations shall be performed in every particular case is a very interesting and curious question, on which our space does not permit us fully to enter. In almost every computation a great variety of arrangements for the succession of the processes is possible, and various considerations must influence the selection amongst them for the purposes of a Calculating Engine. One essential object is to choose that arrangement which shall tend to reduce to a minimum the time necessary for completing the calculation."'' — [[Ada Byron's notes on the analytical engine]] 1842.
* ''"More computing sins are committed in the name of efficiency (without necessarily achieving it) than for any other single reason — including blind stupidity."'' — [[W.A. Wulf]]
* ''"We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil. Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%. A good programmer will not be lulled into complacency by such reasoning, he will be wise to look carefully at the critical code; but only after that code has been identified"''<ref>[[Donald Knuth|Knuth, Donald]]: [http://pplab.snu.ac.kr/courses/adv_pl05/papers/p261-knuth.pdf Structured Programming with Goto Statements]. ''Computing Surveys'' '''6''':4 (1974), 261–301.</ref> — [[Donald Knuth]]
* ''"Bottlenecks occur in surprising places, so don't try to second guess and put in a speed hack until you have proven that's where the bottleneck is."'' — [[Rob Pike]]
* ''"The First Rule of Program Optimization: Don't do it. The Second Rule of Program Optimization (for experts only!): Don't do it yet."'' — [[Michael A. Jackson]]

==See also==
{{colbegin||22em}}
*[[Michael Abrash|Abrash Assembly Language Optimization]]
*[[Algorithmic efficiency]]
*[[Abstract interpretation]]
*[[Cache (computing)]]
*[[Control flow graph]]
*[[Lazy evaluation]]
*[[Loop optimization]]
*[[Low level virtual machine]]
*[[Memoization]]
*[[Memory locality]]
*[[Parallel computing|Parallel processing]]
*[[Profiling (computer programming)|Performance analysis]] (profiling)
*[[Performance tuning]]
*[[Queueing theory]]
*[[Short-circuit evaluation]]
*[[Computer simulation|Simulation]]
*[[Speculative execution]]
*[[SSA form]]
*[[Worst-case execution time]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Jon Bentley]]: ''Writing Efficient Programs'', ISBN 0-13-970251-2.
* [[Donald Knuth]]: ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]''
{{Refend}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Optimizing Code for Speed}}
* [http://www.agner.org/optimize/optimizing_cpp.pdf Optimizing software in C++]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080729033434/http://www.abarnett.demon.co.uk/tutorial.html C optimization tutorial]
* [http://www.research.scea.com/research/pdfs/GDC2003_Memory_Optimization_18Mar03.pdf Memory optimization] by Christer Ericson
* [http://www.agner.org/optimize/ Optimization manuals for the x86 and x86-64 family microprocessors]
* [http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~franzf/papers/gttse07.pdf How To Write Fast Numerical Code: A Small Introduction]
* [http://www.cs.arizona.edu/solar/ Software Optimization at Link-time And Run-time]
* Article "[http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/2.348001 A Plea for Lean Software]" by [[Niklaus Wirth]]
* [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CategoryOptimization Description from the Portland Pattern Repository]
* [http://www.daemon.be/maarten/ipperf.html Performance tuning of Computer Networks]
* [http://www.thinkingparallel.com/2006/08/07/my-views-on-high-level-optimization/ An article describing high-level optimization]
* [http://people.redhat.com/drepper/cpumemory.pdf "What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory"] by Ulrich Drepper — explains the structure of modern memory subsystems and suggests how to utilize them efficiently
*[http://icl.cs.utk.edu/~mucci/latest/pubs/Notur2009-new.pdf "Linux Multicore Performance Analysis and Optimization in a Nutshell"], presentation slides by Philip Mucci
* [http://www.azillionmonkeys.com/qed/optimize.html Programming Optimization] by Paul Hsieh
* [http://www.bixoft.nl/english/hyde.htm "Why learning assembler is still a good idea" By Randall Hyde]
* [http://www.new-npac.org/projects/cdroms/cewes-1999-06-vol1/nhse/hpccsurvey/orgs/sgi/bentley.html Writing efficient programs ("Bentley's Rules")] by [[Jon Bentley]]
* [http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/col/rose/2004/03/19/programmers_at_work/index1.html "Why software still stinks"] an article by [[Scott Rosenberg (journalist)|Scott Rosenberg]]
* [http://www.bitcortex.com/2009/05/25/in-defense-of-efficient-computing/ "In Defense of Efficient Computing" ] an article by Rod Furlan
* [http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1117403 "Performance Anti-Patterns" ] by Bart Smaalders

{{DEFAULTSORT:Program Optimization}}
[[Category:Software optimization|*]]
[[Category:Programming language topics]]

IPX/SPX

2014-11-27T14:24:43Z

194.103.240.26:

{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=July 2008}}
{{lead too short|date=April 2014}}
}}

'''IPX/SPX''' stands for '''Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange'''. IPX and SPX are [[networking protocol]]s used primarily on networks using the [[Novell]] [[NetWare]] [[operating systems]].

==Protocol layers==
IPX and SPX are derived from [[Xerox Network Systems]]' IDP and SPP protocols, respectively. IPX is a [[network layer]] protocol (layer 3 of the [[OSI Model]]), while SPX is a [[transport layer]] protocol (layer 4 of the OSI Model). The SPX layer sits on top of the IPX layer and provides connection-oriented services between two nodes on the network. SPX is used primarily by [[client–server]] applications.

IPX and SPX both provide connection services similar to [[TCP/IP]], with the IPX protocol having similarities to [[Internet Protocol|IP]], and SPX having similarities to [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]. IPX/SPX was primarily designed for [[local area network]]s (LANs), and is a very efficient protocol for this purpose (typically its performance exceeds that of TCP/IP on a LAN {{citation needed|date=June 2011}}). TCP/IP has, however, become the ''de facto'' standard protocol. This is in part due to its superior performance over [[wide area networks]] and the Internet (which uses TCP/IP exclusively), and also because TCP/IP is a more mature protocol{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}, designed specifically with this purpose in mind.

Despite the protocols' association with NetWare, they are neither required for NetWare communication (as of NetWare 5.x), nor exclusively used on NetWare networks. NetWare communication requires an [[NetWare Core Protocol|NCP]] implementation, which can use IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, or both, as a transport.

==Implementations==
Novell is largely responsible for the use of IPX as a popular computer networking protocol due to their dominance in the network operating system software market (with Novell Netware) from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s.

===DOS===
Novell's original NetWare client was written for [[DOS]]. Initial versions required a hard-linked protocol stack, where a separate executable would be created by the network administrator for each network card configuration on the network. This executable would be loaded at boot time, and remain resident in memory until the system was shut down. Later implementations allowed the network stack to be loaded and unloaded dynamically, using pre-existing modules. This greatly simplified maintenance of client workstations on the network.

IPX/SPX was the de facto standard for DOS-era multi-user network games.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/faqs/windows/win95/faq/part12/ Win95 FAQ Part 12 of 14: MS-DOS Games] top of question 12.9</ref> Many games' longevity were extended through tunneling programs like [[Kali (game browser)|Kali]] and [[Kahn (game browser)|Kahn]] which allowed them to be played over the internet instead of LAN-only.

===Windows===
Because of IPX/SPX's prevalence in LANs in the 1990s, Microsoft added support for the protocols into [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]' networking stack, starting with [[Windows for Workgroups]] and [[Windows NT]]. Microsoft even named their implementation "[[NWLink]]", implying that the inclusion of the layer 3/4 transports provided NetWare connectivity. In reality, the protocols were supported as a native transport for Windows' [[Server Message Block|SMB]]/[[NetBIOS]], and NetWare connectivity required additional installation of an [[NetWare Core Protocol|NCP]] client (Microsoft provided a basic NetWare client with [[Windows 95]] and later, but it was not automatically installed, and initially only supported NetWare bindery mode). NWLink was still provided with Windows (up to and including [[Windows Server 2003]]), but it is neither included with nor supported in [[Windows Vista]]. Its use is strongly discouraged because it cannot be used for Windows networking except as a transport for NetBIOS, which is deprecated.

For the most part, Novell's 32-bit Windows client software have eschewed NWLink for an alternative developed by Novell, although some versions permit use of Microsoft's IPX/SPX implementation (with warnings about potential incompatibility).

===Other===
For several years, Novell supplied a native NetWare client for [[OS/2]]. This was similar in structure to the client for DOS.

Novell also published an IPX client for [[Classic Mac OS]] called MacIPX.<ref>[http://www.primarycomputer.net/english/NW5/USCOMM/RTCN_ENU/DATA/HXUW8MXG.HTM] Some notes on MacIPX internetworking, formerly at [http://www.novell.com/documentation/nw5/docui/#../uscomm/rtcn_enu/data/hxuw8mxg.html]</ref> This was not only used by the Mac NetWare client, but also by games such as [[Doom (video game)|Doom]] and [[Warcraft III]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100820002451/http://us.blizzard.com/support/article.xml?locale=en_US&articleId=21196 Blizzard Support]. Web.archive.org (2010-08-20). Retrieved on 2013-09-27.</ref> for multiplayer play.

Implementations have been written for various flavors of [[Unix]]/[[Linux]], both by Novell and other vendors. In particular, Novell's [[UnixWare]] supported IPX/SPX natively. However, while UnixWare could act as a client to NetWare servers, and applications could optionally support IPX/SPX as a transport, UnixWare did not provide the ability to share files or printers on a NetWare network without an additional software package. [[Open Enterprise Server#OES-Linux|Open Enterprise Server - Linux]] does not support IPX/SPX.

The open source [[FreeBSD]] operating system includes an IPX/SPX stack, to support both a NetWare file system client, nwfs, as well as NetWare server using Mars NWE<ref>[http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/ports.cgi?query=mars_nwe&stype=all&sektion=all FreeBSD ports info on Mars NWE]</ref><ref>[http://www.freshports.org/net/mars_nwe/ Freshports info on Mars NWE]</ref> (providing some functionality<ref>[http://www.novell.com/documentation/suse91/suselinux-adminguide/html/ch17s03.html Novell's comments on Mars NWE]</ref>). [[OpenBSD]] dropped support with version 4.2,<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/plus42.html OpenBSD 4.2 changes]</ref><ref>[http://marc.info/?l=openbsd-cvs&m=118112463718127&w=2 Removal of IPX from OpenBSD]</ref> and 4.1 needed some work to compile with IPX.<ref>[http://software.itags.org/bsd/10745/ Berkeley Software Design (BSD): building kernel support with ipx fails] {{Dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref>

==Legacy==
IPX usage has declined in recent years as the rise of the Internet has made TCP/IP ubiquitous. Novell's initial attempt to support TCP/IP as a client protocol, called NetWare/IP, simply [[Tunneling protocol|"tunneled"]] IPX within IP packets, allowing NetWare clients and servers to communicate over pure TCP/IP networks. However, due to complex implementation, and a significant loss in performance due to the tunnelling overhead, NetWare/IP was largely ignored except as a mechanism to route IPX through TCP/IP-only routers and WAN links. NetWare 5.x introduced native support for [[NetWare Core Protocol|NCP]] over TCP/IP, which is now the preferred configuration. The successor to NetWare, [[Open Enterprise Server]], comes in two flavors: [[Open Enterprise Server#OES-NetWare|OES-NetWare]], which provides legacy support for IPX/SPX (deprecated), and [[Open Enterprise Server#OES-Linux|OES-Linux]], which only supports TCP/IP.

Both Microsoft and Novell have provided support (through Proxy Server/[[Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server|ISA Server]] and [[BorderManager]], respectively) for IPX/SPX as an intranet protocol to communicate through a [[Firewall (networking)|firewall]]. This allows a machine using client software to access the Internet without having TCP/IP installed locally; the client software emulates a native TCP/IP stack and provides WinSock support for local applications (e.g. web browsers), but actually communicates with the firewall over IPX/SPX. In addition to simplifying migration for legacy IPX LANs, this provides a measure of security, as the use of the IPX protocol on the internal network provides a natural barrier against intruders, should the firewall be compromised.

One area where IPX remains useful is for bypassing [[Virtual private network|VPNs]] that, otherwise, make all TCP/IP traversal via the VPN mandatory - in so doing, preventing any access to local resources such as printers and shared disks.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==See also==
* [[Internetwork Packet Exchange]] (IPX)
* [[NetWare Core Protocol]] (NCP)
* [[NetBIOS Frames protocol]] (NBF)
* [[NetBIOS over TCP/IP]] (NBT)
* [[NWLink]]
* [[Communications protocol]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ipx Spx}}
[[Category:Network architecture]]
[[Category:Novell NetWare]]
[[Category:XNS based protocols]]

AIK Fotboll

2014-08-05T08:35:09Z

194.103.240.26: Allmänna Idrottsklubben comes from the term Allmänn Idrott which can be translated General Sport, which previously was used for Athletics, that is Track and Field

{{About|AIK's football department|other departments of the club|Allmänna Idrottsklubben}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = AIK
| image = [[File:Allmänna Idrottsklubben Ishockey Logo.svg|150px]]
| fullname = Allmänna Idrottsklubben
| nickname= Gnaget
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|1891|2|15|df=y}} {{Start date and age|df=yes|1896}} (football department)
| ground = [[Friends Arena]] [[Solna Municipality|Solna]], [[Stockholm County|Stockholm]]
| capacity = 54,329
| chairman = Johan Segui
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Andreas Alm]]
| league = [[Allsvenskan]]
| season = [[2013 Allsvenskan|2013]]
| position = Allsvenskan, 2nd
| pattern_la1 = _aik1415h
| pattern_b1 = _aik1415h
| pattern_ra1 = _aik1415h
| pattern_sh1 = _aik1415h
| pattern_so1 = _color_3_stripes_yellow
| leftarm1 = ffff00
| body1 = ffff00
| rightarm1 = ffff00
| shorts1 = ffffff
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 = _aik1415a
| pattern_b2 = _aik1415a
| pattern_ra2 = _aik1415a
| pattern_sh2 = _aik1415h
| pattern_so2 = _color_3_stripes_yellow
| leftarm2 = ffffff
| body2 = ffffff
| rightarm2 = ffffff
| shorts2 = ffffff
| socks2 = 000000
| current = 2014 AIK Fotboll season
}}

'''AIK''', {{IPA-sv|ˈɑː.i.ˈkɔː}} ({{Lse|0DI2}}), an [[abbreviation]] for '''Allmänna Idrottsklubben''', (literally "The General Sports Club"), is a Swedish [[association football|football club]] based at [[Friends Arena]] in [[Solna Municipality|Solna]], a [[municipalities of Sweden|municipality]] in [[Stockholm County]] bordering [[Stockholm City Centre]]. The club was formed in 1891 in central [[Stockholm]] and the football department was formed in 1896.

League champions in 2009, AIK are currently third in the [[all-time Allsvenskan table]]. The club holds the record for being the Swedish club with most seasons in the top flight. AIK reached the quarter-finals of the [[1996-97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] and qualified for the [[1999–2000 UEFA Champions League group stage]] and the [[2012–13 UEFA Europa League#Group stage|2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage]]. The club is affiliated with the [[Stockholms Fotbollförbund|Stockholm Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/?ffid=16 |title= Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Stockholms Fotbollförbund – Svenskfotboll.se |work= |accessdate=2011-01-13}}</ref>

==History==
{{Very long|section|small=left|date=March 2012}}
[[File:AIK Fotboll 1900.jpg|right|thumb|220px|AIK's first squad in 1900 when they won their first [[Swedish Football Championship|Swedish Championship]].]]
Founded in 1891 by [[Isidor Behrens]] in Stockholm, at the downtown address of Biblioteksgatan 8, the club's full name, "Allmänna Idrottsklubben", translates to "The General Sports Club" or "The Public Sports Club". The name was chosen to reflect that the club was open for everyone, and also that athletics, at the time called "allmän idrott" in Swedish,<ref>[http://www.aik.se/aikindex.html?/historik/aik/aikbildas.html AIK – aik.se]</ref> was considered the club's main sport.

Putting [[association football|football]] into practice in 1896, AIK were runners-up in the championship only two years later, in 1898. AIK won its first Swedish championship title in 1900, beating [[Örgryte IS]] in the final. In 1901, AIK won another title, after a [[walk-over]] win against Örgryte IS team II. At the turn of the century, Swedish league football was dominated by Örgryte, who won ten times between the years 1896 and 1909. However, in the period of 1898–1901 AIK won the championship twice and were runners-up three times. In 1899 the team faced [[Djurgårdens IF Fotboll|Djurgårdens IF]] for the first time. Djurgården was founded in 1891, the same year as AIK, and therefore the games between these teames are commonly known as the [[tvillingderbyt]] (the twin derby), Djurgården is to this day AIK's main rival, and the games attracts huge crowds.

AIK did not participate in the Swedish championships of 1902 and 1903, which meant these were played only with teams from [[Gothenburg]]. In 1902, AIK instead competed in "Svenska bollspelsförbundets tävlingsserie", a league competition open only to clubs from Stockholm. AIK competed with two teams in the first year of the competition, finishing fourth and last. As a result, the weaker AIK side was relegated, making the first team the only one from AIK in the highest division. The competition was played until 1909, with AIK winning it in 1908 and 1909, and was replaced by [[Svenska Serien]].

Two years after the start of the "tävlingsserie", 1904, twelve teams participated in the championship, one of them being AIK for the first time since winning it. AIK went through to the semi-finals, where they were beaten by arch rivals [[Djurgårdens IF Fotboll|Djurgårdens IF]]. In 1905, AIK went just as far, this time being beaten by [[IFK Stockholm]]. AIK competed in the championshiop three times in 1906–1910 without any success, but in 1911 they won the championship for the third time after beating [[IFK Uppsala Fotboll|IFK Uppsala]] in the final.

After that, AIK were eliminated in the semi-finals of 1912 and 1913 but won the championship once again in 1914. In 1915, AIK were again defeated by arch rivals Djurgården in the semi-finals. In 1916, however, AIK came back and defeated future rivals [[IFK Göteborg]] in the semi-finals, beating Djurgårdens IF with 3–1 in the final. In 1917, Djurgården mirrored AIK's achievement, winning against Göteborg in the semi-finals and then beating AIK with 3–1 in the final. Another couple of years passed by without any success for AIK, until 1923, when they won their sixth title after beating [[IFK Eskilstuna]] in the final.

From the years 1910 to 1924, a championship called "Svenska Serien" was played. AIK didn't win it, but were runners-up a couple of times. The status of this championship status increased in the beginning of the 1920s and it became more important than the Swedish championship.

In 1924, Svenska Serien was replaced by the current highest league, "[[Allsvenskan]]", (officially named "Division I"). The first years, the championship were dominated by teams from Gothenburg ([[GAIS]], IFK Göteborg och Örgryte IS) and by [[Helsingborgs IF|Hälsingborgs IF]]. After some years when AIK finished fourth and fifth and in the middle of the table, AIK won the championship in 1931/32, making it their first Allsvenskan title and their seventh Swedish title.

[[File:AIKMilan1950.jpg|thumb|left|220px|AIK playing against [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] in 1950]]
The football of AIK relocated in 1937 from [[Stockholms Stadion]] to [[Råsunda Stadium|Råsunda Fotbollsstadion]] in what became [[Solna Municipality|Solna]] in 1942. This was however only one of the things making the year 1937 a memorable year – AIK won their eighth Swedish title. Olle Zetterlund scored 23 goals during the season, and is to this day the player who have scored the most goals during one season for AIK.

After [[World War II]] AIK finished second 1946 and third 1947. However, after these seasons things went downwards for AIK, even though they still attracted big crowds, the [[1949–50 Allsvenskan|1949–50 season]] the club had 21,768 a game, a record which would last until the 21st century.

In June 1951 something happened which would be referred to as "det omöjliga" (the impossible), AIK were relegated to Division II. The last game were against [[Malmö FF]], who had gone undefeated for 49 games. AIK beat Malmö 1–0, but would have needed an extra goal to ensure a spot in Allsvenskan. This also meant that [[Lennart Skoglund|Lennart "Nacka" Skoglund]] left for [[Inter Milan]] after having only played 5 games for AIK.

After having won Division II AIK reached allsvenskan the following season. In the middle of the 50's, a new star player came to play for AIK, [[Kurt Hamrin|Kurt "Kurre" Hamrin]]. However after he left for [[Serie A|Italy]], the club experienced hard times.

In 1962 AIK were again relegated to Division II, but won it and reached allsvenskan the following season. In the early 70's the club were the one considered most likely to win the league, however to closest AIK came to this were a second place in 1971. In 1975 40.669 came to see the derby with Djurgårdens IF, a record that lives on to this day.

In 1979 AIK were relegated to Division II again, but quickly returned to Allsvenskan. This however meant that [[Malmö FF]] advanced to the first place of the [[All-time Allsvenskan table]], a position previously held by AIK.

The [[Japan Soccer League]] chose AIK as the opponent for their all-star team in their first ever [[all-star game]] since their foundation as a league. On 2 December 1965, AIK battled a JSL all-star team to a 2–2 draw.<ref>[http://homepage1.nifty.com/kisch/football/lea/j_01.html 1965 Japan Soccer League]</ref>

===League champions and European struggles (1992–1996)===
[[File:AIK League Performance.png|thumb|240px|right|A chart showing the progress of AIK through the [[swedish football league system]]. The different shades of gray represent league divisions.]]

A month prior to the start of the 1992 season, AIK presented their worst financial result ever, a loss of 10 million SEK. Therefore AIK had to be very frugal; there was no pre-season training camp and no big signings were made to a squad that was considered weak. Two signings proved to be very successful though: Krister Nordin and Dick Lidman.

That year, the top six teams qualified for Mästerskapsserien (the Championship League) where the teams started with half the points gained in the normal season and then met each other twice. AIK played well throughout the spring, dominating and creating lots of chances, but not always being able to convert these into wins. However, AIK were continuously in the top six and finished fourth, starting Mästerskapsserien three points after leaders IFK Norrköping.

After losing to IFK Norrköping straight away, few saw AIK as a contender for the title. After this, however, AIK started to win, and in the last game of the league, away to Malmö FF, a draw would have been enough to win the league title. AIK were fortunate in the first half of the game, scoring two goals from their only two chances. Malmö, on the contrary, had a slew of chances but failed to convert all but one of them. After equalizing on a penalty, Malmö continued to dominate, and even managed to have the ball hit the goal post and bounce off AIK's goalie Bernt Ljung and then back off the goalpost again. Five minutes before full-time, [[Gary Sundgren]] scored AIK's title-winning goal, on his twenty fifth birthday. AIK were Swedish champions for the first time in 55 years.

The next year, 1993, a regular league system was reinstated. AIK had the same managers as last year, [[Tommy Söderberg]] and Thomas Lyth, and much the same squad. The team opened the season brilliantly. After drawing away to IFK Göteborg in the opening game after a late equalizer, AIK won six straight games, most remarkably by 9–3 at home to [[IK Brage|Brage]], with Kim Bergstrand scoring five. But during the summer, AIK lost ground to IFK Göteborg and IFK Norrköping, who ended up contending for the title. AIK managed, however, to finish third, securing a spot for next year's UEFA Cup.

But first they had to compete in that year's Champions League, which had been created the year before. AIK didn't manage to get past the first round though, losing on aggregate to [[Sparta Prague]].

Even though – or maybe due to the fact that – AIK was the only Stockholm side in the top flight that year, the team had their largest average attendance since the mid-1980s. During the summer, AIK had three home matches in a row with gates exceeding 10,000, something not seen at non-derby games since 1965.

In 1994, AIK aimed to regain the league title with a new manager, [[Hasse Backe]], and a big signing, Jesper Jansson. Again, AIK started the season marvellously, only losing once in the first thirteen games. But after three straight losses the team parked mid-table and eventually ended sixth, fifteen points behind winners IFK Göteborg.

The year was saved, however, by AIK having their most successful campaign ever so far on the international scene, knocking out Slavia Prague in the second round of the UEFA Cup, but not managing to get past their third round opponents, the then very high-profile [[AC Parma]], with [[Tomas Brolin]] in the side.

After that, the fun was over for that year. AIK lost the cup final, and consequently the opportunity to play in Europe the next season. Also, they didn't manage to win a league game in nine rounds, which led to the team being close to having to qualify to stay in the league. This year saw the debut of AIK's youngest player and scorer of the 20th century, Alexander Östlund, at 16 years, 10 months and 2 days old. Östlund would play a crucial role for the club four years later.

In 1995, the season started well once again. After seven games, AIK were at the top of the league, in the Swedish Cup final, and had three players (Dick Lidman, Ola Andersson, [[Jan Eriksson]]) capped for the national team. The club ended the season in a disappointing eight place.

===End-of-the-century glory (1996–1999)===
In 1996, [[Erik Hamrén]] took the reins as sole manager, after co-managing the team alongside [[Hasse Backe]] the year before. The year started like the previous year ended, with AIK playing well but being rewarded by few or no points. After seven rounds with five losses, AIK were second last in the league. But then things changed. After a year of being unfortunate, most things went AIK's way during the summer and autumn, including a 6–-0 win against IFK Göteborg. After only losing one came during the autumn, AIK finished fourth. The team also won the cup, which meant qualifying for the Cup Winners' Cup.

AIK reached the third round where their paths crossed with FC Barcelona, just before the start of the 1997 Allsvenskan season. For the first time ever, Råsunda was sold out in advance, one month prior to the game. The first leg, at Camp Nou, started in the best possible way for AIK with new signing [[Nebojsa Novakovic]] forcing the opposing team's full back to make a weak home pass which Pascal Simpson converted into a goal. The opponents equalized in the very next attack. The match ended 3–1 to Barcelona. In the return game at Råsunda, [[Ronaldo]] scored an early goal for Barcelona, but even though AIK managed to score an equalizer, Barcelona won on aggregate.

AIK were now considered the main contender to IFK Göteborg for the league title that year but finished a disappointing eighth. Yet again, however, AIK won the cup and qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup, but AIK went out in the first round against Slovenian side Primorje.
Among the new faces in 1998 were English manager [[Stuart Baxter]], goalkeeper [[Mattias Asper]] and defender [[Olof Mellberg]]. Six of the ten first games ended in 1–1 draws. After eight games, new goalkeeper Mattias Asper entered the pitch. With him between the posts AIK didn't lose another game that whole season, moving the team from the bottom of the table to title contenders. In the last game, leaders Helsingborg only had to win against already relegation-bound Häcken, but lost. [[Alexander Östlund]] scored when AIK won 1–0 against Örgryte helping AIK secure their tenth league title.

AIK's average points per match that year was less than one, and AIK scored the least goals of all the teams in Allsvenskan that year. Asper, AIK's back four and defensive central midfielder [[Johan Mjällby]] were much lauded. Mjällby was snapped up by [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] and Mellberg was sold to [[Racing Santander]].

1999 was to be AIK's most eventful year of the twentieth century. A slew of players were purchased, among them [[Andreas Andersson]] who was bought from Newcastle for circa 2 million euros, a Swedish record amount at the time.

During the season Mattias Asper kept a clean sheet for a record 19 hours and 17 minutes. AIK were destined for winning the league a second time running, but Helsingborg managed to slip by and win the title, albeit on a controversial goal that some people thought should have been disallowed for offside. AIK won all three games against Helsingborg that season (two in the league and one in the cup).

The second place in the league was overshadowed by the glory of reaching the Champions League group stage, the first – and only time since – that a Stockholm side had gone this far in the tournament. The last obstacle was Greek side [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK]]. After a draw in Athens, AIK beat AEK 1–0 at Råsunda, with Novakovic scoring his most important goal to that point; but more important goals were to come from the Serbian striker in the following group matches.

AIK got the worst possible draw. Every side in AIK's group had the potential of going all the way: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], Barcelona och [[Fiorentina]]. In the first game, AIK took the lead against Barcelona after an astonishing goal by Novakovic. But a while later, the referee allowed a Barcelona corner kick to be taken during a dual substitution for AIK, which resulted in a goal for Barcelona. The controversial decision led AIK's manager Stuart Baxter to utter the following words in desperation to the fourth referee: "This isn't the amateur league, this is the fucking Champions League. Please take responsibility." Barcelona scored 2–1 in added time and won the game. The name of the principal referee, Alain Sars, is forever emblazoned in the memory of all AIK fans present or watching the game on TV.

Another promising show was when AIK played Arsenal away, the first time a Swedish club side had ever played at Wembley. The match stood 1–1 in added time, when Arsenal scored two goals, winning 3–1. AIK then managed 0–0 at home against Fiorentina, but lost the last three games in the tournament. Although AIK in total only won one point in the tournament, the team could hold their heads high after all giving three opposing teams in the group a run for their money in the first half of the group stage.

===Decline and relegation (2000–2004)===
{{Expand section|date=August 2011}}

===Rapid rise and double-title win (2005–2009)===
{{Expand section|date=August 2011}}

===Backlash and comeback (2010–)===
In 2010, AIK suffered a bad start to the season and didn't win until the 7th match of the league (3–0 at [[Kalmar FF]]). Some time around late April with cold weather, manager Mikael Stahre left the club to take presidency of the Greek side [[Panionios]]. He was replaced by Bjorn Hans Wesström during, a briefer period of times.<ref>[http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=2717 AIK Fotboll – Björn Wesström nu huvudtränare i AIK]</ref> And then again, later by Scotsman [[Alex Miller|Alec Miller]] during best of the seasons. The seasons were, however, beyond all hope for certain rescue, and it was only the finest playing actions in the last few matches that AIK, sparked by the early arrival of Sierra Leonean kick-striker [[Mohamed Bangura]] has managed to raise clear of sweet relegation, to tally up in a nonetheless astonishing 11th pole position behind the droops. After furthermore post-season managerial board meetings and a pile of turbulence, Miller chose to step down to the role of assistant coach behind Stan 'The Man' Walker. He was replaced by former AIK player [[Andreas Alm]] of [[Latvia]]. The 2011 season saw expectations somewhat in the light of the weakening performances of 2010 and the departure of knackered manager Andreas Alm, but AIK surprised the football community, including their own fans, finishing runners-up to champions [[Helsingborgs IF]]. The savior of the 2010 season, Mohamed Bangura, was complemented by the expertly scouted Sierra Leonean [[Teteh Bangura]]. Though unrelated, the two connected immediately and posed a serious threat to any defense they encountered, Teteh for example firing a memorable four goal salvo against: [[Halmstads BK]] in a 4–2 win and scoring 12 goals in 34 appearances. By autumn, both Banguras were growing to be fine – Mohamed to [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] and Teteh to [[Bursaspor]]. Despite the team produced a great finish to a season in 2011, that already included impressive victories behind eternal rivals [[IFK Göteborg]], [[Malmö FF]] as well as champions Helsingborg. All in all, the season was a success with Alm extracting most from his somewhat limited resources. Then, finally, on 6 August 2013, AIK faced English supergiants [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in the [[Friends Arena]] in [[Stockholm]] in a 1–1 draw.

==Crest and colours==
{{Expand section|date=April 2008}}
AIK's crest is dark blue, yellow and gold. The crest's style is arguably [[art nouveau]], the predominant style at the turn of the 20th century.

Creator of the crest was Fritz Carlsson-Carling, a runner and football player who won a contest where the award was to design a new crest for AIK. He wanted the crest to convey four basic values: tradition, force, glory and joy.

Tradition is conveyed in the towers of the crest, which are borrowed taken from the coat of arms of Saint Erik, Stockholm's patron saint. Saint Erik's coat of arms has five towers, symbolizing Stockholm's city walls, an indication of AIK's tradition of defending the capital's honour.

Force is represented by the initials A.I.K., strikingly emblazoned diagonally across the crest. There is also an element of nationalism in the crest since the colors are Sweden's [[national colours]]: blue and yellow.

Glory and joy are characterized by the sun, referring to "Sol Invictus", the "invincible sun". Contrary to popular belief, it has nothing the City of Solna's coat of arms. Solna, today a city of its own, was not a city until 1943, i.e. six years after Råsunda Football Stadium was completed and 52 years after AIK was formed in Bibilioteksgatan in Stockholm.

AIK's primary colours are black and yellow. White is the secondary colour.

==Kit==
The home shirt is black and the away shirt is white. Shorts are white. Socks are striped in black and yellow; away socks are all white. A yellow third jersey was used in 2004, an orange third jersey was used in 2007, and a dark-blue third jersey was used in 2010.

===Kit manufacturers and sponsors===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
|-
|1975–77
|[[Adidas]]
|rowspan=2|''None''
|-
|1978–80
|[[Puma AG|Puma]]
|-
|1981
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|[[ICA AB|Eldorado]] (grocery brand)
|-
|1982–84
|[[Umbro]]
|BPA (technical installation)
|-
|1985–88
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|BPA or Första Sparbanken (banking company)
|-
|1989–90
|rowspan=5|Puma
|[[Folksam]] (insurance company)
|-
|1991
|Folksam or Kombilott (lottery)
|-
|1992
|Folksam or Trippellott (lottery)
|-
|1995–96
|[[Scandic]] (hotel chain)
|-
|1997
|[[Hyundai]] (automobile manufacturer)
|-
|1998–
|Adidas
|[[Åbro]] (brewery)
|}

==Stadium==
{{Main|Friends Arena}}
Since the beginning of 2013, AIK has played their home games at [[Friends Arena]], which also houses the [[Sweden national football team|Swedish national football team]]. The decision of which arena would replace [[Råsunda Stadium|Råsunda]], the club's home up until the [[2012 Allsvenskan|2012 season]], was made by a vote of the club's members, held on 20 October 2011, which resulted in a large majority favoring Friends Arena over [[Tele2 Arena]] on the south side of the city center.{{cn|date=April 2014}}
[[File:Friendsarena.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Friends Arena]]]]

==Fans==
{{Expand section|date=September 2008}}
With the largest fan-base in Sweden{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}, AIK had an average attendance of over 21,000 people during the 2006 season, the highest in Sweden.<ref>[http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=485 AIK Fotboll – Sveriges populäraste lag – 2009 för 36:e gången?]</ref><ref>[http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/tidigare-ar/thylins-allsvenska-summering-2009/statistikligor/?scr=spl Allsvensk statistik — svenskfotboll.se]</ref> During the 2007 season, AIK had an average attendance of over 20,000. AIK have had the highest average of attendance 38 times, more than any other club in Sweden. AIK finished the 2013 season with an average attendance of 18,900, the highest number in [[Scandinavia]].<ref>http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/statistikligor/?scr=spl</ref> That was also the first season with the new [[Friends Arena|arena]].

A fan of the club is referred to as an ''AIK:are'' or a ''gnagare'' (Swedish: ''[[rodent]]'').

The club's most important fan clubs are Black Army, Ultras Nord and Sol Invictus. AIK Tifo organizes the club's [[Tifo|terrace choreography]].

==Rivalries==
The club's main rival is [[Djurgårdens IF Fotboll|Djurgården]], also formed in 1891, just a few weeks later. The local [[Local derby|derbies]] between the clubs are sometimes listed in the European top ten of derbies and is known as the [[Tvillingderbyt]]. Another fierce rival is [[Hammarby IF]], also from Stockholm. The biggest rival outside Stockholm is [[IFK Göteborg]], but also [[Malmö FF]] and the major national teams.

==Affiliated clubs==
AIK Fotboll have several [[feeder club]]s in Swedish lower division teams.<ref>[http://www.aikfotboll.se/SAMARBETSKLUBBAR.aspx AIK Fotboll]</ref>

* [[Swedish football Division 2|Division 2]]
** [[Akropolis IF]]
** [[Sollentuna United FK]]
** [[Värmbols FC]]

* [[Swedish football Division 3|Division 3]]
** [[Bollstanäs SK]]
** [[Täby IS FK|Täby IS]]
** [[Råsunda IS]]

* [[Swedish football Division 4|Division 4]]
** Enebybergs IF/FC Djursholm

''Updated 9 April 2013''

== Players ==

===First-team squad===

{{Updated|25 July 2014}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aikfotboll.se/player.aspx|publisher=AIK |language=Swedish |accessdate=6 July 2013|title=Spelartruppen 2013}}</ref>
{{Football squad start}}
{{Football squad player|no=2|nat=Finland|pos=DF|name=[[Sauli Väisänen]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=3|nat=Sweden|pos=DF|name=[[Per Karlsson]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=4|nat=Sweden|pos=DF|name=[[Nils-Eric Johansson]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=5|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Panajotis Dimitriadis]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=6|nat=Sweden|pos=DF|name=[[Alexander Milošević]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=10|nat=Costa Rica|pos=FW|name=[[Celso Borges]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice captain]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=11|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Nabil Bahoui]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=13|nat=Canada|pos=GK|name=[[Kenny Stamatopoulos]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=14|nat=England|pos=MF|name=[[Kenny Pavey]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=16|nat=Sweden|pos=DF|name=[[Martin Lorentzson]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=17|nat=Ghana|pos=DF|name=[[Ebenezer Ofori]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=18|nat=Sweden|pos=DF|name=[[Noah Sonko Sundberg]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=19|nat=Sierra Leone|pos=FW|name=[[Teteh Bangura]]|other=on loan from [[Bursaspor]]}}
{{Football squad mid}}
{{Football squad player|no=20|nat=Ghana|pos=MF|name=[[Ibrahim Moro]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=21|nat=Nigeria|pos=FW|name=[[Kennedy Igboananike]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=22|nat=Ghana|pos=FW|name=[[Kwame Karikari]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=23|nat=Sweden|pos=DF|name=Edward Owusu}}
{{Football squad player|no=24|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Marko Nikolić (footballer, born 1997)|Marko Nikolić]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=25|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Sam Lundholm]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=26|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Nicklas Maripuu]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=28|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Niclas Eliasson]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=29|nat=Sweden|pos=MF|name=[[Anton Salétros]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=30|nat=Togo|pos=MF|name=[[Lalawélé Atakora]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=35|nat=Sweden|pos=GK|name=[[Patrik Carlgren]]}}
{{Football squad player|no=36|nat=Sweden|pos=FW|name=[[Henok Goitom]]}}
{{Football squad end}}

''For season transfers, see [[List of Swedish football transfers winter 2013–14|transfers winter 2013–14]].''

===Retired numbers===
*1 – Fans of the club<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=514 | title=AIK Fotboll skänker tröja nummer 1 till publiken | publisher=AIK Fotboll |accessdate=1 April 2013 | language=Swedish}}</ref>
*27 – [[Ivan Turina]], [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] (2010–2013)

===Notable players===
''Following players have represented AIK and either made at least 150 league appearances for the club, made at least 30 appearances for their national team, or received an individual award during their time with AIK Fotboll. See also [[List of AIK Fotboll players]].''
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Celso Borges]]
* {{flagicon|Finland}} Jyrki Nieminen
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Esa Pekonen]]
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kari Virtanen]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Derek Boateng]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Jos Hooiveld]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Erik Almgren]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Andreas Andersson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sven Andersson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Björn Anlert
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Lennart Backman
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Thomas Bergman
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Orvar Bergmark]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Kim Bergstrand]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Björn Carlsson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Henry Carlsson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Lennart Carlsson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sven Dahlkvist]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Erik Edman]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Jan Eriksson]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Göran Göransson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Roland Grip]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Kurt Hamrin]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Magnus Hedman]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Nils-Eric Johansson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Pontus Kåmark]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Göran Karlsson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Per Karlsson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Pär Kaufeldt
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Björn Kindlund
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Putte Kock|Rudolf Kock]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Thomas Lagerlöf
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Peter Larsson (footballer born 1961)|Peter Larsson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Börje Leander]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Börje Leback
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Yngve Leback
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Anders Limpar]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Bernt Ljung
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Teddy Lučić]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Björn Lundberg
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Arne Lundqvist
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Daniel Majstorović]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Olof Mellberg]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Johan Mjällby]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Axel Nilsson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Harry Nilsson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} John Nilsson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Krister Nordin]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Owe Ohlsson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Eric Persson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Gösta Persson
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Mats Rubarth]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Ove Rübsamen
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Pascal Simpson]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Gustav Sjöberg
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Valter Sköld
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gary Sundgren]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Daniel Tjernström]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Ernst Wahlberg
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Sebastián Eguren]]
{{col-end}}

==Staff==
* Manager: '''[[Andreas Alm]]'''
* Assistant Manager: '''[[Nebojša Novaković]]'''
* Assistant Manager: '''Christer Swärd'''
* Goalkeeping Coach: '''[[Lee Baxter]]'''
* Physiologist: '''Johnny Nilsson'''
* Naprapath: '''Tomas Fransson'''
* Naprapath: '''Luis Oyarzo'''

==Managers==
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ferdinand Humenberger]] (1930–32)
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Jimmy Elliott (footballer)|Jimmy Elliott]] (1932–34)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Per Kaufeldt]] (1934–40)
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Václav Simon]] (1940–44)
*{{flagicon|Hungary|1946}} [[Istvan Wampetits]] (1944–48)
*{{flagicon|England}} [[George Raynor]] (1948–52)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Per Kaufeldt]] (1951–56)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Henry Carlsson]] (1956–58)
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Frank Soo]] (1958)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Erik Persson|Erik "Lillis" Persson]] (1959)
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Lajos Szendrödi]] (1960–61)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Hilding "Moggli" Gustafsson (1962–64)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Henry Carlsson]] (1965–66)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Ingemar Ingevik (1967–68)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Torsten Lindberg]] (1969–70)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Jens Lindblom (1971–74)
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Keith Spurgeon]] (1975)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Kurt Liander]] (1975)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Lars-Oscar Nilsson (1976)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gunnar Nordahl]] (1977–78)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Olavus Olsson (1978–Dec 78)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Jens Lindblom (1979)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Bo Petersson]] (1979–80)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Rolf Zetterlund]] (1981–86)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Göran Åberg (1987)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Nisse Andersson (1987)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sanny Åslund]] (1988–90)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Tommy Söderberg]] (1991–93)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Hans Backe]] (1 Jan 1994 – 30 June 1995)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Erik Hamrén]] (1 Jan 1995 – 31 Dec 1997)
*{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Stuart Baxter]] (1 Jan 1998–Dec 00)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Olle Nordin]] (2001–02)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Peter Larsson (footballer born 1961)|Peter Larsson]] (2002)
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Dušan Uhrin]] (1 July 2002 – 31 Oct 2002)
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Richard Money]] (1 Jan 2003 – 19 April 2004)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Patrick Englund]] (2004)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Rikard Norling]] (Jan 2005–Nov 08)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Mikael Stahre]] (1 Jan 2009 – 24 April 2010)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Björn Wesström]] ''(interim)'' (26 April 2010 – 22 June 2010)
*{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Alex Miller]] (22 June 2010 – 10 Nov 2010)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Andreas Alm]] (1 Jan 2011–)
{{col-end}}

==Achievements==
* '''[[Swedish football champions|Swedish Champions]]'''{{ref label|Swedish Champions|A|}}
** '''Winners (11):''' 1900, 1901, 1911, 1914, 1916, 1923, 1931–1932, 1936–1937, 1992, 1998, 2009

===League===
* '''[[Allsvenskan]]:'''
** '''Winners (5):''' [[1931–32 Allsvenskan|1931–32]], [[1936–37 Allsvenskan|1936–37]], [[1983 Allsvenskan|1983]], [[1998 Allsvenskan|1998]], [[2009 Allsvenskan|2009]]
** '''Runners-up (12):''' [[1930–31 Allsvenskan|1930–1931]], [[1934–35 Allsvenskan|1934–1935]], [[1935–36 Allsvenskan|1935–1936]], [[1938–39 Allsvenskan|1938–39]], [[1946–47 Allsvenskan|1946–47]], [[1972 Allsvenskan|1972]], [[1974 Allsvenskan|1974]], [[1984 Allsvenskan|1984]], [[1999 Allsvenskan|1999]], [[2006 Allsvenskan|2006]], [[2011 Allsvenskan|2011]], [[2013 Allsvenskan|2013]]
* '''[[Superettan]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[2005 Superettan|2005]]
* '''[[Mästerskapsserien]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' 1992
* '''[[Svenska Serien]]:'''
** '''Runners-up (5):''' 1910, [[1914–15 in Swedish football|1914–1915]], [[1915–16 in Swedish football|1915–1916]], [[1922–23 in Swedish football|1922–1923]], [[1923–24 in Swedish football|1923–1924]]

===Cups===
* '''[[Svenska Cupen]]:'''
** '''Winners (8):''' [[1949–50 in Swedish football|1949]], [[1950–51 in Swedish football|1950]], 1975–1976, [[1985 in Swedish football|1984–1985]], [[1996 in Swedish football|1995–1996]], [[1997 in Swedish football|1996–1997]], [[1999 in Swedish football|1998–1999]], [[2009 Svenska Cupen|2009]]
** '''Runners-up (8):''' [[1943–44 in Swedish football|1943]], [[1947–48 in Swedish football|1947]], 1968–1969, 1991, [[1995 in Swedish football|1994–1995]], [[2000 in Swedish football|1999–2000]], [[2001 in Swedish football|2000–2001]], 2002
* '''[[Svenska Mästerskapet]]:'''
** '''Winners (6):''' 1900, 1901, [[1911–12 in Swedish football|1911]], [[1914–15 in Swedish football|1914]], [[1916–17 in Swedish football|1916]], [[1923–24 in Swedish football|1923]]
** '''Runners-up (2):''' 1898, [[1916–17 in Swedish football|1917]]
* '''[[Allsvenskan play-offs]]:'''
** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[1986 Allsvenskan play-offs|1986]]
* '''[[Svenska Supercupen]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[2010 Svenska Supercupen|2010]]
** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[2012 Svenska Supercupen|2012]]
* '''[[Corinthian Bowl]]:'''
** '''Runners-up (2):''' [[1912–13 in Swedish football|1912]], [[1913–14 in Swedish football|1913]]
* '''[[Svenska Fotbollspokalen|Rosenska Pokalen]]:'''
** '''Runners-up (2):''' 1899, 1900
* '''[[Wicanderska Välgörenhetsskölden]]:'''
** '''Winners (4):''' 1908, 1909, [[1914–15 in Swedish football|1914]], [[1916–17 in Swedish football|1916]]
** '''Runners-up (3):''' 1905, 1906, [[1915–16 in Swedish football|1915]]

==AIK in Europe==

===European games===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Country
! Club
! Home
! Away
! Agg.
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1964-65|1964–65]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group C2
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|France}}
|[[Angers SCO|Angers]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 2nd
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|SFR Yugoslavia}}
|[[FK Sarajevo|Sarajevo]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[FK Inter Bratislava|Slovnaft Bratislava]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–7
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1965-66|1965–66]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Belgium}}
|[[R. Daring Club Molenbeek|Bruxelles]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–1
|-
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[Servette FC|Servette]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–4
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–5
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1966-67|1966–67]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group B3
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|East Germany}}
|[[FC Carl Zeiss Jena|Carl Zeiss Jena]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–4
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 4th
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|West Germany}}
|[[Eintracht Braunschweig]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Górnik Zabrze]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–3
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1967|1967]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group B6
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}}
|[[Aarhus Gymnastikforening|AGF]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 3rd
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|East Germany}}
|[[Dynamo Dresden]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–4
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[MFK Košice|Košice]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–4
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1968-69|1968–69]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Norway}}
|[[Skeid Fotball|Skeid]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–2
|-
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|West Germany}}
|[[Hannover 96]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–5
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''–7
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1970|1970]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group B3
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[FC Lausanne-Sport|Lausanne Sports]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 3rd
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|France}}
|[[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–6
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Zagłębie Sosnowiec]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1973|1973]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 2
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|West Germany}}
|[[MSV Duisburg|Duisburg]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 3rd
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–3
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[ŠK Slovan Bratislava|Slovan Bratislava]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
|-
|[[1973–74 UEFA Cup|1973–74]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}}
|[[Boldklubben 1903|B 1903]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–3
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1974|1974]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 6
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Austria}}
|[[LASK Linz|Linz]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–6
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 4th
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[FC Spartak Trnava|Spartak Trnava]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Wisła Kraków]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1975|1975]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 5
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|West Germany}}
|[[Tennis Borussia Berlin]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 4th
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Polonia Bytom]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–5
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[1. FC Brno|Zbrojovka Brno]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
|-
|[[1975–76 UEFA Cup|1975–76]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
|[[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–2
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Intertoto Cup 1976|1976]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 4
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[FC Baník Ostrava|Baník Ostrava]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 4th
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|West Germany}}
|[[Eintracht Braunschweig]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Austria}}
|[[FC Tirol Innsbruck|Tirol Innsbruck]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
|-
|[[European Cup Winners' Cup 1976–77|1976–77]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Turkey}}
|[[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–3
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1984
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 5
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Górnik Zabrze]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 1st
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|East Germany}}
|[[1. FC Magdeburg|Magdeburg]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|West Germany}}
|[[1. FC Nuremberg|Nuremberg]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 8–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
|-
|[[1984–85 UEFA Cup|1984–85]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Scotland}}
|[[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–3
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–3
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1985
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 4
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praha]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 1st
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[FC St. Gallen|St. Gallen]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 6–1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Hungary|1957}}
|[[Videoton FC|Videoton Székesfehérvár]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[European Cup Winners' Cup 1985–86|1985–86]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}}
|[[FA Red Boys Differdange|Red Boys Differdange]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 8–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 5–0
| style="text-align:center;"|'''13'''–0
|-
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[Dukla Prague]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''–3
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1987
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="3" | Group 6
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Lech Poznań]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 1st
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}}
|[[Lyngby Boldklub|Lyngby]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[FC Nitra|Plastika Nitra]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
|-
|[[1987–88 UEFA Cup|1987–88]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}
|[[FC Vítkovice|Vítkovice]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''–3
|-
|[[1993–94 UEFA Champions League|1993–94]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Champions League]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}}
|[[AC Sparta Prague|Sparta Prague]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''–2
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1994
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|International Football Cup]]
|rowspan="4" | Group 3
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Germany}}
|[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–2
|rowspan="4" |
|rowspan="4" |
|rowspan="4" | Placed 1st
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[FC Lausanne-Sport|Lausanne Sports]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[Sparta Rotterdam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Austria}}
|[[FC Tirol Innsbruck|Tirol Innsbruck]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[1994–95 UEFA Cup|1994–95]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|Prel. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Lithuania|1989}}
|[[FK Mažeikiai|Mažeikiai]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''–0
|-
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}}
|[[Slavia Prague]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–2
|Away goal
|-
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
| style="text-align:center;"| '''0'''–3
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|1996–97]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Iceland}}
|[[KR Reykjavik|KR]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–1
|-
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|France}}
|[[Nîmes Olympique]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–2
|-
|Quarter final
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–4
|-
| [[1997–98 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|1997–98]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Slovenia}}
|[[NK Primorje|Primorje]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–2
|-
|rowspan="5"| [[1999–00 UEFA Champions League|1999–00]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Champions League]]
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Belarus}}
|[[FC Dnepr-Transmash Mahilyow|Dnepr-Transmash]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–0
|-
|Third round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Greece}}
|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–0
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group B
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|England}}
|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 4th
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–5
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–3
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[2000–01 UEFA Cup|2000–01]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|Qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Belarus}}
|[[FC Gomel|Gomel]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–0
|-
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}}
|[[Herfølge Boldklub|Herfølge]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–2
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup 2001|2001]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Wales}}
|[[Carmarthen Town A.F.C.|Carmarthen Town]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–0
|-
|Second round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}}
|[[Odense Boldklub|OB]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''–2
|-
|Third round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|France}}
|[[Troyes AC|Troyes]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–4
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[2002–03 UEFA Cup|2002–03]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|Qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Iceland}}
|[[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''–1
|-
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Turkey}}
|[[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''–6
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[2003–04 UEFA Cup|2003–04]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|Qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Iceland}}
|[[Fylkir]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–0
|-
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''0'''–2
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[2007–08 UEFA Cup|2007–08]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Cup]]
|First qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Northern Ireland}}
|[[Glentoran F.C.|Glentoran]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 5–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''–0
|-
|Second qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Latvia}}
|[[FK Liepājas Metalurgs|Liepājas Metalurgs]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–3
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''–3
|-
|First round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Israel}}
|[[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''0'''–1
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|2010–11]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Champions League]]
|Second qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|LUX}}
|[[Jeunesse Esch]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–0
|-
|Third qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|NOR}}
| [[Rosenborg BK|Rosenborg]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–3
| style="text-align:center;"| '''0'''–4
|-
| [[2010–11 UEFA Europa League|2010–11]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Europa League]]
|Play-off round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|BUL}}
| [[PFC Levski Sofia|Levski Sofia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''–2
|-
|rowspan="6"| [[2012–13 UEFA Europa League|2012–13]]
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| [[UEFA Europa League]]
|Second qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Iceland}}
|[[Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar|FH]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–1
|-
|Third qual. round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Poland}}
|[[Lech Poznań]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''–1
|-
|Play-off round
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Russia}}
|[[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''–1
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group F
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Ukraine}}
|[[FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipro]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2–3
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–4
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="3" | Placed 4th
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center;"| 0–4
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center;"| 1–1
|}

===UEFA Team rank===
The following list ranks the currient position of AIK in UEFA ranking:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Rank !! Team !! Points
|-
|173||align=left|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Videoton FC|Videoton]]||7.525
|-
|174||align=left|{{flagicon|KAZ }} [[FC Astana]]||7.425
|-
|175||align=left|{{flagicon|CRO }} [[HNK Rijeka]]||7.325
|-
|176||align=left|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Asteras Tripoli F.C.|Asteras Tripoli]]||7.300
|-bgcolor="#ddffdd"
|'''177'''||align=left|{{flagicon|SWE}} '''AIK'''||'''7.265'''
|-
|178||align=left|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Helsingborg IF|Helsingborg]]||7.265
|-
|179||align=left|{{flagicon|ROU}} [[FC Rapid București|Rapid București]]||7.234
|-
|180||align=left|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Red Star Belgrade]]||7.225
|}
As of 7 July 2014. [http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/index.html Source]

==Footnotes==
:A. {{note|Swedish Champions}}The title of "Swedish Champions" has been awarded to the winner of four different competitions over the years. Between 1896 and 1925 the title was awarded to the winner of [[Svenska Mästerskapet]], a stand-alone cup tournament. No club were given the title between 1926 and 1930 even though the first-tier league [[Allsvenskan]] was played. In 1931 the title was reinstated and awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan. Between 1982 and 1990 a [[Allsvenskan play-offs|play-off]] in cup format was held at the end of the league season to decide the champions. After the play-off format in 1991 and 1992 the title was decided by the winner of [[Mästerskapsserien]], an additional league after the end of Allsvenskan. Since the 1993 season the title has once again been awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/historik/ | title=Svenska mästare 1896–1925, 1931– |work=svenskfotboll.se|accessdate=2009-11-25|language=Swedish| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100105143917/http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/historik/| archivedate= 5 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

===Official===
* [http://www.aikfotboll.se/ AIK Fotboll]

===Major fan websites===
* [http://www.AIKforum.se/ AIKforum] - fan community
* [http://forum.svartgul.se/guestbook/ Gnagarforum] – fan community
* [http://www.blackarmy.se/ Black Army]
* [http://www.solinvictus.se/ Sol Invictus]
* [http://www.ultrasnord.se/ Ultras Nord]
* [http://www.supporterklubben.com/ Smokinglirarna]
* [http://www.aiktifo.se/ AIK-Tifo] – terrace choreographers

{{AIK}}
{{Football in Sweden}}
{{Allsvenskan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}

[[Category:AIK Fotboll| ]]
[[Category:Allsvenskan clubs]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1896]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Sweden]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in Sweden]]

{{Link GA|sv}}

List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India

2014-07-25T09:39:12Z

194.103.240.26:

This is a full '''list of Muslim communities in India (OBCs)''' that are recognised in [[India]]'s Constitution as [[Other Backward Class|other backward classes]].<ref>http://www.ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/index.html</ref>

==[[Andhra Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/andhrapradesh.pdf</ref>
*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *37 || '''[[Hela Mehtar|Mehtar]]'''|| 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 16.01.2006
|-
| *43 || '''Dudekula Laddaf, Pinjari or Noorbash '''('''Muslim''') || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *62 || '''Arekatika, Katika, Quresh (Muslim Butchers) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt.13-01-2004
|-

|}

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka]] state government.<ref>http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=03&org=111&category=Introduction</ref>

* 1. Achchukattalavandlu, Singali, Singamvallu, Achchupanivallu,Achchukattuvaru, Achukatlavandlu.
* 2. Attar Saibulu, Attarollu
* 3.[[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi Muslim]] / Muslim Dhobi / Dhobi Musalman, Turka Chakla or Turka Sakala, Turaka Chakali, Tulukka Vannan, Tsakalas, Sakalas or Chakalas, Muslim Rajakas
* 4.[[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]], Fhakir Budbudki, Ghanti Fhakir, Ghanta Fhakirlu, Turaka Budbudki, Darvesh, Fakeer
* 5.Garadi Muslim, Garadi Saibulu, Pamulavallu, Kani-kattuvallu, Garadollu, Garadiga
* 6.Gosangi Muslim, Phakeer Sayebulu
* 7.Guddi Eluguvallu, Elugu Bantuvallu, Musalman Keelu Gurralavallu
* 8.[[Hajjam]], Nai, Nai Muslim, Navid
* 9.Labbi, [[Labbai]], Labbon, Labba
* 10.Pakeerla, Borewale, Deera Phakirlu, Bonthala
* 11.[[Qassab|QureshiQassab]], Kureshi / Khureshi, Khasab, Marati Khasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim
* 12.[[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaik]] (Andhra Sheikhs, Sufi Sheikhs, Pir Sheikhs)
* 13.[[Siddi]], Yaba, Habshi, Jasi
* 14.Turaka Kasha, Kakkukotte Zinka Saibulu, Chakkitakanevale, Terugadu Gontalavaru, Thirugatigantla, Rollaku Kakku Kottevaru, Pattar Phodulu, Chakketakare, Thuraka Kasha.
* 15. '''Other Muslim groups excluding''':
* Arabs of Hyderabad
* * [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], Moghal;
* Irani;
* [[Chaush]];
* Bohara, [[Mustaali|Bohra]];
* [[Kutchi Memon|Cutchi-Memon]];
* [[Konkani Muslims|Jamayat]];
* [[Navayath]]

== [[Assam]] ==

* 1. [[Maimal]]
* 2. Maria
* 3. [[Muslims of Manipur|Pangal]]

==[[Bihar]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Case/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *5 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *16 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Churihar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Teli]],
*53 ''' mallik( Muslim) || -do-
|-
| *57 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
|*84 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *92 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC( C) dt. 10.09.93 and 12015/15/2008- BCC dt.16.06.2011
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *124b || ''' Kalal, Kalwar, Kalar or [[Araqi biradri|Araqi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' [[Kulhaiya|Kulahia]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 12011/4/2004-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *130 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 17.01.2006
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt.17.01.2006
|-*132 shariff

|}

Notes:

* 1 largely a [[Hindu]] caste in Bihar with a small Muslim minority known as Turk Telis.

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of Bihar:.<ref>http://scbc.bih.nic.in/</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Entry Number in the Communities Central List
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 1
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 130
|-
|*15 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || 84
|-
|*22 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 38
|-
| *25 pathani manihar
| *26 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || 46
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || 57
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || 58
|-
| *37 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || 30
|-
| *46 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 119
|-
| *50 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 16
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 9
|-
| *52b || ''' Kalar or [[Iraqi biradri|Iraqi]] ''' || 124b
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || 5
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 91
|-
| *77 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], } (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || 92
|-
| *86 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 93
|-
| *87 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || 102
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 103
|-
| *89 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || 99
|-
| *95 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || 63
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || 68
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 109
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || 111
|-
| *114 || ''' [[Sai (caste)|Sayee]](Muslim) ''' || 116
|-
| *115 || ''' Malik(Muslim) ''' || 76
|-
| *116 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || 126
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 131
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 129
|-

== [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ==

* 1. [[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]]

== [[Delhi]] ==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Delhi.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated 24/05/1995
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) ''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Bhat]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak ''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]] 1 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt.24/05/1995 and
12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 1 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 17/07/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Gaderia|Gadaria]], Gadheri, [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Garri 4 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Ghasiara]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 5 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 6 ''' || -do-
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Goswami7 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [Julaha, ](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003 and 12015/13/2010-B.C.II Dt. 08.12.2011
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 8 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati 9 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lakhera]], [[Manihar]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 10 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 11 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 12 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 13 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara ''' || -do-
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *50 || ''' [[Sunar]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Teli]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli-Malik]] 14 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Only the Gaddi community are Muslims
* 5 Only the Ghosi community are Muslims
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 8 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 9 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 10 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 11 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 12 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 13 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 13 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 14 the Teli Maliks are Muslims

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Delhi]].<ref>http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/.../OBC_LIST.pdf?MOD</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number || Caste/Community
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] '''
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] '''
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) '''
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] '''
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak '''
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]], [[Chhimba]] ''' 1
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 2 '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3'''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], Alvi4 '''
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 5 '''
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha, Ansari]](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) '''
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] '''
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 6 '''
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati7 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' Khakhora, [[Manihar]] '''
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 8 '''
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 9 '''
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 10 '''
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Meenas|Mina/ Meena]] '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] '''
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 11 '''
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani '''
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] '''
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] '''
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara '''
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] '''
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Sunar]] 12 '''
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Teli]] 13 '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] 14 '''
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Meo]] '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Alvi is now preferred self-designation of the Faqir community, but not all Alvis are Faqirs.
* 5 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 8 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 9 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 10 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 11 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 12 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 13 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 14 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.

==[[Gujarat]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Gujarat]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/gujarat.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || '''[[Bafan]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || '''[[Chunara]]1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Dafer]] (Hindu & Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] or Faquir(Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gadhai]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || '''[[Galiara]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *23a || '''[[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *26 || '''[[Hingora]] (Muslim)'''|| -do-
|-
| *27a || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaya Ansari]]''' (Muslim) || 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *27b || ''' Garana, Tariya Tari ''' (Muslim) || 12011/88/98-BCC dt 06.12.1999
|-
| *28 || '''[[Jats of Kutch|Jat]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Khateek|Khatki or Kasai Chamadia Khatki Halari Khatki (all Muslim)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *35 || '''[[Bhadala|Kharwa-Bhadela]]''' || -do-
|-
| *40 || ''' Mir Dhadhi, [[Langha (tribe)|Langha]], [[Mirasi]] (all Muslims) ''' || -do-
|-
| *44 || '''[[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || '''[[Mutwa|Matwa]] or [[Meta Qureshi|Matwa-Kureshi]] (Muslim), Gavli (Hindu) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 || '''[[Me (caste)|Me]] or Meta ''' || -do-
|-
| *49 || '''[[Miyana]], Miana (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Pinjara]], [[Ghanchi-Pinjara]] and [[Mansoori|Mansuri-Pinjara]] (all Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || '''[[Sandhai Muslims|Sandhi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || '''[[Siddi]] (where they are not Scheduled Tribes)''' || -do-
|-
| *65 || '''[[Sipahi (caste)|Sipai Patni Jamat]] and [[Turk Jamat]] (all Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *70 || '''[[Theba (tribe)|Theba]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *73b || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Muslim), [[Khalipha]] (Muslim), Babar (Hindu)''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1996
|-
| *76 || ''' Vanzara and Kangsiwala (Hindu) and [[Muslim Bangara|Vanzara]] (Muslim) of Dangs district only ''' || -do-
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Wagher]](Hindu & Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Bhishti|Pakhali]]2 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1999
|-
| *82b || '''[[Baghban]], [[Rayeen]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *91 || ''' Luhar/[[Lohar]]/[[Panchal]]3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *96 || '''[[Bharbhunja]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *97 || ''' [[Chhipa]] 4 '''|| 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06.09.2001
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Arab (Gujarat)|Arab]] (Muslim) ''' || 12015/15/2008-BCC dated 16.06.2011
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Soomro|Sumra]] ([[Muslim]]) ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Chunara include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Pakhali are known as Bhishti elsewhere in India
* 3 the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 4 the Chhipa are largely Muslim

==[[Haryana]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Haryana.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *10 || ''' Bhat, [[Bhatra]], Darpi, [[Ramaiya]] 1 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Changar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 2 ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Dhimar]], [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Kashyap-Rajpoot, [[Kahar]], [[Jhinwar]] or Jhiwar, Dhiwar, [[Kewat|Khewat]], Mehra, Nishad, Sakka, Bhisti, [[Bhishti|Sheikh-Abbasi]] 3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *24 || ''' Ghasi, [[Ghasiara]] or [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *29|| ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Nais, Sain, Salmani5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) t. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC t. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan6''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Kamboj]] 7''' ''' || -do-
|-

|*39 || ''' [[Lakhera rajpoot]], [[Manihar siddiqui]], Kacheratomar 8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Lohar]] or Luhar, [[Saifi]], Panchal9 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Madari]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes) 10 ''' || -do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *46 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *47 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *53 || ''' Singlikant or [[Singikat|Singikant]], [[Singiwala]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Sunar]], Zaragar, Soni 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Vanzara, Banzara, [[Banjara]] or Vanjara 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (other than those who are already included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Haryana) 15 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Meo]] ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 16 ''' || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar, Leelgar, Lallari ''' || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Soni(Dawala), Nyaria17 ''' || 12011/36/99-BCCdt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCCdt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *74 || ''' [[Julaha (Muslim), Mohammadan Ansari, Ansari]] 18''' ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

|}

Notes:

* 1 the Bhat include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Dhobi include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bhishti or Shaikh Abbasi are Muslim
* 4 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 5 the Hajjam or Salmani are Muslim
* 6 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 7 the Kamboh include a Muslim minority
* 8 the Manihar are Muslim
* 9 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 10 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 11 the Singiwala are partly Muslim
* 12 the Zaragar Muslim Sonar
* 13 the Haryana Teli are almost entirely Muslim
* 14 the Banjara are partly Muslim
* 15only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section has [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 16 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
*17 the Nyaria are partly Muslim sections
*18 Ansari are Muslim Julaha (Weaver)

== [[Himachal Pradesh]] ==
This is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/HimachalPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 1 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati, Kumbar, Ghumar, Ghumhar2 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]], Kanchan3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-

|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *43 || ''' Pinja or Penja, Panja, Nadaf, Nadaaf ''' || -do- and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *48 || ''' Gujjar or [[Gurjar|Gujar]] (in merged areas only) 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt.10-09-1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *49 || ''' Julaha, [[Momin Ansari|Ansari]] 5 (other than those included in the List of SCs) 2 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 2 the Ghumar are Punjabi speaking Muslim Kumhar
* 3 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 4 most Muslim Gujjar in Himachal Pradesh have [[Scheduled Tribe]] status
* 5 the Ansari are Muslim, most Himachal Pradesh Julaha are [[Kabirpanthi Julaha|Kabirpanth]]
*6 the Muslim mallah caste are include in obc state list

== [[Jammu and Kashmir]] ==

This is a list of Muslim communities that have been granted [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/jammuandkashmir.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1|| ''' Bahach Hanjie & Shikara Wallas (excluding house-boat owners) ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated.24-05-1995
|-
| *3 || '''Hajam (Barbers) (Rural only) ''' || -do-
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Bhand]]''' || -do-
|-
|*5 || ''' Dambali Faqir ''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' Doom (excluding those in [[Scheduled Castes]])''' || -do-
|-
|*7 || ''' Fishermen including Gada Hanz ''' || -do-
|-
| *10 || ''' Kulfaqir''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Kumahar (Village Potters) ''' || -do-
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Madari]], [[Bazigar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' Shaksaz''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' Shoe-repairers (working without the aid of machines)''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' Shupri Wattal (excluding those in Sch. Caste)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Teli]], Teeli 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Dhobi|Village Washermen]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2 ''' || 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001
|}-*22 || '''[[Naikoo]], 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001

Notes:|-

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority

==[[Madhya Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Madhy Pradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *59 || ''' Islamic Groups ''' ||
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrej]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *2 || ''' [[Bhishti|Bhisthi, Bhishti-Abbasi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Chhipa|Chippa/Chhipa]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|*7 || ''' [[Meo|Mewati, Meo]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Pinjara]], Naddaf, [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir/Faquir]], [[Behna]], Dhuniya, Dhunkar, Mansoori.''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/88/98
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjara, Raine]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Manihar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Kasab, Kassab Qussab, Qassab-Qurreshi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Barhai|Barhai]],(Carpenter) ''' ||-do-
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Hajjam]](Barber), Nai (Barber), Salmani ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *15|| ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha-Momin, Julaha-Ansari, Momin-Ansari]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Saifi|Luhar, Saifi]], [[Nagori (caste)|Nagauri Luhar]], [[Multani Lohar|Multani Luhar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadavi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Makrani ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], Nayata, Pindari (Pindara) ''' || -do- and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *21 || ''' Kalaigar ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *22 || ''' Pemdi ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' Mirdha (Excluding Jat Muslims) ''' ||12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Other than those included in the SC List)''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *26 || ''' Niyargar, Niyargar-Multani Niyaria ''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|}

==[[Maharashtra]]==
This Cast Maharashtra
* 1. [[Momin Ansari]]
* 2. [[Attar (caste)|Attar]]
* 3. [[Baghban|Bagwan]]
* 4. [[Chhaparband (Muslim)|Chhaparband]]
* 5. [[Dhawad]]
* 6.Darwesi
* 7. [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir Bhandarwala]]
* 8. [[Gavandi]]
* 9. Gavil Muslim
* 10. Hashmi
* 11. [[Khateek]]
* 12. [[Mansoori]]
* 13. [[Madari|Muslim Madari]]
* 14. Nalba
* 15. Naqqash
* 16. [[Muslim Rangrez|Nilgar]]
* 17. Pan Faroshs
* 18. Putligar
* 19. [[Garodi|Sanpagarudi]]
* 20. [[Qassab]]
* 21 [[teli(malik)]]
* 22 MUSLIM MANIYAR,MANYAR,BANGDIWALA, CAST NO- 309
* 23 MUJAWAR, CAST NO-339
* 24 Tamboli
* 25 Muslim Beldar, Caste No. 330

== [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] ==

Below is a list Muslim communities granted OBC status in the Government of India in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/punjab.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Kumhar]]/ Ghumiar, Prajapati/ Parjapatra 1 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Kamboh]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *48 || ' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *50 || '''[[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Saifi]], Ramgarhia Turkhan ( Removed from here and now included with Entry No. 40 ) 5 ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt 27.10.1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]] (other than Scheduled Castes) 6 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Teli]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Arain]] ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 the Ghumiar are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speaking Muslim Kumhars
* 3 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority in [[Malerkotla]]
* 4 the Hajjam are Muslim Nais
* 5 the Saifis are Muslim Lohar
* 6 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu and Sikh section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small minority of Muslim nomadic Gujjars

==[[Rajasthan]]==

=== Central List ===
This is a list of Muslim communities who have been granted [[Other Backward Class]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Rajasthan.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 1''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 2.''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), [[Nema community|Nama]], [[Bhavsar]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dated 19/10/1994
|-
| *14 || ''' Dhivar, [[Kahar]], [[Bhoi]], Sagarvanshi-Mali, Keer, [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Mehra, Nishad, [[Bhishti|Bhisti]] 5 ''' || 12011/9/94- BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala), [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Gayri6 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 8 ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Nath 9 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] (Hindu and Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]], Mansoori10 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *30a || '''[[Kumhar]] 11 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *31 || 12 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *33 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] 13 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
| *35 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]], Rayee/[[Rayeen]], [[Kunjra]] 14 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *36 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 15 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi''' || -do-
|-
|*39 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Baid Nai 16 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *40 || ''' Nyaria ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *53 || ''' Sakka-[[Bhishti]], Saqqa-Bhishti, Bhishti-Abbasi ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dated 27/10/1999
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] 17 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 18 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Jat]] (except in Bharatpur and Dhaulpur Districts)''' || -do-
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]/ Faquir (Kadiris Chistis and Naqshbandias are not included)''' || -do-
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]] ''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04/04/2000
|-
| *62 || '''[[Silawat]](except Sompura Murtikar)''' || 12011/4/2002-BCC dated 19/06/2003
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *68 || '''[[Deshwali]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Barhai and Suthar largely Hindu communities with a small Muslim minorites.
* 2 the Banjara include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Bhishti are Muslim, while Mallah include a Muslim minority
* 6 the Ghosi and Gaddi are Muslim
* 7 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 8 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 9 the Jogi are only partly Muslim
*10 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*11 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 12the Manihar are Muslim
* 13the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 14 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali, while Rayeen or Kunjra are entirely Muslim
* 15 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 16 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 17 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

'''Explanation''' : In the above list for the State of Rajasthan, all castes, which are known by the name of their respective traditional hereditary occupations and whose members follow different religions, include all members of those castes, irrespective of whether they follow the [[Hindu]] religion or [[Islam]] or any other religion( Vide Resolution No. 12011/4/2002-BCC dt. 19/06/2003).

=== State List ===

This is a list of Muslim communities accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>http://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/List%20of%20Castes/obc.htm</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 1 '''
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2'''
|-
| *7 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 '''
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), Nama, Bhavsar 4 '''
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] '''
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), Gayri, [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala) 5 '''
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 6 '''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 7 '''
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] '''
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]] 8 '''
|-
| *31 || '''[[Kumhar]]'(Prajapati), Kumawat, Suara9 '''
|-
| *32] 10 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] '''
|-
| *35 || ''' Maha-Brahman (Acharai), [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] 11 (working in Kabristan) '''
|-
| *36 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]] 12 '''
|-
| *37 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 13 '''
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi, [[Langha caste|Langa]]/[[Manganiar|Mangniyar]] '''
|-
|*40 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Sen, Vednai14 '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Nyaria (Nyargar) '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] '''
|-
| *56 || ''' Halali, [[Qassab|Kasai]] '''
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] '''
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddee]] '''
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Farooki Bhatiyara]] '''
|-
| *64 || '''[[Silawat]](other than Sompura and Murtikaar)'''
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi (Muslim)]] 15 '''
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Qaimkhani|Kayamkhani]]'''
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjada, Raen]] '''
|-
| *69 || ''' [[Sapera (Muslim)|Sapera]] (Non Hindu Caste) 16 '''
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Madari]], Bazigar (Non Hindu Caste) '''
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nut]] (Non Hindu Caste) 17 '''
|-
| *73 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] '''
|-
| *74 || ''' Kheldar '''
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]'''
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Rath (tribe)|Rath]] '''
|-
| *77 || ''' Multanies '''
|-
| *78 || ''' Orphan Children18 '''
|-
| *79 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (non Hindu caste) 19 '''
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Deshwali]] '''
|-
| *82 || ''' Chobdaar '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Suthar include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 6 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 7 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
*8 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*9 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 10the Manihar are Muslim
* 11the Faqir are Muslim
* 12 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali.
* 13 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 14 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 15 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 16 only Muslim Sapera are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 17 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18includes Muslims
* 19 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

== [[Tamil Nadu]] ==

* 1.Dhakni Muslim
* 2.Dudekula
* 3.[[Labbai]], [[Rowther]] and [[Marakkar|Marakayar]]
* 4.[[Mapilla]]
* 5.patani

==[[Uttar Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/UttarPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- "
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Kahar]], Tanwar, Singhariya1 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Kewat]] or [[Mallaah|Mallah]]2 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Kasgar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kunjra]] or [[Rayeen]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)|Gujjar]] 4 ''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa, [[Qassab]], (Qureshi), Kasai/ Qassai, Chak5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Muslim Chhipi|Chhipi]], Chhipe6 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]] 7 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Jhojha]]''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Dafali]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Teli]], Samani, Rogangar, [[Muslim Teli|Teli Malik]] (Muslim), Teli Sahu, Teli Rathore8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Darzi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] 9 (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes)''' || -do-
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]''' || -do-
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Ranki, Mekrani10 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Barhai]], Badhai, Viswakarma, [[Ramgarhia]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999 and 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*37 || ''' Bhurji, Bharbhuja, [[Bharbhunja]], Bhooj, [[Kandu]] 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *38 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*39 || ''' [[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban]] 13 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/04/2001-BCC dt. 13/01/2004
|-
| *40 ||''' [[siddiqui Manihar]], Kacher tomar, Lakher brahmans, (excluding Lakhera sub-caste of Brahmans in Tehri Garhwal region), [[Churihar]] 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Ansar, Ansari), Julaha ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Kayasths|Muslim Kayastha]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || ''' Naddaf (Dhunia), Dhunia, Mansoori, [[Behna]], Kandere, Kadere, [[Pinjara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *47 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Rangwa 15 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Lohar]], Luhar, [[Saifi]] 16 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Muslim Halwai|Halwai]] 17 ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Nai), Salmani, [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain (Nai) 18 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Halalkhor]], [[Hela (caste)|Hela]], [[Lal Begi]] (other than those who are included in the list of Scheduled Castes) 19 ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996,
12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 20(other than those who are already included in the list of Scheduled Castes for UP) ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Meo]], Mewati''' || 12011/13/97-BCC dt. 03/12/1997
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Bhishti|Saqqa-Bhisti]], Bhisti-Abbassi ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || ''' [[Khumra]], Sangtarash, Hansiri ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Atishbaz]], Darugar ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]], Sais ''' || -do-
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhand]] ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in the List of SC of UttarPradesh) 21''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] (Memar) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || '''[[Sheikh Sarvari]] (Pirai), Peerahi''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalal]], [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]] 22''' || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Garha|Gada]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-*77 || || pathan
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Mallaah include a small Muslim minority
*3 the Kumhar are evenly divided between the Hindu and Muslim sections
*4 the nomadic Van Gujjar are entirely Muslim, while the settled Gujjars of western UP include a large Muslim minority
*5 the Chikwa and Qureshi Qassab are entirely Muslim, while the Chak are Hindu
*6the Chippe are largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*7 largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*8 the Teli Malik are Muslim
* 9 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 10 the Banjara are partly Muslim, while the Mukeri are entirely Muslim
* 11 the Barhai are partly Muslim
* 12 the Bharbhunja are partly Muslim
* 13 the Baghban are Muslim Mali.
* 14the Manihar are Muslim, while the Churihar are largely Muslim
* 15 the Rangrez are Muslim and Rangwa Hindu
* 16 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 17 the Halwai are partly Muslim
* 18 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 19 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Halalkhor and Lalbegi are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 20 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 21 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

Explanation:- In the above list for Uttar Pradesh for all castes linked with traditional hereditary occupations, except those entered with specific mention of name of religion, are included, irrespective of whether their members follow [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] or any other religion.

==West Bengal==

===Central list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/westbengal.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt.09-03-1996 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06-09-2001
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-

|-
| *45 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai-Quraishi]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt.04-04-2000
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Kunjra|Rayeen (Kunjra)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *60 || ''' Patidar ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011
|-
| *62 || ''' Pahadia Muslim''' | 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011"
|-
|}

===State list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the state government of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! SI. !! Caste || Particulars of Connected Orders
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Hawari]]''' 1 || Notification No. 93-TW/EC dt. 01.02.1997
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] '''1 || -do-
|-kalwar
| *50 || ''' Patidar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' Notification No. 5001-BCW Dt.7-10-02
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] '''1 || -do-
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Hajjam]] ''' 1 || Notification No.3230 - BCW dt 04-12-08 read with No. 264/BCW dt. 28-01-09
|-
| *66 || ''' Chowduli ''' 1 || Notification No. 485/BCW dt. 20-02-2009
|-
| *68 || ''' Beldar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *69 || ''' Khotta Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nekari|Nikari]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1403-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 26/04/2010
|-
| *72 || ''' Mahaldar '''1 || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Dhukre'''1 || -do-
|-
| *74 || ''' Basni / Bosni ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Kan (tribe)|Kan]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *77 || ''' [[Tuntia|Tutia]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1639-BCW/MR-436/1999
dt. 14/05/2010
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Gayen|Gaven]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *79 || ''' Bhatia Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *80 || ''' Midde ''' 1 || Notification No. 1929-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 02/06/2010
|-
| *81 || ''' Mallick ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *82 || ''' [[Qalandar (tribe)|Kalander]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *83 || ''' Laskar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *84 || ''' . [[Bedia (tribe)|Baidya Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *85 || ''' Jamadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *86 || ''' Chutor Mistri ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *87 || ''' Dafadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Mal Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *89 || ''' Majhi / Patni Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *90 || ''' Muchi / Chamar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' Nehariya''' 1|| Notification No. 2317-BCW/MR-436/99
Dated 1 July 2010
|-
| *92 || ''' Muslim Haldar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' Siuli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *94 || ''' Muslim Mandal ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *95 || ''' Muslim Sanpui/Sapui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *96 || ''' Muslim Biswas ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *97 || ''' Muslim Mali ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *98 || ''' [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Darzi|Darji / Ostagar / Idrishi]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 5045-BCW/MR-436/99(I) Dated 31 August 2010
|-
| *100 || ''' Rajmistri''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' Molla ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' Dhali (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *104 || ''' Tal-Pakha Benia''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *105 || ''' Muslim Piyada ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *106 || ''' Muslim Barujibi / Barui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *107 || ''' Bepari / Byapari Muslim ''' 1 || Notification No. 6305-BCW / MR-436/99(I) Dated 24 September 2010
|-
| *108 || ''' Penchi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *109 || ''' Bhangi (Muslim) ''' 1 || Notification No. 1673-BCW / MR-209/11
Dated 11 May 2012
|-
| *110 || ''' Dhatri/Dai/Dhaity (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *111 || ''' Gharami (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *112 || ''' Ghorkhan ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *113 || ''' Halsana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *114 || ''' Kayal (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *115 || ''' Naiya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *116 || ''' Shikari/Sikari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *117 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *118 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Akunji/Akan/Akhan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *120 || ''' Bag (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *121 || ''' Chaprashi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *122 || ''' [[Churihar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *123 || ''' Daptari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *124 || ''' Dewan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' Dhabak (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' Gazi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *127 || ''' Khan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *128 || ''' Kolu Muslim (Shah, Sahaji, Sadhukhan, Mondal) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' Majhi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *130 || ''' Malita/Malitha/Malitya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *131 || '''Sekh (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *132 || ''' Paik (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *133 || ''' Pailan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *134 || ''' Purkait (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *135 || ''' Sana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *136 || ''' Sareng (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *137 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *138 || ''' Sarkar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *139 || ''' Shah (Fakir)/Shah/Sha/Sahaji) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *140 || ''' Tarafdar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *141 || ''' Gavara ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *142 || ''' Mouli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *143 || ''' Sepai (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *144 ||, , Islam(Muslim), , 1 || -do-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Indicate Muslim communities amongst the OBCs

==See also==
* [[List of Other Backward Classes]]
* [[Scheduled Tribes]]
* [[Reservation in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India|*]]
[[Category:Dalit Muslim|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community|Muslim Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India

2014-07-25T09:33:03Z

194.103.240.26:

This is a full '''list of Muslim communities in India (OBCs)''' that are recognised in [[India]]'s Constitution as [[Other Backward Class|other backward classes]].<ref>http://www.ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/index.html</ref>

==[[Andhra Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/andhrapradesh.pdf</ref>
*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *37 || '''[[Hela Mehtar|Mehtar]]'''|| 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 16.01.2006
|-
| *43 || '''Dudekula Laddaf, Pinjari or Noorbash '''('''Muslim''') || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *62 || '''Arekatika, Katika, Quresh (Muslim Butchers) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt.13-01-2004
|-

|}

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka]] state government.<ref>http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=03&org=111&category=Introduction</ref>

* 1. Achchukattalavandlu, Singali, Singamvallu, Achchupanivallu,Achchukattuvaru, Achukatlavandlu.
* 2. Attar Saibulu, Attarollu
* 3.[[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi Muslim]] / Muslim Dhobi / Dhobi Musalman, Turka Chakla or Turka Sakala, Turaka Chakali, Tulukka Vannan, Tsakalas, Sakalas or Chakalas, Muslim Rajakas
* 4.[[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]], Fhakir Budbudki, Ghanti Fhakir, Ghanta Fhakirlu, Turaka Budbudki, Darvesh, Fakeer
* 5.Garadi Muslim, Garadi Saibulu, Pamulavallu, Kani-kattuvallu, Garadollu, Garadiga
* 6.Gosangi Muslim, Phakeer Sayebulu
* 7.Guddi Eluguvallu, Elugu Bantuvallu, Musalman Keelu Gurralavallu
* 8.[[Hajjam]], Nai, Nai Muslim, Navid
* 9.Labbi, [[Labbai]], Labbon, Labba
* 10.Pakeerla, Borewale, Deera Phakirlu, Bonthala
* 11.[[Qassab|QureshiQassab]], Kureshi / Khureshi, Khasab, Marati Khasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim
* 12.[[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaik]] (Andhra Sheikhs, Sufi Sheikhs, Yemeni Sheikhs)
* 13.[[Siddi]], Yaba, Habshi, Jasi
* 14.Turaka Kasha, Kakkukotte Zinka Saibulu, Chakkitakanevale, Terugadu Gontalavaru, Thirugatigantla, Rollaku Kakku Kottevaru, Pattar Phodulu, Chakketakare, Thuraka Kasha.
* 15. Other Muslim groups excluding:
* * [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], Moghal;
* Irani;
* [[Chaush]];
* Bohara, [[Mustaali|Bohra]];
* [[Kutchi Memon|Cutchi-Memon]];
* [[Konkani Muslims|Jamayat]];
* [[Navayath]]

== [[Assam]] ==

* 1. [[Maimal]]
* 2. Maria
* 3. [[Muslims of Manipur|Pangal]]

==[[Bihar]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Case/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *5 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *16 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Churihar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Teli]],
*53 ''' mallik( Muslim) || -do-
|-
| *57 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
|*84 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *92 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC( C) dt. 10.09.93 and 12015/15/2008- BCC dt.16.06.2011
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *124b || ''' Kalal, Kalwar, Kalar or [[Araqi biradri|Araqi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' [[Kulhaiya|Kulahia]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 12011/4/2004-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *130 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 17.01.2006
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt.17.01.2006
|-*132 shariff

|}

Notes:

* 1 largely a [[Hindu]] caste in Bihar with a small Muslim minority known as Turk Telis.

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of Bihar:.<ref>http://scbc.bih.nic.in/</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Entry Number in the Communities Central List
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 1
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 130
|-
|*15 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || 84
|-
|*22 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 38
|-
| *25 pathani manihar
| *26 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || 46
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || 57
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || 58
|-
| *37 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || 30
|-
| *46 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 119
|-
| *50 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 16
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 9
|-
| *52b || ''' Kalar or [[Iraqi biradri|Iraqi]] ''' || 124b
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || 5
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 91
|-
| *77 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], } (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || 92
|-
| *86 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 93
|-
| *87 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || 102
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 103
|-
| *89 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || 99
|-
| *95 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || 63
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || 68
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 109
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || 111
|-
| *114 || ''' [[Sai (caste)|Sayee]](Muslim) ''' || 116
|-
| *115 || ''' Malik(Muslim) ''' || 76
|-
| *116 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || 126
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 131
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 129
|-

== [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ==

* 1. [[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]]

== [[Delhi]] ==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Delhi.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated 24/05/1995
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) ''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Bhat]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak ''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]] 1 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt.24/05/1995 and
12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 1 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 17/07/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Gaderia|Gadaria]], Gadheri, [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Garri 4 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Ghasiara]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 5 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 6 ''' || -do-
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Goswami7 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [Julaha, ](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003 and 12015/13/2010-B.C.II Dt. 08.12.2011
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 8 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati 9 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lakhera]], [[Manihar]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 10 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 11 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 12 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 13 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara ''' || -do-
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *50 || ''' [[Sunar]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Teli]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli-Malik]] 14 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Only the Gaddi community are Muslims
* 5 Only the Ghosi community are Muslims
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 8 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 9 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 10 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 11 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 12 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 13 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 13 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 14 the Teli Maliks are Muslims

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Delhi]].<ref>http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/.../OBC_LIST.pdf?MOD</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number || Caste/Community
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] '''
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] '''
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) '''
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] '''
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak '''
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]], [[Chhimba]] ''' 1
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 2 '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3'''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], Alvi4 '''
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 5 '''
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha, Ansari]](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) '''
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] '''
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 6 '''
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati7 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' Khakhora, [[Manihar]] '''
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 8 '''
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 9 '''
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 10 '''
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Meenas|Mina/ Meena]] '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] '''
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 11 '''
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani '''
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] '''
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] '''
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara '''
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] '''
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Sunar]] 12 '''
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Teli]] 13 '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] 14 '''
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Meo]] '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Alvi is now preferred self-designation of the Faqir community, but not all Alvis are Faqirs.
* 5 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 8 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 9 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 10 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 11 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 12 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 13 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 14 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.

==[[Gujarat]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Gujarat]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/gujarat.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || '''[[Bafan]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || '''[[Chunara]]1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Dafer]] (Hindu & Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] or Faquir(Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gadhai]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || '''[[Galiara]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *23a || '''[[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *26 || '''[[Hingora]] (Muslim)'''|| -do-
|-
| *27a || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaya Ansari]]''' (Muslim) || 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *27b || ''' Garana, Tariya Tari ''' (Muslim) || 12011/88/98-BCC dt 06.12.1999
|-
| *28 || '''[[Jats of Kutch|Jat]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Khateek|Khatki or Kasai Chamadia Khatki Halari Khatki (all Muslim)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *35 || '''[[Bhadala|Kharwa-Bhadela]]''' || -do-
|-
| *40 || ''' Mir Dhadhi, [[Langha (tribe)|Langha]], [[Mirasi]] (all Muslims) ''' || -do-
|-
| *44 || '''[[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || '''[[Mutwa|Matwa]] or [[Meta Qureshi|Matwa-Kureshi]] (Muslim), Gavli (Hindu) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 || '''[[Me (caste)|Me]] or Meta ''' || -do-
|-
| *49 || '''[[Miyana]], Miana (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Pinjara]], [[Ghanchi-Pinjara]] and [[Mansoori|Mansuri-Pinjara]] (all Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || '''[[Sandhai Muslims|Sandhi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || '''[[Siddi]] (where they are not Scheduled Tribes)''' || -do-
|-
| *65 || '''[[Sipahi (caste)|Sipai Patni Jamat]] and [[Turk Jamat]] (all Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *70 || '''[[Theba (tribe)|Theba]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *73b || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Muslim), [[Khalipha]] (Muslim), Babar (Hindu)''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1996
|-
| *76 || ''' Vanzara and Kangsiwala (Hindu) and [[Muslim Bangara|Vanzara]] (Muslim) of Dangs district only ''' || -do-
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Wagher]](Hindu & Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Bhishti|Pakhali]]2 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1999
|-
| *82b || '''[[Baghban]], [[Rayeen]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *91 || ''' Luhar/[[Lohar]]/[[Panchal]]3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *96 || '''[[Bharbhunja]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *97 || ''' [[Chhipa]] 4 '''|| 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06.09.2001
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Arab (Gujarat)|Arab]] (Muslim) ''' || 12015/15/2008-BCC dated 16.06.2011
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Soomro|Sumra]] ([[Muslim]]) ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Chunara include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Pakhali are known as Bhishti elsewhere in India
* 3 the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 4 the Chhipa are largely Muslim

==[[Haryana]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Haryana.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *10 || ''' Bhat, [[Bhatra]], Darpi, [[Ramaiya]] 1 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Changar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 2 ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Dhimar]], [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Kashyap-Rajpoot, [[Kahar]], [[Jhinwar]] or Jhiwar, Dhiwar, [[Kewat|Khewat]], Mehra, Nishad, Sakka, Bhisti, [[Bhishti|Sheikh-Abbasi]] 3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *24 || ''' Ghasi, [[Ghasiara]] or [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *29|| ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Nais, Sain, Salmani5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) t. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC t. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan6''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Kamboj]] 7''' ''' || -do-
|-

|*39 || ''' [[Lakhera rajpoot]], [[Manihar siddiqui]], Kacheratomar 8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Lohar]] or Luhar, [[Saifi]], Panchal9 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Madari]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes) 10 ''' || -do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *46 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *47 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *53 || ''' Singlikant or [[Singikat|Singikant]], [[Singiwala]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Sunar]], Zaragar, Soni 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Vanzara, Banzara, [[Banjara]] or Vanjara 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (other than those who are already included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Haryana) 15 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Meo]] ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 16 ''' || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar, Leelgar, Lallari ''' || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Soni(Dawala), Nyaria17 ''' || 12011/36/99-BCCdt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCCdt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *74 || ''' [[Julaha (Muslim), Mohammadan Ansari, Ansari]] 18''' ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

|}

Notes:

* 1 the Bhat include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Dhobi include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bhishti or Shaikh Abbasi are Muslim
* 4 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 5 the Hajjam or Salmani are Muslim
* 6 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 7 the Kamboh include a Muslim minority
* 8 the Manihar are Muslim
* 9 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 10 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 11 the Singiwala are partly Muslim
* 12 the Zaragar Muslim Sonar
* 13 the Haryana Teli are almost entirely Muslim
* 14 the Banjara are partly Muslim
* 15only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section has [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 16 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
*17 the Nyaria are partly Muslim sections
*18 Ansari are Muslim Julaha (Weaver)

== [[Himachal Pradesh]] ==
This is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/HimachalPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 1 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati, Kumbar, Ghumar, Ghumhar2 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]], Kanchan3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-

|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *43 || ''' Pinja or Penja, Panja, Nadaf, Nadaaf ''' || -do- and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *48 || ''' Gujjar or [[Gurjar|Gujar]] (in merged areas only) 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt.10-09-1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *49 || ''' Julaha, [[Momin Ansari|Ansari]] 5 (other than those included in the List of SCs) 2 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 2 the Ghumar are Punjabi speaking Muslim Kumhar
* 3 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 4 most Muslim Gujjar in Himachal Pradesh have [[Scheduled Tribe]] status
* 5 the Ansari are Muslim, most Himachal Pradesh Julaha are [[Kabirpanthi Julaha|Kabirpanth]]
*6 the Muslim mallah caste are include in obc state list

== [[Jammu and Kashmir]] ==

This is a list of Muslim communities that have been granted [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/jammuandkashmir.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1|| ''' Bahach Hanjie & Shikara Wallas (excluding house-boat owners) ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated.24-05-1995
|-
| *3 || '''Hajam (Barbers) (Rural only) ''' || -do-
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Bhand]]''' || -do-
|-
|*5 || ''' Dambali Faqir ''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' Doom (excluding those in [[Scheduled Castes]])''' || -do-
|-
|*7 || ''' Fishermen including Gada Hanz ''' || -do-
|-
| *10 || ''' Kulfaqir''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Kumahar (Village Potters) ''' || -do-
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Madari]], [[Bazigar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' Shaksaz''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' Shoe-repairers (working without the aid of machines)''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' Shupri Wattal (excluding those in Sch. Caste)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Teli]], Teeli 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Dhobi|Village Washermen]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2 ''' || 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001
|}-*22 || '''[[Naikoo]], 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001

Notes:|-

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority

==[[Madhya Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Madhy Pradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *59 || ''' Islamic Groups ''' ||
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrej]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *2 || ''' [[Bhishti|Bhisthi, Bhishti-Abbasi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Chhipa|Chippa/Chhipa]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|*7 || ''' [[Meo|Mewati, Meo]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Pinjara]], Naddaf, [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir/Faquir]], [[Behna]], Dhuniya, Dhunkar, Mansoori.''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/88/98
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjara, Raine]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Manihar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Kasab, Kassab Qussab, Qassab-Qurreshi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Barhai|Barhai]],(Carpenter) ''' ||-do-
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Hajjam]](Barber), Nai (Barber), Salmani ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *15|| ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha-Momin, Julaha-Ansari, Momin-Ansari]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Saifi|Luhar, Saifi]], [[Nagori (caste)|Nagauri Luhar]], [[Multani Lohar|Multani Luhar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadavi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Makrani ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], Nayata, Pindari (Pindara) ''' || -do- and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *21 || ''' Kalaigar ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *22 || ''' Pemdi ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' Mirdha (Excluding Jat Muslims) ''' ||12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Other than those included in the SC List)''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *26 || ''' Niyargar, Niyargar-Multani Niyaria ''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|}

==[[Maharashtra]]==
This Cast Maharashtra
* 1. [[Momin Ansari]]
* 2. [[Attar (caste)|Attar]]
* 3. [[Baghban|Bagwan]]
* 4. [[Chhaparband (Muslim)|Chhaparband]]
* 5. [[Dhawad]]
* 6.Darwesi
* 7. [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir Bhandarwala]]
* 8. [[Gavandi]]
* 9. Gavil Muslim
* 10. Hashmi
* 11. [[Khateek]]
* 12. [[Mansoori]]
* 13. [[Madari|Muslim Madari]]
* 14. Nalba
* 15. Naqqash
* 16. [[Muslim Rangrez|Nilgar]]
* 17. Pan Faroshs
* 18. Putligar
* 19. [[Garodi|Sanpagarudi]]
* 20. [[Qassab]]
* 21 [[teli(malik)]]
* 22 MUSLIM MANIYAR,MANYAR,BANGDIWALA, CAST NO- 309
* 23 MUJAWAR, CAST NO-339
* 24 Tamboli
* 25 Muslim Beldar, Caste No. 330

== [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] ==

Below is a list Muslim communities granted OBC status in the Government of India in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/punjab.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Kumhar]]/ Ghumiar, Prajapati/ Parjapatra 1 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Kamboh]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *48 || ' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *50 || '''[[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Saifi]], Ramgarhia Turkhan ( Removed from here and now included with Entry No. 40 ) 5 ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt 27.10.1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]] (other than Scheduled Castes) 6 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Teli]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Arain]] ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 the Ghumiar are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speaking Muslim Kumhars
* 3 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority in [[Malerkotla]]
* 4 the Hajjam are Muslim Nais
* 5 the Saifis are Muslim Lohar
* 6 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu and Sikh section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small minority of Muslim nomadic Gujjars

==[[Rajasthan]]==

=== Central List ===
This is a list of Muslim communities who have been granted [[Other Backward Class]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Rajasthan.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 1''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 2.''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), [[Nema community|Nama]], [[Bhavsar]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dated 19/10/1994
|-
| *14 || ''' Dhivar, [[Kahar]], [[Bhoi]], Sagarvanshi-Mali, Keer, [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Mehra, Nishad, [[Bhishti|Bhisti]] 5 ''' || 12011/9/94- BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala), [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Gayri6 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 8 ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Nath 9 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] (Hindu and Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]], Mansoori10 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *30a || '''[[Kumhar]] 11 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *31 || 12 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *33 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] 13 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
| *35 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]], Rayee/[[Rayeen]], [[Kunjra]] 14 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *36 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 15 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi''' || -do-
|-
|*39 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Baid Nai 16 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *40 || ''' Nyaria ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *53 || ''' Sakka-[[Bhishti]], Saqqa-Bhishti, Bhishti-Abbasi ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dated 27/10/1999
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] 17 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 18 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Jat]] (except in Bharatpur and Dhaulpur Districts)''' || -do-
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]/ Faquir (Kadiris Chistis and Naqshbandias are not included)''' || -do-
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]] ''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04/04/2000
|-
| *62 || '''[[Silawat]](except Sompura Murtikar)''' || 12011/4/2002-BCC dated 19/06/2003
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *68 || '''[[Deshwali]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Barhai and Suthar largely Hindu communities with a small Muslim minorites.
* 2 the Banjara include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Bhishti are Muslim, while Mallah include a Muslim minority
* 6 the Ghosi and Gaddi are Muslim
* 7 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 8 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 9 the Jogi are only partly Muslim
*10 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*11 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 12the Manihar are Muslim
* 13the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 14 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali, while Rayeen or Kunjra are entirely Muslim
* 15 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 16 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 17 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

'''Explanation''' : In the above list for the State of Rajasthan, all castes, which are known by the name of their respective traditional hereditary occupations and whose members follow different religions, include all members of those castes, irrespective of whether they follow the [[Hindu]] religion or [[Islam]] or any other religion( Vide Resolution No. 12011/4/2002-BCC dt. 19/06/2003).

=== State List ===

This is a list of Muslim communities accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>http://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/List%20of%20Castes/obc.htm</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 1 '''
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2'''
|-
| *7 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 '''
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), Nama, Bhavsar 4 '''
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] '''
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), Gayri, [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala) 5 '''
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 6 '''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 7 '''
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] '''
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]] 8 '''
|-
| *31 || '''[[Kumhar]]'(Prajapati), Kumawat, Suara9 '''
|-
| *32] 10 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] '''
|-
| *35 || ''' Maha-Brahman (Acharai), [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] 11 (working in Kabristan) '''
|-
| *36 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]] 12 '''
|-
| *37 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 13 '''
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi, [[Langha caste|Langa]]/[[Manganiar|Mangniyar]] '''
|-
|*40 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Sen, Vednai14 '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Nyaria (Nyargar) '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] '''
|-
| *56 || ''' Halali, [[Qassab|Kasai]] '''
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] '''
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddee]] '''
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Farooki Bhatiyara]] '''
|-
| *64 || '''[[Silawat]](other than Sompura and Murtikaar)'''
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi (Muslim)]] 15 '''
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Qaimkhani|Kayamkhani]]'''
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjada, Raen]] '''
|-
| *69 || ''' [[Sapera (Muslim)|Sapera]] (Non Hindu Caste) 16 '''
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Madari]], Bazigar (Non Hindu Caste) '''
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nut]] (Non Hindu Caste) 17 '''
|-
| *73 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] '''
|-
| *74 || ''' Kheldar '''
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]'''
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Rath (tribe)|Rath]] '''
|-
| *77 || ''' Multanies '''
|-
| *78 || ''' Orphan Children18 '''
|-
| *79 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (non Hindu caste) 19 '''
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Deshwali]] '''
|-
| *82 || ''' Chobdaar '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Suthar include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 6 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 7 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
*8 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*9 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 10the Manihar are Muslim
* 11the Faqir are Muslim
* 12 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali.
* 13 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 14 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 15 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 16 only Muslim Sapera are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 17 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18includes Muslims
* 19 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

== [[Tamil Nadu]] ==

* 1.Dhakni Muslim
* 2.Dudekula
* 3.[[Labbai]], [[Rowther]] and [[Marakkar|Marakayar]]
* 4.[[Mapilla]]
* 5.patani

==[[Uttar Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/UttarPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- "
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Kahar]], Tanwar, Singhariya1 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Kewat]] or [[Mallaah|Mallah]]2 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Kasgar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kunjra]] or [[Rayeen]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)|Gujjar]] 4 ''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa, [[Qassab]], (Qureshi), Kasai/ Qassai, Chak5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Muslim Chhipi|Chhipi]], Chhipe6 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]] 7 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Jhojha]]''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Dafali]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Teli]], Samani, Rogangar, [[Muslim Teli|Teli Malik]] (Muslim), Teli Sahu, Teli Rathore8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Darzi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] 9 (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes)''' || -do-
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]''' || -do-
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Ranki, Mekrani10 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Barhai]], Badhai, Viswakarma, [[Ramgarhia]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999 and 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*37 || ''' Bhurji, Bharbhuja, [[Bharbhunja]], Bhooj, [[Kandu]] 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *38 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*39 || ''' [[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban]] 13 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/04/2001-BCC dt. 13/01/2004
|-
| *40 ||''' [[siddiqui Manihar]], Kacher tomar, Lakher brahmans, (excluding Lakhera sub-caste of Brahmans in Tehri Garhwal region), [[Churihar]] 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Ansar, Ansari), Julaha ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Kayasths|Muslim Kayastha]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || ''' Naddaf (Dhunia), Dhunia, Mansoori, [[Behna]], Kandere, Kadere, [[Pinjara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *47 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Rangwa 15 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Lohar]], Luhar, [[Saifi]] 16 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Muslim Halwai|Halwai]] 17 ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Nai), Salmani, [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain (Nai) 18 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Halalkhor]], [[Hela (caste)|Hela]], [[Lal Begi]] (other than those who are included in the list of Scheduled Castes) 19 ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996,
12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 20(other than those who are already included in the list of Scheduled Castes for UP) ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Meo]], Mewati''' || 12011/13/97-BCC dt. 03/12/1997
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Bhishti|Saqqa-Bhisti]], Bhisti-Abbassi ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || ''' [[Khumra]], Sangtarash, Hansiri ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Atishbaz]], Darugar ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]], Sais ''' || -do-
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhand]] ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in the List of SC of UttarPradesh) 21''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] (Memar) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || '''[[Sheikh Sarvari]] (Pirai), Peerahi''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalal]], [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]] 22''' || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Garha|Gada]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-*77 || || pathan
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Mallaah include a small Muslim minority
*3 the Kumhar are evenly divided between the Hindu and Muslim sections
*4 the nomadic Van Gujjar are entirely Muslim, while the settled Gujjars of western UP include a large Muslim minority
*5 the Chikwa and Qureshi Qassab are entirely Muslim, while the Chak are Hindu
*6the Chippe are largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*7 largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*8 the Teli Malik are Muslim
* 9 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 10 the Banjara are partly Muslim, while the Mukeri are entirely Muslim
* 11 the Barhai are partly Muslim
* 12 the Bharbhunja are partly Muslim
* 13 the Baghban are Muslim Mali.
* 14the Manihar are Muslim, while the Churihar are largely Muslim
* 15 the Rangrez are Muslim and Rangwa Hindu
* 16 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 17 the Halwai are partly Muslim
* 18 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 19 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Halalkhor and Lalbegi are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 20 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 21 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

Explanation:- In the above list for Uttar Pradesh for all castes linked with traditional hereditary occupations, except those entered with specific mention of name of religion, are included, irrespective of whether their members follow [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] or any other religion.

==West Bengal==

===Central list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/westbengal.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt.09-03-1996 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06-09-2001
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-

|-
| *45 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai-Quraishi]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt.04-04-2000
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Kunjra|Rayeen (Kunjra)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *60 || ''' Patidar ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011
|-
| *62 || ''' Pahadia Muslim''' | 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011"
|-
|}

===State list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the state government of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! SI. !! Caste || Particulars of Connected Orders
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Hawari]]''' 1 || Notification No. 93-TW/EC dt. 01.02.1997
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] '''1 || -do-
|-kalwar
| *50 || ''' Patidar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' Notification No. 5001-BCW Dt.7-10-02
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] '''1 || -do-
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Hajjam]] ''' 1 || Notification No.3230 - BCW dt 04-12-08 read with No. 264/BCW dt. 28-01-09
|-
| *66 || ''' Chowduli ''' 1 || Notification No. 485/BCW dt. 20-02-2009
|-
| *68 || ''' Beldar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *69 || ''' Khotta Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nekari|Nikari]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1403-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 26/04/2010
|-
| *72 || ''' Mahaldar '''1 || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Dhukre'''1 || -do-
|-
| *74 || ''' Basni / Bosni ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Kan (tribe)|Kan]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *77 || ''' [[Tuntia|Tutia]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1639-BCW/MR-436/1999
dt. 14/05/2010
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Gayen|Gaven]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *79 || ''' Bhatia Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *80 || ''' Midde ''' 1 || Notification No. 1929-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 02/06/2010
|-
| *81 || ''' Mallick ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *82 || ''' [[Qalandar (tribe)|Kalander]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *83 || ''' Laskar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *84 || ''' . [[Bedia (tribe)|Baidya Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *85 || ''' Jamadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *86 || ''' Chutor Mistri ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *87 || ''' Dafadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Mal Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *89 || ''' Majhi / Patni Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *90 || ''' Muchi / Chamar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' Nehariya''' 1|| Notification No. 2317-BCW/MR-436/99
Dated 1 July 2010
|-
| *92 || ''' Muslim Haldar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' Siuli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *94 || ''' Muslim Mandal ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *95 || ''' Muslim Sanpui/Sapui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *96 || ''' Muslim Biswas ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *97 || ''' Muslim Mali ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *98 || ''' [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Darzi|Darji / Ostagar / Idrishi]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 5045-BCW/MR-436/99(I) Dated 31 August 2010
|-
| *100 || ''' Rajmistri''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' Molla ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' Dhali (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *104 || ''' Tal-Pakha Benia''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *105 || ''' Muslim Piyada ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *106 || ''' Muslim Barujibi / Barui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *107 || ''' Bepari / Byapari Muslim ''' 1 || Notification No. 6305-BCW / MR-436/99(I) Dated 24 September 2010
|-
| *108 || ''' Penchi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *109 || ''' Bhangi (Muslim) ''' 1 || Notification No. 1673-BCW / MR-209/11
Dated 11 May 2012
|-
| *110 || ''' Dhatri/Dai/Dhaity (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *111 || ''' Gharami (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *112 || ''' Ghorkhan ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *113 || ''' Halsana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *114 || ''' Kayal (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *115 || ''' Naiya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *116 || ''' Shikari/Sikari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *117 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *118 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Akunji/Akan/Akhan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *120 || ''' Bag (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *121 || ''' Chaprashi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *122 || ''' [[Churihar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *123 || ''' Daptari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *124 || ''' Dewan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' Dhabak (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' Gazi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *127 || ''' Khan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *128 || ''' Kolu Muslim (Shah, Sahaji, Sadhukhan, Mondal) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' Majhi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *130 || ''' Malita/Malitha/Malitya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *131 || '''Sekh (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *132 || ''' Paik (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *133 || ''' Pailan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *134 || ''' Purkait (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *135 || ''' Sana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *136 || ''' Sareng (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *137 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *138 || ''' Sarkar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *139 || ''' Shah (Fakir)/Shah/Sha/Sahaji) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *140 || ''' Tarafdar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *141 || ''' Gavara ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *142 || ''' Mouli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *143 || ''' Sepai (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *144 ||, , Islam(Muslim), , 1 || -do-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Indicate Muslim communities amongst the OBCs

==See also==
* [[List of Other Backward Classes]]
* [[Scheduled Tribes]]
* [[Reservation in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India|*]]
[[Category:Dalit Muslim|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community|Muslim Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India

2014-07-25T09:28:32Z

194.103.240.26:

This is a full '''list of Muslim communities in India (OBCs)''' that are recognised in [[India]]'s Constitution as [[Other Backward Class|other backward classes]].<ref>http://www.ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/index.html</ref>

==[[Andhra Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/andhrapradesh.pdf</ref>
*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *37 || '''[[Hela Mehtar|Mehtar]]'''|| 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 16.01.2006
|-
| *43 || '''Dudekula Laddaf, Pinjari or Noorbash '''('''Muslim''') || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *62 || '''Arekatika, Katika, Quresh (Muslim Butchers) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt.13-01-2004
|-

|}

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka]] state government.<ref>http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=03&org=111&category=Introduction</ref>

* 1. Achchukattalavandlu, Singali, Singamvallu, Achchupanivallu,Achchukattuvaru, Achukatlavandlu.
* 2. Attar Saibulu, Attarollu
* 3.[[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi Muslim]] / Muslim Dhobi / Dhobi Musalman, Turka Chakla or Turka Sakala, Turaka Chakali, Tulukka Vannan, Tsakalas, Sakalas or Chakalas, Muslim Rajakas
* 4.[[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]], Fhakir Budbudki, Ghanti Fhakir, Ghanta Fhakirlu, Turaka Budbudki, Darvesh, Fakeer
* 5.Garadi Muslim, Garadi Saibulu, Pamulavallu, Kani-kattuvallu, Garadollu, Garadiga
* 6.Gosangi Muslim, Phakeer Sayebulu
* 7.Guddi Eluguvallu, Elugu Bantuvallu, Musalman Keelu Gurralavallu
* 8.[[Hajjam]], Nai, Nai Muslim, Navid
* 9.Labbi, [[Labbai]], Labbon, Labba
* 10.Pakeerla, Borewale, Deera Phakirlu, Bonthala
* 11.[[Qassab|QureshiQassab]], Kureshi / Khureshi, Khasab, Marati Khasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim
* 12.[[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaik]] / Andhra Sheikhs
* 13.[[Siddi]], Yaba, Habshi, Jasi
* 14.Turaka Kasha, Kakkukotte Zinka Saibulu, Chakkitakanevale, Terugadu Gontalavaru, Thirugatigantla, Rollaku Kakku Kottevaru, Pattar Phodulu, Chakketakare, Thuraka Kasha.
* 15. Other Muslim groups excluding:
* * [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], Moghal;
* Irani;
* [[Chaush]];
* Bohara, [[Mustaali|Bohra]];
* [[Kutchi Memon|Cutchi-Memon]];
* [[Konkani Muslims|Jamayat]];
* [[Navayath]]

== [[Assam]] ==

* 1. [[Maimal]]
* 2. Maria
* 3. [[Muslims of Manipur|Pangal]]

==[[Bihar]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Case/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *5 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *16 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Churihar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Teli]],
*53 ''' mallik( Muslim) || -do-
|-
| *57 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
|*84 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *92 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC( C) dt. 10.09.93 and 12015/15/2008- BCC dt.16.06.2011
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *124b || ''' Kalal, Kalwar, Kalar or [[Araqi biradri|Araqi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' [[Kulhaiya|Kulahia]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 12011/4/2004-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *130 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 17.01.2006
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt.17.01.2006
|-*132 shariff

|}

Notes:

* 1 largely a [[Hindu]] caste in Bihar with a small Muslim minority known as Turk Telis.

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of Bihar:.<ref>http://scbc.bih.nic.in/</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Entry Number in the Communities Central List
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 1
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 130
|-
|*15 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || 84
|-
|*22 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 38
|-
| *25 pathani manihar
| *26 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || 46
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || 57
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || 58
|-
| *37 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || 30
|-
| *46 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 119
|-
| *50 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 16
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 9
|-
| *52b || ''' Kalar or [[Iraqi biradri|Iraqi]] ''' || 124b
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || 5
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 91
|-
| *77 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], } (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || 92
|-
| *86 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 93
|-
| *87 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || 102
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 103
|-
| *89 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || 99
|-
| *95 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || 63
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || 68
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 109
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || 111
|-
| *114 || ''' [[Sai (caste)|Sayee]](Muslim) ''' || 116
|-
| *115 || ''' Malik(Muslim) ''' || 76
|-
| *116 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || 126
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 131
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 129
|-

== [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ==

* 1. [[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]]

== [[Delhi]] ==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Delhi.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated 24/05/1995
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) ''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Bhat]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak ''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]] 1 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt.24/05/1995 and
12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 1 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 17/07/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Gaderia|Gadaria]], Gadheri, [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Garri 4 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Ghasiara]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 5 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 6 ''' || -do-
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Goswami7 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [Julaha, ](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003 and 12015/13/2010-B.C.II Dt. 08.12.2011
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 8 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati 9 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lakhera]], [[Manihar]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 10 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 11 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 12 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 13 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara ''' || -do-
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *50 || ''' [[Sunar]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Teli]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli-Malik]] 14 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Only the Gaddi community are Muslims
* 5 Only the Ghosi community are Muslims
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 8 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 9 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 10 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 11 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 12 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 13 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 13 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 14 the Teli Maliks are Muslims

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Delhi]].<ref>http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/.../OBC_LIST.pdf?MOD</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number || Caste/Community
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] '''
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] '''
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) '''
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] '''
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak '''
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]], [[Chhimba]] ''' 1
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 2 '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3'''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], Alvi4 '''
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 5 '''
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha, Ansari]](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) '''
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] '''
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 6 '''
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati7 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' Khakhora, [[Manihar]] '''
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 8 '''
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 9 '''
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 10 '''
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Meenas|Mina/ Meena]] '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] '''
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 11 '''
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani '''
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] '''
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] '''
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara '''
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] '''
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Sunar]] 12 '''
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Teli]] 13 '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] 14 '''
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Meo]] '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Alvi is now preferred self-designation of the Faqir community, but not all Alvis are Faqirs.
* 5 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 8 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 9 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 10 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 11 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 12 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 13 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 14 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.

==[[Gujarat]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Gujarat]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/gujarat.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || '''[[Bafan]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || '''[[Chunara]]1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Dafer]] (Hindu & Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] or Faquir(Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gadhai]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || '''[[Galiara]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *23a || '''[[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *26 || '''[[Hingora]] (Muslim)'''|| -do-
|-
| *27a || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaya Ansari]]''' (Muslim) || 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *27b || ''' Garana, Tariya Tari ''' (Muslim) || 12011/88/98-BCC dt 06.12.1999
|-
| *28 || '''[[Jats of Kutch|Jat]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Khateek|Khatki or Kasai Chamadia Khatki Halari Khatki (all Muslim)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *35 || '''[[Bhadala|Kharwa-Bhadela]]''' || -do-
|-
| *40 || ''' Mir Dhadhi, [[Langha (tribe)|Langha]], [[Mirasi]] (all Muslims) ''' || -do-
|-
| *44 || '''[[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || '''[[Mutwa|Matwa]] or [[Meta Qureshi|Matwa-Kureshi]] (Muslim), Gavli (Hindu) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 || '''[[Me (caste)|Me]] or Meta ''' || -do-
|-
| *49 || '''[[Miyana]], Miana (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Pinjara]], [[Ghanchi-Pinjara]] and [[Mansoori|Mansuri-Pinjara]] (all Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || '''[[Sandhai Muslims|Sandhi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || '''[[Siddi]] (where they are not Scheduled Tribes)''' || -do-
|-
| *65 || '''[[Sipahi (caste)|Sipai Patni Jamat]] and [[Turk Jamat]] (all Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *70 || '''[[Theba (tribe)|Theba]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *73b || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Muslim), [[Khalipha]] (Muslim), Babar (Hindu)''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1996
|-
| *76 || ''' Vanzara and Kangsiwala (Hindu) and [[Muslim Bangara|Vanzara]] (Muslim) of Dangs district only ''' || -do-
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Wagher]](Hindu & Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Bhishti|Pakhali]]2 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1999
|-
| *82b || '''[[Baghban]], [[Rayeen]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *91 || ''' Luhar/[[Lohar]]/[[Panchal]]3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *96 || '''[[Bharbhunja]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *97 || ''' [[Chhipa]] 4 '''|| 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06.09.2001
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Arab (Gujarat)|Arab]] (Muslim) ''' || 12015/15/2008-BCC dated 16.06.2011
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Soomro|Sumra]] ([[Muslim]]) ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Chunara include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Pakhali are known as Bhishti elsewhere in India
* 3 the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 4 the Chhipa are largely Muslim

==[[Haryana]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Haryana.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *10 || ''' Bhat, [[Bhatra]], Darpi, [[Ramaiya]] 1 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Changar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 2 ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Dhimar]], [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Kashyap-Rajpoot, [[Kahar]], [[Jhinwar]] or Jhiwar, Dhiwar, [[Kewat|Khewat]], Mehra, Nishad, Sakka, Bhisti, [[Bhishti|Sheikh-Abbasi]] 3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *24 || ''' Ghasi, [[Ghasiara]] or [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *29|| ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Nais, Sain, Salmani5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) t. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC t. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan6''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Kamboj]] 7''' ''' || -do-
|-

|*39 || ''' [[Lakhera rajpoot]], [[Manihar siddiqui]], Kacheratomar 8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Lohar]] or Luhar, [[Saifi]], Panchal9 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Madari]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes) 10 ''' || -do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *46 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *47 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *53 || ''' Singlikant or [[Singikat|Singikant]], [[Singiwala]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Sunar]], Zaragar, Soni 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Vanzara, Banzara, [[Banjara]] or Vanjara 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (other than those who are already included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Haryana) 15 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Meo]] ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 16 ''' || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar, Leelgar, Lallari ''' || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Soni(Dawala), Nyaria17 ''' || 12011/36/99-BCCdt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCCdt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *74 || ''' [[Julaha (Muslim), Mohammadan Ansari, Ansari]] 18''' ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

|}

Notes:

* 1 the Bhat include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Dhobi include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bhishti or Shaikh Abbasi are Muslim
* 4 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 5 the Hajjam or Salmani are Muslim
* 6 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 7 the Kamboh include a Muslim minority
* 8 the Manihar are Muslim
* 9 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 10 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 11 the Singiwala are partly Muslim
* 12 the Zaragar Muslim Sonar
* 13 the Haryana Teli are almost entirely Muslim
* 14 the Banjara are partly Muslim
* 15only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section has [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 16 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
*17 the Nyaria are partly Muslim sections
*18 Ansari are Muslim Julaha (Weaver)

== [[Himachal Pradesh]] ==
This is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/HimachalPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 1 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati, Kumbar, Ghumar, Ghumhar2 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]], Kanchan3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-

|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *43 || ''' Pinja or Penja, Panja, Nadaf, Nadaaf ''' || -do- and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *48 || ''' Gujjar or [[Gurjar|Gujar]] (in merged areas only) 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt.10-09-1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *49 || ''' Julaha, [[Momin Ansari|Ansari]] 5 (other than those included in the List of SCs) 2 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 2 the Ghumar are Punjabi speaking Muslim Kumhar
* 3 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 4 most Muslim Gujjar in Himachal Pradesh have [[Scheduled Tribe]] status
* 5 the Ansari are Muslim, most Himachal Pradesh Julaha are [[Kabirpanthi Julaha|Kabirpanth]]
*6 the Muslim mallah caste are include in obc state list

== [[Jammu and Kashmir]] ==

This is a list of Muslim communities that have been granted [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/jammuandkashmir.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1|| ''' Bahach Hanjie & Shikara Wallas (excluding house-boat owners) ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated.24-05-1995
|-
| *3 || '''Hajam (Barbers) (Rural only) ''' || -do-
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Bhand]]''' || -do-
|-
|*5 || ''' Dambali Faqir ''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' Doom (excluding those in [[Scheduled Castes]])''' || -do-
|-
|*7 || ''' Fishermen including Gada Hanz ''' || -do-
|-
| *10 || ''' Kulfaqir''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Kumahar (Village Potters) ''' || -do-
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Madari]], [[Bazigar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' Shaksaz''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' Shoe-repairers (working without the aid of machines)''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' Shupri Wattal (excluding those in Sch. Caste)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Teli]], Teeli 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Dhobi|Village Washermen]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2 ''' || 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001
|}-*22 || '''[[Naikoo]], 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001

Notes:|-

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority

==[[Madhya Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Madhy Pradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *59 || ''' Islamic Groups ''' ||
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrej]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *2 || ''' [[Bhishti|Bhisthi, Bhishti-Abbasi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Chhipa|Chippa/Chhipa]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|*7 || ''' [[Meo|Mewati, Meo]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Pinjara]], Naddaf, [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir/Faquir]], [[Behna]], Dhuniya, Dhunkar, Mansoori.''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/88/98
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjara, Raine]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Manihar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Kasab, Kassab Qussab, Qassab-Qurreshi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Barhai|Barhai]],(Carpenter) ''' ||-do-
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Hajjam]](Barber), Nai (Barber), Salmani ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *15|| ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha-Momin, Julaha-Ansari, Momin-Ansari]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Saifi|Luhar, Saifi]], [[Nagori (caste)|Nagauri Luhar]], [[Multani Lohar|Multani Luhar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadavi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Makrani ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], Nayata, Pindari (Pindara) ''' || -do- and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *21 || ''' Kalaigar ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *22 || ''' Pemdi ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' Mirdha (Excluding Jat Muslims) ''' ||12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Other than those included in the SC List)''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *26 || ''' Niyargar, Niyargar-Multani Niyaria ''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|}

==[[Maharashtra]]==
This Cast Maharashtra
* 1. [[Momin Ansari]]
* 2. [[Attar (caste)|Attar]]
* 3. [[Baghban|Bagwan]]
* 4. [[Chhaparband (Muslim)|Chhaparband]]
* 5. [[Dhawad]]
* 6.Darwesi
* 7. [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir Bhandarwala]]
* 8. [[Gavandi]]
* 9. Gavil Muslim
* 10. Hashmi
* 11. [[Khateek]]
* 12. [[Mansoori]]
* 13. [[Madari|Muslim Madari]]
* 14. Nalba
* 15. Naqqash
* 16. [[Muslim Rangrez|Nilgar]]
* 17. Pan Faroshs
* 18. Putligar
* 19. [[Garodi|Sanpagarudi]]
* 20. [[Qassab]]
* 21 [[teli(malik)]]
* 22 MUSLIM MANIYAR,MANYAR,BANGDIWALA, CAST NO- 309
* 23 MUJAWAR, CAST NO-339
* 24 Tamboli
* 25 Muslim Beldar, Caste No. 330

== [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] ==

Below is a list Muslim communities granted OBC status in the Government of India in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/punjab.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Kumhar]]/ Ghumiar, Prajapati/ Parjapatra 1 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Kamboh]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *48 || ' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *50 || '''[[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Saifi]], Ramgarhia Turkhan ( Removed from here and now included with Entry No. 40 ) 5 ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt 27.10.1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]] (other than Scheduled Castes) 6 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Teli]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Arain]] ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 the Ghumiar are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speaking Muslim Kumhars
* 3 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority in [[Malerkotla]]
* 4 the Hajjam are Muslim Nais
* 5 the Saifis are Muslim Lohar
* 6 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu and Sikh section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small minority of Muslim nomadic Gujjars

==[[Rajasthan]]==

=== Central List ===
This is a list of Muslim communities who have been granted [[Other Backward Class]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Rajasthan.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 1''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 2.''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), [[Nema community|Nama]], [[Bhavsar]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dated 19/10/1994
|-
| *14 || ''' Dhivar, [[Kahar]], [[Bhoi]], Sagarvanshi-Mali, Keer, [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Mehra, Nishad, [[Bhishti|Bhisti]] 5 ''' || 12011/9/94- BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala), [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Gayri6 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 8 ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Nath 9 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] (Hindu and Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]], Mansoori10 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *30a || '''[[Kumhar]] 11 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *31 || 12 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *33 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] 13 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
| *35 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]], Rayee/[[Rayeen]], [[Kunjra]] 14 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *36 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 15 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi''' || -do-
|-
|*39 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Baid Nai 16 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *40 || ''' Nyaria ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *53 || ''' Sakka-[[Bhishti]], Saqqa-Bhishti, Bhishti-Abbasi ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dated 27/10/1999
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] 17 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 18 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Jat]] (except in Bharatpur and Dhaulpur Districts)''' || -do-
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]/ Faquir (Kadiris Chistis and Naqshbandias are not included)''' || -do-
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]] ''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04/04/2000
|-
| *62 || '''[[Silawat]](except Sompura Murtikar)''' || 12011/4/2002-BCC dated 19/06/2003
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *68 || '''[[Deshwali]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Barhai and Suthar largely Hindu communities with a small Muslim minorites.
* 2 the Banjara include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Bhishti are Muslim, while Mallah include a Muslim minority
* 6 the Ghosi and Gaddi are Muslim
* 7 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 8 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 9 the Jogi are only partly Muslim
*10 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*11 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 12the Manihar are Muslim
* 13the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 14 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali, while Rayeen or Kunjra are entirely Muslim
* 15 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 16 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 17 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

'''Explanation''' : In the above list for the State of Rajasthan, all castes, which are known by the name of their respective traditional hereditary occupations and whose members follow different religions, include all members of those castes, irrespective of whether they follow the [[Hindu]] religion or [[Islam]] or any other religion( Vide Resolution No. 12011/4/2002-BCC dt. 19/06/2003).

=== State List ===

This is a list of Muslim communities accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>http://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/List%20of%20Castes/obc.htm</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 1 '''
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2'''
|-
| *7 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 '''
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), Nama, Bhavsar 4 '''
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] '''
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), Gayri, [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala) 5 '''
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 6 '''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 7 '''
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] '''
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]] 8 '''
|-
| *31 || '''[[Kumhar]]'(Prajapati), Kumawat, Suara9 '''
|-
| *32] 10 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] '''
|-
| *35 || ''' Maha-Brahman (Acharai), [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] 11 (working in Kabristan) '''
|-
| *36 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]] 12 '''
|-
| *37 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 13 '''
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi, [[Langha caste|Langa]]/[[Manganiar|Mangniyar]] '''
|-
|*40 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Sen, Vednai14 '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Nyaria (Nyargar) '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] '''
|-
| *56 || ''' Halali, [[Qassab|Kasai]] '''
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] '''
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddee]] '''
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Farooki Bhatiyara]] '''
|-
| *64 || '''[[Silawat]](other than Sompura and Murtikaar)'''
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi (Muslim)]] 15 '''
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Qaimkhani|Kayamkhani]]'''
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjada, Raen]] '''
|-
| *69 || ''' [[Sapera (Muslim)|Sapera]] (Non Hindu Caste) 16 '''
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Madari]], Bazigar (Non Hindu Caste) '''
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nut]] (Non Hindu Caste) 17 '''
|-
| *73 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] '''
|-
| *74 || ''' Kheldar '''
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]'''
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Rath (tribe)|Rath]] '''
|-
| *77 || ''' Multanies '''
|-
| *78 || ''' Orphan Children18 '''
|-
| *79 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (non Hindu caste) 19 '''
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Deshwali]] '''
|-
| *82 || ''' Chobdaar '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Suthar include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 6 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 7 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
*8 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*9 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 10the Manihar are Muslim
* 11the Faqir are Muslim
* 12 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali.
* 13 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 14 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 15 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 16 only Muslim Sapera are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 17 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18includes Muslims
* 19 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

== [[Tamil Nadu]] ==

* 1.Dhakni Muslim
* 2.Dudekula
* 3.[[Labbai]], [[Rowther]] and [[Marakkar|Marakayar]]
* 4.[[Mapilla]]
* 5.patani

==[[Uttar Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/UttarPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- "
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Kahar]], Tanwar, Singhariya1 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Kewat]] or [[Mallaah|Mallah]]2 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Kasgar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kunjra]] or [[Rayeen]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)|Gujjar]] 4 ''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa, [[Qassab]], (Qureshi), Kasai/ Qassai, Chak5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Muslim Chhipi|Chhipi]], Chhipe6 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]] 7 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Jhojha]]''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Dafali]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Teli]], Samani, Rogangar, [[Muslim Teli|Teli Malik]] (Muslim), Teli Sahu, Teli Rathore8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Darzi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] 9 (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes)''' || -do-
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]''' || -do-
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Ranki, Mekrani10 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Barhai]], Badhai, Viswakarma, [[Ramgarhia]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999 and 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*37 || ''' Bhurji, Bharbhuja, [[Bharbhunja]], Bhooj, [[Kandu]] 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *38 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*39 || ''' [[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban]] 13 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/04/2001-BCC dt. 13/01/2004
|-
| *40 ||''' [[siddiqui Manihar]], Kacher tomar, Lakher brahmans, (excluding Lakhera sub-caste of Brahmans in Tehri Garhwal region), [[Churihar]] 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Ansar, Ansari), Julaha ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Kayasths|Muslim Kayastha]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || ''' Naddaf (Dhunia), Dhunia, Mansoori, [[Behna]], Kandere, Kadere, [[Pinjara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *47 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Rangwa 15 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Lohar]], Luhar, [[Saifi]] 16 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Muslim Halwai|Halwai]] 17 ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Nai), Salmani, [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain (Nai) 18 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Halalkhor]], [[Hela (caste)|Hela]], [[Lal Begi]] (other than those who are included in the list of Scheduled Castes) 19 ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996,
12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 20(other than those who are already included in the list of Scheduled Castes for UP) ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Meo]], Mewati''' || 12011/13/97-BCC dt. 03/12/1997
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Bhishti|Saqqa-Bhisti]], Bhisti-Abbassi ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || ''' [[Khumra]], Sangtarash, Hansiri ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Atishbaz]], Darugar ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]], Sais ''' || -do-
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhand]] ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in the List of SC of UttarPradesh) 21''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] (Memar) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || '''[[Sheikh Sarvari]] (Pirai), Peerahi''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalal]], [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]] 22''' || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Garha|Gada]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-*77 || || pathan
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Mallaah include a small Muslim minority
*3 the Kumhar are evenly divided between the Hindu and Muslim sections
*4 the nomadic Van Gujjar are entirely Muslim, while the settled Gujjars of western UP include a large Muslim minority
*5 the Chikwa and Qureshi Qassab are entirely Muslim, while the Chak are Hindu
*6the Chippe are largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*7 largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*8 the Teli Malik are Muslim
* 9 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 10 the Banjara are partly Muslim, while the Mukeri are entirely Muslim
* 11 the Barhai are partly Muslim
* 12 the Bharbhunja are partly Muslim
* 13 the Baghban are Muslim Mali.
* 14the Manihar are Muslim, while the Churihar are largely Muslim
* 15 the Rangrez are Muslim and Rangwa Hindu
* 16 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 17 the Halwai are partly Muslim
* 18 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 19 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Halalkhor and Lalbegi are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 20 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 21 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

Explanation:- In the above list for Uttar Pradesh for all castes linked with traditional hereditary occupations, except those entered with specific mention of name of religion, are included, irrespective of whether their members follow [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] or any other religion.

==West Bengal==

===Central list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/westbengal.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt.09-03-1996 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06-09-2001
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-

|-
| *45 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai-Quraishi]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt.04-04-2000
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Kunjra|Rayeen (Kunjra)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *60 || ''' Patidar ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011
|-
| *62 || ''' Pahadia Muslim''' | 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011"
|-
|}

===State list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the state government of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! SI. !! Caste || Particulars of Connected Orders
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Hawari]]''' 1 || Notification No. 93-TW/EC dt. 01.02.1997
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] '''1 || -do-
|-kalwar
| *50 || ''' Patidar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' Notification No. 5001-BCW Dt.7-10-02
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] '''1 || -do-
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Hajjam]] ''' 1 || Notification No.3230 - BCW dt 04-12-08 read with No. 264/BCW dt. 28-01-09
|-
| *66 || ''' Chowduli ''' 1 || Notification No. 485/BCW dt. 20-02-2009
|-
| *68 || ''' Beldar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *69 || ''' Khotta Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nekari|Nikari]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1403-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 26/04/2010
|-
| *72 || ''' Mahaldar '''1 || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Dhukre'''1 || -do-
|-
| *74 || ''' Basni / Bosni ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Kan (tribe)|Kan]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *77 || ''' [[Tuntia|Tutia]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1639-BCW/MR-436/1999
dt. 14/05/2010
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Gayen|Gaven]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *79 || ''' Bhatia Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *80 || ''' Midde ''' 1 || Notification No. 1929-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 02/06/2010
|-
| *81 || ''' Mallick ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *82 || ''' [[Qalandar (tribe)|Kalander]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *83 || ''' Laskar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *84 || ''' . [[Bedia (tribe)|Baidya Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *85 || ''' Jamadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *86 || ''' Chutor Mistri ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *87 || ''' Dafadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Mal Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *89 || ''' Majhi / Patni Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *90 || ''' Muchi / Chamar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' Nehariya''' 1|| Notification No. 2317-BCW/MR-436/99
Dated 1 July 2010
|-
| *92 || ''' Muslim Haldar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' Siuli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *94 || ''' Muslim Mandal ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *95 || ''' Muslim Sanpui/Sapui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *96 || ''' Muslim Biswas ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *97 || ''' Muslim Mali ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *98 || ''' [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Darzi|Darji / Ostagar / Idrishi]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 5045-BCW/MR-436/99(I) Dated 31 August 2010
|-
| *100 || ''' Rajmistri''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' Molla ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' Dhali (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *104 || ''' Tal-Pakha Benia''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *105 || ''' Muslim Piyada ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *106 || ''' Muslim Barujibi / Barui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *107 || ''' Bepari / Byapari Muslim ''' 1 || Notification No. 6305-BCW / MR-436/99(I) Dated 24 September 2010
|-
| *108 || ''' Penchi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *109 || ''' Bhangi (Muslim) ''' 1 || Notification No. 1673-BCW / MR-209/11
Dated 11 May 2012
|-
| *110 || ''' Dhatri/Dai/Dhaity (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *111 || ''' Gharami (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *112 || ''' Ghorkhan ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *113 || ''' Halsana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *114 || ''' Kayal (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *115 || ''' Naiya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *116 || ''' Shikari/Sikari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *117 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *118 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Akunji/Akan/Akhan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *120 || ''' Bag (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *121 || ''' Chaprashi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *122 || ''' [[Churihar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *123 || ''' Daptari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *124 || ''' Dewan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' Dhabak (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' Gazi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *127 || ''' Khan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *128 || ''' Kolu Muslim (Shah, Sahaji, Sadhukhan, Mondal) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' Majhi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *130 || ''' Malita/Malitha/Malitya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *131 || '''Sekh (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *132 || ''' Paik (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *133 || ''' Pailan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *134 || ''' Purkait (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *135 || ''' Sana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *136 || ''' Sareng (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *137 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *138 || ''' Sarkar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *139 || ''' Shah (Fakir)/Shah/Sha/Sahaji) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *140 || ''' Tarafdar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *141 || ''' Gavara ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *142 || ''' Mouli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *143 || ''' Sepai (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *144 ||, , Islam(Muslim), , 1 || -do-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Indicate Muslim communities amongst the OBCs

==See also==
* [[List of Other Backward Classes]]
* [[Scheduled Tribes]]
* [[Reservation in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India|*]]
[[Category:Dalit Muslim|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community|Muslim Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India

2014-07-25T09:22:32Z

194.103.240.26:

This is a full '''list of Muslim communities in India (OBCs)''' that are recognised in [[India]]'s Constitution as [[Other Backward Class|other backward classes]].<ref>http://www.ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/index.html</ref>

==[[Andhra Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/andhrapradesh.pdf</ref>
*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *37 || '''[[Hela Mehtar|Mehtar]]'''|| 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 16.01.2006
|-
| *43 || '''Dudekula Laddaf, Pinjari or Noorbash '''('''Muslim''') || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *62 || '''Arekatika, Katika, Quresh (Muslim Butchers) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt.13-01-2004
|-

|}

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka]] state government.<ref>http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=03&org=111&category=Introduction</ref>

* 1. Achchukattalavandlu, Singali, Singamvallu, Achchupanivallu,Achchukattuvaru, Achukatlavandlu.
* 2. Attar Saibulu, Attarollu
* 3.[[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi Muslim]] / Muslim Dhobi / Dhobi Musalman, Turka Chakla or Turka Sakala, Turaka Chakali, Tulukka Vannan, Tsakalas, Sakalas or Chakalas, Muslim Rajakas
* 4.[[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]], Fhakir Budbudki, Ghanti Fhakir, Ghanta Fhakirlu, Turaka Budbudki, Darvesh, Fakeer
* 5.Garadi Muslim, Garadi Saibulu, Pamulavallu, Kani-kattuvallu, Garadollu, Garadiga
* 6.Gosangi Muslim, Phakeer Sayebulu
* 7.Guddi Eluguvallu, Elugu Bantuvallu, Musalman Keelu Gurralavallu
* 8.[[Hajjam]], Nai, Nai Muslim, Navid
* 9.Labbi, [[Labbai]], Labbon, Labba
* 10.Pakeerla, Borewale, Deera Phakirlu, Bonthala
* 11.[[Qassab|QureshiQassab]], Kureshi / Khureshi, Khasab, Marati Khasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim
* 12.[[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaik]] / Sheikh
* 13.[[Siddi]], Yaba, Habshi, Jasi
* 14.Turaka Kasha, Kakkukotte Zinka Saibulu, Chakkitakanevale, Terugadu Gontalavaru, Thirugatigantla, Rollaku Kakku Kottevaru, Pattar Phodulu, Chakketakare, Thuraka Kasha.
* 15. Other Muslim groups excluding:
* * [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], Moghal;
* Irani;
* [[Chaush]];
* Bohara, [[Mustaali|Bohra]];
* [[Kutchi Memon|Cutchi-Memon]];
* [[Konkani Muslims|Jamayat]];
* [[Navayath]]

== [[Assam]] ==

* 1. [[Maimal]]
* 2. Maria
* 3. [[Muslims of Manipur|Pangal]]

==[[Bihar]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Case/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *5 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *16 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C ) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Churihar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Teli]],
*53 ''' mallik( Muslim) || -do-
|-
| *57 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
|*84 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93
|-
| *92 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC( C) dt. 10.09.93 and 12015/15/2008- BCC dt.16.06.2011
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.93 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *124b || ''' Kalal, Kalwar, Kalar or [[Araqi biradri|Araqi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' [[Kulhaiya|Kulahia]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 12011/4/2004-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *130 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt 17.01.2006
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/9/2004-BCC dt.17.01.2006
|-*132 shariff

|}

Notes:

* 1 largely a [[Hindu]] caste in Bihar with a small Muslim minority known as Turk Telis.

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of Bihar:.<ref>http://scbc.bih.nic.in/</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Entry Number in the Communities Central List
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]''' || 1
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bakho]] (Muslim) ''' || 130
|-
|*15 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhathiara]] (Muslim) ''' || 84
|-
|*22 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]] (Muslim) ''' || 38
|-
| *25 pathani manihar
| *26 ||''' [[Dafali]] (Muslim) ''' || 46
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (Muslim) ''' || 57
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] (Muslim) ''' || 58
|-
| *37 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' || 30
|-
| *46 || ''' Idrisi or [[Darzi]] (Muslim) ''' || 119
|-
| *50 || ''' Kagzi ''' || 16
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] ''' || 9
|-
| *52b || ''' Kalar or [[Iraqi biradri|Iraqi]] ''' || 124b
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasab]] (Kasai) (Muslim) ''' || 5
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Madari]] (Muslim) ''' || 91
|-
| *77 || ''' Mehtar, } [[Lal Begi]], } (Muslim) [[Halalkhor]], } Bhangi ''' || 92
|-
| *86 || ''' [[Mirasi|Miriasin]] (Muslim) ''' || 93
|-
| *87 || ''' [[Mirshikar]] (Muslim) ''' || 102
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Muslim) ''' || 103
|-
| *89 || ''' [[Muker|Mukri]] (Mukeri) (Muslim) ''' || 99
|-
| *95 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Muslim) ''' || 63
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Pamaria]] (Muslim) ''' || 68
|-
| *109 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] (Muslim) ''' || 109
|-
| *111 || ''' [[Rayee]]n or Kunjra (Muslim) ''' || 111
|-
| *114 || ''' [[Sai (caste)|Sayee]](Muslim) ''' || 116
|-
| *115 || ''' Malik(Muslim) ''' || 76
|-
| *116 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershahbadi]] ''' || 126
|-
| *126 || ''' [[Thakurai]] (Muslim) ''' || 131
|-
| *131 || ''' [[Saiqalgar|Saikalgar]] (Sikligar) (Muslim) ''' || 129
|-

== [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ==

* 1. [[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]]

== [[Delhi]] ==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Delhi.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated 24/05/1995
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) ''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Bhat]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak ''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]] 1 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt.24/05/1995 and
12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 1 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 17/07/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Gaderia|Gadaria]], Gadheri, [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Garri 4 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Ghasiara]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 5 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 6 ''' || -do-
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Goswami7 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [Julaha, ](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995, 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003 and 12015/13/2010-B.C.II Dt. 08.12.2011
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 8 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati 9 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lakhera]], [[Manihar]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 10 ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 11 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 12 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 13 ''' ||-do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/04/2002-BCC dt.19-06-2003
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara ''' || -do-
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *50 || ''' [[Sunar]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Teli]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli-Malik]] 14 ''' ||12011/7/95-BCC dt. 24/05/1995 and 12011/68/1998-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Only the Gaddi community are Muslims
* 5 Only the Ghosi community are Muslims
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 8 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 9 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 10 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 11 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 12 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 13 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 13 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 14 the Teli Maliks are Muslims

=== State List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Delhi]].<ref>http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/.../OBC_LIST.pdf?MOD</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number || Caste/Community
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Bhishti|Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka]] '''
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Arain (Delhi)|Arain, Rayee]], [[Kunjra]] '''
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Bazigar]], [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]], [[Qalandar (caste)|Kalandar]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) '''
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Bhatiara]] '''
|-
| *15|| ''' Chak '''
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Chippi]], Tonk, [[Darzi|Darzi, Idrishi]], [[Chhimba]] ''' 1
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] (other than those who are already included in the list of ScheduledCastes of Delhi) Qassar 2 '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]], [[Pinjara]], Kandera-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf, Mansoori 3'''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], Alvi4 '''
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Gurjar|Gujar, Gurjar]] 5 '''
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha, Ansari]](whose traditional occupation is weaving, excluding those in SCs) '''
|-
| *28|| ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Qassab, Quraishi]] '''
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Khatik]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 6 '''
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati7 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' Khakhora, [[Manihar]] '''
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Lohar|Luhar]], Bhubhalia, [[Saifi]] 8 '''
|-
|*37 || ''' Machi, Machhera 9 '''
|-
|*39 || ''' Memar, [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] 10 '''
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Meenas|Mina/ Meena]] '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Merasi, [[Mirasi]] '''
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those in Sch. Caste) 11 '''
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Hajjam]], Nai(Sabita), Salmani '''
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] '''
|-
| *45 || ''' [[Naqqal]] '''
|-
| *46 || ''' Pakhiwara '''
|-
| *49|| ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]] '''
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Sunar]] 12 '''
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Teli]] 13 '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] 14 '''
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Meo]] '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Only the [[Darzi]] community are Muslims.
* 2 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 3 Mansoori is the preferred self-designation for the Dhunia community
* 4 Alvi is now preferred self-designation of the Faqir community, but not all Alvis are Faqirs.
* 5 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 6 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 7 partly Hindu and partly Muslim community
* 8 the Saifi are Muslim Lohars
* 9 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 10 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 11 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 12 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 13 largely Muslim community with a small Hindu minority
* 14 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.

==[[Gujarat]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Gujarat]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/gujarat.pdf</ref>

*
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Sl. Number !! Name of the Castes/Sub-castes/Synonyms || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || '''[[Bafan]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || '''[[Chunara]]1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Dafer]] (Hindu & Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] or Faquir(Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gadhai]] (Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || '''[[Galiara]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *23a || '''[[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *26 || '''[[Hingora]] (Muslim)'''|| -do-
|-
| *27a || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaya Ansari]]''' (Muslim) || 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *27b || ''' Garana, Tariya Tari ''' (Muslim) || 12011/88/98-BCC dt 06.12.1999
|-
| *28 || '''[[Jats of Kutch|Jat]] (Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Khateek|Khatki or Kasai Chamadia Khatki Halari Khatki (all Muslim)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *35 || '''[[Bhadala|Kharwa-Bhadela]]''' || -do-
|-
| *40 || ''' Mir Dhadhi, [[Langha (tribe)|Langha]], [[Mirasi]] (all Muslims) ''' || -do-
|-
| *44 || '''[[Makrani (caste)|Makrani]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || '''[[Mutwa|Matwa]] or [[Meta Qureshi|Matwa-Kureshi]] (Muslim), Gavli (Hindu) ''' || -do-
|-
| *46 || '''[[Me (caste)|Me]] or Meta ''' || -do-
|-
| *49 || '''[[Miyana]], Miana (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Pinjara]], [[Ghanchi-Pinjara]] and [[Mansoori|Mansuri-Pinjara]] (all Muslim) ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || '''[[Sandhai Muslims|Sandhi]] (Muslim) ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || '''[[Siddi]] (where they are not Scheduled Tribes)''' || -do-
|-
| *65 || '''[[Sipahi (caste)|Sipai Patni Jamat]] and [[Turk Jamat]] (all Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *70 || '''[[Theba (tribe)|Theba]] (Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *73b || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Muslim), [[Khalipha]] (Muslim), Babar (Hindu)''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1996
|-
| *76 || ''' Vanzara and Kangsiwala (Hindu) and [[Muslim Bangara|Vanzara]] (Muslim) of Dangs district only ''' || -do-
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Wagher]](Hindu & Muslim)''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Bhishti|Pakhali]]2 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dated 06.12.1999
|-
| *82b || '''[[Baghban]], [[Rayeen]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *91 || ''' Luhar/[[Lohar]]/[[Panchal]]3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *96 || '''[[Bharbhunja]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04.04.2000
|-
| *97 || ''' [[Chhipa]] 4 '''|| 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06.09.2001
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Arab (Gujarat)|Arab]] (Muslim) ''' || 12015/15/2008-BCC dated 16.06.2011
|-
| *103 || ''' [[Soomro|Sumra]] ([[Muslim]]) ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Chunara include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Pakhali are known as Bhishti elsewhere in India
* 3 the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 4 the Chhipa are largely Muslim

==[[Haryana]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Haryana.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *10 || ''' Bhat, [[Bhatra]], Darpi, [[Ramaiya]] 1 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Changar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 2 ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Dhimar]], [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Kashyap-Rajpoot, [[Kahar]], [[Jhinwar]] or Jhiwar, Dhiwar, [[Kewat|Khewat]], Mehra, Nishad, Sakka, Bhisti, [[Bhishti|Sheikh-Abbasi]] 3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *24 || ''' Ghasi, [[Ghasiara]] or [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *29|| ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Nais, Sain, Salmani5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) t. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC t. 27/10/1999 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan6''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *35 || ''' [[Kamboj]] 7''' ''' || -do-
|-

|*39 || ''' [[Lakhera rajpoot]], [[Manihar siddiqui]], Kacheratomar 8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *40 || ''' [[Lohar]] or Luhar, [[Saifi]], Panchal9 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Madari]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes) 10 ''' || -do-
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *46 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C)dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *47 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *53 || ''' Singlikant or [[Singikat|Singikant]], [[Singiwala]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Sunar]], Zaragar, Soni 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]] 13 ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Vanzara, Banzara, [[Banjara]] or Vanjara 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (other than those who are already included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Haryana) 15 ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Meo]] ''' || 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 16 ''' || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar, Leelgar, Lallari ''' || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Soni(Dawala), Nyaria17 ''' || 12011/36/99-BCCdt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCCdt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *74 || ''' [[Julaha (Muslim), Mohammadan Ansari, Ansari]] 18''' ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

|}

Notes:

* 1 the Bhat include a Muslim minority
* 2 the Dhobi include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bhishti or Shaikh Abbasi are Muslim
* 4 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 5 the Hajjam or Salmani are Muslim
* 6 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 7 the Kamboh include a Muslim minority
* 8 the Manihar are Muslim
* 9 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 10 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 11 the Singiwala are partly Muslim
* 12 the Zaragar Muslim Sonar
* 13 the Haryana Teli are almost entirely Muslim
* 14 the Banjara are partly Muslim
* 15only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section has [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 16 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
*17 the Nyaria are partly Muslim sections
*18 Ansari are Muslim Julaha (Weaver)

== [[Himachal Pradesh]] ==
This is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/HimachalPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faquir]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 1 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati, Kumbar, Ghumar, Ghumhar2 ''' || -do-, 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *32 || ''' [[Kanjar]], Kanchan3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-

|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *43 || ''' Pinja or Penja, Panja, Nadaf, Nadaaf ''' || -do- and 12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18.08.2010
|-
| *48 || ''' Gujjar or [[Gurjar|Gujar]] (in merged areas only) 4 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt.10-09-1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *49 || ''' Julaha, [[Momin Ansari|Ansari]] 5 (other than those included in the List of SCs) 2 ''' || 12015/36/1999-BCC dt.04-04-2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt.06-09-2001
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 2 the Ghumar are Punjabi speaking Muslim Kumhar
* 3 the Kanjar include a Muslim minority
* 4 most Muslim Gujjar in Himachal Pradesh have [[Scheduled Tribe]] status
* 5 the Ansari are Muslim, most Himachal Pradesh Julaha are [[Kabirpanthi Julaha|Kabirpanth]]
*6 the Muslim mallah caste are include in obc state list

== [[Jammu and Kashmir]] ==

This is a list of Muslim communities that have been granted [[Other Backward Classes]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/jammuandkashmir.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *1|| ''' Bahach Hanjie & Shikara Wallas (excluding house-boat owners) ''' || 12011/7/95-BCC dated.24-05-1995
|-
| *3 || '''Hajam (Barbers) (Rural only) ''' || -do-
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Bhand]]''' || -do-
|-
|*5 || ''' Dambali Faqir ''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' Doom (excluding those in [[Scheduled Castes]])''' || -do-
|-
|*7 || ''' Fishermen including Gada Hanz ''' || -do-
|-
| *10 || ''' Kulfaqir''' || -do-
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Kumahar (Village Potters) ''' || -do-
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Madari]], [[Bazigar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' Shaksaz''' || -do-
|-
| *16 || ''' Shoe-repairers (working without the aid of machines)''' || -do-
|-
| *17 || ''' Shupri Wattal (excluding those in Sch. Caste)''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || '''[[Teli]], Teeli 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Dhobi|Village Washermen]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2 ''' || 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001
|}-*22 || '''[[Naikoo]], 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06-09-2001

Notes:|-

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority

==[[Madhya Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Madhy Pradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *59 || ''' Islamic Groups ''' ||
|-
| *1 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrej]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *2 || ''' [[Bhishti|Bhisthi, Bhishti-Abbasi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Chhipa|Chippa/Chhipa]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|*7 || ''' [[Meo|Mewati, Meo]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Pinjara]], Naddaf, [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir/Faquir]], [[Behna]], Dhuniya, Dhunkar, Mansoori.''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/88/98
|-
| *9 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjara, Raine]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Manihar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai, Kasab, Kassab Qussab, Qassab-Qurreshi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Barhai|Barhai]],(Carpenter) ''' ||-do-
|-
| *14|| ''' [[Hajjam]](Barber), Nai (Barber), Salmani ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15.05.1995, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *15|| ''' [[Momin Ansari|Julaha-Momin, Julaha-Ansari, Momin-Ansari]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Saifi|Luhar, Saifi]], [[Nagori (caste)|Nagauri Luhar]], [[Multani Lohar|Multani Luhar]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadavi]] ''' ||12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Makrani ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/44/99-BCC dt. 21/09/2000
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], Nayata, Pindari (Pindara) ''' || -do- and
12011/21/1995-BCC dt 15.05.95
|-
| *21 || ''' Kalaigar ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *22 || ''' Pemdi ''' ||-do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' ||-do-
|-
| *24 || ''' Mirdha (Excluding Jat Muslims) ''' ||12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *25 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] (Other than those included in the SC List)''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *26 || ''' Niyargar, Niyargar-Multani Niyaria ''' ||12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]] ''' ||-do-
|-
|}

==[[Maharashtra]]==
This Cast Maharashtra
* 1. [[Momin Ansari]]
* 2. [[Attar (caste)|Attar]]
* 3. [[Baghban|Bagwan]]
* 4. [[Chhaparband (Muslim)|Chhaparband]]
* 5. [[Dhawad]]
* 6.Darwesi
* 7. [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir Bhandarwala]]
* 8. [[Gavandi]]
* 9. Gavil Muslim
* 10. Hashmi
* 11. [[Khateek]]
* 12. [[Mansoori]]
* 13. [[Madari|Muslim Madari]]
* 14. Nalba
* 15. Naqqash
* 16. [[Muslim Rangrez|Nilgar]]
* 17. Pan Faroshs
* 18. Putligar
* 19. [[Garodi|Sanpagarudi]]
* 20. [[Qassab]]
* 21 [[teli(malik)]]
* 22 MUSLIM MANIYAR,MANYAR,BANGDIWALA, CAST NO- 309
* 23 MUJAWAR, CAST NO-339
* 24 Tamboli
* 25 Muslim Beldar, Caste No. 330

== [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] ==

Below is a list Muslim communities granted OBC status in the Government of India in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/punjab.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Changar]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dated 10.09.1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kanjar]] or Kanchan 1 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Kumhar]]/ Ghumiar, Prajapati/ Parjapatra 1 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995 and 12011/4/2002-BCC dt 13.01.2004
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Kamboh]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *36 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]] ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *41 || ''' [[Hajjam]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *48 || ' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *50 || '''[[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Saifi]], Ramgarhia Turkhan ( Removed from here and now included with Entry No. 40 ) 5 ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt 27.10.1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]] (other than Scheduled Castes) 6 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Mirasi]]''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]] ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' Pinja, Penja ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt 15.05.1995
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Teli]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || 12011/9/1994-BCC dt 10.09.1993
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Arain]] ''' || -do-
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority
* 2 the Ghumiar are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speaking Muslim Kumhars
* 3 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority in [[Malerkotla]]
* 4 the Hajjam are Muslim Nais
* 5 the Saifis are Muslim Lohar
* 6 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu and Sikh section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 7 largely Hindu community with a small minority of Muslim nomadic Gujjars

==[[Rajasthan]]==

=== Central List ===
This is a list of Muslim communities who have been granted [[Other Backward Class]] status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Rajasthan.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *3 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 1''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 2.''' || -do-
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 ''' || -do-
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), [[Nema community|Nama]], [[Bhavsar]] 4 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dated 19/10/1994
|-
| *14 || ''' Dhivar, [[Kahar]], [[Bhoi]], Sagarvanshi-Mali, Keer, [[Mallaah|Mallah]], Mehra, Nishad, [[Bhishti|Bhisti]] 5 ''' || 12011/9/94- BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala), [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], Gayri6 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 7 ''' || -do-
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 8 ''' || -do-
|-
| *22 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]], Nath 9 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] (Hindu and Muslim)''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]], Mansoori10 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *30a || '''[[Kumhar]] 11 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *31 || 12 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *33 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] 13 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
| *35 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]], Rayee/[[Rayeen]], [[Kunjra]] 14 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *36 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 15 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt.19/10/1994
|-
|*37 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi''' || -do-
|-
|*39 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Baid Nai 16 ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *40 || ''' Nyaria ''' || 12011/9/94-BCC dt. 19/10/1994
|-
| *53 || ''' Sakka-[[Bhishti]], Saqqa-Bhishti, Bhishti-Abbasi ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dated 27/10/1999
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] 17 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || -do-
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 18 (other than those who are included in the List of Scheduled Castes for Rajasthan) ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Nilgar ''' || -do-
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]''' || -do-
|-
| *58 || ''' [[Jat]] (except in Bharatpur and Dhaulpur Districts)''' || -do-
|-
| *60 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]/ Faquir (Kadiris Chistis and Naqshbandias are not included)''' || -do-
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]] ''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04/04/2000
|-
| *62 || '''[[Silawat]](except Sompura Murtikar)''' || 12011/4/2002-BCC dated 19/06/2003
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
| *68 || '''[[Deshwali]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dated 16/06/2011
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 the Barhai and Suthar largely Hindu communities with a small Muslim minorites.
* 2 the Banjara include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Bhishti are Muslim, while Mallah include a Muslim minority
* 6 the Ghosi and Gaddi are Muslim
* 7 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 8 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
* 9 the Jogi are only partly Muslim
*10 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*11 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 12the Manihar are Muslim
* 13the Lohar are partly Muslim
* 14 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali, while Rayeen or Kunjra are entirely Muslim
* 15 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 16 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 17 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

'''Explanation''' : In the above list for the State of Rajasthan, all castes, which are known by the name of their respective traditional hereditary occupations and whose members follow different religions, include all members of those castes, irrespective of whether they follow the [[Hindu]] religion or [[Islam]] or any other religion( Vide Resolution No. 12011/4/2002-BCC dt. 19/06/2003).

=== State List ===

This is a list of Muslim communities accorded OBC status by the state government of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>http://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/List%20of%20Castes/obc.htm</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Banjara]], Baladia, [[Labana]] 1 '''
|-
| *6 || ''' [[Barhai|Badhai]],Jangir, [[Khati]], Kharadi, [[Suthar]], [[Tarkhan]] 2'''
|-
| *7 || ''' [[Bharbhunja]] 3 '''
|-
| *8|| ''' [[Chhipa]] ([[Chhipi]]), Nama, Bhavsar 4 '''
|-
| *12 || ''' [[Darzi]] '''
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Gaderia]](Gadri), Gayri, [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] (Gvala) 5 '''
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] '''
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Gujjar]] 6 '''
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Hela Mehtar|Hela]] 7 '''
|-
| *23 || '''[[Momin Ansari|Julaha]] '''
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Kandera]], [[Pinjara]] 8 '''
|-
| *31 || '''[[Kumhar]]'(Prajapati), Kumawat, Suara9 '''
|-
| *32] 10 '''
|-
| *34 || ''' [[Lohar]], [[Panchal]] '''
|-
| *35 || ''' Maha-Brahman (Acharai), [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]] 11 (working in Kabristan) '''
|-
| *36 || '''[[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban|Bagwan]] 12 '''
|-
| *37 || ''' Mer ([[Merat|Mehrat-Kathat]], Mehrat-Ghodat, [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheeta]]) 13 '''
|-
|*38 || ''' [[Mirasi]], Dhadi, [[Langha caste|Langa]]/[[Manganiar|Mangniyar]] '''
|-
|*40 || '''[[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain, Sen, Vednai14 '''
|-
| *41 || ''' Nyaria (Nyargar) '''
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Jat]] '''
|-
| *56 || ''' Halali, [[Qassab|Kasai]] '''
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Meo|Mev]] '''
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddee]] '''
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Farooki Bhatiyara]] '''
|-
| *64 || '''[[Silawat]](other than Sompura and Murtikaar)'''
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi (Muslim)]] 15 '''
|-
| *67 || ''' [[Qaimkhani|Kayamkhani]]'''
|-
| *68 || ''' [[Kunjra|Kunjada, Raen]] '''
|-
| *69 || ''' [[Sapera (Muslim)|Sapera]] (Non Hindu Caste) 16 '''
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Madari]], Bazigar (Non Hindu Caste) '''
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nut]] (Non Hindu Caste) 17 '''
|-
| *73 || ''' [[Sindhi-Sipahi|Sindhi Musalman]] '''
|-
| *74 || ''' Kheldar '''
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Changar|Chungar]]'''
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Rath (tribe)|Rath]] '''
|-
| *77 || ''' Multanies '''
|-
| *78 || ''' Orphan Children18 '''
|-
| *79 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (non Hindu caste) 19 '''
|-
| *80 || ''' [[Deshwali]] '''
|-
| *82 || ''' Chobdaar '''
|-
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Suthar include a small Muslim minority
* 3 the Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority
* 4 the Chhipa are Muslim
* 5 the Ghosi are Muslim
* 6 the Gujjar are only partly Muslim
* 7 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status
*8 the Kandera are partly Muslim, while the Pinjara are eniterely Muslim
*9 the Kumhar are partly Muslim sections
* 10the Manihar are Muslim
* 11the Faqir are Muslim
* 12 the Bagwan are Muslim Mali.
* 13 the Merat and Cheetahs are Muslims
* 14 the Nai are partly Muslim
* 15 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 16 only Muslim Sapera are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 17 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 18includes Muslims
* 19 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

== [[Tamil Nadu]] ==

* 1.Dhakni Muslim
* 2.Dudekula
* 3.[[Labbai]], [[Rowther]] and [[Marakkar|Marakayar]]
* 4.[[Mapilla]]
* 5.patani

==[[Uttar Pradesh]]==

=== Central List ===

Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded [[Other Backward Classes]] status in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/UttarPradesh.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- "
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *4 || ''' [[Kahar]], Tanwar, Singhariya1 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
|*5 || ''' [[Kewat]] or [[Mallaah|Mallah]]2 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *8 || ''' [[Kumhar]], Prajapati3 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *10 || ''' [[Kasgar]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *11 || ''' [[Kunjra]] or [[Rayeen]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *13 || ''' [[Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)|Gujjar]] 4 ''' || -do-
|-
| *15 || ''' [[Muslim Gaddi|Gaddi]], [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *17 || ''' [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa, [[Qassab]], (Qureshi), Kasai/ Qassai, Chak5 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *18 || ''' [[Muslim Chhipi|Chhipi]], Chhipe6 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and
12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995
|-
| *19 || ''' [[Jogi Faqir|Jogi]] 7 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *20 || ''' [[Jhojha]]''' || -do-
|-
| *21 || ''' [[Dafali]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Teli]], Samani, Rogangar, [[Muslim Teli|Teli Malik]] (Muslim), Teli Sahu, Teli Rathore8 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *24 || ''' [[Darzi]]''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *26 || ''' [[Naqqal]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *27 || ''' [[Nat (Muslim)|Nat]] 9 (excluding those who are included in Scheduled Castes)''' || -do-
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]''' || -do-
|-
| *30 || ''' [[Banjara (Muslim)|Banjara]], [[Muker (tribe)|Mukeri]], Ranki, Mekrani10 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Barhai]], Badhai, Viswakarma, [[Ramgarhia]] 11 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999 and 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*37 || ''' Bhurji, Bharbhuja, [[Bharbhunja]], Bhooj, [[Kandu]] 12 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/21/95-BCC dt. 15/05/1995 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *38 || ''' [[Bhatiara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
|*39 || ''' [[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Baghban]] 13 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/04/2001-BCC dt. 13/01/2004
|-
| *40 ||''' [[siddiqui Manihar]], Kacher tomar, Lakher brahmans, (excluding Lakhera sub-caste of Brahmans in Tehri Garhwal region), [[Churihar]] 14 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *42 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Momin]] (Ansar, Ansari), Julaha ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *43|| ''' [[Mirasi]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Kayasths|Muslim Kayastha]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *45 || ''' Naddaf (Dhunia), Dhunia, Mansoori, [[Behna]], Kandere, Kadere, [[Pinjara]] ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996 and 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *47 || ''' [[Muslim Rangrez|Rangrez]], Rangwa 15 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Lohar]], Luhar, [[Saifi]] 16 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993 and 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *52 || ''' [[Muslim Halwai|Halwai]] 17 ''' || -do-
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Hajjam]] (Nai), Salmani, [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], Sain (Nai) 18 ''' || 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt. 10/09/1993, 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996, 12011/44/96-BCC dt. 06/12/1996 and 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Halalkhor]], [[Hela (caste)|Hela]], [[Lal Begi]] (other than those who are included in the list of Scheduled Castes) 19 ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996,
12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
|*55 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]] 20(other than those who are already included in the list of Scheduled Castes for UP) ''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt. 09/03/1996
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Meo]], Mewati''' || 12011/13/97-BCC dt. 03/12/1997
|-
|*57 || ''' [[Bhishti|Saqqa-Bhisti]], Bhisti-Abbassi ''' || -do-
|-
| *59 || ''' [[Khumra]], Sangtarash, Hansiri ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt. 27/10/1999
|-
| *61 || ''' [[Atishbaz]], Darugar ''' || -do-
|-
| *62 || ''' [[Madari]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Nalband (tribe)|Nalband]], Sais ''' || -do-
|-
| *64 || ''' [[Bhand]] ''' || 12011/88/98-BCC dt. 06/12/1999
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]] (excluding those who are included in the List of SC of UttarPradesh) 21''' || -do-
|-
| *66 || ''' [[Raj (caste)|Raj]] (Memar) ''' || -do-
|-
| *67 || '''[[Sheikh Sarvari]] (Pirai), Peerahi''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt. 04/04/2000 and 12015/09/2000-BCC dt. 06/09/2001
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalal]], [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]] 22''' || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Garha|Gada]] ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16/06/2011
|-*77 || || pathan
|}

Notes:

* 1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority.
* 2 the Mallaah include a small Muslim minority
*3 the Kumhar are evenly divided between the Hindu and Muslim sections
*4 the nomadic Van Gujjar are entirely Muslim, while the settled Gujjars of western UP include a large Muslim minority
*5 the Chikwa and Qureshi Qassab are entirely Muslim, while the Chak are Hindu
*6the Chippe are largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*7 largely Hindu with a small Muslim minority
*8 the Teli Malik are Muslim
* 9 only Muslim Nat are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 10 the Banjara are partly Muslim, while the Mukeri are entirely Muslim
* 11 the Barhai are partly Muslim
* 12 the Bharbhunja are partly Muslim
* 13 the Baghban are Muslim Mali.
* 14the Manihar are Muslim, while the Churihar are largely Muslim
* 15 the Rangrez are Muslim and Rangwa Hindu
* 16 the Saifi are Muslim Lohar
* 17 the Halwai are partly Muslim
* 18 the Hajjam are Muslim Nai
* 19 only Muslim Bhangis such as the Halalkhor and Lalbegi are in the OBC list, the Hindu sections have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 20 only Muslim Dhobis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.
* 21 only Muslim Mochis are in the OBC list, the Hindu section have [[Scheduled Caste]] status.

Explanation:- In the above list for Uttar Pradesh for all castes linked with traditional hereditary occupations, except those entered with specific mention of name of religion, are included, irrespective of whether their members follow [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] or any other religion.

==West Bengal==

===Central list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the [[Government of India]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/westbengal.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Entry Number !! Caste/Community || Resolution No. & Date
|-
| *23 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' || 12011/96/94-BCC dt.09-03-1996 and 12015/9/2000-BCC dt. 06-09-2001
|-
| *29 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' || 12011/68/98-BCC dt.27-10-1999
|-

|-
| *45 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai-Quraishi]]''' || 12011/36/99-BCC dt.04-04-2000
|-
| *53 || ''' [[Kunjra|Rayeen (Kunjra)]] ''' || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *56 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] ''' || 12011/1/2001-BCC dt. 20-06-2003
|-
| *60 || ''' Patidar ''' || 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011
|-
| *62 || ''' Pahadia Muslim''' | 12015/15/2008- BCC dt. 16.06.2011"
|-
|}

===State list===
Below is a list of Muslim communities that have been accorded by OBC status by the state government of [[West Bengal]].<ref>http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! SI. !! Caste || Particulars of Connected Orders
|-
| *16 || ''' [[Momin Ansari|Jolah(Ansari Momin)]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *31 || ''' [[Faqir (caste)|Fakir]], [[Sai (caste)|Sain]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *44 || ''' [[Muslim Dhobi|Hawari]]''' 1 || Notification No. 93-TW/EC dt. 01.02.1997
|-
| *49 || ''' [[Behna|Dhunia]] '''1 || -do-
|-kalwar
| *50 || ''' Patidar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *51 || ''' [[Qassab|Kasai]]''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *54 || ''' [[Nashya Shaikh|Nashya-Sekh]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *55 || ''' Notification No. 5001-BCW Dt.7-10-02
|-
| *63 || ''' [[Shershahabadia|Shershabadia]] '''1 || -do-
|-
| *65 || ''' [[Hajjam]] ''' 1 || Notification No.3230 - BCW dt 04-12-08 read with No. 264/BCW dt. 28-01-09
|-
| *66 || ''' Chowduli ''' 1 || Notification No. 485/BCW dt. 20-02-2009
|-
| *68 || ''' Beldar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *69 || ''' Khotta Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *70 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *71 || ''' [[Nekari|Nikari]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1403-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 26/04/2010
|-
| *72 || ''' Mahaldar '''1 || -do-
|-
| *73 || ''' Dhukre'''1 || -do-
|-
| *74 || ''' Basni / Bosni ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *75 || ''' [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *76 || ''' [[Kan (tribe)|Kan]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *77 || ''' [[Tuntia|Tutia]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 1639-BCW/MR-436/1999
dt. 14/05/2010
|-
| *78 || ''' [[Gayen|Gaven]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *79 || ''' Bhatia Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *80 || ''' Midde ''' 1 || Notification No. 1929-BCW/MR-436/99(I)
dt. 02/06/2010
|-
| *81 || ''' Mallick ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *82 || ''' [[Qalandar (tribe)|Kalander]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *83 || ''' Laskar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *84 || ''' . [[Bedia (tribe)|Baidya Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *85 || ''' Jamadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *86 || ''' Chutor Mistri ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *87 || ''' Dafadar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *88 || ''' [[Mal Muslim]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *89 || ''' Majhi / Patni Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *90 || ''' Muchi / Chamar Muslim ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *91 || ''' Nehariya''' 1|| Notification No. 2317-BCW/MR-436/99
Dated 1 July 2010
|-
| *92 || ''' Muslim Haldar ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *93 || ''' Siuli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *94 || ''' Muslim Mandal ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *95 || ''' Muslim Sanpui/Sapui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *96 || ''' Muslim Biswas ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *97 || ''' Muslim Mali ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *98 || ''' [[Ghosi (tribe)|Ghosi]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *99 || ''' [[Darzi|Darji / Ostagar / Idrishi]] ''' 1 || Notification No. 5045-BCW/MR-436/99(I) Dated 31 August 2010
|-
| *100 || ''' Rajmistri''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *101 || ''' [[Bhatiara|Bhatiyara]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *102 || ''' Molla ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *103 || ''' Dhali (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *104 || ''' Tal-Pakha Benia''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *105 || ''' Muslim Piyada ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *106 || ''' Muslim Barujibi / Barui ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *107 || ''' Bepari / Byapari Muslim ''' 1 || Notification No. 6305-BCW / MR-436/99(I) Dated 24 September 2010
|-
| *108 || ''' Penchi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *109 || ''' Bhangi (Muslim) ''' 1 || Notification No. 1673-BCW / MR-209/11
Dated 11 May 2012
|-
| *110 || ''' Dhatri/Dai/Dhaity (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *111 || ''' Gharami (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *112 || ''' Ghorkhan ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *113 || ''' Halsana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *114 || ''' Kayal (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *115 || ''' Naiya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *116 || ''' Shikari/Sikari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *117 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *118 || ''' Adaldar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *119 || ''' Akunji/Akan/Akhan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *120 || ''' Bag (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *121 || ''' Chaprashi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *122 || ''' [[Churihar]] ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *123 || ''' Daptari (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *124 || ''' Dewan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *125 || ''' Dhabak (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *126 || ''' Gazi (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *127 || ''' Khan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *128 || ''' Kolu Muslim (Shah, Sahaji, Sadhukhan, Mondal) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *129 || ''' Majhi ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *130 || ''' Malita/Malitha/Malitya (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *131 || '''Sekh (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *132 || ''' Paik (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *133 || ''' Pailan (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *134 || ''' Purkait (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *135 || ''' Sana (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *136 || ''' Sareng (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *137 || ''' [[Muslim Kahar|Sardar]] (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *138 || ''' Sarkar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *139 || ''' Shah (Fakir)/Shah/Sha/Sahaji) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *140 || ''' Tarafdar (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *141 || ''' Gavara ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *142 || ''' Mouli (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *143 || ''' Sepai (Muslim) ''' 1 || -do-
|-
| *144 ||, , Islam(Muslim), , 1 || -do-
|}

Notes:

* 1 Indicate Muslim communities amongst the OBCs

==See also==
* [[List of Other Backward Classes]]
* [[Scheduled Tribes]]
* [[Reservation in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India|*]]
[[Category:Dalit Muslim|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community|Muslim Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

Levant

2014-06-30T13:10:34Z

194.103.240.26:

{{About||Latin Catholics in the Ottoman Empire|Levantines (Latin Christians)|other uses|Levant (disambiguation)|and|Names of the Levant}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| above = <big>Levant</big>
| image = [[File:Levant (orthographic projection).png|250px|Levant]]
| captionstyle = text-align:left
| caption1 = {{legend|#336733|Countries and regions located in the Levant region. ([[w:Syria|Syria]], [[w:Lebanon|Lebanon]],[[w:State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[w:Jordan|Jordan]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[w:Hatay Province|Hatay]])}}
 {{legend|#73CD73|Countries and regions generally included in the Levant region. ([[w:Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] and [[Iraq]])}}
 {{legend|#C6DEBD|Entire territory of countries whose regions are included in the Levant region. ([[w:Turkey|Turkey]] and [[w:Egypt|Egypt]])}}
| label1 = Countries and regions
| data1 = {{flag|Cyprus}} {{flag|Turkey}} (only [[Hatay Province]]) {{flag|Jordan}} {{flag|Lebanon}} {{flagicon|State of Palestine}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] {{flag|Syria}}
| label2 = Population
| data2 = 47,129,325<ref>Population found by adding all the countries' populations (Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Hatay Province)</ref>
| label3 = Languages
| data3 = [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Aramaic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]].
| label4 = Time Zones
| data4 = [[UTC+02:00]] ([[Eastern European Time|EET]]) ([[Turkey]] and [[Cyprus]])
}}

The '''Levant''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|æ|n|t}}), also known as the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], is a geographic and cultural region consisting of the "eastern Mediterranean [[littoral zone|littoral]] between [[Anatolia]] and [[Egypt]]".<ref>Harris, William W. The Levant: a Fractured Mosaic</ref> The Levant today consists of the island of [[Cyprus]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and part of southern [[Turkey]] (the former [[Aleppo Vilayet]]).

Precise definitions have varied over time, and the term originally had a broader and less well-defined usage.<ref name=OEAGR>[http://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA3-PA247 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1, p247, "Levant"]</ref> The Levant has been described as the "crossroads of [[western Asia]], the [[eastern Mediterranean]] and [[northeast Africa]]".<ref name=UCL/>

==Etymology==
The term ''Levant'', which appeared in English in 1497, originally meant the [[East]] in general or "Mediterranean lands east of Italy".<ref name=dictionary>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/levant| title=Levant | work=Dictionary.com| author=Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary| accessdate=2012-07-27 }}</ref> It is borrowed from the [[French (language)|French]] ''levant'' 'rising', referring to the rising of the sun in the east<ref name=dictionary />, or the point where the sun rises.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]], 2nd edition</ref> Ultimately from Latin ''levare'' 'lift, raise'. Similar etymologies are found in [[Greek language|Greek]] Ἀνατολή (''Anatolē'', ''cf.'' [[Anatolia]]), in [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] ''Morgenland'' (which means, literally, "morning land"), in [[Italian language|Italian]] (as in "Riviera di Levante", the portion of the Liguria coast east of [[Genoa]]), in the [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''Kelet'', Spanish "Levante" and Catalan "Llevant" (''the place of rising''). Most notably, "Orient" and its [[Latin]] source ''oriens'' meaning "east", is literally "rising", deriving from [[Latin]] ''orior'' "rise".

The notion of the Levant has undergone a dynamic process of historical evolution in usage, meaning, and understanding. While the term "Levantine" originally referred to the European residents of the eastern Mediterranean region, it later came to refer to regional "native" and "minority" groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.levantine-journal.org/AboutJLS.aspx|title=Journal of Levantine Studies|publisher=The [[Van Leer Jerusalem Institute]]|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref>

===Early European usage===
The term became current in [[English language|English]] in the 16th century, along with the first English merchant adventurers in the region; English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s, and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("[[Capitulation (treaty)|capitulations]]") with the [[Great Sultan|Grand Turk]] in 1579 (Braudel). The English [[Levant Company]] was founded in 1581 to trade with the [[Ottoman Empire]], and in 1670 the French [[:fr:Compagnie du Levant|Compagnie du Levant]] was founded for the same purpose. At this time, the [[Far East]] was known as the "Upper Levant".<ref name=OEAGR/>

In 19th-century [[travel writing]], the term incorporated eastern regions under then current or recent governance of the [[Ottoman empire]], such as [[Greece]]. In 19th-century archaeology, it referred to overlapping cultures in this region during and after prehistoric times, intending to reference the place instead of any one culture.

===Since World War I===
The [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French mandates of Syria and Lebanon]] (1920–1946) were called the Levant states.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

===Since World War II===
Today "Levant" is typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the [[prehistory]] and the [[ancient history|ancient]] and [[medieval history]] of the region, as when discussing the [[Crusades]]. The term is also occasionally employed to refer to modern events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same region, namely [[Cyprus]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Syria]] (compare with [[Near East]], [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[Western Asia]]). Several researchers include the island of [[Cyprus]] in Levantine studies, including the [[Council for British Research in the Levant]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandra Rosendahl |url=http://www.cbrl.org.uk/ |title=Council for British Research in the Levant homepage |publisher=Cbrl.org.uk |date=2006-11-28 |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref> the [[UCLA]] Near Eastern Languages and Cultures department,<ref>[http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=98 Biblical and Levantine studies], [[UCLA]]</ref> ''Journal of Levantine Studies''<ref>{{cite journal|title=About JLS|journal=Journal of Levantine Studies|url=http://www.levantine-journal.org/AboutJLS.aspx}}</ref> and the [[University College London|UCL]] Institute of Archaeology,<ref name=UCL>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/events/conferences/ancient-levant-2008/AncLevFINAL.doc. The Ancient Levant], [[University College London|UCL]] Institute of Archaeology, May 2008</ref> the last of which has dated the connection between Cyprus and mainland Levant to the early [[Iron Age]]. Currently, a dialect of [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]], is the most-spoken [[minority language]] in Cyprus. Archaeologists seeking a neutral orientation that is neither biblical nor national have used terms such as [[Syro-Palestinian archaeology]] and archaeology of the southern Levant.<ref name=DeverEncyclopedia>Dever, William G. "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology", pp. 1244-1253.</ref><ref name= Sharon>Sharon, Ilan "Biblical archaeology" in ''Encyclopedia of Archaeology'' Elsevier.</ref>

While the usage of the term "Levant" in academia has been relegated to the fields of archeology and literature, there is a recent attempt to reclaim the notion of the Levant as a category of analysis in political and social sciences. Two academic journals were recently launched: ''[http://www.levantine-journal.org Journal of Levantine Studies]'', published by [[The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute]] and ''The Levantine Review'', published by Boston College.

==People==
{{Refimprove|section|date=June 2013}}
The largest religious group in the Levant are the [[Muslim]]s and the largest ethnic group are the [[Arabs]], but there are also many other groups. Until the establishment of [["Israel"]] in 1948, [[Mizrahi Jews|Jews]] lived throughout the southern Levant;<ref>[[Old Yishuv]]</ref> since then, excepting those living in "Israel", or the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|only a few hundred remain]]. There are many Christian Levantine groups belonging to the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch]] ([[Orthodox Christianity]]), [[Maronites]] belonging to the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] churches. There are [[Assyrian people]]s belonging to the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] (autonomous) and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] (Catholic). There are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] and [[Yazidi]] [[Kurdish people|Kurds]]. There are [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], [[Alawites]], [[Twelver]]s, [[Nizari]], [[Druze]] and [[Ismailism|Ismailis]]. There are [[Armenians]], mostly belonging to the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. There are a few Arab and Armenian [[Protestantism|Protestant Christians]]. There are [[Latin Church|Latin Catholics]] called [[Levantines (Latin Christians)|Levantines or Franco-Levantines]]. There are also [[Circassians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Samaritans]], and [[Nawar people|Nawars]].

==Language==
The Levantine [[Muslim]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Circassians]] and Christian [[Maronites in Cyprus|Maronite Cypriot]] populations speak [[Levantine Arabic]], also known as Mediterranean Arabic (شامي). Small [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenian people|Armenian]] communities have retained their own languages and customs based usually on their religion. In "Israel", the primary language is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. In Cyprus, the primary languages are Greek and Turkish.

==Culture==
The populations of the Levant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/product/maps/wall-maps/countries-and-region-maps/eastern-mediterranean-political-map |title=Eastern Mediterranean Political Map - National Geographic Store |publisher=Shop.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/israel/ashkelon-text.html |title=Ancient Ashkelon - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date=2002-10-17 |accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15479879 | work=BBC News | title=The state of Israel: Internal influence driving change | date=2011-11-06}}</ref><ref>Orfalea, Gregory The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. Northampton, MA, 2006. Page 249</ref> share not only the geographic position, but cuisine, some customs, and a very long [[Ancient Near East|history]]. The Levant [[Muslims]], [[Christians]], [[Circassians]] and [[Christian]] [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic|Maronite Cypriots]] populations speak [[Levantine Arabic]] also known as Mediterranean. In [[Israel]] [[Hebrew]], [[English language|English]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] are spoken by the [[Jews]] who also observe laws, traditions and customs of [[Judaism]]. [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenian people|Armenian]] communities have retained their own languages and customs based usually on their religion mainly. [[Greeks]] constitute the majority of the population on the island of [[Cyprus]] and form groups in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [["Israel"]], with majority of Greeks in Cyprus and "Israel" being [[Greek Orthodox|Greek Orthodox Christians]], whereas [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] have [[Greek Muslim]] populations.

==See also==
{{Portal|Middle East}}
'''Overlapping regional designations'''
*[[Fertile Crescent]]
*[[Mashriq]]
*[[Mesopotamia]]
*[[Near East]] and [[Middle East]]
*[[Western Asia]]

'''Sub-regional designations'''
*[[Southern Levant]] and [[History of the Southern Levant]]

'''Other'''
*[[French post offices in the Ottoman Empire]] ("Levant" stamps)
*[[History of the Levant]]
*[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
*[[Levantines (Latin Christians)]], Catholic Europeans in the Levant
*[[Levantine Sea]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*[[Fernand Braudel|Braudel, Fernand]], ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II''
*Julia Chatzipanagioti: Griechenland, Zypern, Balkan und Levante. Eine kommentierte Bibliographie der Reiseliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts. 2 Vol. Eutin 2006. ISBN 3-9810674-2-8
*[http://www.levantineheritage.com/ Levantine Heritage] site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.
*Philip Mansel, ''Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean'', London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5
*Coelho, Paulo ''The Alchemist'' (Levant as wind originating from the Levant)

==External links==
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11769/ ''France and the Levant'']

{{Regions of the world}}

[[Category:Levant| ]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Near East]]
[[Category:Western Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Syria]]
[[Category:Geography of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Geography of Palestine]]
[[Category:Geography of Israel]]
[[Category:Geography of Jordan]]

Levant

2014-06-30T13:09:10Z

194.103.240.26: Facts corrected

{{About||Latin Catholics in the Ottoman Empire|Levantines (Latin Christians)|other uses|Levant (disambiguation)|and|Names of the Levant}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| above = <big>Levant</big>
| image = [[File:Levant (orthographic projection).png|250px|Levant]]
| captionstyle = text-align:left
| caption1 = {{legend|#336733|Countries and regions located in the Levant region. ([[w:Syria|Syria]], [[w:Lebanon|Lebanon]],[[w:State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[w:Jordan|Jordan]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[w:Hatay Province|Hatay]])}}
 {{legend|#73CD73|Countries and regions generally included in the Levant region. ([[w:Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] and [[Iraq]])}}
 {{legend|#C6DEBD|Entire territory of countries whose regions are included in the Levant region. ([[w:Turkey|Turkey]] and [[w:Egypt|Egypt]])}}
| label1 = Countries and regions
| data1 = {{flag|Cyprus}} {{flag|Turkey}} (only [[Hatay Province]]) {{flag|Jordan}} {{flag|Lebanon}} {{flagicon|State of Palestine}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] {{flag|Syria}}
| label2 = Population
| data2 = 47,129,325<ref>Population found by adding all the countries' populations (Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Hatay Province)</ref>
| label3 = Languages
| data3 = [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Aramaic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]].
| label4 = Time Zones
| data4 = [[UTC+02:00]] ([[Eastern European Time|EET]]) ([[Turkey]] and [[Cyprus]])
}}

The '''Levant''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|æ|n|t}}), also known as the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], is a geographic and cultural region consisting of the "eastern Mediterranean [[littoral zone|littoral]] between [[Anatolia]] and [[Egypt]]".<ref>Harris, William W. The Levant: a Fractured Mosaic</ref> The Levant today consists of the island of [[Cyprus]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and part of southern [[Turkey]] (the former [[Aleppo Vilayet]]).

Precise definitions have varied over time, and the term originally had a broader and less well-defined usage.<ref name=OEAGR>[http://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA3-PA247 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1, p247, "Levant"]</ref> The Levant has been described as the "crossroads of [[western Asia]], the [[eastern Mediterranean]] and [[northeast Africa]]".<ref name=UCL/>

==Etymology==
The term ''Levant'', which appeared in English in 1497, originally meant the [[East]] in general or "Mediterranean lands east of Italy".<ref name=dictionary>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/levant| title=Levant | work=Dictionary.com| author=Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary| accessdate=2012-07-27 }}</ref> It is borrowed from the [[French (language)|French]] ''levant'' 'rising', referring to the rising of the sun in the east<ref name=dictionary />, or the point where the sun rises.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]], 2nd edition</ref> Ultimately from Latin ''levare'' 'lift, raise'. Similar etymologies are found in [[Greek language|Greek]] Ἀνατολή (''Anatolē'', ''cf.'' [[Anatolia]]), in [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] ''Morgenland'' (which means, literally, "morning land"), in [[Italian language|Italian]] (as in "Riviera di Levante", the portion of the Liguria coast east of [[Genoa]]), in the [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''Kelet'', Spanish "Levante" and Catalan "Llevant" (''the place of rising''). Most notably, "Orient" and its [[Latin]] source ''oriens'' meaning "east", is literally "rising", deriving from [[Latin]] ''orior'' "rise".

The notion of the Levant has undergone a dynamic process of historical evolution in usage, meaning, and understanding. While the term "Levantine" originally referred to the European residents of the eastern Mediterranean region, it later came to refer to regional "native" and "minority" groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.levantine-journal.org/AboutJLS.aspx|title=Journal of Levantine Studies|publisher=The [[Van Leer Jerusalem Institute]]|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref>

===Early European usage===
The term became current in [[English language|English]] in the 16th century, along with the first English merchant adventurers in the region; English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s, and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("[[Capitulation (treaty)|capitulations]]") with the [[Great Sultan|Grand Turk]] in 1579 (Braudel). The English [[Levant Company]] was founded in 1581 to trade with the [[Ottoman Empire]], and in 1670 the French [[:fr:Compagnie du Levant|Compagnie du Levant]] was founded for the same purpose. At this time, the [[Far East]] was known as the "Upper Levant".<ref name=OEAGR/>

In 19th-century [[travel writing]], the term incorporated eastern regions under then current or recent governance of the [[Ottoman empire]], such as [[Greece]]. In 19th-century archaeology, it referred to overlapping cultures in this region during and after prehistoric times, intending to reference the place instead of any one culture.

===Since World War I===
The [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French mandates of Syria and Lebanon]] (1920–1946) were called the Levant states.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

===Since World War II===
Today "Levant" is typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the [[prehistory]] and the [[ancient history|ancient]] and [[medieval history]] of the region, as when discussing the [[Crusades]]. The term is also occasionally employed to refer to modern events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same region, namely [[Cyprus]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Syria]] (compare with [[Near East]], [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[Western Asia]]). Several researchers include the island of [[Cyprus]] in Levantine studies, including the [[Council for British Research in the Levant]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandra Rosendahl |url=http://www.cbrl.org.uk/ |title=Council for British Research in the Levant homepage |publisher=Cbrl.org.uk |date=2006-11-28 |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref> the [[UCLA]] Near Eastern Languages and Cultures department,<ref>[http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=98 Biblical and Levantine studies], [[UCLA]]</ref> ''Journal of Levantine Studies''<ref>{{cite journal|title=About JLS|journal=Journal of Levantine Studies|url=http://www.levantine-journal.org/AboutJLS.aspx}}</ref> and the [[University College London|UCL]] Institute of Archaeology,<ref name=UCL>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/events/conferences/ancient-levant-2008/AncLevFINAL.doc. The Ancient Levant], [[University College London|UCL]] Institute of Archaeology, May 2008</ref> the last of which has dated the connection between Cyprus and mainland Levant to the early [[Iron Age]]. Currently, a dialect of [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]], is the most-spoken [[minority language]] in Cyprus. Archaeologists seeking a neutral orientation that is neither biblical nor national have used terms such as [[Syro-Palestinian archaeology]] and archaeology of the southern Levant.<ref name=DeverEncyclopedia>Dever, William G. "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology", pp. 1244-1253.</ref><ref name= Sharon>Sharon, Ilan "Biblical archaeology" in ''Encyclopedia of Archaeology'' Elsevier.</ref>

While the usage of the term "Levant" in academia has been relegated to the fields of archeology and literature, there is a recent attempt to reclaim the notion of the Levant as a category of analysis in political and social sciences. Two academic journals were recently launched: ''[http://www.levantine-journal.org Journal of Levantine Studies]'', published by [[The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute]] and ''The Levantine Review'', published by Boston College.

==People==
{{Refimprove|section|date=June 2013}}
The largest religious group in the Levant are the [[Muslim]]s and the largest ethnic group are the [[Arabs]], but there are also many other groups. Until the establishment of [["Israel"]] in 1948, [[Mizrahi Jews|Jews]] lived throughout the southern Levant;<ref>[[Old Yishuv]]</ref> since then, excepting those living in "Israel", or the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|only a few hundred remain]]. There are many Christian Levantine groups belonging to the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch]] ([[Orthodox Christianity]]), [[Maronites]] belonging to the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] churches. There are [[Assyrian people]]s belonging to the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] (autonomous) and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] (Catholic). There are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] and [[Yazidi]] [[Kurdish people|Kurds]]. There are [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], [[Alawites]], [[Twelver]]s, [[Nizari]], [[Druze]] and [[Ismailism|Ismailis]]. There are [[Armenians]], mostly belonging to the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. There are a few Arab and Armenian [[Protestantism|Protestant Christians]]. There are [[Latin Church|Latin Catholics]] called [[Levantines (Latin Christians)|Levantines or Franco-Levantines]]. There are also [[Circassians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Samaritans]], and [[Nawar people|Nawars]].

==Language==
The Levantine [[Muslim]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Circassians]] and Christian [[Maronites in Cyprus|Maronite Cypriot]] populations speak [[Levantine Arabic]], also known as Mediterranean Arabic (شامي). Small [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenian people|Armenian]] communities have retained their own languages and customs based usually on their religion. In "Israel", the primary language is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. In Cyprus, the primary languages are Greek and Turkish.

==Culture==
The populations of the Levant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/product/maps/wall-maps/countries-and-region-maps/eastern-mediterranean-political-map |title=Eastern Mediterranean Political Map - National Geographic Store |publisher=Shop.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/israel/ashkelon-text.html |title=Ancient Ashkelon - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date=2002-10-17 |accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15479879 | work=BBC News | title=The state of Israel: Internal influence driving change | date=2011-11-06}}</ref><ref>Orfalea, Gregory The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. Northampton, MA, 2006. Page 249</ref> share not only the geographic position, but cuisine, some customs, and a very long [[Ancient Near East|history]]. The Levant [[Muslims]], [[Christians]], [[Circassians]] and [[Christian]] [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic|Maronite Cypriots]] populations speak [[Levantine Arabic]] also known as Mediterranean. In [[Israel]] [[Hebrew]], [[English language|English]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] are spoken by the [[Jews]] who also observe laws, traditions and customs of [[Judaism]]. [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenian people|Armenian]] communities have retained their own languages and customs based usually on their religion mainly. [[Greeks]] constitute the majority of the population on the island of [[Cyprus]] and form groups in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Israel]], with majority of Greeks in Cyprus and Israel being [[Greek Orthodox|Greek Orthodox Christians]], whereas [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] have [[Greek Muslim]] populations.

==See also==
{{Portal|Middle East}}
'''Overlapping regional designations'''
*[[Fertile Crescent]]
*[[Mashriq]]
*[[Mesopotamia]]
*[[Near East]] and [[Middle East]]
*[[Western Asia]]

'''Sub-regional designations'''
*[[Southern Levant]] and [[History of the Southern Levant]]

'''Other'''
*[[French post offices in the Ottoman Empire]] ("Levant" stamps)
*[[History of the Levant]]
*[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
*[[Levantines (Latin Christians)]], Catholic Europeans in the Levant
*[[Levantine Sea]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*[[Fernand Braudel|Braudel, Fernand]], ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II''
*Julia Chatzipanagioti: Griechenland, Zypern, Balkan und Levante. Eine kommentierte Bibliographie der Reiseliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts. 2 Vol. Eutin 2006. ISBN 3-9810674-2-8
*[http://www.levantineheritage.com/ Levantine Heritage] site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.
*Philip Mansel, ''Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean'', London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5
*Coelho, Paulo ''The Alchemist'' (Levant as wind originating from the Levant)

==External links==
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11769/ ''France and the Levant'']

{{Regions of the world}}

[[Category:Levant| ]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Near East]]
[[Category:Western Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Syria]]
[[Category:Geography of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Geography of Palestine]]
[[Category:Geography of Israel]]
[[Category:Geography of Jordan]]

UTF-8

2014-06-27T12:18:22Z

194.103.240.26: /* Advantages */

'''UTF-8''' ('''[[Universal Character Set|UCS]] Transformation Format{{mdash}}8-bit'''<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=[[Unicode Consortium|The Unicode Consortium]] |title=The Unicode Standard |url=http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/|edition=6.0|publisher=The Unicode Consortium |location=Mountain View, California, USA |isbn=978-1-936213-01-6 |chapter=Chapter 2. General Structure}}</ref>) is a [[variable-width encoding]] that can represent every [[character (computing)|character]] in the [[Unicode]] character set. It was designed for [[backward compatibility]] with [[ASCII]] and to avoid the complications of [[endianness]] and [[byte order mark]]s in [[UTF-16]] and [[UTF-32]].
UTF-8 has become the dominant character encoding for the [[World-Wide Web|World Wide Web]], accounting for more than half of all Web pages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/unicode-nearing-50-of-web.html|title=Unicode nearing 50% of the web|first=Mark |last=Davis|date=28 January 2010|work=Official Google Blog|publisher=[[Google]]|accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="BuiltWith">{{cite web
| url = http://trends.builtwith.com/encoding/UTF-8
| title = UTF-8 Usage Statistics
| publisher = BuiltWith
| accessdate = March 28, 2011
}}</ref><ref name="W3Techs">{{cite web
| url = http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/character_encoding/all
| title = Usage of character encodings for websites
| publisher = W3Techs
| accessdate = March 30, 2010
}}</ref> The [[Internet Mail Consortium]] (IMC) recommends that all e-mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8.<ref name="IMC">{{cite web
| url = http://www.imc.org/mail-i18n.html
| title = Using International Characters in Internet Mail
| publisher = Internet Mail Consortium
| date = August 1, 1998
| accessdate = November 8, 2007
}}</ref> UTF-8 is also increasingly being used as the default character encoding in [[operating systems]], [[programming languages]], [[application programming interface|APIs]], and [[application software|software applications]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

UTF-8 encodes each of the 1,112,064 valid [[code point]]s in the Unicode code space (1,114,112 code points minus 2,048 surrogate code points) using one to four 8-bit [[byte]]s (a group of 8 bits is known as an [[octet (computing)|octet]] in the Unicode Standard). Code points with lower numerical values (i.e. earlier code positions in the Unicode character set, which tend to occur more frequently) are encoded using fewer bytes. The first 128 characters of Unicode, which correspond one-to-one with [[ASCII]], are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII, making valid ASCII text valid UTF-8-encoded Unicode as well.

The official [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]] code for the UTF-8 character encoding is <code>UTF-8</code>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets |title=CHARACTER SETS |publisher=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |date=November 4, 2010 |accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref>

==History==
By early 1992 the search was on for a good byte-stream encoding of multi-byte character sets. The draft [[Universal Character Set|ISO 10646]] standard contained a non-required [[Addendum|annex]] called [[UTF-1]] that provided a byte-stream encoding of its 32-bit code points. This encoding was not satisfactory on performance grounds, but did introduce the notion that bytes in the range of 0–127 continue representing the ASCII characters in UTF, thereby providing backward compatibility with ASCII.

In July 1992, the [[X/Open]] committee XoJIG was looking for a better encoding. Dave Prosser of [[Unix System Laboratories]] submitted a proposal for one that had faster implementation characteristics and introduced the improvement that 7-bit ASCII characters would only represent themselves; all multibyte sequences would include only bytes where the high bit was set. This original proposal, the File System Safe UCS Transformation Format (FSS-UTF), was similar in concept to UTF-8, but lacked the crucial property of [[Self-synchronizing code|self-synchronization]].<ref name=pikeviacambridge>{{cite web|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/utf-8-history.txt|title=UTF-8 history|first=Rob|last=Pike|date=30 Apr 2003 | accessdate=September 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/u/0/101960720994009339267/posts/Rz1udTvtiMg|title=UTF-8 turned 20 years old yesterday|first=Rob |last=Pike|date=September 6, 2012 | accessdate=September 7, 2012}}</ref>

In August 1992, this proposal was circulated by an [[IBM]] X/Open representative to interested parties. [[Ken Thompson]] of the [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs|Plan 9]] [[operating system]] group at [[Bell Labs]] made a small but crucial modification to the encoding, making it very slightly less bit-efficient than the previous proposal but allowing it to be [[Self-synchronizing code|self-synchronizing]], meaning that it was no longer necessary to read from the beginning of the string to find code point boundaries. Thompson's design was outlined on September 2, 1992, on a placemat in a New Jersey diner with [[Rob Pike]]. In the following days, Pike and Thompson implemented it and updated [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs|Plan 9]] to use it throughout, and then communicated their success back to X/Open.<ref name=pikeviacambridge/>

UTF-8 was first officially presented at the [[USENIX]] conference in [[San Diego]], from January 25 to 29, 1993.

Google reported that in 2008 UTF-8 (misleadingly labelled "Unicode") became the most common encoding for HTML files.<ref name=markdavis>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html|title=Moving to Unicode 5.1|first=Mark|last=Davis|date=5 May 2008 | accessdate=2013-03-01}}</ref><ref name=davidgoodger>{{cite web|url=http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=230157|title=Unicode misinformation|first=David|last=Goodger|date=6 May 2008|accessdate=2013-03-01}}</ref>

==Description==
The design of UTF-8 can be seen in this table of the scheme as originally proposed by Dave Prosser and subsequently modified by Ken Thompson (the <code>x</code> characters are replaced by the bits of the code point):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Bits of code point!!First code point!!Last code point!!Bytes in sequence!!Byte 1!!Byte 2!!Byte 3!!Byte 4!!Byte 5!!Byte 6
|-
!  7
|U+0000||U+007F
|style="text-align: center;" |1
|<code>0xxxxxxx</code>
|-
!11
|U+0080||U+07FF
|style="text-align: center;" |2
|<code>110xxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>
|-
!16
|U+0800||U+FFFF
|style="text-align: center;" |3
|<code>1110xxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>
|-
!21
|U+10000||U+1FFFFF
|style="text-align: center;" |4
|<code>11110xxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>
|-
!26
|U+200000||U+3FFFFFF
|style="text-align: center;" |5
|<code>111110xx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>
|-
!31
|U+4000000||U+7FFFFFFF
|style="text-align: center;" |6
|<code>1111110x</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>||<code>10xxxxxx</code>
|}

The original specification covered numbers up to 31 bits (the original limit of the [[Universal Character Set]]). In November 2003, UTF-8 was restricted by RFC 3629 to end at U+<code>10FFFF</code>, in order to match the constraints of the [[UTF-16]] character encoding. This removed all 5- and 6-byte sequences, and about half of the 4-byte sequences.

The salient features of this scheme are as follows:
* ''Backward compatibility:'' One-byte codes are used only for the ASCII values 0 through 127. In this case the UTF-8 code has the same value as the ASCII code. The high-order bit of these codes is always 0.
* ''Clear distinction between multi-byte and single-byte characters:'' Code points larger than 127 are represented by multi-byte sequences, composed of a ''leading byte'' and one or more ''continuation bytes''. The leading byte has two or more high-order 1s followed by a 0, while continuation bytes all have '10' in the high-order position.
* ''Self synchronization:'' Single bytes, leading bytes, and continuation bytes do not share values. This makes the scheme [[Self-synchronizing code|self-synchronizing]], allowing the start of a character to be found by backing up at most five bytes (three bytes in actual UTF‑8 per RFC 3629 restriction, see above).
* ''Clear indication of code sequence length:'' The number of high-order 1s in the leading byte of a multi-byte sequence indicates the number of bytes in the sequence, so that the length of the sequence can be determined without examining the continuation bytes.
* ''Code structure:'' The remaining bits of the encoding are used for the bits of the code point being encoded, padded with high-order 0s if necessary. The high-order bits go in the lead byte, lower-order bits in succeeding continuation bytes. The number of bytes in the encoding is the minimum required to hold all the significant bits of the code point.

The first 128 characters (US-ASCII) need one byte. The next 1,920 characters need two bytes to encode. This covers the remainder of almost all [[Latin alphabets]], and also [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]], [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]], [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]] and [[Tāna]] alphabets, as well as [[Combining Diacritical Marks]]. Three bytes are needed for characters in the rest of the [[Mapping of Unicode character planes|Basic Multilingual Plane]] (which contains virtually all characters in common use<ref name="unicode-ch02-bmp">{{cite journal |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1 |year=2012 |editor-last=Allen |editor-first=Julie D. |editor2-last=Anderson |editor2-first=Deborah |editor3-last=Becker |editor3-first=Joe |editor4-last=Cook |editor4-first=Richard|displayeditors=4 |publisher=Unicode Consortium |place=Mountain View, California |quote=The Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP, or Plane 0) contains the common-use characters for all the modern scripts of the world as well as many historical and rare characters. By far the majority of all Unicode characters for almost all textual data can be found in the BMP. }}</ref>). Four bytes are needed for characters in the [[Mapping of Unicode characters|other planes of Unicode]], which include less common [[CJK characters]] and various historic scripts and mathematical symbols.

===Examples===
Let us consider how to encode the [[Euro sign]], €.
# The Unicode code point for "€" is U+20AC.
# According to the scheme table above, this will take three bytes to encode, since it is between U+0800 and U+FFFF.
# Hexadecimal <code>20AC</code> is binary <code>0010000010101100</code>. The two leading zeros are added because, as the scheme table shows, a three-byte encoding needs ''exactly'' sixteen bits from the code point.
# Because it is a three-byte encoding, the leading byte starts with three 1s, then a 0 (<code>1110</code> ...)
# The remaining bits of this byte are taken from the code point (<code>1110{{fontcolor|blue|0010}}</code>), leaving ... <code>000010101100</code>.
# Each of the continuation bytes starts with <code>10</code> and takes six bits of the code point (so <code>10{{fontcolor|green|000010}}</code>, then <code>10{{fontcolor|red|101100}}</code>).
The three bytes <code>1110{{fontcolor|blue|0010}}</code> <code>10{{fontcolor|green|000010}}</code> <code>10{{fontcolor|red|101100}}</code> can be more concisely written in hexadecimal, as <code>{{fontcolor|blue|E2}} {{fontcolor|green|82}} {{fontcolor|red|AC}}</code>.

The following table summarises this conversion, as well as others with different lengths in UTF-8. The colors indicate how bits from the code point are distributed among the UTF-8 bytes. Additional bits added by the UTF-8 encoding process are shown in black.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Character
! Binary code point
! Binary UTF-8
! Hexadecimal UTF-8
|-
|[[$]] || <code>U+0024</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|red|0100100}}</code>
|align=right|<code>0{{fontcolor|red|0100100}}</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|red|24}}</code>
|-
|[[¢]] || <code>U+00A2</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|green|000 10}}{{fontcolor|red|100010}}</code>
|align=right|<code>110{{fontcolor|green|00010}} 10{{fontcolor|red|100010}}</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|green|C2}} {{fontcolor|red|A2}}</code>
|-
|[[Euro sign|€]] || <code>U+20AC</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|blue|0010}}{{fontcolor|green|0000 10}}{{fontcolor|red|101100}}</code>
|align=right|<code>1110{{fontcolor|blue|0010}} 10{{fontcolor|green|000010}} 10{{fontcolor|red|101100}}</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|blue|E2}} {{fontcolor|green|82}} {{fontcolor|red|AC}}</code>
|-
|[[Chinese character|𤭢]] || <code>U+24B62</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|#C000C0|000}}{{fontcolor|blue|10 0100}}{{fontcolor|green|1011 01}}{{fontcolor|red|100010}}</code>
|align=right|<code>11110{{fontcolor|#C000C0|000}} 10{{fontcolor|blue|100100}} 10{{fontcolor|green|101101}} 10{{fontcolor|red|100010}}</code>
|align=right|<code>{{fontcolor|#C000C0|F0}} {{fontcolor|blue|A4}} {{fontcolor|green|AD}} {{fontcolor|red|A2}}</code>
|}

===Codepage layout===
{| {{chset-tableformat}}
{{chset-table-header|UTF-8}}
|-
!{{chset-left|0}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0000|[[Null character|NUL]]|0}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0001|[[Start of heading|SOH]]|1}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0002|[[Start of text|STX]]|2}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0003|[[End of text|ETX]]|3}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0004|[[End of transmission character|EOT]]|4}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0005|[[Enquiry character|ENQ]]|5}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0006|[[Acknowledge character|ACK]]|6}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0007|[[Bell character|BEL]]|7}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0008|[[Backspace|BS]]|8}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0009|[[Tab key|HT]]|9}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|000A|[[Line feed|LF]]|10}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|000B|[[Vertical tab|VT]]|11}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|000C|[[Form feed|FF]]|12}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|000D|[[Carriage return|CR]]|13}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|000E|[[Shift out|SO]]|14}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|000F|[[Shift in|SI]]|15}}
|-
!{{chset-left|1}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0010|[[Data link escape|DLE]]|16}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0011|[[Device Control 1|DC1]]|17}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0012|[[Device Control 2|DC2]]|18}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0013|[[Device Control 3|DC3]]|19}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0014|[[Device Control 4|DC4]]|20}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0015|[[Negative-acknowledge character|NAK]]|21}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0016|[[Synchronous idle|SYN]]|22}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0017|[[End of transmission block|ETB]]|23}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0018|[[Cancel character|CAN]]|24}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0019|[[End of medium|EM]]|25}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|001A|[[Substitute character|SUB]]|26}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|001B|[[Escape character|ESC]]|27}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|001C|[[File separator|FS]]|28}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|001D|[[Group separator|GS]]|29}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|001E|[[Record separator|RS]]|30}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}}|{{chset-ctrl3|001F|[[Unit separator|US]]|31}}
|-
!{{chset-left|2}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-ctrl3|0020|[[space character|SP]]|32}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0021|[[Exclamation mark|!]]|33}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0022|[[Quotation mark|"]]|34}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0023|[[Number sign|#]]|35}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0024|[[Dollar sign|$]]|36}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0025|[[Percent sign|%]]|37}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0026|[[Ampersand|&]]|38}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0027|[[Apostrophe|']]|39}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0028|[[Bracket|(]]|40}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0029|[[Bracket|)]]|41}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|002A|[[Asterisk|*]]|42}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|002B|[[Plus and minus signs|+]]|43}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|002C|[[Comma (punctuation)|,]]|44}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|002D|[[Plus and minus signs|-]]|45}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|002E|[[Full stop|.]]|46}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|002F|[[Slash (punctuation)|/]]|47}}
|-
!{{chset-left|3}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0030|[[0 (number)|0]]|48}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0031|[[1 (number)|1]]|49}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0032|[[2 (number)|2]]|50}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0033|[[3 (number)|3]]|51}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0034|[[4 (number)|4]]|52}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0035|[[5 (number)|5]]|53}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0036|[[6 (number)|6]]|54}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0037|[[7 (number)|7]]|55}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0038|[[8 (number)|8]]|56}}
|{{chset-color-digit}}|{{chset-cell3|0039|[[9 (number)|9]]|57}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|003A|[[colon (punctuation)|:]]|58}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|003B|[[semicolon|;]]|59}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|003C|[[less-than sign|<]]|60}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|003D|[[equal sign|=]]|61}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|003E|[[greater-than sign|>]]|62}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|003F|[[question mark|?]]|63}}
|-
!{{chset-left|4}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0040|[[@]]|64}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0041|[[A]]|65}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0042|[[B]]|66}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0043|[[C]]|67}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0044|[[D]]|68}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0045|[[E]]|69}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0046|[[F]]|70}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0047|[[G]]|71}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0048|[[H]]|72}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0049|[[I]]|73}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|004A|[[J]]|74}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|004B|[[K]]|75}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|004C|[[L]]|76}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|004D|[[M]]|77}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|004E|[[N]]|78}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|004F|[[O]]|79}}
|-
!{{chset-left|5}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0050|[[P]]|80}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0051|[[Q]]|81}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0052|[[R]]|82}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0053|[[S]]|83}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0054|[[T]]|84}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0055|[[U]]|85}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0056|[[V]]|86}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0057|[[W]]|87}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0058|[[X]]|88}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0059|[[Y]]|89}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|005A|[[Z]]|90}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|005B|[[Square bracket|[]]|91}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|005C|[[Backslash|\]]|92}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|005D|[[Square bracket|]]]|93}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|005E|[[Circumflex|^]]|94}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|005F|[[Underscore|_]]|95}}
|-
!{{chset-left|6}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|0060|[[Grave accent|`]]|96}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0061|[[a]]|97}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0062|[[b]]|98}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0063|[[c]]|99}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0064|[[d]]|100}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0065|[[e]]|101}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0066|[[f]]|102}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0067|[[g]]|103}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0068|[[h]]|104}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0069|[[i]]|105}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|006A|[[j]]|106}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|006B|[[k]]|107}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|006C|[[l]]|108}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|006D|[[m]]|109}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|006E|[[n]]|110}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|006F|[[o]]|111}}
|-
!{{chset-left|7}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0070|[[p]]|112}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0071|[[q]]|113}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0072|[[r]]|114}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0073|[[s]]|115}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0074|[[t]]|116}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0075|[[u]]|117}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0076|[[v]]|118}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0077|[[w]]|119}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0078|[[x]]|120}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|0079|[[y]]|121}}
|{{chset-color-alpha}}|{{chset-cell3|007A|[[z]]|122}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|007B|[[Braces (punctuation)|{]]|123}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|007C|[[Vertical bar||]]|124}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|007D|[[Braces (punctuation)|}]]|125}}
|{{chset-color-punct}}|{{chset-cell3|007E|[[Tilde|~]]|126}}
|{{chset-color-ctrl}} |{{chset-ctrl3|007F|[[Delete character|DEL]]|127}}
|-
!{{chset-left|8}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+00|•|128}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+01|•|129}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+02|•|130}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+03|•|131}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+04|•|132}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+05|•|133}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+06|•|134}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+07|•|135}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+08|•|136}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+09|•|137}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+0A|•|138}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+0B|•|139}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+0C|•|140}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+0D|•|141}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+0E|•|142}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+0F|•|143}}
|-
!{{chset-left|9}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+10|•|144}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+11|•|145}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+12|•|146}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+13|•|147}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+14|•|148}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+15|•|149}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+16|•|150}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+17|•|151}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+18|•|152}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+19|•|153}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+1A|•|154}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+1B|•|155}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+1C|•|156}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+1D|•|157}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+1E|•|158}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+1F|•|159}}
|-
!{{chset-left|A}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+20|•|160}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+21|•|161}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+22|•|162}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+23|•|163}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+24|•|164}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+25|•|165}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+26|•|166}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+27|•|167}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+28|•|168}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+29|•|169}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+2A|•|170}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+2B|•|171}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+2C|•|172}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+2D|•|173}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+2E|•|174}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+2F|•|175}}
|-
!{{chset-left|B}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+30|•|176}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+31|•|177}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+32|•|178}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+33|•|179}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+34|•|180}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+35|•|181}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+36|•|182}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+37|•|183}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+38|•|184}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+39|•|185}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+3A|•|186}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+3B|•|187}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+3C|•|188}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+3D|•|189}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+3E|•|190}}
| style="background:#ffcc88;"|{{chset-cell3|+3F|•|191}}
|-
!{{chset-left|2-byte C}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|(0000)|2-byte inval|192}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|(0040)|2-byte inval|193}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0080|[[C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement|Latin-1]]|194}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|00C0|[[C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement|Latin-1]]|195}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0100|[[Latin Extended-A|Latin Ext-A]]|196}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0140|[[Latin Extended-A|Latin Ext-A]]|197}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0180|[[Latin Extended-B|Latin Ext-B]]|198}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|01C0|[[Latin Extended-B|Latin Ext-B]]|199}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0200|[[Latin Extended-B|Latin Ext-B]]|200}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0240|[[IPA Extensions (Unicode block)|IPA]]|201}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0280|[[IPA Extensions (Unicode block)|IPA]]|202}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|02C0|[[Unicode Phonetic Symbols#Spacing Modifier Letters (U+02B0–02FF)|Spaci Modif]]|203}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0300|[[Combining character|Combi Diacr]]|204}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0340|[[Combining character|Combi Diacr]]|205}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0380|[[Greek characters in Unicode|Greek]]|206}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|03C0|[[Greek characters in Unicode|Greek]]|207}}
|-
!{{chset-left|2-byte D}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0400|[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyril]]|208}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0440|[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyril]]|209}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0480|[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyril]]|210}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|04C0|[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyril]]|211}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0500|[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyril]]|212}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0540|[[Armenian alphabet|Armen]]|213}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0580|[[Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]|214}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|05C0|[[Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]|215}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0600|[[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]]|216}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0640|[[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]]|217}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0680|[[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]]|218}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|06C0|[[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]]|219}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0700|[[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]]|220}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0740|[[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]]|221}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0780|[[Tāna|Thaana]]|222}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|07C0|[[N'Ko]]|223}}
|-
!{{chset-left|3-byte E}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|0800*|Indic|224}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|1000|Misc.|225}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|2000|Symbol|226}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|3000|[[Kana]] [[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|227}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|4000|[[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|228}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|5000|[[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|229}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|6000|[[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|230}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|7000|[[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|231}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|8000|[[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|232}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|9000|[[CJK Unified Ideographs|CJK]]|233}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|A000|Asian|234}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|B000|[[Hangul]]|235}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|C000|[[Hangul]]|236}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|D000|[[Hangul]] Surr|237}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|E000|[[Private Use Area|Priv Use]]|238}}
| style="background:#eee;"|{{chset-ctrl3|F000|Forms|239}}
|-
!{{chset-left|4-byte F}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|10000*|Ancient Sym,CJK|240}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|40000|unall|241}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|80000|unall|242}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|C0000|Tags Priv|243}}
| style="background:#fff;"|{{chset-ctrl3|100000|[[Private Use Area|Priv Use]]|244}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|140000|4-byte inval|245}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|180000|4-byte inval|246}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|1C0000|4-byte inval|247}}
| style="background:#d00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|200000*|5-byte inval|248}}
| style="background:#d00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|1000000|5-byte inval|249}}
| style="background:#d00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|2000000|5-byte inval|250}}
| style="background:#d00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|3000000|5-byte inval|251}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|4000000*|6-byte inval|252}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|40000000|6-byte inval|253}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|||254}}
| style="background:#f00;"|{{chset-ctrl3|||255}}
|}

Legend:
{{colors|black|#ffffef|Yellow}} cells are control characters, {{colors|black|rgb(223, 247, 255)|blue}} cells are punctuation, {{colors|black|rgb(247, 231, 255)|purple}} cells are [[Numerical digit|digits]] and {{colors|black|rgb(231, 255, 231)|green}} cells are ASCII letters.

{{colors|black|#ffcc88|Orange}} cells with a large dot are continuation bytes. The hexadecimal number shown after a "+" plus sign is the value of the 6 bits they add.

{{colors|black|#ffffff|White}} cells are the start bytes for a sequence of multiple bytes, the length shown at the left edge of the row. The text shows the Unicode blocks encoded by sequences starting with this byte, and the hexadecimal code point shown in the cell is the lowest character value encoded using that start byte. When a start byte could form both overlong and valid encodings, the lowest non-overlong-encoded code point is shown, marked by an asterisk "*".

{{colors|black|Red|Red}} cells must never appear in a valid UTF-8 sequence. The first two (C0 and C1) could only be used for overlong encoding of basic ASCII characters (''i.e.'', trying to encode a 7-bit ASCII value between 0 and 127 using 2 bytes instead of 1). The remaining red cells indicate start bytes of sequences that could only encode numbers larger than the 0x10FFFF limit of Unicode. The byte 244 (hex 0xF4) could also encode some values greater than 0x10FFFF; such a sequence would also be invalid if the subsequent bytes attempted to encode a value higher than 0x10FFFF.

===Overlong encodings===
The standard specifies that the correct encoding of a code point use only the minimum number of bytes required to hold the significant bits of the code point. Longer encodings are called ''overlong'' and are not valid UTF-8 representations of the code point. This rule maintains a one-to-one correspondence between code points and their valid encodings, so that there is a unique valid encoding for each code point. Allowing multiple encodings would make testing for string equality difficult to define.

In principle, it would be possible to inflate the number of bytes in an encoding by padding the code point with leading 0s. To encode the Euro sign € from the above example in four bytes instead of three, it could be padded with leading 0s until it was 21 bits long—<code>000 000010 000010 101100</code>. The leading byte prefix for a four-byte encoding is <code>11110</code>, and so the complete, overlong encoding is <code>11110{{fontcolor|#C000C0|000}}</code> <code>10{{fontcolor|blue|000010}}</code> <code>10{{fontcolor|green|000010}}</code> <code>10{{fontcolor|red|101100}}</code> (or <code>{{fontcolor|#C000C0|F0}}</code> <code>{{fontcolor|blue|82}}</code> <code>{{fontcolor|green|82}}</code> <code>{{fontcolor|red|AC}}</code> in hexadecimal).

Although overlong encodings are forbidden in UTF-8, at least one derivative makes use of the form. [[#Modified UTF-8|Modified UTF-8]] requires the Unicode code point U+0000 (the NUL character) to be encoded in the overlong form <code>110{{fontcolor|green|00000}}</code> <code>10{{fontcolor|red|000000}}</code> (hex <code>{{fontcolor|green|C0}}</code> <code>{{fontcolor|red|80}}</code>), rather than <code>00000000</code> (hex <code>00</code>). This allows the byte <code>00</code> to be used as a [[null-terminated string|string terminator]].

===Invalid byte sequences===
Not all sequences of bytes are valid UTF-8. A UTF-8 decoder should be prepared for:
* the red invalid bytes in the above table
* an unexpected continuation byte
* a start byte not followed by enough continuation bytes
* an Overlong Encoding as described above
* A 4-byte sequence (starting with 0xF4) that decodes to a value greater than U+10FFFF

Many earlier decoders would happily try to decode these. Carefully crafted invalid UTF-8 could make them either skip or create ASCII characters such as NUL, slash, or quotes. Invalid UTF-8 has been used to bypass security validations in high profile products including Microsoft's [[Internet Information Services|IIS]] web server<ref name="MS00-078">{{cite web
| url = http://www.sans.org/resources/malwarefaq/wnt-unicode.php
| first = Marvin
| last = Marin
| title = Web Server Folder Traversal MS00-078
| date = October 17, 2000
}}</ref> and Apache's Tomcat servlet container.<ref name="CVE-2008-2938">{{cite web
| url = http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2008-2938
| title = National Vulnerability Database - Summary for CVE-2008-2938
}}</ref>

<nowiki>RFC 3629</nowiki> states "Implementations of the decoding algorithm MUST protect against decoding invalid sequences."<ref name="rfc3629">{{Cite journal
| first = F.
| last = Yergeau
| title = RFC 3629
| contribution = UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646
| publisher = [[Internet Engineering Task Force]]
| year = 2003
| postscript = 
}}</ref> ''The Unicode Standard'' requires decoders to "...treat any ill-formed code unit sequence as an error condition. This guarantees that it will neither interpret nor emit an ill-formed code unit sequence."

Many UTF-8 decoders throw exceptions on encountering errors.<ref>[http://gwt-lzma.googlecode.com/svn-history/r8/trunk/publish/javadoc/org/dellroad/lzma/client/UTF8.html decode() method of Java UTF8 object]</ref> This can turn what would otherwise be harmless errors (producing a message such as "no such file") into a [[denial of service]] bug. For instance, Python 3.0 would exit immediately if the command line or [[environment variable]]s contained invalid UTF-8,<ref name="PEP383">{{cite web
| url = http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0383/
| title = Non-decodable Bytes in System Character Interfaces
}}</ref> so it was impossible for any Python program to detect and recover from such an error.

An increasingly popular option is to detect errors with a separate API, and for converters to translate the first byte to a replacement and continue parsing with the next byte. These error bytes will always have the high bit set. Popular replacements include:
* The [[replacement character]] "�" (U+FFFD)
* The invalid Unicode code points U+DC80..U+DCFF where the low 8 bits are the byte's value.
* The Unicode code points U+0080..U+00FF with the same value as the byte, thus interpreting the bytes according to [[ISO/IEC 8859-1|ISO-8859-1]].
* The Unicode code point for the character represented by the byte in [[Windows-1252|CP1252]]. This is similar to using ISO-8859-1, except that some characters in the range 0x80..0x9F are mapped into different Unicode code points. For example, 0x80 becomes the Euro sign, U+20AC.
These replacement algorithms are "[[lossy]]": an invalid string is converted to the same sequence of code points that a valid UTF-8 string could have.

Many programs are specified to allow input in one of several encodings, for example UTF-8, UTF-16 or ISO-8859-1. In that case, the software would first check for UTF-8 correctness. If incorrect then it would check if it is UTF-16, and if not interpret it as entirely ISO-8859-1.

===Invalid code points===
According to the UTF-8 definition (RFC 3629) the high and low surrogate halves used by [[UTF-16]] (U+D800 through U+DFFF) are not legal Unicode values, and their UTF-8 encoding should be treated as an invalid byte sequence.

Whether an actual application should do this is debatable, as it makes it impossible to store invalid UTF-16 (that is, UTF-16 with unpaired surrogate halves) in a UTF-8 string. This is necessary to store unchecked UTF-16 such as Windows filenames as UTF-8. It is also incompatible with CESU encoding (described below).

==Official name and variants==
The official name is "UTF-8". All letters are upper-case, and the name is hyphenated. This spelling is used in all the Unicode Consortium documents relating to the encoding.

Alternatively, the name "utf-8" may be used by all standards conforming to the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) list (which include [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[HTML]], [[XML]], and [[List of HTTP headers|HTTP headers]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/International/O-HTTP-charset |publisher=[[W3C]] |title=Setting the HTTP charset parameter |first=Martin |last=Dürst |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref> as the declaration is case insensitive.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] |url=http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets |title=Character Sets |date=January 23, 2013 |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref>

Other descriptions that omit the hyphen or replace it with a space, such as "utf8" or "UTF 8", are not accepted as correct by the governing standards.<ref name="rfc3629"/> Despite this, most agents such as browsers can understand them, and so standards intended to describe existing practice (such as HTML5) may effectively require their recognition.

Unofficially, UTF-8-BOM or UTF-8-NOBOM are sometimes used to refer to text files which contain or lack a [[byte order mark]] (BOM). In Japan especially, UTF-8 encoding without BOM is sometimes called "UTF-8N".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://suika.fam.cx/~wakaba/wiki/sw/n/BOM |title=BOM - suikawiki |accessdate=2013-04-26|language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/utfencodingforms/index.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506211548/http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/utfencodingforms/index.html| accessdate=18 September 2013 |title=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/utfencodingforms/index.html| archivedate=6 May 2005 |author=Mark Davis |publisher=[[IBM]] |title=Forms of Unicode}}</ref>

==Derivatives==
The following implementations show slight differences from the UTF-8 specification. They are incompatible with the UTF-8 specification.

===CESU-8===
{{Main|CESU-8}}

Many programs added UTF-8 conversions for [[UCS-2]] data and did not alter this UTF-8 conversion when UCS-2 was replaced with the surrogate-pair using [[UTF-16]]. In such programs each half of a UTF-16 surrogate pair is encoded as its own 3-byte UTF-8 encoding, resulting in 6-byte sequences rather than 4 bytes for characters outside the [[Mapping of Unicode character planes|Basic Multilingual Plane]]. [[Oracle Database|Oracle]] and [[MySQL]] databases use this, as well as Java and Tcl as described below, and probably many Windows programs where the programmers were unaware of the complexities of UTF-16. Although this non-optimal encoding is generally not deliberate, a supposed benefit is that it preserves UTF-16 binary sorting order when CESU-8 is binary sorted.

===Modified UTF-8===
In Modified UTF-8,<ref>{{cite web |title=Java SE 6 documentation for Interface java.io.DataInput, subsection on Modified UTF-8 |url=http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/io/DataInput.html#modified-utf-8 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Sun Microsystems]] |accessdate=May 22, 2009}}</ref> the [[null character]] (U+0000) is encoded as 0xC0,0x80; this is not valid UTF-8<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3629.html#page-5 |year=2003
| title = Request for Comments 3629: "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"
| quote = [...] the overlong UTF-8 sequence C0 80 [...]", "[...] the illegal two-octet sequence C0 80 [...]
| accessdate = May 22, 2009
}}</ref> because it is not the shortest possible representation.
Modified UTF-8 strings never contain any actual null bytes but can contain all Unicode code points including U+0000,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jvms/second_edition/html/ClassFile.doc.html#7963
| title = The Java Virtual Machine Specification, 2nd Edition, section 4.4.7: "The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure"
| publisher = [[Sun Microsystems]]
| year = 1999
| quote = [...] Java virtual machine UTF-8 strings never have embedded nulls.
| accessdate = May 24, 2009
}}</ref> which allows such strings (with a null byte appended) to be processed by traditional [[null-terminated string]] functions.

All known Modified UTF-8 implementations also treat the surrogate pairs as in [[CESU-8]].

In normal usage, the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]] supports standard UTF-8 when reading and writing strings through {{Javadoc:SE|java/io|InputStreamReader}} and {{Javadoc:SE|java/io|OutputStreamWriter}}. However it uses Modified UTF-8 for object [[Java serialization|serialization]],<ref>{{cite web
| title = Java Object Serialization Specification, chapter 6: Object Serialization Stream Protocol, section 2: Stream Elements
| url = http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/platform/serialization/spec/protocol.html#8299
| year = 2005
| publisher = [[Sun Microsystems]]
| quote = [...] encoded in modified UTF-8.
| accessdate = May 22, 2009
}}</ref> for the [[Java Native Interface]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jni/spec/types.html#wp16542
| title = Java Native Interface Specification, chapter 3: JNI Types and Data Structures, section: Modified UTF-8 Strings
| publisher = [[Sun Microsystems]]
| year = 2003
| quote = The JNI uses modified UTF-8 strings to represent various string types.
| accessdate = May 22, 2009
}}</ref> and for embedding constant strings in [[Class (file format)|class files]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Java Virtual Machine Specification, 2nd Edition, section 4.4.7: "The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure"
| url = http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jvms/second_edition/html/ClassFile.doc.html#7963
| publisher = [[Sun Microsystems]]
| year = 1999
| quote = [...] differences between this format and the "standard" UTF-8 format.
| accessdate = May 23, 2009
}}</ref>
The dex format defined by [[Dalvik (software)|Dalvik]] also uses the same modified UTF-8 to represent string values.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://source.android.com/tech/dalvik/dex-format.html
| title = dex — Dalvik Executable Format
| quote = [T]he dex format encodes its string data in a de facto standard modified UTF-8 form, hereafter referred to as MUTF-8.
| accessdate = April 9, 2013
}}</ref>
[[Tcl]] also uses the same modified UTF-8<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://wiki.tcl.tk/_/revision?N=1211&V=6
| title = Tcler's Wiki: UTF-8 bit by bit (Revision 6)
| date = April 25, 2009
| quote = In orthodox UTF-8, a NUL byte(\x00) is represented by a NUL byte. [...] But [...] we [...] want NUL bytes inside [...] strings [...]
| accessdate = May 22, 2009
}}</ref> as Java for internal representation of Unicode data, but uses strict CESU-8 for external data.

===Extending from 31 bit to 36 bit range===
Extending the accepted input pattern from 6 bytes to 7 bytes would allow over 70 billion code points including all 32-bit integers to be encoded;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Spring_2003/ling538/Lecnotes/Unicode.html |title=Computational Methods in Linguistic Research | year=2004 |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania]] Department of Linguistics |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref> however, this would require an initial byte value of 0xFE to be accepted as a 7-byte sequence indicator (see under Advantages in section "[[#Compared to single-byte encodings|Compared to single-byte encodings]]").

==Byte order mark==
Many [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] programs (including Windows [[Notepad (Windows)|Notepad]]) add the bytes 0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF at the start of any document saved as UTF-8. This is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode [[byte order mark]] (BOM), and is commonly referred to as a UTF-8 BOM, even though it is not relevant to byte order. A BOM can also appear if another encoding with a BOM is translated to UTF-8 without stripping it. Software that is not aware of multibyte encodings will display the BOM as three strange characters (e.g. "<tt>ï»¿</tt>" in software interpreting the document as [[ISO 8859-1]] or [[Windows-1252]]) at the start of the document.

The Unicode Standard neither requires nor recommends the use of the BOM for UTF-8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch02.pdf |title=The Unicode Standard - Chapter 2 |page=30}}</ref> The presence of the UTF-8 BOM may cause interoperability problems with existing software that could otherwise handle UTF-8; for example:
* Programming language parsers not explicitly designed for UTF-8 can often handle UTF-8 in string constants and comments, but cannot parse the BOM at the start of the file.
* Programs that identify file types by leading characters may fail to identify the file if a BOM is present even if the user of the file could skip the BOM. An example is the Unix [[Shebang (Unix)|shebang]] syntax. Another example is [[Internet Explorer]] which will render pages in standards mode only when it starts with a [[document type declaration]].
* Programs that insert information at the start of a file will break use of the BOM to identify UTF-8 (one example is [[offline browser]]s that add the originating URL to the start of the file).

If compatibility with existing programs is not important, the BOM ''could'' be used to identify UTF-8 encoding, but such use should not be necessary as UTF-8 can be identified with very high reliability since other encodings are extremely unlikely to contain valid UTF-8 byte sequences.

== Advantages and disadvantages ==
{{procon|date=November 2012}}
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2009}}

===General===

====Advantages====
* The [[ASCII]] characters are represented by themselves as single bytes that do not appear anywhere else, which makes UTF-8 work with the majority of existing APIs that take byte strings but only treat a small number of ASCII codes specially. This removes the need to write a new Unicode version of every API, and makes it much easier to convert existing systems to UTF-8 than any other Unicode encoding.
* UTF-8 is the only encoding for XML entities that does not require a BOM or an indication of the encoding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#charencoding |publisher=[[W3C]] |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)| date=26 November 26, 2008 |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref>
* UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the standard encodings for Unicode text in HTML documents, with UTF-8 as the preferred and most used encoding.
* UTF-8 strings can be fairly reliably recognized as such by a simple [[heuristic algorithm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-forms-utf-8 |publisher=[[W3C]] |title=Multilingual Forms |first=Martin |last=Dürst |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref> The probability of a random string of bytes which is not pure ASCII being valid UTF-8 is 3.9% for a two-byte sequence,<ref>There are 256 × 256 − 128 × 128 = 49152 2-byte sequences with at least one high bit set, only 1920 encode valid UTF-8 characters (the range U+0080 to U+07FF), 1920 ÷ 49152 = 3.9%</ref> and decreases exponentially for longer sequences. [[ISO/IEC 8859-1]] is even less likely to be mis-recognized as UTF-8: the ''only'' non-ASCII characters in it would have to be in sequences starting with either an accented letter or the multiplication symbol and ending with a symbol. This is an advantage that most other encodings do not have, causing errors ([[mojibake]]) if the receiving application isn't told and can't guess the correct encoding. Even word-based UTF-16 can be mistaken for byte encodings (like in the "[[bush hid the facts]]" bug).
* Sorting a set of UTF-8 encoded strings as strings of unsigned bytes yields the same order as sorting the corresponding Unicode strings [[lexicographical order|lexicographically]] by codepoint.
* Other byte-based encodings can pass through the same API. This means, however, that the encoding must be identified. Because the other encodings are unlikely to be valid UTF-8, a reliable way to implement this is to assume UTF-8 and switch to a legacy encoding only if several invalid UTF-8 byte sequences are encountered.

====Disadvantages====
* A UTF-8 [[parsing|parser]] that is not compliant with current versions of the standard might accept a number of different pseudo-UTF-8 representations and convert them to the same Unicode output. This provides a way for information to leak past validation routines designed to process data in its eight-bit representation.<ref name=rfc3629/>

===Compared to single-byte encodings===

====Advantages====
* UTF-8 can encode any [[Unicode]] character, avoiding the need to figure out and set a "[[code page]]" or otherwise indicate what character set is in use, and allowing output in multiple scripts at the same time. For many scripts there have been more than one single-byte encoding in usage, so even knowing the script was insufficient information to display it correctly.
* The bytes 0xFE and 0xFF do not appear, so a valid UTF-8 stream never matches the UTF-16 [[byte order mark]] and thus cannot be confused with it. The absence of 0xFF (0377) also eliminates the need to escape this byte in [[Telnet]] (and FTP control connection).

====Disadvantages====
* UTF-8 encoded text is larger than specialized single-byte encodings except for plain ASCII characters. In the case of scripts which used 8-bit character sets with non-Latin characters encoded in the upper half (such as most [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] and [[Greek alphabet]] code pages), characters in UTF-8 will be double the size. For some scripts, such as [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] and [[Hindi]]'s [[Devanagari]], characters will triple in size. This has caused objections in India and other countries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
* It is possible in UTF-8 (or any other multi-byte encoding) to split or [[Data truncation|truncate]] a string in the middle of a character, which may result in an invalid string. This will not happen in correct handling of UTF-8.
* If the code points are all the same size, measurements of a fixed number of them is easy. Due to ASCII-era documentation where "character" is used as a synonym for "byte" this is often considered important. However, by measuring string positions using bytes instead of "characters" most algorithms can be easily and efficiently adapted for UTF-8.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Some software, such as text editors, will refuse to correctly display or interpret UTF-8 unless the text starts with a [[Byte Order Mark]], and will insert such a mark. This has the effect of making it impossible to use UTF-8 with any older software that can handle ASCII-like encodings but cannot handle the byte order mark. This is considered an incorrect implementation of the text editor, not the older software.

===Compared to other multi-byte encodings===

====Advantages====
* UTF-8 uses the codes 0–127 ''only'' for the ASCII characters. This means that UTF-8 is an [[Extended ASCII|ASCII extension]] and can be processed by software that supports 7-bit characters and assigns no meaning to non-ASCII bytes. If 7-bit ASCII characters are allowed as part of a multi-byte character, such as with 0x5C character in [[Shift-JIS]], this does not work as a byte matching the ASCII '\' or '"' may appear as part of the text and change the handling of subsequent bytes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=418058 |title=#418058 - iconv: half-smart on ascii compatible code conversion (shift-jis) - Debian Bug report logs |publisher=Bugs.debian.org |date=2007-04-06 |accessdate=2014-06-13}}</ref>
* UTF-8 can encode any [[Unicode]] character. Files in different scripts can be displayed correctly without having to choose the correct code page or font. For instance Chinese and Arabic can be supported (in the same text) without special codes inserted or manual settings to switch the encoding. [[:Category:Encodings of Japanese|Japanese has several standards]] because some standards were insufficient. UTF-8 has room for a lot of more characters, and will not need any improved version.
* UTF-8 is [[Self-synchronizing code|self-synchronizing]]: character boundaries are easily identified by scanning for well-defined bit patterns in either direction. If bytes are lost due to error or [[data corruption|corruption]], one can always locate the beginning of the next valid character and resume processing. Many multi-byte encodings are much harder to resynchronize.
* Any [[byte orientation|byte oriented]] [[string searching algorithm]] can be used with UTF-8 data, since the sequence of bytes for a character cannot occur anywhere else. Some older variable-length encodings (such as [[Shift JIS]]) did not have this property and thus made string-matching algorithms rather complicated. In Shift JIS the end byte of a character and the first byte of the next character could look like another legal character, something that can't happen in UTF-8.
* Efficient to encode using simple [[bit operation]]s. UTF-8 does not require slower mathematical operations such as multiplication or division (unlike the obsolete [[UTF-1]] encoding).

====Disadvantages====
* For certain scripts UTF-8 will take more space than an older multi-byte encoding. East Asian scripts generally have two bytes per character in their multi-byte encodings yet take three bytes per character in UTF-8.

===Compared to UTF-16===

====Advantages====
* A text byte stream cannot be losslessly converted to UTF-16, due to the possible presence of errors in the byte stream encoding. This causes unexpected and often severe problems attempting to use existing data in a system that uses UTF-16 as an internal encoding. Results are security bugs, [[denial of service|DoS]] if bad encoding throws an exception, and data loss when different byte streams convert to the same UTF-16. Due to the ASCII compatibility and high degree of pattern recognition in UTF-8, random byte streams can be passed losslessly through a system using it, as interpretation can be deferred until display.
* Byte encodings and UTF-8 are represented by byte arrays in programs, and often nothing needs to be done to a function when converting from a byte encoding to UTF-8. UTF-16 is represented by 16-bit word arrays, and converting to UTF-16 while maintaining compatibility with existing programs (such as was done with Windows) requires ''every'' API and data structure that takes a string to be duplicated. Invalid encodings make the duplicated APIs not exactly map to each other, often making it impossible to do some action with one of them.
* Characters outside the basic multilingual plane are not a special case. UTF-16 is often mistaken to be the obsolete constant-length [[UCS-2]] encoding, leading to code that works for most text but suddenly fails for non-[[Mapping of Unicode character planes|BMP]] characters.
* Text encoded in UTF-8 will be smaller than the same text encoded in UTF-16 if there are more code points below U+0080 than in the range U+0800..U+FFFF. This is true of all modern European languages. As HTML markup, Arabic numbers, spaces and line terminators are code points below U+0080, this is often true even for Asian scripts.
* Most communication and storage was designed for a stream of bytes. A UTF-16 string must use a pair of bytes for each code unit:
** The order of those two bytes becomes an issue and must be specified in the UTF-16 protocol, such as with a [[byte order mark]].
** If an odd number of bytes is missing from UTF-16, the whole rest of the string will be meaningless text. Any bytes missing from UTF-8 will still allow the text to be recovered accurately starting with the next character after the missing bytes. If any partial character is removed the corruption is always recognizable.

====Disadvantages====
* Characters U+0800 through U+FFFF use three bytes in UTF-8, but only two in UTF-16. As a result, text in (for example) Chinese, Japanese or Hindi ''could'' take more space in UTF-8 if there are more of these characters than there are ASCII characters. This happens for pure text<ref>Although the difference may not be great: the 2010-11-22 version of [[:hi:यूनिकोड]] (Unicode in Hindi), when the pure text was pasted to Notepad, generated 19 KB when saved as UTF-16 and 22 KB when saved as UTF-8.</ref> but rarely for HTML documents or documents in XML based formats such as .docx or .odt. For example, both the Japanese UTF-8 and the Hindi Unicode articles on Wikipedia take more space in UTF-16 than in UTF-8.<ref>The 2010-10-27 version of [[:ja:UTF-8]] generated 169 KB when converted with Notepad to UTF-16, and only 101 KB when converted back to UTF-8. The 2010-11-22 version of [[:hi:यूनिकोड]] (Unicode in Hindi) required 119 KB in UTF-16 and 76 KB in UTF-8.</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col||25em}}
* [[Alt code]]
* [[Character encodings in HTML]]
* {{Section link|Comparison of e-mail clients|Features}}
* [[Comparison of Unicode encodings]]
* [[GB 18030]]
* [[Iconv]]—a standardized [[Application programming interface|API]] used to convert between different [[character encoding]]s
* [[ISO/IEC 8859]]
* [[Specials (Unicode block)]]
* [[Unicode and e-mail]]
* [[Unicode and HTML]]
* [[Universal Character Set]]
* [[Percent-encoding#Current standard|UTF-8 in URIs]]
* [[UTF-9 and UTF-18]]
* [[UTF-16/UCS-2]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|UTF-8}}
There are several current definitions of UTF-8 in various standards documents:
*RFC 3629 / STD 63 (2003), which establishes UTF-8 as a standard Internet protocol element
*[http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ ''The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0''], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch03.pdf §3.9 D92, §3.10 D95] (2011)
*[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=56921 ISO/IEC 10646:2012 §9.1]

They supersede the definitions given in the following obsolete works:
*ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 Amendment 2 / Annex R (1996)
*[http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ ''The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0''], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch03.pdf §3.9 D92, §3.10 D95] (2007)
*[http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ ''The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0''], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch03.pdf §3.9–§3.10] (2003)
*''The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0'', Appendix A (1996)
*RFC 2044 (1996)
*RFC 2279 (1998)
*''The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0'', §2.3 (2000) plus Corrigendum #1 : UTF-8 Shortest Form (2000)
*[http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/tr27-3.html ''Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1''] (2001)

They are all the same in their general mechanics, with the main differences being on issues such as allowed range of code point values and safe handling of invalid input.
*[http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/4th_edition/papers/utf Original UTF-8 paper] ([http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/utf.pdf or pdf]) for [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]]
*RFC 5198 defines UTF-8 [[Unicode equivalence|NFC]] for Network Interchange
*UTF-8 test pages by [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/multilingual1.html Andreas Prilop], [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/unicode/unitest.htm Jost Gippert] and the [http://www.w3.org/2001/06/utf-8-test/UTF-8-demo.html World Wide Web Consortium]
*Unix/Linux: [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html UTF-8/Unicode FAQ], [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html Linux Unicode HOWTO], [http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/utf-8.xml UTF-8 and Gentoo]
*[http://www.utf8-chartable.de/ The Unicode/UTF-8-character table] displays UTF-8 in a variety of formats (with Unicode and HTML encoding information)
*{{YouTube|id=MijmeoH9LT4|title=Characters, Symbols and the Unicode Miracle – Computerphile}}

{{Unicode navigation}}
{{character encoding}}
{{Rob Pike navbox}}
{{Ken Thompson navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Utf-08}}
[[Category:Encodings]]
[[Category:Character encoding]]
[[Category:Unicode Transformation Formats]]

[[fi:Unicode#UTF-8]]

Norway–Russia border

2014-06-27T10:59:26Z

194.103.240.26: /* Closing the border */

[[File:Norway Borders.png|thumb|Norway's national borders {{legend|yellow|Norway-Sweden border}}{{legend|blue|Norway-Finland border}}{{legend|red|Norway-Russia border}}]]
[[File:Norway and Russia border map.svg|thumb|Map of the border]]
The [[border]] between [[Norway]] and [[Russia]] ({{lang-no|Russegrensen}}, {{lang-ru|Российско-норвежская граница}}) consists of a {{convert|195.7|km|sp=us|adj=on}} land border between [[Sør-Varanger]], Norway, and [[Pechengsky District]], Russia, and a {{convert|23.2|km|sp=us|adj=on}} marine border in the [[Varangerfjord]]. It further consists of a border between the two country's [[exclusive economic zone]]s (EEZ) in the [[Barents Sea]] and the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Between 1944 and 1991 the border was between Norway and the [[Soviet Union]]. There is a single [[border crossing]], on [[European route E105|E105]], located at [[Storskog]] in Norway and [[Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast|Borisoglebsky]] (Boris Gleb) in Russia. The Norwegian side is patrolled by the [[Garrison of Sør-Varanger]] and is under the jurisdiction of the [[Norwegian Border Commissioner]], while the Russian side is patrolled by the [[Border Guard Service of Russia]]. Two-thirds of the border follows two rivers, the [[Pasvikelva]] and [[Jakobselva (Sør-Varanger)|Jakobselva]].

[[File:Grensemerke 299 NoRu.JPG|thumb|[[Boundary marker]]s for Norway (yellow) and Russia (red and green) are located {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} apart. The border runs half-way between the markers.]]
The border was defined as a [[march (territory)|march]] in 1326 and separated which parts of the [[Sami people|Sami]] could be taxed by Norway and Russia. The border line was defined by a treaty in 1826 and essentially remains the same border today. In 1920 [[Territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union|Petsamo]] was ceded to Finland and the border became part of the [[Finland–Norway border]]. Petsamo was ceded to the Soviet Union in 1944 and the Norway–Soviet Union border was established. During the [[Cold War]], the border was one of two between the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) and the Soviet Union, the other being the [[Soviet Union–Turkey border]]. From 1991 to 1999 it was the only border between Russia and NATO. It is Norway's youngest and Russia's oldest unchanged border. Since the 1960s there has been disagreement as to the border between the two countries' EEZs, but this was resolved by a [[delimitation]] agreement in 2010.

==History==

[[File:Misty Grense Jakobselv 2009-09-29.JPG|thumb|left|[[Grense Jakobselv]] is located immediately on the Norwegian side of the border]]

===Open border===
From the 11th century [[Olaf III of Norway]] regarded the borders of Norway as reaching to the [[White Sea]]. The first Norwegians started moving to Finnmark in the 13th century. There were no permanent Norwegian settlements on the [[Kola Peninsula]]. In 1326 Norway and the [[Novgorod Republic]] signed an agreement regarding taxation of the Kola Peninsula and Finnmark.<ref name=statkart>{{cite web |url=http://www.statkart.no/filestore/Landdivisjonen_ny/Fagomrder/dGrenser/grensefiler/Grensenotat_0821012.pdf |title=Historisk sammendrag vedrørende riksgrensen Norge – Russland |publisher=[[Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority]] |last=Vassdal |first=Trond O. |format=PDF |date=3 August 2012 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=20 August 2012 |archivedate=20 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A3Ot59xt |deadurl=no}}</ref> No border line was drawn, creating a [[march (territory)|marchland]] where both countries held the right to taxation of the [[Sami people|Sami]].<ref name=j15>Johanson (1999): 15</ref> Religiously motivated Russian colonization of the jointly taxed areas started in the 16th century, and Russian-Orthodox chapels were built at [[Neiden, Finnmark|Neiden]], [[Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast|Pechenga]] and [[Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast|Boris Gleb]]. This accelerated the need for a specific border line. In 1582 Russian Tsar [[Ivan the Terrible]] declared the [[Kola Bay]] part of Russia, later specifying that Russia claimed all of [[Sápmi (area)|Lapland]].<ref name=j15 /> He further proposed that a new border line be drawn up. [[Denmark–Norway]]'s King [[Frederick II of Denmark|Frederick II]] responded by renewing the Norwegian claim to all land to the White Sea. His successor [[Christian IV]] traveled along the Finnmark coast in 1599 to increase the weight of the claims. As part of the [[Treaty of Knäred]] in 1613, Sweden abandoned all claims in Finnmark.<ref name=statkart />

The Dano-Norwegian government took the initiative to establish a border line in 1789. Russian authorities agreed, but because of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War]] no work was undertaken. New Dano-Norwegian requests were raised in 1793, 1797, and 1809, without action from their Russian counterpart. Norway [[Union between Sweden and Norway|joined a union with Sweden]] in 1814 and two years later King [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Carl John]] again tried to start negotiations, without success. In 1825, however, a common Norwegian and Russian commission was established to draw a border line, resulting in a report and a map which was approved by both countries' authorities. The treaty was signed in [[Saint Petersburg]] on 14 May 1826, and the following summer border poles were laid along the border. The [[thalweg]] principle was followed in the Jakobselva and Pasvikelva Rivers. Along the land borders the [[boundary marker]]s were laid at a distance of 6 [[alen]] or 5 [[arshin]] ({{convert|3.765|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name=statkart /> The border remains Norway's youngest unchanged border and Russia's oldest.<ref name=rafaelsen>{{cite web |url=http://www.barents.no/en-tragisk-episode-boris-gleb-1965.4903775-41098.html |title=En Tragisk Episode – Boris Gleb 1965 |publisher=[[Norwegian Barents Secretariat]] |last=Rafaelsen |first=Rune |date=30 March 2011 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=20 August 2012 |archivedate=20 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A3QodhRy |deadurl=no}}</ref>

[[File:Trønderbataljonen at Skafferhullet 1940.jpg|thumb|left|Norwegians guarding the Finland–Norway border at [[Skafferhullet]] in 1940 after the outbreak of the [[Winter War]]]]
The border was reviewed in 1846; a [[cairn]] was constructed at [[Krokfjellet]], and the land border from the sea to [[Golmmešoaivi]] was cleared. The marker at the mouth of the Jakobselva was gone and had to be rebuilt, while several others had to be repaired. It was agreed that there would be a review every twenty-five years, which was formalized through a declaration the following year. Some markers were repaired in 1857, and new reviews were carried out in 1871 and 1896. In the latter year the width of the cleared area increase to {{convert|8|m|sp=us}}. Maps were created for the entire border line in 1:42,000 scale, and in 1:8400 scale for the area immediately surrounding each marker. A partial review was carried out between Neiden and [[Tana River (Norway)|Tana River]] in 1912.<ref name=statkart /> Up until the 1940s the border had been open, without border controls; farmers at [[Grense Jakobselv]], for instance, did not need to worry about whether or not their cattle were on the correct side of the border.<ref name=j15>Johanson (1999): 17</ref>

During the late 19th century customs checkpoints were established at Elvenes and Grense Jakobselv. Norwegian authorities gave permission for [[customs]]-free transit of wares along Pasvikelva.<ref>Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 226</ref> There was a limited amount of trans-border trade, and import for personal use under certain volumes was customs-free. This was accelerated by the significantly cheaper prices in Russia compared to Norway.<ref>Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 227</ref> From 1902 to 1917 the border crossing was used to [[smuggle]] revolutionary Russian literature into Russia. The material was printed at [[Finnmarken (newspaper)|''Finnmarken]]'s printing press in [[Vadsø]] and smuggled over the border by boat.<ref>Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 221</ref> During [[World War I]] six soldiers were stationed at Nyborgmoen in [[Nesseby]] as "neutrality guards". This was gradually increased so that by 1918 there were 93 soldiers stationed in Sør-Varanger to guard the border.<ref>Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 225</ref>

[[File:Petsamo.png|thumb|right|upright|Petsamo was first ceded from Russia to Finland in 1920, and then reversed to the Soviet Union due to the [[Moscow Armistice]] of 1944 and the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947]]]]
Finland declared its independence from Russia following the October Revolution, which was followed up with the 1920 [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)|Treaty of Tartu]], which ceded Petsamo to Finland, thus giving Finland access to the Barents Sea. This resulted in Norway and the Soviet Union no longer having a common border. The planned 1921 review was not carried out. A treaty regarding the border was signed between Finland and Norway on 28 April 1924, replacing the 1826 treaty, but not changing the border line. A review was carried out in 1925. The border line at the mouth of the Jakobselva was revised on 12 September 1931, and new markers were placed in June 1939.<ref name=statkart />

===Closing the border===
The [[Moscow Armistice]] of 1944 and the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947]] ceded Petsamo and other Finnish areas to Russia.<ref name=statkart /> During [[World War II]] Northern Norway served as the staging area for the [[Operation Silver Fox|German attack on Murmansk]]. The Soviet Union made an excursion over the border in 1944 in the [[Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive]] which aimed to extinguish the [[occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany|German military forces in the area]]. Soviet forces took the town of [[Kirkenes]], which had been evacuated by the Germans who used [[scorched earth]] tactics, on 24 October 1944. Soviet troops continued west to [[Tana, Norway|Tana]], but withdrew in September 1945.<ref>Glantz (1995): 229–231</ref>

The ceding of Petsamo from Finland to the Soviet Union had no effect on the border, as the Soviet Union by default inherits the old border line.<ref>Johanson (1999): 19</ref> A common commission was created to the review the border, with negotiations taking place from 1 to 16 August 1946. The field review took place between 1 July and 4 September 1947.<ref name=statkart /> Norway initially proposed using cairns to mark the border, but the Soviet Union wanted to use the same method as along its other borders, with wooden markers, each {{convert|2|m|sp=us}} from the border line. There was to be a free line of sight from each pair of markers to the next. The idea initially met resistance from Norwegian authorities of cost reasons, but they soon agreed on the principle to reduce unintentional border crossings.<ref>Johanson (1999): 21</ref> Markers in soil were dug down {{convert|2|m|sp=us}} and markers on bedrock were fastened with four bolts. Border checkpoints were established at [[Skafferhullet]] and [[Boris Gleb]]. Geodesic measurements were undertaken to establish the border in accordance with the [[Bessel ellipsoid]]. The entire border area was mapped in 1:20,000.<ref name=statkart />

[[File:Garnisonen i Sør-Varanger outpost.jpg|thumb|left|Norwegian [[border outpost]] in March]]
The Soviet authorities made proposals to change the border. The first was an equal exchange of land at Skoltefoss, but this was rejected by the Norwegian authorities as the proposed ceding was valuable for [[hydroelectricity]]. At Grensefoss Norway owned land on both sides of the border, but there was no interest by the Norwegian authorities to change the border as they wanted it to remain the same as from 1826. The border along Klistervatn and Fossevatn was set based on the maps from 1896.<ref name=statkart /> At the mouth of Jakobselva the maps from 1896 were of poor quality in combination with the [[thalweg]] having shifted since 1896. The thalweg line would create problems for the settlement at Grense Jakobselv, as they no longer would be able to use their harbor or have free access to the sea.<ref name="Johanson 22">Johanson (1999): 22</ref> The counties therefore agreed on a new line based on a Norwegian proposal, in exchange for the Soviet Union receiving three islets, including Kistholmen and Brennholmen, in the Pasvik River.<ref name=statkart /> The marine border within the [[territorial waters]] was established by a protocol signed on 15 February 1957. It was marked with two lead markers and originally stretched {{convert|4|NM}}.<ref name=statkart />

===Cold War===
[[File:Grense Jakobselv Grenze.jpg|thumb|[[Jakobselva (Sør-Varanger)|Jakobselva]]]]
During the Soviet era the border was guarded by the [[Soviet Border Troops]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ps.fsb.ru/history/general/text.htm!id%3D10320628%40fsbArticle.html |title=Îõðàíà ãðàíèö Ñîâåòñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà (1917–1991 ãã.) |publisher=[[Border Guard Service of Russia]] |language=Russian |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A4zmX9yX |deadurl=no}}</ref> The border was one of the two land borders between NATO and the Soviet Union, the other being the Soviet Union–Turkey border. This ensured that Russia–Norway border relations was a relevant matter for other NATO allies.<ref name=nyhamar>Nynamar (2004): 241–242</ref> During the [[Cold War]], the Soviet Union was considered Norway's main enemy and Norway maintained a large military presence on the border. Norwegian government plans for the defense of [[Finnmark]] against the Soviet Union during the Cold War were based on using scorched earth tactics in the event of the Soviets crossing the border.<ref>http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/finnmark/4251874.html</ref> The whole county of Finnmark was regarded by NATO as a [[buffer zone]].<ref name="nrk.no">http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/finnmark/4255838.html</ref> Norwegian military leaders regarded the population in the county as potentially unreliable, and did not trust that they would be willing to defend their country against intruders, on account of the county's special ethnic and political composition, specifically Sami people and a higher number of communist sympathizers than elsewhere.<ref>http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/finnmark/4255122.html</ref>

On the Norwegian side the border was from 1948 to 1950 patrolled by the [[National Mobile Police Service (Norway)|National Mobile Police Service]]. From 1950 the responsibility was transferred to Sør-Varanger Police District, who received 25 officers from around the country. From 15 July 1955 the responsibility was taken over by the Norwegian Border Commission, who had nine outpost sergeants and 42 officers. This was decided terminated on 29 December 1958, when the responsibility was transferred to the [[Norwegian Army]], who created the Garrison of Sør-Varanger.<ref name=gsvhist>{{cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/otprp/20002001/otprp-nr-31-2000-2001-/2/2.html?id=163437 |title=Ot.prp. nr. 31 (2000–2001): Om lov om endring i politiloven (begrenset politimyndighet til militære grensevakter på den norsk-russiske grense) |chapter=2.2 HistorikkI henhold til grensere |date=21 December 2000 |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice and the Police (Norway)|Ministry of Justice and the Police]] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=17 August 2012 |archivedate=17 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A6aZdxbP |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Initially all meetings between the Norwegian and Soviet commissioners and their staff was held at the Storskog–Boris Gleb crossing. The Soviets quickly bought a small cabin to host meetings. If the meeting was initiated by the Soviets, it was held in the premises, while it was held outdoors if initiated by the Norwegians, unless circumstances dictated that it had to be held indoors. This caused the Norwegian authorities to build a conference room on their side of the border, which opened in 1956.<ref>Johanson (1999): 42</ref> Initially meetings between the two commissioners would be called by hoisting a flag or red lamp at the border, and the other country's soldiers would alert the commissioner, who would meet within two hours. Later a telephone connection was installed and the parties agreed on two hours each week day that they were to be available along with an interpreter.<ref>Johanson (1999): 43</ref> Initially the Soviet commissioner was based in [[Salmijärvi]], but later moved to [[Nikel]].<ref name=j44>Johanson (1999): 44</ref>

[[File:Elvenes, Norway2.jpg|thumb|left|Looking upstream from [[Elvenes, Finnmark|Elvenes]]; the bridge and community is in Norway while the river further up is in Russia]]The area on both sides of the river saw an increased industrialization, especially [[Sydvaranger]] in Norway and Pechenganikel (now, part of [[MMC Norilsk Nickel]]) in Russia. This raised the question of utilizing Pasvikelven for hydroelectricity. An agreement was signed in 1957 which would result in the construction of four power stations, the [[Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants]], of which two were owned by each of the countries. All four were built by Norwegian contractors and as the sites were all built on both sides of the border, they required increased flexibility of border crossing procedures. This was further complicated by the workers not having a sense of the border being closed and frequent, innocent transgressions of the border protocols. The power plants opened between 1963 and 1978.<ref>Johanson (1999): 28</ref> Up until the power plants opened the river had been used for [[log driving]] from Finland to the sawmill at [[Elvenes, Finnmark|Elvenes]], which was permitted according to the border treaty.<ref>Johanson (1999): 29</ref>

There have been a limited number of illegal crossings of the border. For instance an American in 1947 and a German in 1964 both received a few weeks in detention and smaller fines. During the summer of 1965 a trial was made whereby Norwegian could visit the Boris Gleb without a [[visa (document)|visa]].<ref name=rafaelsen /> This was organized by the creation of a separate border checkpoint at [[Skafferhullet]].<ref name=j24>Johanson (1999): 24</ref> Although this was intended only for the local population, the 27-year-old American tourist Newcomb Mott chose to cross the border illegally and met up at a Soviet border post and demanded a stamp. He was sentenced to one and a half years in a labor camp, but was later found dead on a train. This, combined with "[[vodka]] traffic" the visa-free crossing created and concerns of recruitment of Soviet spies, made Norwegian authorities terminate the Skafferhullet crossing and the visa-free project later that year.<ref name=rafaelsen />

A Soviet border provocation on 7 June 1968, together with the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] that year and a general increase in Soviet military activity on the Norwegian border, contributed to a large increase in the funding for the Norwegian military presence on the border.<ref name="nrk.no"/> Yet the Russia–Norway border is the only one of Russia's borders where an open war between the two bordering countries has not taken place.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/ud/dep/org/kontakt/ambassador-oyvind-nordsletten/taler/russland.html?id=463298 |title=Utviklingen i forholdet Norge – Russland med særlig vekt på nordområdene |last=Nordsletten |first=Øyvind |authorlink=Øyvind Nordsletten|date=26 March 2007 |publisher=[[Government.no]] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A4zSMKiA |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Proposals for conservation of the Norwegian part of Pasvikdalen was first launched by [[Carl Schøyen]] in 1936. An area of {{convert|51|km2|sp=us}} was preserved in 1951 and [[Øvre Pasvik National Park]] was created in 1970, with a slightly smaller area.<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 69</ref> The park was expanded to {{convert|119|km2|sp=us}} in 2003.<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 45</ref> On 7 December 1971 the two countries signed a protocol regarding protection of the fisheries in Jakobselven and Pasvikelven.<ref name=j27>Johanson (1999): 27</ref> In the late 1970s Norway, after inspiration from Finland, considered replacing the wooden poles with [[fibreglass]] as this would make them more durable and reduce maintenance. Two poles were replaced in 1979 and remained a the turn of the millennium. However, the authorities concluded that wooden poles were more suitable and more durable in relation to human contact, as Norway, unlike Russia and Finland, allows people to travel up to the border.<ref name=j25>Johanson (1999): 25</ref> In 1989 there were 2,000 border crossings.<ref name=j50>Johanson (1999): 50</ref>

[[File:Garnisonen i Sør-Varanger guards.jpg|thumb|upright|Conscripts from Norway's [[Garrison of Sør-Varanger]] patrol the border from a [[border outpost]]]]

===Increased traffic===
The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 caused the Norway–Soviet Union border became the Norway–Russia border. This resulted in a more liberal border crossing policy, which saw the number of crossings increase to 80,000 by 1992. For Norwegian authorities this meant that police and customs authorities would have to be regularly stationed at the border.<ref name=j50 /> A large amount of the initial traffic was from Russians who sold crafts and souvenirs at markets and fairs throughout Finnmark. From 1992 Norwegian authorities introduced limitations on the activity, resulting in a reduction in trans-border traffic. However, by 1998 the traffic had nearly hit 100,000.<ref>Johanson (1999): 51</ref>

From 1991 to 1999 (Poland joining NATO), Norway was the only NATO country to share a land border with Russia. This caused a decrease in allied interest in Norway's border issue, leaving Norway more to itself in managing the relationship.<ref name=nyhamar /> Cooperation concerning conservation of nature started in 1990. It was initially a Norwegian proposal to protect the important bird area and lake of [[Fjærvann]], and resulted in a joint Norwegian and Russian [[Pasvik Nature Reserve]].<ref>Johanson (1999): 32</ref> The Russian part was formally established in 1992 and the Norwegian part the following year.<ref>Johanson (1999): 34</ref>

In 2003 a new border station was opened at Borisoglebsk, financed by the [[Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].<ref>Nilsen (2012): 44</ref> Norway and Russia signed a protocol on 11 July 2007 which established the border through the Varangerfjord out {{convert|73|km|sp=us}} from land. In 2011 the two countries agreed to replace the wooden markers with poles made of composite materials. This was to reduce the need for maintenance, as the new markers are expected to have a life span up to fifty years, compared to five to ten years for wooden poles. This took place at the same time as a review of the border and creation of new maps along a {{convert|2|to|3|km|sp=us|0}} wide corridor on both sides of the border line. New maps were completed in 2012.<ref name=statkart />

In 2011 work started on both sides of the border to upgrade the [[European route E105|E105]] highway. When completed in 2014 it should give a thirty-minute reduction in travel time between Kirkenes and Murmansk.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/regions/faster-murmansk-kirkenes-road-link |title=Faster Murmansk–Kirkenes road link |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=11 November 2011 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5pGCfCD |deadurl=no}}</ref> In early January 2012 a third Russian checkpoint was opened on the road between Borisoglebsky and Nikel. With four checkpoints in {{convert|30|km|sp=us}} it set a European record.<ref name=yetanother>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/articles/russia-sets-yet-another-border-checkpoint |title=Russia sets up yet another border checkpoint |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=18 January 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5pbRbwX |deadurl=no}}</ref> However, it was removed a month later, along with the checkpoint at Titovka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/topics/fsb-softens-border-regime |title=FSB softens border regime |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=1 February 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5pW1LFw |deadurl=no}}</ref> The border station at Storskog was upgraded for increased capacity with completion in April 2012.<ref name=morecapacity>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/more-capacity-storskog-border-crossing-point |title=More capacity at Storskog border crossing point |last=Pettersen |first=Trude |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=25 April 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5gJvAqJ |deadurl=no}}</ref> Residents of Sør-Varanger and parts of Pechengsky District can from 29 May 2012 visit the other country without a visa, (but they need a permit, a kind of multi-travel visa) on the condition that they do not travel outside a zone {{convert|30|to|50|km|sp=us}} from the border.<ref name=visafree>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/visa-free-travel-border-inhabitants-may-29 |title=Visa-free travel for border inhabitants from May 29 |last=Pettersen |first=Trude |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=10 April 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5kxCNDW |deadurl=no}}</ref>

===Delimitation agreement===
[[File:Map borderline at sea Norway Russia.gif|thumb|Map of the delimitation border]]
Negotiations on the outside marine border were initiated in 1970. Norway claimed, in accordance with the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] Article 15 and the [[Convention on the High Seas]], that the border should follow the [[equidistance principle]], the border being defined by midpoints between the nearest land area or islands, as is normal practice internationally. The Soviet Union claimed, based on a decision by [[Joseph Stalin]] from 1926, which was not recognized by any other country than the Soviet Union,<ref>http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/1.7064395</ref> that a "sector principle" should apply, such that the border should follow [[Meridian (geography)|meridian line]]s. Most of the disputed area was within what would normally be considered Norwegian according to the relevant international treaties. In 1975 the two countries agreed upon a [[moratorium (law)|moratorium]] prohibiting exploration for oil and gas in the disputed area.

In 1978 a temporary agreement regulating [[fishery]] in a {{convert|60000|km2|abbr=on}} zone, named The Grey Zone in some documents from the same period, was signed, which has since been renewed annually.<ref name=dn-28april2010>{{cite news|title=Gjennombrudd i Barentshavet |date=28 April 2010 |work=Dagens Næringsliv | pages=6–13 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> From the Norwegian side, the agreement was negotiated by [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] politician [[Jens Evensen]] and his protégé [[Arne Treholt]], who was later exposed as a Soviet spy and convicted of [[high treason]]. The agreement was highly controversial in Norway. Many Norwegians believed that Evensen and Treholt gave too many concessions to the Soviet Union, and that they were motivated by Soviet sympathies. The agreement caused consternation in parliament and government, and Evensen had difficulty receiving acceptance from [[Nordli's Cabinet|his own government]], where many held the opinion that he had exceeded his authority.<ref>http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/04/27/nyheter/innenriks/utenriks/russland/norge/11471787/</ref> The opposition criticized him for having accepted less than Norway's rightful claim.<ref>Retzer (1999): 226</ref> Treholt, who was then serving a twenty-year sentence, admitted in 1990 that he had acted as an informer for the Soviet negotiators.<ref>Vale (2009): 35–36, 135</ref> The arrest and conviction of Treholt in 1984 and 1985 had a devastating effect on Evensen, who withdrew completely from public life in Norway.<ref>Retzer (1999): 326</ref> In 1989, Evensen compared Treholt to [[Vidkun Quisling]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Alf Bjarne |last=Johnsen |title=Ødela tenner av Treholt-arrestasjonen |work=[[Verdens Gang]] |date=16 September 1999 |page=14 |language=Norwegian}}</ref>

[[File:Signing of the Russian-Norwegian Treaty on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean..jpeg|thumb|left|Signing of the Russian-Norwegian Treaty on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the [[Barents Sea]] and the [[Arctic Ocean]] in [[Murmansk]] on 15 September 2010]]
During a meeting in [[Oslo]] on 27 April 2010, [[President of Russia]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and [[Prime Minister of Norway]] [[Jens Stoltenberg]] announced that the territorial dispute in the Barents Sea was settled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE63Q14D20100427?type=marketsNews |title=UPDATE 3-Russia and Norway strike Arctic sea border deal |first=Denis |last=Dyomkin |first2=Gwladys |last2=Fouche |date=27 April 2010 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=27 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/europe/28norway.html |title=Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea |first=Walter |last=Gibbs |work=[[New York Times]] |date=27 April 2010 |accessdate=27 April 2010 }}</ref> The agreement is a compromise which divides a disputed area of around {{convert|175000|km2|sp=us}} into two approximately equally sized parts.<ref name=dn-28april2010/> The agreement was signed on 15 September 2010 in [[Murmansk]] by Medvedev and Stoltenberg.<ref name="medvedev_ratifies">[http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/2040 Law on ratification of treaty between Russia and Norway on maritime delimitation] Kremlin.ru</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11316430 Russia and Norway sign maritime border agreement] BBC News, 15 September 2011</ref> The [[Parliament of Norway]] unanimously approved the treaty on 8 February 2011. The debate lasted only an hour, and all representatives of Norwegian political parties praised the agreement.<ref>[http://barentsobserver.com/unanimously-approved.4882656-116321.html Unanimously approved] Barents Observer, 8 February 2011</ref> On 30 March, Russia's [[State Duma]] also voted in support of ratification, despite strong opposition from [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party]] representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110330/163282362.html|title=Russian upper house ratifies Norway border deal|author=|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=30 March 2011}}</ref> Medvedev signed a law ratifying the treaty on 8 April 2011. The law was titled ''Federal Law On Ratification of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean''.<ref name="medvedev_ratifies"/> After ratification by both countries, there was a 30-day waiting period before it would come into force.<ref name="treaty_text"/>

The treaty entered force on 7 July 2011, ending the 44-year old border dispute.<ref name="mt20110707">{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/arctic-treaty-with-norway-opens-fields/440178.html |title= Arctic Treaty With Norway Opens Fields |first=Howard |last=Amos |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=7 July 2011 |accessdate=7 July 2011 }}</ref> The treaty stipulates conditions for fishing cooperation, providing for the retention of the mechanism to jointly regulate fishing in the Barents Sea. The treaty also defines the principles of cooperation in hydrocarbons deposits exploration. A deposit which is crossed by the maritime border may only be exploited as a whole subject to a bilateral agreement.<ref name="medvedev_ratifies"/><ref name="treaty_text">{{cite web|title=Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overenskomst mellom Kongeriket Norge og Den Russiske Føderasjon om maritim avgrensning og samarbeid i Barentshavet og Polhavet |language=Norwegian |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Folkerett/avtale_norsk.pdf |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Договор между Российской Федерацией и Королевством Норвегия о разграничении морских пространств и сотрудничестве в Баренцевом море и Северном Ледовитом океане |language=Russian |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtalen_russisk.pdf|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Map |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/kart/kart_100914_ny.gif|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> The border treaty is economically significant, as it makes possible to conduct geological surveys and hydrocarbons drilling in the formerly disputed area, which is estimated to contain up to 6.8 billion tons of oil and gas.<ref name="mt20110707"/> The area is located west of [[Shtokman field|Shtokman]], one of the world's largest natural gas fields. According to Anatoly Zolutukhin, vice president of [[World Petroleum Council]], it is "a very prolific area—maybe even more prolific than Shtokman."<ref name="mt20110707"/> The Norwegian company [[Petroleum Geo-Services]] has been contracted to begin surveying the Norwegian part of the area in 2011.<ref name="mt20110707"/> Seismic acquisition in Norway's new maritime zone started on 8 July 2011, and is scheduled to be completed in summer 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seismic acquisition start-up in the Barents Sea East – 8 July |url=http://www.npd.no/en/news/News/2011/Seismic-acquisition-start-up-in-the-Barents-Sea-East--8 July/|publisher=[[Norwegian Petroleum Directorate]] |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Harefossen2.jpg|thumb|Harefossen]]

The river of Pasvikelva is {{convert|128|km|sp=us}} long and runs through the valley of [[Pasvikdalen]]. The river drains Finland's [[Lake Inari]] and empties into Varangerfjord at [[Elvenes, Finnmark|Elvenes]]. After a very short section in Finland, the river runs {{convert|22|km|sp=us}} through Russia before reaching the Norway–Russia border, after which is acts as a border river for {{convert|106|km|sp=us}}. Prior to being dammed the river consisted of nine lakes and fifteen waterfalls. It was originally possible to travel the entire length of the river by boat, but the current seven dams make it difficult as boats must be carried past the dams.<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 71</ref> The river falls {{convert|114|m|sp=us}} and the entire high difference is regulated and used for hydroelectricity. Finland receives compensation for the impact on Lake Inari, which is regulated for level difference of {{convert|1.75|m|sp=us}}.<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 72</ref>

==Control==
[[File:Norway meets Russia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Boundary marker]]s near Elvenes; the Norwegian markers are yellow and the Russian red and green]]
Both countries have appointed a border commissioner to uphold the border treaty and its protocols. The [[Norwegian Border Commissioner]] is based in [[Kirkenes]] and is subordinate the [[National Police Directorate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politi.no/vedlegg/rapport/Vedlegg_858.pdf |title=The Police in Norway |author=[[National Police Directorate]] |year=2010 |format=PDF |page=18 |accessdate=17 August 2012 |archivedate=17 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/69z9ESRMC |deadurl=no}}</ref> The Russian commissioner is based in [[Nikel]].<ref name=j44 /> Norwegian border patrolling is undertaken by the [[Garrison of Sør-Varanger]], which largely bases itself on use of [[conscripts]].<ref name=gsvhist /> In Russia border patrolling is carried out by the [[Border Guard Service of Russia]] and the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Federal Security Service]].<ref name=yetanother /> The EEZs are patrolled by the [[Norwegian Coast Guard]] and the [[Russian FSB Coast Guard]], respectively.<ref name=police>{{cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/2009/nou-2009-20/4.html?id=576884#note21 |title=Ny grenselov |work=Norges Offentlige Utredninger |chapter=3 Gjeldende ordninger |date=22 September 2009 |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice and the Police (Norway)|Ministry of Justice and the Police]] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=22 August 2012 |archivedate=22 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A6cmoFNd |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/sections/articles/coast-guards-will-exchange-electronic-information |title=Coast guards will exchange electronic information |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=3 February 2010 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A6cw8la4 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

The border is marked with 415 border markers, consisting of 387 pairs of poles, 25 cairns, two lead markers and one stake. The three-country cairn is unnumbered, while the remaining markers are numbered from 1 through 415 starting at the Finnish border. Each of the pairs of poles are both located {{convert|2|m|sp=us}} from the border, unless the border runs through water. The Norwegian markers are yellow with a {{convert|18|cm|sp=us}} tall black top—this was chosen because it would be most visible in all types of weather and lighting. The Russian markers have a pattern of alternating red and green, each {{convert|18|cm|sp=us}} tall. The red was chosen to symbolize the [[Flag of the Soviet Union]], while the green symbolized the color of the border guards' uniforms. Both poles have the respective country's [[coat of arms]] on the side facing the border.<ref name="Johanson 22"/> While originally made of wood, the border markers are now made of composite materials.<ref name=statkart />

Each country has the responsibility for maintenance of its boundary markers and keeping the clear-cut zone. Most of the maintenance is undertaken during the summer.<ref name=j24 /> In August each year there is a common inspection of the entire border. The practical responsibility alternates between the two countries each year. It is carried out by three groups, each which cover a third of the border. Each group consists of two Norwegians and two Russians and the inspection takes two to three days. Afterwards there is a common debriefing.<ref name=j25 />

On the Norwegian side there are no physical hindrances on the border and it is permitted to move all the way to the border itself. On the Russian side there is a fence located anywhere between {{convert|0|and|5|km|sp=us|0}} from the border. Although not electrified, it has sensors which will notify the border controllers if touched.<ref name=j24 /> The fence stretches the entire distance between the Barents Sea and the [[Gulf of Finland]] and was built during the Cold War to keep in the population of the Soviet Union. It remains the only barbed-wire fence along a Russian border in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/sections/opinion/tear-barbed-wire-fence-down |title=Tear this barbed wire fence down |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=9 November 2009 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5qmyl42 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Within lies the [[Border Security Zone of Russia|Border Security Zone]] which civilians are not permitted access to.<ref name=j24 /> Photography from one country into the other is only permitted if the pictures do not include military personnel and installations, that [[tripod]]s are not used and not using longer than 200 mm [[camera lens|lenses]].<ref name=j37>Johanson (1999): 37</ref>

Norwegian border police informs that it is forbidden <ref>[https://www.politi.no/grensekommissariatet/ferdsel/ Framferd og ferdsel i grenseområdet]</ref> to cross the border on land, water and in air, including at border markers (except with permission or at the border station), or to have contact with people across the border or throw things over the border.

==Crossing==
[[File:Storskog Grenze.jpg|thumb|The Norwegian border crossing at [[Storskog]]]]

There is only one legal crossing point, at [[Storskog]] in Norway and Borisoglebsky in Russia, located on the [[European route E105|E105]] highway some 15 km east of Kirkenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirkenesinfo.no/hXGXzngRjSXV.9.idium |title=Russia |publisher=Sør-Varanger Reiselivsforum |accessdate=22 August 2012 |archivedate=22 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A6f5yDhh |deadurl=no}}</ref> Crossing time at both stations is unpredictable and depends of the amount of traffic.<ref name=yetanother /> The crossing is open between 07:00 and 21:00 [[time in Norway|Norwegian time]].<ref name=toll>{{cite web |url=http://toll.no/upload/planer_rapporter/Annual_Report_2011_Norwegian_Customs.pdf |title=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=[[Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities]] |page=11 |year=2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5qmyl42 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Immigration control at Storskog is carried out by [[Eastern Finnmark Police District]],<ref name=police>{{cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/20042005/stmeld-nr-42-2004-2005-/4.html?id=199272 |title=Politiets rolle og oppgaver |chapter=4 Politiets organisering, oppgaver og oppgaveløsning |date=24 June 2005 |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice and the Police (Norway)|Ministry of Justice and the Police]] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=17 August 2012 |archivedate=17 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/69zZZ9HJh |deadurl=no}}</ref> while customs are carried out by the [[Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities]].<ref name=toll /> The Norwegian Border Commissioner also has representatives at the checkpoint.<ref>Johanson (1999): 41</ref> It is the only of Norway's land border crossings which does not border the [[Schengen Area]] and thus the only one manned by the police.<ref name=police />

The [[Border Guard Service of Russia]] operates the border crossing at Borisoglebsky. It consists of a customs area and a border control area, both with independent checks. Once past Borisoglebsky travelers enter the Border Security Zone, a twenty-minute transit-only area. The road is located outside the barbed-wire fence which stretches along Russia's entire Norway and Finland border. Upon reaching the end of the transit zone there is another checkpoint at which there is performed a check of passports. Previously there was also another checkpoint located at [[Titovka, Murmansk Oblast|Titovka]], between Nikel and Murmansk. There are more border checkpoints today than during the Cold War.<ref name=yetanother />

As of 2010 there were 140,855 border crossings,<ref>Nilsen (2012): 31</ref> of which 19,000 were by Norwegians and the rest by Russians. There are five main motivations for trans-border traffic: shopping in border towns, business, vacation and leisure, visiting friends and relatives, and transfer to other destinations via [[Kirkenes Airport, Høybuktmoen]]. Russian residents of Murmansk Oblast, [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] and [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] can obtain Promor visas, a multi-entry Schengen visa, without an invitation.<ref>Nilsen (2012): 32</ref> In 2010, the Russian Consulate General in Kirkenes issued 8,000 visas to Norwegians.<ref>Nilsen (2012): 42</ref>

There is a special visa-free arrangement for a designated area of between {{convert|30|and|50|km|sp=us}} surrounding the border. It is only available for residents of the zone for the past three years and requires that a special ID-card be acquired. Stay is limited to 15 days.<ref>Nilsen (2012): 34</ref> Towns within the area include [[Kirkenes]] in Norway and [[Nikel]], [[Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast|Pechenga]] and [[Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast|Zapolyarny]] in Russia.<ref>Nilsen (2012): 35</ref> The arrangement is valid for 9,000 Norwegians and 45,000 Russians.<ref name=visafree /> It is the first time such a visa-free border agreement has been made between Russia and part of the [[Schengen Area]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/fsb-prepares-visa-freedom |title=FSB prepares for visa freedom |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=25 January 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5kzgHYC |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Staalesen |first=Atle |url=http://www.barentsobserver.com/en/borders/more-russians-get-visa-free-travelling-29-06 |title=More Russians get visa-free travelling |publisher=Barentsobserver.com |date=2012-06-29 |accessdate=2013-10-12}}</ref>

As Norway grants the right to travel right up to the border, it is also permitted for residents of Norway to operate boats in the two border rivers and fish. All boats must be registered with the Norwegian Border Commission and registration plates must be mounted on both sides of the vessel. Boating is only permitted in daylight. Fishing and boating is only permitted on the Norwegian side of the river; however in the narrow passages of Pasvikelven it is permitted to travel through on the Russian side on the condition that the boat does not stop, except in emergencies. Parts of Pasvikelven is marked with yellow buoys along the border line during summer.<ref name=j27 />

==Future==
A new border checkpoint on the Norwegian side will have to be built by 2015 to 2017, as the current station has insufficient capacity to handle increased traffic, and the ground is not sufficiently stable to allow an expansion at the current site. Individual Norwegian police executives have called for a common border checkpoint located directly on the border line. This would allow for a more cost-effective and less time-consuming operation. Both Norwegian, Russian legislation and the [[Schengen Agreement]] prohibit such an operation. The [[Parliament of Norway]]'s [[Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence]] has taken initiative to introduce a 24-hour a day opening time at the crossing; this has been rejected by the local police district, who stated that nearly all trans-border traffic is persons and that there is hardly any demand for a night service.<ref name=morecapacity /> Estimates show that border traffic may increase to 400,000 crossings by the mid- to late 2010s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/articles/one-border-joint-norwegian-russian-checkpoint-storskog-boris-gleb |title=One border–joint Norwegian-Russian checkpoint at Storskog-Boris Gleb |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |work=[[Barents Observer]] |date=5 March 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5gk9hRe |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Since 1992, there have been proposals to connect the [[rail transport in Russia|Russian railway network]] to Norway. Specifically this involves extending Norway's [[Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line]] to either [[Nikel]] or [[Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast|Zapolyarny]], Russia, where it would connect to the [[Murmansk–Nikel Railway|Murmansk–Nikel Line]]. About {{convert|40|km|sp=us}} of railway is missing to connect the two lines. The proposal calls to develop Kirkenes as a port for export of Russian products, as Murmansk Port is less suited and under-dimensioned. Major transshipment products include metals from Norilsk Nickel, steel from [[Arkhangelsk]] and crude oil. The Murmansk–Nikel Line was built in 1936, is {{convert|206|km|sp=us}} long, is not electrified and is operated by the [[Russian Railways]]. As it is [[Russian gauge]], the [[standard gauge]] Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line would be presumably undergo [[gauge conversion]] or receive [[dual gauge]]. A new railway would be able to transport 5 million tonnes of cargo per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wpk.no/Rapport.pdf |title=Kirkenes RailPort May 2003 |publisher=World Port Kirkenes |year=2003 |pages=27–33 |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archivedate=20 February 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65bVU9q0T |deadurl=no}}</ref>

In 2003, the cost of a the necessary {{convert|40|km|sp=us}} of new railway was estimated at 1.4 billion [[Norwegian krone]] (NOK), while the cost of upgrading the existing Russian line was NOK 400 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.finnmarken.no/Innenriks/article749803.ece |title=Både norsk og russisk næringsliv ønsker seg en jernbane mellom Nikel og Kirkenes, et prosjekt som kan beløpe seg til 1,4 milliarder kroner. |date=17 September 2003 |work=[[Finnmarken]] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archivedate=20 February 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65bCn8GOj |deadurl=no}}</ref> In 2007, [[Murmansk Oblast]]'s governor, [[Yury Yevdokimov]], rejected the plans for a connection to Russia, stating that his opinion was supported by President [[Vladimir Putin]]. Because Kirkenes is a better suited port than Murmansk, local authorities in Murmansk do not want to lose [[transshipment]] business to Norway.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.1783591 |title="Njet" til jernbane til Kirkenes |work=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]] |last=Hamran |first=Trine |language=Norwegian |date=7 February 2007 |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archivedate=20 February 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65b7HhINw |deadurl=no}}</ref> However, with the increased realism of a line to [[Rovaniemi]], which would serve as an alternative route to Kirkenes from Russia, Russian authorities have since 2010 again supported a railway line between Kirkenes and Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://barentsnova.com/node/1479 |title=Murmansk port faces foreign competitors |work=Barentsnova |date=20 September 2011 |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archivedate=20 February 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65b8baT6v |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/20/norvegiya.html |title=Обходят с севера |work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |date=20 September 2011 |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archivedate=20 February 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65b8baT6v |deadurl=no}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{commons category|Russia-Norway border|Norway–Russia border}}
;Bibliography
* {{cite book |last=Nyhamar |first=Jostein |authorlink=Jostein Nyhamar |title=Nordic Politics. Comparative Perspectives |editor=[[Knut Heidar|Heidar, Knut]] |publisher=Universitetsforlaget |location=Oslo |year=2004 |chapter=Security Policies From Constraint to Choice |isbn=82-15-00628-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Glantz |first1=David M. |last2=House |first2=Jonathan |title=When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler |year=1995 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0-7006-0899-0 |ref=Glantz}}
* {{cite web |last=Johanson |first=Bodil B. |url=http://www.grensekom.no/grensekom_boken.pdf |title=Overenkomsten |publisher=[[Norwegian Border Commission]] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=14 August 2007 |archivedate=14 August 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070814011638/http://www.grensekom.no/grensekom_boken.pdf}}
* {{cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Thomas |url=http://barentsobserver.com/sites/barentsobserver.com/files/attachments/br2012_chapter_2_0.pdf |title=Barents Review 2012: Barents Borders |chapter=2 Barents roadmap towards visa-freedom |publisher=[[Norwegian Barents Secretariat]] |year=2012 |accessdate=21 August 2012 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A5odwbLP |deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book |last=Retzer |first=Berit Ruud |title=Jens Evensen: Makten, myten og mennesket |year=1999 |ISBN=82-995068-0-8 |language=Norwegian |publisher=BBG}}
* {{cite book |last=Ryvarden |first=Leif |authorlink=Leif Ryvarden |title=Norges nasjonalparker: Stabbursdalen, Øvre Pasvik og Øvre Anárjohka |publisher=Gyldendal Norsk Forlag |location=Oslo |year=2007 |isbn=978-82-05-37638-0 |language=Norwegian}}
* {{cite book |author=Sør-Varanger Historielag |title=Sør-Varanger 1906–1939: Jernmalmen skaper et nytt samfunn |year=2001 |language=Norwegian}}
* {{cite book |last=Vale |first=Stein |title=Teppefall i Treholtsaken |publisher=Cappelen Damm |year=2009 |ISBN=9788202299880 |language=Norwegian}}

==External links==
*[http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf Full text of the 2010 maritime border treaty]

{{Borders of Norway}}
{{Borders of Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norway-Russia border}}
[[Category:Norway–Russia border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of Norway]]
[[Category:Borders of Russia]]
[[Category:Borders of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Norway–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Norway–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Pechengsky District]]
[[Category:Sør-Varanger]]

Skafferhullet

2014-06-27T09:57:34Z

194.103.240.26: /* History */

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Skafferhullet
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Former border station
|image_skyline = Trønderbataljonen at Skafferhullet 1940.jpg
|image_caption = Soldiers at Skafferhullet at the [[Finland–Norway border]] in 1940.
|pushpin_map = Finnmark
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Finnmark]]
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = NO
|coordinates_type = type:city
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Norway]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of Norway|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Norway]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Norway|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Finnmark]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Norway|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Øst-Finnmark]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[List of municipalities of Norway|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sør-Varanger]]
|timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset1 = +01:00
|timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset1_DST = +02:00
|elevation_m = 29
|elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Finnmark/S%C3%B8r-Varanger/Skafferhullet/|title=Skafferhullet|publisher=[[yr.no]]|language=Norwegian|accessdate=2013-03-11}}</ref>
|latd = 69 |latm = 39 |lats = 54 |latNS = N
|longd= 30 |longm= 07 |longs= 12 |longEW= E
}}

'''Skafferhullet''' is a historical [[border crossing]] point along the [[Norway–Russia border]] (formerly it was on the [[Finland–Norway border]] and [[Soviet–Norway border]]). The border crossing site was located on the old road between [[Elvenes, Finnmark|Elvenes]] in [[Sør-Varanger Municipality]], [[Finnmark]] county, [[Norway]] and [[Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast|Borisoglebsky]] in [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Russia]]. The station lies on the western shore of the [[Pasvikelva]] river.<ref name=snl>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Skafferhullet |first=Ådne |last=Goplen |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Godal | editor-first=Anne Marit | editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/Skafferhullet |language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref>

Since this site is now closed, the only other border crossing from Norway into Russia is at the nearby border crossing at [[Storskog]] on the newer [[European route E105]] highway.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Storskog |first= |last= |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Godal | editor-first=Anne Marit | editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/Storskog |language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref>

==History==
During the [[Cold War]] the [[Soviet–Norway border]] was closed for long periods. There was some traffic via Skafferhullet during the construction of the [[Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants|Boris Gleb hydroelectric station]] from 1958 to 1963. When the construction period was over, the guardhouses were removed, and a solid fence set up.<ref name=haarstad_1988>{{cite book|title=I hemmelig tjeneste |first=Gunnar |last=Haarstad |authorlink=Gunnar Haarstad |pages=111–166|language=Norwegian |year=1988 |publisher=Aschehoug |location=Oslo|isbn=82-03-15751-3 }}</ref>

In the summer of 1965, the border was open for Scandinavian tourists, who were allowed to visit a heavily guarded area around Borisoglebsky. Several thousand Norwegians crossed into during that summer season to visit, but no Soviets crossed into Norway. Due to some issues (like alcohol smuggling) that summer, Norwegian authorities refused to participate again, so the border was kept closed in 1966 and the following years.<ref name=snl/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skafferhullet}}
[[Category:Norway–Russia border crossings]]
[[Category:Sør-Varanger]]

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