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Rugby, Warwickshire

2009-05-20T12:08:44Z

195.6.25.118: /* Notable people */

{{Infobox UK place |
|country = England
|official_name= Rugby
|latitude= 52.37
|longitude= -1.26
|civil_parish=
|population = 61,988 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|shire_district= [[Rugby (borough)|Rugby]]
|shire_county= [[Warwickshire]]
|region= West Midlands
|constituency_westminster= [[Rugby and Kenilworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Rugby and Kenilworth]]
|post_town= RUGBY
|postcode_district = CV21, CV22, CV23
|postcode_area= CV
|dial_code= 01788
|os_grid_reference= SP5075
|static_image= [[Image:Rugby town centre.jpg|275px]]
|static_image_caption= Rugby Market Place, looking west from Church Street
}}

'''Rugby''' is a [[market town]] in [[Warwickshire]], in the [[West Midlands region|West Midlands]] of [[England]], on the [[River Avon, Warwickshire|River Avon]]. The town has a population of 61,988
(2001 census<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&More=Y 2001 urban areas headcounts]</ref>) making it the [[List of Warwickshire towns by population|second largest town]] in the county. The larger [[Rugby (borough)|Borough of Rugby]] has a population of 91,600 (2005 estimate).

Rugby is 13 miles (21 km) east of [[Coventry]], on the eastern edge of Warwickshire, near the borders with [[Northamptonshire]] and [[Leicestershire]].

The town is credited with being the birthplace of [[rugby football]].

==History==
:''Main article [[History of Rugby, Warwickshire|History of Rugby]]''

Early [[Iron age]] settlement existed in the Rugby area, and a few miles outside what is now Rugby, existed a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] settlement known as ''[[Tripontium]]''. Rugby was originally a small [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] farming settlement, and was mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 as ''Rocheberie''. Rugby obtained a charter to hold a market in 1255, and soon developed into a small country [[market town]].

The name's likeliest origin is [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''Hrōca burh'' or similar = "[[Rook]] fort", where Rook may be the birds or may be a man's name. Another theory is that the name is originally derived from an old [[Celtic language|Celtic]] name ''Droche-brig'' meaning "wild hilltop". The change to -''by'' is because of [[Viking]] influence: there are other place names ending in ''-by'' in the area ('[[wikt:by|By]]' meaning town in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Danish language|Danish]] even today).

[[Rugby School]] was founded in 1567 by money left in the will of [[Lawrence Sheriff]], a locally-born grocer, who moved to London and earned his fortune. Rugby School was originally intended as a school for local boys, but over time became a mostly fee-paying private school. The [[Lawrence Sheriff School]] was eventually founded in the late 19th century to carry on Sheriff's original intentions.

Rugby remained a sleepy country market town until the 19th century and the coming of the [[railway]]s. In 1838 the [[London and Birmingham Railway]] was constructed around the town, and in 1840 the [[Midland Counties Railway]] made a junction with the London and Birmingham at Rugby. Rugby became an important railway junction, and the proliferation of rail yards and workshops attracted workers to the town. Rugby's population grew from just 2,500 in 1835, to over 10,000 by the 1880s.<ref>[http://www.rugby-local-history.org.uk/chron.html#1850 Rugby local history group]</ref>

In the 1890s and 1900s heavy [[engineering]] industries began to set up in the town, and Rugby rapidly grew into a major industrial centre. Rugby expanded rapidly in the early decades of the 20th century as workers moved into the town. By the 1940s, the population of Rugby had grown to over 40,000.<ref>[http://www.rugby-local-history.org.uk/chron.html#1900 Rugby local history group]</ref>

In the postwar years, Rugby became well served by the [[motorway]] network, with the [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M6 motorway|M6]] merging close to the town.

===Fame===
Rugby is most famous for the invention of [[rugby football]], which is played throughout the world. The game was invented by [[William Webb Ellis]] in 1823 at [[Rugby School]], which is near the centre of Rugby.

Rugby School is one of England's oldest and most prestigious [[public school (England)|public schools]], and was the setting of [[Thomas Hughes]]'s semi-autobiographical masterpiece ''[[Tom Brown's Schooldays]]''. A substantial part of the 2004 dramatisation of the novel, starring [[Stephen Fry]], was filmed on location at Rugby School.

Rugby is also a birthplace of the [[jet engine]]. In April 1937 [[Frank Whittle]] built the world's first prototype jet engine at the [[British Thomson-Houston]] works in Rugby, and between 1936-41 based himself at [[Brownsover Hall]] on the outskirts of the town, where he designed and developed early prototype engines.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Papers of Sir Frank Whittle |url= http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FWHTL |publisher= Janus |format= [[HTTP]] |accessdate= 2007-09-15}}</ref> Much of his work was also carried out at nearby [[Lutterworth]]. [[Holography]] was also invented in Rugby by the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] inventor [[Dennis Gabor]] in 1947.<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/gabor-autobio.html Nobel Prize Winner Denis Garbor, inventor of holography</ref>

In the 19th century, Rugby became famous for its once hugely important [[railway]] junction which was the setting for [[Charles Dickens]]'s story [[Mugby Junction]].

==Rugby today==
[[Image:Regent Street, Rugby.jpg|thumb|right|Regent Street with St Andrews Church]]
The modern town of Rugby is an amalgamation of the original town with the former villages of [[Bilton, Warwickshire|Bilton]], [[Hillmorton]], [[Brownsover]] and [[Newbold-on-Avon]] which were incorporated into Rugby in 1932 when the town became a [[municipal borough|borough]];<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp;jsessionid=E23CCC271601732AAC9B20DF4AA61813?u_id=10002485 visionofbritain.org]</ref> all except Brownsover still have their former village centres. Rugby also includes the areas of [[New Bilton]] and [[Overslade]]. The spread of Rugby has nearly reached the villages of [[Clifton-upon-Dunsmore]], [[Cawston, Warwickshire|Cawston]], [[Dunchurch]] and [[Long Lawford]].

The town centre is mostly [[Victorian era|Victorian]] and early 20th century, however a few much older buildings survive, along with some more modern developments. Rugby was described by [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] as 'Butterfieldtown'<ref name="WarwickshireTownsAndVillages"> Allen, Geoff, (2000) ''Warwickshire Towns & Villages'', ISBN 1 85058 642 X</ref> due to the number of buildings designed by [[William Butterfield]] in the 19th century, including much of Rugby School and the extension of St Andrews church.

Rugby town centre includes numerous restaurants of various kinds, many [[pub]]s, and a nightclub. In 2002, Brownsover Fish Bar on Hollowell Way, Brownsover, was named as the best seller of [[Fish and Chips]] in the country.<ref>http://www.seafish.org/plate/fishandchips.asp?p=gf184 Fish & Chip Shop of the Year Competition</ref> The town centre is noted for its large number of pubs; in the 1960s it was recorded as having the second-highest number of pubs per square mile in England.<ref>http://www.drugby.co.uk/wotsthedeal/crappytown.html</ref>
The main shopping area in Rugby is in the streets around the Clock Tower, two of which - High Street and Sheep Street - are pedestrianised. The town centre has an indoor shopping centre called [[The Clock Towers]] which opened in 1980. A street [[market]] is held in the town centre several days a week. In recent years several out-of-town retail centres have opened to the north of the town. Rugby also contains several large [[park]]s, most notably [[Caldecott Park]] near the town hall. The borough council along with Warwickshire County Council currently have plans to pedestrianise North Street, a busy road through the town centre as part of the town centre's regeneration. This has proved to be very controversial, with the town's major bus operator [[Stagecoach in Warwickshire]] threatening that if the road is closed to all traffic, they will have to dramatically reduce many bus services because the main bus stops will have to be relocate further away meaning the services become less attractive to passengers. Thus meaning loss of patronage.

==Politics and governance==
[[Image:Rugby town hall.jpg|thumb|right|Rugby Town Hall - The headquarters of Rugby Borough Council]]
Rugby is administered by two [[local government in the United Kingdom|local authorities]]: [[Rugby (borough)|Rugby Borough Council]] which covers Rugby and its surrounding countryside, and [[Warwickshire]] [[County Council]]. The two authorities are responsible for different aspects of local government. Rugby is an [[unparished area]] and so does not have its own [[town council]].

In 1983 Rugby became part of the parliamentary constituency of [[Rugby and Kenilworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Rugby and Kenilworth]], one of the Midlands' most marginal seats. Between 1983 and 1997 [[Jim Pawsey]] was the Conservative Member of Parliament, losing in 1997 to [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour's]] [[Andy King (politician)|Andy King]].

At the [[UK general election, 2005|2005 general election]] [[Jeremy Wright (politician)|Jeremy Wright]] regained the seat for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]].

From 1885 until 1983 Rugby was a constituency in itself. Following the recommendations of the [[Boundary Commission for England]], Warwickshire was allocated a sixth parliamentary seat. At the next general election, the existing Rugby and Kenilworth constituency will be abolished and split in two. A new [[Rugby (UK Parliament constituency)|Rugby constituency]] will be created, and a new constituency of [[Kenilworth and Southam (UK Parliament constituency)|Kenilworth and Southam]] will be created to the south of Rugby, and as a result the town will regain its pre-1983 status of returning its own member of parliament. The new Rugby constituency is expected to continue to be a marginal constituency and Jeremy Wright has indicated his intention of standing for the new Kenilworth and Southam seat at the next general election.

==Geography==
===Nearby places===
*'''Nearby cities''': [[Coventry]], [[Leicester]], [[Birmingham]]
*'''Nearby towns''': [[Lutterworth]], [[Daventry]], [[Hinckley]], [[Kenilworth]], [[Nuneaton]], [[Leamington Spa]], [[Northampton]], [[Southam]]
*'''Nearby villages''': [[Newbold]], [[Harborough Magna]], [[Pailton]], [[Brinklow]], [[Monks Kirby]], [[Easenhall]]

==Economy==
Rugby's economy is mainly [[industry|industrial]]. It is an [[engineering]] centre and has a long history of producing gas and steam [[turbine]]s at the [[The General Electric Company|GEC]] and at the [[Associated Electrical Industries|AEI]]. The AEI was earlier [[British Thomson-Houston]] or BTH. They used to dominate employment in the town. They are now amalgamated to form [[Alstom]]. Engineering in Rugby is still the most important sector.
[[Image:Rugby cement works.jpg|thumb|left|Rugby Cement works]]
Another major industry in Rugby is [[cement]] making; [[Cemex|Rugby Cement]] works, on the western outskirts of the town, makes cement from the local [[Jurassic]] [[Lias]] limestone. The cement industry in Rugby dates back to the 1860s. In the 1990s the Rugby Cement works was dramatically expanded, and in 2000 other Rugby Cement plants at [[Southam]] and [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]] were closed, with all production moved to the Rugby plant,<ref>[http://www.mineralsuk.com/britmin/mpfcement.pdf minerals.com] (PDF)</ref> now one of the largest of its type in Europe.

Since the 1980s several large [[industrial estate]]s have been built to the north of the town, and [[Warehouse|warehousing]] and distribution have become major employers.

Further afield, within the [[Rugby (borough)|Rugby borough]] is the [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] engineering works near [[Ansty, Warwickshire|Ansty]]. This is nearer to [[Coventry]] than Rugby, but is a major employer to the Rugby population.

[[Tourism]] is also important to the town's economy, especially related to [[Rugby football]].<ref>http://www.rugby.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=973 Rugby BC Action on Tourism</ref>

A link to Rugby's rural past can still be found in the [[cattle market]] held near the railway station. A cattle market has been held in Rugby since [[medieval]] times.

Rugby is to some extent a dormitory town for nearby places such as [[Coventry]], [[Leicester]], and [[Birmingham]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

==Landmarks==
[[Image:Hillmorton radio masts.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Rugby VLF transmitter]] (now demolished)]]
One of the most notable landmarks around Rugby was, until August 2007, the '''[[Rugby VLF transmitter]]''', a large radio transmitting station located just to the east of the town. The station was opened in 1926 and was used to transmit the [[MSF time signal]]. Several of the masts however were decommissioned and demolished by explosives in 2004, although a few including four of the biggest masts remained until 2007. (Firing the explosive charges was delayed by [[rabbit]]s gnawing the wires).<ref>{{cite web |title= Rabbits delay masts' demolition | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/coventry_warwickshire/3823335.stm | publisher= BBC News | date= 20 June 2004 | accessdate= 2007-09-15}}</ref> The remaining four 'tall' masts were demolished on the afternoon of [[August 2]] [[2007]] with no prior publicity.

'''Rugby Cement''' works, to the west of the town, can be seen for many miles. Standing at just 115 metres high, the landmark is not a popular one—in 2005 it came in the top ten of a poll of buildings people would like to see demolished on the [[Channel 4]] television series [[Demolition (television)|Demolition]].<ref>{{cite web |title= The dirty dozen |url= http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/D/demolition/worst2.html |publisher= Channel 4 |format= [[HTTP]] |accessdate= 2007-09-15}}</ref> The works are also the subject of certain local controversy, as some residents believe the emissions from the works have caused health problems for local people. In October 2006, the owners of the Rugby Cement works, [[Cemex]], were fined £400,000 for excessive pollution after a court case brought by the [[Environment Agency]].<ref>{{cite web | title= EA Court Case details | url= http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/news/1483240?lang=_e&region=Midlands%20Region | publisher= Environment Agency | accessdate= 2007-09-15}}</ref>
[[Image:WWEstatue 700.jpg|thumb|William Webb Ellis' statue]]

The town has statues of three famous locals: [[Rupert Brooke]], [[Thomas Hughes]] and [[William Webb Ellis]]. The Rupert Brooke statue is situated at the forked junction of Regent Street on the green and commemorates his contribution to poetry. Since England won the Rugby World Cup, the William Webb Ellis statue outside Rugby School is one of the most visited parts of the town.
[[Image:St Andrew's Church, Rugby.jpg|thumb|left|St Andrew's Church]]
'''St Andrew's Church''', in the town centre, is Rugby's original [[parish church]]. A church has stood on the site since the 13th century. The church was extensively re-built and expanded in the 19th century, designed by [[William Butterfield]]. The expanded church included a new east tower, which has a [[spire]] 182 feet (55 metres) high. However some parts of the older medieval church were retained, most notably the 22 metre high west tower which bears strong resemblance to a [[castle]] turret. The west tower was probably built during the reign of [[King Henry III of England|Henry III]] (1216-1272) to serve a defensive as well as religious role, and is Rugby's oldest building. The church has other artefacts of medieval Rugby including the 13th-century parish chest, and a medieval [[font]].<ref name="autogenerated1">''Rugby, Aspects of the Past''. Rugby Local History Group</ref>
[[Image:St Maries Church, Rugby 484475.jpg|thumb|St Maries church]]
Rugby's main [[Roman Catholic]] church is '''St. Maries''' [http://www.stmaries.co.uk] on Dunchurch Road. It is one of the town's most well-known landmarks as it is quite dominant on the skyline. Its spire is the tallest in Warwickshire. The church was built in 1872, designed by [[Pugin]] in the [[Early English architecture|Early English]] style.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

===Places of interest===
Places of interest in the town include:
*The [[Rugby School Museum]], which has audio-visual displays about the history of Rugby School and of the town.
*The combined [[Rugby Art Gallery and Museum|art gallery and museum]]. The art gallery contains a nationally-recognised collection of contemporary art. The museum contains, amongst other things, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] artefacts dug up from the nearby Roman settlement of [[Tripontium]].
*The [[The James Gilbert Rugby Football Museum|Rugby Football Museum]], where traditional [[Rugby football|rugby]] balls are hand made. It contains much rugby football memorabilia.
*The commercial town centre is modest but noted for its [[Clinton Cards]] Superstore, the third largest in England and Wales.

Places of interest around Rugby include:
*[[Brandon Marsh]]
*[[Coombe Abbey|Coombe Abbey and Coombe Country Park]]
*[[Dunchurch]] - Historic village
*[[Draycote Water]] - Reservoir and nature reserve
*[[Oxford Canal]]
*[[Rugby School]]
*[[Stanford Hall]]
*[[Ryton Organic Gardens]] [http://www.hdra.org.uk/gardens/ryton.htm]
*[[Benn Hall]] - Conference centre and music venue

==Suburbs==
[[Hillmorton]], [[Overslade]], [[Brownsover]], [[Bilton, Warwickshire|Bilton]], [[New Bilton]], [[Newbold-on-Avon]].

==Transport==
*By road, Rugby is near several major trunk routes including the [[M6 motorway|M6]], [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M45 motorway]]s and the [[A45 road]]. Other less important main roads include the [[A426 road]] and the [[A428 road]]. Most traffic from the industrial estates & the cement works has to travel through the town centre, this should be alleviated with the current building of the [[Rugby Western Relief Road]], linking the A45 with the Leicester Road, that connects with the Motorway at Junction 1 of the M6.
*By rail Rugby is served by the [[West Coast Main Line]] railway, and has services to [[London]] - [[Birmingham]] and the [[North West England|North West of England]] (see [[Rugby railway station]]).
*The nearest airport to Rugby is [[Coventry Airport]]. The town also has a direct rail link to [[Birmingham International Airport (England)|Birmingham International Airport]].
*The [[Oxford Canal]] runs along the north edge of Rugby, but south of the new [[housing estate]]s round [[Brownsover]].
*Buses run to Coventry, Southam, Leamington Spa, Daventry, Banbury, Leicester and Northampton as well as serving the major estates of the town on a regular basis.

==Education==
[[Image:Rugby School 850.jpg|thumb|right|Rugby School]]

Schools in Rugby include the [[Lawrence Sheriff School]] for boys (which came top of the country in the 2009 GCSE League Tables) <ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/leaguetables/4246726/School-League-Tables-2009-Best-school-shows-boys-can-make-the-grade.html The Daily Telegraph league table</ref> and [[Rugby High School for Girls]], both of which are grammar schools. Perhaps the most renowned school is Rugby School,{{Fact|date=September 2008}} home of rugby football and the top co-educational boarding school in the country.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} There are also several [[comprehensive school]]s, including [[Ashlawn School]] (formerly Dunsmore School for Boys and Dunsmore School for Girls), [[Bilton School]] (formerly Herbert Kay & Westlands School, and Bilton High School), [[Avon Valley School]] (formerly 'Newbold School'), [[Bishop Wulstan School]] (now shut), and [[Harris School]]. Rugby is also home to a [[college]], which is now a part of the [[Warwickshire College]] group.

==Sport==
*Rugby has a number of [[rugby union]] teams including; the [[Rugby Lions]], [http://www.rugbywelsh.co.uk Rugby Welsh], [http://www.standrewsrfc.co.uk/ Rugby St.Andrews RFC], [http://www.newboldrfc.com Newbold] and [http://www.oldlaurentianrfc.co.uk Old Laurentian RFC].
*Rugby also has a non-league [[soccer|football]] club, [[Rugby Town F.C.]], (formerly known as '''VS Rugby''') which currently plays in the [[Southern Football League|Southern League]] Premier Division.

==Notable people==
Famous or notable people born in Rugby include the poet [[Rupert Brooke]], actor [[Tim Pigott-Smith]] and writer [[Rose Macaulay]].

The scientist [[Joseph Norman Lockyer]] who discovered [[helium]] and founded the science journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' was born in Rugby, as was the inventor of the 'oval' football [[Richard Lindon]].

The band [[Spacemen 3]] and the related spin off bands from its various members [[Spiritualized]] ([[Jason Pierce]]); Spectrum ([[Peter Kember]]) [[Freelovebabies]] (Will Carruthers) arose from Rugby, as does the singer/songwriter [[James Morrison (singer)|James Morrison]].

The sprinter [[Katharine Merry]] and British Judokas [[Neil Adams (judoka)|Neil]] and [[Chris Adams (wrestler)|Christopher Adams]] were natives of Rugby. The former two both won [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medals.

Many famous people attended [[Rugby School]], including [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Lewis Carroll]], [[Salman Rushdie]] and [[Matthew Arnold]]. Arnold's father [[Thomas Arnold]] was a noted [[headmaster]] of the school.

England cricketer [[Ian Bell (cricketer)|Ian Bell]] was born in Dunchurch (near Rugby) and attended [[Princethorpe College]].

[['Allo 'Allo]] actor [[Arthur Bostrom]] was born in Rugby and attended [[Lawrence Sheriff School]].

[[Clive Mason]] of the programme for the deaf [[See Hear]] used to live in Rugby.

[[Bill Maynard]] ([[Claude Greengrass]] in the [[Heartbeat (TV series)|Heartbeat TV series]]) lives locally.

[[Ben Croshaw]], better known as 'Yahtzee', a comedic video games reviewer in charge of his own [[Zero Punctuation]] segment of [[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] was born in Rugby. He currently lives in [[Australia]].

Judy Simpson-Nightshade from the Uk Gladiators was born in Jamaica and lived in Rugby

[[Thomas Hedley]], publisher and president of Hedley Media Group, was born in the town.

[http://www.paulcrabtree.net Paul Crabtree], composer, living in San Francisco, was born in Rugby and attended Dunsmore Boys School (now Ashlawn School).

[http://www.johnbye.com/biography.html John Bye] - Award winning arist. Particularly well known for his wild animal drawings. John has a fascination for all creatures. John is also a passionate musician having studied the piano from an early age, he composes and writes his own songs. Another of his interests is poetry.

==Twin towns==
Rugby is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with:

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Évreux]], [[France]].
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rüsselsheim]], [[Germany]].

==See also==
*[[Rugby, North Dakota]]
*[[Rugby, Tennessee]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Further reading===
*{{cite book
|title = Rugby, Aspects of the Past
|publisher = Rugby Local History Group
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Timmins
|first = E.W.
|year = 1990
|title = Rugby: A Pictorial History
|isbn = 0-85033-700-3
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Elliot
|first = Peter H
|year = 1985
|title = Rugby's Railway Heritage
|isbn = 0-907917-06-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Rawlins
|first = Eddy
|coauthors = Andy Osborne
|year = 1988
|title = Rugby Growth Of A Town
|isbn = 0-907917-06-2
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.therugbyobserver.co.uk/ The Rugby Observer] The Local Newspaper
*[http://www.yourhomepagein.co.uk/rugby Yourhomepagein Rugby] Local Community Website
*[http://www.visitrugby.com/ Visit Rugby]
*[http://www.rugbytourism.org.uk/ Rugby Tourism]
*[http://www.rugby.gov.uk/ Rugby Borough Council]
*[http://www.clock-towers.co.uk/ Rugby's Clock Towers Shopping Centre]
*[http://www.rugby-local-history.org.uk/ Rugby Local History Group]
*[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/r/rugby_radio/index.shtml Subterranea Britannica on Rugby Radio Station]

{{Warwickshire}}



[[Category:Railway towns in England]]
[[Category:Towns in Warwickshire]]
[[Category:Market towns in England]]
[[Category:Rugby, Warwickshire]]

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Wineville Chicken Coop murders

2008-12-10T09:41:15Z

195.6.25.118: /* Walter Collins */ first mention of Christine Collins corrected

{{Copyedit|date=December 2008}}
[[Image:Northcott booking.gif|thumb|Gordon Northcott]]
The '''Wineville Chicken Coop Murders'''<ref name="Wineville Road"/> (also known as the '''Wineville Chicken Murders'''<ref name=Mira_Loma_History/>) were a series of kidnappings and murders of young boys occurring in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Riverside County, California]], from 1928 through 1930. The case received national attention, and events related to it exposed corruption in the [[Los Angeles Police Department]].<ref name=Mira_Loma_History>{{cite web| last = Kurz| first = John| title = Mira Loma History, Riverside County, California: Wineville Chicken Murders| publisher = Rubidoux Historical Society| date = 1988-12-15| url = http://www.usacitiesonline.com/camiralomahistory.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref> The 2008 film ''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]'' is based upon events related to this case.<ref name=LA_Weekly_20071219>{{cite news| last = Foundas| first = Scott| title = Clint Eastwood: The Set Whisperer - Shooting quietly on the Changeling set| publisher = ''[[LA Weekly]]''| date = 2007-12-19| url = http://www.laweekly.com/2007-12-20/film-tv/clint-eastwood-the-set-whisperer/| accessdate = 2007-12-29}}</ref><ref name=Talent_Hunter>{{cite web | title = Feature Film: Untitled feat. Angelina Jolie & Clint| publisher = Talent Hunter| date = 2007-08-22| url = http://talenthunter.com/news_view.php?ID=967| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref>

==The murders==
In 1926, ranch owner Gordon Stewart Northcott took his 14-year-old nephew, Sanford Clark, from his home in [[Saskatchewan]], Canada. Before a family member managed to inform police of the situation, Northcott had beaten and sexually abused Clark.<ref name="stokley">{{cite news | url=http://www.pe.com/movies/stories/PE_News_Local_S_chicken31.38a6836.html | title=Riverside County 'chicken coop murders' inspire Clint Eastwood movie, new book | author=Sandra Stokley | work=[[The Press-Enterprise (California)|The Press-Enterprise]] | publisher=[[A. H. Belo Corporation]] | date=2008-10-30 | accessdate=2008-11-09 }}</ref> In September 1928, the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] visited the Northcott Ranch in [[Mira Loma, California|Wineville]], [[Riverside County, California|Riverside County]].<ref name="howells"/> Police found Clark at the ranch and took him into custody. Clark claimed that Northcott had kidnapped, molested, and killed several young boys with the help of Northcott's apparent mother, Sarah Louise Northcott, and then forced participation of Clark himself.<ref name="howells"/> The police found no complete bodies at the site, but they discovered body parts, the personal effects of missing children, and blood-stained axes. Clark said [[calcium oxide|quicklime]] was used to dispose of the remains, and the bones had been dumped in the desert.<ref name="stokley"/> The Northcotts had fled to Canada, but they were arrested near [[Vernon, British Columbia]].<ref name=Mira_Loma_History/><ref name="stokley"/>

== Case and trial ==

Sarah Louise Northcott initially confessed to the murders,<ref name="stokley"/> including that of 9-year-old Walter Collins. She later retracted her statement, as did Gordon Northcott, who had confessed to killing five boys.<ref name="howells"/> On February 8, 1929, after a 27-day trial in Riverside County, California, before Judge George R. Freeman, Gordon Northcott was convicted of the murders of an unidentified Mexican boy<ref name="stokley"/> and brothers Lewis and Nelson Winslow (aged 12 and 10, respectively)<ref name=NY_Times_19290207>{{cite news | title = Northcott Convicted of Slaying Three Boys; His Last Dramatic Plea Fails to Move Jury| publisher = [[New York Times]]| date = 1929-02-07| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB061EFE3E5A167A93CAA91789D85F4D8285F9| accessdate = 2008-01-16 }} </ref> who had been reported missing from [[Pomona, California|Pomona]] on May 16, 1928,<ref name=Serial_Killer_Crime_Index>{{cite web| last = Wetsch| first = Elisabeth| title = Chicken Murders| publisher = Serial Killer Crime Index| year = 1995| url = http://www.crimezzz.net/serialkillers/N/NORTHCOTT_gordon_stewart.php| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref> though it was believed Northcott's killings could have numbered as many as 20.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-changeling19-2008oct19,0,7763296.story | title='Changeling' revisits a crime that riveted L.A. | author=Rachel Abramowitz | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | publisher=[[Tribune Company]] | date=2008-10-18 | accessdate=2008-10-19 }}</ref> The jury heard that he kidnapped, molested, tortured, killed, and dismembered these and other boys throughout 1928. On February 13, 1929, Judge Freeman sentenced Northcott to be hanged.<ref name=LA_Times>{{cite news | title = Northcott put in Doomed Row: Slayer Becomes No. 46,597 at San Quentin Meeting With "Mother" May be Arranged Later Youth "Wisecracks" About Forthcoming Hanging | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1929-02-13| url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/369683682.html?dids=369683682:369683682&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+13%2C+1929&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=NORTHCOTT+PUT+IN+DOOMED+ROW| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref> The sentence was carried out on October 2, 1930.<ref name=Mira_Loma_History/><ref>{{cite web| last = Gribben| first = Mark| title = Poetic Justice| publisher = The Malefactor's Register| date = 2007-02-27| url = http://markgribben.com/?p=345| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref> Sarah Louise Northcott was convicted of Walter Collins' murder. She was sentenced to life and served her sentence at [[Tehachapi State Prison]].<ref name=LA_Times_360214>{{cite news | title = San Joaquin Valley; Northcott Plea in Vain. No Hope for Woman's Parole for Many Years to Come, Chairman Says | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1936-02-14|page=9| url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/396202231.html?dids=396202231:396202231&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+14%2C+1936&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1886-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=9&desc=San+Joaquin+Valley|
accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref> She was paroled after serving less than 12 years of her sentence.<ref name=LA_Times_400522>{{cite news | title = Mother of Gordon Northcott, Wineville Boy Slayer, Paroled | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1940-05-22|page=A1| }}</ref><ref name=LA_Times_410109>{{cite news | title = Mrs. Northcott Reported in East; Whereabouts of Ax Murderess Under Parole Disclosed | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1941-01-09|page=1A| }}</ref><ref name=LA_Times_410109>{{cite news | title = Mrs. Northcott Reported in East; Whereabouts of Ax Murderess Under Parole Disclosed | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1941-01-09|page=1A| }}</ref> During the trial, Gordon Northcott learned that Sarah Louise, who he had thought was his mother, was actually his grandmother.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ring |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737335,00.html |quote=In Riverside, Calif., Gordon Stewart Northcott, while on trial for abusing and murdering four boys, heard his mother testify that she was not his mother, but his grandmother. |work=[[Time magazine]] |date= February 11, 1929 |accessdate=2008-10-03 }}</ref> Sarah Louise stated that Gordon was the result of incest committed by her husband, Cyruss George Northcott, against their daughter Winifred.<ref name="LA Times 2004-10-31"/> She also stated that Gordon, as a child, was sexually abused by the entire family.

==Walter Collins==
Walter Collins (9) went missing from Los Angeles on March 10, 1928,<ref>{{cite news | title=New Kidnapping Clew Furnished in Hunt for Missing Collins Boy: Glendale Man Helps Police | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | publisher=[[Tribune Company|Times-Mirror Company]] | date=1928-04-04 | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/465341642.html?dids=465341642:465341642&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Apr+04%2C+1928pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=New+Kidnaping+Clew+Furnished+in+Hunt+for+Missing+Collins+Boy | accessdate=2008-06-12 }}</ref> His disappearance received nationwide attention, and the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] followed up on hundreds of leads without success.<ref name="howells">{{cite web | url=http://www.film.com/movies/story/spoilers-changeling-real-story-behind/24158425 | title=Spoilers: Changeling - The Real Story Behind Eastwood's Movie | author=Sacha Howells | work=film.com | publisher=[[RealNetworks]] | date=2008-11-07 | accessdate=2008-11-10 }}</ref> The police faced negative publicity and increasing public pressure to solve the case,<ref name="notes">{{cite web | title='Changeling' production notes | work=universalpicturesawards.com | publisher=[[Universal Pictures]] | url=http://www.universalpicturesawards.com/docs/prodNotes/Changeling_Notes.doc | accessdate=October 18, 2008 }} (Microsoft Word document)</ref> until five months after Walter's disappearance,<ref name="howells"/> when a boy claiming to be Walter was found in [[DeKalb, Illinois]]. Letters and photographs were exchanged, before Christine Collins (Walter's mother) paid for the boy to be brought to Los Angeles. A public reunion was organized by police, who hoped the successful resolution would counteract the negative publicity they had received for their inability to solve this case and others. They also hoped the uplifting human interest story would deflect attention from a series of corruption scandals that had sullied the department's reputation. At the reunion, Christine Collins claimed that the boy was not Walter. She was told by the officer in charge of the case, police Captain J.J Jones, to take the boy home to "try him out for a couple of weeks," and Collins agreed.<ref name="notes"/>

Three weeks later, Christine Collins returned to see Captain Jones and persisted in her claim that the boy was not Walter. Even though she was armed with dental records proving her case, Jones had Collins committed to the psychiatric ward at [[Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center|Los Angeles County Hospital]] under a "Code 12" internment—a term used to jail or commit someone who was deemed difficult or an inconvenience. During Collins' incarceration, Jones questioned the boy,<ref name="howells"/> who admitted to being 12-year-old Arthur Hutchins Jr., a runaway from Illinois but who was originally from Iowa.<ref name=LA_Times_19290713>{{cite news | title = Hoax Discussed in Collins Suit: Hutchens Boy's Deception Subject of Argument Witnesses Tell of Seeming Truth of His Story Capt. Jones Lays Damage Action to Politics| publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1929-07-13| url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/370721512.html?dids=370721512:370721512&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+13%2C+1929&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=HOAX+DISCUSSED+IN+COLLINS+SUIT| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }} </ref><ref name="LAPL 00027483">{{cite news | title = Hutchens' confession | publisher = [[Los Angeles Public Library]] [http://catalog.lapl.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?5005+CONFIGcw_photo.ini+language_3_useDatabase_968 Photo Collection] | year = 1928 | url = http://jpg3.lapl.org/pics15/00027483.jpg | work = photograph: b&w | accessdate = 2008-09-14 }} "The written confession of the boy who finally revealed he was Arthur Hutchens, Jr., not Walter Collins, then later told juvenile authorities he was not Billy Fields. He was later identified as Arthur Hutchens."</ref> A drifter at a roadside café in Illinois had told Hutchins of his resemblance to the missing Walter, so Hutchins came up with the plan to impersonate him. His motive was to get to Hollywood so he could meet his favorite actor, [[Tom Mix]].<ref name="notes"/> Collins was released ten days after Hutchins admitted that he was not her son,<ref>{{cite news | title = Enigma Boy Identified:Youth Impersonating Walter Collins Now Declared to be Arthur Hutchens, Jr., of lowa | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1928-09-21| url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/368265782.html?dids=368265782:368265782&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Sep+21%2C+1928&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=ENIGMA+BOY+IDENTIFIED| accessdate = 2008-01-28 }}</ref> and filed a lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department.<ref name="howells"/> This aspect of the case is depicted in the 2008 film ''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]''.<ref name="stokley"/>

Collins went on to win her lawsuit and was awarded $10,800, which Jones never paid.<ref name="howells"/> Five years after Northcott's execution, one of the boys that Northcott allegedly killed was found alive and well. As Walter Collins' body had not been found, Christine Collins still hoped that Walter had survived. She continued to search for him all her life, but unsuccessfully, until she faded into obscurity without ever knowing her son's fate.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Boy Who Vanished–and His Impostor| publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 1999-02-07 | last = Rasmussen | first = Cecilia | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/07/local/me-5769| accessdate = 2008-10-06 }}</ref> The last public record of Christine Collins is from 1941, when she attempted to collect a $15,562 judgment against Captain Jones, by then a retired police officer, in Superior Court.<ref name="LA Times 1941-01-29">{{cite news | title = Suit to Renew Old Judgment Recalls Northcott Murders: Mother of Supposed Victim Who Was Imprisoned as Insane in Imposter Mixup Tries to Collect Damages | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 1941-01-29 | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/410782961.html?dids=410782961:410782961&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jan+29%2C+1941&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Suit+to+Renew+Old+Judgment+Recalls+Northcott+Murders | accessdate = 2008-10-09 }}</ref>

==Arthur J. Hutchins, Jr.==

In 1933 '''Arthur J. Hutchins, Jr.''' wrote how and why he fooled the police, the real missing Walter's closest friends and even Walter’s dog and cat in 1928. Hutchins' biological mother died when he was 9 years old and he had been living with his stepmother, Violet Hutchins. He said that he had pretended to be Walter Collins to get as far away as possible from her. After living on the road for a month he arrived in [[DeKalb, Illinois|DeKalb]], when police brought him in they began asking him questions about Walter Collins. Originally, he stated that he did not know about Walter but changed his story when he saw this as a means to get to California.

After Hutchins confessed to the hoax, he was placed for two years in the Iowa State Training School for Boys in [[Eldora, Iowa]]. Eventually, he expressed remorse for what he had done to Christine Collins and wrote, "I know I owe an apology to Mrs. Collins and to the state of California."

After Arthur Hutchins became an adult, he sold concessions at carnivals and eventually made it back to California as a horse trainer and jockey. He died of a blood clot in 1954, leaving behind a wife and young daughter, Carol. According to Carol Hutchins, "My dad was full of adventure. In my mind, he could do no wrong."<ref name="People 2008-11-14">{{cite news| last = Jones| first = Oliver| title = Inside Story: How a Boy Became the Changeling Impostor| publisher = [[People (magazine)]]| date = [[2008-11-14]]| url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20239857,00.html| accessdate = 2008-11-16 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Investigators found an axe and bones, hair and fingers from three of the victims buried in [[Calcium oxide|lime]] near the chicken house at the Northcott ranch near Wineville, hence the name "Wineville Chicken Coop Murders." <ref name=Mira_Loma_History>{{cite web| last = Kurz| first = John| title = Mira Loma History, Riverside County, California: Wineville Chicken Murders| publisher = Rubidoux Historical Society| date = 1988-12-15| url = http://www.usacitiesonline.com/camiralomahistory.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref> Wineville changed its name to “[[Mira Loma, California|Mira Loma]]” on November 1, 1930, due in large part to the negative publicity surrounding this case.<ref name=Riverside_County_Planning_Department>{{cite web| title = Jurupa Valley History: Mira Loma History| publisher = [[Riverside County, California|Riverside County]] Planning Department| year = 2006| url = http://www.tlma.co.riverside.ca.us/planning/content/areaplan/jurupa/content/jurupa_history_noflash.html| accessdate = 2008-01-26 }}</ref><ref name="LA Times 2004-10-31">{{cite news | last = Rasmussen | first = Cecilia | title = During the 1920s, Boys Became the Prey of a Brutal Killer | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 2004-10-31 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/31/local/me-then31 | accessdate = 2008-09-13 }}</ref> Wineville Avenue, Wineville Road, Wineville Park and other geographic references provide reminders of the community's former name.<ref name="Wineville Road">{{cite book | last = Johnson| first = Kim Jarrell| title = Jurupa| publisher = [[Arcadia Publishing]]| year = 2006| pages = p. 67| isbn = 0-7385-3082-4 }}</ref> Someone currently lives in the home where Gordon Stewart Northcott and Sanford Clark lived. The lot was subdivided, the chicken coops were removed, and a home was built on the site.<ref name="stokley"/>

==Popular culture==
*"The Big Imposter," an episode of the [[radio drama|radio]] [[series]] ''[[Dragnet]]'', which aired on June 7, 1951, was based on this case. When the show moved to [[television]], the radio script was adapted into a [[teleplay]] and broadcast on December 4, 1952. The plot of the episode focuses primarily on the story of Arthur Hutchins' impersonation of Walter Collins. Oddly, in this version, the parental figure who reports the disappearance of the character based on Walter Collins is a widowed grandfather, raising the child on his own after the deaths of the boy's parents, rather than a single mother.

*''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]'', a 2008 film directed by [[Clint Eastwood]], is also based on the Northcott case. The film primarily depicts the plight of Christine Collins, the mother of Walter Collins, and her search for her real son.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Duffy | first = Clinton T.
| title = 88 Men and 2 Women
| page =
| publisher = [[Doubleday]]
| year = 1962
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Jenkins | first = Philip
| title = Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America
| page = p 221
| publisher = [[Yale University Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0300109636
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Jenkins | first = Philip
| title = Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide
| page = p 184
| publisher = Aldine Transaction
| year = 1994
| isbn = 0202305252
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Paul | first = James Jeffrey
| title = Nothing is Strange with You: The Life and Crimes of Gordon Stewart Northcott
| publisher = [[Xlibris]]
| month = September
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-1-4363-6627-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rasmussen | first = Cecilia
| title = L. A. Unconventional: The Men & Women Who Did L. A. Their Way
| publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| month = October
| year = 1998
| isbn = 978-1883792237
}}

==External links==
*[[Los Angeles Public Library]] [http://catalog.lapl.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?5005+CONFIGcw_photo.ini+language_3_useDatabase_968 LAPL Photo Collection] Keyword [http://catalog1.lapl.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?resultsScreen+9451+1+10+0 northcott] This is a collection of 121 photographs associated with the case.
*[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/changeling/index.html Original ''Los Angeles Times'' stories and photos on Walter Collins' disappearance]
*[http://www.insidesocal.com/mt/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=165&tag=christine%20collins&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=165 Frank Girardot's Crime Scene blog about Christine Collins]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wineville Chicken Murders}}
[[Category:History of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Kidnappings]]
[[Category:Murder]]
[[Category:Riverside County, California]]
[[Category:Murdered American children]]
[[Category:Disappeared people]]
[[Category:People murdered in California]]
[[Category:People from California]]
[[Category:American murder victims]]
[[Category:Unsolved crimes]]

[[es:Crímenes de Wineville]]

Harvey McGregor

2008-11-04T11:14:53Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Harvey McGregor''' [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] [[Doctor of Civil Laws|DCL]] (born [[25 February]] [[1926]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] lawyer and [[Queen's Counsel]] and was Warden of [[New College, Oxford]], from 1985 to 1996.

==Early life==
The son of William Guthrie Robertson McGregor and Agnes McGregor ([[née]] Reid), McGregor was educated at [[Inverurie Academy]], [[Scarborough High School]], and [[Queen's College, Oxford]], where he held the Hastings Scholarship and graduated BA in 1951, BCL in 1952, MA in 1955, and [[Doctor of Civil Laws|DCL]] in 1983.

Before going up to Oxford, McGregor served as a [[Flying Officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force]] for two years, from 1946 to 1948.

==Career==
McGregor was [[called to the bar]] from the [[Inner Temple]] in 1955 and became a [[Bencher]] in 1985. He was admitted to the [[Faculty of Advocates]] in 1995.<ref name=ww>'[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U25704 McGREGOR, Harvey]', in ''Who's Who 2008'', A & C Black, 2008, online edition by Oxford University Press, December 2007, accessed 26 August 2008</ref>

He was Bigelow teaching Fellow in the [[University of Chicago]], 1950–1951, Visiting Professor at [[New York University]] and [[Rutgers University]] at various times between 1963 and 1969 and at the [[University of Edinburgh]] from 1998. He was a consultant to the Law Commission, 1966–1973.<ref name=ww/>

President, [[Harvard Law School]] Association of the UK, 1981–2001, and Member of the Academy of European Private Lawyers, from 1994. Independent Chairman, [[London Theatre Council]] and [[The Theatre Council]] (formerly Provincial Theatre Council), since 1992 (and Deputy Chairman, 1971–1992). President, Oxford Stage Company, since 1992, and Trustee of the [[Oxford Union Society]], 1977 to 2004 (Chairman of Trustees, 1994–2004), a Fellow of [[Winchester College]], 1985 to 1996, and a Trustee of the Migraine Trust since 1999.<ref name=ww/>

==Selected publications==
*''McGregor on Damages'' (12th edition 1961 to 17th edition 2003)
*''Contract Code'' (1993)
*contributor to ''International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law'' (1972)

At the ''[[Modern Law Review]]'', McGregor has been a member of the Editorial Board since 1986 and was previously a member of the Editorial Committee from 1967.<ref name=ww/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Lifetime|1926||McGregor, Harvey}}

[[Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Barristers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]

Rogue (Marvel Comics)

2008-10-01T13:56:41Z

195.6.25.118: /* Early life */

{{Cleanup|date=January 2008}}
{{Plot|date=January 2008}}
{{Superherobox| 
image=[[Image:Rogue by diablo2003.jpg|275px]]
|caption=Rogue. Art by [[Mark Brooks (comics)|Mark Brooks]].
|character_name=Rogue
|real_name=Anna Marie
|species=[[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|Human Mutant]]
|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
|debut=''Avengers Annual'' #10 (August 1981)
|creators=[[Chris Claremont]] [[Michael Golden]]
|alliance_color=background:#ffc0c0
|alliances=[[X-Men]] [[X-Treme Sanctions Executive|XSE]] [[Brotherhood of Mutants]]
|aliases=Anna Raven, Dr. Kellogg, Malicia, Miss Smith
|powers=Absorption of memories, skills, and powers through skin to skin contact. The longer the contact occurs, the longer Rogue will retain the abilities or memories. If she maintains contact for long enough, the absorption is permanent.
 ([[Rogue (comics)#Powers and abilities|details]])
|}}

'''Rogue''' ('''Anna Marie''') is a [[fictional character]], part of the [[Marvel Comics]] mutant super-team, the [[X-Men]]. Created by writer [[Chris Claremont]] and artist [[Michael Golden]], she first appeared in [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] annual publication #10 ([[1981#August|August 1981]]). Moreso than many [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutants]], Rogue considers her powers a curse. She involuntarily absorbs the memories, physical strength and, in the case of super-powered persons, abilities of anyone she touches. This potentially fatal power prevents her from making physical contact with others, including her longtime on-again off-again love interest, [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]].

Hailing from [[Mississippi]], she is the X-Men's self-described [[southern belle]]. A [[runaway youth|runaway]], she was adopted by [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] of the [[Brotherhood of Mutants]] but turned to the X-Men when the aftereffects of her repeated use of her mutant power – particularly the permanent absorption of [[Ms. Marvel]]'s psyche and [[Kree]] powers – threatened her sanity. She is the step sister of fellow X-Men Member [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]].

Rogue has been one of the most popular and consistent members of the X-Men since the 1980s. She was #5 on IGN's Top Twenty-Five X-Men list,<ref>[http://comics.ign.com/articles/708/708826p5.html The Top 25 X-Men]</ref> and #4 on their Top Ten X-Babes list.<ref>[http://comics.ign.com/articles/705/705361p2.html Top Ten X-Babes]</ref> She has been featured in all X-Men [[List of animated television series|animated series]] and various [[video game]]s. In the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]], she is portrayed by Academy Award winner [[Anna Paquin]]. Her visual cue is often the white streak that runs through her hair.

==Publication history==
{{Supercbbox| 
title=Rogue (vol. 1, 3) Marvel Icons: Rogue (vol. 2)
|noimage=yes
|schedule='''Vol. 1-3''': Monthly 
|format='''Vol. 1-2''' Standard U.S., 4 color. Mini Series. '''Vol. 3''' Standard U.S., 4 color. Ongoing 
|publisher='''Vol. 1-3''': [[Marvel Comics]]
|date='''Vol. 1''': 1994 '''Vol. 2''': 2001 '''Vol. 3''': 2004-2005 
|issues='''Vol. 1''': 4 '''Vol. 2''': 4 '''Vol. 3''': 12 
|main_char_team=
|writers='''Vol. 1''': [[Howard Mackie]] '''Vol. 2''': [[Fiona Avery]] '''Vol. 3''': [[Robert Rodi]] (#1-6) [[Tony Bedard]] (#7-12) 
|artists=
|pencillers='''Vol. 1''': [[Mike Wieringo]] '''Vol. 2''': Aaron Lopresti '''Vol. 3''': [[Cliff Richards]] (#1-6) Karl Moline (#7-12) 
|inkers='''Vol. 1''':[[Terry Austin (comics)|Terry Austin]] '''Vol. 2''': [[Randy Emberlin]] '''Vol. 3''':Norm Rapmund (#1-6) 
|colorists=
|creative_team_month=
|creative_team_year=
|creators=[[Chris Claremont]] Michael Golden 
}}

{{Expand|date=September 2008}}
Rogue was first slated to appear in ''[[Ms. Marvel]]'' #25 (1979) (and artwork for the first half of the story was completed), but the book's abrupt cancellation left her original introduction story unpublished for over a decade, before seeing print in ''Marvel Super Heroes'' #11 in 1992. Rogue's first published appearance was in ''Avengers'' Annual #10 (1981). She made her first X-Book appearance in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #158 and joined the [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]] in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #171. Rogue has also had two mini-series and one ongoing title.

Rogue is unusual among the X-Men as her real name and her early history were not revealed until more than twenty years after her introduction. Until the backstory provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing ''Rogue'' series, begun in September 2004, Rogue's background was only hinted at. This resulted in Rodi's version of Rogue's origins inadvertantly conflicting with earlier information. In ''X-Men Unlimited'' #4, Scott Lobdell indicates that Rogue ran away from her father after her mutant powers manifested, but in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #182, Rogue reflects that she never knew her father because he'd left before she was born, and several issues, including ''Uncanny X-Men'' #178 and ''X-Men'' #93, indicate that Rogue was taken in by Mystique and Destiny before her mutation became active.

==Fictional character biography==
===Early life===
Her parents, Owen and Priscilla, married early in their relationship and lived in a back-to-nature [[hippie]] commune in Caldecott County, [[Mississippi]].<ref>''Rogue'' #2 (October 2004)</ref> Born as Anna Marie, she also enjoyed the attentions of her Aunt Carrie, on her mother's side. The commune's failed attempt to use Native American mysticism to reach the 'Far Banks' resulted in Priscilla's disappearance. Carrie took over Anna's care, and in her grief at the loss of her sister, was a strict and authoritarian guardian. Anna Marie was a rebellious child<ref>''Rogue'' #2</ref> and her equally poor relationship with her father prompted her to run away from home as a young teenager. This also prompted the nickname "Rogue." Not long after, she was approached by [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]], who sought her out on the advice of her precognitive partner [[Destiny (Irene Adler)|Destiny]]. Mystique ultimately takes Rogue in as a daughter.

At some point, Rogue grows close to a boy named Cody Robbins. During their flirtation, she impulsively kisses Cody, at which point her latent mutant power to absorb the life energy and psyche of others with skin-to-skin contact emerges. Rogue is traumatized by the experience, and Cody is left in a coma from which he would not awaken. She wears body-concealing clothing that eliminates the possibility of accidental skin contact. She wishes she "did not have to cover up so much around folks, to protect them from me," but utilizes, under appropriate and acceptable circumstances, more normal clothing.

In time, however, Mystique turns Rogue's loneliness, envy, bitterness, and despair into [[anger]], thus recruiting her into the [[Brotherhood of Mutants|Brotherhood of Evil Mutants]].

===Brotherhood of Mutants===
After Rogue's mutation emerges, [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] begins coaxing Rogue to take part in her terrorist activities as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants. Rogue is initially not interested, wanting only a normal life, but after an incident (depicted in Ann Nocenti's "Her First And Last" in ''Classic X-Men'' #44) in which she absorbs and knocks out a boy named Freddy when he dares her to [[kiss]] him, she seems to give up on normality and begins taking part in Mystique's plans.

During this period, Rogue and Mystique associate briefly with a mutant named [[Blindspot]], whose power to erase the memories of others by touch somehow counteracts Rogue's mutation enough to allow them to make physical contact safely. Blindspot and Rogue become good friends, but when Mystique decides to sever professional ties with Blindspot, Blindspot erases all memory of her from both Mystique and Rogue in order to protect herself.

[[Image:RogueVs Warbird.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Rogue vs. the [[Ms. Marvel]] persona on the cover of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #269, art by [[Jim Lee]].]]

When Mystique debuts her Brotherhood of Evil Mutants ([[Pyro (comics)|Pyro]], [[Blob (comics)|Blob]], and [[Avalanche (comics)|Avalanche]]), Destiny advises her to keep Rogue out of the action, advice which proved important when several members of the new Brotherhood - including Destiny herself - are arrested and imprisoned. Here, again, the comics are contradictory: ''Avengers Annual'' #10, which included Rogue's first appearance, indicated that part of Mystique's plan to free Destiny and the other members of the Brotherhood involves having Rogue attack and absorb Carol Danvers (then retired and living in San Francisco) in order to make use of her formidable powers. However, in ''Marvel Super Heroes'' #11, probably in an effort to make Rogue's actions less villainous, Destiny is shown having a premonition that Ms. Marvel will be a threat to Rogue, and Rogue, overhearing this, sets out to defeat [[Ms. Marvel]] on her own.

Regardless, Rogue ultimately confronts Ms. Marvel on her front doorstep as she is returning home from grocery shopping, and deliberately absorbs her powers. Something goes wrong as Ms. Marvel fights too hard and too long, and the transfer of [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]] and powers (initially sans Ms. Marvel's precognitive "seventh sense") becomes permanent. The shock of absorbing such a formidable persona drives Rogue insane, and she attempts to kill Ms. Marvel by throwing her off the Golden Gate Bridge. Unbeknownst to Rogue, Ms. Marvel is saved from the fall by the original [[Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)|Spider-Woman]], Jessica Drew. Ms. Marvel is comatose for a short period of time before her memories (sans the emotional attachments) are restored by Spider Woman's friend, Professor Charles Xavier of the X-Men. Rogue later felt tremendous guilt over the incident and it still haunts her to this day.

Later, Rogue tangles several times with [[Dazzler]] (in ''Dazzler'' #22-23 and #28), developing a grudge against her for her controllable mutation and her relationship with Angel of the X-Men. Mystique intends for Rogue to absorb Angel - the only X-Man whose identity is publicly known at the time - in order to learn the team's whereabouts, but Rogue balks, afraid of the effect of absorbing a physical mutation like Angel's wings, and is defeated by Dazzler a few times before Dazzler is publicly outed as a mutant and goes into hiding.

===X-Men===
The more Rogue used her mutant power, the more her mind became filled with fragmentary psychic echoes of the people she absorbed, and Carol Danvers' psyche was nearly a completely distinct personality within her mind who would sometimes ''take over'' when Rogue's will was weak. It became harder and harder for Rogue to hold on to her own personality, and she feared that her powers would drive her insane. Unbeknownst to her or Mystique, the process was also helped along by [[Mastermind (Jason Wyngarde)|Mastermind]], who subtly exacerbated Rogue's already severe psychological distress as a means of revenge against Mystique. Desperate, she turned to [[Professor X|Professor Charles Xavier]] and the X-Men (''Uncanny X-Men'' #171). He was unable to do a satisfactory psychic scan of her, due to the clashing human and [[Kree]] portions of her psyche. Still, Xavier's charity towards all mutants led him to welcome her into his home and the X-Men, regardless of his team having previously fought Rogue and in spite of the X-Men's own strong objections. The X-Men even threatened to disband themselves and leave the school should Rogue be accepted. It was only Xavier's argument that all mutants deserve a chance for redemption that prevented the dissolution of the X-Men.

[[Image:Rogue.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Rogue on the cover of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #359. Art by Chris Bachalo and Tim Townsend.]]

Her initial months with the team were rough, as she was seen as a latent threat, a Brotherhood mole within the X-Men. When the team met up with Wolverine in [[Tokyo]] (where he was preparing for his marriage to [[Mariko Yashida]]), she was given a chilly reception by him -- Wolverine, having been a good friend and professional partner to Carol Danvers, expressed a desire to "cut out her heart". However, after the rest of the team (save Rogue, Storm, and Wolverine) were incapacitated by poison, they were forced to learn to work as a team to find the culprit. Wolverine was not impressed by Rogue's brashness and lack of experience, and even threatened to kill her after she jokingly suggested kissing him after he knocked her out of the way of a trap. The plot was traced back to the [[Viper (Madame Hydra)|Viper]] and her lover, the [[Silver Samurai]], whom they met in the hospital that the X-Men were admitted to. Rogue nearly died during the battle by taking a prolonged laser blast from the Viper to shield Mariko, who had shown her genuine trust and kindness. Wolverine, after the battle and over Rogue's own objections, kissed her to transfer his healing powers to her. She had gained his trust and respect for her efforts to protect his fiancee.

Soon after, she gained the full trust of the rest of the team by again risking her life to save [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]], who had been superheated and then rapidly cooled by [[Pyro (comics)|Pyro]]. She absorbed Colossus' powers, leaving her in the same rigid, melted form as he was to allow the [[Morlocks (comics)|Morlock]] [[Healer (comics)|Healer]] to heal the damage done to Colossus.

Among the X-Men, Rogue's life improved, but she continued to struggle with Carol Danvers' residual personality. The Danvers personality had grown so strong by this point that "Carol" had replaced Rogue's standard X-Men costume with Ms. Marvel's former superhero uniform during battle, which caused Rogue much anger when she would finally gain control of her body again. Eventually, Rogue was pulled through the mystical gateway known as the [[Siege Perilous (comics)|Siege Perilous]], where she was judged by otherdimensional forces with the promise of a "new life." Returned to Earth, Rogue was purged of the remaining portions of Carol's personality, truly becoming her own woman again, but was also temporarily stripped of her powers for a time. However, after Rogue emerged from the Siege, she found herself back in the abandoned ghost town in [[Australia]] the X-Men had taken up residence in after the ''[[Fall of the Mutants]]'' storyline. She was confronted by not only the [[Reavers (comics)|Reavers]], but by Carol Danvers herself, whose disembodied psyche had been re-integrated by passing through the Siege and being separated from Rogue. Rogue fled from Carol as she battled the Reavers, and absorbed the powers of the mutant [[Gateway (comics)|Gateway]] in order to teleport herself to safety. Carol arrived before she could escape and plunged through the portal Rogue had summoned, and both of them disappeared.

Rogue, as it turned out, ended up powerless in the [[Savage Land]], but Carol had been teleported to [[Muir Island]], where she came into conflict with some of the X-Men's allies who had fallen under the mental enslavement of the [[Shadow King]]. Carol fought him, but his vast psionic powers overwhelmed and corrupted her. He then sent her to the Savage Land to find Rogue and the two battled fiercely. It was also shown during the fight that there was not enough lifeforce between the two to sustain both of them physically as a result of the separation. Just as Rogue was on the verge of being drained completely, [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]] suddenly intervened and destroyed the Ms. Marvel Persona, saving Rogue's life. The two briefly toyed with a romance. Rogue ultimately saw through Magneto's noble facade when he killed the high priestess [[Zaladane]], who had amassed an army of Savage Land natives. With Rogue's perception of her potential lover shaken, she flew to Muir Island to rejoin the rest of the X-Men when her powers had fully returned. Like the others on the island, however, she fell under the influence of the Shadow King, until freed by the efforts of [[Forge (comics)|Forge]] to help in the battle against the Shadow King, [[Legion (Marvel Comics)|Legion]], and [[Malice (comics)|Malice]]. After the battle was over and the X-Men divided into two teams to better make use of their large number of active members, Rogue was assigned to the Blue Team, under the leadership of [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]] and alongside new X-Man, and love interest, [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]].

Rogue and Gambit were immediately attracted to each other, but the development of their relationship was slow and rocky, partly as a result of her inability to control her powers and partly as a result of long-term issues, including secrecy and dishonesty, with previous relationships on Gambit's part. Though even through their many breaks ups and make-ups, Gambit and Rogue have one of the longest and most popular relationships in the X-Men series, probably only second to Cyclops and Jean Grey. Incidentally, Cody Robbins, the first person to fall victim to Rogue's powers, was later killed by Gambit's ex-wife [[Bella Donna#Bella Donna Boudreaux|Bella Donna]].

It was eventually revealed that Mystique had two sons: the now-deceased anti-mutant politician [[Graydon Creed]] and Rogue's long-time teammate, [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]]. Rogue and Nightcrawler consider themselves to be siblings, although the revelation has not particularly altered their friendship.

Following the supposed 'death' of Cyclops, the X-Men team underwent major changes, amongst them Rogue being made the team's new field commander. Her even temper and years of X-Men service made her an ideal leader and she continued to lead the team until Storm returned.

When the Galactic Council transformed Earth into a maximum-security penal colony for hundreds of extraterrestrial criminals, Rogue absorbed the attributes of Z'Cann -- a telepathic alien [[shapeshifting|shapeshifter]] who had joined Cadre K, Xavier's Skrull equivalent to the X-Men. Z'Cann purposely touched Rogue to activate the mutant's abilities as the two evaded bounty hunters. Z'Cann used her telepathy to amplify Rogue's capacity to assimilate memories, causing her powers to mutate.

===X-Treme X-Men Team===
Rogue was part of the [[X-Treme X-Men]] team led by [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]]. The team's first mission was in search of Destiny's Diaries (which prophesied future events). During an invasion of [[Khan (comics)|Khan]] (an alien conqueror from another dimension) of an isle nation [[Madripoor]], Rogue requested that [[Sage (comics)|Sage]] use her power jump-starting abilities to evolve Rogue to a point where she could control all of the various powers that she has ever imprinted. Sage agreed, and Rogue became a one-woman army, able to use the powers of anyone she had absorbed in the past all at once.

[[Image:X-Treme X-Men -6.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Rogue on the cover of X-Treme X-Men #6, art by [[Salvador Larroca]].]]

During Khan's invasion, Rogue was also confronted by [[Vargas (comics)|Vargas]] who was said to be "a new species altogether." Vargas foresaw himself being killed by Rogue in [[Destiny (Irene Adler)|Destiny]]'s diaries and, despite his belief in the prophecies, attempted to stop this eventuality from happening. Thus, in the midst of the invasion battle, Vargas ambushed Rogue as she was trying to rescue Gambit (see ''[[X-Treme X-Men]]''), spearing both Rogue and Gambit with his blade before escaping. Rogue survived due to possessing Wolverine's and Hulk's powers. Returning to the city shortly after the battle to recover his sword, Vargas was surprised in turn by Rogue dressed in Psylocke's costume (Vargas having killed [[Psylocke]] earlier for sport). After a lengthy battle, Rogue "fulfilled her destiny" by seemingly finishing Vargas off with his own weapon. It is later revealed that Rogue may have in fact let Vargas live (the camera that was filming the battle lost power at the moment of what seemed to be an impending death blow), since we see him as part of the XSE in ''[[X-Men: The End]]'', although that particular series is not canon. Returning to Gambit, Rogue, with the help of [[Jean Grey]], forced him from near death.

Following the repulsion of the invasion, Rogue realized that Destiny's Prophecies were only possibilities and that trying to follow them was more dangerous than ignoring them. She also learned that she had inherited a mansion in New Orleans from Destiny, as well as a sizable fortune, and the X-Treme X-Men team retired there to recuperate. Rogue soon left the team with Gambit, since they both emerged powerless from their ordeals and wanted to explore their relationship further.

It's during this time period that many readers believe that Rogue and Gambit had consummated their relationship in a sexual manner because of Rogue's lack of absorption. There is not much to verify these accounts except for in the final issue of X-Treme X-Men before Sage forces Gambit's powers to return; Sage is disguised as Rogue to charge Gambit's adrenaline. However, she is dressed a provocative outfit that Gambit may have been used to seeing before in the bedroom.

While on the road, Rogue and Gambit encountered mutants who hated non-mutants. Not wanting to provoke them, Rogue tried to negotiate but they started a fight and Gambit and Rogue (both powerless) fought them. They lost, and their opponents destroyed Rogue's bike. Shortly thereafter, Rogue and Gambit met a young mutant going by the name of Paint, who possessed the power to "paint" tattoos by touch alone. Rogue complimented Paint on her tattoos and in return, Paint gave Rogue some tattoos of her own.

Rogue ended up living in a beach house in Valle Soleada, a town where mutants and humans coexisted peacefully. She subsequently received a visit from Bishop and Sage and, after a series of events involving an investigation into the murder of a human girl's family, Rogue and Gambit signed up with Bishop and Sage to help Storm's X-Treme X-Men stop Sage's enemy and former boss Elias Bogan. After the battle, Rogue asked Sage to restore Gambit's abilities, which she did. Gambit asked if the same could be done for Rogue's powers, but it was never revisited after Rogue quickly dismissed his comment.

===Back to the X-Men===
Rogue and Gambit returned to the X-Men as part of Marvel's [[X-Men ReLoad|ReLoad]]. Over time, Rogue's own abilities returned naturally. However, she no longer possessed the abilities she had absorbed from Ms. Marvel. Rogue and Gambit were both put on Havok's team and on their first mission back, the X-Men battled against a [[China|Chinese]] mutant team to rescue [[Xorn]]. They succeeded and brought Xorn back to the X-Mansion with them.

The X-Men then faced a new Brotherhood in [[Philadelphia]]. The Brotherhood followed them back to the Mansion and attacked them at home. Rogue notably fought [[Black Tom Cassidy]], while the other X-Men fought off the rest of the Brotherhood. Black Tom almost killed Rogue, but she was saved by [[Northstar]].

As described in her own miniseries, Rogue then traveled down south to save a young mutant girl from her powers. While there, she met Campbell St. Ange, a young man who was immune to Rogue's lethal touch. Also while there, Rogue forcibly absorbed knowledge from her Aunt Carrie that explained that Rogue's mother had traveled to the Far Banks, a dream-realm, to stop her father from getting there himself. Rogue encountered the incorporeal spirit of her mother therein, and absorbed her memories. After the reunion, her mother's trapped spirit could finally move on. Rogue subsequently went back to her Aunt Carrie and made amends with her, considering her Aunt Carrie her mother now.

Rogue then returns to the X-Men and fights with the team against the monstrous Golgotha - large space creatures with limited telepathic abilities that induce insanity in some by bringing forth deep fears, insecurities, and hidden thoughts. During this ordeal, as the result of Golgotha influence, Rogue and Gambit get into a fight about the reality of their relationship when limited by Rogue's powers. Wolverine, also under the influence of Golgotha, then reveals he has always had feelings for Rogue, and kisses her. While recovering from Logan's mind, Rogue receives a call from [[Emma Frost]], who, in perceiving that she has gotten really old and ugly as the result of Golgotha, is trying to kill Havok, mistakenly thinking [[Havok (comics)|Havok]] to be Cyclops who would now stop loving her. Rogue defuses the situation and prevents Havok from having to defend himself. Rogue later absorbs both Havok and [[Polaris (comics)|Polaris]]' powers when the X-Men fight and apparently defeat a herd of Golgotha in space.

While on a trip to Japan to investigate an incriminating photo of her and [[Sunfire (comics)|Sunfire]] engaged in criminal activities, both Rogue and Sunfire, learn that Rogue's former friend and teammate of the Brotherhood, Blindspot, has erased both their memories of the event. In this storyline, Rogue accidentally and permanently absorbs Sunfire's fire abilities (who has lost his legs to Deathstrike and thus doesn't want to live) and fights [[Lady Deathstrike]] and later the X-Men, after Blindspot removes her memories of the X-Men from Rogue's mind (which return to her eventually in the arc).

Rogue returns to the X-Mansion only to find that Gambit was being seduced by the student called Foxx. It is later revealed, however, that [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]], displeased with Rogue's choice of lovers, infiltrated the Xavier Institute by shapeshifting into Foxx and joined Gambit's squad in an attempt to ruin his relationship with Rogue. After Gambit resists her charms, Mystique reverts to her true form and offers Gambit something more difficult to refuse: she transforms into Rogue and offered Gambit a Rogue with whom he could have a physical relationship. Whether or not they actually engage in a sexual relationship, however, is uncertain (although Gambit insists that nothing happened). Rogue eventually discovers her mother's presence in the school and her attempts to seduce Gambit, becoming furious with both parties. Because Gambit had failed to tell Rogue of Mystique's presence in the Institute, their relationship develops the exact rift Mystique was hoping for and allows her to set up her daughter with her accomplice, [[Pulse (X-Men)|Pulse]]. After being discovered, Mystique asks the X-Men for permission to stay at the Mansion. The X-Men vote and Mystique is allowed to be a [[Probation (workplace)|probationary]] member of the X-Men, a decision neither Rogue or Gambit are happy with.

===Blood of Apocalypse===
In the events that followed M-Day, the mutant [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] is re-awoken; Gambit, seeking redemption from Rogue and his fellow X-Men, is transformed by him into the newest Death. Gambit had believed he could control whatever Apocalypse would do to him, in hopes of only gaining more power to protect Rogue and the X-Men from the villain. However, under mental control, Gambit is forced to try and kill Rogue, the only part of Gambit's past life that remains, twice. After Apocalypse's defeat, Sunfire, another mutant he had transformed, and Gambit leave the X-Men to try and fix their lives.

===Endangered Species: Rogue's X-Men===
[[Image:X-Men -192.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Rogue and her new team in X-Men #192, art by [[Chris Bachalo]]. ]]

As Professor Xavier goes into space after the villain [[Vulcan (Marvel Comics)|Vulcan]] and Havok and several X-Men go with him, Cyclops gives Rogue the authority to form her own team, complimenting her inspired improvisation in battle situations. She is hesitant at first, because of Gambit's recent disappearance with Sunfire, but accepts the position, saying that when he comes back, she'd still be at the school. She chooses [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]], [[Cannonball (comics)|Cannonball]], [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], [[Sabretooth (comics)|Sabretooth]], [[Lady Mastermind]], [[Karima Shapandar]], and [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]], a line-up Cyclops does not agree with.

Mystique seemingly tries to repair her relationship with Rogue, but is rebuffed. Rogue's team defeats the group known as the [[Children of the Vault]]. Afterward, Rogue declares her team will be leaving the [[X-Mansion]]. Rogue is hospitalized after a battle with [[Pandemic (comics)|Pandemic]]. [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], desiring Rogue's help in defeating the Hecatomb, forces Rogue awake. Pandemic had altered Rogue's powers, amplifying them. She accidentally kills a nurse who touches her. In defeating Hecatomb, Rogue absorbs psyches of eight billion entities that had been stored inside it. She seemingly recovers from this incident, but there are indications she now craves the process of absorbing.

The team moves to Rogue's hometown of Caldecott for Rogue to recover. As Cyclops and Emma Frost arrive to help Rogue cope with the immensity of the voices in her mind, [[Marauders (comics)|Marauders]] arrive seeking the Destiny's diaries. As part of the attack, it is revealed that Mystique is working with Marauders and for [[Mister Sinister]]. In ''X-Men'' #200, Mystique shoots Rogue and takes her back to Mr. Sinister's base, who only keeps Rogue alive because she holds all the information of Destiny's Diaries within her mind. Gambit, who has joined the Marauders and Mr. Sinister again, is seen still very protective of Rogue and accuses Mystique of being too careless in how she captured Rogue. Gambit is shown standing over Rogue trying to get her to wake up after she has fallen into a trance overcome by the minds she absorbed and expresses his apologies for what he had done before rejoining Sinister. Rogue has flashes of memories, both of her and Gambit during the time that they had known each other, and of the millions of minds she absorbed, while in her coma-like state before briefly waking up and recognizing Gambit. She tells him she had a nightmare, before spouting incoherent words and mysterious coordinates.

===[[X-Men: Messiah Complex|Messiah Complex]]===
The X-Men attack the Marauders' Antarctic base in order to rescue Rogue and the mysterious mutant baby who is at the center of Messiah Complex. However the baby eventually took precedence and the X-Men did not recover (or even see) Rogue.

Mr. Sinister, now in possession of the mutant baby, relocates the Marauders to Muir Island, the former research center of the late [[Moira MacTaggert]]. While standing by Rogue's bedside, Mystique is visited by Mr. Sinister who tells her that there will be no cure for Rogue and she will eventually die. Without warning, Mystique ambushes Sinister and shoves his face onto Rogue's. The instant contact seemingly kills Sinister.

[[Image:Rogue-coma-207.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Rogue in her coma with Mystique and Gambit at her bed-side.]]

Mystique, in keeping with the words of the Destiny Diaries, places the baby's face in direct contact with Rogue's, with the understanding that Rogue would awaken from her comatose state. While the baby was not affected by Rogue's power, Rogue, to Mystique's surprise, did not awaken as the Destiny Diaries predicted.

However, moments later, Rogue wakes up to a crying Mystique and Gambit, and they begin to argue. Rogue says she's tired of people's lives being destroyed by Mystique and removes her glove to grab Mystique's face, fully absorbing her powers and consciousness but she then realizes that the baby's touch had healed her of the Strain 88 and the death touch. Rogue wishes she had realized this before touching Mystique because now the only mind fragment she is left with is Mystique's and she never wants to have anything to do with her again. Mystique is left on the floor incapacitated as Rogue tells Gambit that when the baby touched her, it removed all the psyches of everybody she has ever touched and that only herself and Mystique are left in her mind. She says she needs to be alone and that if Gambit still cares for her, he would not follow this time.

===Legacy===
[[Image:Rogue 215.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Back at the Australian X-Men HQ.]]

As revealed in X-Men: Legacy #210, Rogue is traveling around the Australian outback on a motorcycle. Rogue has returned to the Old X-men headquarters in Maynards Plains, Australia. She is shown talking to Mystique, still a part of Rogue's pysche. Rogue is fed up with being unable to be alone in her head, and states that ''"Ah'm tired of goin' through life wearin' prophylactics on both of mah hands. It's got to change, Mystique, and ah waited long enough for someone else to change it for me. Too long. Didn't Happen. Now-- It's down to little ol' me, ain't it?"'' (#219) Legacy writer Mike Carey has confirmed that Rogue will be the center of an upcoming Legacy storyline beginning in issue #219.

==Powers and abilities==
Due to the nature of her unique mutant powers, Rogue has had several different abilities over the years:

=== Mutant powers ===
Rogue is able to absorb psyches and abilities of individuals or several beings at once, though the experience can be confusing and disorienting for her. This includes their personality, memories, and often their physical characteristics. In the case of superpowered individuals, she also absorbs any extra abilities they might possess. This absorption usually leaves its victim weakened, and sometimes unconscious. Their powers may also be temporarily weakened or removed.

This transfer is usually temporary, lasting for a period of time relative to how long contact is maintained, but if Rogue holds on to her victim for too long, the transfer may become permanent, leaving the victim dead. Most often this process happens instantly when Rogue touches someone, but in certain instances where a being has possessed an extraordinary level of power they are able to resist her, and she may only share part of their memories and power.

As Rogue is absorbing the total psyche of a person, there is a risk of a personality overwhelming her and taking control of her body. It has also been shown that even though Rogue forgets the memories she has absorbed when a psyche returns to its body, 'echoes' of their personalities remain buried in her mind.

=== Ms. Marvel powers ===
As a young woman, Rogue permanently absorbed the many powers and psyche of [[Ms. Marvel]] (Carol Danvers):

* Superhuman strength, capable of lifting up to 80 tons.
* Superhuman durability to most forms of physical harm, though she could still be injured in extreme cases.
* Flight (her speeds were often inconsistently presented).
* Precognitive sixth sense (this ability was also inconsistently utilized).
* Resistance to telepathy (said to have been a byproduct of two minds existing in the one body and/or Carol Danvers' Kree physiology).

When Rogue later lost all of her superhuman abilities for a time, her Ms. Marvel abilities vanished and did not return.

=== 'X-Treme' powers ===
During the ''[[Maximum Security]]'' miniseries, Rogue absorbed an injured [[Skrull#Notable Skrulls|Cadre K]] girl named Z'Cann. The girl held on longer than necessary, using her telepathy to boost the process and because of this (perhaps because she had absorbed a fluid Skrull physiology) Rogue mutated further, gaining the ability to 'recall' the powers of anyone she had ever absorbed before, though she could not control when or which of these powers surfaced. For a short time Rogue also had a Skrull appearance, scanned as though she had Skrull DNA and had their shapeshifting powers, but these soon faded and she returned to her normal appearance.

Through meditation, Rogue learned how to suppress the random manifestations of most of these abilities, but found herself with Wolverine's claws and healing factor, and Cyclops' optic blasts for a time (she had to wear ruby quartz glasses), while also still retaining her mutant and Ms. Marvel powers.

Later [[Sage (comics)|Sage]] used her own mutant abilities to 'jump start' Rogue's power, giving her the control to manifest any ability she had ever absorbed, whenever she wished to. It is generally accepted that after regaining her powers after [[X-Treme X-Men]], she has lost this ability.

Though Z'Cann was a telepath, Rogue never displayed this power (she did manifest telepathy, but it was with the Phoenix energy form, so it was most likely an echo of Jean Grey's powers).

=== Powerless ===
For a time Rogue lost all of her powers, including her original mutant ones. During this period, she displayed exceptional fighting skills and agility, though it was said these were not superhuman in nature.

She also still possessed a 'fluid genome' that enabled Sage to use her as a conduit through which to channel the mutant powers of the [[X-Treme X-Men]] team in a fight against Bogan.

=== Mutant powers return ===
Rogue's mutant abilities eventually returned during Chuck Austen's brief run on the ''X-Men'' title in 2004, but without any explanation as to how, why, or when they returned. However, she only regained her absorption ability, and lost her powers imprinted from Ms. Marvel as well as the ability to recall powers she's absorbed in the past. After her recent experience with the Hecatomb, Rogue's absorption power has become lethal to anyone she touches, but after Messiah Complex, Rogue's powers have returned to normal after contact with the mysterious mutant newborn from the event.

=== Sunfire powers ===
In Rogue's mini-series (2004-2005), Rogue absorbed a large portion of the mutant Sunfire's solar-absorption based powers. In addition to her own natural mutant abilities Rogue could then:

* Project intense heat and flame.
* Envelop her body in a fiery aura.
* Fly by focusing her power downwards in a tight stream to propel her like a rocket.
* Focus her power inward to increase her strength (though not at her Ms. Marvel levels).
* Exercise immunity to heat and radiation.
* See the infra-red spectrum.

=== Back to Basics ===
Following the conclusion of Messiah Complex, Rogue's slate was wiped clean. The mutant baby's touch mysteriously erased all of the previous memories and abilities Rogue had absorbed, including those of the Hecatomb. It also cured her of the Strain 88 virus. Rogue's touch is no longer lethal; it simply steals the memories and abilities of individuals she comes in direct skin-to-skin contact with. The longer the contact, the longer Rogue retains the absorbed information.

==Rogue's name==
Rogue was one of the few comic book characters whose real name had never been revealed, until very recently. This was a controversial topic for years. In the films ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'', ''[[X2 (film)|X2: X-Men United]]'', and ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'', Rogue's real name is Marie. In the comics, her chosen name (according to ''X-Treme X-Men'' #31) is Anna Raven when her powers are inactive ([[Raven Darkholme]] is Mystique's name). The readers came close to finding out her name in ''X-Men'' #24 (when she was about to reveal it to Gambit on a date), but the [[Cajun]] stopped her before she could finish her sentence.

A recent solo series established Rogue's name as Anna Marie (surname unknown), having her aunt and the astral form of her mother refer to her as so, and Rogue acknowledging it. Rogue's profile in the most recent edition of the [[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe]] lists this as her real name.

==Other versions==
===House of M===
The ''[[House of M]]'' Rogue is an Agent of [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]] and part of the Red Guard, working with Wolverine, Mystique, Toad, Nightcrawler, and Jessica Drew. She plays an important role in the resistance to Magneto. After being contacted by the resistance movement, Rogue briefly touches [[Layla Miller]] and appears overwhelmed as the acquired power emanated from her and awakened others in the vicinity to the reality of the House. In the final battle, Rogue, finally able to unleash her powers to their full extent, tackles both [[Namor]] and Princess [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Ororo]] and absorbs their abilities, causing her to overflow with power. She even absorbed the powers of [[Genis-Vell]]. Due to the nature of Genis' genetics and powers, half of Rogue's body transforms into a seemingly window to a cosmic landscape of black void dotted with stars. During the end battle, [[Quicksilver (comics)|Quicksilver]] finds the cosmically powered Rogue waiting up top. Pietro slams into Rogue and is sent flying back.

'''''NOTE:''''' ''In an interview post-House of M, writer Brian Michael Bendis revealed that he originally intended for Rogue to permanently absorb the powers of [[Genis-Vell]] and for her to become Marvel's next cosmic powered character. However, the idea was nixed as the current writers and editors of the X-titles didn't like taking Rogue in this direction, so Rogue only temporarily kept Marvel's powers for the House of M series.''

===[[Mutant X (comics)| Mutant X]]===
In this darker reality, Rogue operates with a smaller X-Team consisting of Magneto, Nightcrawler, Polaris, Quicksilver, Cerebo, and a metallic-looking Mystique. Rogue herself maintains the steel and ridged skin of [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]] and wears a version of Ms. Marvel's lightning bolt uniform.

===Ultimate Rogue===
In the [[Ultimate Marvel]] continuity, Rogue is first introduced in the story arc ''Return to Weapon X'' (''Ultimate X-Men'' #7-12) as a prisoner of [[Weapon X#Ultimate Weapon X|Weapon X]] and she worked with Juggernaut and Nightcrawler. Her powers are exploited to steal sensitive information on the location and layout of [[X-Mansion#Ultimate X-Mansion|The Xavier Institute for Gifted Children]]. Using this information, agents of Weapon X storm the school and capture the X-Men. Rogue is released along with the X-Men, [[Juggernaut (comics)#Ultimate Juggernaut|Juggernaut]], and [[Nightcrawler (comics)#Ultimate Nightcrawler|Nightcrawler]], when a combination of the [[Brotherhood of Mutants#Other Marvel continuities|Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy]] and [[S.H.I.E.L.D.#Ultimate S.H.I.E.L.D.|S.H.I.E.L.D]] rescues them and destroys Weapon X's facility. Though offered a place on the X-Men, she joins the Brotherhood. She later joins the X-Men in the ''Return of the King'' arc (''Ultimate X-Men'' #27-33).

In the ''Cry Wolf'' arc (''Ultimate X-Men'' #50-53) , The X-Men are attacked by [[Alternate versions of Gambit#Ultimate Gambit|Gambit]] who kidnaps Rogue and takes her to his employers, [[Fenris (comics)|Andreas and Andrea von Strucker]]. They hope to use her powers for "[[Industrial espionage|corporate espionage]]." In exchange for her help, they promise her they will help her control her powers through a power-dampening material they had developed. She turns them down, feeling that her powers are her penance. Rebuked, they attack Rogue and Gambit. She touches both of them and uses their powers to fend off their guards. The X-Men arrive to take her back, but she turns them down and leaves with Gambit.

Rogue does not appear again until ''Ultimate X-Men Annual'' #1, in which she and Gambit fight Juggernaut. Gambit sacrifices himself to save Rogue, and she kisses him as he dies at his request. With this kiss, she takes his powers that seemingly overwrite her own, ridding her of her 'death touch' through several of the books (this also affects Rogue's appearance, as she acquires black eyes with red irises). In the subsequent story arc "Date Night" (''Ultimate X-Men'' #66-69), Rogue decides to rekindle her relationship with [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]] after she loses her virginity to him (something possible due to her being able to touch him now).

During ''Ultimate X-Men Annual'' #2, Rogue speaks to Professor Xavier about her concerns regarding Gambit's powers still remaining. Xavier theorizes this is only a temporary change, and her powers will return within time. Towards the end of the annual, Rogue touches a delusional Nightcrawler and her old powers re-emerge, causing her to start teleporting randomly, and she loses Gambit's power, sending her back into the shell of hiding her skin, much to her and Iceman's dismay.

During ''Ultimate X-Men'' #77, she loses her arm during a fight with Cable. However after absorbing some of Wolverine's healing power, her arm appears to grow back.

In Ultimate X-Men #80, Cyclops disbands the X-Men following Xavier's death. Rogue stays with Iceman at the Xavier Institute as a student. Xavier later returns revealing himself to be alive. Rogue once again becomes an X-Man. At the end of Ultimate X-Men, a Banshee-enhanced Rogue is seen to be a member of Colossus' team. Her appearance heavily altered, it seems her abilities have been enhanced such that she can call on absorbed abilities, as she has Colossus' armoured flesh and Angel's feathered wings extending from her arms.

In Ultimate X-Men #95, she reveals that when her father got drunk he would [[molest]] her. Once when he tried to touch her, she took his life. She also appears to have found out who Vindicator was, but before she could elaborate, Vindicator took her out.

Addicted to Banshee, Colossus' X-Men began to acquire more Banshee from the Acolytes. But they were discovered by the others and a battle raged. She absorbed Iceman's power and kissed him to show what Banshee could allow her. But the kiss was broken off by [[Firestar (comics)|Firestar]].

===X-Men: The End===
In an alternate future featured in the series ''[[X-Men: The End]]'', Rogue and Gambit are married and have two children named Olivier and Rebecca "Becca" LeBeau. Rogue has also gained complete control over her abilities in this timeline. This Rogue defeats Shaitan and rescues her children from the Neverland Camp, but was ultimately killed by Mr. Sinister when he was disguised as Gambit.

===[[Exiles (Marvel Comics)|Exiles]]===
In this reality, Rogue comes from a ''life of wealth and sophistication'', in which her powers still sets her apart from the others. Apparently a master thief, she has a different personality from her 616 version.

==In other media==
===Television===
====''X-Men''====
[[Image:Roguetas.jpg|left|175px|thumb|Rogue from the ''X-Men'' animated series from 1992-1997.]]

Rogue appeared in ''[[X-Men (TV series)|X-Men]]'' television series, where she was one of the most important members of the X-Men. In this animated series, she had her absorption powers, as well as Ms. Marvel abilities. She has a love-hate relationship with Gambit throughout most of the series, much like when they first met in the comics, but also shows a more flirtatious attitude towards numerous other characters, such as [[Warren Worthington III|Archangel]], [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]], and during the X-Men's appearance on ''[[Spider-Man (1994 TV series)|Spider-Man: The Animated Series]]'', she flirted with and kissed [[Spider-Man]] (with his mask on). During the series, Rogue almost takes the 'cure' which Apocalypse and Mystique secretly used to make mutants into their slaves. However, Rogue does not take the cure. She is also revisited by Cody, her first boyfriend, and almost runs away with him when she finds that she can touch him. She soon finds out, however, that he was part of a plot to have Rogue become the new leader of the Brood (referred to here as "the Family"). She attempts to convince him to come back with her to the mansion to help reverse his transformation, but fails in her attempts, leaving her to cry on Gambit's shoulder. Rogue was also present when [[Lilandra Neramani|Lilandra]] had to take Professor Xavier up to space with her. Rogue was voiced by [[Lenore Zann]].

====''X-Men: Evolution''====
[[Image:RogueEvo.jpg|right|175px|thumb|Rogue from the X-Men: Evolution series during the episode, Spykecam.]]

In this series, ''[[X-Men: Evolution]]'', Rogue is reimagined as a rebellious, yet deeply insecure, teenager with a stereotypical [[Gothic fashion|goth]] appearance. Her powers make her cynical and reclusive, but truthfully, she is consumed by the desire to get close to the people around her. She was raised by [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] and [[Destiny (Irene Adler)|Destiny]], soon being brought into the [[Brotherhood of Mutants]], but left when she found out that they nurtured her to be a potential weapon. Rogue has a strong interest in [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]], though her feelings for him fade soon after he and [[Jean Grey|Jean]] start dating. She is then shown having an interest in [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]] when they first met, when he kidnapped her, and when she kissed him in the season 3 finale (while under [[Mesmero|Mesmero's]] control). This was one of only two kisses to be seen in the series, the first being between Scarlet Witch and a disguised Toad.

Rogue's energy-absorbing abilities are very strong in this series, nearly driving her insane, but prove vital in the final episode against [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]]. Unlike in other universes, the powers she absorbs never totally fade, and at times, can still use a mutant's power (not always intentional) long after she had absorbed them. At times, she had more control over absorbed powers than their natural owner had (after absorbing Cyclops' power, she did not have to close her eyes).<ref>Turn of the Rogue. Season 1, Episode 7. X-Men Evolution.</ref>. Although this Rogue did not have superstrength or flight abilities, she displays some skill in hand-to-hand combat. She is never shown gaining [[Ms. Marvel|Ms. Marvel's]] abilities, but in Xavier's vision of the future, she is seen flying and not wearing gloves, suggesting contact with Ms. Marvel. She was voiced by [[Meghan Black]].

====''Wolverine and The X-Men''====
[[Image:Rogue trailer.jpg|left|175px|thumb|Rogue from the trailer of ''[[Wolverine and the X-Men]]''.]]
In the new animated series ''[[Wolverine and the X-Men]]'', Rogue will appear as both a member of the [[X-Men]] and the [[Brotherhood of Mutants|Brotherhood of Evil Mutants]] as a double agent. In the first episode, she appears to still maintain her anti-social attitude that appeared during X-Men: Evolution as Logan goes to tell her goodbye. In the second episode, Rogue seemingly warns the X-Men of an attempt on [[Robert Kelly (comics)|Senator Kelly's]] life, only to set them up to look like the attackers. In later episodes, Rogue displays a fairly liberal use of her abilities and is shown absorbing numerous mutants for a variety of reasons; for example, she absorbs both [[Juggernaut (comics)|Juggernaut]] and [[Shadowcat (comics)|Shadowcat]] in order to defeat an enemy in the 13th episode. Her X-Men uniform is like her original uniform from the X Men: The Animated Series which consists of a green and yellow uniform with a large brown jacket. Her casual clothing is reminiscent of one of her 1980's uniforms, which consisted of a green shirt and gloves over an all black outfit. She is also seen wearing a green cloak with the hood up, similiar to the one worn by [[Anna Paquin]] in the X-Men films. She is voiced by [[Kieren van den Blink]]. <ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0772145/]</ref>

===Films===
* Rogue was portrayed by [[Anna Paquin]] in the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' trilogy]]. In the films, her relationship with Wolverine echoes his relationships with both [[Jubilee (comics)|Jubilee]] and [[Kitty Pryde|Shadowcat]] in the comics; that of a protective surrogate father.

====''X-Men''====
In the [[X-Men (film)|first film]], "Rogue" -- real name Marie -- runs away from home after her power manifests itself by accidentally draining the life from her boyfriend while she is kissing him. This causes him to go into a seizure, and places him in a [[coma]] for 3 weeks. Rogue adopts her new alias and wanders into a bar, where she witnesses [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]] getting into an altercation with some patrons. She later catches up to Wolverine and convinces him to get her a lift in his truck. Magneto organizes Rogue's kidnapping and forces her to power a machine which turns normal humans into mutants, but human bodies reject the change, causing death by cellular degeneration. Since this machine is powered by Magneto's mutant ability, it requires him to operate, yet it severely weakens and kills the user if used for too long. Knowing that Rogue can temporarily 'steal' the mutant powers of whomever she touches, Magneto latches Rogue to the machine and transfers his powers into her, nearly killing everyone in New York with the machine. This experience also leaves her with a permanent white streak through her hair.
Luckily, Wolverine manages to destroy the machine before that happens. Rogue appears to have been killed before Wolverine manages to disconnect her. However, while cradling the girl in his arms, Wolverine's own healing ability begins to be absorbed into Rogue's body, healing her. This causes many of the wounds that Wolverine had gained from the film to be reopened and nearly kill him.
====''X2: X-Men United''====
In [[X2 (film)|X2: X-Men United]], Rogue begins dating [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]] (her love interest from the past film), despite her continued difficulties making direct physical contact, a factor which frustrates both of them. At one point, Iceman is overcome by the sight of Rogue with minimal clothes on and kisses her, which at first seems successful and carries on for longer than either of them expected it to, but soon Iceman is forced to pull away when her powers inevitably start harming him. Rogue and the other X-men also manage to escape William Stryker who sends agents into the X-Mansion to kidnap the mutants. Rogue, Iceman, Pyro and Wolverine escape to Iceman's family home in Boston. However Iceman's younger brother, angered by the "gifts" of his older brother, calls the police on the X-men. When they arrive, Pyro manages to destroy many of the police and their vehicles, and Rogue realizes that she is the only one who can stop the destruction. She then touches Pyro's skin and absorbs his powers. This scene depicts that Rogue also absorbs others emotions, which other scenes in the trilogy does not depict, as she seems to be grimacing while calming the destruction that Pyro has created. Both Rogue and Iceman are eventually promoted to the front line X-Men team and are given uniforms similar the other X-Men at the conclusion of the film.

====''X-Men: The Last Stand''====
[[Image:RogueX3.jpg|right|thumb|[[Anna Paquin]] as Rogue in ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'' (2006)]]
In ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'', a pharmaceutical company announces that they have a cure for the mutant gene. Rogue expresses interest in being cured, evidently still longing to touch someone. When Iceman begins to develop a friendship with [[Kitty Pryde]], and especially after seeing them "hugging" during a training session (they did it mostly to avoid a missile that almost hit them), a hurt Rogue leaves to seek out the cure; Iceman follows her to the pharmaceutical company, but cannot find her. At the very end of the film, she comes back to the school, simply saying, "I'm sorry, I had to." When Iceman expresses disappointment and says it wasn't what he wanted, she says, "I know. It's what I wanted." However, in the novelization and an alternate scene that appears on the DVD release of the film, Rogue did not take the cure, saying she could not bring herself to do it. In this version, Iceman still chooses her over Kitty anyway. Though Rogue is now powerless, this may change if a fourth movie is made, as at the end the movie Magneto moves a metal chess piece, suggesting that the cure was not permanent.

===Video games===
* Rogue appears in many ''X-Men'' [[video game]]s. She appeared in some of the ''[[Marvel vs. Capcom (series)|Marvel vs. Capcom]]'' games, where she was voiced by [[Lenore Zann]]. She has also appeared in ''[[X-Men: Mutant Academy 2]]'' and ''[[X-Men: Next Dimension]]''. In ''[[X-Men vs. Street Fighter]]'', her ability to steal life force and powers was translated to a special move that allows her to steal a move from her opponents. This makes her the only Marvel character to ever use the [[Shun Goku Satsu]], taken by draining [[Akuma (Street Fighter)|Akuma]]. In ''Marvel vs. Capcom 2'', she instead receives an attribute enhancement after draining a character (plus, the colors in her outfit were changed in this game).
* Rogue appears in a scene in the [[X2: Wolverine's Revenge]] video game where she gets off of the Blackbird and hands Wolverine a virus cure and holds a brief conversation with him.
* She appears as a playable character in ''X-Men: Mojo World'' for the [[Sega Game Gear|Game Gear]] and [[Sega Master System]].
*She appears in [[X-Men (Sega)|X-Men]] for the [[Sega Mega Drive|Sega Genesis]] though not as a playable character, but as a summon. When summoned, she flies to the screen and charges at a enemy resulting in one-hit kills or major damage.
* Rogue appears in the training mode in ''[[Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro]]'' and is voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]].
* Most recently, Rogue appears in ''[[X-Men Legends]]'' voiced by [[Erin Matthews]].
* [[Cat Taber]] voices Rogue in ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]''. She has special dialogue with Mystique.
* In ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]'', Rogue is seen in a cinematic scene as one of the heroes that failed to defeat an empowered [[Doctor Doom]].

===Books===
Rogue has appeared as a main X-Man in the X-Men Dimensions series and has the biggest role of all of the X-Men in the series first two installments. At the end of X-Men Dimensions, she is forced to grab onto Magneto with her bare hand and kill him, to save the human and mutant race. In X-Men Dimensions 2, it is revealed that she now has Magneto's power of magnetism, as well as Ms. Marvel's super strength and flight and her original absorption power. Professor X is able to wipe her mind of both Ms. Marvel and Magneto's powers and memories, as she suffered a mental breakdown earlier. In the final pages of the book, a moment between Rogue and Gambit reveals that their relationship remains intact, after not being referenced or seen in the first installment, due to popular fan demand. She has been confirmed to return for X-Men Dimensions 3, and will be trained by Wolverine in martial arts, after losing her offensive powers.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Amazo]]
* [[Parasite (comics)|Parasite]], a [[DC Comics]] villain with the same powers.
* [[Peter Petrelli]], a ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' main character with similar ability-mimicry powers (Although his power is not lethal and does not require physical contact).

==References==
* [http://members.shaw.ca/rogueshrine '''Shrine of the Green Goddess''']
* [http://www.scroguefanclub.org Southern Comfort - Rogue Fan Club]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/new-generation-x/ New Generation X]
* [http://www.uncannyxmen.net/db/spotlight/showquestion.asp?faq=10&fldAuto=56 UncannyXmen.net, Spotlight feature on Rogue]
* [http://www.geocities.com/rogue1884/UltimateRogue.html UltimateRogue]

{{X-Men}}

[[Category:American comics characters]]
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Rogue (Marvel Comics)

2008-10-01T13:48:43Z

195.6.25.118: /* Mutant powers return */

{{Cleanup|date=January 2008}}
{{Plot|date=January 2008}}
{{Superherobox| 
image=[[Image:Rogue by diablo2003.jpg|275px]]
|caption=Rogue. Art by [[Mark Brooks (comics)|Mark Brooks]].
|character_name=Rogue
|real_name=Anna Marie
|species=[[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|Human Mutant]]
|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
|debut=''Avengers Annual'' #10 (August 1981)
|creators=[[Chris Claremont]] [[Michael Golden]]
|alliance_color=background:#ffc0c0
|alliances=[[X-Men]] [[X-Treme Sanctions Executive|XSE]] [[Brotherhood of Mutants]]
|aliases=Anna Raven, Dr. Kellogg, Malicia, Miss Smith
|powers=Absorption of memories, skills, and powers through skin to skin contact. The longer the contact occurs, the longer Rogue will retain the abilities or memories. If she maintains contact for long enough, the absorption is permanent.
 ([[Rogue (comics)#Powers and abilities|details]])
|}}

'''Rogue''' ('''Anna Marie''') is a [[fictional character]], part of the [[Marvel Comics]] mutant super-team, the [[X-Men]]. Created by writer [[Chris Claremont]] and artist [[Michael Golden]], she first appeared in [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] annual publication #10 ([[1981#August|August 1981]]). Moreso than many [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutants]], Rogue considers her powers a curse. She involuntarily absorbs the memories, physical strength and, in the case of super-powered persons, abilities of anyone she touches. This potentially fatal power prevents her from making physical contact with others, including her longtime on-again off-again love interest, [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]].

Hailing from [[Mississippi]], she is the X-Men's self-described [[southern belle]]. A [[runaway youth|runaway]], she was adopted by [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] of the [[Brotherhood of Mutants]] but turned to the X-Men when the aftereffects of her repeated use of her mutant power – particularly the permanent absorption of [[Ms. Marvel]]'s psyche and [[Kree]] powers – threatened her sanity. She is the step sister of fellow X-Men Member [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]].

Rogue has been one of the most popular and consistent members of the X-Men since the 1980s. She was #5 on IGN's Top Twenty-Five X-Men list,<ref>[http://comics.ign.com/articles/708/708826p5.html The Top 25 X-Men]</ref> and #4 on their Top Ten X-Babes list.<ref>[http://comics.ign.com/articles/705/705361p2.html Top Ten X-Babes]</ref> She has been featured in all X-Men [[List of animated television series|animated series]] and various [[video game]]s. In the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]], she is portrayed by Academy Award winner [[Anna Paquin]]. Her visual cue is often the white streak that runs through her hair.

==Publication history==
{{Supercbbox| 
title=Rogue (vol. 1, 3) Marvel Icons: Rogue (vol. 2)
|noimage=yes
|schedule='''Vol. 1-3''': Monthly 
|format='''Vol. 1-2''' Standard U.S., 4 color. Mini Series. '''Vol. 3''' Standard U.S., 4 color. Ongoing 
|publisher='''Vol. 1-3''': [[Marvel Comics]]
|date='''Vol. 1''': 1994 '''Vol. 2''': 2001 '''Vol. 3''': 2004-2005 
|issues='''Vol. 1''': 4 '''Vol. 2''': 4 '''Vol. 3''': 12 
|main_char_team=
|writers='''Vol. 1''': [[Howard Mackie]] '''Vol. 2''': [[Fiona Avery]] '''Vol. 3''': [[Robert Rodi]] (#1-6) [[Tony Bedard]] (#7-12) 
|artists=
|pencillers='''Vol. 1''': [[Mike Wieringo]] '''Vol. 2''': Aaron Lopresti '''Vol. 3''': [[Cliff Richards]] (#1-6) Karl Moline (#7-12) 
|inkers='''Vol. 1''':[[Terry Austin (comics)|Terry Austin]] '''Vol. 2''': [[Randy Emberlin]] '''Vol. 3''':Norm Rapmund (#1-6) 
|colorists=
|creative_team_month=
|creative_team_year=
|creators=[[Chris Claremont]] Michael Golden 
}}

{{Expand|date=September 2008}}
Rogue was first slated to appear in ''[[Ms. Marvel]]'' #25 (1979) (and artwork for the first half of the story was completed), but the book's abrupt cancellation left her original introduction story unpublished for over a decade, before seeing print in ''Marvel Super Heroes'' #11 in 1992. Rogue's first published appearance was in ''Avengers'' Annual #10 (1981). She made her first X-Book appearance in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #158 and joined the [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]] in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #171. Rogue has also had two mini-series and one ongoing title.

Rogue is unusual among the X-Men as her real name and her early history were not revealed until more than twenty years after her introduction. Until the backstory provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing ''Rogue'' series, begun in September 2004, Rogue's background was only hinted at. This resulted in Rodi's version of Rogue's origins inadvertantly conflicting with earlier information. In ''X-Men Unlimited'' #4, Scott Lobdell indicates that Rogue ran away from her father after her mutant powers manifested, but in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #182, Rogue reflects that she never knew her father because he'd left before she was born, and several issues, including ''Uncanny X-Men'' #178 and ''X-Men'' #93, indicate that Rogue was taken in by Mystique and Destiny before her mutation became active.

==Fictional character biography==
===Early life===
Her parents, Owen and Priscilla, married early in their relationship and lived in a back-to-nature [[hippie]] commune in Caldecott County, [[Mississippi]].<ref>''Rogue'' #2 (October 2004)</ref> Born as Anna Marie, she also enjoyed the attentions of her Aunt Carrie, on her mother's side. The commune's failed attempt to use Native American mysticism to reach the 'Far Banks' resulted in Priscilla's disappearance. Carrie took over Anna's care, and in her grief at the loss of her sister, was a strict and authoritarian guardian. Anna Marie was a rebellious child<ref>''Rogue'' #2</ref> and her equally poor relationship with her father prompted her to run away from home as a young teenager. This also prompted the nickname "Rogue." Not long after, she was approached by [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]], who sought her out on the advice of her precognitive partner [[Destiny (Irene Adler)|Destiny]]. Mystique ultimately takes Rogue in as a daughter.

At some point, Rogue grows close to a boy named Cody Robbins. During their flirtation, she impulsively kisses Cody, at which point her latent mutant power to absorb the life energy and psyche of others with skin-to-skin contact emerges. Rogue is traumatized by the experience, and Cody is left in a coma from which he would not awaken. For years, she begins to often wear body-concealing clothing that eliminates the possibility of accidental skin contact. She wishes she "did not have to cover up so much around folks, to protect them from me," but utilizes, under appropriate and acceptable circumstances, more normal clothing.

In time, however, Mystique turns Rogue's loneliness, envy, bitterness, and despair into [[anger]], thus recruiting her into the [[Brotherhood of Mutants|Brotherhood of Evil Mutants]].

===Brotherhood of Mutants===
After Rogue's mutation emerges, [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] begins coaxing Rogue to take part in her terrorist activities as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants. Rogue is initially not interested, wanting only a normal life, but after an incident (depicted in Ann Nocenti's "Her First And Last" in ''Classic X-Men'' #44) in which she absorbs and knocks out a boy named Freddy when he dares her to [[kiss]] him, she seems to give up on normality and begins taking part in Mystique's plans.

During this period, Rogue and Mystique associate briefly with a mutant named [[Blindspot]], whose power to erase the memories of others by touch somehow counteracts Rogue's mutation enough to allow them to make physical contact safely. Blindspot and Rogue become good friends, but when Mystique decides to sever professional ties with Blindspot, Blindspot erases all memory of her from both Mystique and Rogue in order to protect herself.

[[Image:RogueVs Warbird.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Rogue vs. the [[Ms. Marvel]] persona on the cover of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #269, art by [[Jim Lee]].]]

When Mystique debuts her Brotherhood of Evil Mutants ([[Pyro (comics)|Pyro]], [[Blob (comics)|Blob]], and [[Avalanche (comics)|Avalanche]]), Destiny advises her to keep Rogue out of the action, advice which proved important when several members of the new Brotherhood - including Destiny herself - are arrested and imprisoned. Here, again, the comics are contradictory: ''Avengers Annual'' #10, which included Rogue's first appearance, indicated that part of Mystique's plan to free Destiny and the other members of the Brotherhood involves having Rogue attack and absorb Carol Danvers (then retired and living in San Francisco) in order to make use of her formidable powers. However, in ''Marvel Super Heroes'' #11, probably in an effort to make Rogue's actions less villainous, Destiny is shown having a premonition that Ms. Marvel will be a threat to Rogue, and Rogue, overhearing this, sets out to defeat [[Ms. Marvel]] on her own.

Regardless, Rogue ultimately confronts Ms. Marvel on her front doorstep as she is returning home from grocery shopping, and deliberately absorbs her powers. Something goes wrong as Ms. Marvel fights too hard and too long, and the transfer of [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]] and powers (initially sans Ms. Marvel's precognitive "seventh sense") becomes permanent. The shock of absorbing such a formidable persona drives Rogue insane, and she attempts to kill Ms. Marvel by throwing her off the Golden Gate Bridge. Unbeknownst to Rogue, Ms. Marvel is saved from the fall by the original [[Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)|Spider-Woman]], Jessica Drew. Ms. Marvel is comatose for a short period of time before her memories (sans the emotional attachments) are restored by Spider Woman's friend, Professor Charles Xavier of the X-Men. Rogue later felt tremendous guilt over the incident and it still haunts her to this day.

Later, Rogue tangles several times with [[Dazzler]] (in ''Dazzler'' #22-23 and #28), developing a grudge against her for her controllable mutation and her relationship with Angel of the X-Men. Mystique intends for Rogue to absorb Angel - the only X-Man whose identity is publicly known at the time - in order to learn the team's whereabouts, but Rogue balks, afraid of the effect of absorbing a physical mutation like Angel's wings, and is defeated by Dazzler a few times before Dazzler is publicly outed as a mutant and goes into hiding.

===X-Men===
The more Rogue used her mutant power, the more her mind became filled with fragmentary psychic echoes of the people she absorbed, and Carol Danvers' psyche was nearly a completely distinct personality within her mind who would sometimes ''take over'' when Rogue's will was weak. It became harder and harder for Rogue to hold on to her own personality, and she feared that her powers would drive her insane. Unbeknownst to her or Mystique, the process was also helped along by [[Mastermind (Jason Wyngarde)|Mastermind]], who subtly exacerbated Rogue's already severe psychological distress as a means of revenge against Mystique. Desperate, she turned to [[Professor X|Professor Charles Xavier]] and the X-Men (''Uncanny X-Men'' #171). He was unable to do a satisfactory psychic scan of her, due to the clashing human and [[Kree]] portions of her psyche. Still, Xavier's charity towards all mutants led him to welcome her into his home and the X-Men, regardless of his team having previously fought Rogue and in spite of the X-Men's own strong objections. The X-Men even threatened to disband themselves and leave the school should Rogue be accepted. It was only Xavier's argument that all mutants deserve a chance for redemption that prevented the dissolution of the X-Men.

[[Image:Rogue.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Rogue on the cover of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #359. Art by Chris Bachalo and Tim Townsend.]]

Her initial months with the team were rough, as she was seen as a latent threat, a Brotherhood mole within the X-Men. When the team met up with Wolverine in [[Tokyo]] (where he was preparing for his marriage to [[Mariko Yashida]]), she was given a chilly reception by him -- Wolverine, having been a good friend and professional partner to Carol Danvers, expressed a desire to "cut out her heart". However, after the rest of the team (save Rogue, Storm, and Wolverine) were incapacitated by poison, they were forced to learn to work as a team to find the culprit. Wolverine was not impressed by Rogue's brashness and lack of experience, and even threatened to kill her after she jokingly suggested kissing him after he knocked her out of the way of a trap. The plot was traced back to the [[Viper (Madame Hydra)|Viper]] and her lover, the [[Silver Samurai]], whom they met in the hospital that the X-Men were admitted to. Rogue nearly died during the battle by taking a prolonged laser blast from the Viper to shield Mariko, who had shown her genuine trust and kindness. Wolverine, after the battle and over Rogue's own objections, kissed her to transfer his healing powers to her. She had gained his trust and respect for her efforts to protect his fiancee.

Soon after, she gained the full trust of the rest of the team by again risking her life to save [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]], who had been superheated and then rapidly cooled by [[Pyro (comics)|Pyro]]. She absorbed Colossus' powers, leaving her in the same rigid, melted form as he was to allow the [[Morlocks (comics)|Morlock]] [[Healer (comics)|Healer]] to heal the damage done to Colossus.

Among the X-Men, Rogue's life improved, but she continued to struggle with Carol Danvers' residual personality. The Danvers personality had grown so strong by this point that "Carol" had replaced Rogue's standard X-Men costume with Ms. Marvel's former superhero uniform during battle, which caused Rogue much anger when she would finally gain control of her body again. Eventually, Rogue was pulled through the mystical gateway known as the [[Siege Perilous (comics)|Siege Perilous]], where she was judged by otherdimensional forces with the promise of a "new life." Returned to Earth, Rogue was purged of the remaining portions of Carol's personality, truly becoming her own woman again, but was also temporarily stripped of her powers for a time. However, after Rogue emerged from the Siege, she found herself back in the abandoned ghost town in [[Australia]] the X-Men had taken up residence in after the ''[[Fall of the Mutants]]'' storyline. She was confronted by not only the [[Reavers (comics)|Reavers]], but by Carol Danvers herself, whose disembodied psyche had been re-integrated by passing through the Siege and being separated from Rogue. Rogue fled from Carol as she battled the Reavers, and absorbed the powers of the mutant [[Gateway (comics)|Gateway]] in order to teleport herself to safety. Carol arrived before she could escape and plunged through the portal Rogue had summoned, and both of them disappeared.

Rogue, as it turned out, ended up powerless in the [[Savage Land]], but Carol had been teleported to [[Muir Island]], where she came into conflict with some of the X-Men's allies who had fallen under the mental enslavement of the [[Shadow King]]. Carol fought him, but his vast psionic powers overwhelmed and corrupted her. He then sent her to the Savage Land to find Rogue and the two battled fiercely. It was also shown during the fight that there was not enough lifeforce between the two to sustain both of them physically as a result of the separation. Just as Rogue was on the verge of being drained completely, [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]] suddenly intervened and destroyed the Ms. Marvel Persona, saving Rogue's life. The two briefly toyed with a romance. Rogue ultimately saw through Magneto's noble facade when he killed the high priestess [[Zaladane]], who had amassed an army of Savage Land natives. With Rogue's perception of her potential lover shaken, she flew to Muir Island to rejoin the rest of the X-Men when her powers had fully returned. Like the others on the island, however, she fell under the influence of the Shadow King, until freed by the efforts of [[Forge (comics)|Forge]] to help in the battle against the Shadow King, [[Legion (Marvel Comics)|Legion]], and [[Malice (comics)|Malice]]. After the battle was over and the X-Men divided into two teams to better make use of their large number of active members, Rogue was assigned to the Blue Team, under the leadership of [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]] and alongside new X-Man, and love interest, [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]].

Rogue and Gambit were immediately attracted to each other, but the development of their relationship was slow and rocky, partly as a result of her inability to control her powers and partly as a result of long-term issues, including secrecy and dishonesty, with previous relationships on Gambit's part. Though even through their many breaks ups and make-ups, Gambit and Rogue have one of the longest and most popular relationships in the X-Men series, probably only second to Cyclops and Jean Grey. Incidentally, Cody Robbins, the first person to fall victim to Rogue's powers, was later killed by Gambit's ex-wife [[Bella Donna#Bella Donna Boudreaux|Bella Donna]].

It was eventually revealed that Mystique had two sons: the now-deceased anti-mutant politician [[Graydon Creed]] and Rogue's long-time teammate, [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]]. Rogue and Nightcrawler consider themselves to be siblings, although the revelation has not particularly altered their friendship.

Following the supposed 'death' of Cyclops, the X-Men team underwent major changes, amongst them Rogue being made the team's new field commander. Her even temper and years of X-Men service made her an ideal leader and she continued to lead the team until Storm returned.

When the Galactic Council transformed Earth into a maximum-security penal colony for hundreds of extraterrestrial criminals, Rogue absorbed the attributes of Z'Cann -- a telepathic alien [[shapeshifting|shapeshifter]] who had joined Cadre K, Xavier's Skrull equivalent to the X-Men. Z'Cann purposely touched Rogue to activate the mutant's abilities as the two evaded bounty hunters. Z'Cann used her telepathy to amplify Rogue's capacity to assimilate memories, causing her powers to mutate.

===X-Treme X-Men Team===
Rogue was part of the [[X-Treme X-Men]] team led by [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]]. The team's first mission was in search of Destiny's Diaries (which prophesied future events). During an invasion of [[Khan (comics)|Khan]] (an alien conqueror from another dimension) of an isle nation [[Madripoor]], Rogue requested that [[Sage (comics)|Sage]] use her power jump-starting abilities to evolve Rogue to a point where she could control all of the various powers that she has ever imprinted. Sage agreed, and Rogue became a one-woman army, able to use the powers of anyone she had absorbed in the past all at once.

[[Image:X-Treme X-Men -6.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Rogue on the cover of X-Treme X-Men #6, art by [[Salvador Larroca]].]]

During Khan's invasion, Rogue was also confronted by [[Vargas (comics)|Vargas]] who was said to be "a new species altogether." Vargas foresaw himself being killed by Rogue in [[Destiny (Irene Adler)|Destiny]]'s diaries and, despite his belief in the prophecies, attempted to stop this eventuality from happening. Thus, in the midst of the invasion battle, Vargas ambushed Rogue as she was trying to rescue Gambit (see ''[[X-Treme X-Men]]''), spearing both Rogue and Gambit with his blade before escaping. Rogue survived due to possessing Wolverine's and Hulk's powers. Returning to the city shortly after the battle to recover his sword, Vargas was surprised in turn by Rogue dressed in Psylocke's costume (Vargas having killed [[Psylocke]] earlier for sport). After a lengthy battle, Rogue "fulfilled her destiny" by seemingly finishing Vargas off with his own weapon. It is later revealed that Rogue may have in fact let Vargas live (the camera that was filming the battle lost power at the moment of what seemed to be an impending death blow), since we see him as part of the XSE in ''[[X-Men: The End]]'', although that particular series is not canon. Returning to Gambit, Rogue, with the help of [[Jean Grey]], forced him from near death.

Following the repulsion of the invasion, Rogue realized that Destiny's Prophecies were only possibilities and that trying to follow them was more dangerous than ignoring them. She also learned that she had inherited a mansion in New Orleans from Destiny, as well as a sizable fortune, and the X-Treme X-Men team retired there to recuperate. Rogue soon left the team with Gambit, since they both emerged powerless from their ordeals and wanted to explore their relationship further.

It's during this time period that many readers believe that Rogue and Gambit had consummated their relationship in a sexual manner because of Rogue's lack of absorption. There is not much to verify these accounts except for in the final issue of X-Treme X-Men before Sage forces Gambit's powers to return; Sage is disguised as Rogue to charge Gambit's adrenaline. However, she is dressed a provocative outfit that Gambit may have been used to seeing before in the bedroom.

While on the road, Rogue and Gambit encountered mutants who hated non-mutants. Not wanting to provoke them, Rogue tried to negotiate but they started a fight and Gambit and Rogue (both powerless) fought them. They lost, and their opponents destroyed Rogue's bike. Shortly thereafter, Rogue and Gambit met a young mutant going by the name of Paint, who possessed the power to "paint" tattoos by touch alone. Rogue complimented Paint on her tattoos and in return, Paint gave Rogue some tattoos of her own.

Rogue ended up living in a beach house in Valle Soleada, a town where mutants and humans coexisted peacefully. She subsequently received a visit from Bishop and Sage and, after a series of events involving an investigation into the murder of a human girl's family, Rogue and Gambit signed up with Bishop and Sage to help Storm's X-Treme X-Men stop Sage's enemy and former boss Elias Bogan. After the battle, Rogue asked Sage to restore Gambit's abilities, which she did. Gambit asked if the same could be done for Rogue's powers, but it was never revisited after Rogue quickly dismissed his comment.

===Back to the X-Men===
Rogue and Gambit returned to the X-Men as part of Marvel's [[X-Men ReLoad|ReLoad]]. Over time, Rogue's own abilities returned naturally. However, she no longer possessed the abilities she had absorbed from Ms. Marvel. Rogue and Gambit were both put on Havok's team and on their first mission back, the X-Men battled against a [[China|Chinese]] mutant team to rescue [[Xorn]]. They succeeded and brought Xorn back to the X-Mansion with them.

The X-Men then faced a new Brotherhood in [[Philadelphia]]. The Brotherhood followed them back to the Mansion and attacked them at home. Rogue notably fought [[Black Tom Cassidy]], while the other X-Men fought off the rest of the Brotherhood. Black Tom almost killed Rogue, but she was saved by [[Northstar]].

As described in her own miniseries, Rogue then traveled down south to save a young mutant girl from her powers. While there, she met Campbell St. Ange, a young man who was immune to Rogue's lethal touch. Also while there, Rogue forcibly absorbed knowledge from her Aunt Carrie that explained that Rogue's mother had traveled to the Far Banks, a dream-realm, to stop her father from getting there himself. Rogue encountered the incorporeal spirit of her mother therein, and absorbed her memories. After the reunion, her mother's trapped spirit could finally move on. Rogue subsequently went back to her Aunt Carrie and made amends with her, considering her Aunt Carrie her mother now.

Rogue then returns to the X-Men and fights with the team against the monstrous Golgotha - large space creatures with limited telepathic abilities that induce insanity in some by bringing forth deep fears, insecurities, and hidden thoughts. During this ordeal, as the result of Golgotha influence, Rogue and Gambit get into a fight about the reality of their relationship when limited by Rogue's powers. Wolverine, also under the influence of Golgotha, then reveals he has always had feelings for Rogue, and kisses her. While recovering from Logan's mind, Rogue receives a call from [[Emma Frost]], who, in perceiving that she has gotten really old and ugly as the result of Golgotha, is trying to kill Havok, mistakenly thinking [[Havok (comics)|Havok]] to be Cyclops who would now stop loving her. Rogue defuses the situation and prevents Havok from having to defend himself. Rogue later absorbs both Havok and [[Polaris (comics)|Polaris]]' powers when the X-Men fight and apparently defeat a herd of Golgotha in space.

While on a trip to Japan to investigate an incriminating photo of her and [[Sunfire (comics)|Sunfire]] engaged in criminal activities, both Rogue and Sunfire, learn that Rogue's former friend and teammate of the Brotherhood, Blindspot, has erased both their memories of the event. In this storyline, Rogue accidentally and permanently absorbs Sunfire's fire abilities (who has lost his legs to Deathstrike and thus doesn't want to live) and fights [[Lady Deathstrike]] and later the X-Men, after Blindspot removes her memories of the X-Men from Rogue's mind (which return to her eventually in the arc).

Rogue returns to the X-Mansion only to find that Gambit was being seduced by the student called Foxx. It is later revealed, however, that [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]], displeased with Rogue's choice of lovers, infiltrated the Xavier Institute by shapeshifting into Foxx and joined Gambit's squad in an attempt to ruin his relationship with Rogue. After Gambit resists her charms, Mystique reverts to her true form and offers Gambit something more difficult to refuse: she transforms into Rogue and offered Gambit a Rogue with whom he could have a physical relationship. Whether or not they actually engage in a sexual relationship, however, is uncertain (although Gambit insists that nothing happened). Rogue eventually discovers her mother's presence in the school and her attempts to seduce Gambit, becoming furious with both parties. Because Gambit had failed to tell Rogue of Mystique's presence in the Institute, their relationship develops the exact rift Mystique was hoping for and allows her to set up her daughter with her accomplice, [[Pulse (X-Men)|Pulse]]. After being discovered, Mystique asks the X-Men for permission to stay at the Mansion. The X-Men vote and Mystique is allowed to be a [[Probation (workplace)|probationary]] member of the X-Men, a decision neither Rogue or Gambit are happy with.

===Blood of Apocalypse===
In the events that followed M-Day, the mutant [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] is re-awoken; Gambit, seeking redemption from Rogue and his fellow X-Men, is transformed by him into the newest Death. Gambit had believed he could control whatever Apocalypse would do to him, in hopes of only gaining more power to protect Rogue and the X-Men from the villain. However, under mental control, Gambit is forced to try and kill Rogue, the only part of Gambit's past life that remains, twice. After Apocalypse's defeat, Sunfire, another mutant he had transformed, and Gambit leave the X-Men to try and fix their lives.

===Endangered Species: Rogue's X-Men===
[[Image:X-Men -192.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Rogue and her new team in X-Men #192, art by [[Chris Bachalo]]. ]]

As Professor Xavier goes into space after the villain [[Vulcan (Marvel Comics)|Vulcan]] and Havok and several X-Men go with him, Cyclops gives Rogue the authority to form her own team, complimenting her inspired improvisation in battle situations. She is hesitant at first, because of Gambit's recent disappearance with Sunfire, but accepts the position, saying that when he comes back, she'd still be at the school. She chooses [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]], [[Cannonball (comics)|Cannonball]], [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], [[Sabretooth (comics)|Sabretooth]], [[Lady Mastermind]], [[Karima Shapandar]], and [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]], a line-up Cyclops does not agree with.

Mystique seemingly tries to repair her relationship with Rogue, but is rebuffed. Rogue's team defeats the group known as the [[Children of the Vault]]. Afterward, Rogue declares her team will be leaving the [[X-Mansion]]. Rogue is hospitalized after a battle with [[Pandemic (comics)|Pandemic]]. [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], desiring Rogue's help in defeating the Hecatomb, forces Rogue awake. Pandemic had altered Rogue's powers, amplifying them. She accidentally kills a nurse who touches her. In defeating Hecatomb, Rogue absorbs psyches of eight billion entities that had been stored inside it. She seemingly recovers from this incident, but there are indications she now craves the process of absorbing.

The team moves to Rogue's hometown of Caldecott for Rogue to recover. As Cyclops and Emma Frost arrive to help Rogue cope with the immensity of the voices in her mind, [[Marauders (comics)|Marauders]] arrive seeking the Destiny's diaries. As part of the attack, it is revealed that Mystique is working with Marauders and for [[Mister Sinister]]. In ''X-Men'' #200, Mystique shoots Rogue and takes her back to Mr. Sinister's base, who only keeps Rogue alive because she holds all the information of Destiny's Diaries within her mind. Gambit, who has joined the Marauders and Mr. Sinister again, is seen still very protective of Rogue and accuses Mystique of being too careless in how she captured Rogue. Gambit is shown standing over Rogue trying to get her to wake up after she has fallen into a trance overcome by the minds she absorbed and expresses his apologies for what he had done before rejoining Sinister. Rogue has flashes of memories, both of her and Gambit during the time that they had known each other, and of the millions of minds she absorbed, while in her coma-like state before briefly waking up and recognizing Gambit. She tells him she had a nightmare, before spouting incoherent words and mysterious coordinates.

===[[X-Men: Messiah Complex|Messiah Complex]]===
The X-Men attack the Marauders' Antarctic base in order to rescue Rogue and the mysterious mutant baby who is at the center of Messiah Complex. However the baby eventually took precedence and the X-Men did not recover (or even see) Rogue.

Mr. Sinister, now in possession of the mutant baby, relocates the Marauders to Muir Island, the former research center of the late [[Moira MacTaggert]]. While standing by Rogue's bedside, Mystique is visited by Mr. Sinister who tells her that there will be no cure for Rogue and she will eventually die. Without warning, Mystique ambushes Sinister and shoves his face onto Rogue's. The instant contact seemingly kills Sinister.

[[Image:Rogue-coma-207.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Rogue in her coma with Mystique and Gambit at her bed-side.]]

Mystique, in keeping with the words of the Destiny Diaries, places the baby's face in direct contact with Rogue's, with the understanding that Rogue would awaken from her comatose state. While the baby was not affected by Rogue's power, Rogue, to Mystique's surprise, did not awaken as the Destiny Diaries predicted.

However, moments later, Rogue wakes up to a crying Mystique and Gambit, and they begin to argue. Rogue says she's tired of people's lives being destroyed by Mystique and removes her glove to grab Mystique's face, fully absorbing her powers and consciousness but she then realizes that the baby's touch had healed her of the Strain 88 and the death touch. Rogue wishes she had realized this before touching Mystique because now the only mind fragment she is left with is Mystique's and she never wants to have anything to do with her again. Mystique is left on the floor incapacitated as Rogue tells Gambit that when the baby touched her, it removed all the psyches of everybody she has ever touched and that only herself and Mystique are left in her mind. She says she needs to be alone and that if Gambit still cares for her, he would not follow this time.

===Legacy===
[[Image:Rogue 215.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Back at the Australian X-Men HQ.]]

As revealed in X-Men: Legacy #210, Rogue is traveling around the Australian outback on a motorcycle. Rogue has returned to the Old X-men headquarters in Maynards Plains, Australia. She is shown talking to Mystique, still a part of Rogue's pysche. Rogue is fed up with being unable to be alone in her head, and states that ''"Ah'm tired of goin' through life wearin' prophylactics on both of mah hands. It's got to change, Mystique, and ah waited long enough for someone else to change it for me. Too long. Didn't Happen. Now-- It's down to little ol' me, ain't it?"'' (#219) Legacy writer Mike Carey has confirmed that Rogue will be the center of an upcoming Legacy storyline beginning in issue #219.

==Powers and abilities==
Due to the nature of her unique mutant powers, Rogue has had several different abilities over the years:

=== Mutant powers ===
Rogue is able to absorb psyches and abilities of individuals or several beings at once, though the experience can be confusing and disorienting for her. This includes their personality, memories, and often their physical characteristics. In the case of superpowered individuals, she also absorbs any extra abilities they might possess. This absorption usually leaves its victim weakened, and sometimes unconscious. Their powers may also be temporarily weakened or removed.

This transfer is usually temporary, lasting for a period of time relative to how long contact is maintained, but if Rogue holds on to her victim for too long, the transfer may become permanent, leaving the victim dead. Most often this process happens instantly when Rogue touches someone, but in certain instances where a being has possessed an extraordinary level of power they are able to resist her, and she may only share part of their memories and power.

As Rogue is absorbing the total psyche of a person, there is a risk of a personality overwhelming her and taking control of her body. It has also been shown that even though Rogue forgets the memories she has absorbed when a psyche returns to its body, 'echoes' of their personalities remain buried in her mind.

=== Ms. Marvel powers ===
As a young woman, Rogue permanently absorbed the many powers and psyche of [[Ms. Marvel]] (Carol Danvers):

* Superhuman strength, capable of lifting up to 80 tons.
* Superhuman durability to most forms of physical harm, though she could still be injured in extreme cases.
* Flight (her speeds were often inconsistently presented).
* Precognitive sixth sense (this ability was also inconsistently utilized).
* Resistance to telepathy (said to have been a byproduct of two minds existing in the one body and/or Carol Danvers' Kree physiology).

When Rogue later lost all of her superhuman abilities for a time, her Ms. Marvel abilities vanished and did not return.

=== 'X-Treme' powers ===
During the ''[[Maximum Security]]'' miniseries, Rogue absorbed an injured [[Skrull#Notable Skrulls|Cadre K]] girl named Z'Cann. The girl held on longer than necessary, using her telepathy to boost the process and because of this (perhaps because she had absorbed a fluid Skrull physiology) Rogue mutated further, gaining the ability to 'recall' the powers of anyone she had ever absorbed before, though she could not control when or which of these powers surfaced. For a short time Rogue also had a Skrull appearance, scanned as though she had Skrull DNA and had their shapeshifting powers, but these soon faded and she returned to her normal appearance.

Through meditation, Rogue learned how to suppress the random manifestations of most of these abilities, but found herself with Wolverine's claws and healing factor, and Cyclops' optic blasts for a time (she had to wear ruby quartz glasses), while also still retaining her mutant and Ms. Marvel powers.

Later [[Sage (comics)|Sage]] used her own mutant abilities to 'jump start' Rogue's power, giving her the control to manifest any ability she had ever absorbed, whenever she wished to. It is generally accepted that after regaining her powers after [[X-Treme X-Men]], she has lost this ability.

Though Z'Cann was a telepath, Rogue never displayed this power (she did manifest telepathy, but it was with the Phoenix energy form, so it was most likely an echo of Jean Grey's powers).

=== Powerless ===
For a time Rogue lost all of her powers, including her original mutant ones. During this period, she displayed exceptional fighting skills and agility, though it was said these were not superhuman in nature.

She also still possessed a 'fluid genome' that enabled Sage to use her as a conduit through which to channel the mutant powers of the [[X-Treme X-Men]] team in a fight against Bogan.

=== Mutant powers return ===
Rogue's mutant abilities eventually returned during Chuck Austen's brief run on the ''X-Men'' title in 2004, but without any explanation as to how, why, or when they returned. However, she only regained her absorption ability, and lost her powers imprinted from Ms. Marvel as well as the ability to recall powers she's absorbed in the past. After her recent experience with the Hecatomb, Rogue's absorption power has become lethal to anyone she touches, but after Messiah Complex, Rogue's powers have returned to normal after contact with the mysterious mutant newborn from the event.

=== Sunfire powers ===
In Rogue's mini-series (2004-2005), Rogue absorbed a large portion of the mutant Sunfire's solar-absorption based powers. In addition to her own natural mutant abilities Rogue could then:

* Project intense heat and flame.
* Envelop her body in a fiery aura.
* Fly by focusing her power downwards in a tight stream to propel her like a rocket.
* Focus her power inward to increase her strength (though not at her Ms. Marvel levels).
* Exercise immunity to heat and radiation.
* See the infra-red spectrum.

=== Back to Basics ===
Following the conclusion of Messiah Complex, Rogue's slate was wiped clean. The mutant baby's touch mysteriously erased all of the previous memories and abilities Rogue had absorbed, including those of the Hecatomb. It also cured her of the Strain 88 virus. Rogue's touch is no longer lethal; it simply steals the memories and abilities of individuals she comes in direct skin-to-skin contact with. The longer the contact, the longer Rogue retains the absorbed information.

==Rogue's name==
Rogue was one of the few comic book characters whose real name had never been revealed, until very recently. This was a controversial topic for years. In the films ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'', ''[[X2 (film)|X2: X-Men United]]'', and ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'', Rogue's real name is Marie. In the comics, her chosen name (according to ''X-Treme X-Men'' #31) is Anna Raven when her powers are inactive ([[Raven Darkholme]] is Mystique's name). The readers came close to finding out her name in ''X-Men'' #24 (when she was about to reveal it to Gambit on a date), but the [[Cajun]] stopped her before she could finish her sentence.

A recent solo series established Rogue's name as Anna Marie (surname unknown), having her aunt and the astral form of her mother refer to her as so, and Rogue acknowledging it. Rogue's profile in the most recent edition of the [[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe]] lists this as her real name.

==Other versions==
===House of M===
The ''[[House of M]]'' Rogue is an Agent of [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]] and part of the Red Guard, working with Wolverine, Mystique, Toad, Nightcrawler, and Jessica Drew. She plays an important role in the resistance to Magneto. After being contacted by the resistance movement, Rogue briefly touches [[Layla Miller]] and appears overwhelmed as the acquired power emanated from her and awakened others in the vicinity to the reality of the House. In the final battle, Rogue, finally able to unleash her powers to their full extent, tackles both [[Namor]] and Princess [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Ororo]] and absorbs their abilities, causing her to overflow with power. She even absorbed the powers of [[Genis-Vell]]. Due to the nature of Genis' genetics and powers, half of Rogue's body transforms into a seemingly window to a cosmic landscape of black void dotted with stars. During the end battle, [[Quicksilver (comics)|Quicksilver]] finds the cosmically powered Rogue waiting up top. Pietro slams into Rogue and is sent flying back.

'''''NOTE:''''' ''In an interview post-House of M, writer Brian Michael Bendis revealed that he originally intended for Rogue to permanently absorb the powers of [[Genis-Vell]] and for her to become Marvel's next cosmic powered character. However, the idea was nixed as the current writers and editors of the X-titles didn't like taking Rogue in this direction, so Rogue only temporarily kept Marvel's powers for the House of M series.''

===[[Mutant X (comics)| Mutant X]]===
In this darker reality, Rogue operates with a smaller X-Team consisting of Magneto, Nightcrawler, Polaris, Quicksilver, Cerebo, and a metallic-looking Mystique. Rogue herself maintains the steel and ridged skin of [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]] and wears a version of Ms. Marvel's lightning bolt uniform.

===Ultimate Rogue===
In the [[Ultimate Marvel]] continuity, Rogue is first introduced in the story arc ''Return to Weapon X'' (''Ultimate X-Men'' #7-12) as a prisoner of [[Weapon X#Ultimate Weapon X|Weapon X]] and she worked with Juggernaut and Nightcrawler. Her powers are exploited to steal sensitive information on the location and layout of [[X-Mansion#Ultimate X-Mansion|The Xavier Institute for Gifted Children]]. Using this information, agents of Weapon X storm the school and capture the X-Men. Rogue is released along with the X-Men, [[Juggernaut (comics)#Ultimate Juggernaut|Juggernaut]], and [[Nightcrawler (comics)#Ultimate Nightcrawler|Nightcrawler]], when a combination of the [[Brotherhood of Mutants#Other Marvel continuities|Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy]] and [[S.H.I.E.L.D.#Ultimate S.H.I.E.L.D.|S.H.I.E.L.D]] rescues them and destroys Weapon X's facility. Though offered a place on the X-Men, she joins the Brotherhood. She later joins the X-Men in the ''Return of the King'' arc (''Ultimate X-Men'' #27-33).

In the ''Cry Wolf'' arc (''Ultimate X-Men'' #50-53) , The X-Men are attacked by [[Alternate versions of Gambit#Ultimate Gambit|Gambit]] who kidnaps Rogue and takes her to his employers, [[Fenris (comics)|Andreas and Andrea von Strucker]]. They hope to use her powers for "[[Industrial espionage|corporate espionage]]." In exchange for her help, they promise her they will help her control her powers through a power-dampening material they had developed. She turns them down, feeling that her powers are her penance. Rebuked, they attack Rogue and Gambit. She touches both of them and uses their powers to fend off their guards. The X-Men arrive to take her back, but she turns them down and leaves with Gambit.

Rogue does not appear again until ''Ultimate X-Men Annual'' #1, in which she and Gambit fight Juggernaut. Gambit sacrifices himself to save Rogue, and she kisses him as he dies at his request. With this kiss, she takes his powers that seemingly overwrite her own, ridding her of her 'death touch' through several of the books (this also affects Rogue's appearance, as she acquires black eyes with red irises). In the subsequent story arc "Date Night" (''Ultimate X-Men'' #66-69), Rogue decides to rekindle her relationship with [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]] after she loses her virginity to him (something possible due to her being able to touch him now).

During ''Ultimate X-Men Annual'' #2, Rogue speaks to Professor Xavier about her concerns regarding Gambit's powers still remaining. Xavier theorizes this is only a temporary change, and her powers will return within time. Towards the end of the annual, Rogue touches a delusional Nightcrawler and her old powers re-emerge, causing her to start teleporting randomly, and she loses Gambit's power, sending her back into the shell of hiding her skin, much to her and Iceman's dismay.

During ''Ultimate X-Men'' #77, she loses her arm during a fight with Cable. However after absorbing some of Wolverine's healing power, her arm appears to grow back.

In Ultimate X-Men #80, Cyclops disbands the X-Men following Xavier's death. Rogue stays with Iceman at the Xavier Institute as a student. Xavier later returns revealing himself to be alive. Rogue once again becomes an X-Man. At the end of Ultimate X-Men, a Banshee-enhanced Rogue is seen to be a member of Colossus' team. Her appearance heavily altered, it seems her abilities have been enhanced such that she can call on absorbed abilities, as she has Colossus' armoured flesh and Angel's feathered wings extending from her arms.

In Ultimate X-Men #95, she reveals that when her father got drunk he would [[molest]] her. Once when he tried to touch her, she took his life. She also appears to have found out who Vindicator was, but before she could elaborate, Vindicator took her out.

Addicted to Banshee, Colossus' X-Men began to acquire more Banshee from the Acolytes. But they were discovered by the others and a battle raged. She absorbed Iceman's power and kissed him to show what Banshee could allow her. But the kiss was broken off by [[Firestar (comics)|Firestar]].

===X-Men: The End===
In an alternate future featured in the series ''[[X-Men: The End]]'', Rogue and Gambit are married and have two children named Olivier and Rebecca "Becca" LeBeau. Rogue has also gained complete control over her abilities in this timeline. This Rogue defeats Shaitan and rescues her children from the Neverland Camp, but was ultimately killed by Mr. Sinister when he was disguised as Gambit.

===[[Exiles (Marvel Comics)|Exiles]]===
In this reality, Rogue comes from a ''life of wealth and sophistication'', in which her powers still sets her apart from the others. Apparently a master thief, she has a different personality from her 616 version.

==In other media==
===Television===
====''X-Men''====
[[Image:Roguetas.jpg|left|175px|thumb|Rogue from the ''X-Men'' animated series from 1992-1997.]]

Rogue appeared in ''[[X-Men (TV series)|X-Men]]'' television series, where she was one of the most important members of the X-Men. In this animated series, she had her absorption powers, as well as Ms. Marvel abilities. She has a love-hate relationship with Gambit throughout most of the series, much like when they first met in the comics, but also shows a more flirtatious attitude towards numerous other characters, such as [[Warren Worthington III|Archangel]], [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]], and during the X-Men's appearance on ''[[Spider-Man (1994 TV series)|Spider-Man: The Animated Series]]'', she flirted with and kissed [[Spider-Man]] (with his mask on). During the series, Rogue almost takes the 'cure' which Apocalypse and Mystique secretly used to make mutants into their slaves. However, Rogue does not take the cure. She is also revisited by Cody, her first boyfriend, and almost runs away with him when she finds that she can touch him. She soon finds out, however, that he was part of a plot to have Rogue become the new leader of the Brood (referred to here as "the Family"). She attempts to convince him to come back with her to the mansion to help reverse his transformation, but fails in her attempts, leaving her to cry on Gambit's shoulder. Rogue was also present when [[Lilandra Neramani|Lilandra]] had to take Professor Xavier up to space with her. Rogue was voiced by [[Lenore Zann]].

====''X-Men: Evolution''====
[[Image:RogueEvo.jpg|right|175px|thumb|Rogue from the X-Men: Evolution series during the episode, Spykecam.]]

In this series, ''[[X-Men: Evolution]]'', Rogue is reimagined as a rebellious, yet deeply insecure, teenager with a stereotypical [[Gothic fashion|goth]] appearance. Her powers make her cynical and reclusive, but truthfully, she is consumed by the desire to get close to the people around her. She was raised by [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] and [[Destiny (Irene Adler)|Destiny]], soon being brought into the [[Brotherhood of Mutants]], but left when she found out that they nurtured her to be a potential weapon. Rogue has a strong interest in [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]], though her feelings for him fade soon after he and [[Jean Grey|Jean]] start dating. She is then shown having an interest in [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]] when they first met, when he kidnapped her, and when she kissed him in the season 3 finale (while under [[Mesmero|Mesmero's]] control). This was one of only two kisses to be seen in the series, the first being between Scarlet Witch and a disguised Toad.

Rogue's energy-absorbing abilities are very strong in this series, nearly driving her insane, but prove vital in the final episode against [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]]. Unlike in other universes, the powers she absorbs never totally fade, and at times, can still use a mutant's power (not always intentional) long after she had absorbed them. At times, she had more control over absorbed powers than their natural owner had (after absorbing Cyclops' power, she did not have to close her eyes).<ref>Turn of the Rogue. Season 1, Episode 7. X-Men Evolution.</ref>. Although this Rogue did not have superstrength or flight abilities, she displays some skill in hand-to-hand combat. She is never shown gaining [[Ms. Marvel|Ms. Marvel's]] abilities, but in Xavier's vision of the future, she is seen flying and not wearing gloves, suggesting contact with Ms. Marvel. She was voiced by [[Meghan Black]].

====''Wolverine and The X-Men''====
[[Image:Rogue trailer.jpg|left|175px|thumb|Rogue from the trailer of ''[[Wolverine and the X-Men]]''.]]
In the new animated series ''[[Wolverine and the X-Men]]'', Rogue will appear as both a member of the [[X-Men]] and the [[Brotherhood of Mutants|Brotherhood of Evil Mutants]] as a double agent. In the first episode, she appears to still maintain her anti-social attitude that appeared during X-Men: Evolution as Logan goes to tell her goodbye. In the second episode, Rogue seemingly warns the X-Men of an attempt on [[Robert Kelly (comics)|Senator Kelly's]] life, only to set them up to look like the attackers. In later episodes, Rogue displays a fairly liberal use of her abilities and is shown absorbing numerous mutants for a variety of reasons; for example, she absorbs both [[Juggernaut (comics)|Juggernaut]] and [[Shadowcat (comics)|Shadowcat]] in order to defeat an enemy in the 13th episode. Her X-Men uniform is like her original uniform from the X Men: The Animated Series which consists of a green and yellow uniform with a large brown jacket. Her casual clothing is reminiscent of one of her 1980's uniforms, which consisted of a green shirt and gloves over an all black outfit. She is also seen wearing a green cloak with the hood up, similiar to the one worn by [[Anna Paquin]] in the X-Men films. She is voiced by [[Kieren van den Blink]]. <ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0772145/]</ref>

===Films===
* Rogue was portrayed by [[Anna Paquin]] in the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' trilogy]]. In the films, her relationship with Wolverine echoes his relationships with both [[Jubilee (comics)|Jubilee]] and [[Kitty Pryde|Shadowcat]] in the comics; that of a protective surrogate father.

====''X-Men''====
In the [[X-Men (film)|first film]], "Rogue" -- real name Marie -- runs away from home after her power manifests itself by accidentally draining the life from her boyfriend while she is kissing him. This causes him to go into a seizure, and places him in a [[coma]] for 3 weeks. Rogue adopts her new alias and wanders into a bar, where she witnesses [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]] getting into an altercation with some patrons. She later catches up to Wolverine and convinces him to get her a lift in his truck. Magneto organizes Rogue's kidnapping and forces her to power a machine which turns normal humans into mutants, but human bodies reject the change, causing death by cellular degeneration. Since this machine is powered by Magneto's mutant ability, it requires him to operate, yet it severely weakens and kills the user if used for too long. Knowing that Rogue can temporarily 'steal' the mutant powers of whomever she touches, Magneto latches Rogue to the machine and transfers his powers into her, nearly killing everyone in New York with the machine. This experience also leaves her with a permanent white streak through her hair.
Luckily, Wolverine manages to destroy the machine before that happens. Rogue appears to have been killed before Wolverine manages to disconnect her. However, while cradling the girl in his arms, Wolverine's own healing ability begins to be absorbed into Rogue's body, healing her. This causes many of the wounds that Wolverine had gained from the film to be reopened and nearly kill him.
====''X2: X-Men United''====
In [[X2 (film)|X2: X-Men United]], Rogue begins dating [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]] (her love interest from the past film), despite her continued difficulties making direct physical contact, a factor which frustrates both of them. At one point, Iceman is overcome by the sight of Rogue with minimal clothes on and kisses her, which at first seems successful and carries on for longer than either of them expected it to, but soon Iceman is forced to pull away when her powers inevitably start harming him. Rogue and the other X-men also manage to escape William Stryker who sends agents into the X-Mansion to kidnap the mutants. Rogue, Iceman, Pyro and Wolverine escape to Iceman's family home in Boston. However Iceman's younger brother, angered by the "gifts" of his older brother, calls the police on the X-men. When they arrive, Pyro manages to destroy many of the police and their vehicles, and Rogue realizes that she is the only one who can stop the destruction. She then touches Pyro's skin and absorbs his powers. This scene depicts that Rogue also absorbs others emotions, which other scenes in the trilogy does not depict, as she seems to be grimacing while calming the destruction that Pyro has created. Both Rogue and Iceman are eventually promoted to the front line X-Men team and are given uniforms similar the other X-Men at the conclusion of the film.

====''X-Men: The Last Stand''====
[[Image:RogueX3.jpg|right|thumb|[[Anna Paquin]] as Rogue in ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'' (2006)]]
In ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'', a pharmaceutical company announces that they have a cure for the mutant gene. Rogue expresses interest in being cured, evidently still longing to touch someone. When Iceman begins to develop a friendship with [[Kitty Pryde]], and especially after seeing them "hugging" during a training session (they did it mostly to avoid a missile that almost hit them), a hurt Rogue leaves to seek out the cure; Iceman follows her to the pharmaceutical company, but cannot find her. At the very end of the film, she comes back to the school, simply saying, "I'm sorry, I had to." When Iceman expresses disappointment and says it wasn't what he wanted, she says, "I know. It's what I wanted." However, in the novelization and an alternate scene that appears on the DVD release of the film, Rogue did not take the cure, saying she could not bring herself to do it. In this version, Iceman still chooses her over Kitty anyway. Though Rogue is now powerless, this may change if a fourth movie is made, as at the end the movie Magneto moves a metal chess piece, suggesting that the cure was not permanent.

===Video games===
* Rogue appears in many ''X-Men'' [[video game]]s. She appeared in some of the ''[[Marvel vs. Capcom (series)|Marvel vs. Capcom]]'' games, where she was voiced by [[Lenore Zann]]. She has also appeared in ''[[X-Men: Mutant Academy 2]]'' and ''[[X-Men: Next Dimension]]''. In ''[[X-Men vs. Street Fighter]]'', her ability to steal life force and powers was translated to a special move that allows her to steal a move from her opponents. This makes her the only Marvel character to ever use the [[Shun Goku Satsu]], taken by draining [[Akuma (Street Fighter)|Akuma]]. In ''Marvel vs. Capcom 2'', she instead receives an attribute enhancement after draining a character (plus, the colors in her outfit were changed in this game).
* Rogue appears in a scene in the [[X2: Wolverine's Revenge]] video game where she gets off of the Blackbird and hands Wolverine a virus cure and holds a brief conversation with him.
* She appears as a playable character in ''X-Men: Mojo World'' for the [[Sega Game Gear|Game Gear]] and [[Sega Master System]].
*She appears in [[X-Men (Sega)|X-Men]] for the [[Sega Mega Drive|Sega Genesis]] though not as a playable character, but as a summon. When summoned, she flies to the screen and charges at a enemy resulting in one-hit kills or major damage.
* Rogue appears in the training mode in ''[[Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro]]'' and is voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]].
* Most recently, Rogue appears in ''[[X-Men Legends]]'' voiced by [[Erin Matthews]].
* [[Cat Taber]] voices Rogue in ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]''. She has special dialogue with Mystique.
* In ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]'', Rogue is seen in a cinematic scene as one of the heroes that failed to defeat an empowered [[Doctor Doom]].

===Books===
Rogue has appeared as a main X-Man in the X-Men Dimensions series and has the biggest role of all of the X-Men in the series first two installments. At the end of X-Men Dimensions, she is forced to grab onto Magneto with her bare hand and kill him, to save the human and mutant race. In X-Men Dimensions 2, it is revealed that she now has Magneto's power of magnetism, as well as Ms. Marvel's super strength and flight and her original absorption power. Professor X is able to wipe her mind of both Ms. Marvel and Magneto's powers and memories, as she suffered a mental breakdown earlier. In the final pages of the book, a moment between Rogue and Gambit reveals that their relationship remains intact, after not being referenced or seen in the first installment, due to popular fan demand. She has been confirmed to return for X-Men Dimensions 3, and will be trained by Wolverine in martial arts, after losing her offensive powers.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Amazo]]
* [[Parasite (comics)|Parasite]], a [[DC Comics]] villain with the same powers.
* [[Peter Petrelli]], a ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' main character with similar ability-mimicry powers (Although his power is not lethal and does not require physical contact).

==References==
* [http://members.shaw.ca/rogueshrine '''Shrine of the Green Goddess''']
* [http://www.scroguefanclub.org Southern Comfort - Rogue Fan Club]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/new-generation-x/ New Generation X]
* [http://www.uncannyxmen.net/db/spotlight/showquestion.asp?faq=10&fldAuto=56 UncannyXmen.net, Spotlight feature on Rogue]
* [http://www.geocities.com/rogue1884/UltimateRogue.html UltimateRogue]

{{X-Men}}

[[Category:American comics characters]]
[[Category:Female video game characters]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from Mississippi]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with precognition]]
[[Category:Fictional mechanics]]
[[Category:Fictional waiting staff]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics characters who can fly]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics mutants]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics superheroes]]
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[[Category:Marvel Comics titles]]

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Xavier Protocols

2008-10-01T13:43:22Z

195.6.25.118: /* Details */

The '''Xavier Protocols''' are a fictional set of doomsday plans in the {{Marvel Universe}} created by [[Professor X|Charles Xavier]], leader of the [[X-Men]]. The Protocols detail the best way to kill many powerful mutants, including the X-Men and Xavier himself, should they become too large a danger.

== Appearances ==
The '''Xavier Protocols''' are first mentioned during the "[[Onslaught Saga|Onslaught]]" [[crossover (comics)|crossover]] and first seen in ''[[Excalibur (comics)|Excalibur]]'' #100 in [[Moira MacTaggert]]'s lab. Charles Xavier compiled a list of the Earth's most powerful mutants and plans on how to defeat them if they become a threat to the world. They are first used after [[Onslaught (comics)|Onslaught]] grows too powerful. Only parts of the actual Protocols are ever shown, detailing how to stop [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]], [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], and Xavier himself.

In the "[[Operation: Zero Tolerance]]" crossover, [[Bastion (comics)|Bastion]] obtains an encrypted copy of the Protocols in ''[[X-Men (vol. 2)|X-Men]]'' (vol. 2) #65, intending to use them against the X-Men. However, in ''[[Cable (comics)|Cable]]'' (vol. 2) #46-47, Cable infiltrates the [[X-Mansion]] and secures all encrypted files before Bastion has a chance to decrypt them.

Due to the tampering of Bastion and his [[Sentinel (comics)|Sentinels]], the X-Mansion computer system [[Cerebro]] gains autonomy and seeks to destroy the X-Men by employing its knowledge of the Xavier Protocols. In a virtual environment created by Professor X in ''X-Men'' (vol. 2) #84, Cerebro executes the Xavier Protocols against the X-Men.

== Details ==
As revealed in ''Excalibur'' #100 each Protocol is activated by the presence of a different combination of X-Men and were written by Xavier himself :

* Code 0-0-0 (Charles Xavier): Actually this file is both an entry on Charles Xavier, as well as an introduction to the Xavier Protocols. It contained a holographic image of Charles Xavier, reading the following message: "Moira, Scott, Jean; if you three are seeing these images, then I have become a mortal threat to my X-Men. In this instance, I must be stopped by any means necessary. Some years ago, I made a study of various forms of possible defense against my own psychic abilities. The image next to me is that of an anti-psionic armor. The wearer should be protected from my talent. When I finish speaking, a blueprint for this armor will download." (Activated by Moira MacTaggert, Cyclops and Jean Grey)

* Code 0-2-1 (Wolverine): "Since the loss of his adamantium, Wolverine has become both more and less of a threat. He is divested of his unbreakable skeleton - but his senses and his mutant healing factor have been increased to incredible levels. What would have been a lethal wound to Wolverine three years ago would now be a momentary annoyance. Any assault on Wolverine, in the event of his sanity breaking, would have to be long-range and decisive. His head would have to be severed, and removed utterly from the vicinity of his body to prevent swift flesh and nerve regrowth." (Activated by [[Archangel (comics)|Archangel]], Cyclops and Jean Grey)

* Code 1-3-9 ([[Cable (comics)|Cable]]): "Cable is a powerful telepath and telekinetic. But a large part of his telekinetic ability is, at any given time, tied up in controlling his techno-organic disease. Attacks on Cable should make full use of this weakness, with the preferred result of the disease devouring his brain and major internal organs." (Activated by Cyclops, Jean Grey and Cannonball)

Other X-Men who face their Xavier Protocols in ''X-Men'' (vol. 2) #84 are [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]], [[Rogue (comics)|Rogue]], [[Shadowcat]], [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]], [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]] and [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]].

==Bibliography==
* ''Excalibur'' (Vol. 1) #100
* ''X-Men'' (Vol. 2) #65
* ''Uncanny X-Men'' #335
* ''X-Men'' (Vol. 2) #84

==In other media==
In the game ''[[X-Men Legends]]'', the Xavier Protocols served a different function. Here, they contained detailed information on the names, powers, and locations of all known mutants.

{{X-Men}}

[[Category:X-Men]]

Hindustani classical music

2008-09-25T15:25:31Z

195.6.25.118: /* Principles of Hindustani music */

{{Music of India (sidebar)}}
{{Pakistanimusic}}
'''Hindustani Classical Music''' ([[Hindi]]: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत, [[Urdu]]: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت) is the [[Hindustani]] or erstwhile [[North Indian]] style of [[Indian classical music]]. Originating in the Vedic period, it is a tradition that has been evolving from the [[12th century]] [[AD]], in what is now northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and also [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Afghanistan]], and is today one of the two main parts of [[Indian classical music]], with the other one being the [[Carnatic music]], which represents the music of [[South India]].

== Characteristics ==
The tradition was born out of a cultural synthesis from several musical streams: the [[Veda|vedic]] chant tradition dating back to approximately one millennia BCE<ref>[http://www.omenad.net/articles/BSV_samintro.htm Excerpts from Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya - Swar in Sam Veda- Articles OMENAD]</ref>, the equally ancient [[Persian music|Persian]] tradition of [[Musiqi-e assil]], and also existent folk traditions prevalent in the region. The terms '''North Indian Classical Music''' or '''Shāstriya Sangeet''' are also occasionally used.

It is traditional for performers who have reached a distinguished level of achievement, to be awarded titles of respect; [[Hindu]]s are usually referred to as ''Pandit'' and [[Muslim]]s as ''Ustad''. An interesting aspect of Hindustani music going back to [[Sufi|sufi times]], is the tradition of religious neutrality: Muslim ustads singing Hindu [[bhajan]]s, or vice versa.

Around the 12th century, Hindustani classical music diverged from the principle which eventually came to be identified as [[Carnatic classical music]]. The central notions in both these systems is that of a melodic [[musical mode|mode]] or [[raga]], sung to a rhythmic cycle or [[tala]]. The tradition dates back to the ancient [[Samaveda]], (lit. ''sāma''=ritual chant), which deals with the norms for chanting of [[sruti]]s or hymns such as the [[Rig Veda]]. These principles were refined in the [[Natyashastra]] by [[Bharata]] (2nd-3d c. CE) and the [[Dattilam]] (probably 3d-4th c. AD)<ref>A Study of Dattilam: A Treatise on the Sacred Music of Ancient India, 1978, p 283, Mukunda Lāṭha, Dattila</ref>.

In medieval times, many of the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of [[sufi]] composers like [[Amir Khusro]], and later in the [[Moghul]] courts. Noted composers such as [[Tansen]] flourished, along with religious groups like the [[Vaishnavite]]s. After the 16th century, the singing styles diversified into different [[gharana]]s patronized in different princely courts. Around 1900, Pandit [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]] consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani Classical music into a number of [[thaat]]s.
In the 20th century, Hindustani classical music has become popular across the world through the influence of artistes like [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and many others.

Indian classical music has 7 basic notes ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni'', with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale. Unlike the 12-note scale in Western music, the base frequency of the scale is not fixed, and intertonal gaps ([[Interval (music)|temper]]) may also vary; however with the gradual replacement of the [[sarangi]] by the [[harmonium]], an [[equal tempered]] scale is increasingly used. The performance is set to a melodic pattern called a [[raga]] (also spelled as raag) characterized in part by specific ascent ([[Arohana]]) and descent ([[Avrohana|Avarohana]]) sequences, which may not be identical. Other characteristics include King ([[Vadi (Hindustani classical music)|Vadi]]) and Queen ([[Samavadi]]) notes and a unique note phrase ([[Pakad]]). In addition each raga has its natural register (Ambit) and [[glissando]] ([[Meend]]) rules, as well as features specific to different styles and compositions within the raga structure. Performances are usually marked by considerable improvisation within these norms.

== History ==

[[Music]] was first formalized in India in connection with preserving the [[sruti]] texts, primarily the four [[veda]]s, which are seen as ''apaurasheya'' (lit. un-created by man). Not only was the text important, but also the manner in which they had been enunciated by the immortals. Prosody and chanting were thus of great importance, and were enshrined in the two [[vedanga]]s (bodies of knowledge) called [[Shiksha]] (pronunciation, chants) and [[Chhandas]] (prosody); these remained a key part of the brahminic educational system till modern times.
The formal aspects of the chant are delineated in the [[Samaveda]], with certain aspects, e.g. the relation of chanting to meditation, elaborated in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] (ca. 8th c. BC). Priests involved in these ritual chants were called ''Samans'' and a number of ancient musical instruments such as the [[conch]] (''shankh''), lute ([[veena]]), flute ([[bansuri]]), trumpets and horns were associated with this and later practices of ritual singing.

[[Image:Swathi_thirunal10.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Maharajah [[Swathi Thirunal]] of [[Travancore Kingdom]], South India, was a prolific composer of Hindustani and Carnatic songs]]

=== Sanskritic Tradition ===
The [[Samaveda]] outlined the ritual chants for singing the verses of the Rig veda, particularly for offerings of [[Soma]]. proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, as ''Krusht'', ''Pratham'', ''Dwitiya'', ''Tritiya'', ''Chaturth'', ''Mandra'' and ''Atiswār''. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. This is why the second note is called ''pratham'' (lit. first, i.e. note when only first hole is closed).

Music is dealt with extensively in the Valmiki [[Ramayana]]; [[Narada]] is an accomplished musician, as is [[Ravana]]; [[Saraswati]] with her [[veena]] is the goddess of music. [[Gandharva]]s are presented as spirits who are musical masters, and the gandharva style looks to music primarily for pleasure, accompanied by the [[soma]] rasa. In the [[Vishnudharmottara Purana]], the Naga king Ashvatara asks to know the [[svara]]s from Saraswati.

The most important text on music in the ancient canon is [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]]'s [[Natya Shastra]], composed around the 3rd c. CE. The Natya Shastra deals with the different modes of music, dance, and drama, and also the emotional responses ([[rasa]]) they are expected to evoke. The scale is described in terms of 22 micro-tones, which can be combined in clusters of 4, 3, or two to form an octave.

While the term [[raga]] is articulated in the Natya Shastra (where its meaning is more literal, colour, as in the mood), it finds a clearer expression in what is called ''jati'' in the [[Dattilam]], a text composed shortly after or around the same time as Natya Shastra. The Dattilam is focused on gandharva music, and discusses scales ([[swara]]), defining a tonal framework called ''grama'' in terms of 22 micro-tonal intervals (''sruti''<ref>The term ''sruti'' literally means "that which is heard". One of its senses refers to the "received" texts of the vedas, here it means notes of a scale</ref>) comprising one octave. It also discusses various arrangements of the notes (''murchhana''), the permutations and combinations of note-sequences (''tanas''), and ''alankara'' or elaboration. Dattilam categorizes melodic structure into 18 groups called ''jati'', which are the fundamental melodic structures similar to the [[raga]]. The names of the jatis reflect regional origins, e.g. ''andhri'', ''oudichya''.

Music also finds mention in a number of texts from the [[Gupta period]];
[[Kalidasa]] mentions several kinds of veena (Parivadini, Vipanchi), as well as percussion instruments (Mridang), the flute (Vamshi) and conch (Shankha).
Music also finds mention in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jaina]] texts from the earliest periods of the Christian era.

[[Narada]]'s [[Sangita Makarandha]] treatise circa 1100 CE is the earliest text where rules similar to the current Hindustani classical music can be found. [[Narada]] actually names and classifies the system in its earlier form before the advent of changes as a result of Persian influences. [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda]] from the 12th century was perhaps the earliest musical composition presently known sung in the classical tradition called [[Ashtapada|Ashtapadi]] music.

In the 13th century, [[Sharngadeva]] composed the [[Sangita Ratnakara]], which has names such as the ''turushka todi'' (Turkish [[todi (thaat)|todi]]), revealing an influx of ideas from the Islamic influx. This text is the last to be mentioned by both the Carnatic and the Hindustani traditions, and is often thought to date the divergence between the two.

=== Medieval Period: Persian influence ===

The advent of Islamic rule under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later the [[Mughal Empire]] over northern India caused considerable cultural interchange. Increasingly, musicians received patronage in the courts of the new rulers, who in their turn, started taking increasing interest in local music forms. The initial generations may have been rooted in a cultural traditions outside India, gradually, they adopted many aspects from their kingdoms which retained the traditional [[Hindu]] culture. This helped spur the fusion of Hindu and Muslim ideas to bring forth new forms of musical synthesis like [[qawwali]] and [[khayal]].

The most influential musician from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period was [[Amir Khusrau]] (1253-1325), sometimes called the father of Hindustani classical music<ref>[http://www.musicalnirvana.com/composers/amir_khusro.html MusicalNirvana - Amir Khusro Dehlavi]</ref>. A prolific composer in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic]], as well as [[Braj Bhasha]], he is credited with systematizing many aspects of Hindustani music, and also introducing the ragas [[Zeelaf]] and Sarparda. He created the genre of the [[qawwali]], which fuses Persian melody and beat on a dhrupad like structure. A number of instruments (such as the [[sitar]]) were also introduced in his time.

Amir Khusrau is sometimes credited with the origins of the [[khayal]] form, but the record of his compositions do not appear to support this. It is possible that the word khayal was a corruption of qawwali, but it is more likely that it has a separate etymology (the Arabic word ''khyal'' means mood or capriciousness). The compositions by the court musician [[Niyamat Khan]] (''Sadarang'') in the court of [[Muhammad Shah]] 'Rangiley' bear a closer affinity to the modern khyal, and suggests that 'Sadarang' may have been the father of modern day 'Khayal'.

Much of the musical forms innovated by these pioneers merged with the Hindu tradition, composed in the popular language of the people (as opposed to Sanskrit) in the work of composers like [[Kabir]] or [[Nanak]]. This can be seen as part of a larger [[Bhakti]] tradition, (strongly related to the [[Vaishnavite]] movement) which remained influential across several centuries; notable figures include [[Jayadeva]] (11th century), [[Vidyapati]] (1375 AD), [[Chandidas]] (14th-15th century), and [[Meerabai]] (1555-1603 AD).

As the Mughal Empire came into closer contact with Hindus, especially under Jalal ud-Din [[Akbar]], music and dance also flourished. Particularly, the legendary musician [[Tansen]] is recognized as having introduced a number of innovations, ragas as well as particular compositions. Legend has it that upon his rendition of a night-time raga in the morning, the entire city fell under a hush and clouds gathered in the sky, or that he could light fires by singing raga Deepak, which is supposed to be composed of notes in high octaves.

At the royal house of [[Gwalior]], [[Raja Mansingh Tomar]] (1486-1516 AD) also participated in the shift from Sanskrit to the local idiom ([[Hindi]]) as the language for classical songs. He himself penned several volumes of compositions on religious and secular themes, and was also responsible for the major compilation, the ''Mankutuhal'' (book of curiosity), which outlined the major forms of music prevalent at the time. In particular, the musical form known as [[dhrupad]] saw considerable development in his court and remained a strong point of the Gwalior gharana for many centuries.

After the dissolution of the Mughal empire, the patronage of music continued in smaller princely kingdoms like [[Lucknow]], [[Patiala]], [[Banaras]], giving rise to the diversity of styles that is today known as [[gharana]]s. Many musician families obtained large grants of land which made them self sufficient, at least for a few generations (e.g. the [[Sham Chaurasia]] gharana). Meanwhile the [[Bhakti]] and [[Sufi]] traditions continued to develop, and interact with the different gharanas and groups.

=== Modern era ===

In the 20th century, the power of the [[maharajah]]s and [[nawab]]s declined, and so did their patronage. With the expulsion of [[Wajid Ali Shah]] to [[Calcutta]] after 1857, the Lucknavi musical tradition came to influence the music of renaissance [[Bengal]], giving rise to the tradition of Ragpradhan gan around the turn of the century.

In the early 20th century, Pandit [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] emerged as an extremely talented musician and organizer (despite having been blinded at age 12). His books on music, as well as the ''Gandharva Mahavidyalaya'' music school that he opened in [[Lahore]] in 1901 helped foster a movement away from the closed gharana system.

Paluskar's contemporary (and occasional rival) 'Chaturpandit' [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]] recognized the many rifts that had appeared in the structure of Indian classical music. He undertook extensive research visits to a large number of gharanas, Hindustani as well as Carnatic, collecting and comparing compositions. Between 1909 and 1932, he brought out the
monumental ''Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi'' (4 vols)<ref>
{{cite book
|title = [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]
|author = Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi (4 volumes, [[Marathi]])
|year = [[1909-1932]]
|publisher = Sangeet Karyalaya (1990 reprint)
|ISBN-10 = 8185057354
}}Originally in [[Marathi]], this book has been widely translated. </ref>, which suggested a transcription for Indian music and described the many traditions in this notation. Finally, it consolidated the many musical forms of Hindustani Classical music into a number of [[thaat]]s, a system that had been proposed in the Carnatic tradition in the 17th century. The ragas as we know them today were consolidated in this landmark work, although there are some inconsistencies and ambiguities in Bhatkande's system.

In modern times, the government-run [[All India Radio]] and [[Radio Pakistan]] helped to bring the artists in front of the public, countering the loss of the patronage system. The first star was [[Gauhar Jan]], whose career was born out of [[Fred Gaisberg]]'s first recordings of Indian music in 1902. With the advance of films and other public media, musicians started to make their living through public performances. With exposure to Western music, some of these melodies also started merging with classical forms, especially in the stream of popular music. A number of [[Gurukul|Gurukuls]], such as that of [[Alauddin Khan]] at [[Maihar]], flourished. In more modern times, corporate support has also been forthcoming (e.g. the [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]]).

== Principles of Hindustani music ==
The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called '''[[Taal]]'''. The melodic foundations are "melodic modes", or "Parent Scales", known as [[Thaat|Thaats]], thaats are part of "musical personalities" called [[Raga|Ragas or Raags]].

Thaats - and so Ragas - may consist of up to seven scale degrees, or [[swara]]. Hindustani musicians name these pitches using a system called [[Sargam]], the equivalent of Western movable do [[solfege]]:
* Sa = Do
* Re = Re
* Ga = Mi
* Ma = Fa
* Pa = Sol
* Dha = La
* Ni = Si
* Sa = Do

Both systems repeat at the octave. The difference between sargam and solfege is that re, ga, ma, dha, and ni can refer to either "Pure" '''(Shuddha)''' or altered "Flat" '''(Komal)''' or "Sharp" '''(Tivra)''' versions of their respective scale degrees. As with movable do solfege, the notes are heard relative to an arbitrary tonic that varies from performance to performance, rather than to fixed frequencies, as on a xylophone.

The fine intonational differences between different instances of the same swara are sometimes called [[śruti (music)|śruti]]. The three primary registers of Indian classical music are Mandra, Madhya and Tara. Since the octave location is not fixed, it is also possible to use provenances in mid-register (such as Madra-Madhya or Madhya-Tara) for certain ragas. A typical rendition of Hindustani raga involves two stages:

* Alap: a rhythmically free improvisation on the rules for the raag in order to give life to the raga and shape out its characteristics. The alap can be further divided into the alap, jod and jhala.

* '''[[Bandish]]''' or '''[[Gat]]''': a fixed, melodic composition set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhavaj. There are different ways of systematizing the parts of a composition. For example:
** [[Sthayi|Sthaayi]]: The initial, [[Rondo]] phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition.
** [[Antara]]: The first body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition.
** [[Sanchaari]]: The third body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in [[Dhrupad|Dhrupad Bandishes]]
** [[Aabhog]]: The fourth and concluding body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in [[Dhrupad|Dhrupad Bandishes]].
*: There are three variations of Bandish, regarding tempo:
** '''[[Vilambit]] Bandish''': A slow and steady melodic composition, usually in Largo to Adagio speeds.
** '''[[Madhyalaya]] Bandish''': A medium tempo melodic competition, usually set in Andante to Allegretto speeds.
** '''[[Drut]] Bandish''': A fast tempo melodic composition, usually set to Allegretto speed, and onwards.

== Vocal music ==
Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric, insofar as the musical forms were designed primarily for vocal performance, and many instruments were designed and evaluated as to how well they emulate the human voice.
=== Types of compositions ===
The major vocal forms-cum-styles associated with Hindustani classical music are [[Dhrupad]], [[Khayal]], and [[Thumri]]. Other forms include [[Dhamar]], [[Tarana]], [[Trivat]], [[Chaiti]], [[Kajari]], [[Tappa (music)|Tappa]], [[Tap-Khayal]], [[Ashtapadis]], [[Dadra]], [[Ghazal]] and [[Bhajan]]. Of these, some forms fall within the crossover to folk or Semi-Classical or Classical ('Light' Classical) music, as they often do not adhere to the rigorous rules and regulations of 'pure' Classical Music.

==== Dhrupad ====
{{main|Dhrupad}}

[[Dhrupad]] is a yet older style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a [[tanpura]] and a [[Pakhavaj|Pakhawaj]] as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, which sometimes were in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in [[Brajbhasha]], a medieval form of [[Hindi language|Hindi]] that was spoken in the Mathura area. The [[Rudra Veena]], an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in the style of Dhrupad.

Dhrupad music is primarily devotional in theme and content. It contains recitals in praise of particular deities. Dhrupad compositions begin with a relatively long and acyclic Alap, where the syllables of the following mantra is recited:

<blockquote>
"''Om Anant tam Taran Tarini Twam Hari Om Narayan, Anant Hari Om Narayan''".</blockquote>

The alap gradually unfolds into more rhythmic Jod and Jhala sections. This is followed by a rendition of Bandish, with the pakhawaj as an accompaniment. The greatest of Indian musicians, [[Tansen]] sung in the Dhrupad style. A lighter form of Dhrupad, called [[Dhamar]], is sung primarily during the festival of [[Holi]].

[[Dhrupad]] was the main form of northern Indian classical music until two centuries ago, but has since then given way to the somewhat less austere, [[khyal]], a more free-form style of singing. Since losing its main patrons among the royalty in Indian princely states, Dhrupad ran the risk of becoming extinct in the first half of the twentieth century. Fortunately, the efforts by a few proponents from the [[Dagar]] family have led to its revival and eventual popularization in India and in the West.

Some of the best known vocalists who sing in the Dhrupad style are the members of the Dagar lineage, including the late Senior Dagar brothers, ''i.e.'' Us. Nasir Moinuddin Dagar and Us. Nasir Aminuddin Dagar, the late Junior Dagar brothers, ''i.e.'' Us. Nasir Zahiruddin and Us. Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar, Us. [[Wasifuddin Dagar]], Us. [[Fariduddin Dagar]], Us. [[Sayeeduddin Dagar]]. Other leading exponents include the [[Gundecha brothers]] (''i.e.'' Ramakant and Umakant Gundecha), Dr. [[Ritwik Sanyal]] and Pt. [[Uday Bhawalkar]], who have received training from some of the Dagars. Leading vocalists outside the Dagar lineage include the Mallik family.

==== Khayal ====
{{main|Khayal}}
[[Khayal]] is a form of [[vocal music]] in Hindustani music, adopted from medieval Persian music and based on [[Dhrupad]] music. [[Khayal]], literally meaning "Thought" in [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] originally from Arabic, Khyal, is special as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A [[Khayal]] is a 4 to 8 lined lyric set to tune. The lyric is of an emotional account possibly from poetic observation. Khayals are also more popularly depicting emotional significance between two lovers, a situation evoking intense feeling, or situations of ethological significance in Hinduism and Islam.

Th importance of the Khayal's content is for the singer to depict, through music in the set [[raga]], the emotional significance of the Khayal. The singer improvises and finds inspiration within the [[raga]] to depict the Khayal.

The origination of Khayal is controversial, yet it is accepted that this style was based on [[Dhrupad]] [[gayaki]] and influenced by Persian music. Many argue that [[Amir Khusrau]] created the style in the late [[16th Century]]. This form was popularized by [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Hussain Shah Sharqi]], an art connoisseur, through his court musician, [[Mohammad Shah]]. Other well-known composers of this period were [[Sadarang]], [[Adarang]], [[Manarang]].

"Kaisku Marwa Jaayal Hamaraa
More darawa nayan ghar kan warahe,

Mohammad Shah ke Sadarangile,
Prem Piya la Chapate Apne,
Huntara Tana Mana Waarune"
- ''Mohammad Shah''
This [[Khayal]] [[bandish]] in [[raga]] [[Bibhas]] was popularized by [[D.V. Paluskar]]. It is interesting how this bandish mentions three names; Mohammad Shah, Sadarang, and Prem Piya.

Later performers include [[Pt.Dattatreya Vishnu Paluskar]], [[Faiyaz Khan]], [[Vinayak Rao Patwardhan|Pt.Vinayak Rao Patwardhan]], [[Shankar Rao Vyas|Pt. Shankar Rao Vyas]], [[Nairan Rao Vyas|Pt.Narain Rao Vyas]],Pt.Balabhau Umdekar "Kundalguru" [[Ut.Nazakat Ali And Ut. Salamat Ali Khan]], [[Pt.Eknath Sarolkar]], [[Pt.Kashinath Pant Marathe]], [[Ut.Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Kesarbai Kerkar|Smt. Kesarbai Kerkar]], [[Mogubai Kurdikar]], [[Krishnarao Shankar Pandit]],[[Ustad Amir Khan|Amir Khan]], [[Pt. Gajananrao Joshi]], [[Pt. Ram Marathe]], [[Pt. Ratnakar Pai]], [[Pt. Kumar Gandharva]], [[Pt. Jitendra Abhisheki]], [[Pt. A. Kanan]],[[Pt. Basavaraj Rajaguru]] and [[Mallikarjun Mansur]].

Some of the present day vocalists are [[Rashid Khan]], [[Pandit Jasraj]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Gangubai Hangal]], [[Pt. Yeshwantbua Joshi]], [[Girija Devi]], [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Satyasheel Deshpande]], [[Ustad Iqbal Ahmad Khan]], [[Dr. Ishwarchandra Karkare]],[[Dr. Rajshekhar Mansur]], [[Pt Ulhas Kashalkar]], [[Pt. Arun Bhaduri]], Malini Rajurkar, [[Pt. Ajoy Chakrabarty]], [[Prabakar Karekar]], [[Alka Deo Marulkar]], [[Aslam Khan]], [[Sanjeev Abhyankar]], [[Shruti Sadolikar]], [[Ashwini Bhide]], Padma Talkwalker, Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar, [[Maya Motegaonkar]], [[Ajay Pohankar]], [[Chandrashekar Swami]], [[Pt. Venkatesh Kumar]], [[Mashkoor Ali Khan]],[[Vidushi Subhra Guha]],[[Pt. Parameshwar Hegde]], [[Indrani Choudhury]], [[Ganapathi Bhatt|Pandit Ganapathi Bhatt]], [[Pt.Madhav Gudi]], [[Bhawani Angiras]], Smt. Shashwati Mandal Paul, [[Pandit Nagaraj Havaldar]], [[Pt. Somanath Mardoor]], [[Pt.Panchakshariswamy Mattigatti]], [[Pt. Shivanand Patil]], [[Sandipan Samajpati]],[[Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar]], [[Sanjeev Chimmalgi]]

==== Tappa ====
Tappa is a form of Indian classical vocal music whose specialty is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. The arrangement of words, with the help of tone vibrations performed in an exquisite vocal style, create a charming atmosphere. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab and developed as a form of classical music by Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori or Shori Mian (1742 - 1792), a court singer of [[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah]], [[Nawab of Awadh]]. Among the prominent living performers of this style are Pt. Laxmanrao Kr. Pandit of Gwalior, Shamma Khurana, Pt. Manvalkar of Gwalior, Smt. [[Girija Devi]] of Benaras, Dr. Ishwarchandra R. Karkare of Gwalior, Pt. Jayant Khot of Gwalior.

==== Tarana ====
{{main|Tarana}}
Another [[vocal]] form, [[Tarana]] are medium-to-fast paced songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with rhythmic syllables or [[bol (music)|bols]] set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. In some sense the tarana can be compared to the [[Tillana]] of [[Carnatic music]].

==== Thumri ====
{{main|Thumri}}
[[Thumri]] is a semiclassical vocal form said to have begun with the court of [[Nawab]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]], 1847-1856. There are three types of thumri: [[Punjabi thumri|Punjabi]], [[Lucknavi thumri|Lucknavi]] and poorab ang thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-[[Hindi]] language called [[Braj bhasha]] and are usually romantic.

Prominent recent performers of this genre are [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] and [[Barkat Ali Khan]], [[Girija Devi]], [[Siddheshwari Devi]], [[Begum Akhtar]], [[Shobha Gurtu]] and [[Pandit Channulal Mishra]].

==== Ghazal ====
[[Ghazal]] is an originally Persian form of poetry. In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Ghalib]], [[Zauq]] and [[Sauda]] amongst the North Indian literary elite. Vocal music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations across [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Central Asia]], [[Turkey]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including [[folk music|folk]] and [[pop music|pop]] forms but its greatest exponents sing it in a semi-classical style.

== Instrumental music ==
Although Hindustani music clearly is focused on the vocal performance, instrumental forms have existed since ancient times. In fact, in recent decades, especially outside South Asia, instrumental Hindustani music is more popular than vocal music, perhaps because the lyrics in the latter are not comprehensible due to unfamiliarity with the language. Still, complexity of Indian classical music could not be expressed in writing. Though some western scholars did record compositions in Staff notation system, Indian musicians used Pt. Bhatkhande system. Though more accurate, this relies on Devanagari script rather than symbols and hence is cumbersome at times. A new notation system has been proposed which uses symbols and offers instantaneous comprehension like Staff notation system. It is with standardization of a notation system that hitherto unknown compositions would see the light of day.<ref> "Ome Swarlipi" in an article by Dr. Ragini Trivedi in [http://www.omenad.net/articles/bjack_shastraprayog.html'''Bhāratīya Shāstrīya Sangīt: Shāstra, Shikshan Va Prayōg''']. (Sahitya Sangam, Allahabad: 2008) </ref>

A number of musical instruments are associated with Hindustani classical music. The [[veena]], a string instrument, was traditionally regarded as the most important, but few play it today and it has largely been superseded by its cousins the [[sitar]] and the [[sarod]], both of which owe their origin to Persian influences. Other plucked/struck string instruments include the [[surbahar]], [[sursringar]], [[santoor]], and various versions of the [[slide guitar]]. Among bowed instruments, the [[sarangi]], [[esraj]] (or [[dilruba]]) and [[violin]] are popular. The [[bansuri]] (bamboo flute), [[shehnai]], [[harmonium]], and [[samvadini]] are important wind instruments. In the percussion ensemble, the [[tabla]] and the [[pakhavaj]] are the most popular. Various other instruments (including the [[Bulbul tarang]] and the [[piano]]) have also been used in varying degrees.

Some representative performers (these lists are by no means comprehensive nor are intended to be):
* Veena: [[Dabir Khann]], [[Birendra Kishore Roy Chowdhury]], [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]], [[Bahauddin Dagar]], [[Asad Ali Khan]], [[Suvir Misra]], Jeff Lewis

* Vichitra Veena: Dr. [[Lalmani Misra]], Pt. Gopal Krishna, Dr. [[Gopal Shankar Misra]], [[Radhika Budhkar]]

* Sitar: [[Imdad Khan]], [[Enayet Khan]], [[Wahid Khan]], [[Mushtaq Ali Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar (musician)|Pandit Ravi Shankar]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Nikhil Banerjee]], [[Shujaat Khan]], Manilal Nag, Purnendu Shekhar Sengupta (Kanu Babu), [[Rais Khan]], [[Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]], [[Imrat Khan]], [[Shahid Parvez]], [[Indranil Bhattacharya]], [[Santosh Banerjee]], [[Kalyani Roy]], [[Budhaditya Mukherjee]], [[Sanjoy Bandopadhyay]], [[Kartik Seshadri]], Shriram Umdekar, [http://www.purbayan.com/index_files/page0001.htm Purbayan Chatterjee], [http://indrajitbanerjee.com Indrajit Banerjee], Sri Jagdeep Singh Bedi

* Sarod: [[Allauddin Khan]], Brij Narayan, [[Hafiz Ali Khan]], [[Radhika Mohan Moitra]], [[Timir Baran]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Jatin Bhattacharya]], [[Buddhadev Das Gupta]], [[Vasant Rai]], [[Sharan Rani]], [[Dhyanesh Khan]], [[Aashish Khan]], [[Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Mukesh Sharma]], [http://www.rajeevtaranath.com/ Rajeev Taranath]

* Surbahar: [[Imdad Khan]], [[Wahid Khan]], [[Enayet Khan]], [[Annapurna Devi]], [[Imrat Khan]], Sri Jagdeep Singh Bedi

* Shehnai: [[Bismillah Khan]], Ali Ahmed Khan

* Bansuri: [[Pannalal Ghosh]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Raghunath Seth]], [[Bari Siddiqui]], [http://www.deepakram.com/ Deepak Ram]

* Santoor: [[Shivkumar Sharma]], Tarun Bhattachrya, [[Bhajan Sopori]], [[Omprakash Chaurasiya]], Smt Shruti Adhikari

* Sarangi: [[Ram Narayan]], [[Bundu Khan]], [[Ustad Sultan Khan]], [[Abdul Latif Khan]]

* Esraj: [[Ashesh Bandopadhyay]], [[Ranadhir Roy]]

* Violin: [[Parur Sundaram Iyer]], [[V. G. Jog]], [[Gajananrao Joshi]], [[N. Rajam]], [[Allaudin Khan]], [[L. Shankar]], [[L. Subramaniam]], [http://www.kalaramnath.com Kala Ramnath], Sisir Kana Dhar Choudhury

* Harmonium: [[Pt. Gyan Prakash Gosh]], [[Ustad Zamir Ahmed Khan]], [[Ustad Bhure Khan]]

* Samvadini: [[Pt. Manohar Chimote]], [http://www.samvadiniartiste.com Pt.Rajendra Vaishampayan], [[Pt. Jitendra Gore]]

* Tabla: [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]], Gyan Prokash Ghosh, Shyamal Bose, Shashanka Bakshi, [[Shankar Ghosh]], [[Anindo Chaterjee]], [[Chatur Lal]], [[Shamta Prasad]], [[Kanthe Maharaj]], [[Alla Rakha]], [[Arup Chattopadhyay]], [[Anokhelal Misra]], [[Keramatullah Khan]], [[Kishen Maharaj]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Aban E. Mistry]], [[Yogmaya Shukla]],[http://www.subhankar.net Shubhankar Banerjee], Subrata Bhattacharya, [[Debashis Choudhury]], [http://www.samarsaha.com Samar Saha].

* Guitar, slide (modified), or ''[[mohan veena]]'': [http://www.kalavant.org/artists/kabraji.htm Brij Bhushan Kabra], [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], [http://www.kamalashankar-rajeevjanardan.com/ Dr. Kamala Shankar], [http://www.debashishbhattacharya.com/ Debashish Bhattacharya], [[Nalin Mazumdar]] of Allahabad

== Prominent performers ==
There have been many great exponents of Hindustani music. Some of them are [[Allauddin Khan]], [[Girija Devi]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Faiyaz Khan]], [[Sharafat Hussain Khan]], [[Abdul Karim Khan]], [[Vasantrao Deshpande]], [[Amir Khan]], [http://www.goswamigokulutsavji.com Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj], [[Pandit D. V. Paluskar|D.V. Paluskar]], [[Salamat Ali Khan]], [[Mallikarjun Mansur]], [[Omkarnath Thakur]], [[Bismillah Khan]], [[Gangubai Hangal]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Kumar Gandharva]], [[Gundecha Brothers]], [[Jasraj]], [[Ravi Shankar (musician)|Ravi Shankar]], [[Nikhil Banerjee]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Pannalal Ghosh]], [[Vijay Raghav Rao]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Shruti Sadolikar-Katkar]], [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]], [[Ulhas Kashalkar]], Malini Rajurkar, [[Prabha Atre]], [[Shivkumar Sharma]],Dhondutai Kulkarni, Manjiri Vaishampayan and [[Annapurna Devi]].

== See also ==
* [[Indian classical music]]
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Music of Pakistan]]
* [[Raga]]
* [[Thaat]]
* [[Swara]]
* [[Tala (music)|Tala]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
<div class="references-small">

* [http://www.itcsra.org/ ITC Sangeet Research Academy]
* [http://www.ragavani.org Ragavani, An Online Journal on Indian Classical Music and Dance]
* [http://www.articlestonurture.com/classical/music.html/2 Imagination Concept in Indian Classical Music]
* [http://www.classicalmusicheritage.org Patiala Gharana Classical Music Academy of Pakistan]
* [http://sahajayoga.ca/music/MusicAndSahajaYoga.htm Indian Classical Music for the Subtle system or the chakras]
* [http://www.soundofindia.com/raagas.asp Comprehensive reference on raagas]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/patrickmoutal/macmoutal/rag.html Patrick Moutal Indian Music Page]
* [http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mrahaim/ Online Tanpura Recordings] (Very good tanpura recordings that are long in length. I have checked the tuning of the tanpura recordings with the program Finale Notepad. I found that the C# sa-pa is out of tune, but everything else is fine. I recommend using the Sa-Pa versions for better practice. Sa-Ma tunings are good for Ragas without a Pa or where the Ma is a important note. There is also a link on this page to more tanpura recordings. On the linked page, all the tanpura recordings starting with the name Shruti are out of tune according to Finale Notepad. All the ones that say 1 min or 8 min are in tune. All the recordings on this website are Sa-Pa.)
* [http://www.musicresearch.in/searchdetail.php Indian Music Research Material by Scholars]
* [http://www.sawf.org/music/articles.asp?pn=Music Rajan Parrikar's Indian Music Articles]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/ Chandra and David Courtney's Indian Music Info Site]
* [http://omenad.net/ Omenad, A website for Online Indian Music Education ]
* [http://www.musicalnirvana.com/index.html Musical Nirvana, A Site with biographies of musicians. Also info about instruments, Ragas and much more.]
* [http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ Music India Online, a site to listen to Indian music and read articles]
* [http://www.swarganga.org/ SwarGanga, Indian classical music site. Has a raga and tala database with other interesting features]
* [http://www.dhrupad.org/ A Dhrupad Site, giving information about Dhrupad and the Gundecha Brothers]
* [http://sarangi.info/ Sarangi, A site with Indian music clippings. The clippings are of Vocal or Sarangi. The Site has also articles, videos, and a gallery]
* [http://www.filmsdivision.org/home.htm Films Division, A site with Indian music documentaries. Search under the category "Music of India" and will get a listing of many videos to watch]
* [http://ragapedia.com/ Ragapedia, an online music notation editor for Sargam notation which also will create high quality western notation and midi from Sargam]
*'''Raga-Rupanjali'''. Ratna Publications: Varanasi. 2007. [http://www.omenad.net/articles/bjack_ragrup.htm A collection of Compositions of Sangeetendu Dr. Lalmani Misra by Dr. Pushpa Basu.]
* [http://code.google.com/p/din din, a software musical instrument for performing Indian classical music live]
* [http://www.tanarang.com tanarang.com , a website dedicated to Hindustani Classical Music which contains information about various Raags and contains various bandishes to listen.]

[[Category:Pakistani music]]
[[Category:Pakistani styles of music]]
[[Category:Hindustani music]]
[[Category:Indian music]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Music genres]]

[[fr:Musique hindoustanie]]
[[hi:हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत]]
[[kn:ಹಿಂದುಸ್ತಾನಿ ಸಂಗೀತ]]
[[ml:ഹിന്ദുസ്ഥാനി ശാസ്ത്രീയ സംഗീതം]]
[[nl:Hindoestaanse muziek]]
[[ja:ヒンドゥースターニー音楽]]
[[ta:இந்துஸ்தானி இசை]]
[[te:హిందుస్థానీ సంగీతము]]

Tour Sans Fins

2008-09-04T09:49:26Z

195.6.25.118:

{{Infobox Skyscraper
|building_name = Tour Sans Fins
|image =
|caption =
|location = [[La Défense]] ([[Puteaux]], [[France]])
|status = Cancelled
|antenna_spire = ~{{m to ft|425|abbr=yes|spell=0|precision=0|wiki=yes}}
|architect = [[Jean Nouvel]]
}}

The '''Tour Sans Fins''' (“Tower Without Ends”) was a tower planned in [[La Défense]] that has since been cancelled. The spelling ''Tour Sans Fins'' may, to a native French-speaker, sound like a grammatical mistake as it would normally be written ''Tour Sans Fin'' without the ‘s’ at the end of ''fins''. However, the idea was that this tower had no ends, even if one looked up or down at it, hence “ends” and not “end”.

==History==

The history of the Tour Sans Fins is linked to the early projects for La Defense. The [[Grande Arche]] was built in an area that was not yet developed. As a testimony to the lack of completed construction in La Defense, the winning design was selected next to an outdoor parking lot of the R.E.R. The winner of this contest was [[Jean Nouvel]], and his Tour Sans Fins was meant to be 425m tall and would have been the tallest skyscraper in Europe. Technical reasons in addition to the economic crisis of the early 90s resulted in the project being cancelled despite 20 millions French francs being already spent.

==The tower proper==

The tower was meant to have a very original design. Having the shape of a cylinder, the base of the tower was to be very dark, becoming more clear as it approached the sky, thus giving the sensation of the tower disappearing. At its base the tower would have gone several levels down below the earth, like a crater, and would have ended with a tuned mass damper absorbing vibrations on its top. Elevators were to be located on the sides, allowing for panoramic views during ascent, and allowing the offices to occupy the centre.

To achieve the impression of the tower just disappearing into the sky, a wide range of material were to be used in its construction: unpolished black granite, anthracite granite, polished mica, polished aluminium, polished stainless-steel, reflective glass, tinted glass, silk-screened glass and finally clear glass. As Jean Nouvel said:

{{cquote|''You don't quite know where the cylinder begins and ends because it rises from an excavation and dissipates into the sky''}}.

==References==
* “Skyscraper design of the recent past and for the near future” by Eric Höweler editions “Thames & Hudson”

{{Supertall proposed skyscrapers}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in France|T1]]
[[Category:La Défense|T1]]
[[Category:Tall buildings and structures in the Paris region|T1]]

Tour Sans Fins

2008-09-04T09:46:16Z

195.6.25.118:

The '''Tour Sans Fins''' (“Tower Without Ends”) was a tower planned in [[La Défense]] that has since been cancelled. The spelling ''Tour Sans Fins'' may, to a native French-speaker, sound like a grammatical mistake as it would normally be written ''Tour Sans Fin'' without the ‘s’ at the end of ''fins''. However, the idea was that this tower had no ends, even if one looked up or down at it, hence “ends” and not “end”.

==History==

The history of the Tour Sans Fins is linked to the early projects for La Defense. The [[Grande Arche]] was built in an area that was not yet developed. As a testimony to the lack of completed construction in La Defense, the winning design was selected next to an outdoor parking lot of the R.E.R. The winner of this contest was [[Jean Nouvel]], and his Tour Sans Fins was meant to be 425m tall and would have been the tallest skyscraper in Europe. Technical reasons in addition to the economic crisis of the early 90s resulted in the project being cancelled despite 20 millions French francs being already spent.

==The tower proper==

The tower was meant to have a very original design. Having the shape of a cylinder, the base of the tower was to be very dark, becoming more clear as it approached the sky, thus giving the sensation of the tower disappearing. At its base the tower would have gone several levels down below the earth, like a crater, and would have ended with a tuned mass damper absorbing vibrations on its top. Elevators were to be located on the sides, allowing for panoramic views during ascent, and allowing the offices to occupy the centre.

To achieve the impression of the tower just disappearing into the sky, a wide range of material were to be used in its construction: unpolished black granite, anthracite granite, polished mica, polished aluminium, polished stainless-steel, reflective glass, tinted glass, silk-screened glass and finally clear glass. As Jean Nouvel said:

{{cquote|''You don't quite know where the cylinder begins and ends because it rises from an excavation and dissipates into the sky''}}.

==References==
* “Skyscraper design of the recent past and for the near future” by Eric Höweler editions “Thames & Hudson”

{{Supertall proposed skyscrapers}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in France|T1]]
[[Category:La Défense|T1]]
[[Category:Tall buildings and structures in the Paris region|T1]]

Template:Supertall proposed skyscrapers

2008-09-04T09:44:46Z

195.6.25.118:

{{Navbox
| name = Supertall proposed skyscrapers
| title = Proposed supertall [[skyscraper]]s
| group1 = Proposed
| list1 = <div><center>
{{nowrap|[[200 Greenwich Street]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[AIG Main Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Al Burj]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[American Commerce Center]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Buenos Aires Forum]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Burj Al-Meel]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Chicago Waldorf Astoria]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Dubai Towers Istanbul]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Nishi-Shinjuku 3-Chōme Redevelopment|East Office Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Empire World Towers|Empire World Towers I & II]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[EP 07 Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[GiraSole (New York)|GiraSole]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Hermitage Towers]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Hudson Place|Hudson Place Towers I & II]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Incheon Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[International Business Center]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Kochi International Trade and Exhibition Centre]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Port Tower Complex|Karachi Port Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Lighthouse Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Lotte Super Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Madinat al-Hareer|Mubarak al-Kabir Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Madison Square Garden Towers|Madison Square Garden Towers I & II]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Manhattan West|Manhattan West Tower I]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Marina Sky Towers]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Millennium Tower, Frankfurt|Millennium Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Murjan Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Ningbo Twin Towers]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[One Bayfront Plaza]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Phare Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[San Francisco Transbay development|Renzo Piano Towers I & II]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Shanghai Center]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Shard London Bridge]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Signature Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Suyong Bay Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[The Gateway III Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Torre Planetarium]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Tour Generali]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Tour Signal]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Tower Verre]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Trans National Place]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[San Francisco Transbay development|Transbay Transit Center & Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Xujiahui Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Twin Towers 2]]}}
<div/>
| group2 = Cancelled
| list2 = <div><center>
{{nowrap|[[1 New York Place]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[7 South Dearborn]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[80 South Street]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Ameritrust Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Bank of the Southwest Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Center City Tower (Philadelphia)|Center City Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[City Tech Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Chicago World Trade Center]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Crown Las Vegas]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Eaton's / John Maryon Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Grollo Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Hotel Attraction]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Ice Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Larkin Building]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Millennium Tower (London)|London Millennium Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Lotte World II Hotel]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Marina Gardens]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Najd Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Palace of Soviets]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Palacio de la Bahia]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Park Square Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Project 2000]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Sapphire Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[South Ferry Plaza]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Torre Generali]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Torre Bicentenario]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Torre Bicentenario II]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Tour Sans Fins]]}}
<div/>
| group3 = Visions
| list3 = <div><center>
{{nowrap|[[Center of India Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[DIB-200]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Houston Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Kostabi World Trade Center]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Sky City 1000]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Tatlin's Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[The Illinois]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[Vortex Tower]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[X-Seed 4000]] }}
<div/>
| group4 = See also
| list4 = <div><center>
{{nowrap|[[Template:Supertall skyscrapers|Supertall skyscrapers]] •}}
{{nowrap|[[List of tallest buildings in the world]]}}
<div/>
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Buildings and structures templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[id:Templat:Pencakar langit supertinggi direncanakan]]
</noinclude>

Beat frequency oscillator

2008-08-06T10:28:52Z

195.6.25.118: /* Example */

{{unreferenced|date=February 2008}}

A '''beat frequency oscillator''' or '''BFO''' in [[radio telegraphy]], is a dedicated [[oscillator]] used to create an audio frequency signal from [[carrier wave]] transmissions to make them audible, as they are not [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] as such. The signal from the BFO is then [[heterodyne]]d with the [[intermediate frequency]] signal to create an audio frequency signal.

==Example==
A receiver is tuned to a [[Morse code]] signal, and the receiver's [[intermediate frequency]] ('''IF''') is ''Fif'' = 45000 Hz. That means the dots and dashes [also known as dits and dahs] have become pulses of a 45000 Hz tone, which is inaudible. To make them audible, the frequency needs to be shifted into the audio range, for instance ''Fbaseband'' = 1000 Hz. To do that, the desired frequency shift is ''Fbfo'' = 44000 Hz, and the desired BFO output waveform is ''cos(2π 44000 t)''. When the signal at frequency ''Fif'' is multiplied by that waveform, it shifts the signal to two other frequencies: ''|Fif − Fbfo|'' and ''(Fif + Fbfo)''. The ''difference frequency'', ''|Fif − Fbfo|'' = 1000 Hz, is also known as the [[beat frequency]]. The other frequency, ''(Fif + Fbfo)'' = 89000 Hz, can then be removed by a lowpass filter, such as an ordinary speaker (which cannot vibrate at such a high frequency) or the human ear (which is not sensitive to frequencies over approximately 20kHz).

BFO works only linked with ADF , in some old contry like INDIA if you want to use ADF frequency on your RMP you must select also BFO to keep the frequency

==Notes==
#By varying the BFO frequency around 44000 Hz, the listener can vary the output audio frequency to suit his/her preference. That is particularly useful for tuning in [[single sideband]] voice.
#The waveform produced by the BFO is sometimes said to ''beat'' against the IF signal, thus the name BFO. However, the actual [[beat frequency]] is produced by the mixer, not the BFO.
#''Fbfo'' = 46000 Hz also produces the desired 1000 Hz [[beat frequency]]. These techniques are distinguished by the terms '''high-side''' and '''low-side''' injection. The term [[superheterodyne]] applies to either one, because historically, ''super'' just stands for "supersonic". However, a [[neologism]] has apparently begun to creep into modern usage, such that the prefixes super- and sub- would be associated with high and low injection, respectively.
#For a radio signal with more bandwidth than Morse code, low-side injection preserves the relative order of the frequency components. High-side injection reverses their order, which is often desirable to counteract a previous reversal in the radio receiver.

[[Category:Communication circuits]]
[[Category:Oscillators]]
[[Category:Amateur radio]]
[[Category:Electronic design]]

[[ja:BFO]]
[[pl:Beat Frequency Oscillator]]
[[tr:BFO]]

Spring Airlines

2008-05-21T09:27:53Z

195.6.25.118: The IATA code is 9C, not 9S

{{redirect|Spring Air|the mattress maker|Spring Air Company}}
{{Infobox_Airline |
airline=Spring Airlines 春秋航空公司 ''Chūnqīu Hángkōng Gōngsī'' |
logo= |
logo_size= |
fleet_size=6 |
destinations=23 |
IATA=9C |
ICAO=CQH |
callsign=AIR SPRING |
parent=Spring Airlines Ltd. |
founded=[[2004]] |
headquarters=[[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] |
key_people=[[Wang Zhenghua]] |
hubs=[[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]]|
focus_cities=[[Sanya Phoenix International Airport]]|
frequent_flyer= |
lounge= |
alliance= |
website=http://www.china-sss.com/ |
}}
[[Image:Spring Airlines A320.JPG|thumb|270px|right|Spring Airlines [[Airbus A320]] at [[Xiamen International Airport]]]]
'''Spring Airlines''' ({{zh-cp|c=春秋航空|p=Chūnqiū Hángkōng}}; abbreviated 春航) is a [[low-cost airline]] based in [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It is the first low-cost airline in China. While the company has adopted the English name "Spring Airlines", the Chinese characters literally mean "Spring and Autumn Airlines". It was approved to establish on [[26 May]] [[2004]] and started operations on [[18 July]] [[2005]].

== History ==

The airline took delivery of its first aircraft, an Airbus A320 (formerly with [[Lotus Air]]), on [[12 July]] [[2005]] at [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]]. It started operations with a flight between [[Shanghai]] and [[Yantai]] on 18 July 2005. Daily flights to [[Guilin]] were also initiated. Spring Airlines is the aviation subsidiary of the Shanghai Spring International Travel Service.

To keep operating costs low Spring sells tickets exclusively from its website and offers no complimentary meals, but only bottled water on flights. Customers can still buy meals on board. In December 2006, the airline offered a 1 yuan promotional price which caused trouble with government officials<ref name="awst_20070101">"China's Spring Airlines", ''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]'', [[January 1]] [[2007]].</ref>.

In early [[2007]] the airline announced a [[2006]] net profit of CNY20 million ($2.6 million) on revenue exceeding CNY500 million. It also revealed its intention to seek financial investors. In [[2004]] a proposal by [[Singapore Airlines]] to acquire a 40% stake had been rejected<ref>[http://www.atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=8841 Air Transport World] 9 May 2007</ref>.

== Destinations ==
*[[People's Republic of China|China, People's Republic of]]
**[[Chongqing]]
***[[Chongqing]] ([[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport]])
**[[Fujian]]
***[[Xiamen]] ([[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport]])
**[[Guangdong]]
***[[Guangzhou]] ([[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport]])
***[[Zhuhai]] ([[Zhuhai Sanzao Airport]])
**[[Guangxi]]
***[[Guilin]] ([[Guilin Liangjiang International Airport]])
**[[Hainan]]
***[[Haikou]] ([[Haikou Meilan International Airport]])
***[[Sanya]] ([[Sanya Phoenix International Airport]])
**[[Heilongjiang]]
***[[Harbin]] ([[Harbin Taiping International Airport]])
**[[Henan]]
***[[Zhengzhou]] ([[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport]])
**[[Hunan]]
***[[Changde]] ([[Changde Airport]])
***[[Changsha]] ([[Changsha Huanghua International Airport]])
**[[Jiangxi]]
***[[Nanchang]] ([[Nanchang International Airport]])
**[[Liaoning]]
***[[Dalian]] ([[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport]])
***[[Shenyang]] ([[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]])
**[[Shandong]]
***[[Qingdao]] ([[Qingdao Liuting International Airport]])
**[[Shanghai]]
***[[Shanghai]]
****([[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]]) '''[[Airline hub|Main Hub]]'''
****([[Shanghai Pudong International Airport]]) '''[[Airline hub|Hub]]'''
**[[Shanxi]]
***[[Taiyuan]] ([[Taiyuan Wusu Airport]])
**[[Sichuan]]
***[[Mianyang]]([[Mianyang Airport]])
**[[Xinjiang]]
***[[Ürümqi]] ([[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport]])
**[[Yunnan]]
***[[Kunming]] ([[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport]])
**[[Zhejiang]]
***[[Wenzhou]] ([[Wenzhou Yongqiang Airport]])

== Fleet ==

The Spring Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft as of March [[2008]]:

*8 [[Airbus A320|Airbus A320-200]] First aircraft SU LBD rerestered B6250

== External links ==
*[http://www.china-sss.com/ Spring Airlines]
*[http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Spring-Airlines Spring Airlines fleet details]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Navbox Airlines of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Transportation in the People's Republic of China}}

[[Category:Airlines of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2004]]
[[Category:Low-cost airlines]]
[[Category:Companies in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of the People's Republic of China]]

[[de:Spring Airlines]]
[[nl:Spring Airlines]]
[[ja:春秋航空]]
[[zh:春秋航空公司]]

Hydraulic motor

2008-04-30T08:43:16Z

195.6.25.118: /* Radial plunger motors */

A '''Hydraulic motor''' is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure and flow into torque and angular displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of the [[hydraulic cylinder]].

Conceptually, a hydraulic motor should be interchangeable with a [[hydraulic pump]] because it performs the opposite function - much as the conceptual DC [[electric motor]] is interchangeable with a DC [[electrical generator]]. However, most hydraulic pumps cannot be used as hydraulic motors because they cannot be [[backdrive|backdriven]]. Also, a hydraulic motor is usually designed for the working pressure at both sides of the motor.

Hydraulic pumps, motors, and cylinders can be combined into [[hydraulic drive system]]s. One or more hydraulic pumps, coupled to one or more hydraulic motors, constitutes a hydraulic [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]].

==Hydraulic motor types==
:''For an explanation of plunger and piston, see [[hydraulic cylinder]]''
Many designs are possible. The following types of hydraulic motors are available:

===Gear and vane motors===
Gear and vane motors are used in simple rotating systems that may be used occasionally.

===Axial plunger motors===
If high quality rotating drive systems are used in general plunger motors are used. Whereas the speed of hydraulic pumps is mostly 1200-1800 rpm, the machinery that should be driven by the motor asks for a much lower speed. This means that when an axial plunger motor (swept volume maximum 2 litres) is used, a gearbox is usually needed. For a continuously adjustable swept volume, axial piston motors are used.
'''PISTON TYPE'''.— Like piston (reciprocating) type pumps, the most common design of the piston type of motor is the axial. This type of motor is the most commonly used in hydraulic systems.

===Radial plunger motors===
Radial piston motors can be obtained with very large swept volumes. Sometimes because the total piston volume of the pump is large (sometimes up to 8-9 litres), sometimes because the pistons move more than one time each revolution (sometimes up to 250 litres working swept volume). By decreasing the swept volume of the motor, the speed goes up and the maximum torque decreases. Radial motors can get an adjustable swept volume by switching off some the plungers.

==Braking==
Hydraulic motors usually have a leakage connection, which means that a hydraulic motor in a drive system can never hold the load, like a hydraulic cylinder can. There is always a need for a brake or a locking device.

==Uses==
Hydraulic motors are used for winch and crane drives and as wheel motors for military vehicles, self-driven cranes, and excavators.

==See also==
{{Hydraulics}}
 

[[Category:Hydraulics]]

{{Tech-stub}}

[[de:Hydraulikmotor]]
[[et:Hüdromootor]]
[[eo:Hidraŭstatika motoro]]
[[sv:Hydraulmotor]]

Barbastro

2008-04-16T13:42:49Z

195.6.25.118: /* Sisters cities */

[[Image:Vista Barbastro Catedral (Huesca).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Barbastro]]

'''Barbastro''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''Barbastrum'' or ''Civitas Barbastrensis'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Barbastra'') is a Spanish city in the [[Somontano]] county of [[Huesca (province)|Huesca]] in [[Aragon]]. The city (also known originally as '''Barbastra''' or '''Bergiduna''') is at the junction of the rivers Cinca and Vero.

== History ==

Following the Roman empire and Visigoth kingdoms, Barbastro and the Barbitaniya area were overtaken by [[Musa bin Nusair]] ([[717]]), as part of the [[Ummayad]] push to conquer northern states of the [[Marca Hispanica]] and the name Madyar was given to the town.

It was later settled by the [[Banu Jalaf]] who made it the capital of the Emirate of Barbineta and Huesca until 862 and was known as the Emirate of Brabstra until 882.

In 1064, [[Sancho I of Aragon|Sancho Ramírez]], [[King of Aragón]], and his [[Franks|Frankish]] Christian forces, led by [[William VIII of Aquitaine]] and [[Le Bon Normand]], invaded the city which had been ruled by the emir of Zaragoza. This attack which decimated over 50,000 people, was known as the [[War of Barbastro|Siege of Barbastro]]. Their success in overtaking the city, albeit brief, was catalytic to securing ongoing Frankish military involvement for Aragon in the [[Reconquista]], with subsequent waves of [[Crusades]].

==Catholic Tradition==
Barbastro continues to have a strong [[catholic]] presence and tradition to this day. The city is a [[suffragan]] [[diocese]] to [[Archdiocese of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]. ''See also [[Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón]]''.

The city's ancient [[cathedral]], episcopal palace, [[seminary]], and [[Piarists|Piarist College]] are among the most noted buildings in the city.

Besides the Piarists, various religious communities and educational schools surfaced in the diocese in the early 20th century - among them the [[Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]], the [[Poor Clares]], the [[Capuchine]] sisters, the [[Benedictines]] in the town of [[Pueyo]] and the [[Carmelites]] in [[Graus]] and [[Salas-Altas]].

The diocese is renowned for its ecclesiastical teachers, missionaries, new world martyrs and modern saints, most notably:
*[[Opus Dei]] founder, Father [[Josemaría Escrivá]] de Balaguer, canonized saint by [[Pope John Paul II]]
*Blessed [[Ceferino Jiménez Malla]], known as the first [[Romani people|gypsy]] saint
*Blessed [[Luis_Cancer|Fray Luis Cancer]], a Dominican expeditionary priest killed by Indians in Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1549; and
*the 51 Blessed Claretian Martyrs of Barbastro, executed in 1936 during the [[Spanish Civil War]], an example of the countless deaths suffered on all sides of the war.
*Saint Raymond of Barbastro, a 12th century bishop and patron saint of the city.

==Famous Authors==
Bartolomé and Lupercio Argensola, historians and classical Spanish writers, were born in Barbastro. Bartolomé is the author of the "Historia de las Molucas", "Anales de Aragón", and "Regla de Perfección"; Lupercio wrote three tragedies, "Isabel", "Jebe", and "Alejandro", and some poems published with others written by his brother Bartolomé.

In his [[Homage to Catalonia]], [[George Orwell]] wrote of his injury sustained while fighting in the Spanish Civil war and of his brief stay at the Hospital in Barbastro.

== Sisters cities ==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint-Gaudens]] , [[France]]

==Source==
*{{catholic}}
*The Historic Atlas of Iberia

{{coor title dm|42|02|N|0|08|E|region:ES_type:city}}

==External links==
* [http://usuarios.lycos.es/entremuro History of Entremuro] (in spanish) Places, people and events about city's old quarter

[[Category:Municipalities in Huesca]]

[[an:Balbastro]]
[[ca:Barbastre]]
[[cs:Barbastro]]
[[de:Barbastro]]
[[es:Barbastro]]
[[eu:Barbastro]]
[[fr:Barbastro]]
[[gl:Barbastro]]
[[it:Barbastro]]
[[nl:Barbastro]]
[[oc:Barbastre]]
[[pl:Barbastro]]
[[pt:Barbastro]]
[[ru:Барбастро]]
[[sv:Barbastro]]

Barbastro

2008-04-16T13:42:40Z

195.6.25.118: /* Sisters cities */

[[Image:Vista Barbastro Catedral (Huesca).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Barbastro]]

'''Barbastro''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''Barbastrum'' or ''Civitas Barbastrensis'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Barbastra'') is a Spanish city in the [[Somontano]] county of [[Huesca (province)|Huesca]] in [[Aragon]]. The city (also known originally as '''Barbastra''' or '''Bergiduna''') is at the junction of the rivers Cinca and Vero.

== History ==

Following the Roman empire and Visigoth kingdoms, Barbastro and the Barbitaniya area were overtaken by [[Musa bin Nusair]] ([[717]]), as part of the [[Ummayad]] push to conquer northern states of the [[Marca Hispanica]] and the name Madyar was given to the town.

It was later settled by the [[Banu Jalaf]] who made it the capital of the Emirate of Barbineta and Huesca until 862 and was known as the Emirate of Brabstra until 882.

In 1064, [[Sancho I of Aragon|Sancho Ramírez]], [[King of Aragón]], and his [[Franks|Frankish]] Christian forces, led by [[William VIII of Aquitaine]] and [[Le Bon Normand]], invaded the city which had been ruled by the emir of Zaragoza. This attack which decimated over 50,000 people, was known as the [[War of Barbastro|Siege of Barbastro]]. Their success in overtaking the city, albeit brief, was catalytic to securing ongoing Frankish military involvement for Aragon in the [[Reconquista]], with subsequent waves of [[Crusades]].

==Catholic Tradition==
Barbastro continues to have a strong [[catholic]] presence and tradition to this day. The city is a [[suffragan]] [[diocese]] to [[Archdiocese of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]. ''See also [[Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón]]''.

The city's ancient [[cathedral]], episcopal palace, [[seminary]], and [[Piarists|Piarist College]] are among the most noted buildings in the city.

Besides the Piarists, various religious communities and educational schools surfaced in the diocese in the early 20th century - among them the [[Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]], the [[Poor Clares]], the [[Capuchine]] sisters, the [[Benedictines]] in the town of [[Pueyo]] and the [[Carmelites]] in [[Graus]] and [[Salas-Altas]].

The diocese is renowned for its ecclesiastical teachers, missionaries, new world martyrs and modern saints, most notably:
*[[Opus Dei]] founder, Father [[Josemaría Escrivá]] de Balaguer, canonized saint by [[Pope John Paul II]]
*Blessed [[Ceferino Jiménez Malla]], known as the first [[Romani people|gypsy]] saint
*Blessed [[Luis_Cancer|Fray Luis Cancer]], a Dominican expeditionary priest killed by Indians in Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1549; and
*the 51 Blessed Claretian Martyrs of Barbastro, executed in 1936 during the [[Spanish Civil War]], an example of the countless deaths suffered on all sides of the war.
*Saint Raymond of Barbastro, a 12th century bishop and patron saint of the city.

==Famous Authors==
Bartolomé and Lupercio Argensola, historians and classical Spanish writers, were born in Barbastro. Bartolomé is the author of the "Historia de las Molucas", "Anales de Aragón", and "Regla de Perfección"; Lupercio wrote three tragedies, "Isabel", "Jebe", and "Alejandro", and some poems published with others written by his brother Bartolomé.

In his [[Homage to Catalonia]], [[George Orwell]] wrote of his injury sustained while fighting in the Spanish Civil war and of his brief stay at the Hospital in Barbastro.

== Sisters cities ==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint-Gaudens]] [[France]]

==Source==
*{{catholic}}
*The Historic Atlas of Iberia

{{coor title dm|42|02|N|0|08|E|region:ES_type:city}}

==External links==
* [http://usuarios.lycos.es/entremuro History of Entremuro] (in spanish) Places, people and events about city's old quarter

[[Category:Municipalities in Huesca]]

[[an:Balbastro]]
[[ca:Barbastre]]
[[cs:Barbastro]]
[[de:Barbastro]]
[[es:Barbastro]]
[[eu:Barbastro]]
[[fr:Barbastro]]
[[gl:Barbastro]]
[[it:Barbastro]]
[[nl:Barbastro]]
[[oc:Barbastre]]
[[pl:Barbastro]]
[[pt:Barbastro]]
[[ru:Барбастро]]
[[sv:Barbastro]]

Vielha e Mijaran

2008-04-16T13:42:01Z

195.6.25.118: /* Sisters cities */

{{infobox catalan city |
title=Vielha e Mijaran|
image_skyline=Gausac - Església de Sant Martí.jpg|
image_skyline_size=160px |
location_map=Localització_de_Vielha.png |
province=Lleida |
comarca=Val d'Aran |
population=5385 |
population_year=2007 |
area=211.74 |
population_density=251.43 |
elevation=980 |
demonym=|
mayor=Josep Calbetó i Giménez}}
{{commonscat}}
'''Vielha e Mijaran''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Comarques of Catalonia|''comarca'']] of the [[Val d'Aran]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. It was created in 1970 by the merger of the municipalities of '''Arròs e Vila''', '''Betlan''', '''Escunhau''', '''Gausac''', '''[[Vielha]]''' and '''Vilac''': the former municipalities retain some privileges as "decentralised municipal entities" (''entitats municipals descentralitzades'', EMD),{{ref|EMD}} as does the village of '''Betren'''. ''Mijaran'' literally means "Middle Valley" in [[Aranese language|Aranese]], as the habited part of the municipality is situated in the valley of the [[Garonne]] (''Garona''). The [[Noguera Ribagorçana]] has its source on the territory of the municipality, on the opposite side of the [[Water divide|watershed]]. The ''ajuntament'' (town hall) is in Vielha, which is also the capital of the ''comarca''.

The municipality is linked to [[France]] and to the rest of [[Catalonia]] (via the [[Vielha tunnel]]) by the [[N-230]] road. The C-28 (old name: C-142) road continues up the valley to [[Naut Aran]], and on over the Bonaigua pass (2072 m) to the ''comarca'' of [[Pallars Sobirà]]. This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Val d'Aran and the rest of [[Spain]] before the opening of the Vielha tunnel in [[1948]].

== Subdivisions ==
The municipality is composed of thirteen distinct settlements. [[Population]]s are give as of 2001:
*'''Arròs''' (95)
*'''Aubèrt''' (104), in the EMD of Aubèrt e Betlan
*'''Betlan''' (24), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Betren''' (376), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casarilh''' (64), in the EMD of Escunhau e Casarilh, on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casau''' (87), inhabited in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times
*'''Escunhau''' (89)
*'''Gausac''' (555)
*'''Mont''' (25), on the right bank of the Garonne at the foot of the Es Cròdos range
*'''Montcorbau''' (17), on the right bank of the Garonne
*'''Vielha''' (2620)
*'''Vila''' (30)
*'''Vilac''' (147)

== Demography ==
Population figures from before 1970 are the totals for the six municipalities which combined to form Viehla e Mijaran.
{{infobox catalan city demography |
pop_1900=1995 |
pop_1930=1757 |
pop_1950=2139 |
pop_1970=2142 |
pop_1986=2969 |
pop_latest=5385 |
latest_year=2007}}

<gallery>
Image:Vielha,June2007.jpg|View from the hotel Vielha
Image:View_from_hotel_vielha.jpg|Another view from the same place
</gallery>

== Sisters cities ==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint-Gaudens]], [[France]]

== Note ==
#{{note|EMD}} ''Entitats municipals descentralitzades'' are governed by the ''Llei Municipal i de Règim Local de Catalunya'' (8/1987 de 15 d'abril de 1987). They correspond to ''entidades locales menores'' in the rest of Spain (known as ''entitats locals menors'' in the [[Valencian Community]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]).

==References==
* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).

== External links ==
*[http://www.vielha-mijaran.org/ Official site]
*[http://www.vielha.magnify.net Videos from Vielha]
*[http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=2524300000 Information from the] [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]
*[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=25243 Information from the] [[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya]]
*[[:ca:Entitat municipal descentralitzada|Entitat municipal descentralitzada]] from [[:ca:Catalan Viquipèdia]]

{{Val d'Aran}}
{{catalonia-geo-stub}}
{{coor title dms|42|42|15|N|0|47|46|E|type:city}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Lleida]]
[[Category:Val d'Aran]]

[[an:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ca:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[de:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[es:Viella]]
[[eu:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[it:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[nl:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[oc:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[pt:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ty:Vielha]]
[[ro:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ru:Вьелья]]
[[tr:Vielha]]

Vielha e Mijaran

2008-04-16T13:41:48Z

195.6.25.118: /* Sisters cities */

{{infobox catalan city |
title=Vielha e Mijaran|
image_skyline=Gausac - Església de Sant Martí.jpg|
image_skyline_size=160px |
location_map=Localització_de_Vielha.png |
province=Lleida |
comarca=Val d'Aran |
population=5385 |
population_year=2007 |
area=211.74 |
population_density=251.43 |
elevation=980 |
demonym=|
mayor=Josep Calbetó i Giménez}}
{{commonscat}}
'''Vielha e Mijaran''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Comarques of Catalonia|''comarca'']] of the [[Val d'Aran]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. It was created in 1970 by the merger of the municipalities of '''Arròs e Vila''', '''Betlan''', '''Escunhau''', '''Gausac''', '''[[Vielha]]''' and '''Vilac''': the former municipalities retain some privileges as "decentralised municipal entities" (''entitats municipals descentralitzades'', EMD),{{ref|EMD}} as does the village of '''Betren'''. ''Mijaran'' literally means "Middle Valley" in [[Aranese language|Aranese]], as the habited part of the municipality is situated in the valley of the [[Garonne]] (''Garona''). The [[Noguera Ribagorçana]] has its source on the territory of the municipality, on the opposite side of the [[Water divide|watershed]]. The ''ajuntament'' (town hall) is in Vielha, which is also the capital of the ''comarca''.

The municipality is linked to [[France]] and to the rest of [[Catalonia]] (via the [[Vielha tunnel]]) by the [[N-230]] road. The C-28 (old name: C-142) road continues up the valley to [[Naut Aran]], and on over the Bonaigua pass (2072 m) to the ''comarca'' of [[Pallars Sobirà]]. This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Val d'Aran and the rest of [[Spain]] before the opening of the Vielha tunnel in [[1948]].

== Subdivisions ==
The municipality is composed of thirteen distinct settlements. [[Population]]s are give as of 2001:
*'''Arròs''' (95)
*'''Aubèrt''' (104), in the EMD of Aubèrt e Betlan
*'''Betlan''' (24), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Betren''' (376), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casarilh''' (64), in the EMD of Escunhau e Casarilh, on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casau''' (87), inhabited in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times
*'''Escunhau''' (89)
*'''Gausac''' (555)
*'''Mont''' (25), on the right bank of the Garonne at the foot of the Es Cròdos range
*'''Montcorbau''' (17), on the right bank of the Garonne
*'''Vielha''' (2620)
*'''Vila''' (30)
*'''Vilac''' (147)

== Demography ==
Population figures from before 1970 are the totals for the six municipalities which combined to form Viehla e Mijaran.
{{infobox catalan city demography |
pop_1900=1995 |
pop_1930=1757 |
pop_1950=2139 |
pop_1970=2142 |
pop_1986=2969 |
pop_latest=5385 |
latest_year=2007}}

<gallery>
Image:Vielha,June2007.jpg|View from the hotel Vielha
Image:View_from_hotel_vielha.jpg|Another view from the same place
</gallery>

== Sisters cities ==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint-Gaudens]] [[France]]

== Note ==
#{{note|EMD}} ''Entitats municipals descentralitzades'' are governed by the ''Llei Municipal i de Règim Local de Catalunya'' (8/1987 de 15 d'abril de 1987). They correspond to ''entidades locales menores'' in the rest of Spain (known as ''entitats locals menors'' in the [[Valencian Community]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]).

==References==
* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).

== External links ==
*[http://www.vielha-mijaran.org/ Official site]
*[http://www.vielha.magnify.net Videos from Vielha]
*[http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=2524300000 Information from the] [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]
*[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=25243 Information from the] [[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya]]
*[[:ca:Entitat municipal descentralitzada|Entitat municipal descentralitzada]] from [[:ca:Catalan Viquipèdia]]

{{Val d'Aran}}
{{catalonia-geo-stub}}
{{coor title dms|42|42|15|N|0|47|46|E|type:city}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Lleida]]
[[Category:Val d'Aran]]

[[an:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ca:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[de:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[es:Viella]]
[[eu:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[it:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[nl:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[oc:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[pt:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ty:Vielha]]
[[ro:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ru:Вьелья]]
[[tr:Vielha]]

Barbastro

2008-04-16T13:40:42Z

195.6.25.118:

[[Image:Vista Barbastro Catedral (Huesca).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Barbastro]]

'''Barbastro''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''Barbastrum'' or ''Civitas Barbastrensis'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Barbastra'') is a Spanish city in the [[Somontano]] county of [[Huesca (province)|Huesca]] in [[Aragon]]. The city (also known originally as '''Barbastra''' or '''Bergiduna''') is at the junction of the rivers Cinca and Vero.

== History ==

Following the Roman empire and Visigoth kingdoms, Barbastro and the Barbitaniya area were overtaken by [[Musa bin Nusair]] ([[717]]), as part of the [[Ummayad]] push to conquer northern states of the [[Marca Hispanica]] and the name Madyar was given to the town.

It was later settled by the [[Banu Jalaf]] who made it the capital of the Emirate of Barbineta and Huesca until 862 and was known as the Emirate of Brabstra until 882.

In 1064, [[Sancho I of Aragon|Sancho Ramírez]], [[King of Aragón]], and his [[Franks|Frankish]] Christian forces, led by [[William VIII of Aquitaine]] and [[Le Bon Normand]], invaded the city which had been ruled by the emir of Zaragoza. This attack which decimated over 50,000 people, was known as the [[War of Barbastro|Siege of Barbastro]]. Their success in overtaking the city, albeit brief, was catalytic to securing ongoing Frankish military involvement for Aragon in the [[Reconquista]], with subsequent waves of [[Crusades]].

==Catholic Tradition==
Barbastro continues to have a strong [[catholic]] presence and tradition to this day. The city is a [[suffragan]] [[diocese]] to [[Archdiocese of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]. ''See also [[Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón]]''.

The city's ancient [[cathedral]], episcopal palace, [[seminary]], and [[Piarists|Piarist College]] are among the most noted buildings in the city.

Besides the Piarists, various religious communities and educational schools surfaced in the diocese in the early 20th century - among them the [[Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]], the [[Poor Clares]], the [[Capuchine]] sisters, the [[Benedictines]] in the town of [[Pueyo]] and the [[Carmelites]] in [[Graus]] and [[Salas-Altas]].

The diocese is renowned for its ecclesiastical teachers, missionaries, new world martyrs and modern saints, most notably:
*[[Opus Dei]] founder, Father [[Josemaría Escrivá]] de Balaguer, canonized saint by [[Pope John Paul II]]
*Blessed [[Ceferino Jiménez Malla]], known as the first [[Romani people|gypsy]] saint
*Blessed [[Luis_Cancer|Fray Luis Cancer]], a Dominican expeditionary priest killed by Indians in Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1549; and
*the 51 Blessed Claretian Martyrs of Barbastro, executed in 1936 during the [[Spanish Civil War]], an example of the countless deaths suffered on all sides of the war.
*Saint Raymond of Barbastro, a 12th century bishop and patron saint of the city.

==Famous Authors==
Bartolomé and Lupercio Argensola, historians and classical Spanish writers, were born in Barbastro. Bartolomé is the author of the "Historia de las Molucas", "Anales de Aragón", and "Regla de Perfección"; Lupercio wrote three tragedies, "Isabel", "Jebe", and "Alejandro", and some poems published with others written by his brother Bartolomé.

In his [[Homage to Catalonia]], [[George Orwell]] wrote of his injury sustained while fighting in the Spanish Civil war and of his brief stay at the Hospital in Barbastro.

== Sisters cities ==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint-Gaudens]] {{France}}

==Source==
*{{catholic}}
*The Historic Atlas of Iberia

{{coor title dm|42|02|N|0|08|E|region:ES_type:city}}

==External links==
* [http://usuarios.lycos.es/entremuro History of Entremuro] (in spanish) Places, people and events about city's old quarter

[[Category:Municipalities in Huesca]]

[[an:Balbastro]]
[[ca:Barbastre]]
[[cs:Barbastro]]
[[de:Barbastro]]
[[es:Barbastro]]
[[eu:Barbastro]]
[[fr:Barbastro]]
[[gl:Barbastro]]
[[it:Barbastro]]
[[nl:Barbastro]]
[[oc:Barbastre]]
[[pl:Barbastro]]
[[pt:Barbastro]]
[[ru:Барбастро]]
[[sv:Barbastro]]

Vielha e Mijaran

2008-04-16T13:39:40Z

195.6.25.118: /* Sisters cities */

{{infobox catalan city |
title=Vielha e Mijaran|
image_skyline=Gausac - Església de Sant Martí.jpg|
image_skyline_size=160px |
location_map=Localització_de_Vielha.png |
province=Lleida |
comarca=Val d'Aran |
population=5385 |
population_year=2007 |
area=211.74 |
population_density=251.43 |
elevation=980 |
demonym=|
mayor=Josep Calbetó i Giménez}}
{{commonscat}}
'''Vielha e Mijaran''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Comarques of Catalonia|''comarca'']] of the [[Val d'Aran]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. It was created in 1970 by the merger of the municipalities of '''Arròs e Vila''', '''Betlan''', '''Escunhau''', '''Gausac''', '''[[Vielha]]''' and '''Vilac''': the former municipalities retain some privileges as "decentralised municipal entities" (''entitats municipals descentralitzades'', EMD),{{ref|EMD}} as does the village of '''Betren'''. ''Mijaran'' literally means "Middle Valley" in [[Aranese language|Aranese]], as the habited part of the municipality is situated in the valley of the [[Garonne]] (''Garona''). The [[Noguera Ribagorçana]] has its source on the territory of the municipality, on the opposite side of the [[Water divide|watershed]]. The ''ajuntament'' (town hall) is in Vielha, which is also the capital of the ''comarca''.

The municipality is linked to [[France]] and to the rest of [[Catalonia]] (via the [[Vielha tunnel]]) by the [[N-230]] road. The C-28 (old name: C-142) road continues up the valley to [[Naut Aran]], and on over the Bonaigua pass (2072 m) to the ''comarca'' of [[Pallars Sobirà]]. This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Val d'Aran and the rest of [[Spain]] before the opening of the Vielha tunnel in [[1948]].

== Subdivisions ==
The municipality is composed of thirteen distinct settlements. [[Population]]s are give as of 2001:
*'''Arròs''' (95)
*'''Aubèrt''' (104), in the EMD of Aubèrt e Betlan
*'''Betlan''' (24), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Betren''' (376), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casarilh''' (64), in the EMD of Escunhau e Casarilh, on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casau''' (87), inhabited in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times
*'''Escunhau''' (89)
*'''Gausac''' (555)
*'''Mont''' (25), on the right bank of the Garonne at the foot of the Es Cròdos range
*'''Montcorbau''' (17), on the right bank of the Garonne
*'''Vielha''' (2620)
*'''Vila''' (30)
*'''Vilac''' (147)

== Demography ==
Population figures from before 1970 are the totals for the six municipalities which combined to form Viehla e Mijaran.
{{infobox catalan city demography |
pop_1900=1995 |
pop_1930=1757 |
pop_1950=2139 |
pop_1970=2142 |
pop_1986=2969 |
pop_latest=5385 |
latest_year=2007}}

<gallery>
Image:Vielha,June2007.jpg|View from the hotel Vielha
Image:View_from_hotel_vielha.jpg|Another view from the same place
</gallery>

== Sisters cities ==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint-Gaudens]] {{France}}

== Note ==
#{{note|EMD}} ''Entitats municipals descentralitzades'' are governed by the ''Llei Municipal i de Règim Local de Catalunya'' (8/1987 de 15 d'abril de 1987). They correspond to ''entidades locales menores'' in the rest of Spain (known as ''entitats locals menors'' in the [[Valencian Community]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]).

==References==
* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).

== External links ==
*[http://www.vielha-mijaran.org/ Official site]
*[http://www.vielha.magnify.net Videos from Vielha]
*[http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=2524300000 Information from the] [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]
*[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=25243 Information from the] [[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya]]
*[[:ca:Entitat municipal descentralitzada|Entitat municipal descentralitzada]] from [[:ca:Catalan Viquipèdia]]

{{Val d'Aran}}
{{catalonia-geo-stub}}
{{coor title dms|42|42|15|N|0|47|46|E|type:city}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Lleida]]
[[Category:Val d'Aran]]

[[an:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ca:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[de:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[es:Viella]]
[[eu:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[it:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[nl:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[oc:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[pt:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ty:Vielha]]
[[ro:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ru:Вьелья]]
[[tr:Vielha]]

Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne

2008-04-16T12:53:53Z

195.6.25.118: /* Sisters cities */

{{French commune
|nomcommune=Saint-Gaudens [[Image:Saintgaudens.jpg|270px]] Cloister in Saint-Gaudens
|région=[[Midi-Pyrénées]]
|département=[[Haute-Garonne]]
|arrondissement=Saint-Gaudens
|canton=[[Canton of Saint-Gaudens|Saint-Gaudens]](chief town)
|insee=31483
|cp=31800
|maire=Philippe Perrot
|mandat=2001-2008
|intercomm=[[Communauté de communes du Saint-Gaudinois]]
|longitude=0.724166666667
|latitude=43.1088888889
|alt moy=372 m
|alt mini=338 m
|alt maxi=558 m
|hectares=3,318
|km²=33.18
|sans=10,845
|date-sans=1,999
|dens=326
|date-dens=1999}}
'''Saint-Gaudens''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] and a ''[[sous-préfecture]]'' of the [[Haute-Garonne]] ''[[Departments of France|département]]'' in the [[Midi-Pyrénées]] region of [[France]]

==See also==
* [[RC Saint-Gaudens]], local rugby league team
* [[Grand Prix du Comminges]]
* [[Augustus St. Gaudens|Sculptor Augustus St. Gaudens]]

==Sisters cities==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Avranches]], [[France]],
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barbastro]], [[Spain]],
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Vielha e Mijaran]], [[Spain]],

{{commons|Category:Saint-Gaudens|Saint-Gaudens}}
* [http://www.stgaudens.com/ Saint-Gaudens city council website] {{fr icon}}

[[Category:Communes of Haute-Garonne]]
[[Category:Subprefectures in France]]

{{HauteGaronne-geo-stub}}

[[ca:Sent Gaudenç]]
[[ceb:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[de:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[es:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[fr:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[it:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[nl:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[nn:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[oc:Sent Gaudenç]]
[[pl:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[ro:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[sl:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[vi:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[vo:Saint-Gaudens]]

Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne

2008-04-16T12:53:25Z

195.6.25.118: /* External links */

{{French commune
|nomcommune=Saint-Gaudens [[Image:Saintgaudens.jpg|270px]] Cloister in Saint-Gaudens
|région=[[Midi-Pyrénées]]
|département=[[Haute-Garonne]]
|arrondissement=Saint-Gaudens
|canton=[[Canton of Saint-Gaudens|Saint-Gaudens]](chief town)
|insee=31483
|cp=31800
|maire=Philippe Perrot
|mandat=2001-2008
|intercomm=[[Communauté de communes du Saint-Gaudinois]]
|longitude=0.724166666667
|latitude=43.1088888889
|alt moy=372 m
|alt mini=338 m
|alt maxi=558 m
|hectares=3,318
|km²=33.18
|sans=10,845
|date-sans=1,999
|dens=326
|date-dens=1999}}
'''Saint-Gaudens''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] and a ''[[sous-préfecture]]'' of the [[Haute-Garonne]] ''[[Departments of France|département]]'' in the [[Midi-Pyrénées]] region of [[France]]

==See also==
* [[RC Saint-Gaudens]], local rugby league team
* [[Grand Prix du Comminges]]
* [[Augustus St. Gaudens|Sculptor Augustus St. Gaudens]]

==Sisters cities==

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Avranches]], [[Avranches]], [[France]],
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barbastro]], [[Barbastro]], [[Spain]],
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Vielha e Mijaran]], [[Vielha e Mijaran]], [[Spain]],

{{commons|Category:Saint-Gaudens|Saint-Gaudens}}
* [http://www.stgaudens.com/ Saint-Gaudens city council website] {{fr icon}}

[[Category:Communes of Haute-Garonne]]
[[Category:Subprefectures in France]]

{{HauteGaronne-geo-stub}}

[[ca:Sent Gaudenç]]
[[ceb:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[de:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[es:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[fr:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[it:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[nl:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[nn:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[oc:Sent Gaudenç]]
[[pl:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[ro:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[sl:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[vi:Saint-Gaudens]]
[[vo:Saint-Gaudens]]

Vielha e Mijaran

2008-04-15T15:59:24Z

195.6.25.118:

{{infobox catalan city |
title=Vielha e Mijaran|
image_skyline=Gausac - Església de Sant Martí.jpg|
image_skyline_size=160px |
location_map=Localització_de_Vielha.png |
province=Lleida |
comarca=Val d'Aran |
population=5385 |
population_year=2007 |
area=211.74 |
population_density=251.43 |
elevation=980 |
demonym=|
mayor=Josep Calbetó i Giménez}}
{{commonscat}}
'''Vielha e Mijaran''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Comarques of Catalonia|''comarca'']] of the [[Val d'Aran]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. It was created in 1970 by the merger of the municipalities of '''Arròs e Vila''', '''Betlan''', '''Escunhau''', '''Gausac''', '''[[Vielha]]''' and '''Vilac''': the former municipalities retain some privileges as "decentralised municipal entities" (''entitats municipals descentralitzades'', EMD),{{ref|EMD}} as does the village of '''Betren'''. ''Mijaran'' literally means "Middle Valley" in [[Aranese language|Aranese]], as the habited part of the municipality is situated in the valley of the [[Garonne]] (''Garona''). The [[Noguera Ribagorçana]] has its source on the territory of the municipality, on the opposite side of the [[Water divide|watershed]]. The ''ajuntament'' (town hall) is in Vielha, which is also the capital of the ''comarca''.

The municipality is linked to [[France]] and to the rest of [[Catalonia]] (via the [[Vielha tunnel]]) by the [[N-230]] road. The C-28 (old name: C-142) road continues up the valley to [[Naut Aran]], and on over the Bonaigua pass (2072 m) to the ''comarca'' of [[Pallars Sobirà]]. This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Val d'Aran and the rest of [[Spain]] before the opening of the Vielha tunnel in [[1948]].

== Subdivisions ==
The municipality is composed of thirteen distinct settlements. [[Population]]s are give as of 2001:
*'''Arròs''' (95)
*'''Aubèrt''' (104), in the EMD of Aubèrt e Betlan
*'''Betlan''' (24), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Betren''' (376), on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casarilh''' (64), in the EMD of Escunhau e Casarilh, on the left bank of the Garonne
*'''Casau''' (87), inhabited in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times
*'''Escunhau''' (89)
*'''Gausac''' (555)
*'''Mont''' (25), on the right bank of the Garonne at the foot of the Es Cròdos range
*'''Montcorbau''' (17), on the right bank of the Garonne
*'''Vielha''' (2620)
*'''Vila''' (30)
*'''Vilac''' (147)

== Demography ==
Population figures from before 1970 are the totals for the six municipalities which combined to form Viehla e Mijaran.
{{infobox catalan city demography |
pop_1900=1995 |
pop_1930=1757 |
pop_1950=2139 |
pop_1970=2142 |
pop_1986=2969 |
pop_latest=5385 |
latest_year=2007}}

<gallery>
Image:Vielha,June2007.jpg|View from the hotel Vielha
Image:View_from_hotel_vielha.jpg|Another view from the same place
</gallery>

== Sisters cities ==

* [[Saint-Gaudens]] {{France}}

== Note ==
#{{note|EMD}} ''Entitats municipals descentralitzades'' are governed by the ''Llei Municipal i de Règim Local de Catalunya'' (8/1987 de 15 d'abril de 1987). They correspond to ''entidades locales menores'' in the rest of Spain (known as ''entitats locals menors'' in the [[Valencian Community]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]).

==References==
* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).

== External links ==
*[http://www.vielha-mijaran.org/ Official site]
*[http://www.vielha.magnify.net Videos from Vielha]
*[http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=2524300000 Information from the] [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]
*[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=25243 Information from the] [[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya]]
*[[:ca:Entitat municipal descentralitzada|Entitat municipal descentralitzada]] from [[:ca:Catalan Viquipèdia]]

{{Val d'Aran}}
{{catalonia-geo-stub}}
{{coor title dms|42|42|15|N|0|47|46|E|type:city}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Lleida]]
[[Category:Val d'Aran]]

[[an:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ca:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[de:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[es:Viella]]
[[eu:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[it:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[nl:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[oc:Vielha e Mijaran]]
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[[ro:Vielha e Mijaran]]
[[ru:Вьелья]]
[[tr:Vielha]]

Château du Plessis-Josso

2008-03-27T09:24:15Z

195.6.25.118: /* See also */

The '''Château du Plessis Josso''' is a [[castle]] in the [[Morbihan]] ''[[Departments of France|département]]'' of [[France]].

==See also==
*[http://www.plessis-josso.com Official website of the Plessis Josso]
*[[List of castles in France]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plessis Josso, Chateau du}}
{{France-struct-stub}}
{{castle-stub}}
[[Category:Châteaux in France]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bretagne]]
[[Category:Morbihan]]

Château du Plessis-Josso

2008-03-25T12:35:41Z

195.6.25.118: Add a link to the Plessis Josso website

The '''Château du Plessis Josso''' is a [[castle]] in the [[Morbihan]] ''[[Departments of France|département]]'' of [[France]].

==See also==
[http://www.plessis-josso.com Official website of the Plessis Josso]

*[[List of castles in France]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plessis Josso, Chateau du}}
{{France-struct-stub}}
{{castle-stub}}
[[Category:Châteaux in France]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bretagne]]
[[Category:Morbihan]]

Talk:Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization

2008-03-07T10:38:47Z

195.6.25.118: Differences with EBIT

==Easy analogy==
As I teach ebitda in my accounting class, I often use the following analogy, which I would like someone to be bold and steal from me into this article and elsewhere... ;) When discussing what the ebitda means and what it doesn't mean, I always use the rhetorical question, "When was the last time you told someone your '''net''' income?" Everyone tells their friends their ebitda, their gross, because it allows you more social clout. Anyway... --[[User:Mrcolj|Mrcolj]] 01:05, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

==Nov 06==
I'm firmly in the accrual accounting camp, so I think this page is one-sided. Since the section removed (below) was clearly a response to this, and it was deleted, I'll ask you guys first before making any corrections. I have no problems with these pages presenting POVs. I think I can counter anything you present. Nor do I quibble about references. But I am not going to waste my time if it will only be promptly deleted because you don't like a word. So ?????[[User:Retail Investor|Retail Investor]] 22:43, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
:Do it. Or if you're hesitant, make changes here first... I'll back you. --[[User:Mrcolj|Mrcolj]] 01:05, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
Done. I tried to be fair to both sides even though I think EBITDA is wrong, wrong, wrong![[User:Retail Investor|Retail Investor]] 20:35, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

==Aug 05==
I recently removed the following section. It might merit restoration but it had some important flaws that made me decide to remove it pending further editing. Here is my reasoning:

* "The most important metric for investors is the company's income" is incorrect. You could argue that it is ''an'' important metric, or that it is ''considered by some to be the most important metric''. However, there are many ways in which the net income measure misrepresents the financial health of a company. Further, no one ever retired because they had put so much "net income" in the bank. Since it's ultimately cash that we all earn, save and spend, many argue that cash flow is the most important metric for investors. Indeed, modern valuation practice is based on the projection of a company's future free cash flows (not profits) and estimation of the present value of those cash flows based on the time value of money.

* EBITDA is clearly NOT the same thing as "operating cash flow". For example, if a company increases its inventories by $100M in a period, its operating cash flow will be reduced by $100M, but there will be no impact on EBITDA.

* It is exactly wrong to say that "amortization ... costs money". A primary reason to consider earnings without the impact of amortization is that it costs ''nothing''. It reflects an expenditure made in a prior year -- all of the money has already been spent, but in order to match the impact of that expenditure to all of the years in which it will create value for the company, an expense is "artificially" recorded in subsequent years.

==Discussion==
When companies publish their [[financial statements]], the most important metric for
investors is the company's [[income]], which is calculated as the company's [[revenue]]
minus '''all''' its expenses. Some companies also publish their EBITDA, which, these
companies usually claim, provides a more true picture of the company's profitability than
the "income" number.

The EBITDA is the earnings before cash expenses of interest income/expense and income tax,
and non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization of [[capital expenditures]]. So
it's the same thing as the '''operating cash flow''' (from the [[cash flow statement]])
without cash outflow from interest and taxes. But there is a reason the interest,
amortization, and taxes is on the income statment, because it cost money. The issue is
however not the "net net" cash and income from the company, but '''comparable''' numbers.
Management compare all levels of income and cash flow to earlier periods. And a favorite
may be the EBITDA.

* I linked the terms "accrual accounting" and "cash basis accounting" to the relevant pages.[[User:DanG|DanG]] 08:56, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

==Article needs serious help==
This article needs serious help. There's no clear definition and example of EBIT for the uninformed, and most of the article seems dedicated to pros and cons. How about calling them strengths and weaknesses? NPOV comes to mind. --[[User:SueHay|SueHay]] 19:45, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

== Another problem with EBITDA ==

It is not clear whether or not EBITDA includes or excludes interest income earned on cash and marketable securities. I believe EBITDA should exclude interest income (earned on cash) and interest expense (paid on debt), but the definition varies by user. Interest income (earned on cash and marketable securities) is usually non-operational (meaning the cash flow was not generated by a firm's core operations - its business) and therefore should not be included in EBITDA. EBITDA should measure earnings generated by a company's core operations.

== EBIT v EBITDA ==
Could someone write a simple text to differenciate between the two?

Santé engagé

2008-02-21T10:19:59Z

195.6.25.118:

{{Infobox Music genre
| color = #FF8020
| bgcolor = white
| name = [[Santé engazé]]
| stylistic_origins = [[Sega music]] and oriental music
| cultural_origins = 1970s [[Mauritius]]
| instruments = Typical Mauritian Sega instruments: ravanne - maravane - [[triangle (instrument)]] oriental instruments: [[Tabla]] - [[harmonium]] - [[sitar]] Others: [[Guitar]] - [[Drums]] - [[Bass guitar|Bass]] - [[Djembe]] - [[Violin]] - [[Harmonica]]
| popularity = Highest in the 1970s and 1980s wide popularity in [[Mauritius]] & notable popularity in Reunion Island
| derivatives = [[Séga engazé]]
| fusiongenres =
| other_topics = [[Grup Latanier]] - Soley Ruz - Bam Cuttayen - Siven Chinien - Zul Ramiah - Zenfan Dodo
}}

'''santé engagé''' (in [[Mauritian Creole]] : [[santé engazé]]) is the name given to a style of the Mauritian music (see [[music of Mauritius]]) which consists in singing committed songs. It is, in its basic form, a way to protest against political/socialoppression and repression through music.

==Context==

The 1960s and 1970s (“''les années de braise''”) have been a very bustling period in the [[history of Mauritius]]. It has been a period of high interracial tension leading to more than 300 deaths due to interracial affrays.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lemmm.org/history.asp| title=http://www.lemmm.org/index.asp| author=[[Mauritian Militant Movement]]| format=}}</ref> It has also been an indecisive period with regard to the cultural heirloom of the island with a deep reconsidering of the multicultural image.

====Independence of Mauritius====

[[Image:GMpolice.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Police force repression during demonstrations]][[Mauritius]] attained independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1968 without real exhilaration. A profound division prevailed between, on one side, the members of the independent movement and, on the other side, the anti-independentists. The island is faced with a vertiginously high level of unemployment and people still had in mind the recent interracial tensions peaking in 1964 and 1968.

Under the pretext of security and law & order, the newly formed government of [[Mauritius]] took highly repressive measures against opponents who intended to put forward ideas adverse to those of the governing regime.

Even though independence was declared in 1968, British colonial presence and dominance remained clearly visible throughout the 1970s.

====Raise in consciousness====

Faced with such restrictions, youngsters (mostly university students) started to set up groups to debate on all ideological topics including politics and culture.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.5plusltd.com/archive/2003/septembre/28_09_2003/chanson.htm| title=http://www.5plusltd.com/| author=5Plus Dimanche| format=}}</ref> Several students, among others [[Dev Virahsawmy]], Jooneed Jeerooburkhan, Tirat Ramkisoon, Krishen Matis, Ah-Ken Wong, Kreeti Goburdhun, Vella Vengaroo created the Club of Students (''Club des Etudiants'').<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lemmm.org/history.asp| title=http://www.lemmm.org/index.asp| author=[[Mauritian Militant Movement]]| format=}}</ref> With the participation of [[Paul Bérenger]], the Club of Students became the Club of Militant Students (''Clubs des Etudiants militants''). The Club later gave way to the creation of the [[Mauritian Militant Movement]] (in 1969) lauding national unity and social justice, inspired from the [[Libertarian Marxism]] movement.

Along with this political movement, youngsters also started militating for cultural freedom. The government redoubled its repressive actions against them, using the police force and ''tappeurs'' for assaults against the youngsters. Many members of the MMM are jailed as political prisoners.

====Fight through culture and music====

The young generation however never abdicated. Freedom of culture was a fundamental element of their resistance, specially the fight for the recognition of the [[Mauritian creole]] as a full-fledged language.

In the early 1970s they started to create cultural groups (in [[Mauritian creole]]: Grup Kiltirel) to debate about culture. Along with this new form of resistance, young artists started to write songs reflecting their thoughts. The Groups travelled throughout the island to meet people and make their voice heard. They also sang those songs with committed [[lyrics]] which, in a certain way, clearly expressed the reality of the moment. The theme of these songs where various: politics, injustice, oppression, etc. The very first [[santé engazé]] is believed to be "''Montagne Bertlo''" written and composed by Jooneed Jeerooburkhan who was then a student at the [[University of Mauritius]].

Resistance and denunciation through music quickly became popular. It helped to transmit ideas more easily. It is this style of music that is called [[santé engazé]] (committed song).

==Musical style==

[[Santé engazé]] is a musical style midway between the Mauritian [[sega music]] and [[Indian music]]. In fact it perfectly reflected the frame of mind of those who were at the origins of this style, that is a mixture of the cultural diversity of the island, towards cultural unity.

Traditional instruments of the [[sega music]] (ravanne, maravane, [[triangle]]) were thus mixed with oriental instruments ([[tabla]], [[harmonium]], [[sitar]]…). Other instruments such as [[guitar]], [[violin]] and [[drums]] completed that mixture.

Even though the sonority of such committed songs are close to the [[sega music]], the outcome is quite different insofar as the [[sega music]] has a more festive rhythm and lesser oriented on demonstrating and passing on a particular message.

The rhythm of [[santé engazé]] is generally slower than the sega and influenced by many other musical styles.

==Santé engazé and politics==

Due to the context during which it has been created and its relationship with militancy, [[santé engazé]] (at least in its early years) is closely related to politics. The songs denounced political injustice and unfairness becoming intrinsically a form of militancy. The artists were themselves militants.
[[Santé engazé]] has played a great part during general elections acting as the voice of the militant movement. The most notable example in this respect is the songs written and sung by [[Siven Chinien]]. His album [[soldat lalit]] was played (and is still played) throughout the general elections campaign, with the title song – [[Soldat Lalit]] – becoming the anthem of the MMM.

==Golden age of santé engazé==

[[Image:Latanier1982.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Grup Latanier with Bam Cuttayen in 1982]]It is commonly agreed that [[santé engazé]] really erupted with the Grup Kiltirel Soley Ruz (or Soley Ruz) formed in 1973. This cultural group, gathered many talented friends-artists, among others Bam Cuttayen, Micheline Virahsawmy, Rosemay Nelson, Nitish Joganah, Ram Joganah and Lélou Ménwar. They travelled throughout the island to sing their commited songs. Soley Ruz quickly became popular around the island.

In 1975, another grup kiltirel is formed (Grup Kiltirel Morisien) with, among others, Odile Chevreau, [[Siven Chinien]], Habib Moosaheb, Rama Poonoosamy as members. Subsequently other groups were formed: ''Fangurin, Kler de linn, Fler kanne, Flamboyant, Sitronel, Ebène, Grup kiltirel IDP''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.5plusltd.com/archive/2003/septembre/28_09_2003/chanson.htm| title=http://www.5plusltd.com/| author=5Plus Dimanche| format=}}</ref>

After the dissolution of Soley Ruz in 1979, many of its members started solo careers. Ram and Nitish Joganah created in the same year a new group, the [[Grup Latanier]] which would become the new symbol of [[santé engazé]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://latanier.com/history.htm| title=http://latanier.com/index.htm| author=[[Grup Latanier]]| format=}}</ref> [[Santé engazé]] stayed extremely popular among the population during the 1980s, specially within the working-class.

==Groups & Artists of santé engazé==
=====Soley Ruz=====
Soley Ruz was created in 1973 at the initiative of various friends-artists, amoung others Bam Cuttayen, Micheline Virahsawmy, Rosemay Nelson, Nitish Joganah, Ram Joganah and Lélou Ménwar. They released 3 albums: ''Nuvo Kiltir'' in 1974, ''Buké Banané'' in 1976 and ''Later 7 Couler'' in 1978. The grup was dissolved in 1979 and most of its members started solo careers. Some continued in the feild of [[santé engazé]] while others changed to adopt other musical styles.
=====Bam Cuttayen=====
Bam Cuttayen was a very talented songwriter and singer who has deeply marked the socio-cultural history of [[Mauritius]]. He was born in 1951 in [[Quatre Bornes]] and passed away in 2002. He dedicated his life to his fight against poverty and injustice. His songs reflect his battle. Bam Cuttayen released his first album ''Fler raket'' in 1977. 3 other albums followed: Pei larm kuler in 1981, ''Zenfan later'' in 1986 and ''Brin soley'' in 1993. In 2003, a posthumous album (''Parol envolé'') of his songs has been edited.
=====Siven Chinien=====
Siven Chinien was a songwriter, singer and a militant activist. Even though he has composed songs on extremely various themes, his work is mostly remembered for his commitment to the [[Mauritian Militant Movement]] and his numerous militant songs in favour of the working-class.
=====Grup Latanier=====
{{main|Grup Latanier}}
Grup Latanier was created by Ram and Nitish Joganah after they parted from Soley Ruz. The group has since remained very active and released numerous albums.
=====Zul Ramiah=====
Zul Ramiah is a songwriter and singer. He began his musical career within the ''Grup kiltirel IDP'' before contributing to the albums of [[Siven Chinien]] (Soldat lalit) and[[ Bam Cuttayen]]. Zul Ramiah also participated to [[Grup Latanier]]'s first album krapo kriyé. He then went on to start a solo career.
=====Grup Zenfan Dodo=====
Grup Zenfan Dodo is a group from [[Mahebourg]]. In opposition to the great majority of santé engazé artists, the group is not militantly oriented and has always showed its support to the Mauritian [[Labor Party]].

==Influence on today's Mauritian music==

[[Santé engazé]] has radically transformed (not to say revolutionized) the musical landscape of [[Mauritius]].
====Evolution of Santé engazé====
Even though many people today consider [[santé engazé]] as a revolved musical style, the latter still exists and much appreciated. [[Santé engazé]] has simply evolved. The militantly oriented protests of its origins have gradually evolved and broaden to other subjects, not specially related to politics. The core of its philosophy however remains the same: raise people's consciousness through music. [[Santé engazé]] is today less related to the musical style than the [[lyrics]] of songs. In other words, what we call a [[santé engazé]] (committed song) today is a song with a committed [[lyrics]], passing a committed message, whatever the musical style.

====The new generation====
The evolution and influence of [[santé engazé]] can clearly be noticed within the new generation of artists in [[Mauritius]]. The [[music of Mauritius]] has diversified through years but the impact of santé engazé is visible insofar as the new generation of artists, whatever their musical sytle ([[sega music]], [[seggae]], [[reggae]], [[ragga]], [[dancehall]], etc), try to use music to transmit a specific message. Their inspirations remain wide-ranging: poverty, injustice, social wrongdoings, war, cultural unity, etc. These artists are the sons and heirs of [[santé engazé]]. However, the vast majority of them deny to be political oriented prefering to remain neutral and denouncing through music.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.lemmm.org/ Militant history]
* [http://latanier.com/index.htm/ Grup Latanier]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.mu/Society/Music/History.htm/ The history of Mauritian Sega]
* [http://www.temoignages.re/article.php3?id_article=11310/ Bam Cuttayen]

[[Category:Mauritian music]]
[[Category:Music genres]]

List of Mauritian musicians

2008-02-19T09:31:35Z

195.6.25.118:

{{Unreferenced|date=June 2007}}

This is a list of Musicians & Bands from [[Mauritius]]
*Dreepaul Yashil, Homosexual Disco Singer, Has been raped by a monkey at Casela Bird Park on November 2002
*Vollard Combo, Musician
*Yela, Musician
*[[Sylvio Lynx]], Musician
*Tapok, Musician
*Sylvain Meyepa, Musician & Singer
*Roger Augustin, Musician
*Nicolas Lam-Hing, Musician
*Michel Admette, Musician
*Eric Triton, Musician
*Racinetatane, Musician
*Juliette Joennise, Musician
*Manahé, Musician
*Sylvino Louise, Musician
*Georges Armelle, Musician
*Marie-Jose Couronne, Musician
*Percy Yip Tong, Musician
*Malcolm Bruno, Musician
*Alain Auriant, Musician
*Kenneth Nelson, Musician
*Clarel Betsy, Musician
*Michel Legris, Musician
*Eddy Casquette, l'un des meilleurs clavieriste malheureusement decede trop tot(8 fev 08) respect!!
*Rosange André, Musician from [[Rodrigues]]
*[[Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick]], of the band [[Incognito (band)|Incognito]] - born in Mauritius
*Yannick Nanette, Musician
*Éric de Chasteauneuf, Musician
*Majorie Seevraz, Musician
*Audrey Poussin, Musician
*Nicolas Ritter, Musician
*Pascal Bestel, Musician
*Stéphane Gébert, Musician
*Mélanie De Spéville, Musician
*Yves Hermann, Musician
*Jean-Paul Gallet, Musician
*Géraldine Gallet, Musician
*Nathalie Maurel, Musician
*Alain Permal, musician
*Josee Clancy, musician
*Jacques Cantin, Musician
*Cassamboo, Musician
*Gujadhur Bhanu, one of the best didgeridoo player in Mauritius
*Fanfan (Louis-Gabriel Joseph), Musician
*Serge Lebrasse, Musician
*Cassiyya, Musician
*Cyril Ramdoo, Musician
*Cyril Labonne, Musician
*Gilbert Kupusami, musician
*Didier Ah-Choon, Musician
*José Joseph, Musician
*José Siouse, Musician
*Martin Zamudio, Musician
*Bernard Desvaux de Marigny, Musician
*Martin Samudio, Musician
*Thierry Bechard, Musician
*Carol Lamport, Musician
*Manfred Faro, Musician
*Catherine Lagane, Musician
*Anabelle Lagane, Musician
*Christina Samudio, Musician
*Karine Genevieve, Musician
*Sabine Théveneau, Musician
*Myriam Sorigué, Musician
*Jean Yves Bestel, Musician
*Melanie Chasteau, Musician
*Melanie Bouic, Musician
*Christophe Pougnet, Musician
*Arnaud Desmarais, Musician
*Arnaud Bouchet, Musician
*Poema Louise, Musician
*Frédéric de Chasteauneuf, Musician
*Bernard Nemorin, Musician
*Pascal Cimiotti, Musician
*Menwar, Musician, RFI prize winning musician,introduced sagai(world music)
*Jean-Claude Gaspard, Musician
*Nancy, Musician
*Alain Ramanisum, singer[[Media:alainramanisum.com/cjp.net]](winner of the best sega song 2006 "ELLE" and prisonnier,winner of étoile de la créolophonie in Australia,tube de l'été in tunisie)
*[[Grup Latanier]], Musical Group
*[[Bam Cuttayen]], Songwriter and Singer
*Mario Armel, musician
*Snyper, Musician
*Black Faya, Musician
*Babale, Musician
*Roger Clency, Musician
*Ton Vye, Musician
*Natir Chamarel, Musician
*T-East, Musician
*Ras Mayul, Musician
*Mighty Jah, Musical Group
*Claude La Foudre, Musician
*Steve Augustin, Musician
*La Legende du Seggae, Musician
*Seggae & co, Musical Group
*Le Vivalmi Group, Musical Group
*Claudio (aka Bye Abu), Musician
*Zul ramiah, Musician
*Dany Drack & le groupe Ravanna, Musical Group
*Jean Marc Volcy, Musician from the [[Seychelles]] who performs [[Creole]] music with a modern touch
*Cololo le Maitre, Musician
*La Vi Cool, Musician
*Nu Nas Kool, Musician
*Dario Lascie, Musician
*Dalton, Musician
*Natty jah, Musician
*Blakkayo, Musician
*Zotsa, Musical Group
*SBRZ, Musical Group
*Puissance Sega, Musical Group
*OSB, Musical Group
*Grup leve ti west de bambous, Musical Group
*Marcelino Chaton, Musical Group
*Jacques Lebout, Musician
*George Bergicourt, Musician
*J.K. Nelson, Musician
*Ile Maurice, Musical Group
*Revelation, Musical Group
*Fleurs De Maurice, Musical Group
*Laura Beg, A/C/I singer and choriste winner of étoile de la créolophonie in Australia[[Media:cjp.net/week-end scope)
<gallery>

</gallery>]]
*J.M Volcy, Musician
*Georges Milat, Musician
*Gangsta Beach, Musical Group
*Groupe Abaim, Musical Group
*Les Vautours, Musical Group
*Emillien, Musician
*Kana, Musician
*Carino, Musician
*Annirow Lukea, musician
*Miche Rose, musician
*Linley Marthe, musician,currently playing with [[The Joe Zawinul Syndicate]]
*Jean-Claude Selvon, Musician
*Karl Selvon, Musician
*

[[Category:Mauritian musicians| ]]
[[Category:Mauritius-related lists|Musicians]]

Sega (genre)

2008-02-19T09:13:42Z

195.6.25.118:

{{Wikify|date=August 2007}}
{{Otheruses4|Mauritian dance music|the video game music recording format|GYM}}

'''Sega music''' is an evolved combination of traditional Music of Seychelles,[[Music of Mauritius|Mauritian]] and [[Music of Réunion|Réunionnais music]] with European [[dance music]] like [[polka]] and [[quadrille]]s. Sega is especially similar to the Réunionnais folk dance maloya. Another form of dance similar to the sega is the [[montea]]. In its modern form, sega is also combined with genres like [[soukous]], [[zouk]] and [[reggae]].

The Sega music was invented in [[Seychelles]], though [[Réunion]] now has its own variation as the theme spread quickly through the [[Indian Ocean]].

[[Image:Sega.drumdancer.jpg|thumb|300px|A woman performs the sega in Pointe-aux-Piments, Mauritius. Photographed by Andy Carvin in July 2004.]]

==Sega's origins==
Sega evolved out of the culture of the Western Indian Ocean islands, in the mid-[[18th century]]. Traditional instruments include the [[rattle]] ''maravanne'', hand [[drum (musical instrument)|drum]] ''moutia'', [[ravanne]], [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]] and the [[bow (musical instrument)|bow]] ''bobre''. The music's traditional form was largely [[improvisation|improvised]] and intensely emotional and expressed the tribulations of a subjugated, initially enslaved, people. It was also used as a [[dirge]] and as part of traditional [[exorcism]]s. Sega is most often considered originally Seychellois, with some specifically citing [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues Island]].

==Notable Sega Musicians==
*Alphonse Ravaton
Also known as '''Ti Frère''', he was born on April 29th 1900 and is one of the most famous sega singers in Mauritius. He is the quinessential exponent of a style of sega known as ''Sega Typique''. Some of his famous songs include ''Charlie O'', ''Anita'', ''Roseda'', ''Ma Bole Ma'', ''La Grain Café'' and ''Papitou''.

*Jean Marc Volcy
*Philip Toussaint
*Serge Lebrasse
*Richard Jaques
*Roger Clency
*Marie-Josée
*[[Grup Latanier]]
*Cyril Labonne
*Jean-Claude Gaspard
*Cassiya
*Claudio

==Modern varieties==
Though primarily a form of Seychellois music, sega is now popular across the islands of [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]], [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]] and [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues]], along with parts of [[Madagascar]].

===Santé engagé===

{{main|Santé engagé}}

===Seggae===
{{main|Seggae}}

Seggae is a fusion of sega with [[reggae]], a kind of [[music of Jamaica|Jamaican popular music]] that is very popular across sega's range. Seggae musicians include [[Ras Natty Baby]], [[Sonny Morgan]] and the man seen as being the founder, [[Kaya]].

===Regional varieties===
In Reunion, sega is relatively slow, and is danced by couples who are not as physically close as on Mauritius. The traditional form is called maloya. Mauritian traditional sega is [[sega ravanne]] and has an accentuated beat compared to Reunionais sega. Traditional Rodriguan sega is [[sega tambour]] (or ''segakordeon''), and it is extremely swift compared to other varieties. Sega tambour is sung mostly by women, and is danced only by one couple at a time, accompanied by [[clapping]] or the use of improvised percussion instruments like table legs and glasses. Seychellois sega is [[moutia]], and is similar to Reunionais sega. Seychellois music is influenced by Western [[ballad]]s, and especially [[country music]] [http://www.users.bigpond.com/l_arom/archives/The%20Origin%20of%20the%20Sega-Serge%20Lebrasse.htm].

{{Genres of African popular music}}

[[Category:Mauritian music]]
[[Category:Music genres]]
[[Category:Southern African music]]
[[Category:Seychellois music]]

[[de:Sega (Musik)]]
[[es:Segá]]
[[fr:Séga]]

Souillac, Mauritius

2008-02-08T15:03:25Z

195.6.25.118: /* Population */

'''Souillac''' is a village close to the southernmost point of the main island of [[Mauritius]]. It is the capital of [[Savanne]] [[Districts and dependencies of Mauritius|district]]. The town was named after the [[François de Souillac|Vicomte de Souillac]], the island's governor from 1779-1787.

==History==

In 1787, [[Vicomte de Souillac]] decided to create a port for the south and south-west of the then Ile de France. At that time the island was an important port of call for the french vessels on their way to and from [[India]]. Strategically the french also wanted a base for the defense of the southern coast. The most suitable place to erect a port was the southernmost point of the island where a large and deep estuary (formed by the Savanne River), without coral reefs, would permit the vessels to accost nearest to the land. The port would also be used for the transportation of agricultural products (including sugar) to [[Port Louis]] as no road could link Port Louis with the Southern part of the island.

On the 1st of January 1787, a Royal Order ascribed to the locality the name of "Port Souillac", partly to honor the Vicomte's contribution to the development of the port. Vicomte de Souillac left Ile de France on the 5th of November 1787.

During the english colonisation, the port has been greatly used for the transportation of sugar from the many southern sugar factories to the Capital (Port Louis) making it the most busy seaport in the south. Its importance started to decrease with the introduction of railways in the island from 1877. With the development of other means of transport, the port became lesser and lesser used. However by that time, the locality had already grown into a village. The village kept the name of Souillac.

==Population and geography==

Initially, the village was mostly composed of fisherman families. But with the development of agriculture (specially of sugarcane plantation) and transports, its population quickly diversified. About 6000 inhabitants now live in the village. Inhabitants of Souillac are called Souillacois/es ''(which distinguishes the Souillac-Mauritius inhabitants from the Souillac-France inhabitants called "Souillagais/es")''.

=====Expansion=====
In the late 1980s, there has been a first expansion of the village with the vast majority of an ancient small sugarcane fields labourers locality called "Terracine" (which has now been almost completely destroyed) given land in the northern part of the village to build their homes.

Further expansions occurred when the inhabitants of another sugarcane field labourers locality called "Combo" were moved to Souillac.

=====Developments=====
More recently, a new quarter has been created, commonly known as the "Morcellement Gris-Gris". Houses have also been built along the Laby Barkly Street, extending the village on its north east.

=====Georgraphy=====
Souillac is located at the southernmost part of island. It is seperated on the west from the village of Surinam by the Savanne river and on the east from the village of l'Union by the Bain des Naigresses river. The main road snakes through the village from its north east to its west, from the Bain des Naigresses bridge to the Souillac/Surinam bridge. Although there is no official apportionment of the village, the local people often distinguish the parts of the village as follows: quartiers of Terracine, L'église, Pitot, Gris-gris, EDC and L'hopital.

==Capital of Savanne District==

Souillac is an imporatant village for the southern region. Various facilities and services are found in the village: The District Court of Savanne; the southern section of the Central Water Authority and the Central Electricity Board; the Southern section of the National Transport Corporation; a recently built modern hospital (which replaced the old Souillac hospital). The Post office of the village is also one of the oldest of the island.

==Places of interest==

=====Telfair Garden=====
The Telfair Garden is a nice place near the seaside where the inhabitants often go fo a pic nic. The garden bears the name of ''Charles Telfair'', a naturalist and land proprietor who developped the sugar estate of Bel Ombre. The garden if embellished by its big banyan and almond trees. A walking path links the Telfair Garden with the locally well known "''Lavoir''".

=====Gris-Gris=====
Gris-Gris is well known for its sea cliff. This part of the island is not surrounded by coral reefs. Thick waves crash directly on the cliffs. The most spectacular part of Gris-gris is the "Roche Qui Pleure" where the constant squashing of waves against the flanks of the cliff gives the impression that the cliff is crying. The place is very much visited by tourists.

=====Batelage=====
Batelage is the ancient port of Souillac. The embarkment has been renovated and reconditionned to be used as a landing stage for the local fishermen's pirogues. The building next to the port which was originally used to stock sugar and other products to be embarked, has also been renovated. It is now used as the Village hall for the Village Council. Another part of the building is used as a station for the National Coast Guard and the last part of the building is now a restaurant named "Le Batelage".

=====La Nef=====
La Nef is a museum and former home of mauritian poet [[Robert Edward Hart]].

=====Rochester Falls=====
Rochester Falls is a waterfall on the ''Savanne River''. It is famous for the strange rectangular form of its rocky flank.

To be able to admire the falls you have to go through a bone jerking return journey through sugar cane fields. The more adventurous can walk the 5km from Souillac (3miles) by following the signs for Rochester Falls along the Lady Barkly Street to the left of the large Roman Catholic Church in the main road. Signs marked 'Rochester Hall' in conflicting directions confuse the most determined explorer who should simply keep to the right, past Terracine sugar factory and a colourful tamil temple (the ''Terracine Mariamen Kovil''). The rough track, weaves uphill between the cane fields before descending to the falls. They tumble from the Savanne River from a height of about 10m (33ft) where constant erosion has fashioned the basalt rock into upright columns. Youngsters squat at the top waiting for tourists to arrive and perform dare-devil dives into the water below.

==Pairing with Souillac of France==

A pairing exists between the village of Souillac and the town of Souillac in France (Lot Department) since 1987. This successful pairing was initiated by Armand Maudave, an inhabitant of the village of Souillac, and the Comte de Montferrand who is himself one of the descendants of the Vicomte de Souillac. People of the two localities often meet either in [[France]] or in [[Mauritius]] to share and celebrate various events<ref>http://www.souillacjumelage.info/</ref>. In 2007, a bust of the Vicomte de Souillac has been inaugurated at the Batelage to mark the 20th anniversary of the pairing.

[[fr:Souillac (Maurice)]]
[[nl:Souillac (Mauritius)]]

{{coor title dm|20|31|S|57|31|E|region:MU_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities in Mauritius]]

{{Mauritius-geo-stub}}

Souillac, Mauritius

2008-02-08T14:41:34Z

195.6.25.118: /* Expansion */

'''Souillac''' is a village close to the southernmost point of the main island of [[Mauritius]]. It is the capital of [[Savanne]] [[Districts and dependencies of Mauritius|district]]. The town was named after the [[François de Souillac|Vicomte de Souillac]], the island's governor from 1779-1787.

==History==

In 1787, [[Vicomte de Souillac]] decided to create a port for the south and south-west of the then Ile de France. At that time the island was an important port of call for the french vessels on their way to and from [[India]]. Strategically the french also wanted a base for the defense of the southern coast. The most suitable place to erect a port was the southernmost point of the island where a large and deep estuary (formed by the Savanne River), without coral reefs, would permit the vessels to accost nearest to the land. The port would also be used for the transportation of agricultural products (including sugar) to [[Port Louis]] as no road could link Port Louis with the Southern part of the island.

On the 1st of January 1787, a Royal Order ascribed to the locality the name of "Port Souillac", partly to honor the Vicomte's contribution to the development of the port. Vicomte de Souillac left Ile de France on the 5th of November 1787.

During the english colonisation, the port has been greatly used for the transportation of sugar from the many southern sugar factories to the Capital (Port Louis) making it the most busy seaport in the south. Its importance started to decrease with the introduction of railways in the island from 1877. With the development of other means of transport, the port became lesser and lesser used. However by that time, the locality had already grown into a village. The village kept the name of Souillac.

==Population==

Initially, the village was mostly composed of fisherman families. But with the development of transports, its population quickly diversified. About 6000 inhabitants now live in the village. Inhabitants of Souillac are called Souillacois.

=====Expansion=====
In the late 1980s, there has been a first expansion of the village with the vast majority of an ancient small sugarcane fields labourers locality called "Terracine" (which has now been almost completely destroyed) given land in the northern part of the village to build their homes.

Further expansions occurred when the inhabitants of another sugarcane field labourers locality called "Combo" were moved to Souillac.

=====Developments=====
More recently, a new quarter has been created, commonly known as the "Morcellement Gris-Gris". Houses have also been built along the Laby Barkly Street, extending the village on its north east.

==Capital of Savanne District==

Souillac is an imporatant village for the southern region. Various facilities and services are found in the village: The District Court of Savanne; the southern section of the Central Water Authority and the Central Electricity Board; the Southern section of the National Transport Corporation; a recently built modern hospital (which replaced the old Souillac hospital). The Post office of the village is also one of the oldest of the island.

==Places of interest==

=====Telfair Garden=====
The Telfair Garden is a nice place near the seaside where the inhabitants often go fo a pic nic. The garden bears the name of ''Charles Telfair'', a naturalist and land proprietor who developped the sugar estate of Bel Ombre. The garden if embellished by its big banyan and almond trees. A walking path links the Telfair Garden with the locally well known "''Lavoir''".

=====Gris-Gris=====
Gris-Gris is well known for its sea cliff. This part of the island is not surrounded by coral reefs. Thick waves crash directly on the cliffs. The most spectacular part of Gris-gris is the "Roche Qui Pleure" where the constant squashing of waves against the flanks of the cliff gives the impression that the cliff is crying. The place is very much visited by tourists.

=====Batelage=====
Batelage is the ancient port of Souillac. The embarkment has been renovated and reconditionned to be used as a landing stage for the local fishermen's pirogues. The building next to the port which was originally used to stock sugar and other products to be embarked, has also been renovated. It is now used as the Village hall for the Village Council. Another part of the building is used as a station for the National Coast Guard and the last part of the building is now a restaurant named "Le Batelage".

=====La Nef=====
La Nef is a museum and former home of mauritian poet [[Robert Edward Hart]].

=====Rochester Falls=====
Rochester Falls is a waterfall on the ''Savanne River''. It is famous for the strange rectangular form of its rocky flank.

To be able to admire the falls you have to go through a bone jerking return journey through sugar cane fields. The more adventurous can walk the 5km from Souillac (3miles) by following the signs for Rochester Falls along the Lady Barkly Street to the left of the large Roman Catholic Church in the main road. Signs marked 'Rochester Hall' in conflicting directions confuse the most determined explorer who should simply keep to the right, past Terracine sugar factory and a colourful tamil temple (the ''Terracine Mariamen Kovil''). The rough track, weaves uphill between the cane fields before descending to the falls. They tumble from the Savanne River from a height of about 10m (33ft) where constant erosion has fashioned the basalt rock into upright columns. Youngsters squat at the top waiting for tourists to arrive and perform dare-devil dives into the water below.

==Pairing with Souillac of France==

A pairing exists between the village of Souillac and the town of Souillac in France (Lot Department) since 1987. This successful pairing was initiated by Armand Maudave, an inhabitant of the village of Souillac, and the Comte de Montferrand who is himself one of the descendants of the Vicomte de Souillac. People of the two localities often meet either in [[France]] or in [[Mauritius]] to share and celebrate various events<ref>http://www.souillacjumelage.info/</ref>. In 2007, a bust of the Vicomte de Souillac has been inaugurated at the Batelage to mark the 20th anniversary of the pairing.

[[fr:Souillac (Maurice)]]
[[nl:Souillac (Mauritius)]]

{{coor title dm|20|31|S|57|31|E|region:MU_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities in Mauritius]]

{{Mauritius-geo-stub}}

Souillac, Mauritius

2008-02-08T14:37:18Z

195.6.25.118: /* Places */

'''Souillac''' is a village close to the southernmost point of the main island of [[Mauritius]]. It is the capital of [[Savanne]] [[Districts and dependencies of Mauritius|district]]. The town was named after the [[François de Souillac|Vicomte de Souillac]], the island's governor from 1779-1787.

==History==

In 1787, [[Vicomte de Souillac]] decided to create a port for the south and south-west of the then Ile de France. At that time the island was an important port of call for the french vessels on their way to and from [[India]]. Strategically the french also wanted a base for the defense of the southern coast. The most suitable place to erect a port was the southernmost point of the island where a large and deep estuary (formed by the Savanne River), without coral reefs, would permit the vessels to accost nearest to the land. The port would also be used for the transportation of agricultural products (including sugar) to [[Port Louis]] as no road could link Port Louis with the Southern part of the island.

On the 1st of January 1787, a Royal Order ascribed to the locality the name of "Port Souillac", partly to honor the Vicomte's contribution to the development of the port. Vicomte de Souillac left Ile de France on the 5th of November 1787.

During the english colonisation, the port has been greatly used for the transportation of sugar from the many southern sugar factories to the Capital (Port Louis) making it the most busy seaport in the south. Its importance started to decrease with the introduction of railways in the island from 1877. With the development of other means of transport, the port became lesser and lesser used. However by that time, the locality had already grown into a village. The village kept the name of Souillac.

==Population==

Initially, the village was mostly composed of fisherman families. But with the development of transports, its population quickly diversified. About 6000 inhabitants now live in the village. Inhabitants of Souillac are called Souillacois.

====Expansion====

in the late 1980s, there has been a first expansion of the village with the vast majority of an ancient small sugarcane fields labourers locality called "Terracine" (which has now been almost completely destroyed) given land in the northern part of the village to build their homes.

Further expansions occurred when the inhabitants of another sugarcane field labourers locality called "Combo" were moved to Souillac.
More recently, a new quarter has been created, commonly known as the "Morcellement Gris-Gris".

==Capital of Savanne District==

Souillac is an imporatant village for the southern region. Various facilities and services are found in the village: The District Court of Savanne; the southern section of the Central Water Authority and the Central Electricity Board; the Southern section of the National Transport Corporation; a recently built modern hospital (which replaced the old Souillac hospital). The Post office of the village is also one of the oldest of the island.

==Places of interest==

=====Telfair Garden=====
The Telfair Garden is a nice place near the seaside where the inhabitants often go fo a pic nic. The garden bears the name of ''Charles Telfair'', a naturalist and land proprietor who developped the sugar estate of Bel Ombre. The garden if embellished by its big banyan and almond trees. A walking path links the Telfair Garden with the locally well known "''Lavoir''".

=====Gris-Gris=====
Gris-Gris is well known for its sea cliff. This part of the island is not surrounded by coral reefs. Thick waves crash directly on the cliffs. The most spectacular part of Gris-gris is the "Roche Qui Pleure" where the constant squashing of waves against the flanks of the cliff gives the impression that the cliff is crying. The place is very much visited by tourists.

=====Batelage=====
Batelage is the ancient port of Souillac. The embarkment has been renovated and reconditionned to be used as a landing stage for the local fishermen's pirogues. The building next to the port which was originally used to stock sugar and other products to be embarked, has also been renovated. It is now used as the Village hall for the Village Council. Another part of the building is used as a station for the National Coast Guard and the last part of the building is now a restaurant named "Le Batelage".

=====La Nef=====
La Nef is a museum and former home of mauritian poet [[Robert Edward Hart]].

=====Rochester Falls=====
Rochester Falls is a waterfall on the ''Savanne River''. It is famous for the strange rectangular form of its rocky flank.

To be able to admire the falls you have to go through a bone jerking return journey through sugar cane fields. The more adventurous can walk the 5km from Souillac (3miles) by following the signs for Rochester Falls along the Lady Barkly Street to the left of the large Roman Catholic Church in the main road. Signs marked 'Rochester Hall' in conflicting directions confuse the most determined explorer who should simply keep to the right, past Terracine sugar factory and a colourful tamil temple (the ''Terracine Mariamen Kovil''). The rough track, weaves uphill between the cane fields before descending to the falls. They tumble from the Savanne River from a height of about 10m (33ft) where constant erosion has fashioned the basalt rock into upright columns. Youngsters squat at the top waiting for tourists to arrive and perform dare-devil dives into the water below.

==Pairing with Souillac of France==

A pairing exists between the village of Souillac and the town of Souillac in France (Lot Department) since 1987. This successful pairing was initiated by Armand Maudave, an inhabitant of the village of Souillac, and the Comte de Montferrand who is himself one of the descendants of the Vicomte de Souillac. People of the two localities often meet either in [[France]] or in [[Mauritius]] to share and celebrate various events<ref>http://www.souillacjumelage.info/</ref>. In 2007, a bust of the Vicomte de Souillac has been inaugurated at the Batelage to mark the 20th anniversary of the pairing.

[[fr:Souillac (Maurice)]]
[[nl:Souillac (Mauritius)]]

{{coor title dm|20|31|S|57|31|E|region:MU_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities in Mauritius]]

{{Mauritius-geo-stub}}

Grup Latanier

2008-01-28T08:16:58Z

195.6.25.118: /* Discography */

{{orphan|date=January 2008}}

'''Grup Latanier''' is a very popular musical group in [[Mauritius]] Island. It was founded in 1979 and well known throughout the island for their committed songs. Nearly 30 years after its creation, the group is still very influential. Its authors are inspired by political unfairness, poverty, war, loathing, banes, culture, etc. They denounce through their songs these human made wrongdoings<ref>www.gruplatanier.com</ref>.

== History ==

=== Soley Ruz ===

Mauritius attained its independence from the United Kingdom in March 1968. But in the early 70s, this young Nation is faced with social difficulties including a high level of unemployment.
In 1969, the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM) is created and mostly composed of students. This newly created political party quickly became the principal opposition party to the then governemental majority, the Labour Party of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. Highly repressive mesures are taken against the MMM during the early 70s.

In 1973, the MMM is splitted with Dev Verahsawmy creating a new party, the Mouvement Militant Mauricien Socialiste Progressiste (MMMSP). He is accompanied by Bam Cuttayen. The latter, a very talented committed singer and song writer, creates a new music band, the "Grup Kiltirel Soley Ruz" (or "Soley Ruz"). He is joined by other committed young artists, amoung others: Micheline Virahsawmy, Rosemay Nelson, Nitish Joganah, Ram Joganah and Lélou Ménwar.
The band, representative of the mauritian's youth protesting movement, quickly became very popular all round the Island, specially amoung the working-class. Their committed songs sounded as a hope signal message to the struggling population.
After several years of active militancy, Soley Ruz is finally dissolved in 1979 with most of its members starting solo careers.

=== Creation of Grup Latanier ===

After the dissolution of Soley Ruz, some of its members continued to militate. Ram Joganah and his brother Nitish Joganah decided to continue their fight against political and social injustice through music. By that time committed songs against political injustice as well as social and cultural banes had become a noteworthy means to raise people's conciousness.

On the 19th of November 1979, Ram and brother Nitish decided to create a new committed song band. They named it "Grup Latanier". They worked together with other artists to write and compose committed songs. Grup Latanier finally released their first album "Krapo Kryé" in 1981.

== Inspirations ==

== Discography ==

Since their first album in 1981, the Grup has never had a spell of more that three years without releasing an album.

Krapo Kriye in 1981

Nuvo Sime in 1982

Lapel lorizon in 1985

Rapor Lelep in 1987

Soley Ruz in 1990

Yer,zordi,dime in 1993

Realite in 1995

Ki Pozition? in 1996

Frik in 1999

Look Looke in 2002

Lawva Lelep in 2002

Souvenir enn lot sezon in 2003

Kitpunu in 2004

Lapo tanbour 2006

Grup Latanier has also released various compilations of its best songs. In 2007 they released ''Kalkilé'' a compilation of their most memorable songs. Nitish Joganah said about that album that it was "time to forget the past and start a new chapter. To start with an another fight, a new form of resistance." Their next album is expected to reflect that change.

==External links==
[http://latanier.com/index.htm latanier home page]

==References==
www.gruplatanier.com

{{ Mauritius }}

Grup Latanier

2008-01-28T08:15:24Z

195.6.25.118: /* Soley Ruz */

{{orphan|date=January 2008}}

'''Grup Latanier''' is a very popular musical group in [[Mauritius]] Island. It was founded in 1979 and well known throughout the island for their committed songs. Nearly 30 years after its creation, the group is still very influential. Its authors are inspired by political unfairness, poverty, war, loathing, banes, culture, etc. They denounce through their songs these human made wrongdoings<ref>www.gruplatanier.com</ref>.

== History ==

=== Soley Ruz ===

Mauritius attained its independence from the United Kingdom in March 1968. But in the early 70s, this young Nation is faced with social difficulties including a high level of unemployment.
In 1969, the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM) is created and mostly composed of students. This newly created political party quickly became the principal opposition party to the then governemental majority, the Labour Party of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. Highly repressive mesures are taken against the MMM during the early 70s.

In 1973, the MMM is splitted with Dev Verahsawmy creating a new party, the Mouvement Militant Mauricien Socialiste Progressiste (MMMSP). He is accompanied by Bam Cuttayen. The latter, a very talented committed singer and song writer, creates a new music band, the "Grup Kiltirel Soley Ruz" (or "Soley Ruz"). He is joined by other committed young artists, amoung others: Micheline Virahsawmy, Rosemay Nelson, Nitish Joganah, Ram Joganah and Lélou Ménwar.
The band, representative of the mauritian's youth protesting movement, quickly became very popular all round the Island, specially amoung the working-class. Their committed songs sounded as a hope signal message to the struggling population.
After several years of active militancy, Soley Ruz is finally dissolved in 1979 with most of its members starting solo careers.

=== Creation of Grup Latanier ===

After the dissolution of Soley Ruz, some of its members continued to militate. Ram Joganah and his brother Nitish Joganah decided to continue their fight against political and social injustice through music. By that time committed songs against political injustice as well as social and cultural banes had become a noteworthy means to raise people's conciousness.

On the 19th of November 1979, Ram and brother Nitish decided to create a new committed song band. They named it "Grup Latanier". They worked together with other artists to write and compose committed songs. Grup Latanier finally released their first album "Krapo Kryé" in 1981.

== Inspirations ==

== Discography ==

Since their first album in 1981, the Grup has never had a spell of more that three years without releasing an album.

Krapo Kriye in 1981

Nuvo Sime in 1982

Lapel lorizon in 1985

Rapor Lelep in 1987

Soley Ruz in 1990

Yer,zordi,dime in 1993

Realite in 1995

Ki Pozition? in 1996

Frik in 1999

Look Looke in 2002

Lawva Lelep in 2002

Souvenir enn lot sezon in 2003

Kitpunu in 2004

Lapo tanbour 2006

Grup Latanier has also released various compilations of its best songs. In 2007 they released ''Kalkilé'' a compilation of their most memorable songs. Nitish Joganah said about that album that it was "time to forget the past and start a new chapter. To start with an another fight, a new form of resistance." Their next album will reflect is expected to reflect that change.

==External links==
[http://latanier.com/index.htm latanier home page]

==References==
www.gruplatanier.com

{{ Mauritius }}

Electronic flight bag

2007-11-20T17:08:36Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Electronic Flight Bag''' (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight [[crew]]s perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the Pilot's carry-on Flight Bag, including the Aircraft Operating Manual, Aircrew Operating Manual, and Navigational Charts (including moving map for air and ground operations). In addition, the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand, such as performance take-off calculations.

The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot's Flight Bag, which is typically a heavy (up to 40 lbs/18 kg or more) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit. The Electronic Flight Bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format. EFB weights are typically 1-5 pounds, about the same as a laptop computer, and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications. There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation, type of applications used, the existing content management and distribution system, the type of applications deployed. Some common benefits include: weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag, reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags, reduced cost, and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes. There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload.

According to the [[FAA]]'s Advisory Circular (AC No. 120-76A), an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is an electronic display system intended primarily for [[cockpit]]/flightdeck or cabin use.

There are also militarized variants, with secure data storage, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatible lighting, environmental hardening, and military specific applications and data.

EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (including performance data and [[fuel]] calculations.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline's "flight dispatch" crew.

For large and turbine aircraft, FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane. If an operator's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB (no paper backups), the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout the decompression event, and thereafter, regardless of altitude. The only way to achieve this capability is by using a Solid State Disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure.

==History==
The earliest EFB precursors came from individual pilots in th early 1990s who used their personal laptops and common software (such as Spreadsheets and Word Processing applications) to perform such functions as weight & balance calculations and filling out operational forms. One of the earliest and broadest EFB implementations was in the mid 1990's when FedEx deployed their Auxiliary Performance Computer to carry out aircraft performance calculations on the aircraft (this was an COTS HP computer and was considered portable). In addition, FedEx also began deploying Pilot Access Terminals on their airplane in the late 1990's. These later devices were common laptops that used certified docking station on the airplanes (to connect to power and data interfaces). In 1996, [[Aero Lloyd]] - a German carrier - introduced two laptops to compute the performance and access the documentation. The system called FMD (Flight Management Desktop) permits [[Aero Lloyd]] to remove all the documentation and RTOW in paper from the cockpit with the [[Luftfahrt-Bundesamt]] (German Civil Aviation Authority)agreement Other companies, including [[Southwest airlines|Southwest]] followed with "carry-on" performance computers, but they remained on the airplane as a practical matter. [[JetBlue]] took a different approach by converting all of its operations documents to electronic format and distributing them over a network to laptop computers that were issued to pilots (versus to the airplane).

As personal computing technology became more compact and powerful, with extensive storage capabilities, these devices became capable of storing all the aeronautical charts for the entire world on a single three lbs (1.4 kg) computer, compared to the 80 lbs (36 kg) of paper normally required for world-wide paper charts. New technologies such as real-time satellite weather and integration with [[GPS]] have further expanded the capabilities of Electronic Flight Bags. However, for large commercial airlines, the primary problem with EFB systems is not the hardware on the aircraft, but the means to reliably and efficiently distribute content updates to the airplane.

While the adoption rate of the Electronic Flight Bag technology has been arguably slow among large scheduled air carriers, corporate operators have been rapidly deploying EFBs since 1999 due to reduced regulatory burden and easier cost justification.

==Hardware classes==
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.

EFB hardware classes include:

*'''Class 1''' - Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). These may connect to aircraft power and interface to other systems via certified (STC) docking station and/or power source. This would allow the Class 1 device to interface with other systems through the certified interface and other devices through an expansion port interface.

*'''Class 2''' - Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. They are typically mounted in the aircraft with the display being viewable to the pilot during all phases of flight. Mounts may include certified structural mounting devices or kneeboard devices. These may connect to aircraft power and data sources, e.g. through an ARINC 429 interface. A Class 2 EFB can be used for bi-directional data communication with other aircraft systems. In this class, a single LRU device would be an optimal solution based on the ease of installation and replacement.

*'''Class 3''' - Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment - typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions (EMC) testing). There may be DO-178 requirements for software, but this depends on the application-type defined in the Advisory Circular. Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

==Applications==
The EFB may host a wide array of applications, categorized in three software categories:

*'''Type A'''
** Static applications, such as document viewer ([[PDF]], [[HTML]], [[XML]] formats);
** Electronic checklists (ECL);
** Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport [[NOTAM]];
** Flight performance calculation;

*'''Type B'''
** Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B)
** Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras;
** Real-time weather data display, including [[weather map]];

*'''Type C'''
** Can be used as a [[Multi-function display]] (MFD); Potentially part of an [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast]] system

Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.

==Regulations==
According to the FAA, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 EFB may act as a substitute for the paper manuals that pilots are otherwise required to carry with them. While Part 91 Operators (those not flying for hire, including private and corporate operators) can use their Pilot In Command (PIC) authority to approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs (which are PEDs), operator with OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121) must seek operational approval through the OpSpecs process.

==Available EFB Systems==
Operational Approval is only necessary for Part 135 or 121 operators. Operational Approval process is individual to each of the flight operation and involves a detailed process with their FSDO through an FSB Report system. Regardless of whether an EFB has been approved for use in one aircraft, application for operational approval for these operator types has to be done for each aircraft and for each operation.

For Part 91 Operators, Operational Approval process is self-approval, exercising Pilot-In-Command authority. For more on this and subsequent information, please reference the latest FAA Advisory Circular on EFBs (AC 91-78) from July, 2007. Below is the list of companies that offer EFB products currently on the market. Some of these companies are also the manufactures of the EFB hardware and others are re-sellers for third-party hardware systems that are either industrial or consumer grade. Many of these are Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs, but some cover broad spectrum hardware from Class 1 to Class 3 EFB devices:

* [http://www.adrsoft.com Advanced Data Research]
* [http://www.astronautics.com Astronautics]
* [http://www.teledyne-controls.com AvVantage Information Solutions]
* [http://www.bjacservices.com BJAC Services]
* [http://www.exalit.ch Exalit]
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.sensors.goodrich.com Goodrich]
* [http://www.lhsystems.com/topic3/topic33/electronic_flight_deck_solutions.htm Lufthansa Systems Electronic Flight Deck Solutions]
* [http://www.navaero.com/ navAero]
* [http://www.paperlesscockpit.com Paperless Cockpit, Inc.]
* [http://www.skyjob.co.uk Skyjob Electronic Flight Bag System]

Some EFB software providers (not at all an exhaustive list) are below:
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.jeppesen.com Jeppesen]
* [http://www.ultramain.com Ultramain]
* [http://www.ultranav.com Ultranav]

= References =
* FAA AC 91-78 (July 2007) - designed to replace all previous FAA AC and Job Aids on the subject.

For historical reference on EFB market progression, also see:
* Job Aid documents on EFB use and approval
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76
* JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36

[[Category:Avionics]]

[[de:Electronic flight bag]]

Electronic flight bag

2007-11-20T17:02:22Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Electronic Flight Bag''' (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight [[crew]]s perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the Pilot's carry-on Flight Bag, including the Aircraft Operating Manual, Aircrew Operating Manual, and Navigational Charts (including moving map for air and ground operations). In addition, the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand, such as performance take-off calculations.

The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot's Flight Bag, which is typically a heavy (up to 40 lbs/18 kg or more) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit. The Electronic Flight Bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format. EFB weights are typically 1-5 pounds, about the same as a laptop computer, and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications. There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation, type of applications used, the existing content management and distribution system, the type of applications deployed. Some common benefits include: weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag, reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags, reduced cost, and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes. There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload.

According to the [[FAA]]'s Advisory Circular (AC No. 120-76A), an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is an electronic display system intended primarily for [[cockpit]]/flightdeck or cabin use.

There are also militarized variants, with secure data storage, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatible lighting, environmental hardening, and military specific applications and data.

EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (including performance data and [[fuel]] calculations.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline's "flight dispatch" crew.

For large and turbine aircraft, FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane. If an operator's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB (no paper backups), the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout the decompression event, and thereafter, regardless of altitude. The only way to achieve this capability is by using a Solid State Disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure.

==History==
The earliest EFB precursors came from individual pilots in th early 1990s who used their personal laptops and common software (such as Spreadsheets and Word Processing applications) to perform such functions as weight & balance calculations and filling out operational forms. One of the earliest and broadest EFB implementations was in the mid 1990's when FedEx deployed their Auxiliary Performance Computer to carry out aircraft performance calculations on the aircraft (this was an COTS HP computer and was considered portable). In addition, FedEx also began deploying Pilot Access Terminals on their airplane in the late 1990's. In 1996, [[Aero Lloyd]] - a German carrier - introduced two laptops to compute the performance and access the documentation. The system called FMD (Flight Management Desktop) permits [[Aero Lloyd]] to remove all the documentation and RTOW from the cockpit with the [[Luftfahrt-Bundesamt]] (German Civil Aviation Authority). These later devices were common laptops that used certified docking station on the airplanes (to connect to power and data interfaces). Other companies, including [[Southwest airlines|Southwest]] followed with "carry-on" performance computers, but they remained on the airplane as a practical matter. [[JetBlue]] took a different approach by converting all of its operations documents to electronic format and distributing them over a network to laptop computers that were issued to pilots (versus to the airplane).

As personal computing technology became more compact and powerful, with extensive storage capabilities, these devices became capable of storing all the aeronautical charts for the entire world on a single three lbs (1.4 kg) computer, compared to the 80 lbs (36 kg) of paper normally required for world-wide paper charts. New technologies such as real-time satellite weather and integration with [[GPS]] have further expanded the capabilities of Electronic Flight Bags. However, for large commercial airlines, the primary problem with EFB systems is not the hardware on the aircraft, but the means to reliably and efficiently distribute content updates to the airplane.

While the adoption rate of the Electronic Flight Bag technology has been arguably slow among large scheduled air carriers, corporate operators have been rapidly deploying EFBs since 1999 due to reduced regulatory burden and easier cost justification.

==Hardware classes==
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.

EFB hardware classes include:

*'''Class 1''' - Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). These may connect to aircraft power and interface to other systems via certified (STC) docking station and/or power source. This would allow the Class 1 device to interface with other systems through the certified interface and other devices through an expansion port interface.

*'''Class 2''' - Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. They are typically mounted in the aircraft with the display being viewable to the pilot during all phases of flight. Mounts may include certified structural mounting devices or kneeboard devices. These may connect to aircraft power and data sources, e.g. through an ARINC 429 interface. A Class 2 EFB can be used for bi-directional data communication with other aircraft systems. In this class, a single LRU device would be an optimal solution based on the ease of installation and replacement.

*'''Class 3''' - Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment - typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions (EMC) testing). There may be DO-178 requirements for software, but this depends on the application-type defined in the Advisory Circular. Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

==Applications==
The EFB may host a wide array of applications, categorized in three software categories:

*'''Type A'''
** Static applications, such as document viewer ([[PDF]], [[HTML]], [[XML]] formats);
** Electronic checklists (ECL);
** Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport [[NOTAM]];
** Flight performance calculation;

*'''Type B'''
** Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B)
** Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras;
** Real-time weather data display, including [[weather map]];

*'''Type C'''
** Can be used as a [[Multi-function display]] (MFD); Potentially part of an [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast]] system

Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.

==Regulations==
According to the FAA, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 EFB may act as a substitute for the paper manuals that pilots are otherwise required to carry with them. While Part 91 Operators (those not flying for hire, including private and corporate operators) can use their Pilot In Command (PIC) authority to approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs (which are PEDs), operator with OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121) must seek operational approval through the OpSpecs process.

==Available EFB Systems==
Operational Approval is only necessary for Part 135 or 121 operators. Operational Approval process is individual to each of the flight operation and involves a detailed process with their FSDO through an FSB Report system. Regardless of whether an EFB has been approved for use in one aircraft, application for operational approval for these operator types has to be done for each aircraft and for each operation.

For Part 91 Operators, Operational Approval process is self-approval, exercising Pilot-In-Command authority. For more on this and subsequent information, please reference the latest FAA Advisory Circular on EFBs (AC 91-78) from July, 2007. Below is the list of companies that offer EFB products currently on the market. Some of these companies are also the manufactures of the EFB hardware and others are re-sellers for third-party hardware systems that are either industrial or consumer grade. Many of these are Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs, but some cover broad spectrum hardware from Class 1 to Class 3 EFB devices:

* [http://www.adrsoft.com Advanced Data Research]
* [http://www.astronautics.com Astronautics]
* [http://www.teledyne-controls.com AvVantage Information Solutions]
* [http://www.bjacservices.com BJAC Services]
* [http://www.exalit.ch Exalit]
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.sensors.goodrich.com Goodrich]
* [http://www.lhsystems.com/topic3/topic33/electronic_flight_deck_solutions.htm Lufthansa Systems Electronic Flight Deck Solutions]
* [http://www.navaero.com/ navAero]
* [http://www.paperlesscockpit.com Paperless Cockpit, Inc.]
* [http://www.skyjob.co.uk Skyjob Electronic Flight Bag System]

Some EFB software providers (not at all an exhaustive list) are below:
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.jeppesen.com Jeppesen]
* [http://www.ultramain.com Ultramain]
* [http://www.ultranav.com Ultranav]

= References =
* FAA AC 91-78 (July 2007) - designed to replace all previous FAA AC and Job Aids on the subject.

For historical reference on EFB market progression, also see:
* Job Aid documents on EFB use and approval
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76
* JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36

[[Category:Avionics]]

[[de:Electronic flight bag]]

Electronic flight bag

2007-11-20T17:01:26Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Electronic Flight Bag''' (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight [[crew]]s perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the Pilot's carry-on Flight Bag, including the Aircraft Operating Manual, Aircrew Operating Manual, and Navigational Charts (including moving map for air and ground operations). In addition, the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand, such as performance take-off calculations.

The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot's Flight Bag, which is typically a heavy (up to 40 lbs/18 kg or more) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit. The Electronic Flight Bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format. EFB weights are typically 1-5 pounds, about the same as a laptop computer, and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications. There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation, type of applications used, the existing content management and distribution system, the type of applications deployed. Some common benefits include: weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag, reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags, reduced cost, and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes. There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload.

According to the [[FAA]]'s Advisory Circular (AC No. 120-76A), an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is an electronic display system intended primarily for [[cockpit]]/flightdeck or cabin use.

There are also militarized variants, with secure data storage, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatible lighting, environmental hardening, and military specific applications and data.

EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (including performance data and [[fuel]] calculations.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline's "flight dispatch" crew.

For large and turbine aircraft, FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane. If an operator's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB (no paper backups), the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout the decompression event, and thereafter, regardless of altitude. The only way to achieve this capability is by using a Solid State Disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure.

==History==
The earliest EFB precursors came from individual pilots in th early 1990s who used their personal laptops and common software (such as Spreadsheets and Word Processing applications) to perform such functions as weight & balance calculations and filling out operational forms. One of the earliest and broadest EFB implementations was in the mid 1990's when FedEx deployed their Auxiliary Performance Computer to carry out aircraft performance calculations on the aircraft (this was an COTS HP computer and was considered portable). In addition, FedEx also began deploying Pilot Access Terminals on their airplane in the late 1990's. In 1996, Aerolloyd - a German carrier - introduced two laptops to compute the performance and access the documentation. The system called FMD (Flight Management Desktop) permits [[Aero Lloyd]] to remove all the documentation and RTOW from the cockpit with the [[Luftfahrt-Bundesamt]] (German Civil Aviation Authority). These later devices were common laptops that used certified docking station on the airplanes (to connect to power and data interfaces). Other companies, including [[Southwest airlines|Southwest]] followed with "carry-on" performance computers, but they remained on the airplane as a practical matter. [[JetBlue]] took a different approach by converting all of its operations documents to electronic format and distributing them over a network to laptop computers that were issued to pilots (versus to the airplane).

As personal computing technology became more compact and powerful, with extensive storage capabilities, these devices became capable of storing all the aeronautical charts for the entire world on a single three lbs (1.4 kg) computer, compared to the 80 lbs (36 kg) of paper normally required for world-wide paper charts. New technologies such as real-time satellite weather and integration with [[GPS]] have further expanded the capabilities of Electronic Flight Bags. However, for large commercial airlines, the primary problem with EFB systems is not the hardware on the aircraft, but the means to reliably and efficiently distribute content updates to the airplane.

While the adoption rate of the Electronic Flight Bag technology has been arguably slow among large scheduled air carriers, corporate operators have been rapidly deploying EFBs since 1999 due to reduced regulatory burden and easier cost justification.

==Hardware classes==
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.

EFB hardware classes include:

*'''Class 1''' - Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). These may connect to aircraft power and interface to other systems via certified (STC) docking station and/or power source. This would allow the Class 1 device to interface with other systems through the certified interface and other devices through an expansion port interface.

*'''Class 2''' - Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. They are typically mounted in the aircraft with the display being viewable to the pilot during all phases of flight. Mounts may include certified structural mounting devices or kneeboard devices. These may connect to aircraft power and data sources, e.g. through an ARINC 429 interface. A Class 2 EFB can be used for bi-directional data communication with other aircraft systems. In this class, a single LRU device would be an optimal solution based on the ease of installation and replacement.

*'''Class 3''' - Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment - typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions (EMC) testing). There may be DO-178 requirements for software, but this depends on the application-type defined in the Advisory Circular. Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

==Applications==
The EFB may host a wide array of applications, categorized in three software categories:

*'''Type A'''
** Static applications, such as document viewer ([[PDF]], [[HTML]], [[XML]] formats);
** Electronic checklists (ECL);
** Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport [[NOTAM]];
** Flight performance calculation;

*'''Type B'''
** Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B)
** Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras;
** Real-time weather data display, including [[weather map]];

*'''Type C'''
** Can be used as a [[Multi-function display]] (MFD); Potentially part of an [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast]] system

Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.

==Regulations==
According to the FAA, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 EFB may act as a substitute for the paper manuals that pilots are otherwise required to carry with them. While Part 91 Operators (those not flying for hire, including private and corporate operators) can use their Pilot In Command (PIC) authority to approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs (which are PEDs), operator with OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121) must seek operational approval through the OpSpecs process.

==Available EFB Systems==
Operational Approval is only necessary for Part 135 or 121 operators. Operational Approval process is individual to each of the flight operation and involves a detailed process with their FSDO through an FSB Report system. Regardless of whether an EFB has been approved for use in one aircraft, application for operational approval for these operator types has to be done for each aircraft and for each operation.

For Part 91 Operators, Operational Approval process is self-approval, exercising Pilot-In-Command authority. For more on this and subsequent information, please reference the latest FAA Advisory Circular on EFBs (AC 91-78) from July, 2007. Below is the list of companies that offer EFB products currently on the market. Some of these companies are also the manufactures of the EFB hardware and others are re-sellers for third-party hardware systems that are either industrial or consumer grade. Many of these are Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs, but some cover broad spectrum hardware from Class 1 to Class 3 EFB devices:

* [http://www.adrsoft.com Advanced Data Research]
* [http://www.astronautics.com Astronautics]
* [http://www.teledyne-controls.com AvVantage Information Solutions]
* [http://www.bjacservices.com BJAC Services]
* [http://www.exalit.ch Exalit]
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.sensors.goodrich.com Goodrich]
* [http://www.lhsystems.com/topic3/topic33/electronic_flight_deck_solutions.htm Lufthansa Systems Electronic Flight Deck Solutions]
* [http://www.navaero.com/ navAero]
* [http://www.paperlesscockpit.com Paperless Cockpit, Inc.]
* [http://www.skyjob.co.uk Skyjob Electronic Flight Bag System]

Some EFB software providers (not at all an exhaustive list) are below:
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.jeppesen.com Jeppesen]
* [http://www.ultramain.com Ultramain]
* [http://www.ultranav.com Ultranav]

= References =
* FAA AC 91-78 (July 2007) - designed to replace all previous FAA AC and Job Aids on the subject.

For historical reference on EFB market progression, also see:
* Job Aid documents on EFB use and approval
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76
* JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36

[[Category:Avionics]]

[[de:Electronic flight bag]]

Electronic flight bag

2007-11-20T16:59:34Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Electronic Flight Bag''' (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight [[crew]]s perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the Pilot's carry-on Flight Bag, including the Aircraft Operating Manual, Aircrew Operating Manual, and Navigational Charts (including moving map for air and ground operations). In addition, the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand, such as performance take-off calculations.

The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot's Flight Bag, which is typically a heavy (up to 40 lbs/18 kg or more) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit. The Electronic Flight Bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format. EFB weights are typically 1-5 pounds, about the same as a laptop computer, and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications. There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation, type of applications used, the existing content management and distribution system, the type of applications deployed. Some common benefits include: weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag, reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags, reduced cost, and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes. There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload.

According to the [[FAA]]'s Advisory Circular (AC No. 120-76A), an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is an electronic display system intended primarily for [[cockpit]]/flightdeck or cabin use.

There are also militarized variants, with secure data storage, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatible lighting, environmental hardening, and military specific applications and data.

EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (including performance data and [[fuel]] calculations.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline's "flight dispatch" crew.

For large and turbine aircraft, FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane. If an operator's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB (no paper backups), the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout the decompression event, and thereafter, regardless of altitude. The only way to achieve this capability is by using a Solid State Disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure.

==History==
The earliest EFB precursors came from individual pilots in th early 1990s who used their personal laptops and common software (such as Spreadsheets and Word Processing applications) to perform such functions as weight & balance calculations and filling out operational forms. One of the earliest and broadest EFB implementations was in the mid 1990's when FedEx deployed their Auxiliary Performance Computer to carry out aircraft performance calculations on the aircraft (this was an COTS HP computer and was considered portable). In addition, FedEx also began deploying Pilot Access Terminals on their airplane in the late 1990's. In 1996, Aerolloyd - a German carrier - introduced two laptops to compute the performance and access the documentation. The system called FMD (Flight Management Desktop) permits [[AeroLloyd]] to remove all the documentation and RTOW from the cockpit with the [[Luftfahrt-Bundesamt]] (German Civil Aviation Authority). These later devices were common laptops that used certified docking station on the airplanes (to connect to power and data interfaces). Other companies, including [[Southwest airlines|Southwest]] followed with "carry-on" performance computers, but they remained on the airplane as a practical matter. [[JetBlue]] took a different approach by converting all of its operations documents to electronic format and distributing them over a network to laptop computers that were issued to pilots (versus to the airplane).

As personal computing technology became more compact and powerful, with extensive storage capabilities, these devices became capable of storing all the aeronautical charts for the entire world on a single three lbs (1.4 kg) computer, compared to the 80 lbs (36 kg) of paper normally required for world-wide paper charts. New technologies such as real-time satellite weather and integration with [[GPS]] have further expanded the capabilities of Electronic Flight Bags. However, for large commercial airlines, the primary problem with EFB systems is not the hardware on the aircraft, but the means to reliably and efficiently distribute content updates to the airplane.

While the adoption rate of the Electronic Flight Bag technology has been arguably slow among large scheduled air carriers, corporate operators have been rapidly deploying EFBs since 1999 due to reduced regulatory burden and easier cost justification.

==Hardware classes==
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.

EFB hardware classes include:

*'''Class 1''' - Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). These may connect to aircraft power and interface to other systems via certified (STC) docking station and/or power source. This would allow the Class 1 device to interface with other systems through the certified interface and other devices through an expansion port interface.

*'''Class 2''' - Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. They are typically mounted in the aircraft with the display being viewable to the pilot during all phases of flight. Mounts may include certified structural mounting devices or kneeboard devices. These may connect to aircraft power and data sources, e.g. through an ARINC 429 interface. A Class 2 EFB can be used for bi-directional data communication with other aircraft systems. In this class, a single LRU device would be an optimal solution based on the ease of installation and replacement.

*'''Class 3''' - Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment - typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions (EMC) testing). There may be DO-178 requirements for software, but this depends on the application-type defined in the Advisory Circular. Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

==Applications==
The EFB may host a wide array of applications, categorized in three software categories:

*'''Type A'''
** Static applications, such as document viewer ([[PDF]], [[HTML]], [[XML]] formats);
** Electronic checklists (ECL);
** Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport [[NOTAM]];
** Flight performance calculation;

*'''Type B'''
** Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B)
** Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras;
** Real-time weather data display, including [[weather map]];

*'''Type C'''
** Can be used as a [[Multi-function display]] (MFD); Potentially part of an [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast]] system

Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.

==Regulations==
According to the FAA, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 EFB may act as a substitute for the paper manuals that pilots are otherwise required to carry with them. While Part 91 Operators (those not flying for hire, including private and corporate operators) can use their Pilot In Command (PIC) authority to approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs (which are PEDs), operator with OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121) must seek operational approval through the OpSpecs process.

==Available EFB Systems==
Operational Approval is only necessary for Part 135 or 121 operators. Operational Approval process is individual to each of the flight operation and involves a detailed process with their FSDO through an FSB Report system. Regardless of whether an EFB has been approved for use in one aircraft, application for operational approval for these operator types has to be done for each aircraft and for each operation.

For Part 91 Operators, Operational Approval process is self-approval, exercising Pilot-In-Command authority. For more on this and subsequent information, please reference the latest FAA Advisory Circular on EFBs (AC 91-78) from July, 2007. Below is the list of companies that offer EFB products currently on the market. Some of these companies are also the manufactures of the EFB hardware and others are re-sellers for third-party hardware systems that are either industrial or consumer grade. Many of these are Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs, but some cover broad spectrum hardware from Class 1 to Class 3 EFB devices:

* [http://www.adrsoft.com Advanced Data Research]
* [http://www.astronautics.com Astronautics]
* [http://www.teledyne-controls.com AvVantage Information Solutions]
* [http://www.bjacservices.com BJAC Services]
* [http://www.exalit.ch Exalit]
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.sensors.goodrich.com Goodrich]
* [http://www.lhsystems.com/topic3/topic33/electronic_flight_deck_solutions.htm Lufthansa Systems Electronic Flight Deck Solutions]
* [http://www.navaero.com/ navAero]
* [http://www.paperlesscockpit.com Paperless Cockpit, Inc.]
* [http://www.skyjob.co.uk Skyjob Electronic Flight Bag System]

Some EFB software providers (not at all an exhaustive list) are below:
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.jeppesen.com Jeppesen]
* [http://www.ultramain.com Ultramain]
* [http://www.ultranav.com Ultranav]

= References =
* FAA AC 91-78 (July 2007) - designed to replace all previous FAA AC and Job Aids on the subject.

For historical reference on EFB market progression, also see:
* Job Aid documents on EFB use and approval
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76
* JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36

[[Category:Avionics]]

[[de:Electronic flight bag]]

Electronic flight bag

2007-11-20T16:44:12Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Electronic Flight Bag''' (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight [[crew]]s perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the Pilot's carry-on Flight Bag, including the Aircraft Operating Manual, Aircrew Operating Manual, and Navigational Charts (including moving map for air and ground operations). In addition, the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand, such as performance take-off calculations.

The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot's Flight Bag, which is typically a heavy (up to 40 lbs/18 kg or more) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit. The Electronic Flight Bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format. EFB weights are typically 1-5 pounds, about the same as a laptop computer, and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications. There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation, type of applications used, the existing content management and distribution system, the type of applications deployed. Some common benefits include: weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag, reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags, reduced cost, and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes. There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload.

According to the [[FAA]]'s Advisory Circular (AC No. 120-76A), an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is an electronic display system intended primarily for [[cockpit]]/flightdeck or cabin use.

There are also militarized variants, with secure data storage, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatible lighting, environmental hardening, and military specific applications and data.

EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (including performance data and [[fuel]] calculations.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline's "flight dispatch" crew.

For large and turbine aircraft, FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane. If an operator's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB (no paper backups), the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout the decompression event, and thereafter, regardless of altitude. The only way to achieve this capability is by using a Solid State Disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure.

==History==
The earliest EFB precursors came from individual pilots in th early 1990s who used their personal laptops and common software (such as Spreadsheets and Word Processing applications) to perform such functions as weight & balance calculations and filling out operational forms. One of the earliest and broadest EFB implementations was in the mid 1990's when FedEx deployed their Auxiliary Performance Computer to carry out aircraft performance calculations on the aircraft (this was an COTS HP computer and was considered portable). In addition, FedEx also began deploying Pilot Access Terminals on their airplane in the late 1990's. In 1996, Aerolloyd - a German carrier - introduced two laptops to compute the performance and access the documentation. The system called FMD (Flight Management Desktop) permits [[AeroLloyd]] to remove all the documentation and RTOW from the cockpit with the [[LBA]]. These later devices were common laptops that used certified docking station on the airplanes (to connect to power and data interfaces). Other companies, including [[Southwest airlines|Southwest]] followed with "carry-on" performance computers, but they remained on the airplane as a practical matter. [[JetBlue]] took a different approach by converting all of its operations documents to electronic format and distributing them over a network to laptop computers that were issued to pilots (versus to the airplane).

As personal computing technology became more compact and powerful, with extensive storage capabilities, these devices became capable of storing all the aeronautical charts for the entire world on a single three lbs (1.4 kg) computer, compared to the 80 lbs (36 kg) of paper normally required for world-wide paper charts. New technologies such as real-time satellite weather and integration with [[GPS]] have further expanded the capabilities of Electronic Flight Bags. However, for large commercial airlines, the primary problem with EFB systems is not the hardware on the aircraft, but the means to reliably and efficiently distribute content updates to the airplane.

While the adoption rate of the Electronic Flight Bag technology has been arguably slow among large scheduled air carriers, corporate operators have been rapidly deploying EFBs since 1999 due to reduced regulatory burden and easier cost justification.

==Hardware classes==
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.

EFB hardware classes include:

*'''Class 1''' - Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). These may connect to aircraft power and interface to other systems via certified (STC) docking station and/or power source. This would allow the Class 1 device to interface with other systems through the certified interface and other devices through an expansion port interface.

*'''Class 2''' - Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. They are typically mounted in the aircraft with the display being viewable to the pilot during all phases of flight. Mounts may include certified structural mounting devices or kneeboard devices. These may connect to aircraft power and data sources, e.g. through an ARINC 429 interface. A Class 2 EFB can be used for bi-directional data communication with other aircraft systems. In this class, a single LRU device would be an optimal solution based on the ease of installation and replacement.

*'''Class 3''' - Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment - typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions (EMC) testing). There may be DO-178 requirements for software, but this depends on the application-type defined in the Advisory Circular. Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

==Applications==
The EFB may host a wide array of applications, categorized in three software categories:

*'''Type A'''
** Static applications, such as document viewer ([[PDF]], [[HTML]], [[XML]] formats);
** Electronic checklists (ECL);
** Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport [[NOTAM]];
** Flight performance calculation;

*'''Type B'''
** Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B)
** Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras;
** Real-time weather data display, including [[weather map]];

*'''Type C'''
** Can be used as a [[Multi-function display]] (MFD); Potentially part of an [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast]] system

Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.

==Regulations==
According to the FAA, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 EFB may act as a substitute for the paper manuals that pilots are otherwise required to carry with them. While Part 91 Operators (those not flying for hire, including private and corporate operators) can use their Pilot In Command (PIC) authority to approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs (which are PEDs), operator with OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121) must seek operational approval through the OpSpecs process.

==Available EFB Systems==
Operational Approval is only necessary for Part 135 or 121 operators. Operational Approval process is individual to each of the flight operation and involves a detailed process with their FSDO through an FSB Report system. Regardless of whether an EFB has been approved for use in one aircraft, application for operational approval for these operator types has to be done for each aircraft and for each operation.

For Part 91 Operators, Operational Approval process is self-approval, exercising Pilot-In-Command authority. For more on this and subsequent information, please reference the latest FAA Advisory Circular on EFBs (AC 91-78) from July, 2007. Below is the list of companies that offer EFB products currently on the market. Some of these companies are also the manufactures of the EFB hardware and others are re-sellers for third-party hardware systems that are either industrial or consumer grade. Many of these are Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs, but some cover broad spectrum hardware from Class 1 to Class 3 EFB devices:

* [http://www.adrsoft.com Advanced Data Research]
* [http://www.astronautics.com Astronautics]
* [http://www.teledyne-controls.com AvVantage Information Solutions]
* [http://www.bjacservices.com BJAC Services]
* [http://www.exalit.ch Exalit]
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.sensors.goodrich.com Goodrich]
* [http://www.lhsystems.com/topic3/topic33/electronic_flight_deck_solutions.htm Lufthansa Systems Electronic Flight Deck Solutions]
* [http://www.navaero.com/ navAero]
* [http://www.paperlesscockpit.com Paperless Cockpit, Inc.]
* [http://www.skyjob.co.uk Skyjob Electronic Flight Bag System]

Some EFB software providers (not at all an exhaustive list) are below:
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.jeppesen.com Jeppesen]
* [http://www.ultramain.com Ultramain]
* [http://www.ultranav.com Ultranav]

= References =
* FAA AC 91-78 (July 2007) - designed to replace all previous FAA AC and Job Aids on the subject.

For historical reference on EFB market progression, also see:
* Job Aid documents on EFB use and approval
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76
* JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36

[[Category:Avionics]]

[[de:Electronic flight bag]]

Electronic flight bag

2007-11-20T16:42:49Z

195.6.25.118:

'''Electronic Flight Bag''' (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight [[crew]]s perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the Pilot's carry-on Flight Bag, including the Aircraft Operating Manual, Aircrew Operating Manual, and Navigational Charts (including moving map for air and ground operations). In addition, the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand, such as performance take-off calculations.

The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot's Flight Bag, which is typically a heavy (up to 40 lbs/18 kg or more) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit. The Electronic Flight Bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format. EFB weights are typically 1-5 pounds, about the same as a laptop computer, and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications. There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation, type of applications used, the existing content management and distribution system, the type of applications deployed. Some common benefits include: weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag, reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags, reduced cost, and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes. There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload.

According to the [[FAA]]'s Advisory Circular (AC No. 120-76A), an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is an electronic display system intended primarily for [[cockpit]]/flightdeck or cabin use.

There are also militarized variants, with secure data storage, Night Vision Goggle (NVG) compatible lighting, environmental hardening, and military specific applications and data.

EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (including performance data and [[fuel]] calculations.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline's "flight dispatch" crew.

For large and turbine aircraft, FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane. If an operator's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB (no paper backups), the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout the decompression event, and thereafter, regardless of altitude. The only way to achieve this capability is by using a Solid State Disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure.

==History==
The earliest EFB precursors came from individual pilots in th early 1990s who used their personal laptops and common software (such as Spreadsheets and Word Processing applications) to perform such functions as weight & balance calculations and filling out operational forms. One of the earliest and broadest EFB implementations was in the mid 1990's when FedEx deployed their Auxiliary Performance Computer to carry out aircraft performance calculations on the aircraft (this was an COTS HP computer and was considered portable). In addition, FedEx also began deploying Pilot Access Terminals on their airplane in the late 1990's. In 1996, Aerolloyd - a German carrier - introduced two laptops to compute the performance and access the documentation. The system called FMD (Flight Management Desktop) permits [[AeroLloyd]] to remove all the documentation and RTOW from the cockpit with the [[LBA approval]]. These later devices were common laptops that used certified docking station on the airplanes (to connect to power and data interfaces). Other companies, including [[Southwest airlines|Southwest]] followed with "carry-on" performance computers, but they remained on the airplane as a practical matter. [[JetBlue]] took a different approach by converting all of its operations documents to electronic format and distributing them over a network to laptop computers that were issued to pilots (versus to the airplane).

As personal computing technology became more compact and powerful, with extensive storage capabilities, these devices became capable of storing all the aeronautical charts for the entire world on a single three lbs (1.4 kg) computer, compared to the 80 lbs (36 kg) of paper normally required for world-wide paper charts. New technologies such as real-time satellite weather and integration with [[GPS]] have further expanded the capabilities of Electronic Flight Bags. However, for large commercial airlines, the primary problem with EFB systems is not the hardware on the aircraft, but the means to reliably and efficiently distribute content updates to the airplane.

While the adoption rate of the Electronic Flight Bag technology has been arguably slow among large scheduled air carriers, corporate operators have been rapidly deploying EFBs since 1999 due to reduced regulatory burden and easier cost justification.

==Hardware classes==
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.

EFB hardware classes include:

*'''Class 1''' - Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). These may connect to aircraft power and interface to other systems via certified (STC) docking station and/or power source. This would allow the Class 1 device to interface with other systems through the certified interface and other devices through an expansion port interface.

*'''Class 2''' - Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. They are typically mounted in the aircraft with the display being viewable to the pilot during all phases of flight. Mounts may include certified structural mounting devices or kneeboard devices. These may connect to aircraft power and data sources, e.g. through an ARINC 429 interface. A Class 2 EFB can be used for bi-directional data communication with other aircraft systems. In this class, a single LRU device would be an optimal solution based on the ease of installation and replacement.

*'''Class 3''' - Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment - typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions (EMC) testing). There may be DO-178 requirements for software, but this depends on the application-type defined in the Advisory Circular. Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

==Applications==
The EFB may host a wide array of applications, categorized in three software categories:

*'''Type A'''
** Static applications, such as document viewer ([[PDF]], [[HTML]], [[XML]] formats);
** Electronic checklists (ECL);
** Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport [[NOTAM]];
** Flight performance calculation;

*'''Type B'''
** Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B)
** Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras;
** Real-time weather data display, including [[weather map]];

*'''Type C'''
** Can be used as a [[Multi-function display]] (MFD); Potentially part of an [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast]] system

Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.

==Regulations==
According to the FAA, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 EFB may act as a substitute for the paper manuals that pilots are otherwise required to carry with them. While Part 91 Operators (those not flying for hire, including private and corporate operators) can use their Pilot In Command (PIC) authority to approve the use of Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs (which are PEDs), operator with OpSpecs (Part 135, Part 121) must seek operational approval through the OpSpecs process.

==Available EFB Systems==
Operational Approval is only necessary for Part 135 or 121 operators. Operational Approval process is individual to each of the flight operation and involves a detailed process with their FSDO through an FSB Report system. Regardless of whether an EFB has been approved for use in one aircraft, application for operational approval for these operator types has to be done for each aircraft and for each operation.

For Part 91 Operators, Operational Approval process is self-approval, exercising Pilot-In-Command authority. For more on this and subsequent information, please reference the latest FAA Advisory Circular on EFBs (AC 91-78) from July, 2007. Below is the list of companies that offer EFB products currently on the market. Some of these companies are also the manufactures of the EFB hardware and others are re-sellers for third-party hardware systems that are either industrial or consumer grade. Many of these are Class 1 and Class 2 EFBs, but some cover broad spectrum hardware from Class 1 to Class 3 EFB devices:

* [http://www.adrsoft.com Advanced Data Research]
* [http://www.astronautics.com Astronautics]
* [http://www.teledyne-controls.com AvVantage Information Solutions]
* [http://www.bjacservices.com BJAC Services]
* [http://www.exalit.ch Exalit]
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.sensors.goodrich.com Goodrich]
* [http://www.lhsystems.com/topic3/topic33/electronic_flight_deck_solutions.htm Lufthansa Systems Electronic Flight Deck Solutions]
* [http://www.navaero.com/ navAero]
* [http://www.paperlesscockpit.com Paperless Cockpit, Inc.]
* [http://www.skyjob.co.uk Skyjob Electronic Flight Bag System]

Some EFB software providers (not at all an exhaustive list) are below:
* [http://www.flightdeck.aero Flight Deck Resources]
* [http://www.jeppesen.com Jeppesen]
* [http://www.ultramain.com Ultramain]
* [http://www.ultranav.com Ultranav]

= References =
* FAA AC 91-78 (July 2007) - designed to replace all previous FAA AC and Job Aids on the subject.

For historical reference on EFB market progression, also see:
* Job Aid documents on EFB use and approval
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76A
* FAA Advisory Circular 120-76
* JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36

[[Category:Avionics]]

[[de:Electronic flight bag]]

Douwe Korff

2007-09-20T14:49:53Z

195.6.25.118:

Douwe Korff has been professor of international law at [[London Metropolitan University]] since 2002.He is a Dutch comparative and international lawyer, specialising in [[human rights]] and [[data protection]]. In the 1970s, he graduated from the [[Free University in Amsterdam]], Netherlands, and was researcher at the [[European University Institute]] in Florence, Italy. In the 1980s, he carried out human rights research at the [[Max Planck Institutes]] for comparative and international criminal law and for comparative and international public law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Heidelberg, Germany. In the '90s, he taught international law and human rights at the [[University of Limburg]] in Maastricht, the Netherlands, and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] at the [[University of Essex]], UK. In 2006, he was visiting professor at the Law faculty of the [[University of Rijeka]], Croatia.

In the late-70s and early 80s, Douwe Korff was Head of Europe Research at [[Amnesty International]]'s International Secretariat. He has since done work for the [[European Commission of Human Rights]] in Strasbourg, Amnesty International, the [[International Commission of Jurists]], the Netherlands Human Rights Institute, the [[International Council on Human Rights Policy]] and other IGOs and NGOs on international standards relating to freedom of expression, freedom of religion, the criminal justice system, and racism. He often acts as a human rights expert for the [[Council of Europe]], the [[European Union]] and the [[OSCE]] and as such regularly writes opinions and provides training in the field of human rights and criminal justice, freedom of religion, etc.

In the last few years, he has carried out research and provided such opinions and training for judges, procurators, advocates and human rights activists in Armenia, Croatia, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Douwe Korff has acted as counsel for the applicant in a number of leading cases under the European Convention on Human Rights, including Castells —v- Spain (concerning freedom of expression), McCann et al. —v- the UK (the "Gibraltar Shooting Case", concerning the right to life) and Kelly et al.- and Shanaghan —v- the UK (concerning the procedural aspect of the right to life), and has been closely associated with a number of other cases, against the Netherlands, France, Germany, the UK and Sweden. He is an Associate of London Metropolitan University's European Human Rights Advocay Centre (EHRAC) and, through EHRAC, involved in cases relating to alleged human rights violations in the Russian Federation and Georgia. He recently wrote the Council of Europe Human Rights Handbook on the Right to Life (publication due December 2006).

For the last fifteen years, Douwe Korff has also been a leading data protection expert and consultant. In that capacity, he has advised Amnesty International, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as international trade associations, in particular in the field of direct marketing ([[FEDMA]], DMA-US), as well as individual companies. His corporate clients have included [[American Express]], [[Cendant Corporation]], [[Dun & Bradstreet]], [[Readers Digest]], Cygna, [[Symantec]] and others. He has written extensively on comparative, international and transnational data protection law and is involved in several projects on data protection and e-government.

In the last ten years, he has carried out four major studies for the European Union's Directorate-General on the Internal Market, relating to the implementation of EC Directives harmonising data protection law in the EU and the EEA, and was involved in two studies for the [[UK Information Commissioner]]. For the latest study, on "Children's Databases- Safety & Privacy", released on 22 November 2006: click here >>

He is a member of the advisory council of the Foundation for Information Policy Research (FIPR), the leading UK think-tank on IT policy.

[[Image:dkorff.jpg]]

Douwe Korff

2007-09-20T14:48:21Z

195.6.25.118:

Douwe Korff has been professor of international law at [[London Metropolitan University]] since 2002.He is a Dutch comparative and international lawyer, specialising in [[human rights]] and [[data protection]]. In the 1970s, he graduated from the [[Free University in Amsterdam]], Netherlands, and was researcher at the E[[uropean University Institute]] in Florence, Italy. In the 1980s, he carried out human rights research at the [[Max Planck Institutes]] for comparative and international criminal law and for comparative and international public law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Heidelberg, Germany. In the '90s, he taught international law and human rights at the [[University of Limburg]] in Maastricht, the Netherlands, and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] at the [[University of Essex]], UK. In 2006, he was visiting professor at the Law faculty of the [[University of Rijeka]], Croatia.

In the late-70s and early 80s, Douwe Korff was Head of Europe Research at [[Amnesty International]]'s International Secretariat. He has since done work for the [[European Commission of Human Rights]] in Strasbourg, Amnesty International, the [[International Commission of Jurists]], the Netherlands Human Rights Institute, the [[International Council on Human Rights Policy]] and other IGOs and NGOs on international standards relating to freedom of expression, freedom of religion, the criminal justice system, and racism. He often acts as a human rights expert for the [[Council of Europe]], the [[European Union]] and the [[OSCE]] and as such regularly writes opinions and provides training in the field of human rights and criminal justice, freedom of religion, etc.

In the last few years, he has carried out research and provided such opinions and training for judges, procurators, advocates and human rights activists in Armenia, Croatia, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Douwe Korff has acted as counsel for the applicant in a number of leading cases under the European Convention on Human Rights, including Castells —v- Spain (concerning freedom of expression), McCann et al. —v- the UK (the "Gibraltar Shooting Case", concerning the right to life) and Kelly et al.- and Shanaghan —v- the UK (concerning the procedural aspect of the right to life), and has been closely associated with a number of other cases, against the Netherlands, France, Germany, the UK and Sweden. He is an Associate of London Metropolitan University's European Human Rights Advocay Centre (EHRAC) and, through EHRAC, involved in cases relating to alleged human rights violations in the Russian Federation and Georgia. He recently wrote the Council of Europe Human Rights Handbook on the Right to Life (publication due December 2006).

For the last fifteen years, Douwe Korff has also been a leading data protection expert and consultant. In that capacity, he has advised Amnesty International, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as international trade associations, in particular in the field of direct marketing ([[FEDMA]], DMA-US), as well as individual companies. His corporate clients have included [[American Express]], [[Cendant Corporation]], [[Dun & Bradstreet]], [[Readers Digest]], Cygna, [[Symantec]] and others. He has written extensively on comparative, international and transnational data protection law and is involved in several projects on data protection and e-government.

In the last ten years, he has carried out four major studies for the European Union's Directorate-General on the Internal Market, relating to the implementation of EC Directives harmonising data protection law in the EU and the EEA, and was involved in two studies for the [[UK Information Commissioner]]. For the latest study, on "Children's Databases- Safety & Privacy", released on 22 November 2006: click here >>

He is a member of the advisory council of the Foundation for Information Policy Research (FIPR), the leading UK think-tank on IT policy.

[[Image:dkorff.jpg]]

Douwe Korff

2007-09-20T14:45:35Z

195.6.25.118:

Douwe Korff has been professor of international law at [[London Metropolitan University]] since 2002.He is a Dutch comparative and international lawyer, specialising in human rights and data protection. In the 1970s, he graduated from the Free University in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and was researcher at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. In the 1980s, he carried out human rights research at the Max Planck Institutes for comparative and international criminal law and for comparative and international public law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Heidelberg, Germany. In the '90s, he taught international law and human rights at the University of Limburg in Maastricht, the Netherlands, and the European Convention on Human Rights at the University of Essex, UK. In 2006, he was visiting professor at the Law faculty of the University of Rijeka, Croatia.

In the late-70s and early 80s, Douwe Korff was Head of Europe Research at Amnesty International's International Secretariat. He has since done work for the European Commission of Human Rights in Strasbourg, Amnesty International, the International Commission of Jurists, the Netherlands Human Rights Institute, the International Council on Human Rights Policy and other IGOs and NGOs on international standards relating to freedom of expression, freedom of religion, the criminal justice system, and racism. He often acts as a human rights expert for the Council of Europe, the European Union and the OSCE and as such regularly writes opinions and provides training in the field of human rights and criminal justice, freedom of religion, etc.

In the last few years, he has carried out research and provided such opinions and training for judges, procurators, advocates and human rights activists in Armenia, Croatia, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Douwe Korff has acted as counsel for the applicant in a number of leading cases under the European Convention on Human Rights, including Castells —v- Spain (concerning freedom of expression), McCann et al. —v- the UK (the "Gibraltar Shooting Case", concerning the right to life) and Kelly et al.- and Shanaghan —v- the UK (concerning the procedural aspect of the right to life), and has been closely associated with a number of other cases, against the Netherlands, France, Germany, the UK and Sweden. He is an Associate of London Metropolitan University's European Human Rights Advocay Centre (EHRAC) and, through EHRAC, involved in cases relating to alleged human rights violations in the Russian Federation and Georgia. He recently wrote the Council of Europe Human Rights Handbook on the Right to Life (publication due December 2006).

For the last fifteen years, Douwe Korff has also been a leading data protection expert and consultant. In that capacity, he has advised Amnesty International, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as international trade associations, in particular in the field of direct marketing (FEDMA, DMA-US), as well as individual companies. His corporate clients have included American Express, Cendant Corporation, Dun & Bradstreet, Readers Digest, Cygna, Symantec and others. He has written extensively on comparative, international and transnational data protection law and is involved in several projects on data protection and e-government.

In the last ten years, he has carried out four major studies for the European Union's Directorate-General on the Internal Market, relating to the implementation of EC Directives harmonising data protection law in the EU and the EEA, and was involved in two studies for the UK Information Commissioner. For the latest study, on "Children's Databases- Safety & Privacy", released on 22 November 2006: click here >>

He is a member of the advisory council of the Foundation for Information Policy Research (FIPR), the leading UK think-tank on IT policy.

[[Image:dkorff.jpg]]

Airbus

2007-09-04T12:06:05Z

195.6.25.118: /* History */

{{otheruse|this=the airliner manufacturer|use1=the 1930s aircraft known as the '''Airbus'''|page1=Bellanca Aircruiser}}
{{Infobox_Company |
| company_name = Airbus S.A.S.
| company_logo = [[Image:Airbus Logo.svg|center|151px|Airbus logo]]
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
| company_slogan = "Setting the standards"
| foundation = 1970 (Airbus Industrie) 2001 (Airbus S.A.S.)
| location_city = Toulouse
| location_country = France
| key_people = [[Louis Gallois]], [[CEO]] [[Hans Peter Ring]], [[CFO]] [[John Leahy]], Sales Director [[Fabrice Bregier]], COO
| num_employees = {{loss}} 55,000-57,000 <ref>http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/ethics/diversity/</ref>
| industry = [[Aerospace]]
| products = [[Airliners|Commercial airliners]] ([[Airbus#Civilian products|list]])
| revenue = {{profit}} [[Euro|€]]23,500 million (2005)
| net_income =
| operating_income =
| parent = [[EADS]]
| subsid =
| alliance =
| homepage = [http://www.airbus.com www.airbus.com]
}}
'''Airbus [[Société par actions simplifiée|S.A.S.]]''' is the [[Aerospace manufacturer|aircraft manufacturing]] subsidiary of [[EADS|EADS N.V.]], a pan-European aerospace concern. Based at [[Toulouse]], [[France]] with significant operations in other European states, Airbus produces around half of the world's jet [[airliner]]s, with most of the rest built by rival [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]], though the precise share varies on an annual basis. The name is pronounced {{IPA|air-bus}} in [[English language|English]], [[Image:ltspkr.png]][[Media:Airbus2.ogg|{{IPA|/ɛʁbys/}}]] in [[French language|French]], and {{IPA|/ˈɛːɐbʊs/}} in [[German language|German]].

Airbus began as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers. Consolidation of European defence and aerospace companies around the turn of the century allowed the establishment of a simplified joint stock company in 2001, owned by EADS (80%) and [[BAE Systems]] (20%). After a protracted sale process BAE sold its share to EADS on [[13 October]] [[2006]].<ref>{{cite news | title = BAE Systems says completed sale of Airbus stake to EADS | publisher = Forbes.com | date =2006-10-13 | url = http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/10/13/afx3089453.html | accessdate =2006-10-13}}</ref>

Airbus employs around 57,000 people at sixteen sites in four European countries: [[Germany]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Spain]]. Final assembly production occurs at [[Toulouse]] (France) and [[Hamburg]] (Germany). Airbus also has three subsidiaries in the [[USA]], [[Japan]] and [[China]].

==History==
''Airbus Industrie'' began as a [[consortium]] of [[Europe|European]] aviation firms to compete with [[United States|American]] companies such as [[Boeing]], [[McDonnell Douglas]], and [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]].

Until the late 1960s, European aircraft manufacturers competed with each other as much as American companies. While many European aircraft were innovative, even the most successful had comparatively small production runs.<ref name="airlinerworldspec">{{cite book |last=|first= |editor=Mark Nicholls |title=Airbus Jetliners: The European Solution|format= |accessdate=2007-08-22|series=Classic Aircraft Series No.6 |year=2001 |publisher=Key Publishing |location=Stamford |isbn=0946219532|pages=}}</ref> In 1991, Jean Pierson then CEO and Managing Director of Airbus Industrie, described a number of factors which explained the dominant position of American aircraft manufacturers; The land mass of the United States made air transport the increasingly dominant mode of travel; a 1942 Anglo-American agreement entrusted transport aircraft production to the US; and World War II had left America with "a profitable, vigorous, powerful and structured aeronautical industry."<ref name="airlinerworldspec"/>

In the mid-1960s, tentative negotiations commenced regarding a European collaborative approach. At the 1965 [[Paris Air Show]] major European airlines informally discussed their requirements for a new short- to medium-range "airbus". European aircraft manufactuters were aware of the risks of such a development and began to accept, along with their governments, that collaboration was required to offer such an aircraft and to compete with the US manufacturers.<ref name="flightintairhist">{{cite news|title=Airbus history|work=Flight International |publisher=Reed Business Publishing |date=1997-10-29 |accessdate=2007-08-22}}</ref> The same year Hawker Siddeley (at the urging of the UK government) teamed with Breguet and Nord to study airbus designs. The Hawker Siddeley/Breguet/Nord groups HBN 100 became the basis for the continuation of the project. By 1966 the partners were Sud Aviation (France), Arbeitsgemeinschaft Airbus, later Deutsche Airbus (Germany) and Hawker Siddeley (UK).<ref name="flightintairhist"/> A request for funding was made to the three governments in October 1966.<ref name="flightintairhist"/>

By early 1967 the "A300" label began to be applied and the proposal developed into a 320 seater, twin engined airliner.<ref name="flightintairhist"/> On 25 July 1967 the three governments agreed to proceed to the definition stage with the mission statement:
{{cquote|"For the purpose of strengthening European co-operation in the field of aviation technology and thereby promoting economic and technological progress in Europe, to take appropriate measures for the joint development and production of an airbus."<ref name="flightintairhist"/>}}

Shortly after the agreement, [[Roger Béteille]] was appointed technical director of the A300 project.<ref name="airbus1">[http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/people/company_evolution/history/part_1.html]</ref> Béteille developed a division of labour which would be the basis of Airbus' production for years to come: France would manufacture the cockpit, flight control and the lower centre section of the fuselage; Hawker Siddeley, whose [[Hawker Siddeley Trident|Trident]] technology had impressed him, was to manufacture the wings; Germany should make the forward and rear fuselage sections, as well as the upper centre section; The Dutch would make the flaps and spoilers; finally Spain (yet to become a full parnter) would make the horizontal tailplane.<ref name="airbus1"/>

In September 1967 the German, French and British governments signed a Memorandum of understanding. In the months following this agreement, both the French and British governments expressed doubts about the aircraft. Another problem was the requirement for a new engine (to be developed by [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]], the RB207). In December 1968, the French and British partner companies, [[Sud Aviation]] and [[Hawker Siddeley]], proposed a revised configuration, the 250 seat Airbus A250. Renamed the A300B, the aircraft would not require new engines, reducing development costs.

In 1969, the British government shocked its partners by withdrawing from the project. Given the participation by Hawker Siddeley up to that point, France and Germany were reluctant to take over their wing design. Thus the British company was allowed to continue as a major subcontractor. In 1978, Britain rejoined the consortium when [[British Aerospace]] (the merged Hawker Siddeley and BAC) purchased a 20% share of the company.

===Formation of Airbus===
[[Image:Airbus A300 B2 Zero-G.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Airbus A300]], the first aircraft model launched by Airbus.]] Airbus Industrie was formally set up in 1970 following an agreement between [[Sud-Aviation]] ([[France]]) and Deutsche Airbus—itself a [[Germany|German]] aerospace consortium consisting of [[Bölkow]], [[Dornier]], [[Flugzeug-Union Süd]], [[Hamburger Flugzeugbau|HFB]], [[Messerschmitt]], [[TG Siebelwerke]], and [[Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke|VFW]].<ref name="flugrevue_airbus_story">"[http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRheft/FRH0002/FR0002d.htm The Airbus Story]." Burgner, N. ''[[Flug Revue]]''. [[January 10]], [[2000]].</ref> The grouping was joined by [[Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA|CASA]] of [[Spain]] in 1971. Each company would deliver its sections as fully equipped, ready to fly items. The name "Airbus" was taken from a non-proprietary term used by the airline industry in the 1960s to refer to a commercial aircraft of a certain size and range, for this term was acceptable to the French linguistically.

In 1972, the A300 made its maiden flight and the first production model, the A300B2 entered service in 1974. Initially the success of the consortium was poor but by 1979 there were 81 aircraft in service. It was the launch of the [[Airbus A320|A320]] in 1981 that guaranteed the status of Airbus as a major player in the aircraft market - the aircraft had over 400 orders before it first flew, compared to 15 for the A300 in 1972.

It was a fairly loose alliance but that changed shortly after major defence mergers in 2000. [[DaimlerChrysler Aerospace]] (successor to Deutsche Airbus), [[Aérospatiale-Matra]] (successor to Sud-Aviation) and CASA merged to form [[EADS]]. In 2001, BAE Systems (formerly British Aerospace) and EADS formed the '''Airbus Integrated Company''' to coincide with the development of the new [[Airbus A380]] which will seat 845 passengers and be the world's largest commercial passenger jet when it enters service in late 2007 according to the revised schedule announced in October of 2006<ref>[http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_03_a380_delays_company_restructuring_plan.html Airbus confirms further A380 delay and launches company restructuring plan] - airbus press release</ref>.

===BAE sale and A380 controversy===
[[Image:Farnborough air show 2006 a380 landing.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Airbus A380]], the largest passenger jet in the world, is set to enter commercial service in 2007.]]
On [[6 April]] [[2006]] BBC News reported that BAE Systems was selling again its share, then "conservatively valued" at [[€]]3.5 billion ([[US$]]$4.17 bn). <ref name="bbc_bae_20060406">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4885426.stm BAE Systems to sell Airbus stake]." [[BBC News]]. [[6 April]] [[2006]].</ref> The move was seen by many analysts as a move to make partnerships with U.S. firms more feasible, in both financial and political terms.<ref name="wsj_bae_20060407">"[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB114439030968919877.html BAE in Talks With EADS to Sell its 20% Airbus Stake; British Firm is Focusing Increasingly on Defense Market, Especially in U.S.]" Michaels, D. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. [[7 April]] [[2006]].</ref> BAE originally sought to agree a price with EADS through an informal process. However due to the slow pace of negotiations and disagreements over price, BAE exercised its [[put option]] which saw investment bank [[N M Rothschild & Sons|Rothschild]] appointed to give an independent valuation.

In June 2006, Airbus became embroiled in a significant international controversy over its announcement of a further delay in the delivery of its A380. In the wake of the announcement, the value of associated stock plunged by up to a quarter in a matter of days, although it soon recovered somewhat. Allegations of insider trading on the part of [[Noël Forgeard]], CEO of EADS, its majority corporate parent, promptly followed. The loss of associated value caused great concern on the part of BAE, ''[[The Independent]]'' describing a "furious row" between BAE and EADS, with BAE believing the announcement was designed to depress the value of its share. <ref name="row"> [http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news/article1014055.ece BAE launches attack on EADS over Airbus superjumbo warning ] ''The Independent''. Retrieved [[15 June]] [[2006]] </ref> A French shareholder group filed a class action lawsuit against EADS in a Dutch court for failing to inform investors of the financial implications of the A380 delays while airlines to which deliveries were promised are expected to demand compensation.<ref name="FT 20060711 frontpage"> {{cite news | last=Hollinger | first=Peggy | coauthors=Done, Kevin | title=Sharp drop in orders at Airbus | pages=1,14 | publisher=Financial Times Daily | language=English | date=[[11 July]] [[2006]] }}</ref> As a result, EADS chief [[Noël Forgeard]] and Airbus [[CEO]] [[Gustav Humbert]] announced their resignations on [[2 July]] [[2006]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/03/business/worldbusiness/03airbus.html</ref> Forgeard's severance package is expected to include three years of salary plus the 2005 bonus; a total of at least €6 million, possibly topping €7 million.<ref name="FT 20060711 frontpage"/>

On [[2 July]] [[2006]] Rothschild valued BAE's stake at £1.9 billion (€2.75 billion); well below the expectation of BAE, analysts and even EADS. <ref>"[http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1811589,00.html BAE under pressure to hold Airbus stake]" ''The Guardian'' Retrieved 3 July 2006</ref> On [[5 July]] BAE appointed independent auditors to study why the value of its share of Airbus had fallen from the original estimates to the Rothschild valuation. They pushed back any potential sale until September at the earliest. <ref> ''"[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/07/05/bae.airbus.reut/ BAE orders new Airbus audit]"'' CNN.com [[5 July]] [[2006]] </ref> On 6 September 2006 BAE agreed to sell its stake in Airbus to EADS for £1.87 billion (€2.75 billion, $3.53 billion), pending BAE shareholder approval. <ref>{{cite news | title = BAE agrees to £1.87bn Airbus sale | publisher = BBC News | date = 2006-09-06 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5321626.stm | accessdate =2006-09-06}}</ref> On 4 October shareholders voted in favour of the sale. <ref>{{cite news | last = Hotten | first = Russell | title = BAE vote clears sale of Airbus stake | publisher = Daily Telegraph | date = 2006-10-04 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2006/10/04/bcnbae04.xml | accessdate =2006-10-05}}</ref>

On [[9 October]] [[2006]] [[Christian Streiff]], Humbert's successor, resigned due to differences with parent company EADS over the amount of independence he would be granted in implementing his reorganization plan for Airbus. He will be succeeded by EADS co-CEO [[Louis Gallois]]. This brings Airbus under more direct control of its parent company.

===2007 restructuring===
On February 28, 2007, CEO Louis Gallois announced the company's restructuring plans. Entitled Power8, the plan would see 10,000 jobs cut over four years; 4,300 in France, 3,700 in Germany, 1,600 in the UK and 400 in Spain. 5,000 of the 10,000 would be at sub contractors. Plants at [[Saint Nazaire]], [[Varel]] and [[Laupheim]] face sell off or closure, while [[Meaulte]], [[Nordenham]] and [[Filton]] are "open to investors".<ref>{{cite news |title= Airbus confirms 10,000 job cuts|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6402859.stm|publisher= BBC|date= 2007-02-28|accessdate= 2007-02-28}}</ref> The announcements have resulted in Airbus unions in France to strike, with German Airbus workers possibly following [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20070302-0438-france-airbus.html].

==Civilian products==
The Airbus product line started with the [[A300]], the world's first twin-aisle, twin-engined aircraft. A shorter, re-winged, re-engined variant of the [[A300]] is known as the [[A310]]. Building on its success, Airbus launched the [[Airbus A320|A320]] with its innovative [[fly-by-wire]] control system. The A320 has been, and continues to be, a great commercial success. The A318 and A319 are shorter derivatives with some of the latter under construction for the corporate ''biz-jet'' market ([[Airbus A320#A319CJ|Airbus Corporate Jet]]). A stretched version is known as the A321 and is proving competitive with later models of the Boeing 737.

The longer range products, the twin-jet [[Airbus A330|A330]] and the four-engine [[Airbus A340|A340]], have efficient wings, enhanced by [[Wingtip device|winglets]]. The Airbus [[A340-500]] has an operating range of 16 700 kilometres (9000 nautical miles), the second longest range of any commercial jet after the [[Boeing 777-200LR]] (range of 17 446 km or 9420 nautical miles). The company is particularly proud of its use of [[fly-by-wire]] technologies and the common cockpit and systems in use throughout the aircraft family, which make it much easier to train crew.

Airbus is studying a replacement for the A320 series, tentatively dubbed [[Airbus NSR|NSR]], for "New Short-Range aircraft."<ref name="fi_737rs_nsr">"[http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/02/07/Navigation/177/204506/THE+737+STORY+Smoke+and+mirrors+obscure+737+and+Airbus+A320+replacement.html The 737 Story: Smoke and mirrors obscure 737 and Airbus A320 replacement studies]." ''[[Flight International]]''. [[February 7]], [[2006]].</ref>

In July 2007, Airbus delivered its last A300 to FedEx, marking the end of the A300/A310 production line. Airbus intends to relocate Toulouse A320 final assembly activity to Hamburg, and A350/A380 production in the opposite direction as part of its [[Power8]] organization plan begun under ex-CEO [[Christian Streiff]].<ref name="forbes_20070115">"[http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/01/15/afx3328289.html Airbus to base A320 production in Hamburg, 350s and 380s in Toulouse - report]." ''[[Forbes]]''. [[January 15]], [[2007]].</ref>

Until its retirement in 2003, Airbus supplied replacement parts and service for the [[Concorde]].

{| class="toccolours" align="center" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|+'''Product list and details (date information from Airbus)'''
|----- bgcolor=#006699
|''' Aircraft '''
|align=center|''' Description '''
|''' Seats '''
|''' Max '''
|''' Launch date '''
|''' 1st flight '''
|''' 1st delivery '''
|''' Production to cease '''
|-
|[[Airbus A300|A300]]
|2 engine, twin aisle
|align=center |228-254
|align=center |361
|May 1969
|[[28 October]] [[1972]]
|May 1974
|July 2007
|-
|[[Airbus A310|A310]]
|2 engine, twin aisle, modified A300
|align=center |187
|align=center |279
|July 1978
|[[3 April]] [[1982]]
|Dec 1985
|July 2007
|-
|[[Airbus A320|A318]]
|2 engine, single aisle, shortened 6.17 m from A320
|align=center |107
|align=center |117
|Apr 1999
|[[15 January]] [[2002]]
|Oct 2003
|-
|[[Airbus A320|A319]]
|2 engine, single aisle, shortened 3.77 m from A320
|align=center |124
|align=center |156
|June 1993
|[[25 August]] [[1995]]
|Apr 1996
|-
|[[Airbus A320|A320]]
|2 engine, single aisle
|align=center |150
|align=center |180
|Mar 1984
|[[22 February]] [[1987]]
|Mar 1988
|-
|[[Airbus A320|A321]]
|2 engine, single aisle, lengthened 6.94 m from A320
|align=center |185
|align=center |220
|Nov 1989
|[[11 March]] [[1993]]
|Jan 1994
|-
|[[Airbus A330|A330]]
|2 engine, twin aisle.
|align=center |253-295
|align=center |406-440
|June 1987
|[[2 November]] [[1992]]
|Dec 1993
|-
|[[Airbus A340|A340]]
|4 engine, twin aisle
|align=center |239-380
|align=center |420-440
|June 1987
|[[25 October]] [[1991]]
|Jan 1993
|-
|[[Airbus A350|A350]]
|2 engine, twin aisle
|align=center |270-350
|align=center |
|Dec 2006
|2011 expected
|mid-2013
|-
|[[Airbus A380|A380]]
|4 engine, double deck, quad aisle
|align=center |555
|align=center |853
|2002
|[[27 April]] [[2005]]
|Oct 2007
|}

==Military products==
In January 1999 Airbus established a separate company, [[Airbus Military|Airbus Military S.A.S.]], to undertake development and production of a turboprop powered [[Airlift (military)|tactical transport]] aircraft (the [[Airbus A400M|Airbus Military A400M]].) The A400M is being developed by several [[NATO]] members, [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Spain]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United Kingdom|UK]], as an alternative to the [[C-130 Hercules]]. Expansion in the military aircraft market will reduce, but not negate, Airbus' exposure to the effects of cyclical downturns in civil aviation.

*[[Airbus A400M|A400M]]
*[[Airbus A310 MRTT|A310 MRTT]] ''(Multi Role [[aerial refueling|Tanker]] Transport)''
*[[Airbus A330 MRTT|A330 MRTT]]

==Competition with Boeing==
{{Main article|Competition between Airbus and Boeing}}
[[Image:Airbus Boeing net orders 2002 2006.png|right|thumb|350px|Plane net orders [[2002]]-[[2006]]]]
Airbus is in tight competition with Boeing every year for aircraft orders. Though both manufacturers have a broad product range in various segments from single-aisle to wide-body, both manufacturers' offerings do not always compete head-to-head. Instead they respond with models a bit smaller or a bit bigger than the other in order to plug any holes in demand and achieve a better edge. The A380, for example, is designed to be a bit bigger than the 747. The A350XWB competes with the high end of the 787 and the low end of the 777. The A320 is bigger than the 737-700 but smaller than the 737-800. The A321 is bigger than the 737-900 but smaller than the previous 757-200. Airlines see this as a benefit since they get a more complete product range from 100 seats to 500 seats than if both companies offered identical aircraft.

In recent years the [[Boeing 777]] has outsold its Airbus counterparts, which include the A340 family as well as the A330-300. The smaller A330-200 competes with the [[Boeing 767|767]], outselling its Boeing counterpart in recent years. The A380 is anticipated to further reduce sales of the Boeing 747, gaining Airbus a share of the market in very large aircraft, though frequent delays in in the A380 program have caused several customers to consider the refreshed [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]].<ref name="times_delays_20061004">{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9077-2387999,00.html|title=Airbus will lose €4.8bn because of A380 delays|first=David|last=Robertson|publisher=The Times Business News|date=[[October 4]], [[2006]]}}</ref> Airbus has also proposed the [[A350XWB]] to compete with the fast-selling [[Boeing 787]], after being under great pressure from airlines to produce a competing model.

There are around 4,463 Airbus [[aircraft]] in service, with Airbus managing to win over 50 per cent of aircraft orders in recent years. Airbus products are still outnumbered 6 to 1 by in-service Boeings (there are over 5,000 Boeing 737s alone in service). This however is indicative of historical success - Airbus made a late entry into the modern jet airliner market (1972 vs. 1958 for Boeing).

Airbus won a greater share of orders in 2003, 2004. It also delivered more aircraft in 2003, 2004, 2005 & 2006.

In 2005, Airbus made a claim to victory again with 1111 (1055 net)<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/orders_and_deliveries/|title=Airbus Orders and Deliveries}}</ref>, compared to 1029 (net of 1002) for Boeing<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/index.cfm?content=displaystandardreport.cfm&optReportType=AnnOrd&pageid=m15521|accessdate=Insert accessdate here|title=Insert title here}}</ref> However, Boeing won 55% of 2005 orders by value, due to that firm winning several important widebody sales at the expense of Airbus.

In 2006 Boeing won more orders by both measures. Airbus regained parity as of mid-2007.

===Orders===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="color: white; font-weight: bold; background-color:#007000;"
|
| 2006
| 2005
| 2004
| 2003
| 2002
| 2001
| 2000
| 1999
| 1998
| 1997
| 1996
| 1995
| 1994
| 1993
| 1992
| 1991
| 1990
| 1989
|-
|Airbus
|824
|1111
|370
|284
|300
|375
|520
|476
|556
|460
|326
|106
|125
|38
|136
|101
|404
|421
|-
|Boeing
|1044
|1002
|272
|239
|251
|314
|588
|355
|606
|543
|708
|441
|125
|236
|266
|273
|533
|716
|}

===Deliveries===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="color: white; font-weight: bold; background-color:#006699;"
|
| 2006
| 2005
| 2004
| 2003
| 2002
| 2001
| 2000
| 1999
| 1998
| 1997
| 1996
| 1995
| 1994
| 1993
| 1992
| 1991
| 1990
| 1989
|-
|Airbus
|434
|378
|320
|305
|303
|325
|311
|294
|229
|182
|126
|124
|123
|138
|157
|163
|95
|105
|-
|Boeing
|398
|290
|285
|281
|381
|527
|491
|620
|563
|375
|271
|256
|312
|409
|572
|606
|527
|402
|}


===Subsidies===
Boeing has continually protested over "launch aid" and other forms of government aid to Airbus, while Airbus has argued that Boeing receives illegal subsidies through military and research contracts and tax breaks.

In July 2004 [[Harry Stonecipher]] (then-Boeing [[CEO]]) accused Airbus of abusing a 1992 bilateral EU-US agreement providing for disciplines for large civil aircraft support from governments. Airbus is given reimbursable launch investment (RLI, called "launch aid" by the US) from European governments with the money being paid back with interest, plus indefinite royalties, but only if the aircraft is a commercial success<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2095-1631948,00.html|accessdate=Insert accessdate here|title=Insert title here}}</ref>. Airbus contends that this system is fully compliant with the 1992 agreement and [[World Trade Organisation|WTO]] rules. The agreement allows up to 33 per cent of the programme cost to be met through government loans which are to be fully repaid within 17 years with interest and royalties. These loans are held at a minimum interest rate equal to the cost of government borrowing plus 0.25%, which would be below market rates available to Airbus without government support<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3722888.stm|accessdate=Insert accessdate here|title=Insert title here}}</ref>. Airbus claims that since the signature of the EU-U.S. Agreement in 1992, it has repaid European governments more than U.S.$6.7 billion and that this is 40% more than it has received.<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/05_30_05_Boeing.html|accessdate=Insert accessdate here|title=Insert title here}}</ref>.

Airbus argues that the [[pork barrel]] military contracts awarded to Boeing (the second largest U.S. defence contractor) are in effect a form of subsidy (see the Boeing [[KC-767]] military contracting controversy). The significant U.S. government support of technology development via [[NASA]] also provides significant support to Boeing, as does the large tax breaks offered to Boeing which some claim are in violation of the 1992 agreement and [[WTO]] rules. In its recent products such as the [[Boeing 787|787]], Boeing has also been offered substantial support from local and state governments<ref>http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3793314</ref>. However it has been argued that in U.S. government support of technology development, anyone can benefit from the results; even Airbus can benefit from them.

In January 2005 the European Union and United States trade representatives, [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Robert Zoellick]] (since replaced by [[Rob Portman]]) respectively, agreed to talks aimed at resolving the increasing tensions. These talks were not successful with the dispute becoming more acrimonious rather than approaching a settlement.

===World Trade Organization litigation===
On [[31 May]] [[2005]] the [[United States]] filed a case against the [[European Union]] for providing allegedly illegal subsidies to Airbus. Twenty-four hours later the European Union filed a complaint against the United States protesting support for Boeing.<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4594581.stm|accessdate=2005-05-31|title=Flare-up in EU-US air trade row}}</ref>

Portman (from the USA) and Mandelson (from the EU) issued a joint statement stating: ''"We remain united in our determination that this dispute shall not affect our cooperation on wider bilateral and multilateral trade issues. We have worked together well so far, and intend to continue to do so."''

Tensions increased by the support for the Airbus A380 have erupted into a potential trade war due to the upcoming launch of the Airbus A350. Airbus would ideally like the A350 programme to be launched with the help of state loans covering a third of the development costs although it has stated it will launch without these loans if required. The A350 will compete with Boeing's most successful project in recent years, the 787 Dreamliner.

EU trade officials are questioning the funding provided by NASA, the Department of Defense (in particular in the form of R&D contracts that benefited Boeing) as well as funding from US states (in particular the State of Washington, the State of Kansas and the State of Illinois) for the launch of Boeing aircraft, in particular the [[Boeing 787|787]].

----

==International manufacturing presence==
[[Image:Airbus Toulouse plant entrance DSC02696.jpg|thumb|center|650px|The main Airbus factory in Toulouse is located just next to [[Toulouse Blagnac International Airport|Toulouse Airport]]. ({{coor dms|43|36|44|N|1|21|47|E}})]]
The three final assembly lines of Airbus are in [[Toulouse]] (France) (two assembly lines) and [[Hamburg]] (Germany) (one assembly line). A fourth final assembly line, for the [[Airbus A400M]], is under construction in [[Seville]] (Spain). It is estimated that this new assembly line will be operational by October 2006.

Airbus, however, has a number of other plants in different European locations, reflecting its foundation as a consortium. An original solution to the problem of moving aircraft parts between the different factories and the assembly plants is the use of "[[Airbus Beluga|Beluga]]" specially enlarged jets, capable of carrying entire sections of fuselage of Airbus aircraft. This solution has also been investigated by Boeing, who retrofitted 3 of their 747 aircraft to transport the components of the 787. An exception to this scheme is the A380, whose fuselage and wings are too large for sections to be carried by the [[Airbus Beluga|Beluga]]. Large A380 parts are brought by ship to [[Bordeaux]], and then transported to the Toulouse assembly plant by a specially enlarged road.

North America is an important region to Airbus in terms of both aircraft sales and suppliers. 2,000 of the total of approximately 5,300 Airbus jetliners sold by Airbus around the world, representing every aircraft in its product line from the 107-seat A318 to the 565-passenger A380, are ordered by North American customers. According to Airbus, US contractors supporting an estimated 120,000 jobs earned estimated $5.5 billion (2003) worth of business. For example, one version of the A380 has 51% American content in terms of work share value. 

EADS Airbus will be opening an assembly plant in [[Tianjin]], [[China]] for its A320 series airliners, to be operational in [[2009 in aviation|2009]]. [[AVIC I]] and [[AVIC II]] will be EADS' local partners for the site, to which subassemblies will be sent from plants around the world.<ref name="eads_20061026_pr">"[http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_26_agreement_A320_FAL_China.html Airbus signs framework agreement with Chinese consortium on A320 Final Assembly Line in China]." EADS Airbus official press release. [[October 26]], [[2006]].</ref>

===Workforce by countries===
{|border=0 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=2
|----- bgcolor=#006699
|''' Country '''
|''' Airbus direct employees '''
|-----
|[[France]]
|align=right|19,358
|-----
|[[Germany]]
|align=right|18,423
|-----
|[[United Kingdom]]
|align=right|8,688
|-----
|[[Spain]]
|align=right|2,726
|-----
|[[United States]]
|align=right|405+
|-----
|[[People's Republic of China]]
|align=right|100+
|-----
|'''Total'''
|align=right|49,700+
|}
''(Data as of [[December 31]], [[2003]])''

===Workforce by sites===
{|border=0 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=2
|----- bgcolor=#006699
|''' Airbus site ¹ '''
|''' Country '''
|''' Workforce '''
|-----
|[[Toulouse]] ([[Saint-Martin-du-Touch]], [[Colomiers]], [[Blagnac]])
|[[France]] 
|align=right|14,133 
|-----
|[[Hamburg]] ([[Finkenwerder]], [[Stade]], [[Buxtehude]])
|[[Germany]] 
|align=right|11,185 
|-----
|[[Bristol]] ([[Filton]]), [[England]]
|[[United Kingdom|UK]]
|align=right|4,379
|-----
|[[Broughton, Flintshire|Broughton]], [[Flintshire]], [[Wales]]
|[[United Kingdom|UK]]
|align=right|4,309
|-----
|[[Bremen (city)|Bremen]]
|[[Germany]]
|align=right|3,051
|-----
|[[Madrid]] ([[Getafe, Madrid|Getafe]], [[Illescas (Toledo)|Illescas]])
|[[Spain]]
|align=right|2,243
|-----
|[[Saint-Nazaire]]
|[[France]]
|align=right|2,227
|-----
|[[Nordenham]]
|[[Germany]]
|align=right|2,106
|-----
|[[Nantes]]
|[[France]]
|align=right|1,869
|-----
|[[Varel]]
|[[Germany]]
|align=right|1,172
|-----
|[[Albert, Somme|Albert]] ([[Méaulte]])
|[[France]]
|align=right|1,129
|-----
|[[Laupheim]]
|[[Germany]]
|align=right|1,100
|-----
|[[Cadiz]] ([[Puerto Real]])
|[[Spain]]
|align=right|483
|-----
|[[Washington, D.C.]] ([[Herndon, Virginia|Herndon]], [[Ashburn, Virginia|Ashburn]])
|[[United States|USA]]
|align=right|165+
|-----
|[[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]
|[[United States|USA]]
|align=right|200+
|-----
|[[Beijing]]
|[[People's Republic of China|PRC]]
|align=right|100+
|-----
|[[Tianjin]]<ref name="eads_20061026_pr" />
|[[People's Republic of China|PRC]]
|align=right|TBD
|-----
|[[Miami]] ([[Miami Springs, Florida|Miami Springs]])
|[[United States|USA]]
|align=right|100
|-----
|'''Total'''
|
|align=right|49,700+
|}
''(Data as of [[December 31]], [[2003]])''

¹ Name of the urban/metropolitan area appears first, then in parenthesis are the exact locations of the plants

==Airbus Aircraft Numbering System==
The Airbus numbering system starts with the main aircraft model number (Ammm) followed by a dash and three digits (-sev) following the pattern Ammm-sev. The model number takes the form of the letter "A" followed by three digits (m), e.g. A320. The series number is a single digit (s). Two more digits after the series number represent the engine (e) and a version number (v). To use an A320-200 with IAE V2500-A1 engines as an example, the code is A320-2ev for the model and series number. Adding the engine manufacturer (for codes, see below), this makes the code now A320-23v. The version is 1, taking the code to A320-231.

An additional letter is sometimes used. These include, 'C' for a combi version (passenger/freighter), 'F' for a freighter model, 'R' for the long range model, and 'X' for the enhanced model.

=== Engine codes ===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|----- bgcolor=#006699
!''' Code '''
!''' Manufacturing Company '''
|----
|0
|[[GE-Aviation|General Electric]] (GE)
|----
|1
|[[CFM International]] (GE/SNECMA)
|----
|2
|[[Pratt & Whitney]] (P&W)
|----
|3
|[[International Aero Engines]] (R-R, P&W, Kawasaki, Mitsubishi, and Ishikawajima-Harima)
|----
|4
|[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] (R-R)
|----
|6
|[[Engine Alliance]] (GE and P&W)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]]
* [[Competition between Airbus and Boeing]]
* [[Bombardier]]
* [[Embraer]]

==External links==
{{commonscat|Airbus}}
*[http://www.airbus.com/en/ Official Airbus Website]
*[http://www.airbusnorthamerica.com/ Dedicated Airbus US/Canada Site]
*[http://www.airbusmilitary.com/ Official Airbus Military website]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1293073.stm Loan subsidies]
*[http://www.buffalo.edu/reporter/vol35/vol35n40/articles/Boeing.html Airbus subsidies]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3722888.stm An editorial from BBC on Airbus]
*[http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/40/40566.html Yahoo! - The Airbus SAS Company Profile]
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~rioolpw/maina.html Complete production lists of all Airbus models]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ly7nh3Wp6zQ Airbus Family of Airliners (Video Compilation)]

===Key Airbus documents===
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00008917/media_object_file_Airbus2006AnnualReview.pdf Airbus 2006 Annual Review (PDF)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00008918/media_object_file_Airbus2006resultstable.pdf Airbus 2006 Results (PDF)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00006582/media_object_file_Annual_Review_2005.pdf Airbus 2005 Annual Review (PDF)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00006576/media_object_file_Table05result.pdf Airbus 2005 Results (PDF)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00003255/annual_review_2004.pdf Airbus 2004 Annual Review (PDF)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00003199/Results_2004.pdf Airbus 2004 Results (PDF)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00009022/media_object_file_Airbus_1989-2006results.xls Airbus Results 1989 - 2006 (xls)]
*[http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00009024/media_object_file_OD_1974-2006.xls Airbus Orders & Deliveries 1974 - 2006 (xls)]
 
{{Airbus aircraft}}
{{airlistbox}}
{{histrefm}}

[[Category:Aerospace companies]]
[[Category:Companies of France]]
[[Category:Defence companies of France]]
[[Category:International aircraft manufacturers]]
[[Category:Airbus| ]]

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[[zh:空中客车]]

G-Man (Half-Life)

2007-08-17T08:56:22Z

195.6.25.118:

{{General CVG character
|width=180px
|name=The G-Man
|image=[[Image:HalfLife_GMan.jpg|230px]]
|caption='''Left:''' The G-Man, as he appears in ''Half-Life.'' '''Right:''' His appearance in ''Half-Life 2''.
|series=[[Half-Life series|''Half-Life'' series]]
|firstgame=''[[Half-Life]]''
|voiceactor=[[Michael Shapiro (actor)|Michael Shapiro]]
|inuniverse=
}}
The '''G-Man''', voiced by [[Michael Shapiro (actor)|Michael Shapiro]], is a recurring character in the ''[[Half-Life]]'' series of [[first-person shooter]] [[Video game|computer games]]. Always seen in a business suit with a tie and usually clutching a briefcase in one hand, he was first seen in ''Half-Life'' (henceforth referred to as ''HL1''). He is known to display peculiar behavior and capabilities beyond that of a normal human and his identity and motives remain almost completely unexplained. He plays the role of an overseer and employer, watching over the player as the games progress.

==Overview==
Physically, the G-Man appears to be a middle-aged male [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] [[human]] with a tall and thin physique, very pale skin, extremely dark brown hair shaped in a military-style [[crew cut]], and blue-green eyes. Throughout the entire ''Half-Life'' series, he is dressed in a gray/blue [[Suit (clothing)|suit]] and is always seen (except in ''[[Half-Life 2: Episode One]]'') carrying a [[briefcase]] which, in ''HL1'', sports the logo of the [[Black Mesa Research Facility]]. He speaks in a slow, raspy yet commanding manner, with a certain accentuated low-key moroseness to his tone, sometimes placing unusual stress on [[syllable]]s, stressing the wrong parts of words, making unneeded pauses, and awkwardly changing the pitch of his voice, sometimes in the middle of a word. It is common for the G-Man to elongate [[Sibilant consonant|"S" sounds]] ("Limitlesssss potential"). This odd manner of speaking, nigh bordering the cryptic, along with his appearance, is reminiscent of the behavior of the [[Men in Black]] in various reports. This allusion is almost definitely intentional.

The G-Man exudes a calm, almost uninterested demeanor, particularly in the ruined and alien-infested Black Mesa Research Facility – in situations in which other humans panic and flee, the G-Man can be seen calmly straightening his tie or brushing his suit lapels with his hand. He is regularly seen throughout the ''Half-Life'' games, yet it is rare for the player to see more than a glimpse of him before he walks out of sight and mysteriously vanishes. The G-Man is capable of operating a very wide range of [[machinery]] and [[technology]], ranging from [[cellular phones]] and sealed steel doors to [[nuclear warhead]]s and [[teleportation|teleporters]].

"G-Man" is almost certainly not his actual title or name. He is never identified, referred to, or even acknowledged to exist by other characters in any of the games to the player, despite being seen interacting with them. "G-man" is simply the name of the character's [[Model (computer games)|model]] in the original ''Half-Life'', and ''Half-Life 2'' (possibly a reference to the [[slang]] term [[G-Man (slang)|G-Man]], referring to an agent of the [[Federal Government of the United States|United States Government]]), as well as in documentaries featuring employees at [[Valve Corporation|Valve Software]]. The character is also referred to as "Gman" in the voice actor list in the credits of ''Half-Life 2''. Furthermore, in the manual for ''Opposing Force'', Shephard makes mention of him as a "G-man." Most players use the [[nickname]] "G-Man," or "Government man," since his actual name is still unknown. Prior to the release of ''[[Half-Life 2]]'', many players speculated that he was the Administrator of Black Mesa, but the sequel makes it clear that this is actually a separate character, [[Doctor Wallace Breen]].

The G-Man is seen talking to various people, and yet at times it seems that only the player is able to see him. However, in the climax of Half-Life 2, Doctor Breen speaks to Gordon Freeman, saying that he has "proven himself a fine pawn for those who control him," and informing Freeman that his "contract was open to the highest bidder." These lines, and the slightly smug, knowing way in which they are delivered, suggest quite strongly that Breen is aware of the involvement of a higher power in Freeman's actions. Also, the [[Vortigaunts]] have several ambiguous lines that could possibly be references to the G-Man, and in the introduction to ''[[Half-Life 2: Episode One|Episode One]]'' they are seen directly confronting him, and somehow freeing Gordon Freeman from his control. This would seem to suggest a great awareness of the G-Man on their part, presumably something of his mysterious nature and goals, and possibly two-faced, separate will.

Also, in most games, especially in Opposing Force, it seems as if he is following a plan, which would explain why he attempts to stop Shephard from escaping the facility and to undo the nuclear bomb deactivation that Shephard had done, as well as indirectly prohibiting him from crossing paths with Gordon Freeman. This shows that G-Man wants the people who he inspects to follow a certain chain of events.

===Contents of briefcase and other possessions===
With the exception of the opening sequence in ''Half-Life 2: Episode One'', the G-Man is always seen carrying a briefcase, and fans have often debated its contents. In the original ''Half-Life'', using the "no-clipping" cheat (noclip), or with the aid of a model viewer, it is possible to see inside his case [http://www.hlcomic.com/bb/viewtopic.php?p=3228#3228][http://img3.imageshack.us/img3/1156/gmanbriefcase13iv.gif]. However, it's often pointed out that because the contents of the briefcase can only be seen by cheating or using game development tools, it is likely that the player was never intended to see them and so these contents may constitute nothing more than an [[Easter egg (media)|Easter egg]]. Note that this only applies in ''HL1'', as the inside of his case in ''HL2'' is blank. The contents of the case appear to be as follows:

* 3 pencils
* 2 scribbled sheets of paper
* A 9mm handgun in a holster
* An identity card
* A portable computer

Also, in ''Opposing Force'', the G-Man is seen for a moment talking on a cell phone.

==In-game appearances==
===''Half-Life''===
[[Image:Xen_halflife_11_AYool.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The G-Man in a Xen elevator]]

The G-Man is first seen travelling in the opposite direction on the tram ride that serves as ''HL1'''s introduction sequence, but he somehow manages to arrive at Sector C before Freeman. Before the experiment begins, the G-Man can be seen arguing heatedly with a scientist in a locked room of Sector C. Following the catastrophic resonance cascade which commences the game's action through Black Mesa, the G-Man can be seen quietly observing the player in several out-of-reach areas as the game progresses. In several cases, the player arrives in rooms or locations where the G-Man was previously seen, even though the areas are often inaccessible to other characters, and personnel in the location do not seem to have noticed him.

After Gordon defeats [[Nihilanth]], the ruler of [[Xen (Half-Life)|Xen]] and the final [[boss (video games)|boss]] in ''Half-Life'', the G-Man brings the player to "safety" in an inexplicable, abstract sequence, appearing beside Gordon, having stripped him of his armaments and showing him various areas of Xen. Eventually the scene changes into what appears to be a tram (like the one from the beginning of the game) travelling through space at an incredible speed. The G-Man tells Gordon that he has been observing him very carefully and praises him on his actions in Xen, which, following an invasion by the [[Hazardous Environment Combat Unit]], is now in his "employers'" control. The G-Man then informs him that he has recommended Gordon's services to his "employers", and offers him a job. [[Canon (fiction)|Canon]] states that Gordon takes the job, although the player is given a [[Hobson's choice]]; declining the offer results in the unarmed Freeman facing a horde of hostile aliens as the screen fades to black with the G-Man's final words; "No regrets, Mr. Freeman." However, in ''HL2'' the G-Man talks about the "illusion of free choice," because, of course, if Gordon had declined the offer and died at the hands of the alien horde there would be no sequel.

The official ''Half-Life 2: Episode One'' website states that "In ''Half-Life'', the G-Man made you."

===''Opposing Force''===
[[Image:half_life_gman_3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The G-Man prevents [[Adrian Shephard]] from escaping from the [[Black Mesa Research Facility]]. The soldiers behind the G-Man appear oblivious to his presence.]]
In the [[expansion pack]] ''[[Half-Life: Opposing Force]]'', the G-Man plays a slightly more direct role in the story, alternately hindering and aiding the player, Corporal [[Adrian Shephard]], as well as simply observing.

During the boot camp training sequence, the G-Man can be spotted at a window speaking to an officer, and occasionally glancing at the player. Since the drill instructor mentions that Shephard's training has been mysteriously accelerated, the implication is that the G-Man had an interest in Shephard before the Black Mesa incident, for reasons unknown.

At one point Shephard is trapped on a small walkway, with deadly corrosive/radioactive liquid rising steadily towards him. The G-Man opens a door allowing him to escape, saving his life. One level later, as Shephard attempts to evacuate Black Mesa with the rest of the marines, the G-Man closes a hangar door, forcing him to remain on the base.
Later on, the G-Man is seen rearming the [[thermonuclear|nuclear]] bomb that destroys Black Mesa, which Shephard had deactivated moments prior.

After Shephard defeats the [[Race X#Gene Worm|Gene worm]] at the end of ''Opposing Force'', the G-Man appears again. On this occasion, Shephard finds himself on board one of the [[Hazardous Environment Combat Unit|HECU]]'s [[V-22 Osprey|Osprey]] aircraft, facing the G-Man. The G-Man informs Shephard that, contrary to his employer's original wishes, Shephard is to be spared, but detained. The G-Man says that he has been impressed by Shephard's ability to "adapt and survive against all odds" in the Black Mesa facility, and comments that these are traits which remind him of himself. As the G-Man delivers this closing monologue, the plane carries them away from Black Mesa, shortly before a nuclear blast flashes outside confirming its destruction. The aircraft's location then suddenly switches to the skies of Xen, then finally to an emptiness similar to that encountered by the Black Mesa tram at the end of ''Half-Life''. The G-Man then leaves Shephard via a teleporter in the cockpit, and the screen fades to the closing titles.

===''Blue Shift'' and ''Decay''===
In both ''[[Half-Life: Blue Shift]]'' and ''[[Half-Life: Decay]]'', the main characters of each game, [[Barney Calhoun]] and Doctors [[Doctor Gina Cross|Gina Cross]] and [[Doctor Colette Green|Colette Green]], see the G-Man on one occasion near the beginning of each game, but he doesn't seem to notice any of them.

===''Half-Life 2''===
[[Image:HalfLife2 GMan Prologue.jpg|left|thumb|The G-Man in ''Half-Life 2'', as he addresses Freeman at the beginning of the game]]
''[[Half-Life 2]]'' begins with Gordon being greeted approximately two decades in the future by the G-Man, while seeing a dream-like [[Montage sequence|montage]] of images such as the Black Mesa test chamber, and interior areas of the [[List of Combine non-combat technology in Half-Life 2#The Citadel|Citadel]]. In his speech, the G-Man hints that he put Gordon into stasis for his own safety, and that an opportunity has now arisen which will allow Freeman to begin his campaign against the Combine forces on Earth.

The G-Man continuously refers to Gordon Freeman as "Mister Freeman" throughout the introductory sequence, forgoing Gordon's proper title of doctor. However, during the ending sequence, he refers to Gordon as "Doctor Freeman".

The G-Man is briefly visible at various other points during the events of the game, including along the different vehicle sequences, but these are only from a great distance or as seen on video terminals until the game's finale. After an uphill battle in the cloud-penetrating Citadel skyscraper, Gordon causes critical damage to the structure's [[dark energy]] reactor, resulting in an explosion that might have caused his death — had the G-Man not seemingly stopped time in order to extract Gordon to safety to await further "employment offers" (while apparently leaving Freeman's companion, Alyx Vance to perish in the explosion). The game ends with travel through the same emptiness that was ''HL1'''s ending, and with the G-Man stepping through some sort of doorway portal, though not before fixing his tie.
[[Image:Gman routekanal.jpg|thumb|right|The G-Man on a television in the "Route Kanal" chapter. Note the [[Combine (Half-Life 2)|Combine]] logo in the top right hand of the screen and the similarity to the location where [[Doctor Breen|Dr. Breen]] makes his "Breencasts."]]
The G-Man, at this point, makes it clear that he will once again be placing Freeman in stasis while he entertains some "interesting offers" for Gordon's services, this time making no mention of his "employers," as he had in ''HL1''. However, in ''[[Half-Life 2: Episode One|Episode One]]'', the G-Man's control over Gordon is taken by the Vortigaunts (see below), ending (either definitively or temporarily) his plans.

Before their final showdown, [[Doctor Breen]] asks Gordon, "Did you realize your contract was open to the highest bidder?". This is taken as a reference to the "contract" Gordon has with the G-Man, and many players speculate that it may mean the G-Man is a freelance agent.

===''Half-Life 2: Episode One''===
[[Image:HalfLife2 Episode1 GMan Vortigaunt Prologue.jpg|left|thumb|The G-Man in his only appearance in ''[[Half-Life 2: Episode One]]'', as he is held back by [[Vortigaunt]]s. The scene also depicts, for the first time, the G-Man without his signature briefcase.]]

The G-Man is only seen once in ''[[Half-Life 2: Episode One]]''. At the beginning of the game, which begins at the point when ''[[Half-Life 2]]'' ends, the G-Man walks back into the black void that he left [[Gordon Freeman|Gordon]] in and opens his mouth to say something, but then notices a purple glowing [[Vortigaunt]] to his left. He appears to be slightly amused at the sight, but then notices another on his right, and the smile drops from his face. As more and more Vortigaunts appear, he begins to look irritated, and then, as he looks toward the player, he realizes what's happening. Irritation changes to anger. As two more Vortigaunts stand on either side of Gordon and grab his arms, the G-Man straightens his tie more violently than before and responds to their chant with a single sentence: "We'll see... about ''that''!" Gordon is then immediately teleported away and found by [[Dog (Half-Life 2)|Dog]] in a pile of rubble just outside the [[List of Combine non-combat technology in Half-Life 2#The Citadel|Citadel]].

This incident shows the Vortigaunts have the ability to enter the G-Man's realm. This is also the first time the player witnesses any hindrance in the G-Man's plan.

===''Half-Life 2: Episode Two''===
[[Image:G-Room.jpg|200px|thumb|right|G-Man taking a look at Alyx, apparently in the place Gordon is kept in stasis]]
The G-Man is shown in a trailer<ref>[http://media.pc.ign.com/media/812/812574/vid_1646399.html IGN video]</ref> standing over Alyx's body, commenting that someone is "not supposed to be here" and that they should "forget about all this." It is unclear whom he is addressing. It is thus far his only appearance in any ''Episode Two'' trailer. The dialogue is an edited form of an unused voice clip from ''Half-Life 2''.

Artwork for the game released through a Steam Message shows the G-Man in an "Arctic base" previously seen in ''Episode One'', again without his trademark briefcase; it is interesting to note that behind him are Combine troops, taking aim at armed yet unresponsive rebels. The implications of this image are currently unknown.[http://storefront.steampowered.com/Steam/Marketing/message/1026/img/Gman_concept.jpg] Another recently released image on [[GameSpot]] depicts the G-Man sitting in an empty office except for a desk, a computer screen and what appears to be a large screen on the wall.[http://www.halflife2.net/news//1181209134_938210_20070606_screen002.jpg]

==List of in-game appearances==
The G-Man appears several times in each game, though often in out-of-the-way locations so it may be difficult for a first-time player to see him. It is almost universally impossible to go directly to where he is standing – before he has an opportunity to disappear from that place, at any rate. If fired upon in the few areas in which he could be, he is unharmed, and a ricocheting sound effect is heard. This list does not include intro and ending sequences in which he speaks to the player character directly.

===''Half-Life''===
* '''Black Mesa Inbound''' (map: c0a0d): When the tram Gordon is riding pauses briefly, the G-Man can be seen standing with a scientist in another tram heading in the opposite direction.
* '''Anomalous Materials''' (map: c1a0): The G-Man can be seen standing in an inaccessible room arguing with a scientist.
* '''Unforeseen Consequences''' (map: c1a1b): In his first appearance following the resonance cascade, he can be seen watching Gordon from a catwalk. When Gordon arrives at the same spot, it is revealed that the G-Man disappeared from an apparent dead end. A hiding scientist does not seem to have seen him.
* '''Office Complex''' (map: c1a2b): As Gordon battles his way out of the administrative suite, the G-Man can be seen behind a locked door watching Gordon. He straightens his tie, brushes his suit with his hand, and walks off along a balcony over a corpse-filled cafeteria.
* '''We've Got Hostiles''' (map: c1a3d): Immediately before Gordon's first encounter with the marines, the G-Man is seen on a high catwalk. He apparently leaves in a direction heading towards the marines. However, when Gordon arrives in the same spot, the marines have only just arrived, whilst a nearby scientist does not mention having seen him.
* '''Power Up''' (map: c2a1): When Gordon arrives at the terminus of the rail network, he sees the G-Man watching him from a control room. By the time Gordon gets there, though, the control room is boarded up from the outside, and a wounded security guard there indicates no sign of having seen him.
* '''Apprehension''' (map: c2a3b): In a large room filled with industrial pistons, the G-Man can be seen at the far end of the room. He leaves in a direction which leads to several hostile aliens and soldiers. It is in fact possible to catch up with him here as seen in the "[http://www.gamershell.com/download_5745.shtml Half-Life done quick]" video. He disappears before he turns the next corner. However, the G-Man won't disappear if the player approaches him and hits the "use" key. The G-Man will turn around and simply remain in the same position. At this point it is possible to hit him with the crowbar. Doing so will produce a hollow metal sound.
* '''Lambda Core''' (map: c3a2c): In the deserted Lambda Complex, Gordon watches through a window into a deserted room filled with [[headcrab]]s. The G-Man, standing on a raised floor, briefly looks at Gordon before stepping into a glowing portal. This is the first time the player sees the G-Man using the glowing portals, and it may explain how the G-Man has been able to so quickly get around the complex and disappear (especially into the aforementioned dead ends) before the player was ever able to reach him. He uses another glowing portal during the final sequence of ''Opposing Force''.

===''Half-Life: Uplink''===
* ''Uplink'' (map: hldemo1): At the very end of the demo, Gordon arrives in a large room filled with computers. A [[Gargantua (Half-Life)|Gargantua]] breaks in and begins killing the hiding personnel. As the monster wreaks havoc, the G-Man calmly watches from a corridor, straightens his tie, and as the Gargantua approaches Gordon, slowly strolls away.

===''Half-Life: Opposing Force''===
* '''Boot Camp''' (map: ofboot1): As Shephard walks through the camp towards his training area, he sees the G-Man and an officer watching him through a window.
* '''Welcome to Black Mesa''' (map: of1a1): In a relatively undamaged area of Black Mesa, Shephard sees the G-Man talking to a security guard before walking away.
* '''Welcome to Black Mesa''' (map: of1a3): In a puzzling scene, Shephard finds himself trapped in a room which is rapidly filling up with toxic waste. The G-Man can be seen through a window, opening a door which allows Shephard to escape after a moment of hesitation. Even though Shephard is only meters behind him, the G-Man is nowhere to be found in the next room, which is filled with toxic waste and aliens.
* '''We're Pulling Out''' (map: of1a6): Shephard races towards a [[V-22 Osprey]] as the marines evacuate Black Mesa. As he is sprinting down a corridor towards the plane, the G-Man calmly appears at the end of the corridor and closes a heavy door, trapping Shephard inside. He brushes his suit and strolls away as the evacuation plane takes off.
* '''Pit Worm's Nest''' (map: of4a4): Shephard is deposited into a large garbage compactor. The G-Man can be seen quietly observing him from an observation window. After a short time he opens the door leaving the compactor.
* '''Foxtrot Uniform''' (map: of5a4): After a battle with [[Race X]] aliens, Shephard arrives at the damaged Black Mesa hydroelectric dam. Standing on the inaccessible (except through use of the [[Barnacle (Half-Life)|barnacle gun]], this may be considered a glitch) control tower is the G-Man, who finishes a conversation on a cell phone and steps into a portal.
* '''The Package''' (map: of6a4): Shephard arrives in an underground car park and deactivates a nuclear bomb. After a security guard lets him through a locked door, Shephard sees the G-Man re-arming the bomb. If the player attempts to backtrack to the bomb in order to deactivate it again, he will discover that the previously open chainlink fence leading there is now locked, making it impossible.

===''Half-Life: Blue Shift''===
* '''Insecurity''' (map: ba_maint): Travelling through a maintenance area before the resonance cascade, Barney Calhoun sees the G-Man riding a tram. He does not seem to notice Barney, and is not seen later in the game.

===''Half-Life: Decay''===
* '''Dual Access''' (Mission 1): Riding up in a glass-walled elevator after participating in a security registration scan, [[Doctor Gina Cross|Gina Cross]] and [[Doctor Colette Green|Colette Green]] can see the G-Man pass, riding downward in an adjacent elevator. As with Barney's encounter, the G-Man is not seen for the remainder of the game.

===''Half-Life 2''===
* '''Point Insertion''': The G-Man's image briefly flickers on Breen's monitor appearing just before the rendevous with Barney Calhoun, similar to his appearances in '''Water Hazard''' and '''Anticitizen One''' (below). This sighting only occurs in the [[Xbox]] version of the game.
* '''"A Red Letter Day"''' (map: d1_trainstation_05): If Gordon flips through the main monitor in Kleiner's Lab a few times, eventually it will come across the G-Man staring at the other side of a fence. G-Man walks away shortly thereafter.
* '''Route Kanal''' (map: d1_canals_01): In a resistance member's boxcar, a TV temporarily shows the G-Man, with a [[Vortigaunt]] watching and supplying television power. The G-Man appears to be in the same "studio" where Dr. Breen delivers his televised messages to [[City 17]], complete with the Combine's logo.
* '''Water Hazard''' (map: d1_canals_06): He is seen standing on a pier in front of the headcrab infested Station 7. As Gordon approaches, he disappears inside.
* '''Water Hazard''' (map: d1_canals_06): Vaguely seen in a large rectangular monitor that flickers his image along with other broadcasts.
* '''Water Hazard''' (map: d1_canals_12): After Gordon spots a Carrier Synth, the G-Man can be seen overlooking a ledge as Gordon's airboat passes under.
* '''Water Hazard''' (map: d1_canals_13): Before Black Mesa East, the G-Man can be spotted on a concrete ledge near the gate controls. However, once Gordon turns a wheel to raise a gate blocking his progress, the G-Man is no where to be found. Coincendently, there is a sign pointing to where G-Man stood which states "Observation".
* '''"We Don't Go to Ravenholm"''' (map: d1_town_05): After leaving Ravenholm, he can barely be seen walking off into a tunnel behind a few train cars.
* '''Highway 17''' (map: d2_coast_03): Looking through the Combine binoculars at the second house the player comes to on Highway 17, Gordon can spot the G-Man conversing with Colonel [[Odessa Cubbage]] at New Little Odessa.
* '''Nova Prospekt''' (map: d2_prison_02): Seen peering through a door window while nodding as Gordon flips through the monitors near the beginning of the prison.
* '''Anticitizen One''' (map: d3_c17_02): In a ruined tenement building in City 17, an image of the G-Man standing in a wooden boat with a crow on his shoulder is seen briefly on a television along with some very discordant music. Strangely, the TV is unplugged, and if the player approaches the TV it will explode.
* '''Anticitizen One''' (map: d3_c17_03): Similar to the giant rectangular monitor seen in the canals, the G-Man's image flickers on and off with Doctor Breen's, before the monitor is toppled by resistance members.

===''Half-Life 2: Episode One''===
* There are no G-Man sightings in ''Episode One'' apart from his appearance in the introductory scene. It is possible that this is because the events of Episode One are not part of the G-Man's plan, as suggested by the apparent Vortigaunt intervention in the opening sequence. He does not have his signature briefcase with him here.

==Trivia==
*In the comment section of the "npc_gman.cpp" file of the [[Source SDK]], Valve writes the following: "// Purpose: The G-Man, misunderstood servant of the people."
*In ''[[Half-Life 2: Raising the Bar]]'', it reveals that G-Man's ''Half-Life 2'' model is based on Frank Sheldon, an [[Alexander Technique]] practitioner. He was originally slated to be the model for Dr. Breen.

== References ==
<references/>

== External link ==
{{wikiquote|Half-Life#G-Man|The G-Man}}
* [http://ep1.half-life2.com/story.php "The Story So Far"] – from Valve's official ''Episode One'' Web site.

{{Half-Life characters}}

[[Category:Half-Life characters|G-Man]]

[[da:G-Man]]
[[es:G-Man]]
[[fr:G-Man]]
[[he:G-man]]
[[nl:G-Man]]
[[pl:G-Man]]
[[ru:G-Man]]
[[zh:G-Man]]
[[vi:G-man]]

Rolls-Royce Olympus

2007-08-13T13:28:24Z

195.6.25.118: /* References */

[[Image:Rr_olympus.gif|thumb|right|Rolls-Royce Olympus 593]]

The '''Olympus''' is a high-powered [[axial-flow compressor|axial-flow]] [[turbojet]], originally developed and produced by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (hence the name from [[Greek mythology]], a long time tradition of Bristol Aero Engines), later passed to [[Bristol Siddeley]], and finally to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]. The original design was used as the primary powerplant for the [[Avro Vulcan]] [[V Bomber]]. It was later developed for sustained [[supersonic]] performance as part of the [[TSR-2]] program, and when this was cancelled found itself as the main powerplant for the [[Concorde]]. The basic mechanicals are still in production for industrial and naval power. [[Curtiss-Wright]] in the USA built a licensed version as the J67.

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus (Vulcan) ==
The Olympus was first run in 1950 reaching 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust and was flying in an [[English Electric Canberra]] testbed by 1953. Entering full production in 1955, the Olympus continued to be developed by Bristol Siddeley. The '''Olympus 101''' entered service on the [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.1 in 1956, to be followed by the '''102''' and '''104'''. The [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.2 was the first to use the '''Olympus 201'''.

By modifications to the LP compressor (which included adding an extra LP stage) and the LP turbine, it was possible to increase the thrust from the 17,000 lbf (76 kN) of the Olympus 201 to 20,000 lbf (89 kN). The new engine was known as the '''Olympus 301''' in service use. Due to the increased air mass, the Vulcan's air intakes had to be widened and, because of the extra compressor stage, the engines were larger and would not fit into the engine bays without extensive modifications
[[image:Olympus.593.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Olympus 593 engine, in front of a full-size Concorde nose]]

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus Versions ==
*201 Series - 17,000 lbf (76 kN)
*301 Series - 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
*Olympus 22R Mk.320 - 19,610 lb dry, 30,610 lb with reheat

==Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B marine turbine==
A marine version of the Olympus was trialled in the refitted [[Royal Navy]] frigate [[HMS Exmouth (F84)|HMS ''Exmouth'']] which became the first major warship in a western navy to be powered by gas turbine engines - conversion taking from 1966-1968. The Olympus was subsequently used for the [[Type 21 frigate]]s and the sole Type 82 destroyer, [[HMS Bristol (D23)|HMS ''Bristol'']] (TM1A).

The Rolls-Royce Olympus powers the following naval vessels:
*Royal Navy
**[[Invincible class aircraft carrier]]s — 4 turbines each
**[[Type 42 destroyer]]s — 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne
**[[Type 22 frigate]]s Batch 1 and 2; 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne

*French Navy
**[[Georges Leygues class destroyer]]
*Belgian Navy
**[[Wielingen class frigate]]s
*Royal Netherlands Navy
**S-class frigate (Standard - [[Kortenaer_class_frigate|Kortenaer]])
**L-class frigate
*Finnish Navy
**Turunmaa class corvettes

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Concorde) ==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
Until [[Concorde]] regular commercial flights ceased the Olympus turbojet was unique in commercial aviation as the only afterburning turbojet to be powering a commercial aircraft. The Olympus 593 project was started in 1964, using the BAC TSR2's Olympus 320 as a basis for development. [[Bristol Engine Company|Bristol Siddeley]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Snecma Moteurs]] of [[France]] were to share the project. Acquiring Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Rolls-Royce continued as the British partner. The early stages validated the basic design concept but many studies were required to achieve desired specifications, e.g.
*The critical factor – fuel consumption
*Pressure Ratio
*Weight/Size
*Turbine entry temperature

[[Image:Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) last flight.jpg|thumb|right|Concorde on its last regular commercial flight]]

The British carried out the development of the original Bristol Siddeley Olympus and engine accessories, while Snecma had responsibility for variable engine inlet system, the exhaust nozzle/thrust reverser, the [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburner]] and the noise attenuation system. Britain was to have a larger share in production of the Olympus 593 as France had a larger share in fuselage production.

A [[jet engine]] draws air in at the front and compresses it. The air then combines with fuel and the engine burns the resulting mixture. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The Olympus engine takes this gas jet and passes it through straightening vanes - to obtain a [[laminar]] flow. This gas jet then enters the afterburning jet pipe where a ring of fuel injectors spray fuel onto the hot exhaust gases. The resulting combustion greatly improves thrust, although it can also lead to excessively high fuel consumption.
The afterburning section was longer than the engine itself (as was the case with all early turbojets) but the thrust of the Olympus 302 rose to 30,610 lbf (136 kN).

The variable geometry exhaust nozzle is two "eyelids" which vary their position in the exhaust flow dependent on the flight regime, for example when fully closed (into the exhaust flow) they act as thrust reversers, aiding deceleration from landing to taxi speed.

The variable engine inlet system was vital to the Olympus 593 on Concorde as supersonic airflow at the engine face would create shockwaves that would lead to engine surge and failure. The intake features variable ramps which alter the intake area which slows the intake air from [[supersonic]] to [[subsonic]] speed. This is achieved by positioning the ramps such that shockwaves are created at the inlet, air passing through these shockwaves is slowed. The inlet air is further decelerated as the intake area increases closer to the engine (speed of air flow decreases as area increases.) Any excess air is expelled through doors on the underside of the [[nacelle]] and some intake air bypassed around the engine and mixed with the exhaust - to increase thrust and keep the engine cool. The TSR-2 had used a semicircular design with the shock front adjusted by a translating centrebody.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-BAC-TSR.2.html Ausair power] Accessed 19 Feb 2007 </ref>

In June 1966 a complete Olympus 593 engine and variable geometry exhaust assembly was first run at [[Melun-Villaroche]], [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. At Bristol, flight tests began using a [[Avro Vulcan|RAF Vulcan]] bomber with the engine attached to its underside. Due to the Vulcan's aerodynamic limitations the tests were limited to a speed of [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 0.98 (1,200 km/h). During these tests the 593 achieved 35,190 lbf (157 kN) thrust, which exceeded the requirements of the engine.<ref>[http://www.thevulcancollection.co.uk/xa903oly593.htm Testing of Concorde's engine on a Vulcan]</ref>

In April 1967 the Olympus 593 ran for the first time in a high altitude chamber, at [[Saclay]] [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. In January 1968 the Vulcan flying test bed logged 100 flight hours, and the variable geometry exhaust assembly for the Olympus 593 engine was cleared at Melun-Villaroche for flight in the Concorde prototypes.

At 15:40 on the 2nd March 1969 Concorde prototype 001, captained by chief test pilot [[André Edouard Turcat|Andre Turcat]], started its first take off run, with afterburners lit. The four Olympus 593 engines briskly accelerated the aircraft, and after 4,700 feet (1.4 km) of runway and at a speed of 205 knots (380 km/h), captain Turcat lifted the aircraft off for the first time.

===Specifications===
{{jetspecs|


|type=axial flow afterburning [[turbojet]]
|length= 7112 mm
|diameter= 1212 mm
|weight= 3175 kg
|compressor=axial 7 low pressure stages, 7 high pressure stages
|combustion=nickel alloy construction 16 fuel injectors mounted at head, each with twin outlets
|turbine=high pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= 169.2 kN
|compression= 15.5:1
|aircon=
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=
}}

'''Control system'''
*worlds first [[FADEC]] control system
'''Jetpipe'''
* straight pipe with pneumatically operated convergent nozzle
* single ring afterburner
* 'eyelids' which act as variable divergent nozzles/thrust reversers

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus Versions ==
*593 - Original version designed for Concorde
**Thrust : 20,000 lbf (89 kN) dry / 30,610 lbf (136 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-22R - Powerplant fitted to prototypes. Higher performance than original engine due to changes in aircraft specification.
**Thrust : 34,650 lbf (154 kN) dry / 37,180 lbf (165 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-610-14-28 - Final version fitted to production Concordes
**Thrust : 32,000 lbf (142 kN) dry / 38,050 lbf (169 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]



==References==
<references/>
* http://www.janes.com/transport/news/jae/jae000725_1_n.shtml

==See also==
*[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

{{BristolAeroengines}}
{{RRaeroengines}}
[[Category:Turbojet engines]]

Rolls-Royce Olympus

2007-08-13T13:23:13Z

195.6.25.118: /* Specifications */

[[Image:Rr_olympus.gif|thumb|right|Rolls-Royce Olympus 593]]

The '''Olympus''' is a high-powered [[axial-flow compressor|axial-flow]] [[turbojet]], originally developed and produced by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (hence the name from [[Greek mythology]], a long time tradition of Bristol Aero Engines), later passed to [[Bristol Siddeley]], and finally to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]. The original design was used as the primary powerplant for the [[Avro Vulcan]] [[V Bomber]]. It was later developed for sustained [[supersonic]] performance as part of the [[TSR-2]] program, and when this was cancelled found itself as the main powerplant for the [[Concorde]]. The basic mechanicals are still in production for industrial and naval power. [[Curtiss-Wright]] in the USA built a licensed version as the J67.

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus (Vulcan) ==
The Olympus was first run in 1950 reaching 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust and was flying in an [[English Electric Canberra]] testbed by 1953. Entering full production in 1955, the Olympus continued to be developed by Bristol Siddeley. The '''Olympus 101''' entered service on the [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.1 in 1956, to be followed by the '''102''' and '''104'''. The [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.2 was the first to use the '''Olympus 201'''.

By modifications to the LP compressor (which included adding an extra LP stage) and the LP turbine, it was possible to increase the thrust from the 17,000 lbf (76 kN) of the Olympus 201 to 20,000 lbf (89 kN). The new engine was known as the '''Olympus 301''' in service use. Due to the increased air mass, the Vulcan's air intakes had to be widened and, because of the extra compressor stage, the engines were larger and would not fit into the engine bays without extensive modifications
[[image:Olympus.593.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Olympus 593 engine, in front of a full-size Concorde nose]]

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus Versions ==
*201 Series - 17,000 lbf (76 kN)
*301 Series - 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
*Olympus 22R Mk.320 - 19,610 lb dry, 30,610 lb with reheat

==Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B marine turbine==
A marine version of the Olympus was trialled in the refitted [[Royal Navy]] frigate [[HMS Exmouth (F84)|HMS ''Exmouth'']] which became the first major warship in a western navy to be powered by gas turbine engines - conversion taking from 1966-1968. The Olympus was subsequently used for the [[Type 21 frigate]]s and the sole Type 82 destroyer, [[HMS Bristol (D23)|HMS ''Bristol'']] (TM1A).

The Rolls-Royce Olympus powers the following naval vessels:
*Royal Navy
**[[Invincible class aircraft carrier]]s — 4 turbines each
**[[Type 42 destroyer]]s — 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne
**[[Type 22 frigate]]s Batch 1 and 2; 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne

*French Navy
**[[Georges Leygues class destroyer]]
*Belgian Navy
**[[Wielingen class frigate]]s
*Royal Netherlands Navy
**S-class frigate (Standard - [[Kortenaer_class_frigate|Kortenaer]])
**L-class frigate
*Finnish Navy
**Turunmaa class corvettes

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Concorde) ==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
Until [[Concorde]] regular commercial flights ceased the Olympus turbojet was unique in commercial aviation as the only afterburning turbojet to be powering a commercial aircraft. The Olympus 593 project was started in 1964, using the BAC TSR2's Olympus 320 as a basis for development. [[Bristol Engine Company|Bristol Siddeley]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Snecma Moteurs]] of [[France]] were to share the project. Acquiring Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Rolls-Royce continued as the British partner. The early stages validated the basic design concept but many studies were required to achieve desired specifications, e.g.
*The critical factor – fuel consumption
*Pressure Ratio
*Weight/Size
*Turbine entry temperature

[[Image:Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) last flight.jpg|thumb|right|Concorde on its last regular commercial flight]]

The British carried out the development of the original Bristol Siddeley Olympus and engine accessories, while Snecma had responsibility for variable engine inlet system, the exhaust nozzle/thrust reverser, the [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburner]] and the noise attenuation system. Britain was to have a larger share in production of the Olympus 593 as France had a larger share in fuselage production.

A [[jet engine]] draws air in at the front and compresses it. The air then combines with fuel and the engine burns the resulting mixture. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The Olympus engine takes this gas jet and passes it through straightening vanes - to obtain a [[laminar]] flow. This gas jet then enters the afterburning jet pipe where a ring of fuel injectors spray fuel onto the hot exhaust gases. The resulting combustion greatly improves thrust, although it can also lead to excessively high fuel consumption.
The afterburning section was longer than the engine itself (as was the case with all early turbojets) but the thrust of the Olympus 302 rose to 30,610 lbf (136 kN).

The variable geometry exhaust nozzle is two "eyelids" which vary their position in the exhaust flow dependent on the flight regime, for example when fully closed (into the exhaust flow) they act as thrust reversers, aiding deceleration from landing to taxi speed.

The variable engine inlet system was vital to the Olympus 593 on Concorde as supersonic airflow at the engine face would create shockwaves that would lead to engine surge and failure. The intake features variable ramps which alter the intake area which slows the intake air from [[supersonic]] to [[subsonic]] speed. This is achieved by positioning the ramps such that shockwaves are created at the inlet, air passing through these shockwaves is slowed. The inlet air is further decelerated as the intake area increases closer to the engine (speed of air flow decreases as area increases.) Any excess air is expelled through doors on the underside of the [[nacelle]] and some intake air bypassed around the engine and mixed with the exhaust - to increase thrust and keep the engine cool. The TSR-2 had used a semicircular design with the shock front adjusted by a translating centrebody.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-BAC-TSR.2.html Ausair power] Accessed 19 Feb 2007 </ref>

In June 1966 a complete Olympus 593 engine and variable geometry exhaust assembly was first run at [[Melun-Villaroche]], [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. At Bristol, flight tests began using a [[Avro Vulcan|RAF Vulcan]] bomber with the engine attached to its underside. Due to the Vulcan's aerodynamic limitations the tests were limited to a speed of [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 0.98 (1,200 km/h). During these tests the 593 achieved 35,190 lbf (157 kN) thrust, which exceeded the requirements of the engine.<ref>[http://www.thevulcancollection.co.uk/xa903oly593.htm Testing of Concorde's engine on a Vulcan]</ref>

In April 1967 the Olympus 593 ran for the first time in a high altitude chamber, at [[Saclay]] [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. In January 1968 the Vulcan flying test bed logged 100 flight hours, and the variable geometry exhaust assembly for the Olympus 593 engine was cleared at Melun-Villaroche for flight in the Concorde prototypes.

At 15:40 on the 2nd March 1969 Concorde prototype 001, captained by chief test pilot [[André Edouard Turcat|Andre Turcat]], started its first take off run, with afterburners lit. The four Olympus 593 engines briskly accelerated the aircraft, and after 4,700 feet (1.4 km) of runway and at a speed of 205 knots (380 km/h), captain Turcat lifted the aircraft off for the first time.

===Specifications===
{{jetspecs|


|type=axial flow afterburning [[turbojet]]
|length= 7112 mm
|diameter= 1212 mm
|weight= 3175 kg
|compressor=axial 7 low pressure stages, 7 high pressure stages
|combustion=nickel alloy construction 16 fuel injectors mounted at head, each with twin outlets
|turbine=high pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= 169.2 kN
|compression= 15.5:1
|aircon=
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=
}}

'''Control system'''
*worlds first [[FADEC]] control system
'''Jetpipe'''
* straight pipe with pneumatically operated convergent nozzle
* single ring afterburner
* 'eyelids' which act as variable divergent nozzles/thrust reversers

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus Versions ==
*593 - Original version designed for Concorde
**Thrust : 20,000 lbf (89 kN) dry / 30,610 lbf (136 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-22R - Powerplant fitted to prototypes. Higher performance than original engine due to changes in aircraft specification.
**Thrust : 34,650 lbf (154 kN) dry / 37,180 lbf (165 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-610-14-28 - Final version fitted to production Concordes
**Thrust : 32,000 lbf (142 kN) dry / 38,050 lbf (169 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]



==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

{{BristolAeroengines}}
{{RRaeroengines}}
[[Category:Turbojet engines]]

Rolls-Royce Olympus

2007-08-13T13:18:39Z

195.6.25.118: /* Specifications */

[[Image:Rr_olympus.gif|thumb|right|Rolls-Royce Olympus 593]]

The '''Olympus''' is a high-powered [[axial-flow compressor|axial-flow]] [[turbojet]], originally developed and produced by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (hence the name from [[Greek mythology]], a long time tradition of Bristol Aero Engines), later passed to [[Bristol Siddeley]], and finally to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]. The original design was used as the primary powerplant for the [[Avro Vulcan]] [[V Bomber]]. It was later developed for sustained [[supersonic]] performance as part of the [[TSR-2]] program, and when this was cancelled found itself as the main powerplant for the [[Concorde]]. The basic mechanicals are still in production for industrial and naval power. [[Curtiss-Wright]] in the USA built a licensed version as the J67.

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus (Vulcan) ==
The Olympus was first run in 1950 reaching 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust and was flying in an [[English Electric Canberra]] testbed by 1953. Entering full production in 1955, the Olympus continued to be developed by Bristol Siddeley. The '''Olympus 101''' entered service on the [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.1 in 1956, to be followed by the '''102''' and '''104'''. The [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.2 was the first to use the '''Olympus 201'''.

By modifications to the LP compressor (which included adding an extra LP stage) and the LP turbine, it was possible to increase the thrust from the 17,000 lbf (76 kN) of the Olympus 201 to 20,000 lbf (89 kN). The new engine was known as the '''Olympus 301''' in service use. Due to the increased air mass, the Vulcan's air intakes had to be widened and, because of the extra compressor stage, the engines were larger and would not fit into the engine bays without extensive modifications
[[image:Olympus.593.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Olympus 593 engine, in front of a full-size Concorde nose]]

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus Versions ==
*201 Series - 17,000 lbf (76 kN)
*301 Series - 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
*Olympus 22R Mk.320 - 19,610 lb dry, 30,610 lb with reheat

==Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B marine turbine==
A marine version of the Olympus was trialled in the refitted [[Royal Navy]] frigate [[HMS Exmouth (F84)|HMS ''Exmouth'']] which became the first major warship in a western navy to be powered by gas turbine engines - conversion taking from 1966-1968. The Olympus was subsequently used for the [[Type 21 frigate]]s and the sole Type 82 destroyer, [[HMS Bristol (D23)|HMS ''Bristol'']] (TM1A).

The Rolls-Royce Olympus powers the following naval vessels:
*Royal Navy
**[[Invincible class aircraft carrier]]s — 4 turbines each
**[[Type 42 destroyer]]s — 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne
**[[Type 22 frigate]]s Batch 1 and 2; 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne

*French Navy
**[[Georges Leygues class destroyer]]
*Belgian Navy
**[[Wielingen class frigate]]s
*Royal Netherlands Navy
**S-class frigate (Standard - [[Kortenaer_class_frigate|Kortenaer]])
**L-class frigate
*Finnish Navy
**Turunmaa class corvettes

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Concorde) ==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
Until [[Concorde]] regular commercial flights ceased the Olympus turbojet was unique in commercial aviation as the only afterburning turbojet to be powering a commercial aircraft. The Olympus 593 project was started in 1964, using the BAC TSR2's Olympus 320 as a basis for development. [[Bristol Engine Company|Bristol Siddeley]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Snecma Moteurs]] of [[France]] were to share the project. Acquiring Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Rolls-Royce continued as the British partner. The early stages validated the basic design concept but many studies were required to achieve desired specifications, e.g.
*The critical factor – fuel consumption
*Pressure Ratio
*Weight/Size
*Turbine entry temperature

[[Image:Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) last flight.jpg|thumb|right|Concorde on its last regular commercial flight]]

The British carried out the development of the original Bristol Siddeley Olympus and engine accessories, while Snecma had responsibility for variable engine inlet system, the exhaust nozzle/thrust reverser, the [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburner]] and the noise attenuation system. Britain was to have a larger share in production of the Olympus 593 as France had a larger share in fuselage production.

A [[jet engine]] draws air in at the front and compresses it. The air then combines with fuel and the engine burns the resulting mixture. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The Olympus engine takes this gas jet and passes it through straightening vanes - to obtain a [[laminar]] flow. This gas jet then enters the afterburning jet pipe where a ring of fuel injectors spray fuel onto the hot exhaust gases. The resulting combustion greatly improves thrust, although it can also lead to excessively high fuel consumption.
The afterburning section was longer than the engine itself (as was the case with all early turbojets) but the thrust of the Olympus 302 rose to 30,610 lbf (136 kN).

The variable geometry exhaust nozzle is two "eyelids" which vary their position in the exhaust flow dependent on the flight regime, for example when fully closed (into the exhaust flow) they act as thrust reversers, aiding deceleration from landing to taxi speed.

The variable engine inlet system was vital to the Olympus 593 on Concorde as supersonic airflow at the engine face would create shockwaves that would lead to engine surge and failure. The intake features variable ramps which alter the intake area which slows the intake air from [[supersonic]] to [[subsonic]] speed. This is achieved by positioning the ramps such that shockwaves are created at the inlet, air passing through these shockwaves is slowed. The inlet air is further decelerated as the intake area increases closer to the engine (speed of air flow decreases as area increases.) Any excess air is expelled through doors on the underside of the [[nacelle]] and some intake air bypassed around the engine and mixed with the exhaust - to increase thrust and keep the engine cool. The TSR-2 had used a semicircular design with the shock front adjusted by a translating centrebody.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-BAC-TSR.2.html Ausair power] Accessed 19 Feb 2007 </ref>

In June 1966 a complete Olympus 593 engine and variable geometry exhaust assembly was first run at [[Melun-Villaroche]], [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. At Bristol, flight tests began using a [[Avro Vulcan|RAF Vulcan]] bomber with the engine attached to its underside. Due to the Vulcan's aerodynamic limitations the tests were limited to a speed of [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 0.98 (1,200 km/h). During these tests the 593 achieved 35,190 lbf (157 kN) thrust, which exceeded the requirements of the engine.<ref>[http://www.thevulcancollection.co.uk/xa903oly593.htm Testing of Concorde's engine on a Vulcan]</ref>

In April 1967 the Olympus 593 ran for the first time in a high altitude chamber, at [[Saclay]] [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. In January 1968 the Vulcan flying test bed logged 100 flight hours, and the variable geometry exhaust assembly for the Olympus 593 engine was cleared at Melun-Villaroche for flight in the Concorde prototypes.

At 15:40 on the 2nd March 1969 Concorde prototype 001, captained by chief test pilot [[André Edouard Turcat|Andre Turcat]], started its first take off run, with afterburners lit. The four Olympus 593 engines briskly accelerated the aircraft, and after 4,700 feet (1.4 km) of runway and at a speed of 205 knots (380 km/h), captain Turcat lifted the aircraft off for the first time.

===Specifications===
{{jetspecs|


|type=axial flow afterburning [[turbojet]]
|length= 7112 mm
|diameter= 1212 mm
|weight= 3175 kg
|compressor=axial 7 low pressure stages, 7 high pressure stages
|combustion=nickel alloy construction 16 fuel injectors mounted at head, each with twin outlets
|turbine=high pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= 169.2 kN
|compression=80:1
|aircon=
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=
}}

'''Control system'''
*worlds first [[FADEC]] control system
'''Jetpipe'''
* straight pipe with pneumatically operated convergent nozzle
* single ring afterburner
* 'eyelids' which act as variable divergent nozzles/thrust reversers

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus Versions ==
*593 - Original version designed for Concorde
**Thrust : 20,000 lbf (89 kN) dry / 30,610 lbf (136 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-22R - Powerplant fitted to prototypes. Higher performance than original engine due to changes in aircraft specification.
**Thrust : 34,650 lbf (154 kN) dry / 37,180 lbf (165 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-610-14-28 - Final version fitted to production Concordes
**Thrust : 32,000 lbf (142 kN) dry / 38,050 lbf (169 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]



==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

{{BristolAeroengines}}
{{RRaeroengines}}
[[Category:Turbojet engines]]

Rolls-Royce Olympus

2007-08-13T13:18:07Z

195.6.25.118: /* Specifications */

[[Image:Rr_olympus.gif|thumb|right|Rolls-Royce Olympus 593]]

The '''Olympus''' is a high-powered [[axial-flow compressor|axial-flow]] [[turbojet]], originally developed and produced by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (hence the name from [[Greek mythology]], a long time tradition of Bristol Aero Engines), later passed to [[Bristol Siddeley]], and finally to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]. The original design was used as the primary powerplant for the [[Avro Vulcan]] [[V Bomber]]. It was later developed for sustained [[supersonic]] performance as part of the [[TSR-2]] program, and when this was cancelled found itself as the main powerplant for the [[Concorde]]. The basic mechanicals are still in production for industrial and naval power. [[Curtiss-Wright]] in the USA built a licensed version as the J67.

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus (Vulcan) ==
The Olympus was first run in 1950 reaching 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust and was flying in an [[English Electric Canberra]] testbed by 1953. Entering full production in 1955, the Olympus continued to be developed by Bristol Siddeley. The '''Olympus 101''' entered service on the [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.1 in 1956, to be followed by the '''102''' and '''104'''. The [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.2 was the first to use the '''Olympus 201'''.

By modifications to the LP compressor (which included adding an extra LP stage) and the LP turbine, it was possible to increase the thrust from the 17,000 lbf (76 kN) of the Olympus 201 to 20,000 lbf (89 kN). The new engine was known as the '''Olympus 301''' in service use. Due to the increased air mass, the Vulcan's air intakes had to be widened and, because of the extra compressor stage, the engines were larger and would not fit into the engine bays without extensive modifications
[[image:Olympus.593.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Olympus 593 engine, in front of a full-size Concorde nose]]

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus Versions ==
*201 Series - 17,000 lbf (76 kN)
*301 Series - 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
*Olympus 22R Mk.320 - 19,610 lb dry, 30,610 lb with reheat

==Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B marine turbine==
A marine version of the Olympus was trialled in the refitted [[Royal Navy]] frigate [[HMS Exmouth (F84)|HMS ''Exmouth'']] which became the first major warship in a western navy to be powered by gas turbine engines - conversion taking from 1966-1968. The Olympus was subsequently used for the [[Type 21 frigate]]s and the sole Type 82 destroyer, [[HMS Bristol (D23)|HMS ''Bristol'']] (TM1A).

The Rolls-Royce Olympus powers the following naval vessels:
*Royal Navy
**[[Invincible class aircraft carrier]]s — 4 turbines each
**[[Type 42 destroyer]]s — 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne
**[[Type 22 frigate]]s Batch 1 and 2; 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne

*French Navy
**[[Georges Leygues class destroyer]]
*Belgian Navy
**[[Wielingen class frigate]]s
*Royal Netherlands Navy
**S-class frigate (Standard - [[Kortenaer_class_frigate|Kortenaer]])
**L-class frigate
*Finnish Navy
**Turunmaa class corvettes

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Concorde) ==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
Until [[Concorde]] regular commercial flights ceased the Olympus turbojet was unique in commercial aviation as the only afterburning turbojet to be powering a commercial aircraft. The Olympus 593 project was started in 1964, using the BAC TSR2's Olympus 320 as a basis for development. [[Bristol Engine Company|Bristol Siddeley]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Snecma Moteurs]] of [[France]] were to share the project. Acquiring Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Rolls-Royce continued as the British partner. The early stages validated the basic design concept but many studies were required to achieve desired specifications, e.g.
*The critical factor – fuel consumption
*Pressure Ratio
*Weight/Size
*Turbine entry temperature

[[Image:Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) last flight.jpg|thumb|right|Concorde on its last regular commercial flight]]

The British carried out the development of the original Bristol Siddeley Olympus and engine accessories, while Snecma had responsibility for variable engine inlet system, the exhaust nozzle/thrust reverser, the [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburner]] and the noise attenuation system. Britain was to have a larger share in production of the Olympus 593 as France had a larger share in fuselage production.

A [[jet engine]] draws air in at the front and compresses it. The air then combines with fuel and the engine burns the resulting mixture. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The Olympus engine takes this gas jet and passes it through straightening vanes - to obtain a [[laminar]] flow. This gas jet then enters the afterburning jet pipe where a ring of fuel injectors spray fuel onto the hot exhaust gases. The resulting combustion greatly improves thrust, although it can also lead to excessively high fuel consumption.
The afterburning section was longer than the engine itself (as was the case with all early turbojets) but the thrust of the Olympus 302 rose to 30,610 lbf (136 kN).

The variable geometry exhaust nozzle is two "eyelids" which vary their position in the exhaust flow dependent on the flight regime, for example when fully closed (into the exhaust flow) they act as thrust reversers, aiding deceleration from landing to taxi speed.

The variable engine inlet system was vital to the Olympus 593 on Concorde as supersonic airflow at the engine face would create shockwaves that would lead to engine surge and failure. The intake features variable ramps which alter the intake area which slows the intake air from [[supersonic]] to [[subsonic]] speed. This is achieved by positioning the ramps such that shockwaves are created at the inlet, air passing through these shockwaves is slowed. The inlet air is further decelerated as the intake area increases closer to the engine (speed of air flow decreases as area increases.) Any excess air is expelled through doors on the underside of the [[nacelle]] and some intake air bypassed around the engine and mixed with the exhaust - to increase thrust and keep the engine cool. The TSR-2 had used a semicircular design with the shock front adjusted by a translating centrebody.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-BAC-TSR.2.html Ausair power] Accessed 19 Feb 2007 </ref>

In June 1966 a complete Olympus 593 engine and variable geometry exhaust assembly was first run at [[Melun-Villaroche]], [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. At Bristol, flight tests began using a [[Avro Vulcan|RAF Vulcan]] bomber with the engine attached to its underside. Due to the Vulcan's aerodynamic limitations the tests were limited to a speed of [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 0.98 (1,200 km/h). During these tests the 593 achieved 35,190 lbf (157 kN) thrust, which exceeded the requirements of the engine.<ref>[http://www.thevulcancollection.co.uk/xa903oly593.htm Testing of Concorde's engine on a Vulcan]</ref>

In April 1967 the Olympus 593 ran for the first time in a high altitude chamber, at [[Saclay]] [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. In January 1968 the Vulcan flying test bed logged 100 flight hours, and the variable geometry exhaust assembly for the Olympus 593 engine was cleared at Melun-Villaroche for flight in the Concorde prototypes.

At 15:40 on the 2nd March 1969 Concorde prototype 001, captained by chief test pilot [[André Edouard Turcat|Andre Turcat]], started its first take off run, with afterburners lit. The four Olympus 593 engines briskly accelerated the aircraft, and after 4,700 feet (1.4 km) of runway and at a speed of 205 knots (380 km/h), captain Turcat lifted the aircraft off for the first time.

===Specifications===
{{jetspecs|


|type=axial flow afterburning [[turbojet]]
|length= 7112 mmm
|diameter= 1212 mm
|weight= 3175 kg
|compressor=axial 7 low pressure stages, 7 high pressure stages
|combustion=nickel alloy construction 16 fuel injectors mounted at head, each with twin outlets
|turbine=high pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= 169.2 kN
|compression=80:1
|aircon=
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=
}}

'''Control system'''
*worlds first [[FADEC]] control system
'''Jetpipe'''
* straight pipe with pneumatically operated convergent nozzle
* single ring afterburner
* 'eyelids' which act as variable divergent nozzles/thrust reversers

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus Versions ==
*593 - Original version designed for Concorde
**Thrust : 20,000 lbf (89 kN) dry / 30,610 lbf (136 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-22R - Powerplant fitted to prototypes. Higher performance than original engine due to changes in aircraft specification.
**Thrust : 34,650 lbf (154 kN) dry / 37,180 lbf (165 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-610-14-28 - Final version fitted to production Concordes
**Thrust : 32,000 lbf (142 kN) dry / 38,050 lbf (169 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]



==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

{{BristolAeroengines}}
{{RRaeroengines}}
[[Category:Turbojet engines]]

Rolls-Royce Olympus

2007-08-13T13:17:22Z

195.6.25.118: /* Specifications */

[[Image:Rr_olympus.gif|thumb|right|Rolls-Royce Olympus 593]]

The '''Olympus''' is a high-powered [[axial-flow compressor|axial-flow]] [[turbojet]], originally developed and produced by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (hence the name from [[Greek mythology]], a long time tradition of Bristol Aero Engines), later passed to [[Bristol Siddeley]], and finally to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]. The original design was used as the primary powerplant for the [[Avro Vulcan]] [[V Bomber]]. It was later developed for sustained [[supersonic]] performance as part of the [[TSR-2]] program, and when this was cancelled found itself as the main powerplant for the [[Concorde]]. The basic mechanicals are still in production for industrial and naval power. [[Curtiss-Wright]] in the USA built a licensed version as the J67.

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus (Vulcan) ==
The Olympus was first run in 1950 reaching 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust and was flying in an [[English Electric Canberra]] testbed by 1953. Entering full production in 1955, the Olympus continued to be developed by Bristol Siddeley. The '''Olympus 101''' entered service on the [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.1 in 1956, to be followed by the '''102''' and '''104'''. The [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.2 was the first to use the '''Olympus 201'''.

By modifications to the LP compressor (which included adding an extra LP stage) and the LP turbine, it was possible to increase the thrust from the 17,000 lbf (76 kN) of the Olympus 201 to 20,000 lbf (89 kN). The new engine was known as the '''Olympus 301''' in service use. Due to the increased air mass, the Vulcan's air intakes had to be widened and, because of the extra compressor stage, the engines were larger and would not fit into the engine bays without extensive modifications
[[image:Olympus.593.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Olympus 593 engine, in front of a full-size Concorde nose]]

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus Versions ==
*201 Series - 17,000 lbf (76 kN)
*301 Series - 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
*Olympus 22R Mk.320 - 19,610 lb dry, 30,610 lb with reheat

==Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B marine turbine==
A marine version of the Olympus was trialled in the refitted [[Royal Navy]] frigate [[HMS Exmouth (F84)|HMS ''Exmouth'']] which became the first major warship in a western navy to be powered by gas turbine engines - conversion taking from 1966-1968. The Olympus was subsequently used for the [[Type 21 frigate]]s and the sole Type 82 destroyer, [[HMS Bristol (D23)|HMS ''Bristol'']] (TM1A).

The Rolls-Royce Olympus powers the following naval vessels:
*Royal Navy
**[[Invincible class aircraft carrier]]s — 4 turbines each
**[[Type 42 destroyer]]s — 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne
**[[Type 22 frigate]]s Batch 1 and 2; 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne

*French Navy
**[[Georges Leygues class destroyer]]
*Belgian Navy
**[[Wielingen class frigate]]s
*Royal Netherlands Navy
**S-class frigate (Standard - [[Kortenaer_class_frigate|Kortenaer]])
**L-class frigate
*Finnish Navy
**Turunmaa class corvettes

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Concorde) ==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
Until [[Concorde]] regular commercial flights ceased the Olympus turbojet was unique in commercial aviation as the only afterburning turbojet to be powering a commercial aircraft. The Olympus 593 project was started in 1964, using the BAC TSR2's Olympus 320 as a basis for development. [[Bristol Engine Company|Bristol Siddeley]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Snecma Moteurs]] of [[France]] were to share the project. Acquiring Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Rolls-Royce continued as the British partner. The early stages validated the basic design concept but many studies were required to achieve desired specifications, e.g.
*The critical factor – fuel consumption
*Pressure Ratio
*Weight/Size
*Turbine entry temperature

[[Image:Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) last flight.jpg|thumb|right|Concorde on its last regular commercial flight]]

The British carried out the development of the original Bristol Siddeley Olympus and engine accessories, while Snecma had responsibility for variable engine inlet system, the exhaust nozzle/thrust reverser, the [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburner]] and the noise attenuation system. Britain was to have a larger share in production of the Olympus 593 as France had a larger share in fuselage production.

A [[jet engine]] draws air in at the front and compresses it. The air then combines with fuel and the engine burns the resulting mixture. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The Olympus engine takes this gas jet and passes it through straightening vanes - to obtain a [[laminar]] flow. This gas jet then enters the afterburning jet pipe where a ring of fuel injectors spray fuel onto the hot exhaust gases. The resulting combustion greatly improves thrust, although it can also lead to excessively high fuel consumption.
The afterburning section was longer than the engine itself (as was the case with all early turbojets) but the thrust of the Olympus 302 rose to 30,610 lbf (136 kN).

The variable geometry exhaust nozzle is two "eyelids" which vary their position in the exhaust flow dependent on the flight regime, for example when fully closed (into the exhaust flow) they act as thrust reversers, aiding deceleration from landing to taxi speed.

The variable engine inlet system was vital to the Olympus 593 on Concorde as supersonic airflow at the engine face would create shockwaves that would lead to engine surge and failure. The intake features variable ramps which alter the intake area which slows the intake air from [[supersonic]] to [[subsonic]] speed. This is achieved by positioning the ramps such that shockwaves are created at the inlet, air passing through these shockwaves is slowed. The inlet air is further decelerated as the intake area increases closer to the engine (speed of air flow decreases as area increases.) Any excess air is expelled through doors on the underside of the [[nacelle]] and some intake air bypassed around the engine and mixed with the exhaust - to increase thrust and keep the engine cool. The TSR-2 had used a semicircular design with the shock front adjusted by a translating centrebody.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-BAC-TSR.2.html Ausair power] Accessed 19 Feb 2007 </ref>

In June 1966 a complete Olympus 593 engine and variable geometry exhaust assembly was first run at [[Melun-Villaroche]], [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. At Bristol, flight tests began using a [[Avro Vulcan|RAF Vulcan]] bomber with the engine attached to its underside. Due to the Vulcan's aerodynamic limitations the tests were limited to a speed of [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 0.98 (1,200 km/h). During these tests the 593 achieved 35,190 lbf (157 kN) thrust, which exceeded the requirements of the engine.<ref>[http://www.thevulcancollection.co.uk/xa903oly593.htm Testing of Concorde's engine on a Vulcan]</ref>

In April 1967 the Olympus 593 ran for the first time in a high altitude chamber, at [[Saclay]] [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. In January 1968 the Vulcan flying test bed logged 100 flight hours, and the variable geometry exhaust assembly for the Olympus 593 engine was cleared at Melun-Villaroche for flight in the Concorde prototypes.

At 15:40 on the 2nd March 1969 Concorde prototype 001, captained by chief test pilot [[André Edouard Turcat|Andre Turcat]], started its first take off run, with afterburners lit. The four Olympus 593 engines briskly accelerated the aircraft, and after 4,700 feet (1.4 km) of runway and at a speed of 205 knots (380 km/h), captain Turcat lifted the aircraft off for the first time.

===Specifications===
{{jetspecs|


|type=axial flow afterburning [[turbojet]]
|length= 7112 mmm
|diameter= 1212 mm
|weight= 3175 kg
|compressor=axial 7 low pressure stages, 7 high pressure stages
|combustion=nickel alloy construction 16 fuel injectors mounted at head, each with twin outlets
|turbine=high pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust=
|compression=80:1
|aircon=
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=
}}

'''Control system'''
*worlds first [[FADEC]] control system
'''Jetpipe'''
* straight pipe with pneumatically operated convergent nozzle
* single ring afterburner
* 'eyelids' which act as variable divergent nozzles/thrust reversers

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus Versions ==
*593 - Original version designed for Concorde
**Thrust : 20,000 lbf (89 kN) dry / 30,610 lbf (136 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-22R - Powerplant fitted to prototypes. Higher performance than original engine due to changes in aircraft specification.
**Thrust : 34,650 lbf (154 kN) dry / 37,180 lbf (165 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-610-14-28 - Final version fitted to production Concordes
**Thrust : 32,000 lbf (142 kN) dry / 38,050 lbf (169 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]



==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

{{BristolAeroengines}}
{{RRaeroengines}}
[[Category:Turbojet engines]]

Rolls-Royce Olympus

2007-08-13T13:12:30Z

195.6.25.118: /* Specifications */

[[Image:Rr_olympus.gif|thumb|right|Rolls-Royce Olympus 593]]

The '''Olympus''' is a high-powered [[axial-flow compressor|axial-flow]] [[turbojet]], originally developed and produced by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (hence the name from [[Greek mythology]], a long time tradition of Bristol Aero Engines), later passed to [[Bristol Siddeley]], and finally to [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]. The original design was used as the primary powerplant for the [[Avro Vulcan]] [[V Bomber]]. It was later developed for sustained [[supersonic]] performance as part of the [[TSR-2]] program, and when this was cancelled found itself as the main powerplant for the [[Concorde]]. The basic mechanicals are still in production for industrial and naval power. [[Curtiss-Wright]] in the USA built a licensed version as the J67.

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus (Vulcan) ==
The Olympus was first run in 1950 reaching 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust and was flying in an [[English Electric Canberra]] testbed by 1953. Entering full production in 1955, the Olympus continued to be developed by Bristol Siddeley. The '''Olympus 101''' entered service on the [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.1 in 1956, to be followed by the '''102''' and '''104'''. The [[Avro Vulcan]] Mk.2 was the first to use the '''Olympus 201'''.

By modifications to the LP compressor (which included adding an extra LP stage) and the LP turbine, it was possible to increase the thrust from the 17,000 lbf (76 kN) of the Olympus 201 to 20,000 lbf (89 kN). The new engine was known as the '''Olympus 301''' in service use. Due to the increased air mass, the Vulcan's air intakes had to be widened and, because of the extra compressor stage, the engines were larger and would not fit into the engine bays without extensive modifications
[[image:Olympus.593.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Olympus 593 engine, in front of a full-size Concorde nose]]

== Bristol Siddeley Olympus Versions ==
*201 Series - 17,000 lbf (76 kN)
*301 Series - 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
*Olympus 22R Mk.320 - 19,610 lb dry, 30,610 lb with reheat

==Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B marine turbine==
A marine version of the Olympus was trialled in the refitted [[Royal Navy]] frigate [[HMS Exmouth (F84)|HMS ''Exmouth'']] which became the first major warship in a western navy to be powered by gas turbine engines - conversion taking from 1966-1968. The Olympus was subsequently used for the [[Type 21 frigate]]s and the sole Type 82 destroyer, [[HMS Bristol (D23)|HMS ''Bristol'']] (TM1A).

The Rolls-Royce Olympus powers the following naval vessels:
*Royal Navy
**[[Invincible class aircraft carrier]]s — 4 turbines each
**[[Type 42 destroyer]]s — 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne
**[[Type 22 frigate]]s Batch 1 and 2; 2 Olympus and 2 Tyne

*French Navy
**[[Georges Leygues class destroyer]]
*Belgian Navy
**[[Wielingen class frigate]]s
*Royal Netherlands Navy
**S-class frigate (Standard - [[Kortenaer_class_frigate|Kortenaer]])
**L-class frigate
*Finnish Navy
**Turunmaa class corvettes

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Concorde) ==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
Until [[Concorde]] regular commercial flights ceased the Olympus turbojet was unique in commercial aviation as the only afterburning turbojet to be powering a commercial aircraft. The Olympus 593 project was started in 1964, using the BAC TSR2's Olympus 320 as a basis for development. [[Bristol Engine Company|Bristol Siddeley]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Snecma Moteurs]] of [[France]] were to share the project. Acquiring Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Rolls-Royce continued as the British partner. The early stages validated the basic design concept but many studies were required to achieve desired specifications, e.g.
*The critical factor – fuel consumption
*Pressure Ratio
*Weight/Size
*Turbine entry temperature

[[Image:Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) last flight.jpg|thumb|right|Concorde on its last regular commercial flight]]

The British carried out the development of the original Bristol Siddeley Olympus and engine accessories, while Snecma had responsibility for variable engine inlet system, the exhaust nozzle/thrust reverser, the [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburner]] and the noise attenuation system. Britain was to have a larger share in production of the Olympus 593 as France had a larger share in fuselage production.

A [[jet engine]] draws air in at the front and compresses it. The air then combines with fuel and the engine burns the resulting mixture. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The Olympus engine takes this gas jet and passes it through straightening vanes - to obtain a [[laminar]] flow. This gas jet then enters the afterburning jet pipe where a ring of fuel injectors spray fuel onto the hot exhaust gases. The resulting combustion greatly improves thrust, although it can also lead to excessively high fuel consumption.
The afterburning section was longer than the engine itself (as was the case with all early turbojets) but the thrust of the Olympus 302 rose to 30,610 lbf (136 kN).

The variable geometry exhaust nozzle is two "eyelids" which vary their position in the exhaust flow dependent on the flight regime, for example when fully closed (into the exhaust flow) they act as thrust reversers, aiding deceleration from landing to taxi speed.

The variable engine inlet system was vital to the Olympus 593 on Concorde as supersonic airflow at the engine face would create shockwaves that would lead to engine surge and failure. The intake features variable ramps which alter the intake area which slows the intake air from [[supersonic]] to [[subsonic]] speed. This is achieved by positioning the ramps such that shockwaves are created at the inlet, air passing through these shockwaves is slowed. The inlet air is further decelerated as the intake area increases closer to the engine (speed of air flow decreases as area increases.) Any excess air is expelled through doors on the underside of the [[nacelle]] and some intake air bypassed around the engine and mixed with the exhaust - to increase thrust and keep the engine cool. The TSR-2 had used a semicircular design with the shock front adjusted by a translating centrebody.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-BAC-TSR.2.html Ausair power] Accessed 19 Feb 2007 </ref>

In June 1966 a complete Olympus 593 engine and variable geometry exhaust assembly was first run at [[Melun-Villaroche]], [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. At Bristol, flight tests began using a [[Avro Vulcan|RAF Vulcan]] bomber with the engine attached to its underside. Due to the Vulcan's aerodynamic limitations the tests were limited to a speed of [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 0.98 (1,200 km/h). During these tests the 593 achieved 35,190 lbf (157 kN) thrust, which exceeded the requirements of the engine.<ref>[http://www.thevulcancollection.co.uk/xa903oly593.htm Testing of Concorde's engine on a Vulcan]</ref>

In April 1967 the Olympus 593 ran for the first time in a high altitude chamber, at [[Saclay]] [[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]], France. In January 1968 the Vulcan flying test bed logged 100 flight hours, and the variable geometry exhaust assembly for the Olympus 593 engine was cleared at Melun-Villaroche for flight in the Concorde prototypes.

At 15:40 on the 2nd March 1969 Concorde prototype 001, captained by chief test pilot [[André Edouard Turcat|Andre Turcat]], started its first take off run, with afterburners lit. The four Olympus 593 engines briskly accelerated the aircraft, and after 4,700 feet (1.4 km) of runway and at a speed of 205 knots (380 km/h), captain Turcat lifted the aircraft off for the first time.

===Specifications===
{{jetspecs|


|type=axial flow afterburning [[turbojet]]
|length (with nozzle)= 7112 mmm
|diameter= 1212 mm
|weight (with afterburner, reverser and nozzle) = 3175 kg
|compressor=axial 7 low pressure stages, 7 high pressure stages
|combustion=nickel alloy construction 16 fuel injectors mounted at head, each with twin outlets
|turbine=high pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust=
|compression=80:1
|aircon=
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=
}}

'''Control system'''
*worlds first [[FADEC]] control system
'''Jetpipe'''
* straight pipe with pneumatically operated convergent nozzle
* single ring afterburner
* 'eyelids' which act as variable divergent nozzles/thrust reversers

== Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus Versions ==
*593 - Original version designed for Concorde
**Thrust : 20,000 lbf (89 kN) dry / 30,610 lbf (136 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-22R - Powerplant fitted to prototypes. Higher performance than original engine due to changes in aircraft specification.
**Thrust : 34,650 lbf (154 kN) dry / 37,180 lbf (165 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]
*593-610-14-28 - Final version fitted to production Concordes
**Thrust : 32,000 lbf (142 kN) dry / 38,050 lbf (169 kN) [[Afterburner (engine)|reheat]]



==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

{{BristolAeroengines}}
{{RRaeroengines}}
[[Category:Turbojet engines]]