https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=203.112.87.220 Wikipedia - User contributions [en] 2024-10-22T20:34:35Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.27 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leung_Hing_Kit&diff=1234570970 Leung Hing Kit 2024-07-15T01:49:31Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hong Kong footballer}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Leung Hing Kit<br /> | fullname = Leung Hing Kit<br /> | image = Leung Hing Kit.JPG<br /> | image_size = 280<br /> | height = 1.83 m<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|10|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]<br /> | position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Lee Man FC|Lee Man]]<br /> | clubnumber = 1<br /> | youthyears1= 2005–2006<br /> | youthclubs1= [[Hong Kong 09]]<br /> | years1 = 2006–2007 | clubs1 = [[Hong Kong 08]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0<br /> | years2 = 2007–2015 | clubs2 = [[Hong Kong Rangers FC|Rangers]] | caps2 = 67 | goals2 = 0<br /> | years3 = 2014–2015 | clubs3 = → [[South China AA|South China]] (loan)| caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 0<br /> | years4 = 2015–2017 | clubs4 = [[South China AA|South China]]| caps4 = 9 | goals4 = 0<br /> | years5 = 2017–2021 | clubs5 = [[Hong Kong Pegasus FC|Pegasus]] | caps5 = 46 | goals5 = 0<br /> | years6 = 2021–2024 | clubs6 = [[Hong Kong Rangers FC|Rangers]] | caps6 = 32 | goals6 = 0<br /> | years7 = 2024 | clubs7 = [[Sham Shui Po SA|Sham Shui Po]] | caps7 = 13 | goals7 = 0<br /> | years8 = 2024– | clubs8 = [[Lee Man FC|Lee Man]] | caps8 = 0 | goals8 = 0<br /> | nationalyears1 = 2010–2011<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[Hong Kong national under-23 football team|Hong Kong U-23]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 3<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 0<br /> | nationalyears2 = 2010–<br /> | nationalteam2 = [[Hong Kong national football team|Hong Kong]]<br /> | nationalcaps2 = 1<br /> | nationalgoals2 = 0<br /> | club-update = 6 July 2024<br /> | nationalteam-update = 10 October 2010<br /> }}<br /> {{family name hatnote|[[Liang (surname)|Leung]] ({{lang|zh-hant|梁}})|lang=Chinese}}<br /> <br /> '''Leung Hing Kit''' ({{zh|t=梁興傑|j=loeng&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; hing&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; git&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;}}; born 22 October 1989) is a [[Hong Kong]] professional [[footballer]] who currently plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Hong Kong Premier League]] club [[Lee Man FC|Lee Man]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hkfa.com/en/match_result.php?match_date=2010-09-19&amp;match_id=7718#7718 |title=Match Results: 19 September 2010 |publisher=Hong Kong Football Association |accessdate=27 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Club career==<br /> On 11 June 2017, [[Hong Kong Pegasus FC|Pegasus]] chairperson [[Canny Leung]] revealed that Leung along with three other South China players would be jumping ship to Pegasus and he became the captain of the team in the 2020–21 season. In April 2021, he was awarded Hong Kong Premier League Player of the Month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=飛馬簽南華梁諾恆艾華等4將 楊正光勢坐正主教練|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/97166/-%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85-%E9%A3%9B%E9%A6%AC%E7%B0%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%8F%AF%E6%A2%81%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%86%E8%89%BE%E8%8F%AF%E7%AD%894%E5%B0%87-%E6%A5%8A%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%89%E5%8B%A2%E5%9D%90%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%B7%B4|website=HK01}} {{in lang|zh-hk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 July 2021, Leung joined [[Hong Kong Rangers FC|Rangers]], wearing the unusual number 11 shirt popularised by [[Rui Patrício]].<br /> <br /> On 26 January 2024, Leung joined [[Sham Shui Po SA|Sham Shui Po]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/sport/20240126/bkn-20240126120859807-0126_00882_001.html 港超聯 蘇沙「09」齊齊加盟深水埗] on.cc 26 January 2024&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 July 2024, Leung joined [[Lee Man FC|Lee Man]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/sport/20240706/bkn-20240706153305368-0706_00882_001.html 港超聯「09」梁興傑加盟理文] on.cc 6 July 2024&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==International career==<br /> On 10 October 2010, Leung made his international debut for [[Hong Kong national football team|Hong Kong]] in a [[2010 Long Teng Cup]] match against [[Macau national football team|Macau]].<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===Club===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|No.<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hong Kong First Division League|League]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hong Kong League Cup|League Cup]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hong Kong Senior Shield|Senior Shield]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hong Kong FA Cup|FA Cup]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Reserve team|Reserve]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Apps<br /> !Goals<br /> !Apps<br /> !Goals<br /> !Apps<br /> !Goals<br /> !Apps<br /> !Goals<br /> !Apps<br /> !Goals<br /> !Apps<br /> !Goals<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''[[Bulova Rangers]]'''<br /> |[[2007–08 in Hong Kong football|2007–08]]<br /> |19||3 (1)||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||16||0||5 (1)||0<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> ! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Career Total<br /> ! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===International===<br /> ====Hong Kong====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Hong Kong national football team|Hong Kong]]<br /> |2010||1||0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|Total!!1!!0<br /> |}<br /> :''As of 18 November 2010''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align: left;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Date<br /> !Venue<br /> !Opponent<br /> !Result<br /> !Scored<br /> !Competition<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |10 October 2010<br /> |[[Kaohsiung National Stadium]], Kaohsiung<br /> |{{fb|MAC}}<br /> |align=center|4–0<br /> |align=center|0<br /> |[[2010 Long Teng Cup]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Soccerway|hing-kit-leung/65513}}<br /> * {{instagram|leunghk09}}<br /> <br /> {{Lee Man FC squad}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Leung, Hing Kit}}<br /> [[Category:1989 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong men's international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong First Division League players]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong Premier League players]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong Rangers FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Metro Gallery FC players]]<br /> [[Category:South China AA players]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong Pegasus FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Sham Shui Po SA players]]<br /> [[Category:Lee Man FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games competitors for Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong League XI representative players]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{HongKong-footy-bio-stub}}</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morocco_national_football_team&diff=1196627571 Morocco national football team 2024-01-18T01:26:06Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* 2024 */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Men's association football team}}<br /> {{About|the men's team|the women's team|Morocco women's national football team}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox national football team<br /> | Name = Morocco<br /> | Badge = Royal Moroccan Football Federation logo.svg<br /> | Badge_size = 175px<br /> | Nickname = ''أُسُودُ الأَطلَس''&lt;br/&gt;(The [[Barbary Lion|Atlas Lions]])<br /> | Association = {{nowrap|[[Royal Moroccan Football Federation]]}} (FRMF)<br /> | Confederation = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa)<br /> | Sub-confederation = [[Union of North African Football Federations|UNAF]] (North Africa)<br /> | Coach = [[Walid Regragui]]<br /> | Captain = [[Romain Saïss]]<br /> | Most caps = [[Noureddine Naybet]] (115)<br /> | Top scorer = [[Ahmed Faras]] (36)&lt;ref name=&quot;rsssf.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-recintlp.html|title=Morocco – Record International Players|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204153950/https://rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-recintlp.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Home Stadium = [[#Home stadium|Various]]<br /> | FIFA Trigramme = MAR<br /> | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|MAR}}<br /> | FIFA max = 10<br /> | FIFA max date = April 1998<br /> | FIFA min = 95<br /> | FIFA min date = September 2010<br /> | pattern_la1 = _mar22h<br /> | pattern_b1 = _mar22h<br /> | pattern_ra1 = _mar22h<br /> | pattern_sh1 = _mar22h<br /> | pattern_so1 = _mar22hl<br /> | leftarm1 = FF0000<br /> | body1 = FF0000<br /> | rightarm1 = FF0000<br /> | shorts1 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks1 = FF0000<br /> | pattern_la2 = _mar22a<br /> | pattern_b2 = _mar22a<br /> | pattern_ra2 = _mar22a<br /> | pattern_sh2 = _mar22a<br /> | pattern_so2 = _mar22al<br /> | leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | body2 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts2 = FF0000<br /> | socks2 = FFFFFF<br /> | First game = {{fb|MAR}} 3–3 {{fb-rt|IRQ|1924}}&lt;br&gt;([[Beirut]], Lebanon; 19 October 1957)<br /> | Largest win = {{fb|MAR|1961}} 13–1 {{fb-rt|KSA}}&lt;br&gt;([[Casablanca]], Morocco; 6 September 1961)<br /> | Largest loss = {{fb|HUN|1957}} 6–0 {{fb-rt|MAR}}&lt;br&gt;([[Tokyo]], Japan; 11 October 1964)<br /> | World cup apps = 7<br /> | World cup first = 1970<br /> | World cup best = Fourth place ([[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]])<br /> | Regional name = [[Africa Cup of Nations]]<br /> | Regional cup apps = 20<br /> | Regional cup first = [[1972 African Cup of Nations|1972]]<br /> | Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1976 African Cup of Nations|1976]])<br /> | 2ndRegional name = [[FIFA Arab Cup|Arab Cup]]<br /> | 2ndRegional cup apps = 4<br /> | 2ndRegional cup first = [[1998 Arab Cup|1998]]<br /> | 2ndRegional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[2012 Arab Cup|2012]])<br /> | 3rdRegional name = [[African Nations Championship]]<br /> | 3rdRegional cup apps = 4<br /> | 3rdRegional cup first = [[2014 African Nations Championship|2014]]<br /> | 3rdRegional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[2018 African Nations Championship|2018]], [[2020 African Nations Championship|2020]])<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Africa Cup of Nations]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[1976 Africa Cup of Nations|1976 Ethiopia]]|}}<br /> {{MedalSilver|[[2004 African Cup of Nations|2004 Tunisia]]|}}<br /> {{MedalBronze|[[1980 African Cup of Nations|1980 Nigeria]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Arab Cup]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2012 Arab Cup|2012 Saudi Arabia]]|}}<br /> {{MedalBronze|[[2002 Arab Cup|2002 Kuwait]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[African Nations Championship]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2018 African Nations Championship|2018 Morocco]]|}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2020 African Nations Championship|2020 Cameroon]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1983 Mediterranean Games|1983 Casablanca]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Arab Games|Arab Games]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1961 Arab Games|1961 Casablanca]]|}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1976 Arab Games|1976 Damascus]]|}}<br /> {{MedalSilver|[[Football at the 1985 Arab Games|1985 Rabat]]|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Morocco national football team''' ({{lang-ar|منتخب الْمَغْرِب لِكُرَّةُ الْقَدَم}}; [[Berber languages|Berber]]: ⴼⵔⵇⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴴⵔⵉⴱ) represents [[Morocco]] in men's international [[Association football|football]], and is controlled by the [[Royal Moroccan Football Federation]], the governing body for [[football in Morocco]].<br /> <br /> One of Africa's most successful national football teams, Morocco won the [[1976 African Cup of Nations]], two [[African Nations Championship]]s and a [[FIFA Arab Cup]] while participating in the [[FIFA World Cup]] six times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Planet World Cup – Nations – Morocco|url=http://www.planetworldcup.com/NATIONS/mor.html|access-date=21 January 2022|website=Planet World Cup|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218174135/http://www.planetworldcup.com/NATIONS/mor.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They made history in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], when they became the first African team to finish top of a group at a World Cup and the first African team to reach the [[1986 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|knockout stages]]. However, they lost to [[Germany national football team|West Germany]] 1–0.<br /> <br /> Morocco defied all expectations at the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], topping their group containing [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]], [[Canada national men's soccer team|Canada]] and [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]. Morocco also eliminated [[Spain national football team|Spain]] and [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] to become the first African team to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup. They were also the third ever semi-finalist not from [[UEFA]] or [[CONMEBOL]]. Morocco were knocked out by [[France national football team|France]] in the semi-finals and lost the third place play-off, therefore finishing in 4th-place, their highest ever finish. Morocco is set to become the second African nation, the second MENA nation and the first North African nation to host the [[FIFA World Cup]] when it was granted host status for the [[2030 FIFA World Cup|2030 edition]] alongside the two European countries Portugal and Spain. <br /> <br /> The Atlas Lions were ranked 10th in the [[FIFA World Rankings]] in April 1998. They were ranked as the top African national team for three consecutive years, from 1997 to 1999, and again since December 2022. As of January 2024, Morocco is ranked as the 11th best national team in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Men's Ranking |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13974 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=www.fifa.com |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406092822/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13974 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> ===Pre-independence period===<br /> [[File:Sélection_régional_du_Maroc_1942.jpg|alt=|thumb|Morocco national football team in 1942 with the legend [[Larbi Benbarek]] (1917–1992)|right]]<br /> The Moroccan national team was founded in 1928 and played its first game on 22 December of that year against the B team of France, to whom it lost 2–1. This team, formed by the best footballers of the LMFA or the Moroccan Football League (settlers or natives), was active in friendly matches against other North African teams such as those of Algeria and Tunisia. These associations of settler clubs and local footballers, in addition to having their own championship, clashed with each other in a tournament that Morocco won several times, such as in 1948–1949.<br /> <br /> The LMFA also faced some club teams such as [[NK Lokomotiva Zagreb]] in January 1950, as well as France A and France B. Against France A the LMFA made a 1–1 draw in Casablanca in 1941.<br /> <br /> On 9 September 1954, an earthquake struck the Algerian region of Orléansville (now [[Chlef]]) and caused the destruction of the city and the death of over 1,400 people. On 7 October 1954, the [[French Football Association]] and the Maghreb inhabitants organized a charity match to raise funds for the families of the victims of the catastrophic event. In the match, held at the [[Parc de Princes]] in [[Paris]], a team made up of Moroccans, Algerians and Tunisians played against the national team of France. Led by star [[Larbi Benbarek]], the Maghreb selection managed to win 3–2, a month before the [[Toussaint Rouge]] attacks by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Algerian National Liberation Front]] which marked the beginning of the [[Algerian War]].<br /> <br /> ===The beginnings of Morocco (1955–1963)===<br /> [[File:Massoun ou Masson Mohamed Entraineur de l'Equype National du Maroc de Novembre 1960 à Novembre 1967 ; égaleùent Entraineur de l'Equipe du WYDAD de Casablanca de 1953 à 1969 02.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:fr:Mohamed Massoun|Mohamed Massoun]] (1912–1983) coach of Morocco in the 1960s|right]]<br /> In 1955, the [[Royal Moroccan Football Federation]] was established, at the end of the [[French protectorate of Morocco]], which had lasted since 1912.<br /> <br /> On 19 October 1957, at the [[Football at the 1957 Arab Games|2nd edition of the Arab Games]] in Lebanon, Morocco made its debut as an independent country against Iraq, at the [[Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium]], and drew 3–3. At the tournament, Morocco took the first win in its history against [[Libya national football team|Libya]], winning 5–1, then beat [[Tunisia national football team|Tunisia]] 3–1 to reach the semi-finals. After a 1–1 draw with [[Syria national football team|Syria]], lots were drawn to decide who would progress to the final, and Syria were selected at Morocco's expense. Morocco withdrew from the third-place play-off against [[Lebanon national football team|Lebanon]] and finished fourth overall.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd Arab Games, 1957 (Beirut, Lebanon)|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabgam57.html|access-date=19 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133121/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabgam57.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 1957 and 1958, Morocco held numerous friendly matches against the National Liberation Front team, the representative of Algeria before its independence in 1958. In 1959, the team took part for the first time in an international competition, the [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's African Qualifiers|qualifying rounds of the 1960 Rome Olympics]]. Drawn into a group with Tunisia and Malta, Morocco finished second on goal difference and failed to progress. That same year, the football federation of Morocco joined FIFA.<br /> <br /> In 1960, Morocco competed in [[1962 FIFA World Cup qualification|World Cup qualification]] for the first time. Drawn against Tunisia in the first round, Morocco won the first leg 2–1, while Tunisia won the second leg 2–1. A play-off held in [[Palermo]], [[Italy]] also finished in a tie, so a coin toss was used to determine who progressed. Morocco won the toss, and beat Ghana 1–0 on aggregate to reach the [[1962 FIFA World Cup qualification#Inter-confederation play-offs|inter-continental play-offs]]. Drawn against Spain, Morocco lost 4–2 on aggregate and thus failed to qualify.<br /> <br /> In 1961, Morocco held the [[Football at the 1961 Arab Games|Pan-Arab Games]] and won the football tournament, winning all five of their matches. Their third match, against Saudi Arabia, resulted in Morocco's biggest-ever victory, winning 13–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd Arab Games, 1961 (Casablanca, Morocco)|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabgam61.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927150610/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabgam61.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also claimed their first two wins against a European team, beating East Germany 2–1 and 2–0.<br /> <br /> In 1963, the Moroccan team came close to [[1963 Africa Cup of Nations qualification|qualifying for the African Cup of Nations]]. In the decisive play-off against Tunisia, they were defeated 4–1 in Tunis and won 4–2 at home, they were therefore eliminated. At the [[Football at the 1963 Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games in Naples 1963]], they finished fourth after a 2–1 defeat in the final for third place against Spain's reserve team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mediterranean Games 1963 (Italy)|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/medgames63.html|access-date=19 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018213132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/medgames63.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===First appearances in international competitions (1963–1976)===<br /> [[File:Nederland tegen Marokko 5-0, spelmomenten, Bestanddeelnr 915-9499.jpg|thumb|left|Morocco vs Netherlands in 1964]]<br /> Morocco participated for the first time in the final phase of an international competition at the [[Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Olympics]]. Having qualified under the leadership of manager Mohamed Massoun, the Moroccans were included in a group of three teams due to the withdrawal of [[North Korea national football team|North Korea]]. Morocco lost both their matches, against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] (6–0, the team's worst-ever defeat) and Yugoslavia (3–1, despite taking the lead in the second minute via [[Ali Bouachra]]).<br /> <br /> In 1966, the Moroccan Football Association joined the [[Confederation of African Football]] and was able to participate in the competitions organized by the CAF.<br /> <br /> During qualifying for the [[Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympics]], Morocco refused to play against [[Israel national football team|Israel]], and were eventually replaced by [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]].<br /> <br /> In 1968 and 1969, the team was engaged in [[1970 FIFA World Cup qualification|qualifying]] for the [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970 World Cup]] in Mexico. Their debut eliminated [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] (1–0) and Tunisia after a draw. In the final round of the preliminaries, against [[Sudan national football team|Sudan]] and [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]], Morocco obtained five points, finishing ahead of Nigeria and qualifying for the first time for the final round of a world championship. Shortly after, Morocco lost the decisive play-off against Algeria to enter the final stage of the [[1970 Africa Cup of Nations]].<br /> <br /> Morocco thus became the first African national team to qualify for a world championship after having played in an elimination tournament. The Moroccan team, coached by the Yugoslav [[Blagoje Vidinić]], consisted entirely of players in the Moroccan league, including [[Driss Bamous]] and [[Ahmed Faras]].<br /> <br /> On 3 June 1970, against [[West Germany national football team|West Germany]], Morocco surprisingly opened the scoring with a goal in the twenty-first minute of the game scored by [[Houmane Jarir]]. In the second half, however, the West Germans scored with [[Uwe Seeler]] and [[Gerd Müller]] and won by 2–1. The Lions of the Atlas then played against [[Peru national football team|Peru]]. This time the Moroccans conceded three goals in ten minutes to lose 3–0. On 11 June 1970, the eliminated Moroccans drew with [[Bulgaria national football team|Bulgaria]] 1–1, with a comeback goal in the sixtieth game of [[Maouhoub Ghazouani]]. It was the first point obtained by an African national team at the World Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Cup 1970 finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/70full.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701154217/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/70full.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[1972 Africa Cup of Nations qualification]], the Lions of the Atlas ousted Algeria, then they faced Egypt, beating them 3–0 in the first leg and suffering a 3–2 defeat on the way back, yet they qualified for the first time for the final phase of the continental tournament. In the group stage, they accumulated three 1–1 draws against [[Congo national football team|Congo]], Sudan and [[Zaire national football team|Zaire]] and were eliminated in the first round. All three Moroccan goals were by Ahmed Faras.<br /> <br /> Qualifying for the [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Olympics]] with two wins and two draws, Morocco debuted in Group A with a goalless draw against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]], then lost 3–0 against hosts West Germany and defeated [[Malaysia national football team|Malaysia]] 6–0 with a Faras hat-trick, thereby advancing to the second round. Due to defeats against [[USSR national football team|USSR]] (3–0), [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] (3–1) and [[Poland national football team|Poland]] (5–0), they were eliminated from the tournament; finishing bottom of their group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Games of the XX. Olympiad – Football Tournament|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1972f.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711203920/https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1972f.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; To date, this result remains the best performance of the Atlas Lions at the Olympic football tournament.<br /> <br /> In the [[1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|1974 world cup qualifiers]], Morocco successfully passed three qualifying rounds before entering the final round alongside [[Zambia national football team|Zambia]] and [[Zaire national football team|Zaire]]. Losing 4–0 away against Zambia, the Moroccans bounced back in the second game, defeating the same opponent 2–0 at home. They then went to Zaire for their third game but lost 3–0, conceding all three goals in the second half, with Faras leaving the field due to injury. Morocco filed an appeal, trying to get the match to be replayed; it was dismissed by FIFA. In protest, Morocco withdrew from the qualifiers causing the Atlas Lions to miss their final game at home against Zaire which had already qualified for the finals, with FIFA awarding Zaire a 2–0 win on walkover. For the same reason, Morocco also decided not to take part in the [[1974 African Cup of Nations qualification]].<br /> <br /> In 1974, Morocco played only two games, both against Algeria, achieving a 2–0 win and a 0–0 draw. Morocco then resumed its regular FIFA and CAF competitions, qualifying for the [[1976 Africa Cup of Nations]] by eliminating Ghana in the last round, but failed to qualify for the [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's African Qualifiers|1976 Olympics]], being eliminated by Nigeria.<br /> <br /> ===Between successes and defeats (1976–1986)===<br /> Morocco, coached by the Romanian [[Virgil Mărdărescu]] and captained by Faras, took the continental throne at [[1976 African Cup of Nations]], in his second participation in the competition. Ahmed Makrouh scored the goal of the final match to equalize at 1–1, which gave Morocco the first, and to date, only cup in its history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1976|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/76a.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822095118/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/76a.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After failing to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, they also did not make [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]] and [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]. At the [[1978 Africa Cup of Nations]], they were eliminated in the first round, while at the [[1980 Africa Cup of Nations]] they won third place, beating Egypt 2–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1980|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/80a.html|access-date=19 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822095120/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/80a.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They then won the [[Football at the 1983 Mediterranean Games|1983 Mediterranean Games]], played at home, thanks to a 3–0 success in the final against [[Turkey national football B team|Turkey B]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mediterranean Games 1983 (Morocco)|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/medgames83.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923222645/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/medgames83.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Morocco did not qualify for either the [[1982 Africa Cup of Nations|1982]] or [[1984 Africa Cup of Nations]]. At the [[1986 Africa Cup of Nations]], they finished fourth, beaten 3–2 in the consolation final by the [[Ivory Coast national football team|Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1986|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86a.html|access-date=19 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822095117/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86a.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Golden Generation (1986–2000)===<br /> {{football squad on pitch|align=right<br /> | GK = '''[[Badou Zaki|Zaki (C)]]'''<br /> | LB = '''[[Abdelmajid Lamriss|Lamriss]]'''<br /> | RCB = '''[[Noureddine Bouyahyaoui|Bouyahyaoui]]'''<br /> | LCB = '''[[Mustapha El Biyaz|El Biyaz]]'''<br /> | RB = '''[[Labid Khalifa|Khalifa]]'''<br /> | LCM = '''[[Abdelmajid Dolmy|Dolmy]]'''<br /> | RCM = '''[[Mustafa El Haddaoui|El Haddaoui]]'''<br /> | AM = ''' [[Mohamed Timoumi|Timoumi]]'''<br /> | LW = ''' [[Abderrazak Khairi|Khairi]]'''<br /> | RW = '''[[Aziz Bouderbala|Bouderbala]]'''<br /> | CF = ''' [[Abdelkrim Merry|Merry]]'''<br /> | caption = Morocco typical starting line-up at the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]] <br /> }}<br /> Morocco qualified for the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]] which took place in Mexico, and surprisingly won a group with [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]], [[England national football team|England]] and [[Poland national football team|Poland]], thanks to two draws against the English and Polish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco vs. Poland – Football Match Summary – June 2, 1986 – ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/197953|access-date=19 January 2022|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119171104/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/197953|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a 3–1 win against the Portuguese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portugal vs. Morocco – Football Match Summary – June 11, 1986|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/197958|access-date=19 January 2022|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119171105/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/197958|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, they were narrowly eliminated by [[West Germany national football team|West Germany]] in the first knockout round, thanks to a goal from [[Lothar Matthäus]] one minute from the end of regulation time. Morocco became the first African and Arab national team to have passed the first round of the World Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Cup 1986 finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86full.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301052859/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/86full.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Two years later, the Moroccan team presented itself at the [[1988 African Cup of Nations]] as a host country with high expectations. After winning the first round, they were eliminated in the semifinals by [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] and finished in fourth place after losing the consolation final against [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] (1–1 after extra time and 4–3 after the penalty shots).<br /> <br /> Failure to qualify for the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]] opened a period of crisis. In the [[1992 African Cup of Nations]], the team was eliminated in the first round. They then did not participate in the [[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994]] or [[1996 African Cup of Nations|1996 African Cup tournaments]]. They, however, did qualify for the [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 World Cup]] in the United States and the [[1998 World Cup|1998]] tournament in France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Cup 1994 finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94full.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=19 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219031509/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/94full.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Cup 1998 finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98full.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114726/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/98full.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[1998 Africa Cup of Nations]], after winning their group, Morocco were defeated and eliminated from [[South Africa national football team|South Africa]] (2–1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 1998 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98a.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925235940/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98a.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Difficult years (2006–2017)===<br /> [[File:Morocco vs Niger, February 09 2011-1.jpg|thumb|left|Morocco national football team in 2011]]Morocco took part in the [[2004 African Cup of Nations]], drawn into Group D defeating [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] 1–0, defeating [[Benin national football team|Benin]] 4–0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco vs. Benin – Football Match Summary – January 31, 2004 – ESPN|url=https://global.espn.com/football/match/_/gameId/135838|access-date=19 January 2022|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119171105/https://global.espn.com/football/match/_/gameId/135838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and drawing 1–1 with [[South Africa national soccer team|South Africa]]. Morocco qualified to the knockout stages, facing [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]]; they eventually won 3–1 in extra time,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco vs. Algeria – Football Match Summary – February 8, 2004 – ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/138173|access-date=19 January 2022|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119171106/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/138173|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 4–0 against [[Mali national football team|Mali]] in the semi-final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco vs. Mali – Football Match Summary – February 11, 2004 – ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/138175|access-date=19 January 2022|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119171105/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/138175|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They lost the [[2004 African Cup of Nations Final]] against [[Tunisia national football team|Tunisia]] 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 2004|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html|access-date=14 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013070926/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, the national team won the [[2012 Arab Cup|Arab Cup]], topping their group, defeating [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]] in the semi-final and Libya in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arab Cup|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabcup.html|access-date=13 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131231630/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabcup.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[2014 African Nations Championship|2014]], Morocco participated for the first time in the [[African Nations Championship]] after failing to qualify in the [[2009 African Nations Championship|2009]] and [[2011 African Nations Championship|2011]] editions. led by coach [[Hassan Benabicha]], Morocco did not make it past the second round after losing 3–4 to [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] in the [[2014 African Nations Championship#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Championship 2014|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2014anch.html|access-date=26 December 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929101033/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2014anch.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They managed to qualify for the [[2016 African Nations Championship]], but were eliminated in the group stages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Championship 2016|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2016anch.html|access-date=19 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928225430/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2016anch.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Morocco hosted the [[2018 African Nations Championship]], which included a victory for the home nation, the third North African country to win the competition's title.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Reactions: Morocco 4–0 Mauritania|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/reactions-morocco-4-0-mauritania|access-date=5 February 2022|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205123812/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/reactions-morocco-4-0-mauritania|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Hosts Morocco crowned CHAN champions |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42939957 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021192153/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42939957 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 February 2018 |title=Morocco crush Nigeria 4–0 to win CHAN crown |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/nigeria/story/3372759/morocco-crush-nigeria-4-0-to-win-chan-crown |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113145026/https://www.espn.com/soccer/nigeria/story/3372759/morocco-crush-nigeria-4-0-to-win-chan-crown |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Second Golden Generation (2017–present)===<br /> [[File:Iran-Morocco by soccer.ru 14.jpg|alt=|thumb|Morocco starting 11 against Iran in the [[2018 World Cup]]|right]]<br /> Morocco returned to the World Cup after a 20-year absence in [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Cup 2018|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2018f.html|access-date=26 December 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630070249/http://rsssf.com/tables/2018f.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The North Africans were drawn in [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group B|Group B]] with World Cup favourites [[Spain national football team|Spain]], [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]], and [[Iran national football team|Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Cup 2018 Group B: Fixtures, standings, squads &amp; full details on Spain &amp; Portugal group {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/world-cup-2018-group-b-fixtures-standings-squads--spain--portugal-group-iran-morocco/1rpmcanpurbi112dcsljicuoe4 |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=www.goal.com |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015153738/https://www.goal.com/en/news/world-cup-2018-group-b-fixtures-standings-squads--spain--portugal-group-iran-morocco/1rpmcanpurbi112dcsljicuoe4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In their opening game against Iran, Morocco showed full dedication but lost 1{{ndash}}0 in the final minutes of the match, scored by an own goal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mather|first=Victor|date=15 June 2018|title=After Morocco Own Goal, Iran Wins World Cup Slugfest|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/sports/world-cup/morocco-iran-live-score.html|access-date=13 January 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113112406/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/sports/world-cup/morocco-iran-live-score.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In their second game, Morocco faced Portugal but ended losing 1–0 by a goal scored by [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Doyle|first=Paul|date=20 June 2018|title=Portugal 1–0 Morocco: World Cup 2018 – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2018/jun/20/portugal-v-morocco-world-cup-2018-live|access-date=13 January 2022|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113112402/https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2018/jun/20/portugal-v-morocco-world-cup-2018-live|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the last match against Spain they took the lead 2–1 but was unable to keep it, and drew 2–2, scored by [[Khalid Boutaïb]] and [[Youssef En-Nesyri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain 2–2 Morocco: Spain top Group B after dramatic turnaround|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12098/11416733/spain-2-2-morocco-spain-top-group-b-after-dramatic-turnaround|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Sky Sports|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113112402/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12098/11416733/spain-2-2-morocco-spain-top-group-b-after-dramatic-turnaround|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{football squad on pitch|align=left<br /> | GK = '''[[Anas Zniti|Zniti]]'''<br /> | LB = '''[[Hamza El Moussaoui|El Moussaoui]]'''<br /> | RCB = '''[[Soufiane Bouftini|Bouftini]]'''<br /> | LCB = '''[[Abdelmounaim Boutouil|Boutouil]]'''<br /> | RB = '''[[Omar Namsaoui|Namsaoui]]'''<br /> | LDM = '''[[Mohammed Ali Bemammer|Bemammer]]'''<br /> | RDM = '''[[Yahya Jabrane|Jabrane]]'''<br /> | AM = '''[[Abdelilah Hafidi|Hafidi]]'''<br /> | LW = '''[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]]'''<br /> | RW = '''[[Soufiane Rahimi|Rahimi]]'''<br /> | CF = '''[[Ayoub El Kaabi|El Kaabi]]''' (C)<br /> | caption = Morocco starting line-up against [[Mali national football team|Mali]] at the [[2020 African Nations Championship Final]], a match they won 2–0.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Morocco entered the [[2019 AFCON]] with high confidence and players claiming them to be the favorite to win.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=Clarence Seedorf: Morocco Among Favorites to Win 2019 AFCON |work=Morocco world news |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/05/273770/clarence-seedorf-morocco-can-afcon |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015153738/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/05/273770/clarence-seedorf-morocco-can-afcon |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=El Hadji Diouf Says Morocco Among Favorites to Win 2019 CAN |work=Morocco world news |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/04/269949/el-hadji-diouf-says-morocco-among-favorites-to-win-2019-can |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015153739/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/04/269949/el-hadji-diouf-says-morocco-among-favorites-to-win-2019-can |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in spite of three straight group stage wins, Morocco were shockingly knocked out by [[Benin national football team|Benin]] in the round of sixteen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 2019|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2019a.html|access-date=14 January 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815123913/https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2019a.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Benin shock Morocco to reach last eight |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48795602 |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015155241/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48795602 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[2020 African Nations Championship]] in Cameroon,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Holders Morocco humble Algeria for Cameroon place|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/holders-morocco-humble-algeria-for-cameroon-place|access-date=15 January 2022|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035810/https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/holders-morocco-humble-algeria-for-cameroon-place|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morocco won their second CHAN title, in its second consecutive final appearance. Captained by [[Ayoub El Kaabi]], they defeated [[Togo national football team|Togo]] (1–0),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Title holders Morocco labour to defeat Togo at CHAN|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/title-holders-morocco-labour-to-defeat-togo-at-chan|access-date=25 December 2021|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225110223/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/title-holders-morocco-labour-to-defeat-togo-at-chan|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rwanda national football team|Rwanda]] (0–0),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=Holders Morocco held by Rwanda in CHAN Group C clash |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/holders-morocco-held-by-rwanda-in-chan-group-c-clash |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015153738/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/holders-morocco-held-by-rwanda-in-chan-group-c-clash |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Uganda national football team|Uganda]] (5–2),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda v Morocco Match Report, 26/01/2021, African Nations Championship {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/match/uganda-v-morocco/report/5aun7kx46al9zehimtasxpai2 |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=www.goal.com |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015153739/https://www.goal.com/en-bh/match/uganda-v-morocco/report/5aun7kx46al9zehimtasxpai2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Zambia national football team|Zambia]] (3–1),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Defending champions Morocco see off Zambia to reach CHAN semis|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/defending-champions-morocco-see-off-zambia-to-reach-chan-semis|access-date=25 December 2021|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225110216/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/defending-champions-morocco-see-off-zambia-to-reach-chan-semis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] (4–0)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=HIGHLIGHTS {{!}} Total CHAN 2020 {{!}} Semi Final 2: Morocco 4–0 Cameroon|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/videos/highlights-total-chan-2020-semi-final-2-morocco-4-0-cameroon|access-date=25 December 2021|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225110218/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/videos/highlights-total-chan-2020-semi-final-2-morocco-4-0-cameroon|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the way to a final against [[Mali national football team|Mali]] in [[Yaoundé]]. Morocco won 2–0, with both goals scored late into the second half by [[Soufiane Bouftini]] and [[Ayoub El Kaabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Morocco win second CHAN title after defeating Mali in final|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/morocco-win-second-chan-title-after-defeating-mali-in-final|access-date=24 December 2021|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124202824/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/morocco-win-second-chan-title-after-defeating-mali-in-final|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morocco thus became the first team to win back-to-back titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco defeat Mali 2–0 to retain Chan title {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/morocco-defeat-mali-2-0-to-retain-chan-title/tq6vkptjqs91pgoaganvxtss |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=www.goal.com |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113145026/https://www.goal.com/en/news/morocco-defeat-mali-2-0-to-retain-chan-title/tq6vkptjqs91pgoaganvxtss |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soufiane Rahimi]] went on to be named Total Man of the tournament after an astonishing performance scoring a total of 5 goals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=Morocco star Rahimi wins CHAN best player, top-scorer awards |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/soufiane-rahimi-best-player-of-total-chan-cameroon-2020 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140236/https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/soufiane-rahimi-best-player-of-total-chan-cameroon-2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2021, Morocco started its venture at the [[2021 FIFA Arab Cup]]'s [[2021 FIFA Arab Cup Group C|Group C]], along with [[Jordan national football team|Jordan]], [[Palestine national football team|Palestine]] and [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]]. Morocco opened the tournament with a 4–0 win against Palestine,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco v Palestine Live Commentary &amp; Result, 01/12/2021, Arab Cup {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/morocco-v-palestine/5fj2bsrmjjlei16vgv2dvz7ys|access-date=5 February 2022|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205142231/https://www.goal.com/en/match/morocco-v-palestine/5fj2bsrmjjlei16vgv2dvz7ys|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morocco then managed to overcome a highly defensive Jordan with another 4–0 triumph,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 December 2021|title=Arab Cup: Morocco beats Jordan (4–0) and goes to the quarter-finals|url=https://moroccolatestnews.com/arab-cup-morocco-beats-jordan-4-0-and-goes-to-the-quarter-finals/|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Morocco Latest News|language=en-US|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205142233/https://moroccolatestnews.com/arab-cup-morocco-beats-jordan-4-0-and-goes-to-the-quarter-finals/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They won their final match in a 1–0 victory against Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco v Saudi Arabia Live Commentary &amp; Result, 07/12/2021, Arab Cup {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/morocco-v-saudi-arabia/cxqo5r029ftmcxcbjbwm44sno|access-date=5 February 2022|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205142246/https://www.goal.com/en/match/morocco-v-saudi-arabia/cxqo5r029ftmcxcbjbwm44sno|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; they were eliminated in the quarter-final after penalty-shootout against [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pens|first=Alg Win|title=Morocco vs. Algeria – December 11, 2021|url=https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/boxscore?id=90848|access-date=5 February 2022|website=FOX Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205142240/https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/boxscore?id=90848|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After easily topping their 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification group which consisted of Mauritania, Burundi, and Central African Republic, Morocco were one of the favorites to win the 2021 edition of the tournament hosted in Cameroon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 January 2022|title=Predicting the Africa Cup of Nations 2021 Winner|url=https://theanalyst.com/2022/01/afcon-2021-predictions-nigeria-morocco-egypt-cameroon-senegal-algeria/|access-date=30 January 2022|website=The Analyst|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131111817/https://theanalyst.com/2022/01/afcon-2021-predictions-nigeria-morocco-egypt-cameroon-senegal-algeria/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morocco were drawn into group E that included [[Gabon national football team|Gabon]], [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] and [[Comoros national football team|Comoros]]. Morocco won its first game against Ghana scored by [[Sofiane Boufal]] in the final minutes of the game.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Morocco flog Ghana 1–0 for Afcon 2021 first encounter |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/sport-59941067 |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016122341/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/sport-59941067 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In their second game against Comoros, they claimed a 2–0 victory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco 2–0 Comoros Islands: Wins sees Vahid Halilhodzic's side reach AFCON last 16 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/13962/12514158/morocco-2-0-comoros-islands-wins-sees-vahid-halilhodzics-side-reach-afcon-last-16 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=Sky Sports |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016122347/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/13962/12514158/morocco-2-0-comoros-islands-wins-sees-vahid-halilhodzics-side-reach-afcon-last-16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their final match against Gabon ended in a draw, making Morocco reach the round of 16 after ending up first in the group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Morocco seal top spot with hard fought Gabon draw|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/morocco-seal-top-spot-with-hard-fought-gabon-draw|access-date=30 January 2022|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131001533/https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/morocco-seal-top-spot-with-hard-fought-gabon-draw|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They defeated [[Malawi national football team|Malawi]] 2–1 in the round of 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Morocco's Atlas Lions switch off Malawi Flames to qualify for quarters|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/morocco-s-atlas-lions-switch-off-malawi-flames-to-qualify-for-quarters|access-date=30 January 2022|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128180500/https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/morocco-s-atlas-lions-switch-off-malawi-flames-to-qualify-for-quarters|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were eliminated in the quarter-final after a 2–1 loss against [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Egypt beat Morocco to move to the semis|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/egypt-beat-morocco-to-move-to-the-semis|access-date=30 January 2022|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204084132/https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/egypt-beat-morocco-to-move-to-the-semis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{football squad on pitch|align=right<br /> | GK = '''[[Yassine Bounou|Bounou]]'''<br /> | LB = '''[[Noussair Mazraoui|Mazraoui]]'''<br /> | LCB = '''[[Romain Saïss|Saïss]]''' (C)<br /> | RCB = '''[[Nayef Aguerd|Aguerd]]'''<br /> | RB = '''[[Achraf Hakimi|Hakimi]]'''<br /> | LW = '''[[Sofiane Boufal|Boufal]]'''<br /> | DM = '''[[Sofyan Amrabat|Amrabat]]'''<br /> | RCM = '''[[Azzedine Ounahi|Ounahi]]'''<br /> | LCM = '''[[Selim Amallah|Amallah]]'''<br /> | RW = '''[[Hakim Ziyech|Ziyech]]'''<br /> | CF = '''[[Youssef En-Nesyri|En-Nesyri]]'''<br /> | caption = Morocco typical starting line-up at the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] <br /> }}<br /> After qualifying for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] by winning the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF third round|CAF third round African qualifiers]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toutate |first=Issam |title=Morocco's Atlas Lions Beat DR Congo 4–1, Qualify for FIFA World Cup 2022 |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/03/347980/moroccos-atlas-lions-beat-dr-congo-4-1-qualify-for-fifa-world-cup-2022 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217174003/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/03/347980/moroccos-atlas-lions-beat-dr-congo-4-1-qualify-for-fifa-world-cup-2022 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; the team was drawn in [[2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|Group F]] along with [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]], [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]], and [[Canada men's national soccer team|Canada]]. Morocco were not expected to qualify, but after holding previous runners-up Croatia to a 0–0 draw and shocking previous third place Belgium 2–0, a 2–1 win over Canada meant they finished top of the group and advanced to the round of 16 for the first time since 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=Morocco top World Cup group after Ziyech and En-Nesyri see off Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/01/canada-morocco-world-cup-group-f-match-report |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217174002/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/01/canada-morocco-world-cup-group-f-match-report |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |title=Morocco top Group F, advance to World Cup last 16 with Croatia as Belgium knocked out |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/worldcup/morocco-top-group-f-advance-to-world-cup-last-16-with-croatia-as-belgium-knocked-out-20221201 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217174005/https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/worldcup/morocco-top-group-f-advance-to-world-cup-last-16-with-croatia-as-belgium-knocked-out-20221201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the round of 16, they met [[Spain national football team|Spain]], drawing 0–0. In the subsequent penalty shootout, goalkeeper [[Yassine Bounou]] saved two penalties, and [[Achraf Hakimi]] scored the decisive penalty with a [[Panenka (penalty kick)|panenka]] penalty for Morocco to advance to the quarter-finals for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Rory |date=6 December 2022 |title=Morocco Knocks Spain Out of the World Cup on Penalty Kicks |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/12/06/sports/spain-morocco-world-cup-score |access-date=17 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217120904/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/12/06/sports/spain-morocco-world-cup-score |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They advanced further to the semi-finals winning against favourite Portugal, 1–0, with a powerful header by Youssef En-Nesyri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco vs Portugal – Betting Odds |url=http://www.oddschecker.com/football/world-cup/morocco-v-portugal/winner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210011057/https://www.oddschecker.com/football/world-cup/morocco-v-portugal/winner |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=[[Oddschecker]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khalil |first=Shaimaa |date=11 December 2022 |title=World Cup 2022: 'We witnessed history as Morocco won' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-63930050 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213175354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-63930050 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco 1–0 Portugal |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285074/400128140?competitionEntryId=17 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=[[FIFA]] |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204070412/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285074/400128140?competitionEntryId=17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; That made Morocco the first African and Arab team to qualify for the semi-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Byrne |first1=Cal |last2=Arun |first2=Shubhankar |last3=Child |first3=David |last4=Geiger |first4=Dorian |date=10 December 2022 |title=Morocco vs Portugal 1–0: World Cup 2022 – as it happened |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/liveblog/2022/12/10/live-morocco-vs-portugal-world-cup-2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210100541/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/liveblog/2022/12/10/live-morocco-vs-portugal-world-cup-2022 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Quinn |first=Andrew |date=10 December 2022 |title='Continental history': How the world reacted to Morocco's victory over Portugal – and Ronaldo's tears |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2022/12/10/continental-history-how-world-reacted-moroccos-win-portugal/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210202704/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2022/12/10/continental-history-how-world-reacted-moroccos-win-portugal/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, they lost to [[France national football team|France]] in the semi-final, 2–0 on 14 December at the [[Al Bayt Stadium]] in [[Al Khor]], putting an end to Morocco's World Cup run.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France 2–0 Morocco |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285075/400128142?competitionEntryId=17 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=[[FIFA]] |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216015054/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285075/400128142?competitionEntryId=17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They played [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]] in the third place play-off on 17 December at the [[Khalifa International Stadium]] in [[Al Rayyan (city)|Ar-Rayyan]], a rematch of the earlier group stage meeting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Croatia vs. Morroco |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285076/400128144?competitionEntryId=17 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=[[FIFA]] |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204070405/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/255711/285076/400128144?competitionEntryId=17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They lost 2–1 to the latter, and ended their World Cup campaign at fourth place.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Croatia 2–1 Morocco: World Cup 2022 third-place playoff – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/dec/17/croatia-morocco-world-cup-2022-third-place-playoff-live-score-updates |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217133711/https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/dec/17/croatia-morocco-world-cup-2022-third-place-playoff-live-score-updates |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The team would go on to donate their entire World Cup earnings from the tournament to charities within Morocco that help with poverty that affects children and families in the country by the earthquake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Godwin Nii Armah Tagoe |title=World Cup 2022: Morocco Players Donate Earnings to Charity |url=https://sportsbrief.com/football/30769-world-cup-2022-morocco-players-donate-earnings-poor-children-families/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |work=sportsbrief.com |date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109064709/https://sportsbrief.com/football/30769-world-cup-2022-morocco-players-donate-earnings-poor-children-families/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Morocco is set to participate at the FIFA World Cup for the seventh time in [[2030 FIFA World Cup|2030]] having qualified automatically as co-host alongside Portugal and Spain.<br /> <br /> ==Home stadium==<br /> At the time of the [['Alawi dynasty|Cherifian Empire]], the Philip stadium was the largest Moroccan stadium. Its capacity was 25,000 seats. In the fifties, a new stadium was built under the name of the Casablancan boxer &quot;[[Marcel Cerdan]]&quot; after the boxing world champion (who was nicknamed the Moroccan clouter for his hard punches and had died in a plane crash accident in 1949). By 1981 Marcel Cerdan stadium was renamed Mohammed V complex after an Olympic swimming pool and an omnisports arena was added next to it, [[Stade Mohammed V|Stade d'honneur de Casablanca]] (nicknamed &quot;Donor&quot; by the people of [[Casablanca]]). The stadium will mainly be used by the Moroccan team as well as by the two main clubs of Casablanca: [[Wydad AC]] and [[Raja CA]]. The stadium then underwent a major renovation in order to be able to host the [[1983 Mediterranean Games]] in Casablanca towards the end of the 1970s. It reopened in 1983 under its current name, [[Stade Mohammed V]], and then had 80,000 seats before being limited to 67,000 seats following a new renovation in view of Morocco's bid to host the World Cup in 2000. Between 2016 and 2019, the Mohammed V stadium underwent major renovation and modernization works. Its capacity was reduced again and today the stadium has 45,891 all-seated capacity.<br /> <br /> The Grand Complex of Rabat was inaugurated in 1983 under the name of [[Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium]]. The national team also plays several matches there. The Rabat stadium could then accommodate 65,000 spectators but it was mainly used by the two local teams of [[Far Rabat]] and [[FUS Rabat]]. Its capacity was reduced to 53,000 seats in 2000 and then to 45,800 seats in 2020. It is currently the stadium of Morocco's national football team.<br /> <br /> From 2011, the Atlas Lions played most of their matches in the new [[Marrakesh Stadium]], which has a capacity of 45,240 seats. The latter is considered to bring luck to the Moroccan team, which won several important matches there in front of a large audience, notably beating [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] for the qualifications for the [[2012 Africa Cup of Nations]] football by 4–0,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco 4–0 Algeria: Atlas Lions crush Fennecs to top Group D {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/84/africa/2011/06/04/2518186/morocco-4-0-algeria-atlas-lions-crush-fennecs-to-top-group-d |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=www.goal.com |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210856/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/84/africa/2011/06/04/2518186/morocco-4-0-algeria-atlas-lions-crush-fennecs-to-top-group-d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Tanzania national football team|Tanzania]] by 3–1 allowing Morocco the qualification, then another important meeting against [[Mozambique national football team|Mozambique]] ending in a crushing victory on the score of 4–0,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2012 |title=Morocco beats Mozambique 4–0 to qualify for African Cup of Nations |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/sports/2012/10/14/Morocco-beats-Mozambique-4-0-to-qualify-for-African-Cup-of-Nations |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210856/https://english.alarabiya.net/sports/2012/10/14/Morocco-beats-Mozambique-4-0-to-qualify-for-African-Cup-of-Nations |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing this time, the qualification for the [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations]].<br /> <br /> During the period of coach [[Ezzaki Badou|Badou Ezzaki]] between 2014 and 2016, the Moroccan national team played most of its matches at the [[Adrar stadium]] in [[Agadir]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=باكريم |first=الحسن |title=بادو الزاكي ينوه بالجمهور السوسي |url=https://anfaspress.com/index.php/news/voir/26004-2015-10-08-09-27-50 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=الكاتب |language=fr |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211185233/https://anfaspress.com/index.php/news/voir/26004-2015-10-08-09-27-50 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Le360 |first=سبورت |title=Le360 Sport • الزاكي مصر على اختيار أدرار لملاقاة الرأس الأخضر |url=https://m.le360.ma/sport/ar/page.php?link=http://ar.sport.le360.ma/maroc/4563 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=m.le360.ma |language=ar-ma |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211185230/https://m.le360.ma/sport/ar/page.php?link=http://ar.sport.le360.ma/maroc/4563 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which has a capacity of 45,480, and also a [[Exhibition game|friendly match]] was played in it during the period of [[Hervé Renard]] between Morocco and the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] in 2017, and it is considered the most prominent match for Morocco that was played in this stadium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=المغرب تخسر من هولندا بهدفين في مباراة ودية |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/sport/arab-sport/2017/06/01/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=العربية |language=ar |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211185229/https://www.alarabiya.net/sport/arab-sport/2017/06/01/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=خسارة المغرب امام هولندا 1–2 – فرانس 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/ar/20170601-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7-1-2 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=فرانس 24 / France 24 |language=ar |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211185241/https://www.france24.com/ar/20170601-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7-1-2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Morocco also has other large stadiums built in the 2000s such as the one in [[Fez Stadium]] which has 45,000 seats and which hosts the two clubs of the city: [[MAS Fez]] and [[Wydad de Fès]].&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Stade Prince Moulay Abdellah.jpg|Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, Rabat<br /> File:Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca.jpg|Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca<br /> File:Stade de marrakech.jpg|Stade de Marrakech, Marrakech<br /> File:Stade Ibn Batuta, Tanger.jpg|Stade Ibn Batouta, Tangier<br /> File:Stade-Adrar2019.png|Adrar Stadium, Agadir<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Kit suppliers==<br /> <br /> Morocco's home colours are most red shirts and green shorts and socks, away colours are usually all white or all green.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Kit provider<br /> ! Period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Adidas]]<br /> | 1976–1993<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lotto Sport Italia|Lotto]]<br /> | 1994–1997<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Puma SE|Puma]]<br /> | 1998–2002<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]<br /> | 2003–2006<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|GER}} Puma<br /> | 2007–2011<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|GER}} Adidas<br /> | 2012–2019<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|GER}} Puma<br /> | 2019–&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Staff Writer |date=14 August 2019 |title=FRMF Signs Contract with Puma after Adidas Deal Expiration |work=Morocco world news |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280348/frmf-contract-puma-adidas-expiration |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018113927/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280348/frmf-contract-puma-adidas-expiration |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Results and fixtures==<br /> {{main|Morocco national football team results (2020–present)}}<br /> The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> ===2023===<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> |round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> |id=Morocco v Brazil|date = 25 March<br /> |time = {{UTZ|22:00|+1}}<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/25/world/friendlies/morocco/brazil/4039401/<br /> |team2 = {{fb|BRA}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> *[[Sofiane Boufal|Boufal]] {{goal|29}}<br /> *[[Abdelhamid Sabiri|Sabiri]] {{goal|79}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> *[[Casemiro]] {{goal|67}}<br /> |stadium = [[Ibn Batouta Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Tangier]], Morocco<br /> |attendance = 63,500<br /> |referee = Sadek Selmi ([[Tunisian Football Federation|Tunisia]])<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> |round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> |id=Morocco v Peru|date = 28 March<br /> |time = {{UTZ|20:30|0}}<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}<br /> |score = 0–0 <br /> |report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/28/world/friendlies/morocco/peru/4029911/<br /> |team2 = {{fb|PER}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Metropolitano Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Madrid]], Spain<br /> |attendance = 32,000<br /> |referee = [[Juan Martínez Munuera]] ([[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]])<br /> |result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> | round = [[Friendly (sport)|Friendly]]<br /> | date = 12 June<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+1}}<br /> | team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}<br /> | score = 0–0<br /> | report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/12/world/friendlies/morocco/cape-verde-islands/4074123/<br /> | team2 = {{fb|CPV}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Rabat]], Morocco<br /> | attendance = 55,500<br /> | referee = Mahamadou Kéïta ([[Malian Football Federation|Mali]])<br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> | round = [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification#Group K|2023 AFCON qualification]]<br /> | date = 17 June<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+1}}<br /> | team1 = {{fb-rt|RSA}}<br /> | score = 2–1 <br /> | report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/17/africa/africa-cup-of-nations-qualification/south-africa/morocco/3783090/<br /> | team2 = {{fb|MAR}}<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *[[Munir Mohamedi|Mohamedi]] {{goal|5|o.g.}}<br /> *[[Zakhele Lepasa|Lepasa]] {{goal|48}} <br /> | goals2 =<br /> *[[Hakim Ziyech|Ziyech]] {{goal|60}} <br /> | stadium = [[FNB Stadium|Soccer City]]<br /> | location = [[Johannesburg]], South Africa <br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Alhadi Allaou Mahamat ([[Chadian Football Federation|Chad]]) <br /> | result = L <br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> | round = [[Friendly (sport)|Friendly]]<br /> | date = 12 September<br /> | time = {{UTZ|19:30|+1}}<br /> | team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}<br /> | score = 1–0<br /> | report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/09/12/world/friendlies/morocco/burkina-faso/4133464/<br /> | team2 = {{fb|BFA}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *[[Azzedine Ounahi|Ounahi]] {{goal|36}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Stade Bollaert-Delelis]]<br /> | location = [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]], France<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Jérémie Pignard ([[French Football Association|France]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> | round = [[Friendly (sport)|Friendly]]<br /> | date = 14 October<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fb-rt|CIV}}<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/14/world/friendlies/cote-divoire/morocco/4254974/<br /> | team2 = {{fb|MAR}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *[[Sébastien Haller |Haller]] {{goal|45+3}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Ayoub El Kaabi|Kaabi]] {{goal|81}}<br /> | stadium = [[Alassane Ouattara Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible|format=1<br /> | round = [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification#Group K|2023 AFCON qualification]]<br /> | date = 17 October<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+1}}<br /> | team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}<br /> | score =3–0 <br /> | report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/09/09/africa/africa-cup-of-nations-qualification/morocco/liberia/3783093/<br /> | team2 = {{fb|LBR}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *[[Amine Harit|Harit]] {{goal|45+2}} <br /> *[[Ayoub El Kaabi|Kaabi]] {{goal|59|pen.}}<br /> *[[Amine Adli|Adli]] {{goal|89}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Adrar Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Agadir]], Morocco <br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Ahmad Imtehaz Heeralall ([[Mauritius Football Association|Mauritius]]) <br /> | result =W <br /> | note = Match postponed from 9 September due to the [[2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake]]. <br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |date= 16 November<br /> |time= <br /> |round= [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|2026 World Cup qualification]]<br /> |score= Cancelled<br /> |report=<br /> |team1= Morocco {{flagdeco|MAR}} <br /> |goals1=<br /> |team2= {{fb|ERI}}<br /> |goals2=<br /> |stadium = [[Stade Adrar]]<br /> |location = [[Agadir]], Morocco<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee=<br /> |result=P<br /> |note = Eritrea withdrew from the qualifiers before the first matches were played.<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |date= 21 November<br /> |time= {{UTZ|22:00|+3}}<br /> |round= [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|2026 World Cup qualification]]<br /> |score= 0–2<br /> |report= https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/21/africa/wc-qualifying-africa/tanzania/morocco/4236880/<br /> |team1= {{fb-rt|TAN}}<br /> |goals1=<br /> |team2= {{flagdeco|MAR}} Morocco<br /> |goals2= <br /> *[[Hakim Ziyech|Ziyech]] {{goal|28}}<br /> *[[Lusajo Mwaikenda|Mwaikenda]] {{goal|53|o.g.}}<br /> |stadium= [[National Stadium (Tanzania)|Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium]]<br /> |location= [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania<br /> |attendance= 45,394<br /> |referee= Abongile Tom ([[South African Football Association|South Africa]]) <br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |format = 1<br /> |round = [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]<br /> |date = 11 January<br /> |time = {{UTZ|15:00|0}}}<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|SLE}}<br /> |score = 1–3<br /> |team2 = {{fb|MAR}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Abu Komeh|Komeh]] {{goal|10}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> *[[Youssef En-Nesyri|En-Nesyri]] {{goal|30||55}}<br /> *[[Sofiane Boufal|Boufal]] {{goal|35}}<br /> |stadium = [[Laurent Pokou Stadium]] <br /> |location = [[San-Pédro, Ivory Coast|San Pedro]], Ivory Coast<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = W<br /> |report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/01/11/world/friendlies/morocco/sierra-leone/4296871/<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |round = [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations|2023 AFCON GS]]<br /> |date = 17 January<br /> |time = {{UTZ|17:00|0}}<br /> |team1 = Morocco {{flagdeco|MAR}} <br /> |score = 3-0<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{fb|TAN}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |stadium = [[Laurent Pokou Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[San-Pédro, Ivory Coast|San Pédro]], Ivory Coast<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |round = [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations|2023 AFCON GS]]<br /> |date = 21 January<br /> |time = {{UTZ|14:00|0}}<br /> |team1 = Morocco {{flagdeco|MAR}} <br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{fb|DRC}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |stadium = [[Laurent Pokou Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[San-Pédro, Ivory Coast|San Pédro]], Ivory Coast<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |round = [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations|2023 AFCON GS]]<br /> |date = 24 January<br /> |time = {{UTZ|20:00|0}}<br /> |team1= {{fb-rt|ZAM}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |goals1=<br /> |team2= {{flagdeco|MAR}} Morocco<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |stadium = [[Laurent Pokou Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[San-Pédro, Ivory Coast|San Pédro]], Ivory Coast<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |date= June<br /> |time= <br /> |round= [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|2026 World Cup qualification]]<br /> |score=<br /> |report=<br /> |team1= Morocco {{flagdeco|MAR}} <br /> |goals1=<br /> |team2= {{fb|ZAM}}<br /> |goals2=<br /> |stadium= TBD<br /> |location= TBD, Morocco<br /> |attendance=<br /> |referee=<br /> |result=<br /> }}<br /> {{Footballbox collapsible<br /> |format=1<br /> |date= June<br /> |time= <br /> |round= [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|2026 World Cup qualification]]<br /> |score=<br /> |report=<br /> |team1= {{fb-rt|CGO}}<br /> |goals1=<br /> |team2= {{flagdeco|MAR}} Morocco<br /> |goals2=<br /> |stadium= TBD<br /> |location= TBD, Congo<br /> |attendance=<br /> |referee=<br /> |result=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Coaching staff==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Head coach<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Walid Regragui]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lions de l'Atlas: Regragui dévoile son staff technique|trans-title=Atlas Lions: Regragui unveils his technical staff|url=https://snrtnews.com/fr/article/lions-de-latlas-regragui-devoile-son-staff-technique-52356|website=snrtnews.com|publisher=[[SNRT]]news|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831200641/https://snrtnews.com/fr/article/lions-de-latlas-regragui-devoile-son-staff-technique-52356|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; rowspan=2|Assistant coach<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rachid Benmahmoud]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Gharib Amzine]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Goalkeeping coach<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} Houcine Mouelhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Fitness coach<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} Aymen Chabane<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Video Analyst<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} Moussa El Habachi<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;'rowspan=3&quot; |Technical director<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} Abdelilah Moussaoui<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Fathi Jamal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Coaching history===<br /> {{updated|20 December 2022}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hassanin Mubarak|title=Morocco National Team Coaches|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-coach.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|access-date=15 February 2012|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207163629/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-coach.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Managers<br /> |-<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Nationality<br /> ! Years as manager<br /> ! Trophy won<br /> ! World Cup<br /> ! Africa Cup<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[Larbi Benbarek]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1957<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | Mohammed Khamirib &amp; Abdelkader Lokhmiri<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1959<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Larbi Benbarek]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1960<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kader Firoud]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ALG}}<br /> | 1961<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | Mohammed Massoun &amp; [[Abderrahmane Mahjoub]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1961–1967<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | Guy Cluzeau &amp; Abdellah Settati<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1830}} {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1968–1969<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Blagoja Vidinić]]<br /> | {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}}<br /> | 1970<br /> | –<br /> | [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] (GS)<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sabino Barinaga|José Barinaga]]<br /> | {{flagicon|Spain|1945}}<br /> | 1971–1972<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[1972 Africa Cup of Nations|1972]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abderrahmane Mahjoub]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1972–1973<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Virgil Mărdărescu]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ROU|1965}}<br /> | 1974–1978<br /> | [[1976 African Cup of Nations]]<br /> | –<br /> | [[1976 Africa Cup of Nations|1976]] (W) – [[1978 Africa Cup of Nations|1978]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | Guy Cluzeau<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}<br /> | 1979<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Just Fontaine]]<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}} {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1979–1980<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | Jebrane &amp; Yabram Hamidouch<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1980–1981<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[1980 Africa Cup of Nations|1980]] (3RD)<br /> |-<br /> | Abdellah El-Ammari<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1982<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | Jaime Valente<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA|1968}}<br /> | 1983<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[José Faria|Mehdi Faria]]<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA|1968}}<br /> | 1983–1988<br /> | –<br /> | [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] (R16)<br /> | [[1986 Africa Cup of Nations|1986]] (4TH) – [[1988 Africa Cup of Nations|1988]] (4TH)<br /> |-<br /> | Jaime Valente<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA|1968}}<br /> | 1988–1989<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Antonio Valentín Angelillo|Antonio Valentín]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ARG}}<br /> | 1989–1990<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdellah Blinda|Abdellah Ajri Blinda]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1990<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Werner Olk]]<br /> | {{flagicon|GER}}<br /> | 1990–1992<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[1992 Africa Cup of Nations|1992]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Mohamed Ellouzani<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1992–1994<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Abdellah Blinda|Abdellah Ajri Blinda]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1993–1994<br /> | –<br /> | [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]] (GS)<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mohamed Lamari|Mohammed Lamari]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 1994<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gílson Nunes]]<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}}<br /> | 1995<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Henri Michel]]<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}<br /> | 1995–2000<br /> | –<br /> | [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] (GS)<br /> | [[1998 Africa Cup of Nations|1998]] (QF) – [[2000 Africa Cup of Nations|2000]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Henryk Kasperczak]]<br /> | {{flagicon|POL}}<br /> | 2000<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Humberto Coelho]]<br /> | {{flagicon|POR}}<br /> | 2000–2002<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2002 Africa Cup of Nations|2002]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Badou Ezzaki]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2002–2005<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2004 Africa Cup of Nations|2004]] (F)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Philippe Troussier]]<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}<br /> | 2005<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mohamed Fakhir]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2006–2007<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Henri Michel]]<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}<br /> | 2007–2008<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fathi Jamal]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2008<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Roger Lemerre]]<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}<br /> | 2008–2009<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hassan Moumen]] (''caretaker'')<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2009–2010<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Eric Gerets]]<br /> | {{flagicon|BEL}}<br /> | 2010–2012<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rachid Taoussi]]<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2012–2013<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]] (GS)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hassan Benabicha]] (''caretaker'')<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2013–2014<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Badou Ezzaki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2014AL&quot;&gt;{{cite news |website=bbc.com |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Morocco name former player Badou Zaki as new coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27252927 |date=2 May 2014 |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918142414/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27252927 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2014–2016<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hervé Renard]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2016AL&quot;&gt;{{cite news |website=bbc.com |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Morocco unveil Frenchman Herve Renard as coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35586217 |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219010925/http://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35586217 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}<br /> | 2016–2019<br /> | –<br /> | [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] (GS)<br /> | [[2017 Africa Cup of Nations|2017]] (QF) – [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations|2019]] (R16)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vahid Halilhodžić]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NAP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://northafricapost.com/32968-morocco-frmf-to-name-former-fennec-manager-as-new-coach-of-atlas-lions.html|title=Morocco: FRMF to name former Fennec manager as new coach of Atlas Lions|website=The North Africa Post|date=2 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805090927/http://northafricapost.com/32968-morocco-frmf-to-name-former-fennec-manager-as-new-coach-of-atlas-lions.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|BIH|}}{{flagicon|FRA}}<br /> | 2019–2022<br /> | –<br /> | –<br /> | [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations|2021]] (QF)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Walid Regragui]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Regragui&quot;&gt;{{cite news |website=frmf.ma |publisher=[[Royal Moroccan Football Federation]] |title=وليد الركراكي مدربا للمنتخب الوطني |trans-title=Walid Regragui, coach of the national team |url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a/ |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831192335/https://site.frmf.ma/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|MAR}}<br /> | 2022–<br /> | –<br /> | [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]] (4TH)<br /> | –<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> ===Current squad===<br /> The following 27 players were called up for the [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a7/ |title=السيد وليد الركراكي يعلن عن قائمة اللاعبين النهائية المشاركة في نهائيات كأس إفريقيا للأمم |date=28 December 2023 |website=frmf.ma |publisher=[[Royal Moroccan Football Federation]] |access-date=28 December 2023 |language=ar |trans-title=Mr. Walid Regragui announces the final list of players participating in the Africa Cup of Nations finals }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Caps and goals are correct as of November 21st, 2023 after the match against [[Tanzania national football team|Tanzania]].''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs g start}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Yassine Bounou]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|4|5|df=y}}|caps=59|goals=0|club=[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]]|clubnat=KSA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[Munir Mohamedi]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|5|10|df=y}}|caps=46|goals=0|club=[[Al Wehda FC|Al-Wehda]]|clubnat=KSA|}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=GK|name=[[Mehdi Benabid]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|1|24|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[AS FAR (football club)|AS FAR]]|clubnat=MAR}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Achraf Hakimi]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|11|4|df=y}}|caps=69|goals=8|club=[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]|clubnat=FRA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Noussair Mazraoui]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|11|14|df=y}}|caps=27|goals=2|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Nayef Aguerd]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|3|30|df=y}}|caps=35|goals=1|club=[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]|clubnat=ENG}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=DF|name=[[Romain Saïss]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|3|26|df=y}}|caps=79|goals=3|club=[[Al Shabab FC (Riyadh)|Al Shabab]]|clubnat=KSA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=DF|name=[[Yunis Abdelhamid]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|7|28|df=y}}|caps=13|goals=0|club=[[Stade de Reims|Reims]]|clubnat=FRA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=DF|name=[[Abdel Abqar]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|3|10|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Deportivo Alavés|Alavés]]|clubnat=SPA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=25|pos=DF|name=[[Yahia Attiyat Allah]]|age={{birth date and age|1995|3|2|df=y}}|caps=15|goals=0|club=[[Wydad AC]]|clubnat=MAR}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=26|pos=DF|name=[[Chadi Riad]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|7|17|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Real Betis]]|clubnat=ESP}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=27|pos=DF|name=[[Mohamed Chibi]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|1|21|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Pyramids FC|Pyramids]]|clubnat=EGY}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=MF|name=[[Sofyan Amrabat]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|8|21|df=y}}|caps=51|goals=0|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=MF|name=[[Azzedine Ounahi]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|4|19|df=y}}|caps=23|goals=4|club=[[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]]|clubnat=FRA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=MF|name=[[Amine Harit]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|6|18|df=y}}|caps=21|goals=1|club=[[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]]|clubnat=FRA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=MF|name=[[Ismael Saibari]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|1|28|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[PSV Eindhoven]]|clubnat=NED}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Oussama El Azzouzi]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|5|29|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]]|clubnat=ITA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=MF|name=[[Selim Amallah]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|11|15|df=y}}|caps=34|goals=4|club=[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]|clubnat=SPA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=MF|name=[[Bilal El Khannous]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|5|10|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[K.R.C. Genk|Genk]]|clubnat=BEL}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=24|pos=MF|name=[[Amir Richardson]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|1|24|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Stade de Reims|Reims]]|clubnat=FRA}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=FW|name=[[Hakim Ziyech]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|3|19|df=y}}|caps=56|goals=21|club=[[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]]|clubnat=TUR}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Tarik Tissoudali]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|4|2|df=y}}|caps=13|goals=2|club=[[K.A.A. Gent|Gent]]|clubnat=BEL|}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=FW|name=[[Abdessamad Ezzalzouli|Abde Ezzalzouli]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|12|17|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=[[Real Betis]]|clubnat=SPA}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=FW|name=[[Sofiane Boufal]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|9|17|df=y}}|caps=44|goals=8|club=[[Al-Rayyan SC|Al-Rayyan]]|clubnat=QAT}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=FW|name=[[Youssef En-Nesyri]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|6|1|df=y}}|caps=65|goals=20|club=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|clubnat=ESP}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=FW|name=[[Ayoub El Kaabi]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|6|25|df=y}}|caps=28|goals=10|club=[[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]]|clubnat=GRE}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=FW|name=[[Amine Adli]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|5|10|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> ===Recent call-ups===<br /> The following players have been called up for the team in the last 12 months.<br /> &lt;!--Sorted by position, most recent call-up, caps, goals and last name.--&gt;<br /> {{nat fs r start|background=#000000|color=#ffffff}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Anas Zniti]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|8|28|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Raja CA]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Youssef El Motie]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|12|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Wydad AC]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Amine El Ouaad]]|age={{birth date and age|1995|12|8|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[RS Berkane]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Rachid Ghanimi]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|4|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Ahmed Reda Tagnaouti]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|4|5|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Maghreb de Fès|MAS]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=v. {{fb|BRA}}, 25 March 2023}} &lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jawad El Yamiq]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|2|29|df=y}}|caps=18|goals=2|club=[[Al Wehda FC|Al Wehda]]|clubnat=KSA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Adam Masina]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|1|2|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=0|club=[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Samy Mmaee]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|9|8|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=0|club=[[Ferencvárosi TC|Ferencváros]]|clubnat=HUN|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Achraf Dari]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|5|6|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=1|club=[[Stade Brestois 29|Brest]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Hamza El Moussaoui]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|4|7|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=1|club=[[MA Tétouan|Moghreb Tétouan]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Badr Benoun]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|9|30|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Qatar SC]]|clubnat=QAT|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Ayoub El Amloud]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|4|8|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Wydad AC]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Omar El Hilali]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|9|12|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Ismaël Kandouss]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|11|12|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[K.A.A. Gent|Gent]]|clubnat=BEL|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Fahd Moufi]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|5|5|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[HNK Hajduk Split|Hajduk Split]]|clubnat=CRO|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Ayoub Amraoui]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|5|14|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[OGC Nice|Nice]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=v. {{fb|PER}}, 28 March 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Nordin Amrabat]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|3|31|df=y}}|caps=64|goals=7|club=[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]|clubnat=GRE|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Ilias Chair]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|10|30|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=1|club=[[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Yahya Jabrane]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|6|18|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Wydad AC]]|clubnat=MAR|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Youssef Maleh]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|8|22|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Empoli FC|Empoli]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Yassine Kechta]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|2|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Le Havre AC|Le Havre]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Ilias Akhomach]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|4|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Benjamin Bouchouari]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|11|13|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[AS Saint-Étienne|Saint-Étienne]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Neil El Aynaoui]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|7|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[RC Lens|Lens]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Imran Louza]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|5|1|df=y}}|caps=15|goals=2|club=[[Watford F.C.|Watford]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Abdelhamid Sabiri]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|11|28|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=2|club=[[Al-Fayha FC|Al-Fayha]]|clubnat=KSA|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Abderrazak Hamdallah]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|12|17|df=y}}|caps=24|goals=6|club=[[Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]|clubnat=KSA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Ryan Mmaee]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|11|1|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=4|club=[[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Munir El Haddadi]]|age={{birth date and age|1995|9|1|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=2|club=[[UD Las Palmas|Las Palmas]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Walid Cheddira]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|1|22|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Frosinone Calcio|Frosinone]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Soufiane Rahimi]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|6|2|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Al Ain FC|Al Ain]]|clubnat=UAE|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mourad Batna]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|6|27|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Al Fateh SC|Al Fateh]]|clubnat=SAU|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Sofiane Diop]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|6|9|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[OGC Nice|Nice]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Ibrahim Salah (footballer, born 2001)|Ibrahim Salah]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|8|30|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Nabil Alioui]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|2|18|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Le Havre AC|Le Havre]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations]] &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Zakaria Aboukhlal]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|2|18|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=3|club=[[Toulouse FC|Toulouse]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=v. {{fb|BFA}}, 12 September 2023}}&lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Oussama Idrissi]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|2|26|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[C.F. Pachuca|Pachuca]]|clubnat=MEX|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Anass Zaroury]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|11|7|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 17 June 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> &lt;sup&gt;DEC&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; Player declined the call-up to the squad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; Did not make it to the current squad due to injury&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; Preliminary squad / standby&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;RET&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; Player retired from internationals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;SUS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; Player is suspended&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;WD&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; Player withdrew from the roster for non-injury related reasons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> ===Previous squads===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Africa Cup of Nations squads<br /> |-<br /> ! Squads<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1972 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[1976 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1976 squad]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |[[1978 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1978 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1980 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1986 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1986 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1988 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1988 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1992 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1992 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 1998 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2000 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2002 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2004 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2006 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2008 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 African Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2012 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Africa Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2013 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2017 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Africa Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2019 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Africa Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2021 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Africa Cup of Nations squads#Morocco|CAN 2023 squad]]<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| African Nations Championship squads<br /> |-<br /> ! Squads<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 African Nations Championship squads#Morocco|CHAN 2014 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 African Nations Championship squads#Morocco|CHAN 2016 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[2018 African Nations Championship squads#Morocco|CHAN 2018 squad]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[2020 African Nations Championship squads#Morocco|CHAN 2020 squad]]'''<br /> |}<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| FIFA World Cup squads<br /> |-<br /> ! Squads<br /> |-<br /> |[[1970 FIFA World Cup squads#Morocco|1970 FIFA World Cup squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1986 FIFA World Cup squads#Morocco|1986 FIFA World Cup squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1994 FIFA World Cup squads#Morocco|1994 FIFA World Cup squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 FIFA World Cup squads#Morocco|1998 FIFA World Cup squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 FIFA World Cup squads#Morocco|2018 FIFA World Cup squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 FIFA World Cup squads#Morocco|2022 FIFA World Cup squad]]<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Summer Olympics squads<br /> |-<br /> ! Squads<br /> |-<br /> |[[Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics&amp;nbsp;– Men's team squads#Morocco|Olympics 1964 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics&amp;nbsp;– Men's team squads#Morocco|Olympics 1972 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics&amp;nbsp;– Men's team squads#Morocco|Olympics 1984 squad]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics&amp;nbsp;– Men's team squads#Morocco|Olympics 2012 squad]]<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Player records==<br /> {{updated|21 November 2023}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mamrud |first1=Roberto |title=Morocco – Record International Players |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-recintlp.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204153950/https://rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-recintlp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :''Players in '''bold''' are still active with Morocco.''<br /> <br /> ===Most appearances===<br /> [[File:نور الدين النيبت.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Noureddine Naybet]] is Morocco's most capped player with 115 appearances]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;30px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Rank&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;150px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Player&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;50px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Caps&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;50px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Goals&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;100px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Career&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Noureddine Naybet]]<br /> | 115<br /> | 4<br /> | {{nowrap|1990–2006}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Ahmed Faras]]<br /> | 94<br /> | 36<br /> | 1966–1979<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |'''[[Romain Saïss]]'''<br /> | 79<br /> | 3<br /> | 2012–present<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Youssef Safri]]<br /> | 79<br /> | 8<br /> | 1999–2009<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Houssine Kharja]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 78<br /> | 12<br /> | 2004–2015<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Ezzaki Badou]]<br /> | 0<br /> | 1979–1992<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Abdelmajid Dolmy]]<br /> | 76<br /> | 2<br /> | 1973–1988<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|8<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Youssef Chippo]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 73<br /> | 9<br /> | 1996–2006<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Mohamed Hazzaz]]<br /> | 0<br /> | 1969–1979<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |[[Abdelkrim El Hadrioui]]<br /> | 72<br /> | 4<br /> | 1992–2001<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Top goalscorers===<br /> [[File:Ahmed Faras, Le360 - Jun 10, 2019.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ahmed Faras]] is Morocco's top scorer with 36 goals.]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;30px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Rank&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;150px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Player&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;50px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Goals&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;50px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Caps&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;50px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Ratio&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#C1272D&quot;; width=&quot;100px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Career&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Ahmed Faras]]<br /> | 36<br /> | 94<br /> |{{#expr:36/94 round 2}}<br /> | 1966–1979<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Salaheddine Bassir]]<br /> | 27<br /> | 59<br /> |{{#expr:27/59 round 2}}<br /> | 1994–2002<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''[[Hakim Ziyech]]'''<br /> | 21<br /> | 55<br /> |{{#expr:21/55 round 2}}<br /> | {{nowrap|2015–present}}<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''[[Youssef En-Nesyri]]'''<br /> | 20<br /> | 65<br /> |{{#expr:20/65 round 2}}<br /> | 2016–present<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Abdeljalil Hadda]]<br /> | 19<br /> | 48<br /> |{{#expr:19/48 round 2}}<br /> | 1995–2002<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Hassan Amcharrat]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 18<br /> | 39<br /> |{{#expr:18/39 round 2}}<br /> | 1971–1979<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Marouane Chamakh]]<br /> | 65<br /> |{{#expr:18/65 round 2}}<br /> | 2003–2014<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Abdeslam Laghrissi]]<br /> | 17<br /> | 35<br /> |{{#expr:17/35 round 2}}<br /> | 1984–1995<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|9<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''[[Youssef El-Arabi]]'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 16<br /> | 46<br /> |{{#expr:16/45 round 2}}<br /> | 2010–present<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Youssouf Hadji]]<br /> | 64<br /> |{{#expr:16/64 round 2}}<br /> | 2003–2012<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Competitive record==<br /> ===FIFA World Cup===<br /> {{main|Morocco at the FIFA World Cup}}<br /> <br /> Morocco's national football team has participated six times in the FIFA World Cup. Their best performance was in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] where they finished in fourth place, becoming the first African and Arab nation to reach the semi-finals of the tournament.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=9 style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |[[FIFA World Cup]] record<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;background:white&quot; rowspan=30|<br /> ! colspan=6 style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |[[FIFA World Cup qualification|Qualification]] record<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]]<br /> |colspan=8 rowspan=5|''Protectorate of {{Fb|France}}''<br /> |colspan=6 rowspan=5|''Protectorate of {{Fb|France}} ''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Italy|1861}} [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|France}} [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]]<br /> |colspan=8|''Did not enter''<br /> |colspan=6|''Did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Chile}} [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]]<br /> |colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |7<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |7<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|England}} [[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]]<br /> |colspan=8|''Withdrew''<br /> |colspan=6|''Withdrew''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]]<br /> |Group stage<br /> |14th<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |6<br /> |10<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |11<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|West Germany}} [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]]<br /> |colspan=8 rowspan=3|''Did not qualify''<br /> |10<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |12<br /> |13<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Spain}} [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]<br /> |8<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |5<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]<br /> |Round of 16<br /> |11th<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |8<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |12<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]]<br /> |colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |6<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Group stage<br /> |23rd<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |5<br /> |10<br /> |7<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |19<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|France|1974}} [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]]<br /> |18th<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |6<br /> |5<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |14<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Korea|1997}} {{flagicon|Japan}} [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]<br /> |colspan=8 rowspan=4|''Did not qualify''<br /> |10<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |11<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]<br /> |10<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |0<br /> |17<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]]<br /> |10<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |4<br /> |14<br /> |13<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]<br /> |6<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |9<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]<br /> |Group stage<br /> |27th<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |8<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |13<br /> |1<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]<br /> | '''Fourth place'''<br /> | '''4th'''<br /> | '''7'''<br /> | '''3'''<br /> | '''2'''<br /> | '''2'''<br /> | '''6'''<br /> | '''5'''<br /> |8<br /> |7<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |25<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Mexico}} {{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]<br /> |colspan=8|''To be determined''<br /> |colspan=6|''To be determined''<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border:3px solid red;&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} {{flagicon|Portugal}} {{flagicon|Spain}} [[2030 FIFA World Cup|2030]]<br /> |colspan=8|''Qualified as co-hosts''<br /> |colspan=6|''Qualified as co-hosts'' <br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[2034 FIFA World Cup|2034]]<br /> |colspan=8|''To be determined''<br /> |colspan=6|''To be determined''<br /> |-<br /> |- style=&quot;color:white;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |Fourth place<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |6/26<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |23<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |5<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |7<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |11<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |20<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |27<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |119<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |58<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |39<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |22<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |175<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013;&quot; |83<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Morocco's World Cup record<br /> |-<br /> !First Match<br /> |{{fb|MAR}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|FRG}}&lt;br/&gt; ([[León, Guanajuato|León]], Mexico; 3 June 1970)<br /> |-<br /> !Biggest Win<br /> |{{fb|MAR}} 3–0 {{fb-rt|SCO}}&lt;br/&gt; ([[Saint-Étienne]], France; 23 June 1998)<br /> |-<br /> !Biggest Defeat<br /> |{{fb|BRA}} 3–0 {{fb-rt|MAR}}&lt;br/&gt; ([[Nantes]], France; 16 June 1998)<br /> |-<br /> !Best Result<br /> |Fourth place ([[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]])<br /> |-<br /> !Worst Result<br /> |Group stage ([[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]])<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Africa Cup of Nations===<br /> {{main|Morocco at the Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |Africa Cup of Nations record<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;background:white&quot; rowspan=&quot;39&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |Qualification record<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[1957 Africa Cup of Nations|1957]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Not affiliated to CAF''<br /> |colspan=6 rowspan=2|''Not affiliated to CAF''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|United Arab Republic}} [[1959 Africa Cup of Nations|1959]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} [[1962 Africa Cup of Nations|1962]]||colspan=8|''Withdrew''<br /> |colspan=6|''Withdrew''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[1963 Africa Cup of Nations|1963]]||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |5<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Tunisia|1959}} [[1965 Africa Cup of Nations|1965]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Did not enter''<br /> |colspan=6 rowspan=2|''Did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} [[1968 Africa Cup of Nations|1968]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[1970 Africa Cup of Nations|1970]]||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Cameroon|1961}} [[1972 Africa Cup of Nations|1972]]||Group stage||5th||3||0||3||0||3||3<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |9<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt|1972}} [[1974 Africa Cup of Nations|1974]]||colspan=8|''Did not enter''<br /> |colspan=6|''Did not enter''<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1975}} [[1976 Africa Cup of Nations|1976]]||'''Champions'''||'''1st'''||'''6'''||'''4'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''11'''||'''6'''<br /> |6<br /> |4<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |13<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[1978 Africa Cup of Nations|1978]]||Group stage||6th||3||1||1||1||2||4<br /> |colspan=6|''Qualified as defending champions''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[1980 Africa Cup of Nations|1980]]||'''Third place'''||'''3rd'''||'''5'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''4'''||'''3'''<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |14<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[1982 Africa Cup of Nations|1982]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Did not qualify''<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |8<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[1984 Africa Cup of Nations|1984]]<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[1986 Africa Cup of Nations|1986]]||'''Fourth place'''||'''4th'''||'''5'''||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''4'''||'''5'''<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[1988 Africa Cup of Nations|1988]]||'''Fourth place'''||'''4th'''||'''5'''||'''1'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''3'''||'''3'''<br /> |colspan=6|''Qualified as hosts''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[1990 Africa Cup of Nations|1990]]||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[1992 Africa Cup of Nations|1992]]||Group stage||9th||2||0||1||1||1||2<br /> |6<br /> |4<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |11<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Tunisia|1959}} [[1994 Africa Cup of Nations|1994]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Did not qualify''<br /> |6<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |5<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[1996 Africa Cup of Nations|1996]]<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[1998 Africa Cup of Nations|1998]]||Quarter-finals||6th||4||2||1||1||6||3<br /> |6<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |10<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ghana}} {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[2000 Africa Cup of Nations|2000]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Group stage<br /> ||11th<br /> ||3<br /> ||1<br /> ||1<br /> ||1<br /> ||1<br /> ||2<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |6<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Mali}} [[2002 Africa Cup of Nations|2002]]<br /> ||9th<br /> ||3<br /> ||1<br /> ||1<br /> ||1<br /> ||3<br /> ||4<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |5<br /> |4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[2004 Africa Cup of Nations|2004]]||'''[[2004 Africa Cup of Nations Final|Runners-up]]'''<br /> ||'''2nd'''<br /> ||'''6'''<br /> ||'''4'''<br /> ||'''1'''<br /> ||'''1'''<br /> ||'''14'''<br /> ||'''4'''<br /> |6<br /> |5<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |10<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Group stage<br /> |13th<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |''10''<br /> |''5''<br /> |''5''<br /> |''0''<br /> |''17''<br /> |''7''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]]<br /> |11th<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |7<br /> |6<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |6<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Angola}} [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]]||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |''10''<br /> |''3''<br /> |''3''<br /> |''4''<br /> |''14''<br /> |''13''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} {{flagicon|Gabon}} [[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Group stage<br /> |12th<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |5<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |8<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]]<br /> ||10th||3||0||3||0||3||3<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[2015 Africa Cup of Nations|2015]]||colspan=8|''Disqualified''<br /> |colspan=6|''Originally qualified as hosts, then disqualified''<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Gabon}} [[2017 Africa Cup of Nations|2017]]||Quarter-finals||7th||4||2||0||2||4||3<br /> |6<br /> |5<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |10<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations|2019]]||Round of 16||9th||4||3||1||0||4||1<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |8<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations|2021]]||Quarter-finals||5th||5||3||1||1||8||5<br /> |6<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |10<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations|2023]]||colspan=8|''Qualified''<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |8<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[2025 Africa Cup of Nations|2025]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;8&quot; |''Qualified as hosts''<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Qualified as hosts''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Kenya}} {{flagicon|Tanzania}} {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[2027 Africa Cup of Nations|2027]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;8&quot; |''To be determined''<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''To be determined''<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1 Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |20/36<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |70<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |27<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |24<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |19<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |82<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |63<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |122<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |66<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |31<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |25<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |190<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |84<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===African Nations Championship===<br /> {{main|Morocco A' national football team}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |African Nations Championship<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;background:white&quot; rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |Qualification record<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[2009 African Nations Championship|2009]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Did not qualify''<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |5<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[2011 African Nations Championship|2011]]<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2014 African Nations Championship|2014]]||Quarter-finals||8th||4||1||2||1||7||6<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[2016 African Nations Championship|2016]]||Group stage||10th||3||1||1||1||4||2<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |11<br /> |3<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[2018 African Nations Championship|2018]]||'''Champions'''||'''1st'''||'''6'''||'''5'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''16'''||'''2'''<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[2020 African Nations Championship|2020]]||'''Champions'''||'''1st'''||'''6'''||'''5'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''15'''||'''3'''<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[2022 African Nations Championship|2022]]||colspan=8|''Withdrew''<br /> | colspan=6|''Qualified''<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |2 titles<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |4/6<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |19<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |12<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |5<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |2<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |42<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |13<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |16<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |7<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |8<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |27<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |14<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Olympic games===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:40%&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;color:white; background:#ED1C24;&quot; |Summer Olympics<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Football at the 1896 Summer Olympics|1896]]–[[Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics|1908]]||colspan=8|''Not affiliated''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1908]]–[[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]||colspan=8|''Protectorat of France''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Japan|1870}} [[Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]||Round 1||13||2||0||0||2||1||9<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]||colspan=8|''Qualified, but withdrew''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|West Germany}} [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]||Round 2||8||6||1||1||4||7||14<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]||Round 1||12||3||1||0||2||1||4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Korea|1984}} [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> |Since [[Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]||colspan=8|''See [[Morocco national under-23 football team]]''<br /> |-|-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Round 2<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |7/26<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |23<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |3<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |5<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |15<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |17<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |48<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * Football at the Summer Olympics has been an [[Morocco national under-23 football team|under-23]] tournament since the 1992 edition.<br /> <br /> ===All-Africa Games===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:40%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |All-Africa Games<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Congo|1970}} [[Football at the 1965 All-Africa Games|1965]]||colspan=8 rowspan=11|''Did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Football at the 1973 All-Africa Games|1973]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Football at the 1978 All-Africa Games|1978]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Football at the 1987 All-Africa Games|1987]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Football at the 1991 All-Africa Games|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Football at the 1995 All-Africa Games|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Football at the 1999 All-Africa Games|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Football at the 2003 All-Africa Games|2003]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Football at the 2007 All-Africa Games|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Football at the 2011 All-Africa Games|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Congo}} [[Football at the 2015 All-Africa Games|2015]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Football at the 2019 African Games – Men's tournament|2019]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||1||1||3||4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Football at the 2023 All-Africa Games|2023]]|| colspan=&quot;8&quot; |''To be determined''<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |All Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Group stage<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1/12<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |3<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |3<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |4<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * &lt;small&gt;Prior to the [[1991 All-Africa Games|Cairo 1991]] campaign, the [[Football at the All-Africa Games]] was open to full senior national teams.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mediterranean Games===<br /> ''1951 to 1987 senior teams, from 1991 youth teams.''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:60%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Mediterranean Games<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt|1922}} [[Football at the 1951 Mediterranean Games|1951]]||colspan=8 rowspan=3|''Did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Spain|1945}} [[Football at the 1955 Mediterranean Games|1955]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Football at the 1959 Mediterranean Games|1959]]<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Football at the 1963 Mediterranean Games|1963]]||'''Fourth place'''||'''4th'''||'''4'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''2'''||'''4'''||'''6'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Football at the 1967 Mediterranean Games|1967]]||Group stage||7th||3||1||0||2||4||6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Football at the 1971 Mediterranean Games|1971]]||colspan=8|''Disqualified''<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Football at the 1975 Mediterranean Games|1975]]||'''Fourth place'''||'''4th'''||'''5'''||'''1'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''3'''||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Football at the 1979 Mediterranean Games|1979]]||Group stage||6th||3||0||2||1||2||3<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Football at the 1983 Mediterranean Games|1983]]||[[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px]] '''Gold Medal'''||'''1st'''||'''4'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''8'''||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Football at the 1987 Mediterranean Games|1987]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||1||1||2||2<br /> |-<br /> |Since [[Football at the 1991 Mediterranean Games|1991]]<br /> |colspan=8|''See [[Morocco national under-23 football team]] or [[Morocco national under-20 football team]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |2 Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |7/10<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |22<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |8<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |8<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |6<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |23<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |21<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Arab Games===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:40%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Arab Games<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt|1922}} [[Football at the 1953 Arab Games|1953]]||colspan=8|''Did not enter''<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Football at the 1957 Arab Games|1957]]||'''Fourth place'''||'''4th'''||'''4'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''12'''||'''6'''<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Football at the 1961 Arab Games|1961]]||[[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px]] '''Gold Medal'''||'''1st'''||'''5'''||'''5'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''26'''||'''6'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UAR}} [[Football at the 1965 Arab Games|1965]]||colspan=8|''Did not enter''<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Syria|1972}} [[Football at the 1976 Arab Games|1976]]||[[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px]] '''Gold Medal'''||'''1st'''||'''6'''||'''4'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''12'''||'''0'''<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Football at the 1985 Arab Games|1985]]||[[File:Silver medal icon.svg|16px]] '''Silver Medal'''||'''2nd'''||'''5'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''9'''||'''3'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[1992 Arab Cup|1992]]||colspan=8 rowspan=3|''Did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Football at the 1997 Arab Games|1997]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Football at the 1999 Arab Games|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[2004 Arab Games|2004]]||colspan=8|''No football tournament''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Football at the 2007 Arab Games|2007]]||colspan=8 rowspan=3|''Did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Football at the 2011 Arab Games|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Football at the 2023 Arab Games|2023]]<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |2 titles<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |4/12<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |20<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |14<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |5<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |59<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |15<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===FIFA Arab Cup===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:40%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |FIFA Arab Cup<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Round<br /> !Position<br /> !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[1963 Arab Cup|1963]]||colspan=8 rowspan=6|''Did not participate''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[1964 Arab Cup|1964]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[1966 Arab Cup|1966]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[1985 Arab Cup|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[1988 Arab Cup|1988]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[1992 Arab Cup|1992]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[1998 Arab Cup|1998]]<br /> | Group stage<br /> |5th<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[2002 Arab Cup|2002]]<br /> | '''Third place'''<br /> |'''3rd'''<br /> |'''5'''<br /> |'''1'''<br /> |'''2'''<br /> |'''2'''<br /> |'''5'''<br /> |'''6'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|}} [[2009 Arab Cup|2009]]||colspan=8|''Cancelled''<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[2012 Arab Cup|2012]]<br /> | '''Champions'''<br /> |'''1st'''<br /> |'''5'''<br /> |'''4'''<br /> |'''1'''<br /> |'''0'''<br /> |'''11'''<br /> |'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|QAT}} [[2021 FIFA Arab Cup|2021]]<br /> | Quarter-finals<br /> |5th<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |11<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |1 Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |4/10<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |16<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |9<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |4<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |3<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |29<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |12<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Minor tournaments===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:70%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Round<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Position<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |{{Tooltip|W|Won}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Tunisia}} 1958 Djamila Bouhired Tournament||Third place||3rd||2||1||0||1||3||3<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Libya}} [[1964 Tripoli Fair Tournament]]||Third place||3rd||4||2||0||2||5||5<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} 1965 [[World Military Cup]]||Third place||3rd||3||1||1||1||3||5<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Libya}} 1965 [[Tripoli Fair Tournament]]||Third place||3rd||3||1||1||1||2||1<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} 1966 [[World Military Cup]]||Runners-up||2nd||3||0||1||2||1||4<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Libya}} [[1966 Tripoli Fair Tournament]]||'''Winners'''||1st||4||3||0||1||4||5<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|BEL}} 1967 [[World Military Cup]]||Third place||3rd||-||-||-||-||-||-<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[1974 Kuneitra Cup]]||'''Winners'''||1st||7||6||1||0||16||5<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[:ms:Pestabola Merdeka 1980|1980 Merdeka Tournament]]||'''Winners'''||1st||8||5||2||1||15||7<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|China}} 1982 Beijing International Friendship Tournaments||'''Winners'''||1st||5||1||4||0||7||6<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} [[:es:Copa Nehru 1985|1985 Nehru Cup]]||Semi-finals||3rd||4||2||1||1||7||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[1987 President's Cup Football Tournament]]||Group stage||6th||5||2||0||3||6||6<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|France|1974}} [[1988 Tournoi de France]]||Runners-up||2nd||2||1||0||1||4||3<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|ITA}} 1989 [[World Military Cup]]||Runners-up||2nd||3||1||1||1||3||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} 1993 [[World Military Cup]]||Runners-up||2nd||5||4||0||1||16||5<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|UAE}} 1994 [[Friendship Tournament]]||Runners-up||2nd||3||1||2||0||4||3<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|UAE}} 1996 [[Friendship Tournament]]||Runners-up||2nd||3||1||1||1||4||3<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[1996 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament]]||Third place||3rd||2||1||1||0||4||2<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament]]||Third place||3rd||2||0||1||1||2||3<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|GUI}} 1998 [[African Military Cup]]||Fourth place||4th||-||-||-||-||-||-<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[1999 LG Cup (Morocco)]]||Runners-up||2nd||2||1||0||1||2||2<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament]]||Runners-up||2nd||2||1||0||1||2||5<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|UAE}} 2001 [[Friendship Tournament]]||'''Winners'''||1st||3||1||2||0||6||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[2002 LG Cup (Morocco)]]||Third place||3rd||2||1||1||0||2||0<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Iran}} [[2002 LG Cup (Iran)]]||Third place||3rd||2||0||2||0||1||1<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|QAT}} 2004 [[Qatar International Friendship Tournament]]||'''Winners'''||1st||5||4||0||1||9||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[2011 LG Cup (Morocco)]]||Third place||3rd||2||0||1||1||1||2<br /> |- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|France|1974}} [[2015 Toulon Tournament]]||Runners-up||2nd||5||2||2||1||9||7<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |6 Titles<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |28/28<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |91<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |43<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |25<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |23<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |138<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E70013; color:white;&quot; |98<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Head-to-head performance==<br /> ''Correct as of 21 November 2023.''<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !width=200|Team<br /> !width=12|Confederation<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|W|Wins}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|D|Draws}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|L|Losses}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|GD|goal difference}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|Win%|Win percentage}}<br /> !width=30|{{Tooltip|Loss%|Loss percentage}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ALB}} || [[UEFA]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ALG}} || [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] || 36 || 11 || 12 || 9 || 31|| 32|| +22 || {{#expr:17/36*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:7/36*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ANG}} || CAF || 7 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 11 || 7 || +4 || {{#expr:4/7*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/7*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|ARG}} || [[CONMEBOL]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ARM}} || UEFA || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || +6 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|AUS}} || [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|AUT}} || UEFA || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BHR}} || AFC || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || +5 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BEL}} || UEFA || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 6 || 6 || 0 || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BEN}} || CAF || 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 20 || 3 || +17 || {{#expr:5/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BOT}} || CAF || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || +2 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|BRA}} || CONMEBOL || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 8 || −6 || {{#expr:1/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BUL}} || UEFA || 6 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 10 || 5 || +5 || {{#expr:2/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BFA}} || CAF || 12 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 17 || 6 || +11 || {{#expr:8/12*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/12*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|BDI}} || CAF || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|CMR}} || CAF || 13 || 2 || 5 || 6 || 10 || 12 || −2 || {{#expr:2/13*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:6/13*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CAN}} || [[CONCACAF]] || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 10 || 4 || +6 || {{#expr:3/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CPV}} || CAF || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 1 || +3 || {{#expr:2/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CAR}} || CAF || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 10 || 1 || +9 || {{#expr:3/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CHI}} || CONMEBOL || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CHN}} || AFC || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 3 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|COL}} || CONMEBOL || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2 || −2 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|COM}} || CAF || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 2 || +3 || {{#expr:2/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CGO}} || CAF || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 2 || +4 || {{#expr:3/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CRC}} || CONCACAF || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || +1 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|CRO}} || UEFA || 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 4 || −1 || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CZE}} || UEFA || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|DEN}} || UEFA || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 5 || 0 || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|COD}} || CAF || 16 || 5 || 8 || 3 || 22 || 11 || +11 || {{#expr:5/16*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/16*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GDR}} || UEFA || 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 8 || 5 || +3 || {{#expr:3/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|EGY}} || CAF || 30 || 14 || 12 || 4 || 35 || 18 || +17 || {{#expr:14/30*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:4/30*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|ENG}} || UEFA || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|EQG}} || CAF || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 2 || +2 || {{#expr:4/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|EST}} || UEFA || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || +2 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ETH}} || CAF || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 16 || 0 || +16 || {{#expr:7/7*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/7*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|FIN}} || UEFA || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|FRA}} || UEFA || 6 || 0 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 14 || −8 || {{#expr:0/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:4/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GAB}} || CAF || 19 || 9 || 4 || 6 || 38 || 20 || +18 || {{#expr:9/19*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:6/19*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GAM}} || CAF || 8 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 2 || +12 || {{#expr:6/8*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/8*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GEO}} || UEFA || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || +3 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|GER}}{{efn-ua|Includes {{fb|FRG}}}} || UEFA || 6 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 3 || 17 || −14 || {{#expr:0/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:6/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GHA}} || CAF || 11 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 8 || 8 || 0 || {{#expr:5/11*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/11*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GRE}} || UEFA || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GUI}} || CAF || 14 || 6 || 6 || 2 || 19 || 12 || +7 || {{#expr:6/14*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/14*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|GNB}} || CAF || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 0 || +8 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|HKG}} || AFC || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|HUN}} || UEFA || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 12 || −10 || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|IND}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || +1 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|IDN}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || +2 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|IRN}} || AFC || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|IRQ}} || AFC || 10 || 3 || 4 || 3 || 6 || 10 || −4 || {{#expr:3/10*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/10*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|ITA}} || UEFA || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|CIV}} || CAF || 22 || 7 || 8 || 7 || 28 || 26 || +2 || {{#expr:7/22*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:7/22*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|JAM}} || CONCACAF || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || +1 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|JOR}} || AFC || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 12 || 2 || +10 || {{#expr:4/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|KEN}} || CAF || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 10 || 2 || +8 || {{#expr:3/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|KUW}} || AFC || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 14 || 9 || +5 || {{#expr:3/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|LIB}} || AFC || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 2 || +3 || {{#expr:2/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|LBR}} || CAF || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 14 || 3 || +11 || {{#expr:4/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|LBY}} || CAF || 20 || 10 || 6 || 4 || 34 || 18 || +16 || {{#expr:10/20*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:4/20*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|LUX}} || UEFA || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 1 || +5 || {{#expr:3/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MWI}} || CAF || 11 || 7 || 3 || 1 || 17 || 4 || +13 || {{#expr:7/11*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/11*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MAS}} || AFC || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 9 || 4 || +5 || {{#expr:2/4*100 round 2}}% || 50%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MLI}} || CAF || 20 || 9 || 6 || 5 || 33 || 12 || +21 || {{#expr:9/20*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:5/20*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MLT}} || UEFA || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 7 || 4 || +3 || {{#expr:2/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MTN}} || CAF || 10 || 7 || 3 || 0 || 27 || 5 || +22 || {{#expr:7/10*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/10*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MEX}} || CONCACAF || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || +1 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MOZ}} || CAF || 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 11 || 2 || +9 || {{#expr:3/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|MYA}} || AFC || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|NAM}} || CAF || 7 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 15 || 2 || +13 || {{#expr:6/7*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/7*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|NED}} || UEFA || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 4 || 5 || −1 || {{#expr:1/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|NZL}} || [[Oceanian Football Confederation|OFC]] || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || +6 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|NIG}} || CAF || 7 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 16 || 2 || +14 || {{#expr:6/7*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/7*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|NGA}} || CAF || 11 || 6 || 2 || 3 || 14 || 8 || +6 || {{#expr:6/11*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/11*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|NIR}} || UEFA || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 ||−1 || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|NOR}} || UEFA || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|OMA}} || AFC || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|PLE}} || AFC || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || +7 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|PAR}} || CONMEBOL || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|PER}} || CONMEBOL || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || −3 || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|POL}} || UEFA || 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 9 || −6 || {{#expr:1/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|POR}} || UEFA || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 2 || +2 || {{#expr:2/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|QAT}} || AFC || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || +1 || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|IRL}} || UEFA || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ROU}} || UEFA || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 5 || −2 || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|RUS}}{{efn-ua|Includes {{fb|URS}}}} || UEFA || 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 7 || −4 || {{#expr:0/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|RWA}} || CAF || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 4 || +3 || {{#expr:2/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|STP}} || CAF || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || +5 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|KSA}} || AFC || 8 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 17 || 7 || +10 || {{#expr:3/8*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/8*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SCO}} || UEFA || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || +3 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SEN}} || CAF || 30 || 17 || 6 || 7 || 41 || 18 || +23 || {{#expr:17/30*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:7/30*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|SRB}}{{efn-ua|Includes {{fb|YUG}}}} || UEFA || 6 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 5 || 12 || −7 || {{#expr:1/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:4/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SLE}} || CAF || 7 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 14 || 0 || +14 || {{#expr:6/7*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/7*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SIN}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || +1 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SVK}} || UEFA || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 0 || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SOM}} || CAF || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || +3 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|RSA}} || CAF || 8 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 10 || 12 || −2 || {{#expr:2/8*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/8*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|KOR}} || AFC || 6 || 1 || 4 || 1 || 10 || 9 || +1 || {{#expr:1/6*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/6*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|South Yemen}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|ESP}} || UEFA || 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 6 || −2 || {{#expr:0/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SUD}} || CAF || 7 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 9 || 3 || 0 || {{#expr:3/7*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/7*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SUI}} || UEFA || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 2 || +4 || {{#expr:3/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|SYR}} || AFC || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || +6 || {{#expr:3/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|TAN}} || CAF || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 9 || 5 || +4 || {{#expr:4/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|THA}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || +1 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|TOG}} || CAF || 12 || 6 || 3 || 3 || 22 || 11 || +11 || {{#expr:6/12*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:3/12*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|TRI}} || CONCACAF || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || {{#expr:3/3*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/3*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|TUN}} || CAF || 50 || 13 || 28 || 9 || 53 || 46 || +7 || {{#expr:13/50*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:9/50*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|UGA}} || CAF || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 10 || 8 || +2 || {{#expr:2/4*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/4*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> |{{fb|UKR}} || UEFA || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|UAE}} || AFC || 5 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 6 || 4 || +2 || {{#expr:2/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#FFCCCC<br /> |{{fb|URU}} || CONMEBOL || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2 || −2 || {{#expr:0/2*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:2/2*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|USA}} || CONCACAF || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 6 || 5 || +1 || {{#expr:3/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:1/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|UZB}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || +2 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|YEM}} || AFC || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || +4 || {{#expr:1/1*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/1*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ZAM}} || CAF || 18 || 10 || 2 || 6 || 23 || 18 || +5 || {{#expr:10/18*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:6/18*100 round 2}}%<br /> |-bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> |{{fb|ZIM}} || CAF || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 2 || +4 || {{#expr:3/5*100 round 2}}% || {{#expr:0/5*100 round 2}}%<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> !Total ()<br /> ! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! % || – || –<br /> |}<br /> ;Notes<br /> {{notelist-ua}}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> {{col-begin|width=100%}}<br /> {{Col-3}}<br /> <br /> === Major competitions ===<br /> *[[File:Coppa Africa.svg|18px]] '''[[Africa Cup of Nations]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afrchamp.html|access-date=3 October 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002133729/https://rsssf.org/tablesa/afrchamp.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[File:Gold medal africa.svg|15px]] '''Champions:''' [[1976 Africa Cup of Nations|1976]]<br /> ** [[File:Silver medal africa.svg|15px]] Runner-up: [[2004 Africa Cup of Nations|2004]]<br /> ** [[File:Bronze medal africa.svg|15px]] Third-place: [[1980 Africa Cup of Nations|1980]]<br /> *'''[[African Nations Championship]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Championship|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/00allanch.html|access-date=3 October 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006014908/https://rsssf.org/tables/00allanch.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[File:Gold medal africa.svg|15px]] '''Champions:''' [[2018 African Nations Championship|2018]], [[2020 African Nations Championship|2020]]<br /> *'''[[FIFA Arab Cup]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Arab cup |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabcup.html |website=Rsssf |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131231630/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabcup.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** {{Gold1}} '''Champions:''' [[2012 Arab Cup|2012]]<br /> ** {{Bronze3}} Third-place: [[2002 Arab Cup|2002]]<br /> *'''[[Football at the Arab Games|Arab Games]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arab Games Overview|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabgam.html|access-date=3 October 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930231029/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabgam.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** {{Gold1}} '''Gold Medal:''' [[Football at the 1961 Arab Games|1961]], [[Football at the 1976 Arab Games|1976]]<br /> ** {{Silver2}} Silver Medal: [[Football at the 1985 Arab Games|1985]]<br /> *'''[[Kuneitra Cup]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kuneitra Cup 1974 (Syria)|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuneitra74.html|access-date=22 June 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=27 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030427093836/http://rsssf.com/tablesk/kuneitra74.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** {{Gold1}} '''Gold Medal:''' [[1974 Kuneitra Cup|1974]]<br /> *'''[[Football at the Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mediterranean Cup and Mediterranean Games – Overview|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/medgames.html|access-date=3 October 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005235543/https://rsssf.org/tablesm/medgames.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[File:Gold MedGames.svg|15px]] '''Gold Medal:''' [[Football at the 1983 Mediterranean Games|1983]]<br /> {{Col-3}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:30%; font-size:90%; text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Competition !!{{gold1}} !!{{silver2}} !!{{bronze3}} !!Total<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Africa Cup of Nations]]<br /> |1 || 1 || 1 || 3<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[African Nations Championship]]<br /> |2 || 0 || 0 || 2<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[FIFA Arab Cup]]<br /> |1 || 0 || 1 || 2<br /> |-<br /> ! Total !! 4 !! 1 !! 2 !! 7<br /> |}<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> '''[[CAF Awards#African National Team of the Year|African National Team of the Year]]'''<br /> *{{Gold1}} First place: 1985, 1986, 1997, 2023<br /> *{{Silver2}} Second place: 1993, 1998, 2003, 2004<br /> *{{Bronze3}} Third place: 1980<br /> <br /> '''[[FIFA World Rankings#Best Mover of the Year|FIFA Best Mover of the Year]]'''<br /> *{{Gold1}} First place: 2022<br /> *{{Bronze3}} Third place: 1993<br /> <br /> ===Orders and decorations===<br /> *{{Flag|Morocco}}: Officers of the [[Order of the Throne]] (20 December 2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zouiten |first=Sara |title=King Mohammed VI Awards Atlas Lions with Wissams at Royal Reception |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/12/353140/king-mohammed-vi-awards-atlas-lions-with-wissams-at-royal-reception |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224121217/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/12/353140/king-mohammed-vi-awards-atlas-lions-with-wissams-at-royal-reception |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=King receives members of national soccer team, decorates them with Royal wissams |url=https://en.hespress.com/55519-king-receives-members-of-national-soccer-team-decorates-them-with-royal-wissams.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=HESPRESS English – Morocco News |language=en-US |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225111556/https://en.hespress.com/55519-king-receives-members-of-national-soccer-team-decorates-them-with-royal-wissams.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Barbary lion#Cultural significance|Cultural significance of the Atlas lion]]<br /> * [[Morocco A' national football team]]<br /> * [[Morocco national under-23 football team]]<br /> * [[Morocco national under-20 football team]]<br /> * [[Morocco national under-17 football team]]<br /> * [[Morocco women's national football team]]<br /> * [[List of Morocco football players in foreign leagues]]<br /> * [[Morocco national football team records and statistics]]<br /> <br /> ===Other football codes===<br /> * [[Morocco national futsal team]]<br /> * [[Morocco national beach soccer team]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Morocco national football team kits}}<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * [http://www.frmf.ma/ Official website] of Morocco's FA {{in lang|ar}}<br /> * [https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/MAR Morocco FIFA profile]<br /> * [https://www.cafonline.com/member-associations/mar/ Morocco CAF profile]<br /> * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro-intres.html RSSSF archive of results]<br /> <br /> {{Morocco national football team}}<br /> {{Morocco national football team matches}}<br /> {{National sports teams of Morocco}}<br /> {{Moroccan football}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title=Morocco FIFA World Cup squads<br /> | bg = #C1272D<br /> | fg = white<br /> | bordercolor = #006233<br /> |list1=<br /> {{Morocco squad 1970 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 1986 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 1994 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title=Morocco Africa Cup of Nations squads<br /> | bg = #C1272D<br /> | fg = white<br /> | bordercolor = #006233<br /> |list1=<br /> {{Morocco squad 1986 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 1988 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 1992 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 1998 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2000 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2002 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2004 African Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2006 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2008 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2012 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2013 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2017 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2019 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> {{Morocco squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}<br /> }}<br /> {{CAF teams}}<br /> {{UAFA Football}}<br /> {{UNAF Football}}<br /> {{Africa Cup of Nations winners}}<br /> {{African Nations Championship winners}}<br /> {{Men's Mediterranean Games Football winners}}<br /> {{FIFA Arab Cup winners}}<br /> {{Navboxes||title=Finalists|list1=<br /> {{1970 FIFA World Cup finalists}}<br /> {{1986 FIFA World Cup finalists}}<br /> {{1994 FIFA World Cup finalists}}<br /> {{1998 FIFA World Cup finalists}}<br /> {{2018 FIFA World Cup finalists}}<br /> {{2022 FIFA World Cup finalists}}<br /> {{2012 Africa Cup of Nations finalists}}<br /> {{2013 Africa Cup of Nations finalists}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Association football|Morocco}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Morocco National Football Team}}<br /> [[Category:Morocco national football team| ]]<br /> [[Category:African national association football teams]]<br /> [[Category:Africa Cup of Nations-winning countries|M]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Sserafim&diff=1177355745 Le Sserafim 2023-09-27T08:11:08Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Le Sserafim Tour &quot;Flame Rises&quot; */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|South Korean girl group}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Le Sserafim<br /> | image = 르세라핌 - 뮤직뱅크 출근길 직캠 MusicBank Fancam 220624.jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.15<br /> | landscape = yes<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Le Sserafim in June 2022&lt;br /&gt;From left to right: Kazuha, Yunjin, Sakura, Chaewon, and Eunchae<br /> | origin = [[Seoul]], South Korea<br /> | genre = [[K-pop]]<br /> | years_active = 2022–present<br /> | label = {{hlist|[[Source Music|Source]]|[[EMI Records|EMI]]/[[Universal Music Japan|Universal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.universal-music.co.jp/lesserafim/|title=LE SSERAFIM - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN|language=ja|publisher=[[Universal Music Japan]]|accessdate=November 28, 2022|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422131206/https://www.universal-music.co.jp/lesserafim/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Benjamin |first1=Jeff |title=Meet NewJeans: HYBE's Global Breakout Girl Group Where 'Everything Was Riding on Secrecy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/newjeans-interview-hybe-ador-girl-group-min-hee-jin-1235141512/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=24 September 2022 |date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921020020/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/newjeans-interview-hybe-ador-girl-group-min-hee-jin-1235141512/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://interscope.com/pages/iga-artist-hub|title=IGA Artist Hub|website=[[Interscope Records|interscope.com]]|publisher=[[Interscope Geffen A&amp;M Records|Interscope Geffen A&amp;M]]|accessdate=August 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | current_members = <br /> * [[Sakura Miyawaki|Sakura]]<br /> * [[Kim Chae-won|Chaewon]]<br /> * [[Huh Yun-jin|Yunjin]]<br /> * Kazuha<br /> * Eunchae<br /> | past_members = Garam<br /> | website = {{URL|https://sourcemusic.com/artist/profile/LE%20SSERAFIM|Official website}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Le Sserafim''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|_|ˈ|s|ɛr|ə|f|ɪ|m}} {{respell|luh|_|SERR|uh|fim}};&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fH4-8WO6aA4 |title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) Official Logo Motion |date=March 27, 2022 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Hybe Labels |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220080828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fH4-8WO6aA4 |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{korean|hangul=르세라핌|hanja=|rr=Leuserapim|mr=Lŭserap'im}}; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ル・セラフィム, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Ru Serafimu''; stylized in [[all caps]]) is a South Korean [[girl group]] formed by [[Source Music]]. The group consists of five members: [[Sakura Miyawaki|Sakura]], [[Kim Chae-won]], [[Huh Yun-jin]], Kazuha, and Hong Eun-chae. Originally a six-member group, Kim Ga-ram left the group on July 20, 2022, after the termination of her exclusive contract. Le Sserafim debuted on May 2, 2022, with the release of their first extended play, ''[[Fearless (Le Sserafim EP)|Fearless]].''<br /> <br /> ==Name==<br /> The group's name, Le Sserafim, is an [[anagram]] of the phrase &quot;I'm Fearless&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baek |first=Ji-eun |date=March 28, 2022 |script-title=ko:[공식] '사쿠라-김채원' 하이브 최초 걸그룹, 팀명은 '르세라핌' |trans-title=[Official] 'Sakura-Kim Chaewon' HYBE's first girl group, team name 'Le Sserafim' |url=https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202203280100172840010675&amp;servicedate=20220328 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Sports Chosun |language=ko |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034805/https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202203280100172840010675&amp;servicedate=20220328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===2011–2021: Pre-debut activities ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | image1 = SakuraMiyawakiProduce48.jpg<br /> | image2 = KimChaewonProduce48.jpg<br /> | image3 = HuhYunjinProduce48.jpg<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | total_width = 325<br /> | footer = From left to right: Sakura, Chaewon, and Yunjin during ''[[Produce 48]]'' in 2018<br /> | footer_align = <br /> | align = right<br /> }}<br /> [[Sakura Miyawaki|Sakura]] made her acting debut in the movie ''Ano Hito Ano Hi'' in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valley |first=Alicia |date=May 20, 2021 |title=IZ*ONE's Miyawaki Sakura Reveals Whether She'll Be Continuing Her Career In Japan Or Not |url=https://www.koreaboo.com/news/sakura-izone-miyawaki-career-stay-japan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610210339/https://www.koreaboo.com/news/sakura-izone-miyawaki-career-stay-japan/ |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=Koreaboo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, she joined the Japanese idol group [[HKT48]] as a first generation trainee. She was promoted to a full member of HKT48 Team H in 2012 and transferred to HKT48 Team KIV in 2014. After being with the group for 10 years, Sakura officially graduated on June 27, 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=You-mee|last=Hwang|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210513000969|title=[Today's K-pop] IZ*ONE's Miyawaki Sakura leaves Japanese team: report|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=May 13, 2021|access-date=May 14, 2021| archive-date=May 13, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513214828/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210513000969|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Wan-sik |date=May 17, 2021 |script-title=ko:사쿠라의 HKT48 졸업, 그리고 K팝 걸그룹 활동 [문완식 Shorts] |trans-title=Sakura's graduation from HKT48 and K-pop girl group activities [Moon Wan-sik Shorts] |url=https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2021051716330878837 |url-status=live |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Star News |language=ko |archive-date=May 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529121321/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2021051716330878837 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sakura, [[Kim Chae-won]] and [[Huh Yun-jin]] participated in the reality competition series ''[[Produce 48]]'' in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=June 15, 2018 |script-title=ko:[포토] 프로듀스 48 출연 연습생 미야와키 사쿠라(宮脇咲良) (PRODUCE 48) |trans-title=[Photo] Produce 48 Appearance Trainee Miyawaki Sakura (PRODUCE 48) |url=https://www.ajunews.com/view/20180615173316247 |url-status=live |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Aju Economic Daily |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618181423/http://www.ajunews.com/view/20180615173316247 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=유대길 |date=June 16, 2018 |script-title=ko:[포토] 프로듀스 48 출연 연습생 김채원 (PRODUCE 48) |trans-title=[Photo] Produce 48 trainee Kim Chae-won (PRODUCE 48) |url=https://www.ajunews.com/view/20180615183202330 |url-status=live |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Aju Economic Daily |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328213518/https://www.ajunews.com/view/20180615183202330 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=June 16, 2018 |script-title=ko:[포토] 프로듀스 48 출연 연습생 허윤진 (PRODUCE 48) |trans-title=[Photo] Produce 48 trainee Huh Yun-jin (PRODUCE 48) |url=https://www.ajunews.com/view/20180615181322315 |url-status=live |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Aju Economic Daily |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328213426/https://www.ajunews.com/view/20180615181322315 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yunjin represented [[Pledis Entertainment]], which at that time was not owned by [[Hybe Corporation]], the parent company of Source Music before May 2020, while Chaewon represented [[Woollim Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |script-title=ko:플레디스 애프터스쿨 이가은-허윤진, 눈물 자아낸 연습생 2인방 |url=http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=431686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034740/http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=431686 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |work=Top Star News | date=June 20, 2018 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |script-title=ko:울림엔터테인먼트 권은비-김소희-김수윤-김채원, 실력+외모 다 잡은 연습생 4인방 |url=http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=431268 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110407/http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=431268 |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |work=Top Star News | date=June 19, 2018 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; After finishing in second and tenth place, respectively, Sakura and Chaewon were named to the final lineup of the show's project girl group [[Iz*One]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ko:'프로듀스48' 장원영·사쿠라에 이채연까지&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;12人 반전의 최종순위[종합]|trans-title=From 'Produce 48' Jang Won-young, Sakura to Lee Chae-yeon&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;Final ranking of 12 people's reversal [Comprehensive]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&amp;aid=0003854996|via=Naver|publisher=Osen|language=ko|author=Park So-yeon|date=August 31, 2018|access-date=September 6, 2021|archive-date=September 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906080828/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&amp;aid=0003854996|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; promoting as members until its disbandment on April 29, 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Da-kyum|date=April 29, 2021|script-title=ko:아이즈원, 오늘(29일) 해체...2년 6개월 활동 마침표 [MK이슈]|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/star/musics/view/2021/04/413073/|trans-title=Iz*One, disbanded today (29th)... 2 years and 6 months of activity period|archive-date=April 29, 2021|access-date=March 27, 2022|work=Star Today|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429090518/https://www.mk.co.kr/star/musics/view/2021/04/413073/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yim |first=Hyun-su |date=September 2, 2018 |title=Meet the 12 members of IZ*ONE as 'Produce 48' wraps up |url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201809021454014894073_2 |url-status=live |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Kpop Herald |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091132/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201809021454014894073_2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yunjin finished in 26th place and was eliminated in episode 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ryu |first=Min-cheo |date=August 25, 2018 |script-title=ko:'프로듀스48' 순위 결과는? 1위 미야와키 사쿠라 '생존자 단 20명' |trans-title=What is the ranking result of 'Produce 48'? 1st place: Miyawaki Sakura &quot;Only 20 Survivors&quot; |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=111&amp;aid=0000531931 |url-status=live |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website= |publisher=JoyNews 24 |language=ko |via=Naver |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328213510/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=111&amp;aid=0000531931 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to joining the group, Kazuha was a professional ballerina, and after passing an audition, she was personally scouted by Big Hit Music founder [[Bang Si-hyuk]] during her studies at [[The National Ballet Academy of Amsterdam|Dutch National Ballet Academy]] in the [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 8, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:宮脇咲良らLE SSERAFIM、5人目はカズハ オランダでバレエを学んだ異色経歴 |trans-title=Miyawaki Sakura and her team LE SSERAFIM, the fifth being Kazuha, who studied ballet in the Netherlands, a unique career path |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2230765/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416201543/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2230765/full/ |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2022 |work=Oricon |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kazuha also previously attended the [[Moscow State Academy of Choreography|Bolshoi Academy]] in Moscow, Russia and the [[Royal Ballet School]] in the United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=The many talents of Lesserafim – 'BTS' little sisters' are K-pop's newest idols, but Sakura, Chaewon, Kim Garam, Kazuha, Huh Yun-jin and Hong Eun-chae can do everything from ballet to opera singing |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3178197/meet-lesserafims-six-members-bts-little-sister-making |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721032028/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3178197/meet-lesserafims-six-members-bts-little-sister-making |archive-date=July 21, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hong Eun-chae was a former student at Def Dance School for two years. She previously auditioned for [[JYP Entertainment]] and [[Pledis Entertainment]] before joining [[Source Music]] in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Choi Ji-won|date=April 18, 2022|title=Meet Hybe's first girl group: Le Sserafim|url=https://m.koreaherald.com/amp/view.php?ud=20220418000763|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517120704/http://m.koreaherald.com/amp/view.php?ud=20220418000763|archive-date=May 17, 2022|access-date=August 15, 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2022: ''Fearless'', Kim Ga-ram's departure, and ''Antifragile'' ===<br /> [[File:LE SSERAFIM logo.svg|thumb|left|upright|Le Sserafim's official logo]]<br /> On March 14, [[Source Music]] announced that they would launch a new girl group, with Sakura and Kim Chae-won set to be the first members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=March 14, 2021|script-title=ko:미야와키 사쿠라·김채원 하이브 합류 &quot;쏘스뮤직 걸그룹 데뷔|language=ko|trans-title=Miyawaki Sakura and Kim Chae-won join Hybe &quot;Source Music girl group debut&quot;|work=Star News|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003035384|url-status=live|access-date=March 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321012808/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003035384|archive-date=March 21, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Haley |date=March 14, 2022 |title=Ex-IZ*ONE members Miyawaki Sakura, Kim Chaewon sign with Source Music |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/03/14/entertainment/kpop/Miyawaki-Sakura-Kim-Chaewon-IZONE/20220314115220400.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326220403/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/03/14/entertainment/kpop/Miyawaki-Sakura-Kim-Chaewon-IZONE/20220314115220400.html |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[JoongAng Ilbo|Korea JoongAng Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 21, Hybe confirmed the group would officially debut in May.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeong |first=Ji-won |date=March 21, 2022 |script-title=ko:하이브 측 &quot;사쿠라·김채원 걸그룹, 5월 데뷔 목표&quot;(공식) |trans-title=Hybe side &quot;Sakura and Kim Chae-won girl group aim to debut in May&quot; (official) |url=https://m.joynews24.com/v/1462094 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Joynews24 |language=ko |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325061509/https://m.joynews24.com/v/1462094 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The members were revealed in &quot;The First Moment of Le Sserafim&quot; teasers from April 4 to April 9 (in order: Sakura,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Wan-shik |date=April 4, 2022 |script-title=ko:=르세라핌 사쿠라, 청순·도도·우아..Beautiful |trans-title=Le Seraphim Sakura, innocence, dodo, elegance..Beautiful |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0003041189 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404000213/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0003041189 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=Star News |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim Ga-ram,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Joo-hee |date=April 5, 2022 |script-title=ko:=르세라핌, 사쿠라 이어 김가람 공개…내일은 누구? |trans-title=Le Sserafim, Sakura and Kim Garam revealed… who tomorrow? |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/003/0011103426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034739/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/003/0011103426 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=Newsis |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hong Eun-chae,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahn |first=Byung-gil |date=April 6, 2022 |script-title=ko:르세라핌 홍은채 공개 '2006년생 입니다' |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/144/0000804110 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=Sports Trend |language=ko |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034739/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/144/0000804110 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim Chae-won,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kazuha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yoon |first=Sang-geun |date=April 8, 2022 |script-title=ko:르세라핌 5번째 멤버는 카즈하..네덜란드 발레 전공 '우아한 비주얼' |trans-title=The 5th member of Le Sserafim is Kazuha..Dutch ballet major 'Elegant Visual' |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0003042798 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=Star News |language=ko |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407234144/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0003042798 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Huh Yun-jin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahn |first=Hana |date=April 9, 2022 |script-title=ko:르세라핌, 마지막 멤버 허윤진 공개...일렉 기타 메고 '당당+열정' |trans-title=Le Sserafim, last member Huh Yun-jin revealed... Electric guitar carrying 'Dangdang + Passion' |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/057/0001654974 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=MBN Star |language=ko |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409010026/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/057/0001654974 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;). On April 13, Source Music announced that Le Sserafim would release their debut extended play (EP) ''[[Fearless (Le Sserafim EP)|Fearless]]'', on May 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 13, 2022 |title= |script-title=ko:르세라핌, 5월 2일 데뷔…하이브 '월클' 제작진 총출동 |trans-title=Le Sserafim to debut on 2 May... Hybe's 'Waltz' crew in full force |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001433859 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413011643/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001433859 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |work=X Sports News |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pre-orders for the EP surpassed 270,000 copies in seven days and 380,000 copies in sixteen days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Jung |first=Ga-young |date=April 30, 2022 |script-title=ko:르세라핌, 데뷔앨범 '피어리스' 선주문량 38만 장 돌파 |trans-title=Le Sserafim, debut album 'Fearless' exceeds 380,000 pre-Orders |url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/396/0000611745 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501170024/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/396/0000611745 |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |access-date=May 1, 2022 |work=Sports World |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the day of its release, ''Fearless'' sold more than 175,000 copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/k-pop-girl-group-le-sserafims-debut-album-breaks-chart-record-within-a-day|title=K-pop girl group Le Sserafim's debut album breaks chart record within a day|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|location=Singapore|date=3 May 2022|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=May 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503162313/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/k-pop-girl-group-le-sserafims-debut-album-breaks-chart-record-within-a-day|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 10, eight days after their debut, the group earned their first [[Music programs of South Korea|music show]] win on [[SBS MTV]]'s ''[[The Show (South Korean TV series)|The Show]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|script-title=ko:'더쇼' 르세라핌, 데뷔와 동시에 1위 &quot;첫 앨범부터 많은♥ 받아 감사&quot;[종합]|trans-title='The Show' Le Sserafim wins 1st place at the same time as their debut &quot;Thanks for giving us a lot of ♥ for our first album&quot;|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003052461|via=Naver|publisher=MT Star News|language=ko|last=Park|first=Soo-min|date=May 10, 2022|access-date=May 11, 2022|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511143041/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003052461|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to the group's debut, Kim Ga-ram became a subject of controversy. She was accused of bullying other students at her middle school and engaging in underage smoking and drinking. Hybe Corporation denied the allegations, claiming that Kim was the victim, not the perpetrator, of bullying. They expressed that they would take legal action against those who spread false rumors, and Kim was not removed from the debut lineup.&lt;ref name=&quot;straitstimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/le-sserafim-singer-kim-ga-ram-removed-from-group-over-bullying-allegations|title=Kim Ga-ram cut from K-pop group Le Sserafim over bullying allegations|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|location=[[Singapore]]|date=July 20, 2022|access-date=July 20, 2022|archive-date=July 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720113111/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/le-sserafim-singer-kim-ga-ram-removed-from-group-over-bullying-allegations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 20, Hybe Corporation and Source Music issued a joint statement regarding Kim Ga-ram's bullying allegations, announcing that she would take a hiatus due to the pending investigations and that Le Sserafim would temporarily promote as a five-member group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Le Sserafim's Kim Ga-ram takes a break due to scandal |website=The Korea Joongang Daily |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/05/20/entertainment/kpop/korea-kim-garam-le-sserafim/20220520163047541.html |access-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520073334/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/05/20/entertainment/kpop/korea-kim-garam-le-sserafim/20220520163047541.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 20, the companies announced that Kim Ga-ram would depart from the group and that her contract had been terminated, with Le Sserafim to continue as a five-member group.&lt;ref name=&quot;departure&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hankyung.com/entertainment/article/202207203699H|script-title=ko:하이브, '학폭 논란' 르세라핌 김가람 전속계약 해지 [공식]|trans-title=Hybe cancels exclusive contract with Le Sserafim's Kim Garam over 'school violence controversy' [Official]|newspaper=Hankyung News|language=Korean|date=July 20, 2022|access-date=July 20, 2022|archive-date=July 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720030643/https://www.hankyung.com/entertainment/article/202207203699H|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;straitstimes.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Le Sserafim released their second EP, [[Antifragile (EP)|''Antifragile'']], on October 17. It marks their first release as five members following Kim Ga-ram's departure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=July 20, 2022 |title=르세라핌(LESSERAFIM), 10월 17일 2집 'ANTIFRAGILE'로 컴백 |trans-title=Le Sserafim, comeback with 2nd album 'Antifragile' on October 17 |url=https://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=14740244 |access-date=September 18, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110142130/https://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=14740244 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The album reached number 14 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], thus becoming the fastest K-pop female group to make a debut on the chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/k-pop-stars-bts-have-the-most-no-1-hits-on-billboard-s-hot-100-chart-this-decade|title=K-pop stars BTS have the most No. 1 hits on Billboard's Hot 100 chart this decade|date=3 November 2022|access-date=3 November 2022|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|location=Singapore|archive-date=November 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103145838/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/k-pop-stars-bts-have-the-most-no-1-hits-on-billboard-s-hot-100-chart-this-decade|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 24, Hybe released a [[webtoon]], titled ''Crimson Heart'', based on the group's message to &quot;advance without fear&quot; through [[Webtoon (platform)|Webtoon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&amp;aid=0001018242|script-title=ko:르세라핌 연계 웹툰 '크림슨 하트' 네이버서 연재 [연예뉴스 HOT]|trans-title=Le Seraphim-linked webtoon 'Crimson Heart' serialized on Naver [Entertainment News HOT]|last=Lee|first=Jeongyeon|date=November 25, 2022|publisher=Sports Donga|language=ko|access-date=November 25, 2022|archive-date=November 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125172431/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&amp;aid=0001018242|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2023–present: Japanese debut and ''Unforgiven''===<br /> On January 25, 2023, the group made their debut in Japan with the release of the Japanese single ''Fearless''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/11/25/entertainment/kpop/korea-le-sserafim-le-sserafim-japan/20221125105856112.html|title=Le Sserafim to debut in Japan on Jan. 25|last=Cho|first=Jung-woo|date=November 25, 2022|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=November 25, 2022|archive-date=November 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125020203/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/11/25/entertainment/kpop/korea-le-sserafim-le-sserafim-japan/20221125105856112.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It contained the Japanese version of &quot;Fearless&quot; and &quot;Blue Flame&quot;, along with an original Japanese song, &quot;Choices&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=LE SSERAFIMが来年1月に日本デビュー |trans-title=LE SSERAFIM to debut in Japan next January |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/502653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125022719/https://natalie.mu/music/news/502653 |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |access-date=July 19, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Choices&quot; served as the theme song for Japanese drama ''3000 Yen: How to Enrich Life.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=LE SSERAFIMが初ドラマ主題歌 初の日本オリジナル曲「Choices」 |trans-title=LE SSERAFIM's first drama theme song is 'Choices', their first original Japanese song. |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2263244/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113013743/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2263244/full/ |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Oricon]] |language=Ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 16, 2023, Source Music reported that Le Sserafim would be making a comeback in early May.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[단독]르세라핌, 5월 컴백 확정|trans-title=[Exclusive] Le Sserafim confirms comeback in May|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003136665|via=Naver|publisher=MT Star News|language=ko|last=Moon|first=Wan-suk|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413192225/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003136665|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 3, this was revealed to be their first studio album, ''[[Unforgiven (Le Sserafim album)|Unforgiven]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yoon |first=Ji-hyun |date=April 3, 2023 |title=르세라핌, 정규 1집 'Unforgiven' 발매...5월 1일 컴백 [공식입장] |trans-title=Le Sserafim Releases 1st Full-length Album 'Unforgiven'...Come back on May 1st. [Official entrance] |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&amp;aid=0001576386 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |publisher=X-port News |language=ko |via=Naver |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030615/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&amp;aid=0001576386 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which was released on May 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ji-won |first=Choi |date=2023-05-01 |title=We don't need any forgiveness: Le Sserafim |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230501000560 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501120018/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230501000560 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In June, it was announced the group would embark on their first tour, Flame Rises, beginning in August.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=르세라핌, 첫 단독 투어 개최…8월 서울서 시작 [공식] |trans-title=Le Sserafim, first solo tour... Starting in Seoul in August [Official] |url=https://sports.donga.com/article/all/20230628/119980781/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701120856/https://sports.donga.com/article/all/20230628/119980781/1 |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |language=ko |access-date=July 1, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 25, the group released their second original Japanese song &quot;Jewelry&quot;, which would be featured in their second Japanese single titled ''Unforgiven''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2023 |title=LE SSERAFIM 日本2ndシングル 'UNFORGIVEN' 収録曲「ジュエリー (Prod. imase)」先行配信スタート＆デジタルキャンペーン実施決定！ |trans-title=LE SSERAFIM Japan 2nd single 'UNFORGIVEN' included song &quot;Jewelry (Prod. imase)&quot; pre-delivery start &amp; digital campaign decision! |url=https://www.le-sserafim.jp/posts/news/aneboy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725102602/https://www.le-sserafim.jp/posts/news/aneboy |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=LE SSERAFIM Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; The single was released on August 23, which also contained the Japanese version of &quot;Unforgiven&quot; and &quot;Antifragile&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LE SSERAFIM、日本2ndシングル「UNFORGIVEN」8・23発売決定 日本アーティスト提供曲も&quot;予告&quot; |trans-title=LE SSERAFIM to release 2nd Japanese single &quot;UNFORGIVEN&quot; on August 23 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2283683/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620044400/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2283683/full/ |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[Oricon]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members==<br /> ===Current===<br /> * [[Sakura Miyawaki|Sakura]] ({{Korean|hangul=사쿠라|labels=no}})<br /> * [[Kim Chae-won]] ({{Korean|hangul=김채원|labels=no}}) – leader&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Oh|first=Yoon-ju|date=April 7, 2022|script-title=ko:르세라핌, 리더 김채원 공개…시크+도도 '똑단발' 변신|trans-title=Le Sserafim, leader Kim Chae-won revealed… Chic + Dodo 'short hair' transformation|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/117/0003591749|url-status=live|access-date=April 7, 2022|publisher=Star News|language=ko|via=[[Naver]]|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034739/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/117/0003591749}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Huh Yun-jin]] ({{Korean|hangul=허윤진|labels=no}})<br /> * Kazuha ({{Korean|hangul=카즈하|labels=no}})<br /> * Hong Eun-chae ({{Korean|hangul=홍은채|labels=no}})<br /> <br /> ===Former===<br /> * Kim Ga-ram ({{Korean|hangul=김가람|labels=no}}) (2022)<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> ===Studio albums===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ List of studio albums, showing selected details, selected chart positions, and sales figures<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;9&quot; | Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sales<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[List of music recording certifications#Albums|Certifications]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.5em&quot; | [[Circle Album Chart|KOR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Unforgiven|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=18&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|language=ko|date=April 30 – May 6, 2023|access-date=May 11, 2023|archive-date=May 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511015613/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=18&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.5em&quot; | [[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br /&gt;(FL)]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/7e3ea/Le-Sserafim-Unforgiven|title=Discografie Le Sserafim|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-date=May 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515052254/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/7e3ea/Le-Sserafim-Unforgiven|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.5em&quot; | [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2023-05-20/|title=Billboard Canadian Albums: Week of May 20, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-517098?rCH=2|title=Unforgiven|date=May 13, 2023|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513015931/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-517098|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.5em&quot; | [[Oricon Albums Chart|JPN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-05-15/|title=Unforgiven|date=May 15, 2023|access-date=May 10, 2023|archive-date=May 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510035649/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-05-15/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard Japan Hot Albums|JPN&lt;br /&gt;Hot]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2023&amp;month=05&amp;day=15|title=Unforgiven|date=May 10, 2023|access-date=May 15, 2023|archive-date=May 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515052549/https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2023&amp;month=05&amp;day=15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot; | [[Recorded Music NZ|NZ]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak chart positions for albums on NZ Top 40 Albums Chart:<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=5572|title=Unforgiven|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 8, 2023|access-date=May 6, 2023|archive-date=July 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730141916/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=5572|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard 200|US]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US Sales&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-one-thing-at-a-time-10th-week-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1235329357/|title=Morgan Wallen's 'One Thing at a Time' Spends 10th Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=May 14, 2023|access-date=May 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[World Albums|US&lt;br /&gt;World]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2023-05-20/|title=World Albums: Week of May 20, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Unforgiven (Le Sserafim album)|Unforgiven]]''<br /> |<br /> * Released: May 1, 2023<br /> * Label: [[Source Music]], [[YG Plus]], [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]<br /> * Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]<br /> | 1 || 32 || 63 || 22 || 1 || 1 || 28 || 6 || 1<br /> |<br /> * KOR: 1,526,142&lt;!-- 1,313,219 + 212,923 (Weverse) --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Circle Album Chart - July 2023 |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=07&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817150627/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=07&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=[[Circle Album Chart]] |language=ko}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * JPN: 116,712{{efn-ua|Combined sales for ''Unforgiven'':<br /> * Physical: 112,404&lt;!--107,429 + 4,122 + 853--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan physical sales figures for ''Unforgiven''<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/m/2023-05/|script-title=ja:月間 アルバムランキング 2023年05月度|trans-title=Monthly Album Ranking May 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=June 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614030721/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/m/2023-05/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/m/2023-06/p/5/|script-title=ja:月間 アルバムランキング 2023年06月度|trans-title=Monthly Album Ranking June 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=July 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712041910/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/m/2023-06/p/5/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-07-17/p/5/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2023年07月03日～2023年07月09日|trans-title=Weekly Album Ranking July 3, 2023 – July 9, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=July 12, 2023|archive-date=July 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712040351/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-07-17/p/5/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Digital: 4,308&lt;!--2,278 + 501 + 278 + 240 + 219 + 199 + 160 + 211 +222--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for ''Unforgiven''<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-05-15/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年05月01日～2023年05月07日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 1, 2023 – May 7, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=May 12, 2023|archive-date=May 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510095819/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-05-15/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-05-22/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年05月08日～2023年05月14日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 8, 2023 – May 14, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=May 17, 2023|archive-date=May 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517115053/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-05-22/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-05-29/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年05月15日～2023年05月21日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 15, 2023 – May 21, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=May 26, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524060821/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-05-29/p/2/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-05/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年05月22日～2023年05月28日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 22, 2023 – May 28, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=May 31, 2023|archive-date=May 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031713/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-05/p/2/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-12/p/3/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年05月29日～2023年06月04日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 29, 2023 – June 04, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=June 8, 2023|archive-date=June 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607043012/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-12/p/3/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-19/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年06月05日～2023年06月11日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking June 05, 2023 – June 11, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=June 21, 2023|archive-date=June 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614052638/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-19/p/2/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-26/p/3/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年06月12日～2023年06月18日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking June 12, 2023 – June 18, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=June 22, 2023|archive-date=June 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621040312/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-06-26/p/3/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-07-10/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年06月26日～2023年07月02日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking June 26, 2023 – July 2, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=July 5, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705030521/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-07-10/p/2/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-07-17/p/3/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年07月03日～2023年07月09日|trans-title=Weekly Digital Album Ranking July 3, 2023 – July 9, 2023|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=July 12, 2023|archive-date=July 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712041544/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-07-17/p/3/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> * US: 45,000&lt;ref name=&quot;US Sales&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> * [[Korea Music Content Association|KMCA]]: Million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=South Korea|artist=LE SSERAFIM|title=Unforgiven|type=album|certyear=2023|certmonth=6|access-date=July 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[RIAJ]]: Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Japan|artist=LE SSERAFIM|title=Unforgiven|type=album|certyear=2023|certmonth=5|access-date=June 9, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!--|-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory--&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Extended plays===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ List of extended plays, showing selected details, selected chart positions, and sales figures<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sales<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[List of music recording certifications#Albums|Certifications]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Circle Album Chart|KOR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=&amp;targetTime=19&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|date=May 1–7, 2022|access-date=May 12, 2022|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512015955/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=&amp;targetTime=19&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Antifragile|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=43&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|language=ko|date=October 16–22, 2022|access-date=October 27, 2022|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027142329/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/global.circle?termGbn=week&amp;yyyymmdd=20221016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Le+Sserafim&amp;titel=Antifragile&amp;cat=a|title=Discographie – Le Sserafim|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=October 22, 2022|language=fr|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513021338/https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Le+Sserafim&amp;titel=Antifragile&amp;cat=a|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/le+sserafim/fearless+-+ep/|title=Le Sserafim: Fearless – EP|publisher=[[Musiikkituottajat]]|language=fi|access-date=July 31, 2022|archive-date=July 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731113832/https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/Le+Sserafim/Fearless+-+EP/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:90%;&quot;|[[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-506508|title=Antifragile|date=October 10, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513020537/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-506508|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Oricon Albums Chart|JPN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-16/|title=Fearless|date=May 16, 2022|access-date=May 11, 2022|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511031642/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-16/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-10-31/|title=Antifragile|date=October 31, 2022|access-date=October 26, 2022|archive-date=October 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026024204/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-10-31/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard Japan Hot Albums|JPN&lt;br /&gt;Hot]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2022&amp;month=05&amp;day=16|title=Fearless|date=May 11, 2022|access-date=May 11, 2022|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511082305/https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2022&amp;month=05&amp;day=16|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2022&amp;month=10&amp;day=31|title=Antifragile|date=October 26, 2022|access-date=October 26, 2022|archive-date=October 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026045230/https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2022&amp;month=10&amp;day=31|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard 200|US]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=billboardcharts|number=1587173492520374275|title=Debuts on this week's #Billboard200 (1/2)...|date=October 31, 2022|access-date=November 1, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[World Albums|US&lt;br /&gt;World]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2022-11-05/|title=World Albums: Week of November 5, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 1, 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=November 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101093752/https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2022-11-05/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Fearless (Le Sserafim EP)|Fearless]]''<br /> |<br /> * Released: May 2, 2022<br /> * Label: Source Music, YG Plus<br /> * Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]<br /> | 2 || — || 27 || — || 3 || 1 || — || —<br /> |<br /> * KOR: 536,095&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Accumulated sales for ''Fearless'':&lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=Circle Album Chart – December 2022 |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=12&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112015808/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=12&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=[[Circle Chart]] |language=ko}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=Circle Album Chart – April 2023 |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=04&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809070042/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=04&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=[[Circle Chart]] |language=ko}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * JPN: 45,994{{efn-ua|Combined sales for ''Fearless'':<br /> *Physical: 43,166&lt;!--3,269+3,816+24,418+1,495+634+2,776+2,900+3,858--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan physical sales figures for ''Fearless''<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-16/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年05月02日～2022年05月08日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking May 2, 2022 – May 8, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=May 16, 2022|language=ja|access-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511031642/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-16/|archive-date=May 11, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-23/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年05月09日～2022年05月15日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking May 9, 2022 – May 15, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=May 23, 2022|language=ja|access-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518025734/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-23/|archive-date=May 18, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-30/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年05月16日～2022年05月22日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking May 16, 2022 – May 22, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=May 30, 2022|language=ja|access-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525030558/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-30/|archive-date=May 25, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-06/p/4/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年05月23日～2022年05月29日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking May 23, 2022 – May 29, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=June 6, 2022|language=ja|access-date=June 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604124003/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-06/p/4/|archive-date=June 4, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-13/p/5/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年05月30日～2022年06月05日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking May 30, 2022 – June 5, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=June 13, 2022|language=ja|access-date=June 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608021246/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-13/p/5/|archive-date=June 8, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-20/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年06月06日～2022年06月12日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking June 6, 2022 – June 12, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=June 20, 2022|language=ja|access-date=June 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615051314/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-20/p/2/|archive-date=June 15, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-27/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年06月13日～2022年06月19日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking June 13, 2022 – June 19, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=June 27, 2022|language=ja|access-date=June 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622024902/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-06-27/p/2/|archive-date=June 22, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-07-04/p/2/|script-title=ja:週間 アルバムランキング 2022年06月20日～2022年06月26日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking June 20, 2022 – June 26, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=June 29, 2022|language=ja|access-date=June 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629033845/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-07-04/p/2/|archive-date=June 29, 2022}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Digital: 2,828&lt;!--2,291+537--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for ''Fearless''<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-05-16/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年05月02日～2022年05月08日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 2, 2022 – May 8, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=May 16, 2022|language=ja|access-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511031642/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-05-16/|archive-date=May 11, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-05-23/|script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年05月09日～2022年05月15日|trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking May 9, 2022 – May 15, 2022|publisher=Oricon|date=May 23, 2022|language=ja|access-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518041741/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-05-23/|archive-date=May 18, 2022}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |<br /> * [[Gaon Music Chart#Certification|KMCA]]: 2× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;KMCACert&quot;&gt;{{cite certification|region=South Korea|type=album|access-date=April 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Antifragile (EP)|Antifragile]]''<br /> |<br /> * Released: October 17, 2022<br /> * Label: Source Music, YG Plus, Geffen<br /> * Formats: CD, digital download, streaming<br /> | 2 || 32 || — || 37 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 1<br /> |<br /> * KOR: 1,143,464&lt;!--973,207 + 170,257 (Weverse) --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Accumulated sales for ''Antifragile'':<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=Circle Album Chart – December 2022 |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=12&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112015808/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=12&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=[[Circle Chart]] |language=ko}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=Circle Album Chart – July 2023 |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=07&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817150627/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;targetTime=07&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=month&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=[[Circle Chart]] |language=ko}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * JPN: 75,121{{efn-ua|Combined sales for ''Antifragile'':<br /> *Physical: 72,314&lt;!--43,744 + 7,978 + 2,250 + 1,644 + 1,148 + 1,087 + 1,187 + 1,260 + 1,276 + 1,251 + 1,169 + 848 + 1,072 + 1,626 + 1,522 + 1,142 + 1,076 + 1,034--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan physical sales figures for ''Antifragile''<br /> * {{cite web |script-title=ja:オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2022年10月17日～2022年10月23日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking October 17, 2022 – October 23, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-10-31/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026024204/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-10-31/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2022 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |script-title=ja:オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2022年10月24日～2022年10月30日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking October 24, 2022 – October 30, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-07/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102030617/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-07/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |title= |script-title=ja:オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2022年10月31日～2022年11月06日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking October 31, 2022 – November 06, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-14/p/2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109024710/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-14/p/2/ |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |title= |script-title=ja:オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2022年11月07日～2022年11月13日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking November 07, 2022 – November 13, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-21/p/3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116023514/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-21/p/3/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |title= |script-title=ja:オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2022年11月14日～2022年11月20日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking November 14, 2022 – November 20, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-28/p/3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123022100/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-11-28/p/3/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年11月21日～2022年11月27日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking November 21, 2022 – November 27, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-05/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203100007/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-05/p/5/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=December 7, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年11月28日～2022年12月04日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking November 28, 2022 – December 04, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-12/p/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207023852/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-12/p/4/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=December 8, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=December 14, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年12月05日～2022年12月11日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking December 05, 2022 – December 11, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-19/p/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214044245/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-19/p/4/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=December 21, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年12月12日～2022年12月18日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking December 12, 2022 – December 18, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-26/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221033554/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-12-26/p/5/ |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=December 21, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年12月26日～2023年01月01日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking December 26, 2022 – January 01, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-01-09/p/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106030659/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-01-09/p/4/ |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |access-date=January 6, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年01月02日～2023年01月08日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking January 02, 2023 – January 08, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-01-16/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111051028/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-01-16/p/5/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=January 18, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年01月09日～2023年01月15日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking January 09, 2023 – January 12, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-01-23/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118021247/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-01-23/p/5/ |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=February 1, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年01月23日～2023年01月29日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking January 23, 2023 – January 29, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-06/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201033703/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-06/p/5/ |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=February 8, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年01月30日～2023年02月05日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking January 30, 2023 – February 05, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-13/p/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208030438/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-13/p/4/ |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=February 15, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年02月06日～2023年02月12日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking February 06, 2023 – February 12, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-20/p/3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031501/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-20/p/3/ |archive-date=February 15, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=February 22, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年02月13日～2023年02月19日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking February 13, 2023 – February 19, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-27/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222024051/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-02-27/p/5/ |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年02月27日～2023年03月05日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking February 27, 2023 – March 8, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-03-13/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022159/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-03-13/p/5/ |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}<br /> * {{cite web |date=March 15, 2023 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年03月06日～2023年03月12日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking Marzo 06, 2023 – March 12, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-03-20/p/5/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315024015/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-03-20/p/5/|archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 17, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Digital: 2,807&lt;!--1,738 + 253 + 207 + 128 + 157 + 139 + 83 + 102--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for ''Antifragile''<br /> * {{cite web |date=May 26, 2022 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年10月17日～2022年10月23日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking October 10, 2022 – October 17, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-10-31/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026031553/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-10-31/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年10月24日～2022年10月30日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking October 24, 2022 – October 30, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-07/p/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102032833/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-07/p/2/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=November 14, 2022 |title= |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年10月31日～2022年11月06日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking October 31, 2022 – November 06, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-14/p/3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109050843/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-14/p/3 |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=November 21, 2022 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年11月07日～2022年11月13日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking November 07, 2022 – November 13, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-21/p/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116030659/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-21/p/4/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=November 28, 2022 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年11月14日～2022年11月20日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking November 14, 2022 – November 20, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-28/p/3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123024659/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-28/p/3/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=November 28, 2022 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年11月14日～2022年11月20日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking November 14, 2022 – November 20, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-28/p/3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123024659/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-11-28/p/3/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=December 7, 2022 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2022年11月28日～2022年12月04日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking November 28, 2022 – December 4, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-12-12/p/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207032014/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2022-12-12/p/5/|archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年01月02日～2023年01月08日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking January 02, 2023 – January 08, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-01-16/p/5/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105914/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-01-16/p/5/|archive-date=January 15, 2023 |access-date=April 6, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}<br /> * {{cite web |date=February 1, 2023 |script-title=ja:週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2023年01月23日～2023年01月29日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking January 23, 2023 – January 29, 2022 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-02-06/p/5/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201033657/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2023-02-06/p/5/|archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=April 6, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> * US: 27,000&lt;!--20,000 + 7,000 --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Accumulated Billboard sales for ''Antifragile''<br /> * {{cite magazine |last1=Caulfield |first1=Keith |title=LE SSERAFIM and (G)I-DLE Score First Top 10s on Billboard's Album Sales Chart |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/le-sserafim-gi-dle-score-top-10s-billboard-album-sales-chart-1235166236/ |access-date=November 5, 2022 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=November 4, 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104190431/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/le-sserafim-gi-dle-score-top-10s-billboard-album-sales-chart-1235166236/ |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite magazine |last1=Caulfield |first1=Keith |title=The Beatles' 'Revolver' Reissue Tops Multiple Charts, Hits No. 2 on Album Sales |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/the-beatles-revolver-reissue-tops-multiple-charts-1235168606/ |access-date=November 10, 2022 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=November 9, 2022 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114220752/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/the-beatles-revolver-reissue-tops-multiple-charts-1235168606/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> * KMCA: 3× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;KMCACert&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Singles===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ List of singles, showing year released, selected chart positions, and name of the album<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sales<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[List of music recording certifications#Singles|Certifications]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Circle Digital Chart|KOR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on the Circle (formerly Gaon) Digital Chart:<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=24&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|date=June 5–11, 2022|access-date=June 16, 2022|archive-date=June 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616061250/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=24&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Antifragile|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=48&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|language=ko|date=November 20–26, 2022|access-date=December 1, 2022|archive-date=December 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201023153/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=48&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Unforgiven|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=19&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|language=ko|date=May 7–13, 2023|access-date=May 18, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518143427/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=19&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:87%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[South Korea Songs|KOR&lt;br /&gt;Songs]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on ''Billboard'' South Korea Songs:<br /> <br /> * {{Cite magazine |date=May 22–28, 2022 |title=Fearless |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2022-05-28/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524090139/https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2022-05-28/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2022 |url-access=subscription}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine |date=October 30 – November 5, 2022 |title=Antifragile |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2022-11-05/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101090511/https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2022-11-05/ |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine |date=January 8–14, 2023 |title=Impurities |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2023-01-14/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 11, 2023}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine |date=May 14–20, 2023 |title=Unforgiven |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2023-05-20/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 18, 2023}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine |date=June 18–24, 2023 |title=Eve, Psyche, and Bluebeard's Wife |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-korea-songs-hotw/2023-07-01/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=June 27, 2023}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peaks on the Canadian Hot 100:<br /> * &quot;Antifragile&quot;: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2022-11-05/|title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100: Week of November 5, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 1, 2022|archive-date=November 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101090742/https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2022-11-05/|url-status=live}}<br /> * &quot;Unforgiven&quot;: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2023-05-20/|title=Canadian Hot 100: Week of May 20, 2023|magazine=Billboard|access-date=May 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Oricon Singles Chart|JPN]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LE SSERAFIMのシングル売上 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/892324/rank/single/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=August 30, 2023 |language=ja |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102923/https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/892324/rank/single/ |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-02-06/|website=Oricon|date=January 23–29, 2023|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201034442/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-02-06/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Unforgiven|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-04/|website=Oricon|date=August 21–27, 2023|access-date=August 30, 2023|archive-date=August 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830025219/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-04/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard Japan Hot 100|JPN&lt;br /&gt;Hot]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JPN Hot&quot;&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on ''Billboard Japan'' Japan Hot 100:<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2022&amp;month=05&amp;day=16|website=[[Billboard Japan]]|date=May 11, 2022|access-date=May 11, 2022|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511063701/https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2022&amp;month=05&amp;day=16|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Antifragile|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2022&amp;month=11&amp;day=07|website=Billboard Japan|date=November 2, 2022|access-date=November 2, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110142201/https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2022&amp;month=11&amp;day=07|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2023&amp;month=02&amp;day=06|website=Billboard Japan|date=February 1, 2023|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201050410/https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2023&amp;month=02&amp;day=06|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Unforgiven|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2023&amp;month=09&amp;day=04|website=Billboard Japan|date=August 30, 2023|access-date=August 30, 2023}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2023&amp;month=07&amp;day=17|website=Billboard Japan|date=July 12, 2023|access-date=July 12, 2023|archive-date=July 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712050527/https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2023&amp;month=07&amp;day=17|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Jewelry|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&amp;year=2023&amp;month=08&amp;day=14|website=Billboard Japan|date=August 14, 2023|access-date=August 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ&lt;br /&gt;Hot]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ Hot&quot;&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on RMNZ Hot Singles:<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5328|website=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 9, 2022|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=May 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507053131/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5328|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Antifragile|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5432|website=Recorded Music NZ|date=October 24, 2022|access-date=October 22, 2022|archive-date=October 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031211439/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5432|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Unforgiven + Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5572|website=Recorded Music NZ|date=May 8, 2023|access-date=May 6, 2023|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507163836/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5572|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Recording Industry Association Singapore|SGP]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on [[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]] Top Streaming Chart:<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts|title=Fearless|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]]|date=May 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102859/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/|archive-date=May 24, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts|title=Antifragile|publisher=RIAS|date=November 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108043817/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/|archive-date=November 8, 2022|access-date=November 8, 2022}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts|title=Unforgiven|publisher=RIAS|date=May 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516073720/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/|archive-date=May 16, 2023|access-date=June 6, 2023}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[World Digital Song Sales|US&lt;br /&gt;World]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=usworld&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on ''Billboard'' World Digital Song Sales:<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Fearless|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-05-21/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|date=May 15–21, 2022|access-date=May 17, 2022|archive-date=May 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517101102/https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-05-21/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Antifragile|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-10-29/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 25, 2022|archive-date=October 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025092127/https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-10-29/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Unforgiven|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2023-05-20/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|access-date=May 16, 2023}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2023-08-19/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|access-date=August 15, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard Vietnam Hot 100|VIE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on ''Billboard''{{'}}s Vietnam Hot 100:<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Fearless|url=https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|website=Billboard Vietnam|language=vi|date=May 13–19, 2022|access-date=May 19, 2022|archive-date=May 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519115339/https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Antifragile|url=https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|website=Billboard Vietnam|language=vi|date=October 21–27, 2022|access-date=October 27, 2022|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027084007/https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Unforgiven|url=https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|website=Billboard Vietnam|language=vi|date=May 5–11, 2023|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512062050/https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; |[[Billboard Global 200|WW]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=global200&gt;Peak chart positions for singles on ''Billboard'' Global 200:<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Fearless|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2022-05-21/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|date=May 15–21, 2022|access-date=May 17, 2022|archive-date=May 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517013218/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2022-05-21/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Antifragile|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2022-11-05/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 1, 2022|archive-date=November 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101092158/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2022-11-05/|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Unforgiven|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2023-05-20/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|access-date=May 16, 2023}}<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2023-07-15/|magazine=Billboard|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 11, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot; <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | 9 || 4 || — || 1 || 1 || 27 || 7 || 12 || 36 || 69<br /> |<br /> * JPN: 273,870 {{small|({{abbr|phy.|Physical}})}}&lt;ref&gt;Japan physical sales figures for &quot;Fearless&quot; (Japanese version):<br /> <br /> * {{Cite web |date=January 2023 |title=月間 シングルランキング 2023年01月度 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2023-01/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201034442/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2023-01/ |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Oricon}}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=月間 シングルランキング 2023年02月度 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2023-02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031609/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2023-02/ |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Oricon}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * JPN: 6,415&lt;!--3,606+2,809--&gt; {{small|({{abbr|dig.|Digital}})}}&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for &quot;Fearless&quot;:<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-05-16/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2022年05月16日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated May 16, 2022|date=May 16, 2022|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=January 24, 2023|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511025032/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-05-16/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-05-23/p/2/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2022年05月23日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated May 23, 2022|date=May 23, 2022|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=January 24, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518042124/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-05-23/p/2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> * [[RIAJ]]: 2× Platinum {{small|({{abbr|phy.|Physical}})}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Japan|artist=LE SSERAFIM|title=FEARLESS|type=single|certyear=2023|certmonth=2|access-date=March 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * RIAJ: Platinum {{small|({{abbr|st.|Streaming}})}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Japan|artist=LE SSERAFIM|title=FEARLESS|streaming=true|certyear=2023|certmonth=8|access-date=September 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ''Fearless''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Antifragile (song)|Antifragile]]&quot;<br /> | 2 || 2 || 96 || —{{efn-ua|&quot;Antifragile&quot; did not enter the Oricon Singles Chart as it was not released as a physical single, but peaked at number 13 on the Oricon Combined Singles Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Oricon Top 50 Combined Singles: 2022-11-07 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/cos/w/2022-11-07/p/2/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=November 4, 2022 |language=ja |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104041818/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/cos/w/2022-11-07/p/2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} || 12 || 19 || 5 || 8 || 38 || 38<br /> |<br /> * JPN: 4,972&lt;!--3,360+1,612--&gt; {{small|({{abbr|dig.|Digital}})}}&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for &quot;Antifragile&quot;:<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-10-31/p/3/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2022年10月31日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated October 31, 2022|date=October 31, 2022|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=January 24, 2023|archive-date=October 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026031609/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-10-31/p/3/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-11-07/p/5/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2022年11月07日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated November 07, 2022|date=November 7, 2022|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=January 24, 2023|archive-date=November 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102031805/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2022-11-07/p/5/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> * RIAJ: Platinum {{small|({{abbr|st.|Streaming}})}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Japan|artist=LE SSERAFIM|title=ANTIFRAGILE|streaming=true|certyear=2023|certmonth=5|access-date=June 26, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ''Antifragile''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Unforgiven (Le Sserafim song)|Unforgiven]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(featuring [[Nile Rodgers]])}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2023<br /> | 2 || 1 || 92 || 2 || 6 || 7 || 3 || 7 || 50 || 23<br /> |<br /> * JPN: 189,608&lt;!--148,061+21,205+12,949+7,393--&gt; {{small|({{abbr|phy.|Physical}})}}&lt;ref&gt;Japan physical sales figures for &quot;Unforgiven&quot; (Japanese version):<br /> <br /> * {{Cite web |date=August 21–27, 2023 |title=週間 シングルランキング 2023年08月21日～2023年08月27日 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-04/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830025219/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-04/ |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |website=Oricon}}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=August 28 – September 3, 2023 |title=週間 シングルランキング 2023年08月28日～2023年09月03日 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-11/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906023715/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-11/ |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=Oricon}}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=週間 シングルランキング 2023年09月04日～2023年09月10日 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-18/p/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913032707/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-18/p/2/ |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Oricon}}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=週間 シングルランキング 2023年09月11日～2023年09月18日 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-25/p/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920140315/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2023-09-25/p/2/ |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * JPN: 6,941&lt;!--3,875+1,890+1,176--&gt; {{small|({{abbr|dig.|Digital}})}}&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for &quot;Unforgiven&quot;:<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-05-15/p/2/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年05月15日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated May 15, 2023|date=May 15, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=May 11, 2023|archive-date=May 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511022103/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-05-15/p/2/|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-05-22/p/3/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年05月22日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated May 22, 2023|date=May 22, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=May 18, 2023|archive-date=May 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517052222/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-05-22/p/3/|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-05-29/p/5/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年05月29日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated May 29, 2023|date=May 29, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=May 25, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524192403/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-05-29/p/5/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> * RIAJ: Platinum {{small|({{abbr|phy.|Physical}})}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Japan|artist=Le Sserafim|title=Unforgiven|award=platinum|certyear=2023|certmonth=8|access-date=September 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * RIAJ: Gold {{small|({{abbr|st.|Streaming}})}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Japan|artist=LE SSERAFIM|title=UNFORGIVEN (feat. Nile Rodgers)|streaming=true|certyear=2023|certmonth=8|access-date=September 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Unforgiven''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Eve, Psyche &amp; the Bluebeard's Wife]]&quot;<br /> | 2 || 2 || — || —{{efn-ua|&quot;Eve, Psyche &amp; the Bluebeard's Wife&quot; did not enter the Oricon Singles Chart as it was not released as a physical single, but peaked at number 22 on the Oricon Combined Singles Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Oricon Top 50 Combined Singles: 2023-07-17 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/cos/w/2023-07-17/p/3/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=July 14, 2023 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} || 22 ||28 || —{{Efn-ua|&quot;Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife&quot; did not enter the RIAS International Top Charts, but peaked at number 15 on the Regional Top Charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|title=RIAS Top Charts Week 28 (7 - 13 Jul 2023)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]]|access-date=July 18, 2023|archive-date=July 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718064818/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} || 8 || — || 66<br /> | <br /> * JPN: 7,037 {{small|({{abbr|dig.|Digital}})}}&lt;!--1,366+1,625+1,054+1,509+1,483--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Japan digital sales figures for &quot;Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife&quot;:<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-06-05/p/4/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年06月05日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated June 05, 2023|date=June 5, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=June 1, 2023|archive-date=May 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531032116/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-06-05/p/4/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-06-12/p/4/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年06月12日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated June 12, 2023|date=June 12, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=June 7, 2023|archive-date=June 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607022505/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-06-12/p/4/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-07-03/p/5/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年07月03日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated July 03, 2023|date=July 3, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=June 28, 2023|archive-date=June 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628024423/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-07-03/p/5/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-07-10/p/4/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年07月10日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated July 10, 2023|date=July 10, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=July 5, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705031051/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-07-10/p/4/|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-07-17/p/5/|title=週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年07月17日付|trans-title=Weekly Digital Single (single song) ranking dated July 17, 2023|date=July 17, 2023|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|access-date=July 12, 2023|archive-date=July 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712042044/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-07-17/p/5/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Promotional singles===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+ List of promotional singles, showing year released, selected chart positions, and name of the album<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Year<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Circle Digital Chart|KOR&lt;br&gt;Down.]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak chart positions for promotional singles on Circle Download Chart:<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Choices|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=02&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|language=ko|date=January 8–14, 2023|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119044110/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=02&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Guardian|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=23&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|language=ko|date=June 4–10, 2023|access-date=June 15, 2023|archive-date=August 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805204050/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=23&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Billboard Japan Hot 100|JPN&lt;br /&gt;Hot]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JPN Hot&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Choices&quot;{{efn-ua|&quot;Choices&quot; was pre-released on January 8, 2023, as the soundtrack for the Japanese drama ''3000 Yen: How to Enrich Life''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=르세라핌, 日 데뷔 싱글 수록곡 드라마 주제가 낙점|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/629/0000194222|website=Naver|language=ko|date=January 6, 2023|access-date=January 12, 2023|archive-date=January 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112043512/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/629/0000194222|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2023<br /> | 191 || —<br /> | &quot;Fearless&quot; (Japanese ver.)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Guardian&quot;<br /> | 83 || —<br /> | ''Bastions OST Part.4''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{nihongo|&quot;Jewelry&quot;|ジュエリー}}<br /> | — || 81<br /> | &quot;Unforgiven&quot; (Japanese ver.)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Other charted songs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ List of other charted songs, showing year released, selected chart positions, and name of the album<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:25em&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Circle Digital Chart|KOR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peaks:<br /> * {{Cite web |date=October 23–29, 2022 |title=Songs from ''Antifragile'' and Blue Flame |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=44&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110142218/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=44&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=Circle Chart |language=ko }}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=November 20–26, 2022 |title=Impurities |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=48&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201023153/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=48&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=Circle Chart |language=ko }}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=April 30 – May 6, 2023 |title=Songs from ''Unforgiven'' |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=18&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511015845/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=18&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=April 11, 2023 |website=Circle Chart |language=ko }}<br /> * {{Cite web |date=June 25 – July 1, 2023 |title=Eve, Psyche and Bluebeard's Wife |url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=26&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Circle Chart |language=ko |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706021044/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=26&amp;hitYear=2023&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[South Korea Songs|KOR&lt;br /&gt;Songs]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:2.6em&quot; | [[Recording Industry Association Singapore|SGP]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The World Is My Oyster&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2022<br /> | —{{efn-ua|&quot;The World Is My Oyster&quot; did not enter the Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked at number 73 on the Gaon Download Chart.&lt;ref name=&quot;gaondownload202219&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2022년 19주차 Download Chart|trans-title=Week 19 of 2022 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=19&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|date=May 1–7, 2022|access-date=May 12, 2022|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512015944/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=ALL&amp;targetTime=19&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} || — || —<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4' | ''Fearless''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Blue Flame&quot;<br /> | 193 || — || —{{Efn-ua|&quot;Blue Flame&quot; did not enter the RIAS International Top Charts, but peaked at number 30 on the Regional Top Charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|title=RIAS Top Charts Week 19 (6 - 12 May 2022) - Regional Top Charts|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517065246/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|archive-date=May 17, 2022|access-date=May 18, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Great Mermaid&quot;<br /> | —{{efn-ua|&quot;The Great Mermaid&quot; did not enter the Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked at number 62 on the Gaon Download Chart.&lt;ref name=&quot;gaondownload202219&quot;/&gt;}} || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Sour Grapes&quot;<br /> | —{{efn-ua|&quot;Sour Grapes&quot; did not enter the Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked at number 64 on the Gaon Download Chart.&lt;ref name=&quot;gaondownload202219&quot;/&gt;}} || — || —{{Efn-ua|&quot;Sour Grapes&quot; did not enter the RIAS International Top Charts, but peaked at number 27 on the Regional Top Charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|title=RIAS Top Charts Week 25 (17 - 23 Jun 2022)|date=June 28, 2022|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628110949/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|archive-date=June 28, 2022|access-date=June 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Hydra&quot;<br /> | —{{efn-ua|&quot;The Hydra&quot; did not enter the Circle Digital Chart, but peaked at number 41 on the Circle Download Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Download Chart - 2022 Weeks 42|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=43&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3|website=Circle Chart|date=October 9–15, 2022|access-date=October 27, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027050046/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=43&amp;hitYear=2022&amp;termGbn=week&amp;yearTime=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} || — || —<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Antifragile''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Impurities&quot;<br /> | 140 || 24 || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;No Celestial&quot;<br /> | 149 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Good Parts (When the Quality Is Bad but I Am)&quot;<br /> | 154 || — || —{{Efn-ua|&quot;Good Parts (When the Quality Is Bad but I Am)&quot; did not enter the RIAS International Top Charts, but peaked at number 26 on the Regional Top Charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|title=RIAS Top Charts Week 43 (21 - 27 Oct 2022)|date=November 1, 2022|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101061928/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc|archive-date=November 1, 2022|access-date=November 1, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot; (2023 version)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2023<br /> | 181 || — || —<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| ''Unforgiven''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Blue Flame&quot; (2023 version)<br /> | 199 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;No-Return (Into the Unknown)&quot;<br /> | 98 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fearnot (Between You, Me and the Lamppost)&quot; ({{lang|ko|피어나}})<br /> | 130 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Flash Forward&quot;<br /> | 148 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fire in the Belly&quot;<br /> | 167 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Videography==<br /> ===Music videos===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+ List of music videos, showing year released, and name of the director(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Director(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fearless&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2022<br /> | Guzza (Kudo)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=Le Sserafim Fearless Official M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vbDFu0PUew|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=May 2, 2022|access-date=May 2, 2022|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511020318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vbDFu0PUew|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Antifragile&quot;<br /> | Soonsik Yang<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) 'ANTIFRAGILE' OFFICIAL M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyf8cbqyfPs|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=October 16, 2022|access-date=October 16, 2022|archive-date=October 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016140211/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyf8cbqyfPs&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Impurities&quot;<br /> | Jihye Yoon (Lumpens)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) 'Impurities' OFFICIAL M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccz123Jlflc|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=November 13, 2022|access-date=November 13, 2022|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113091229/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccz123Jlflc&amp;feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fearless&quot; {{small|(Japanese ver.)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2023<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Soonsik Yang<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) 'FEARLESS -Japanese ver.-' OFFICIAL M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiGnWwgLAfE|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=January 24, 2023|access-date=January 24, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150133/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiGnWwgLAfE|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Unforgiven&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(featuring Nile Rodgers)}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) 'UNFORGIVEN (feat. Nile Rodgers)' OFFICIAL M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBURTj20HXI|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=May 1, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501032154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBURTj20HXI|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Eve, Psyche &amp; The Bluebeard's Wife&quot;<br /> | Jihye Yoon (Lumpens)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) 'Eve, Psyche &amp; The Bluebeard's wife' OFFICIAL M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZs_cLHfnNA|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=May 23, 2023|access-date=May 23, 2023|archive-date=May 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523045017/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZs_cLHfnNA|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Unforgiven&quot; {{small|(Japanese ver.)}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(featuring Nile Rodgers, [[Ado (singer)|Ado]])}} <br /> | Soonsik Yang<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|title=LE SSERAFIM (르세라핌) 'UNFORGIVEN (feat. Nile Rodgers, Ado) -Japanese ver.-' OFFICIAL M/V|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMddOrUGwDw|medium=Music video|via=YouTube|publisher=Hybe Labels|date=August 22, 2023|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822150821/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMddOrUGwDw|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Web shows===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+ {{Sronly|Web shows appearances}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022-present<br /> | ''Leniverse''<br /> | Weekly variety shows<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=르세라핌 홍은채, 언니들을 '언니'라 부르지 못한 사연?...'르니버스'|trans-title=Le Sserafim's Hong Eun-chae, the story of not being able to call the sisters 'sisters'?...'Leniverse'|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&amp;aid=0011434486|via=Naver|publisher=Newsis|language=ko|last=Choi|first=Yoon-jeong|date=September 22, 2022|access-date=September 25, 2022|archive-date=September 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925044254/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&amp;aid=0011434486|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | ''Le Sserafim – The World Is My Oyster''<br /> | Documentary on the group's predebut period<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=르세라핌, 오늘(17일) 데뷔 다큐멘터리 공개...눈물과 땀의 기록|trans-title=Le Seraphim, debut documentary released today (17th)...A record of tears and sweat|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=437&amp;aid=0000314121|via=Naver|publisher=JTBC|language=ko|last=Park|first=Sang-hoo|date=September 17, 2022|access-date=September 25, 2022|archive-date=September 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917023229/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=437&amp;aid=0000314121|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Day Off''<br /> | Reality show<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Dong-sun |date=July 28, 2022 |title='휴식도 유쾌함도 LE SSERAFIM' 르세라핌, 'DAY OFF' 호캉스 편 최종화 공개 |url=https://www.etnews.com/20220728000223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224195825/https://www.etnews.com/20220728000223 |archive-date=December 24, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2022 |language=ko |via=Naver}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2023<br /> | ''Day Off 2 in Jeju''<br /> | Reality show<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Dong-sun |date=2022-12-29 |title=르세라핌, 'DAY OFF' 시즌2 시작…'예능감도 ANTIFRAGILE' |url=https://www.etnews.com/20221229000274?SNS=00002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111044056/https://m.etnews.com/20221229000274 |archive-date=2023-01-11 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=미래를 보는 신문 - 전자신문 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Day Off 3 Vacance''<br /> | Reality show<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='자체 콘텐츠 최강자' 르세라핌, 'DAY OFF 시즌 3' 공개|trans-title='Strongest in self-content' Le Sserafim, 'DAY OFF Season 3' released|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003175022|via=Naver|publisher=Star News|language=ko|last=Moon|first=Wan-sik|date=August 17, 2023|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822154725/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003175022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Tours==<br /> ===Le Sserafim Tour &quot;Flame Rises&quot;===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:9em;&quot; | Date (2023)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:8em;&quot; | City<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:8em;&quot; | Country<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; | Venue<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:7em;&quot; | Attendance<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | August 12<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Seoul]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |South Korea<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jamsil Arena]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |10,500<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=&quot;더 멀리, 더 높이 갈 것&quot; 르세라핌, 첫 단독 투어 막 올렸다 |trans-title=“We will go farther and higher” Le Sserafim just finished their first solo tour |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000759276 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Newsen |publisher=Naver |language=ko }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | August 13<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | August 23<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nagoya]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Japan<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nippon Gaishi Hall]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |60,000<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=르세라핌 日 첫 단독 공연에 6만 관객 운집 &quot;함께라 가능&quot; |trans-title=Le Sserafim first solo tour in Japan attracts 60,000 audiences, &quot;It's possible because we're together&quot; |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000769210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908153503/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000769210 |archive-date=September 8, 2023 |access-date=September 8, 2023 |website=Newsen |language=ko |via=Naver}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | August 24<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | August 30<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tokyo]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | August 31<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | September 6<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Osaka]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Osaka-jō Hall]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | September 7<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | September 30<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hong Kong<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[AsiaWorld–Expo|AsiaWorld–Expo Hall 10]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | —<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=「香港FEARNOT注意～」Le Sserafim首個巡迴演唱會香港場將於9月30日舉行！ |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AFfearnot%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F-le-sserafim%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E5%B7%A1%E8%BF%B4%E6%BC%94%E5%94%B1%E6%9C%83%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A0%B4%E5%B0%87%E6%96%BC9%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5%E8%88%89%E8%A1%8C-054800308.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Yahoo News |language=zh-Hant-TW |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718074422/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AFfearnot%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F-le-sserafim%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E5%B7%A1%E8%BF%B4%E6%BC%94%E5%94%B1%E6%9C%83%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A0%B4%E5%B0%87%E6%96%BC9%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5%E8%88%89%E8%A1%8C-054800308.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | October 1<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | October 3<br /> |[[Jakarta]]<br /> |Indonesia<br /> |[[Jakarta International Expo]]<br /> |—<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=Promotor Umumkan Harga Tiket Konser Le Sserafim di Jakarta |trans-title=Promoter Announces Le Sserafim Concert Ticket Prices in Jakarta |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/article/read/7/2023/32435/promotor-umumkan-harga-tiket-konser-le-sserafim-di-jakarta |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Cosmopolitan Indonesia |language=id |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718074423/https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/article/read/7/2023/32435/promotor-umumkan-harga-tiket-konser-le-sserafim-di-jakarta |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | October 7<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bangkok]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Thailand<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Impact, Muang Thong Thani|Thunder Dome]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |—<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Sserafim Concert 2023 (Bangkok, Thailand) |url=https://everythingbkk.com/event/le-sserafim-concert-2023/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=EverythingBKK.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718074424/https://everythingbkk.com/event/le-sserafim-concert-2023/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | October 8<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, award category, nominee(s) of the award, and the result of the nomination<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Award ceremony<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Category &lt;!-- List wins first (sorted alphabetically), then noms (also alphabetically). Sort pending the same. --&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nominee(s)/work(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Asia Artist Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[7th Asia Artist Awards|2022]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best Musician Award<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Le Sserafim <br /> | {{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003112950|author=Foundation Special Report AAA|title=이준호·임영웅·세븐틴→스키즈·아이브·뉴진스 AAA 대상..김선호 4관왕[2022 AAA][종합]|trans-title=Lee Jun-ho·Lim Young-woong·Seventeen → Skiz·Ive·New Jeans AAA Grand Prize..Kim Seon-ho wins 4 crowns[2022 AAA][Comprehensive]|publisher=MT Star News|via=Naver|date=December 13, 2022|access-date=December 14, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=December 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213145654/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&amp;aid=0003112950|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Rookie of the Year – Music<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | DCM Popularity Award – Female Singer<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2022 Asia Artist Awards Paid Voting Period (Female Singer)|url=https://app.dcmlive.net/viewer/vote/ffac61cff6794abfaf578e4c525dc2a4|access-date=November 28, 2022|archive-date=November 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116143422/https://app.dcmlive.net/viewer/vote/71adddc9fe3640cd8375a905ccb6edd5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Idolplus Popularity Award – Music<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://global.idolplus.com/vote/NjkwNDMyYT|title=AAA IdolPlus Popularity Award Voting Open|date=November 6, 2022|publisher=[[Asia Artist Awards]]|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106140852/https://global.idolplus.com/vote/NjkwNDMyYT|archive-date=November 6, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=November 6, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Circle Chart Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[12th Circle Chart Music Awards|2023]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Song of the Year – May<br /> | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[CCMA 2022] (여자)아이들·아이브·르세라핌, 3~5월 올해의 가수상(음원) 수상|trans-title=[CCMA 2022] (G)I-dle·Ive·Le Sserafim, March–May Artist of the Year Award (Music)|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=030&amp;aid=0003079239|via=Naver|publisher=ET News|language=ko|last=Park|first=Dong-sun|date=February 18, 2023|access-date=February 18, 2023|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218101840/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=030&amp;aid=0003079239|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Song of the Year – October<br /> | &quot;[[Antifragile (song)|Antifragile]]&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=블랙핑크·르세라핌·있지, 음원 부문 올해의 가수상 수상(9·10·11월)[써클차트어워즈2022]|trans-title=Blackpink·Le Sserafim·Itzy won the Singer of the Year Award in the music category (September·October·November)[Circle Chart Awards 2022]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&amp;aid=0000411900|via=Naver|publisher=SpoTV News|language=ko|last=Jeong|first=Hye-won|date=February 18, 2023|access-date=February 18, 2023|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218122848/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&amp;aid=0000411900|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | New Artist of the Year – Digital<br /> | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Rookie of the Year|url=http://www.circlemusicawards.co.kr/eng/nominees_03.php|website=Circle Chart Music Awards|access-date=January 8, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118085221/http://www.circlemusicawards.co.kr/eng/nominees_03.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | New Artist of the Year – Physical<br /> | ''[[Antifragile (EP)|Antifragile]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | {{sort|Fact Music Awards, The|[[The Fact Music Awards]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2022<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Next Leader Award<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Le Sserafim <br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Jin-ah|last=Son|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/410/0000898658|title=뉴진스·르세라핌·아이브, 넥스트 리더 수상 [더팩트 뮤직 어워즈]|trans-title=NewJeans Le Sserafim Ive, Next Leader Award [The Fact Music Awards]|work=MK Sports|language=ko|date=October 8, 2022|access-date=October 8, 2022|archive-date=October 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008170208/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/410/0000898658|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Fan N Star Choice Award (Artist)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fan N Star Choice Artist Ranking|url=https://en.fannstar.tf.co.kr/rank/view/startotal|website=en.fannstar.tf.co.kr|language=ko|access-date=June 28, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=June 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628020737/https://en.fannstar.tf.co.kr/rank/view/startotal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Four Star Awards<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Four Star Ranking|url=https://en.fannstar.tf.co.kr/rank/view/rookietotal|website=en.fannstar.tf.co.kr|language=ko|access-date=June 28, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=June 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628022529/https://en.fannstar.tf.co.kr/rank/view/rookietotal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Idolplus Popularity Award<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=idolplus Popularity Award 1st Vote Open |url=https://idolplus.com/zs/survey_detail&amp;survey_id=3741&amp;utm_source=twitter&amp;utm_medium=sns&amp;utm_campaign=TMA2022_VOTE_PRE|website=Idol Live TV|language=ko|access-date=September 2, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2023<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best Music – Summer<br /> | &quot;[[Unforgiven (Le Sserafim song)|Unforgiven]]&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.fannstar.tf.co.kr/rank/view/bmusic|title=TMA Best Music: Summer|website=en.fannstar.tf.co.kr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230731152825/https://en.fannstar.tf.co.kr/rank/view/bmusic|archive-date=July 31, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=July 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Idolplus Popularity Award<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Le Sserafim <br /> | {{pending}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://idolplus.com/zk/survey_detail?survey_id=20119|script-title=ko:2023 TMA 아이돌플러스 인기상 1차 투표&amp;티켓 이벤트|trans-title=2023 TMA idolplus popularity award 1st vote and ticket event|website=idolplus.com|language=ko, en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230913042856/https://idolplus.com/zk/survey_detail?survey_id=20119|archive-date=September 13, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=September 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Genie Music Awards]]<br /> | [[2022 Genie Music Awards|2022]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best Female Rookie Award<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Genie Music Awards 2022 |url=https://promotion.genie.co.kr/promotion/2022gma |website=Genie Music |date=27 September 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022 |language=ko |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007023716/https://promotion.genie.co.kr/promotion/2022gma |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Golden Disc Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[37th Golden Disc Awards|2023]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Rookie Artist of the Year<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/437/0000327972?lfrom=twitter|title='르세라핌, 골든디스크 신인상으로 새해 시작…9관왕 달성|language=ko|work=JTBC|date=January 8, 2023|access-date=January 8, 2023|archive-date=January 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108005301/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/437/0000327972?lfrom=twitter|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Digital Song Bonsang<br /> | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Golden Disc Awards 2022 Nominees|url=https://www.goldendisc.co.kr/en/nominees/digitalSound|website=Golden Disc|access-date=December 18, 2022|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208100911/https://www.goldendisc.co.kr/en/nominees/digitalSound|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | K-Global Heart Dream Awards<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | K-Global Best Music Video Award<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Le Sserafim <br /> | {{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.joynews24.com/v/1513866|title='2022 K 글로벌 하트 드림 어워즈', K팝 별들의 잔치 성료|language=ko|work=JoyNews24|date=August 26, 2022|access-date=August 26, 2022|archive-date=August 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054102/https://m.joynews24.com/v/1513866|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | K-Global Super Rookie Award<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| K Global Best Music Award<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=640&amp;aid=0000041996|last=Cho|first=Yong-jun|title=Heart Dream Awards honors fourth-generation K-pop stars|publisher=Korea JoongAng Daily|via=Naver|date=August 11, 2023|access-date=August 11, 2023|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Korea First Brand Awards{{Efn-ua|The 2023 Korea First Brand Awards selected promising brands that are predicted to lead in the year 2023 based on criteria such as consumption trend analysis, extensive nationwide consumer surveys, and evaluation by experts.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoreaFirst&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> | 2023<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best Rookie Idol (Female)<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;KoreaFirst&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://n.news.naver.com/article/015/0004792963 |title=9% 확률 뚫은 한국축구처럼…'끝없는 도전'이 만든 1등 브랜드 |trans-title=Just like Korean football with a 9% chance... No. 1 brand created by 'Endless Challenge' |language=ko |first=Rian |last=Kim |date=December 28, 2022 |website=Naver |accessdate=December 28, 2022 |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228093428/https://n.news.naver.com/article/015/0004792963 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Korean Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[20th Korean Music Awards|2023]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Rookie of the Year<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hicap |first1=Jonathan |date=9 February 2023 |title=K-pop group NewJeans bags most nominations at Korean Music Awards |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/02/09/k-pop-group-newjeans-bags-most-nominations-at-korean-music-awards/ |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210004848/https://mb.com.ph/2023/02/09/k-pop-group-newjeans-bags-most-nominations-at-korean-music-awards/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best K-pop Song<br /> | &quot;[[Antifragile (song)|Antifragile]]&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best K-pop Album<br /> |''[[Antifragile (EP)|Antifragile]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[MAMA Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[2022 MAMA Awards|2022]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Favorite New Artist<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Le Sserafim<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003601915|title=[2022 MAMA AWARDS]방탄소년단, 첫 대상..다시 뭉친 카라→4세대돌 컬래버까지(종합)|work=Herald Pop|language=ko|date=November 29, 2022|access-date=November 30, 2022|archive-date=November 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129203630/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003601915|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[MAMA Award for Artist of the Year|Artist of the Year]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2022mama.com/nominees|title=2022 MAMA Awards Nominees|publisher=MAMA Awards|access-date=October 24, 2022|archive-date=October 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024103744/https://2022mama.com/nominees|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[MAMA Award for Best Dance Performance|Best Dance Performance – Female Group]]<br /> | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[MAMA Award for Best New Artist (Solo or Group)|Best New Female Artist]]<br /> | Le Sserafim<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[MAMA Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]<br /> | &quot;[[Fearless (Le Sserafim song)|Fearless]]&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Worldwide Fans' Choice Top 10<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | Le Sserafim<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Melon Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[2022 Melon Music Awards|2022]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Best Performance – Female<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Hye-jin|last=Choi|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0003107987|title='MMA2022' 임영웅, 5관왕 영예..아이브 4관왕·뉴진스 신인상 '걸그룹 강세' [종합]|work=Star News|language=ko|date=November 26, 2022|access-date=November 28, 2022|archive-date=November 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127184848/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0003107987|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Hot Trend Award<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Artist of the Year<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/437/0000322954|title='2022 MMA' Lim Young-woong, the main character with 5 crowns... BTS, Ive 4 crowns [comprehensive]|work=news.jtbc.joins.com|first=Sang-hoo|last=Park|date=November 12, 2022|access-date=November 26, 2022|archive-date=November 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126133930/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/437/0000322954|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Melon Music Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Netizen Popularity Award<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Top 10 Artist Award<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Seoul Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[32nd Seoul Music Awards|2023]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Rookie of the Year<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000679804|script-title=ko:TNX·뉴진스·르세라핌 신인상 “믿고 응원해준 팬들 덕분”[2023 서울가요대상]|work=Newsen|first=Hana|last=Lee|date=January 19, 2023|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119133848/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000679804|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Popularity Award<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://seoulmusicawards.com/vote|title=The 32nd Seoul Music Awards – Vote|date=December 5, 2022|access-date=January 19, 2023|publisher=[[Seoul Music Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205125019/https://seoulmusicawards.com/vote|archive-date=December 5, 2022|url-status=live}} (Note: Click/tap on the labelled tabs to view nominees for each category)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Hallyu Special Award<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Listicles ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ Name of publisher, year listed, name of [[listicle]], and placement<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Publisher<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Listicle<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Placement<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Forbes]]''<br /> | 2023<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30 – Asia (Entertainment &amp; Sports)]]<br /> | Placed<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2023/asia/entertainment-sports|title=''Forbes'' 30 Under 30 - Asia (Entertainment &amp; Sports)|last1=Wehbe Watson|first1=Rana|last2=Meng Ru|first2=Kuok|last3=Fung Teh|first3=Hua|magazine=[[Forbes]]|access-date=May 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist-ua}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Le Sserafim}}<br /> * {{Official website|https://sourcemusic.com/artist/profile/LE%20SSERAFIM}}<br /> <br /> {{Le Sserafim}}<br /> {{Hybe Corporation}}<br /> {{Circle Chart Music Awards for Artist of the Year – Digital Music}}<br /> {{Golden Disc Award for New Artist of the Year}}<br /> {{Seoul Music Awards for New Artist Award}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Le Sserafim| ]]<br /> [[Category:K-pop music groups]]<br /> [[Category:Musical groups established in 2022]]<br /> [[Category:South Korean girl groups]]<br /> [[Category:South Korean dance music groups]]<br /> [[Category:South Korean pop music groups]]<br /> [[Category:Musical groups from Seoul]]<br /> [[Category:Musical quintets]]<br /> [[Category:2022 establishments in South Korea]]<br /> [[Category:Hybe Corporation artists]]<br /> [[Category:Universal Music Japan artists]]<br /> [[Category:MAMA Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Melon Music Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese-language singers of South Korea]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong&diff=1169759720 Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong 2023-08-11T03:19:22Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Administrative entry restrictions}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau}}<br /> {{redirect|Visa requirements for Hong Kong citizens|entry requirements for [[British Nationals (Overseas)]] in Hong Kong|Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> '''Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong''' are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on holders of [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]]s.<br /> <br /> {{As of|2022|08|08|post=,}} Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of Hong Kong (Hong Kong citizens) holding HK passports had visa-free or [[visa on arrival]] access to 171 countries and territories (tied with Argentina, Brazil, Croatia and the United Arab Emirates), ranking the HK passport 18th in terms of travel freedom according to the [[Henley Passport Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The ''Henley Passport Index'' |url=https://cdn.henleyglobal.com/storage/app/media/HPI/HENLEY_PASSPORT_INDEX_2022_Q3_INFOGRAPHIC_GLOBAL_RANKING_220705_1.pdf |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=8 August 2022 |quote=This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2022 Henley Passport Index. In certain cases, a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa-free or visa-on-arrival access.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official figure provided by the [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Immigration Department]] of countries and territories granting visa-free access to Hong Kong SAR passport holders was 168 as of 8 August 2022. (However, this figure excludes countries and territories which are not officially recognised by the People's Republic of China, such as Kosovo and Taiwan so the practical figure relevant to travellers is actually higher.)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.immd.gov.hk/pdf/Full_List_of_Visa-free_Access_or_Visa-on-arrival_for_HKSAR_Passport_en.pdf Visa-free Access for HKSAR Passports]. GovHK.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to its [[one country, two systems]] stance, the [[Government of Hong Kong]] can make a visa-waiver agreement for Chinese residents of Hong Kong with other countries. As a result of both bilateral visa abolition agreements (e.g. between Hong Kong and Russia&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/20090603.htm Visa-free access to Russia for HKSAR passport holders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619215434/http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/20090603.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}. Immd.gov.hk (21 January 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;) and unilateral decisions to grant visa exemptions (e.g. Myanmar), '''[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]]''' holders enjoy visa exemptions and simplified visa procedures to a large number of destinations worldwide. Whilst the visa exemptions mostly only apply when Chinese citizens of Hong Kong are visiting on short trips for pleasure or on business, a number of countries extend the visa exemption to short stays involving paid activities (e.g. Belgium and Luxembourg).<br /> <br /> Hong Kong citizens may hold a HKSAR passport only if they are also permanent residents of Hong Kong and hold a valid [[Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card]]. This article deals only with the visa requirements for HKSAR passport holders, who due to the &quot;One country, two systems&quot; principle are not eligible to hold PRC passports, and vice versa. For PRC passport holders, check [[Visa requirements for Chinese citizens]].<br /> <br /> As of 2023, the passports of Israel, Hong Kong and Chile are the only ones to provide visa free access to all European countries<br /> <br /> ==Visa requirements map==<br /> [[File:Visa requirements for HKSAR citizens.png|upright=3.7|thumb|center|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong (as of 1 January 2020)<br /> {{legend|#002377|Hong Kong}}<br /> {{legend|#008000|Mainland Travel Permit travel}}<br /> {{legend|#22B14C|Visa free access}}<br /> {{legend|#B5E61D|Visa on arrival}}<br /> {{legend|#61C7A1|eVisa}}<br /> {{legend|#79D343|Visa available both on arrival or online}}<br /> {{legend|#ABABAB|Visa required}}]]<br /> <br /> ==Greater China==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: smaller; table-layout: fixed; &quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;| Jurisdiction<br /> ! style=&quot;width:22%;&quot;| Visa requirement<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;| {{CHN-MLD}}<br /> | {{free|With [[Home Return Permit]]}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> (Freedom of movement)&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=MO|destination=CN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Home Return Permit not required if Holding an HKSAR Passport for airside transit in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou<br /> | {{free|Holders of [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents]] are able to freely enter Mainland China for all purposes within the validity of their travel document. Most permits for adults are valid for 10 years ; minors under 18 years old are issued permits valid for five years.}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Permit not required for airside transit. Applicable only in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Macau}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Visa free for holders of [[Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card]]s for a stay of less than one year. Visa not required for 7 days for passengers in transit holding [[HKSAR passport]]s.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Taiwan}}<br /> | {{Optional|Temporary entry and stay permit required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *If you meet the following conditions, you can apply for a 【Temporary entry and stay permit】 before departure online (online visa) or landing: (To enter Kinmen and Matsu, you must apply for a 【Temporary entry and stay permit】 before departure)<br /> <br /> 1) Intend to stay no more than 30 days<br /> <br /> 2) Permanent residents born in Hong Kong and Macau.<br /> <br /> 3) Those who were not born in Hong Kong or Macau who went to Taiwan as permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau after 1983.<br /> <br /> 4) Hold a valid entry and exit permit (entry permit) for the Republic of China (Taiwan) applicable to Hong Kong and Macao residents.<br /> <br /> If you apply for a【Temporary entry and stay permit】 online (online visa), you must use A4 paper to print it out by yourself, otherwise you need to apply for a 【Temporary entry and stay permit】 on arrival again (in Kinmen and Matsu, you will be refused entry)<br /> <br /> This 【Temporary entry and stay permit】online (online visa) is valid for three months for a single entry (if using a cruise ship to enter Taiwan, it is two entries)<br /> <br /> The application fee is free of charge before departure, and the landing application fee is NT$300.<br /> <br /> Permit not required for airside transit on the same day.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Visa requirements==<br /> Visa requirements for holders of normal passports travelling for tourist purposes:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:22%;&quot;| Visa requirement<br /> ! Allowed stay<br /> ! Notes (excluding departure fees)<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Albania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> *Permanent ID Card valid<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Algeria}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Andorra}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 days period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Angola}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Armenia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 180 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | {{yes|[[Electronic Travel Authority (Australia)|Electronic Travel Authority]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted<br /> *Starting from 21 August 2020, Hong Kong passport holders are eligible for applying 5 years student and temporary skilled visas after the enforcement of the [[Hong Kong national security law|national security law]]. After meeting the requirement of the 5 years stay, eligible visa holders can apply for permanent residence in the same manner like other nationalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Joint statement with the Hon Scott Morrison MP, Prime Minister – Hong Kong |url=https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/alantudge/Pages/hong-kong-visa-arrangement-20200709.aspx |website= minister.homeaffairs.gov.au|access-date=27 August 2020|date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://evisa.gov.az|title=ASAN VISA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bahamas}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bahrain}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> *May apply online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.evisa.gov.bh/ |title=Bahrain Electronic Visa Service |website=evisa.gov.bh |publisher=[[Ministry of Interior (Bahrain)|Ministry of Interior]], Kingdom of Bahrain |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BD}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Conditional)<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Barbados}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Visa-free access for HKSAR passport holders to Barbados|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201710/26/P2017102600544.htm|website=info.gov.hk|access-date=26 October 2017|date=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belarus}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408172246/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/08/c_137960393.htm HKSAR, Belarus to mutually extend visa-free period]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belize}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Benin}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.gouv.bj/en/ eVisa Benin]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> *Must have an international vaccination certificate.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://visit.doi.gov.bt | title=Bhutan eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bolivia}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 6-month period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Botswana}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any year period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brunei}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bulgaria}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://applicant.visaburkina.bf | title=Burkina Faso eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burundi}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *May apply online.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evisa.gov.kh/ Cambodia eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cameroon}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa }}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.evisacam.com | title=CAMEROON eVISA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> | <br /> *Starting from 2021, Canada rolled out a new scheme for Hong Kong residents migrating to the country after the enforcement of the [[Hong Kong national security law|national security law]]. Two streams were provided - (1) 3 years work permits will be available for those who were graduated from either a recognised Canadian or overseas post-secondary institution in the last five years. (2) persons who have worked in Canada for at least 12 months full time, or an equal amount of part-time hours. If approved, their spouse or partner as well as children can also apply to come with them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7458030/canada-hong-kong-security-law-crackdown/ | title=Amid Chinese crackdown, Ottawa widens door for young Hong Kong immigrants | first=Amanda | last=Connolly | publisher=Global News | date=12 November 2020 | access-date=19 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Applicants will be eligible for applying Canadian [[Permanent residency in Canada]] afterwards.<br /> *[[Visa policy of Canada#Electronic travel authorization|eTA]] required if arriving by air.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.canada.ca/eTA canada.ca/eTA]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cape Verde}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Central African Republic}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Chad}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Chile}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|People's Republic of China|name=Mainland China}}<br /> | {{free|With [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|Mainland Travel Permit]] only, '''HKSAR passport is only suitable for transit in Mainland China'''}}<br /> |colspan=2|<br /> *Entry to [[Mainland China]] cannot be on a HKSAR passport. However, all eligible for a HKSAR passport are also eligible to apply for a separate [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|Mainland Travel Permit]] (MTP), otherwise and previously known as a Home Return Permit, allowing the holder to enter and stay in Mainland China for indefinite period until its expiry (as a tourist / for business, those who wish to take up employment or studies need to apply for separate study/work permits in addition to their MTP). Issuance of the MTP, however, is not guaranteed for all Chinese citizens of Hong Kong and is at the sole discretion of the Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security of China. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> *MTP not required if transiting through [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing-Capital]], [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|Beijing-Daxing]], [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]], and [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]]. Cannot leave the sterile area of the airport if only holding the HKSAR Passport.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 180 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Comoros}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 45 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CD}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://evisa.gouv.cd/helps/a-propos|title=eVisa RDC|website=evisa.gouv.cd}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 7 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Costa Rica}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Get Visa at [[Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport]] in [[Abidjan]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.snedai.com/e-visa/ Cote d'Ivoire Biometric E-Visa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> * 90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cuba}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Tourist Card required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Czech Republic}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Djibouti}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evisa.gouv.dj/#/ eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 31 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Dominica}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ecuador}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=EC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days&lt;ref name=A&gt;Extendable length of stay.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Egypt}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=EG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|El Salvador}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://equatorialguinea-evisa.com/ | title=eVisa - Equatorial Guinea}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Eritrea}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ER}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Estonia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=EE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Eswatini}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ethiopia}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ET}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | up to 90 days<br /> |<br /> {{#section-h::Template:Transcluded sections for the visa articles|Ethiopia. eVisa/VOA}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Fiji}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 4 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Finland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}} and territories<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gabon}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.dgdi.ga/ Gabon e-Visa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *Electronic visa holders must arrive via [[Libreville International Airport]].<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gambia}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *In addition to a visa, an entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.&lt;ref&gt;Exemption applies if traveling as tourists on a charter flight.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Georgia}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> * 30 days within any 120 days period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ghana}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greece}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Grenada}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> * Beginning on 1 December 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://travelauth.health.gov.gd/ |title=Grenada :: Travel Authorization |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127211310/https://travelauth.health.gov.gd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guatemala}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guinea}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&amp;VISA=&amp;page=visa&amp;NA=HK&amp;AR=00&amp;PASSTYPES=PASS&amp;DE=GN&amp;user=GF&amp;subuser=GFB2C {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *May apply online&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rgb-visa.com/ |title=Guinea-Bissau eVisa |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531143420/https://www.rgb-visa.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guyana}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.minfor.gov.gy/visa-entry-requirements-countries/|title = Visa Entry Requirements (Countries) – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation&amp;#124; Co-operative Republic of Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Haiti}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Honduras}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *No visa required if holding valid visa of US, Canada, or Schengen Member State<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Hungary}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iceland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|India}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/tvoa.html|title=Indian e-Visa|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | {{Optional|e-VOA / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/visa-kunjungan-saat-kedatangan/|title=Visa on arrival}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://molina.imigrasi.go.id/|title=e-VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 21 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/fwxx/t1684452.shtml | title=伊朗对中国公民实行单方面免签及赴伊朗注意事项 | access-date=30 July 2019 | archive-date=30 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730143254/http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/fwxx/t1684452.shtml | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://en.hongkong.mfa.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&amp;siteid=72&amp;pageid=8185&amp;newsview=581188 {{Bare URL inline|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ireland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Israel}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jamaica}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=JM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=JP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jordan}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=JO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://eservices.moi.gov.jo | title=Jordan E-Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Not available at all entry points.&lt;ref&gt;Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings (except [[Allenby Bridge|King Hussein/Allenby Bridge]] crossing).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kenya}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://immigration.ecitizen.go.ke/index.php?id=5 Republic of Kenya – eCitizen portal]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evisa.go.ke/eligibility.html | title=Kenya eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kiribati}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 120 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|North Korea}}<br /> |{{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Korea}}<br /> | {{yes|Electronical Travel Authorization}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.k-eta.go.kr|title=Archived copy|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119152704/https://www.k-eta.go.kr/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> * Chinese citizens of Hong Kong can enter South Korea as a short term visit (e.g., tours, visiting relatives or friends, attending simple meetings) up to 90 days without a visa, though you should remain aware of the quarantine requirements. You must also have an onward or return ticket. It is illegal to work on a tourist visa, whether as a teacher or in any other capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk South Korea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Entry requirements – South Korea travel advice |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/south-korea/entry-requirements |website=GOV.UK |access-date=3 December 2021 |language=en}} [[File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg|30px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * You must be in possession of a Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA) to enter Korea visa-free. You can complete your K-ETA application up to 24 hours before boarding your flight and it will be valid for two years from the date of approval. There is a small, non-refundable charge.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk South Korea&quot; /&gt;<br /> * HKSAR passport has right to get E-ETA free till 2024. <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Electronic visa holders must arrive via [[Manas International Airport]] or [[Osh Airport]] or through land crossings with [[China]] (at [[Irkeshtam]] and [[Torugart]]), [[Kazakhstan]] (at [[Ak-Jol, Chuy|Ak-jol]], [[Ysyk-Ata District|Ak-Tilek]], [[Chaldybar]], [[Manas District|Chon-Kapka]]), [[Tajikistan]] (at [[Alay District|Bor-Dobo]], [[Kulundu]], [[Batken District|Kyzyl-Bel]]) and [[Uzbekistan]] (at [[Dostuk]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://evisa.e-gov.kg/get_information.php?lng=en|title=e-VISA|website=evisa.e-gov.kg|access-date=11 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Laos}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> {{#section-h::Template:Transcluded sections for the visa articles|Laos. Visa on arrival}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Latvia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lebanon}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> *1 month extendable for 2 additional months<br /> *Granted free of charge at [[Beirut International Airport]] or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lesotho}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Liberia}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Libya}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lithuania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Madagascar}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.evisamada.gov.mg/en/ |title=eVisa Madagascar |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415034050/https://www.evisamada.gov.mg/en/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malawi}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malaysia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mali}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ML}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malta}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritania}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Available at [[Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport]].<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MX}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Moldova}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Monaco}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mongolia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Montenegro}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ME}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Morocco}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mozambique}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evisa.gov.mz | title=Mozambique eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Myanmar}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;http://myanmar.e-consulate.org/images/news/Announcement-Eng-02102018.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Namibia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nauru}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NP}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://nepaliport.immigration.gov.np | title=Nepal Online visa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Netherlands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|New Zealand}}<br /> | {{yes|[[New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority|Electronic Travel Authority]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NZ|accessdate=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> *[[International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy]] must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ IVL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/tools-and-information/your-journey-to-new-zealand/before-you-travel-to-new-zealand/paying-ivl |title=Paying the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy |website=immigration.govt.nz |publisher=Immigration New Zealand |access-date=2021-02-01 |quote=Many tourists, people on working holidays, and some students and workers coming to New Zealand must pay an International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy (IVL) of NZD $35.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]]), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian Resident Visa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/visa-factsheet/australian-resident-visa |title=Information about: Australian Resident Visa |website=immigration.govt.nz |publisher=Immigration New Zealand |access-date=2020-05-21 |quote=Australian citizens and permanent residents can visit, work and live in New Zealand. You do not need a visa before you travel to New Zealand.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ IVL&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Niger}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://portal.immigration.gov.ng | title=NIGERIA IMMIGRATION SERVICE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|North Macedonia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Norway}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required / eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.rop.gov.om/ Sultanate of Oman – Royal Oman Police – eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days / 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Palau}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Panama}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.ica.gov.pg/evisa/account/Apply eVisa], Papua New Guinea (PNG) Immigration and Citizenship Authority (ICA)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 60 days<br /> |<br /> *Visa on Arrival is currently suspended.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://ica.gov.pg/visa/visit | title=VISIT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Paraguay}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Peru}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 183 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Poland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days regardless of time spent in other Schengen countries&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Do I need a visa | publisher = Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców (Office for Foreigners) | url = https://udsc.gov.pl/en/cudzoziemcy/obywatele-panstw-trzecich/chce-przyjechac-do-polski/czy-potrzebuje-wizy/ | access-date = 15 February 2021 | archive-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162438/http://udsc.gov.pl/en/cudzoziemcy/obywatele-panstw-trzecich/chce-przyjechac-do-polski/czy-potrzebuje-wizy/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=QA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Romania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Rwanda}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 42 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Samoa}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=WS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|San Marino}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ST}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 15 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/enault.asp?Language=english |title=Electronic System to Travel Authorization BY SMF SÃO TOMÉ e PRÍNCIPE |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000756/http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/enault.asp?Language=english |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://macauhub.com.mo/2017/05/11/governo-de-sao-tome-e-principe-concede-visto-de-entrada-aos-cidadaos-da-china/ |title=Government of São Tomé and Príncipe grants entry visa to citizens of China – Macauhub |publisher=Macauhub.com.mo |date= |accessdate=2022-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *Holders of a visa issued by the United States do not require a visa.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://visa.visitsaudi.com/ Visit Saudi Visa]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/new-saudi-arabia-tourist-visas-everything-you-need-to-know-1.915912 New Saudi Arabia tourist visas: everything you need to know]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Senegal}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Serbia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Seychelles}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free Visitor's Permit on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evisa.sl | title=SIERRA LEONE eVISA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Slovenia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Solomon Islands}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Somalia}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> {{#section-h::Template:Transcluded sections for the visa articles|Somalia. VOA}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Sudan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.evisa.gov.ss/eligibility |title=Do I need a visa to travel to South Sudan? |website=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs (South Sudan)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] |place=South Sudan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> *Obtainable online&lt;ref name=&quot;evisa.gov.ss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.evisa.gov.ss/ |title=Apply for a South Sudan Visa Online |website=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs (South Sudan)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] |place=South Sudan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel&lt;ref name=&quot;evisa.gov.ss&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Spain}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | {{Optional|ETA / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *Electronic Travel Authorization can also be obtained on arrival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=LK|access-date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *30 days extendable to 6 months.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Online Visa Application |url=http://www.eta.gov.lk/slvisa/ |website=www.eta.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Immigration and Emigration |access-date=3 November 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sudan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Suriname}}<br /> |{{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *An entrance fee of 25 USD or 25 Euros must be paid online prior to arrival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://suriname.vfsevisa.com/suriname/online/home/entry-fee|title=Entry-fee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sweden}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Syria}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 45 days<br /> |<br /> * 45 days within any 90 days period<br /> *E-visa holders can enter through all border points.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evisa.tj Republic of Tajikistan e-visa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tanzania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Timor-Leste}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *Not available at all entry points.&lt;ref&gt;Obtainable at the [[Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport]] or at the [[Dili Sea Port]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Togo}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://voyage.gouv.tg | title=Togo eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 15 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tonga}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 31 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tunisia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkey}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tuvalu}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://visas.immigration.go.ug | title=Uganda e-Visa|website=visas.immigration.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ukraine}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |colspan=2|<br /> *Chinese citizens of Hong Kong who do receive a visa are normally issued with 10-years multiple-entry combination B1/B2 visas, and each entry can stay for a maximum of 6 months (the period of stay is subject to the border immigration officer)<br /> *On August 5, 2021, President [[Joe Biden]] directed the [[Department of Homeland Security]] to implement a &quot;deferral of removal&quot; for up to 18 months for Hong Kong residents currently in the United States, in response to Beijing's implementation of the [[Hong Kong National Security Law]]. Eligible Hong Kongers can apply for a work permit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-offer-temporary-safe-haven-hong-kong-residents-us-2021-08-05/|title=Biden offers 'safe haven' to Hong Kong residents in U.S. after China crackdown|website=[[Reuters]]|date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021|last1=Martina |first1=Michael |last2=Hesson |first2=Ted |last3=Brunnstrom |first3=David }}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 26, 2023, the Biden administration extended the deferral of removal of Hong Kong residents who are present in the United States for another 24 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/26/politics/us-hong-kong-safe-haven-program/index.html|title=US extends safe haven program for Hong Kong residents|website=[[CNN]]|date=26 January 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023|last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uruguay}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 10 days<br /> |<br /> *Must arrive by air. Otherwise an electronic visa is available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://e-visa.gov.uz|title=OFFICIAL ELECTRONIC VISA PORTAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN|website=mfa.uz|access-date=14 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vanuatu}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vatican City}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Venezuela}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vietnam}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vietnam-evisa.com/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%B0%BD%E8%AD%89%E5%B0%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%82%BA%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E8%AD%B7%E7%85%A7%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE/ 越南電子簽證將於2020年2月8日正式為香港和澳門護照重新開放 | Vietnam eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *Due to [[SARS-CoV-2]], Vietnamese government was stopped issuing the travel visas to the ordinary passport holders of Chinese citizens, including Hong Kong and Macau SAR passport holders. The e-visa application has been resumed for application to Hong Kong and Macau Chinese passport holders from 8 February 2020.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Yemen}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=YE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zambia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ZM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ZW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Territories==<br /> Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; table-layout: fixed; &quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;| Visitor to !! style=&quot;width:19%;&quot;| Visa requirement !! Notes (excluding departure fees)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Europe<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Abkhazia}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php Аҧсны Аҳәынҭқарра Адәныҟатәи Аускәа Рминистрра] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623135732/http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php |date=23 June 2017 }}. Mfaapsny.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg|21px]] [[Mount Athos]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permit required}}<br /> | Special permit required (4 days: 25 [[euro]] for [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] visitors, 35 [[euro]] for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 [[euro]] for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ The Friends of Mount Athos – A Pilgrim's Guide to Mount Athos: Planning Your Visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201154734/http://athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ |date=1 December 2017 }}. Athosfriends.org (6 November 2007).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html Mount Athos Info, Αγιον Οροσ, Berg Athos, Ouranoupolis, Ουρανουπολη] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201150655/http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html |date=1 December 2007 }}. Mountathosinfos.gr.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Crimea}} [[Crimea]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Visa issued by Russia is required, HK SAR Passport is exempted from a visa to enter Russia for 14 days.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/foreigners-now-need-russian-visa-to-visit-crimea/497173.html Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea]. Themoscowtimes.com (1 April 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | 3 months&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html How to get to North Cyprus? – Passport, Visa &amp; Entry Requirements]. Cypnet.co.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Access Permit required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&amp;tt=graphic&amp;lang=l1 &gt; Buffer Zone Permits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021143210/http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&amp;tt=graphic&amp;lang=l1 |date=21 October 2014 }}. Unficyp.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Faroe Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/denmark/entry-requirements Denmark travel advice]. GOV.UK.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gibraltar}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guernsey}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.gg/doirequireanentryclearance Do I require an entry clearance/ VISA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222421/http://www.gov.gg/doirequireanentryclearance |date=2 December 2013 }}. Gov.gg.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Isle of Man}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/immigration/an-overview-of-immigration-in-the-isle-of-man/ An overview of Immigration in the Isle of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123192018/http://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/immigration/an-overview-of-immigration-in-the-isle-of-man |date=23 November 2013 }}. Gov.im.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Jan Mayen]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Permit required}}<br /> | Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm Jan Mayen Homesite, Edited By The Jan Mayen Crew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430074108/http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm |date=30 April 2013 }}. Jan-mayen.no.&lt;/ref&gt; and permit issued by the [[Norwegian Police Service|Norwegian police]] for staying for more than 24 hours.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html |title=Forskrifter om utlendingers adgang til Jan Mayen |language=no |trans-title=Regulations on foreigners' access to Jan Mayen |website=lovdata.no |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220307005017/https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/1962-06-01-1 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jersey}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.je/Travel/InformationAdvice/Visitors/Pages/VisaPassport.aspx Visa and passport requirements for visitors]. Gov.je.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kosovo}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 Special Categories – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Kosovo]. Mfa-ks.net.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Artsakh}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ The procedure of foreign citizens' entry to the NKR – NKR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922111552/http://nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ |date=22 September 2017 }}. Nkr.am (14 April 2004).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml The Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in USA]. Nkrusa.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Travellers with [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&amp;id=587 Azərbaycan Respublikası Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi – Azərbaycan Respublikasının Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlarına Liviyada mövcud olan vəziyyətlə bağlı xəbərdarlıq edir, 12 May 2011-ci il]. Mfa.gov.az (12 May 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Special authorisation required}} <br /> | Several [[Russian closed city|closed cities and regions in Russia]] require special authorisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Russian Federation Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1006.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003453/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1006.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Ossetia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 О визах | Министерство иностранных дел]. Mfa-rso.su (22 April 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia | Министерство иностранных дел] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015140424/http://www.mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 |date=15 October 2013 }}. Mfa-rso.su.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Transnistria}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Registration required after 24h.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html |title=Transnistria useful information, warnings, visas, border crossings, budget accommodation |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022114723/http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps Rules and recommendations]. Transnistria tour.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Africa<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permit required}}<br /> | Special permit required.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&amp;pg=4 British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice – GOV.UK]. Fco.gov.uk (13 March 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Eritrea}} outside [[Asmara]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Travel permit required}}<br /> | To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 [[Eritrean nakfa]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm Ministry of Tourism – Tourism Service Center]. Eritrea.be (27 January 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mayotte}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Réunion}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ascension Island}}<br /> | {{BLACK|style=color:white;|Admission refused}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ascension-visas.com|title=Ascension Island E-Visa System|date=13 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/|title=Entry Visas|date=13 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085843/https://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{no|From May 2015, the Ascension Island Government does not issue entry visas including eVisas to Chinese citizens of [[Hong Kong]].}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/ |title=Entry Visas &amp;#124; Ascension Island Government |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085843/https://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Helena}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visitor's Pass required}}<br /> | Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 [[pound sterling]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ Useful info : St Helena Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709030558/http://sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ |date=9 July 2017 }}. Sthelenatourism.com.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tristan da Cunha}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Permission required}}<br /> | Permission to land required for 15/30 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]] (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]] for [[Gough Island]], [[Inaccessible Island]] or [[Nightingale Islands]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php Tristan da Cunha Information for Visitors]. Tristandc.com.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Somaliland}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}<br /> | 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas Practical travel information on Visas in Somaliland, Puntland &amp; Somalia – Lonely Planet Travel Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106194323/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas |date=6 November 2014 }}. Lonelyplanet.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm |title=VISA Application |website=www.somalilandgov.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061117003149/http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sudan}} <br /> | {{yes-no|Travel permit required}}<br /> | All foreigners travelling more than 25 kilometres outside of [[Khartoum]] must obtain a travel permit.<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Darfur]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Travel permit required}}<br /> | Separate travel permit is required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_5525.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105150822/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_5525.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Asia<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|India}} PAP/RAP<br /> | {{yes-no|PAP/RAP required}}<br /> | Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for all of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Manipur, [[Mizoram]] and parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]], Jammu and Kashmir and [[Uttarakhand]]. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep]] and parts of [[Sikkim]]. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085021/http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=Entry Formalities to Andaman }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php Arunachal Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701111837/http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php |date=1 July 2014 }}. Arunachal Tourism.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm |title=Entry Formalities in Manipur |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809003009/http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ |title=时时彩平台推广&amp;#124;时时彩平台推广官网【Pk彩票官方授权】 |website=manipurhub.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112747/http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm Tourism in Lakshadweep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713171604/http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm |date=13 July 2014 }}. Lakshadweeptourism.nic.in.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} <br /> | {{yes-no|Special permission required}}<br /> | Special permission required for the town of [[Baikonur]] and surrounding areas in [[Kyzylorda Oblast]], and the town of [[Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan|Gvardeyskiy]] near [[Almaty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1150.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170930/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1150.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Kish Island]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Visitors to [[Kish Island]] do not require a visa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Iran Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203094257/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Malaysia}} Malaysia:<br /> {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] and {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Malaysia Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_960.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128154523/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_960.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=28 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldives<br /> | {{yes-no|Permission required}}<br /> | With the exception of the capital [[Malé]], tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maldives Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_961.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232123/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_961.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Palestine}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Arrival by sea to [[Gaza Strip]] not allowed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Israel Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1064.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114103216/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1064.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]]<br /> | {{yes-no|OIVR permit required}}<br /> | OIVR permit required (15+5 [[Tajikistani Somoni]]) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for [[Lake Sarez]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm the roof of the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630035659/http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm |date=30 June 2017 }}. Pamirs.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html Permit to visit Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423031531/http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html |date=23 April 2015 }}. Travel Tajikistan (16 July 2004).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ Tajikistan Visa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706121812/http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ |date=6 July 2017 }}. Tajik Tourism.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|UN}} [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Restricted zone}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[UNDOF Zone]] and [[Ghajar]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Restricted zone}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Yemen}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permission required}}<br /> | Special permission needed for travel outside [[Sana'a]] or [[Aden]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yemen Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1061.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114101625/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1061.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Caribbean and North Atlantic<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Anguilla}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Aruba}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bermuda}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | lesser than 6 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cayman Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 60 days for tourism / 10 days for business<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Curacao}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|France}} [[French Guiana]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|France}} [[French West Indies]] <br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | French West Indies refers to [[Martinique]], Guadeloupe, [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] and [[Saint Barthélemy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greenland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Montserrat}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Puerto Rico}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sint Maarten}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SX}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} <br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Oceania<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|American Samoa}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special authorisation required}}<br /> | Special authorisation required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html |access-date=4 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132558/http://environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |title=Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve and Cartier Island Marine Reserve - Activities Allowed }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Clipperton Island]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permit required}}<br /> | Special permit required.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clipperton.fr/incagen.html?geopolitique.htm~main Clipperton – Ile de La Passion]. Clipperton.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cook Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 31 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114210537/http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php |archive-date=14 January 2010 |title=Cook Islands Government Online }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Lau Province]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permission required}}<br /> | Special permission required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fiji Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1114.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102204202/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1114.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|French Polynesia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guam}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Visa free for holders of both Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards and HKSAR Passport for a stay of less than 45 days. Visa required if without Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|New Caledonia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=France&gt;{{cite web|title=Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/getting-a-visa/article/foreign-nationals-holding-ordinary|publisher=Ministère des Affaires étrangères|access-date=12 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Visa free for holders of both Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards and HKSAR Passport for a stay of less than 45 days. Visa required if without Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Niue}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue Getting to Niue | Niue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824231422/http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue |date=24 August 2014 }}. Niueisland.com (21 May 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | 14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html Tourist Information | Visas &amp; Legal Info | Pitcairn Island Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018001850/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html |date=18 October 2013 }}. Visitpitcairn.pn.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php Pitcairn Islands]. Government.pn.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf |title=Immigration Control Ordinance 2006 |website=[[Government of the Pitcairn Islands]] |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106205311/http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|US}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]<br /> | {{no|Special permits required}}<br /> | Special permits required for [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], [[Palmyra Atoll]] and [[Wake Island]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017211743/http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Visiting - Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212340/http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Visiting Howland National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.fws.gov/jarvisisland/ {{dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html |title= Visiting Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge|website=www.fws.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607120346/http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html |archive-date=7 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212056/http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Visiting Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227230950/http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html |archive-date=27 February 2014 |title=Visiting Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522074332/http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |title=Visiting - Palmyra National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South America<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Bandera Província Galápagos.svg|border|22x20px]] [[Galapagos Province|Galápagos]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Pre-registration required}}<br /> | Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec/cgggob/info/ |title=Sistema de Calificación y Control de Residencia – Consejo de Gobierno de Galápagos |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221022358/http://gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec/cgggob/info/ |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Atlantic and Antarctica<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Falkland Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc Entry and Exit requirements &gt; Need to know &gt; Travel Guide &gt; Home &gt; Falkland Islands Tourist Board]. Falklandislands.com.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Permit required}}<br /> | Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice – GOV.UK]. Fco.gov.uk (16 June 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis Information for Visitors – South Georgia Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412170649/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis |date=12 April 2008 }}. Sgisland.gs.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Antarctica]]<br /> | <br /> | Special permits required for {{flagu|British Antarctic Territory}}, {{flagu|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}, {{flagu|Argentine Antarctica}}, {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Antarctic Territory]], {{flagicon|Antártica Chilena Province}} [[Chilean Antarctic Territory]], {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Peter I Island]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Queen Maud Land]], {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Ross Dependency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php |title=Antarctic tourism |website=[[British Antarctic Survey]] |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220306141525/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/tourism/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110427210122/http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&amp;pg=1 | title=UK Government Web Archive }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ British Antarctic Territory – GOV.UK]. Britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique Activités et accès à l’Antarctique : rappel des procédures et sensibilisation à la sécurité des personnes et à la protection de l’environnement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501210951/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique|date=1 May 2018}}. Taaf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes Accès aux Terres australes françaises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032950/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes |date=2 May 2014 }}. Taaf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses Accès aux îles Eparses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417172311/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses |date=17 April 2018 }}. Taaf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM Dna-Iaa – La Antártida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805081831/http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM |date=5 August 2014 }}. Dna.gov.ar.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information Forms expeditioners must sign — Australian Antarctic Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121127122832/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information |date=27 November 2012 }}. Antarctica.gov.au (11 December 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island FAQ — Heard Island]. Heardisland.aq (28 February 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118173059/http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html |archive-date=18 January 2014 |title=Peter I Øy - Norwegian Polar Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html |title= Dronning Maud Land - Norwegian Polar Institute|website=www.npolar.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172625/http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html |archive-date=27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php Foreign Relations – Antarctica – New Zealand Procedures for Non-Governmental Visitors to Antarctica – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033603/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php |date=22 May 2010 }}. Mfat.govt.nz (12 October 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==APEC Business Travel Card==<br /> [[File:APEC Business Travel Card Member States.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|{{legend|green|Full members of the scheme}}{{legend|lime|Transitional members (United States, Canada)}}]]<br /> Holders of an [[APEC Business Travel Card|APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC)]] travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec/business-resources/apec-business-travel-card.aspx APEC Business Travel Card]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;border-radius:1em; box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background:white; border:1px solid white; padding:5px;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> |<br /> *{{flag|Australia}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Brunei}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Chile}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Indonesia}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Japan}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|South Korea}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Malaysia}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Mexico}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|New Zealand}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |valign=top|<br /> *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Peru}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Philippines}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Russia}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Singapore}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Taiwan}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Thailand}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Vietnam}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> &lt;sub&gt;1 – up to 90 days&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;sub&gt;2 – up to 60 days&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;sub&gt;3 – up to 59 days&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Permanent residents with Chinese nationality ( holders of HKSAR passport/ BN(O) passport) are required to apply for a Mainland Travel Permit to enter {{flagicon|CHN}} Mainland China, to the exclusion of all other documents.<br /> <br /> The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:&lt;ref&gt;[http://travel.apec.org/faqs.htm APEC Business Travel Card]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to [[APEC]] countries, as the card is treated as such (except by {{flag|Canada}} and {{flag|United States}})<br /> *undertake legitimate business in participating economies<br /> *expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members<br /> *expedited scheduling of visa interview (United States)<br /> <br /> ==Non-visa restrictions==<br /> {{Transcluded section|Non-visa travel restrictions}}{{#section-x::Non-visa travel restrictions|bad}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|China|Hong Kong}}<br /> *[[Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)]]<br /> *[[Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau]]<br /> *[[Visa requirements for Chinese citizens|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (mainland)]]<br /> *[[Visa policy of Hong Kong]]<br /> *[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/immigration/traveldoc/hksarpassport/visafreeaccess.htm Official GovHK list of countries/territories offering visa-free access for Hong Kong SAR passport holders] (Note: This list is not comprehensive as it excludes countries/territories without diplomatic relations with China)<br /> <br /> {{-}}<br /> {{Visa policy by country}}<br /> {{Visa Requirements}}<br /> {{HKIA}}<br /> {{Visa policies and requirements in Greater China}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Visa requirements by nationality|China, Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Foreign relations of Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong&diff=1169759592 Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong 2023-08-11T03:17:42Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Administrative entry restrictions}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau}}<br /> {{redirect|Visa requirements for Hong Kong citizens|entry requirements for [[British Nationals (Overseas)]] in Hong Kong|Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> '''Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong''' are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on holders of [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]]s.<br /> <br /> {{As of|2022|08|08|post=,}} Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of Hong Kong (Hong Kong citizens) holding HK passports had visa-free or [[visa on arrival]] access to 171 countries and territories (tied with Argentina, Brazil, Croatia and the United Arab Emirates), ranking the HK passport 18th in terms of travel freedom according to the [[Henley Passport Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The ''Henley Passport Index'' |url=https://cdn.henleyglobal.com/storage/app/media/HPI/HENLEY_PASSPORT_INDEX_2022_Q3_INFOGRAPHIC_GLOBAL_RANKING_220705_1.pdf |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=8 August 2022 |quote=This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2022 Henley Passport Index. In certain cases, a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa-free or visa-on-arrival access.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official figure provided by the [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Immigration Department]] of countries and territories granting visa-free access to Hong Kong SAR passport holders was 168 as of 8 August 2022. (However, this figure excludes countries and territories which are not officially recognised by the People's Republic of China, such as Kosovo and Taiwan so the practical figure relevant to travellers is actually higher.)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.immd.gov.hk/pdf/Full_List_of_Visa-free_Access_or_Visa-on-arrival_for_HKSAR_Passport_en.pdf Visa-free Access for HKSAR Passports]. GovHK.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to its [[one country, two systems]] stance, the [[Government of Hong Kong]] can make a visa-waiver agreement for Chinese residents of Hong Kong with other countries. As a result of both bilateral visa abolition agreements (e.g. between Hong Kong and Russia&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/20090603.htm Visa-free access to Russia for HKSAR passport holders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619215434/http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/20090603.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}. Immd.gov.hk (21 January 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;) and unilateral decisions to grant visa exemptions (e.g. Myanmar), '''[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]]''' holders enjoy visa exemptions and simplified visa procedures to a large number of destinations worldwide. Whilst the visa exemptions mostly only apply when Chinese citizens of Hong Kong are visiting on short trips for pleasure or on business, a number of countries extend the visa exemption to short stays involving paid activities (e.g. Belgium and Luxembourg).<br /> <br /> Hong Kong citizens may hold a HKSAR passport only if they are also permanent residents of Hong Kong and hold a valid [[Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card]]. This article deals only with the visa requirements for HKSAR passport holders, who due to the &quot;One country, two systems&quot; principle are not eligible to hold PRC passports, and vice versa. For PRC passport holders, check [[Visa requirements for Chinese citizens]].<br /> <br /> As of 2023, the passports of South Korea, Israel, Hong Kong and Chile are the only ones to provide visa free access to all European countries<br /> <br /> ==Visa requirements map==<br /> [[File:Visa requirements for HKSAR citizens.png|upright=3.7|thumb|center|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong (as of 1 January 2020)<br /> {{legend|#002377|Hong Kong}}<br /> {{legend|#008000|Mainland Travel Permit travel}}<br /> {{legend|#22B14C|Visa free access}}<br /> {{legend|#B5E61D|Visa on arrival}}<br /> {{legend|#61C7A1|eVisa}}<br /> {{legend|#79D343|Visa available both on arrival or online}}<br /> {{legend|#ABABAB|Visa required}}]]<br /> <br /> ==Greater China==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: smaller; table-layout: fixed; &quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;| Jurisdiction<br /> ! style=&quot;width:22%;&quot;| Visa requirement<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;| {{CHN-MLD}}<br /> | {{free|With [[Home Return Permit]]}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> (Freedom of movement)&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=MO|destination=CN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Home Return Permit not required if Holding an HKSAR Passport for airside transit in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou<br /> | {{free|Holders of [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents]] are able to freely enter Mainland China for all purposes within the validity of their travel document. Most permits for adults are valid for 10 years ; minors under 18 years old are issued permits valid for five years.}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Permit not required for airside transit. Applicable only in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Macau}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Visa free for holders of [[Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card]]s for a stay of less than one year. Visa not required for 7 days for passengers in transit holding [[HKSAR passport]]s.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Taiwan}}<br /> | {{Optional|Temporary entry and stay permit required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *If you meet the following conditions, you can apply for a 【Temporary entry and stay permit】 before departure online (online visa) or landing: (To enter Kinmen and Matsu, you must apply for a 【Temporary entry and stay permit】 before departure)<br /> <br /> 1) Intend to stay no more than 30 days<br /> <br /> 2) Permanent residents born in Hong Kong and Macau.<br /> <br /> 3) Those who were not born in Hong Kong or Macau who went to Taiwan as permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau after 1983.<br /> <br /> 4) Hold a valid entry and exit permit (entry permit) for the Republic of China (Taiwan) applicable to Hong Kong and Macao residents.<br /> <br /> If you apply for a【Temporary entry and stay permit】 online (online visa), you must use A4 paper to print it out by yourself, otherwise you need to apply for a 【Temporary entry and stay permit】 on arrival again (in Kinmen and Matsu, you will be refused entry)<br /> <br /> This 【Temporary entry and stay permit】online (online visa) is valid for three months for a single entry (if using a cruise ship to enter Taiwan, it is two entries)<br /> <br /> The application fee is free of charge before departure, and the landing application fee is NT$300.<br /> <br /> Permit not required for airside transit on the same day.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Visa requirements==<br /> Visa requirements for holders of normal passports travelling for tourist purposes:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:22%;&quot;| Visa requirement<br /> ! Allowed stay<br /> ! Notes (excluding departure fees)<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Albania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> *Permanent ID Card valid<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Algeria}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Andorra}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 days period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Angola}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Armenia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 180 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | {{yes|[[Electronic Travel Authority (Australia)|Electronic Travel Authority]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted<br /> *Starting from 21 August 2020, Hong Kong passport holders are eligible for applying 5 years student and temporary skilled visas after the enforcement of the [[Hong Kong national security law|national security law]]. After meeting the requirement of the 5 years stay, eligible visa holders can apply for permanent residence in the same manner like other nationalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Joint statement with the Hon Scott Morrison MP, Prime Minister – Hong Kong |url=https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/alantudge/Pages/hong-kong-visa-arrangement-20200709.aspx |website= minister.homeaffairs.gov.au|access-date=27 August 2020|date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://evisa.gov.az|title=ASAN VISA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bahamas}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bahrain}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> *May apply online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.evisa.gov.bh/ |title=Bahrain Electronic Visa Service |website=evisa.gov.bh |publisher=[[Ministry of Interior (Bahrain)|Ministry of Interior]], Kingdom of Bahrain |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BD}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Conditional)<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Barbados}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Visa-free access for HKSAR passport holders to Barbados|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201710/26/P2017102600544.htm|website=info.gov.hk|access-date=26 October 2017|date=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belarus}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408172246/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/08/c_137960393.htm HKSAR, Belarus to mutually extend visa-free period]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belize}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Benin}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.gouv.bj/en/ eVisa Benin]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> *Must have an international vaccination certificate.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://visit.doi.gov.bt | title=Bhutan eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bolivia}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 6-month period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Botswana}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any year period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brunei}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bulgaria}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://applicant.visaburkina.bf | title=Burkina Faso eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burundi}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *May apply online.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evisa.gov.kh/ Cambodia eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cameroon}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa }}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.evisacam.com | title=CAMEROON eVISA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> | <br /> *Starting from 2021, Canada rolled out a new scheme for Hong Kong residents migrating to the country after the enforcement of the [[Hong Kong national security law|national security law]]. Two streams were provided - (1) 3 years work permits will be available for those who were graduated from either a recognised Canadian or overseas post-secondary institution in the last five years. (2) persons who have worked in Canada for at least 12 months full time, or an equal amount of part-time hours. If approved, their spouse or partner as well as children can also apply to come with them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7458030/canada-hong-kong-security-law-crackdown/ | title=Amid Chinese crackdown, Ottawa widens door for young Hong Kong immigrants | first=Amanda | last=Connolly | publisher=Global News | date=12 November 2020 | access-date=19 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Applicants will be eligible for applying Canadian [[Permanent residency in Canada]] afterwards.<br /> *[[Visa policy of Canada#Electronic travel authorization|eTA]] required if arriving by air.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.canada.ca/eTA canada.ca/eTA]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cape Verde}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Central African Republic}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Chad}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Chile}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|People's Republic of China|name=Mainland China}}<br /> | {{free|With [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|Mainland Travel Permit]] only, '''HKSAR passport is only suitable for transit in Mainland China'''}}<br /> |colspan=2|<br /> *Entry to [[Mainland China]] cannot be on a HKSAR passport. However, all eligible for a HKSAR passport are also eligible to apply for a separate [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|Mainland Travel Permit]] (MTP), otherwise and previously known as a Home Return Permit, allowing the holder to enter and stay in Mainland China for indefinite period until its expiry (as a tourist / for business, those who wish to take up employment or studies need to apply for separate study/work permits in addition to their MTP). Issuance of the MTP, however, is not guaranteed for all Chinese citizens of Hong Kong and is at the sole discretion of the Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security of China. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> *MTP not required if transiting through [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing-Capital]], [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|Beijing-Daxing]], [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]], and [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]]. Cannot leave the sterile area of the airport if only holding the HKSAR Passport.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 180 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Comoros}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 45 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CD}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://evisa.gouv.cd/helps/a-propos|title=eVisa RDC|website=evisa.gouv.cd}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 7 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Costa Rica}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Get Visa at [[Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport]] in [[Abidjan]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.snedai.com/e-visa/ Cote d'Ivoire Biometric E-Visa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> * 90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cuba}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Tourist Card required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Czech Republic}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Djibouti}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evisa.gouv.dj/#/ eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 31 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Dominica}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ecuador}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=EC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days&lt;ref name=A&gt;Extendable length of stay.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Egypt}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=EG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|El Salvador}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://equatorialguinea-evisa.com/ | title=eVisa - Equatorial Guinea}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Eritrea}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ER}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Estonia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=EE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Eswatini}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ethiopia}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ET}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | up to 90 days<br /> |<br /> {{#section-h::Template:Transcluded sections for the visa articles|Ethiopia. eVisa/VOA}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Fiji}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 4 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Finland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}} and territories<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gabon}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.dgdi.ga/ Gabon e-Visa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *Electronic visa holders must arrive via [[Libreville International Airport]].<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gambia}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *In addition to a visa, an entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.&lt;ref&gt;Exemption applies if traveling as tourists on a charter flight.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Georgia}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> * 30 days within any 120 days period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ghana}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greece}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Grenada}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> * Beginning on 1 December 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://travelauth.health.gov.gd/ |title=Grenada :: Travel Authorization |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127211310/https://travelauth.health.gov.gd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guatemala}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guinea}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&amp;VISA=&amp;page=visa&amp;NA=HK&amp;AR=00&amp;PASSTYPES=PASS&amp;DE=GN&amp;user=GF&amp;subuser=GFB2C {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *May apply online&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rgb-visa.com/ |title=Guinea-Bissau eVisa |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531143420/https://www.rgb-visa.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guyana}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.minfor.gov.gy/visa-entry-requirements-countries/|title = Visa Entry Requirements (Countries) – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation&amp;#124; Co-operative Republic of Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Haiti}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Honduras}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *No visa required if holding valid visa of US, Canada, or Schengen Member State<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Hungary}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=HU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iceland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|India}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/tvoa.html|title=Indian e-Visa|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | {{Optional|e-VOA / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/visa-kunjungan-saat-kedatangan/|title=Visa on arrival}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://molina.imigrasi.go.id/|title=e-VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 21 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/fwxx/t1684452.shtml | title=伊朗对中国公民实行单方面免签及赴伊朗注意事项 | access-date=30 July 2019 | archive-date=30 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730143254/http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/fwxx/t1684452.shtml | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://en.hongkong.mfa.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&amp;siteid=72&amp;pageid=8185&amp;newsview=581188 {{Bare URL inline|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ireland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Israel}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jamaica}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=JM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=JP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jordan}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=JO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://eservices.moi.gov.jo | title=Jordan E-Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Not available at all entry points.&lt;ref&gt;Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings (except [[Allenby Bridge|King Hussein/Allenby Bridge]] crossing).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kenya}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://immigration.ecitizen.go.ke/index.php?id=5 Republic of Kenya – eCitizen portal]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evisa.go.ke/eligibility.html | title=Kenya eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kiribati}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 120 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|North Korea}}<br /> |{{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Korea}}<br /> | {{yes|Electronical Travel Authorization}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.k-eta.go.kr|title=Archived copy|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119152704/https://www.k-eta.go.kr/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> * Chinese citizens of Hong Kong can enter South Korea as a short term visit (e.g., tours, visiting relatives or friends, attending simple meetings) up to 90 days without a visa, though you should remain aware of the quarantine requirements. You must also have an onward or return ticket. It is illegal to work on a tourist visa, whether as a teacher or in any other capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk South Korea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Entry requirements – South Korea travel advice |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/south-korea/entry-requirements |website=GOV.UK |access-date=3 December 2021 |language=en}} [[File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg|30px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * You must be in possession of a Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA) to enter Korea visa-free. You can complete your K-ETA application up to 24 hours before boarding your flight and it will be valid for two years from the date of approval. There is a small, non-refundable charge.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk South Korea&quot; /&gt;<br /> * HKSAR passport has right to get E-ETA free till 2024. <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Electronic visa holders must arrive via [[Manas International Airport]] or [[Osh Airport]] or through land crossings with [[China]] (at [[Irkeshtam]] and [[Torugart]]), [[Kazakhstan]] (at [[Ak-Jol, Chuy|Ak-jol]], [[Ysyk-Ata District|Ak-Tilek]], [[Chaldybar]], [[Manas District|Chon-Kapka]]), [[Tajikistan]] (at [[Alay District|Bor-Dobo]], [[Kulundu]], [[Batken District|Kyzyl-Bel]]) and [[Uzbekistan]] (at [[Dostuk]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://evisa.e-gov.kg/get_information.php?lng=en|title=e-VISA|website=evisa.e-gov.kg|access-date=11 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Laos}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> {{#section-h::Template:Transcluded sections for the visa articles|Laos. Visa on arrival}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Latvia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lebanon}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> *1 month extendable for 2 additional months<br /> *Granted free of charge at [[Beirut International Airport]] or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lesotho}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Liberia}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Libya}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lithuania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Madagascar}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.evisamada.gov.mg/en/ |title=eVisa Madagascar |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415034050/https://www.evisamada.gov.mg/en/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malawi}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malaysia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mali}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ML}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malta}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritania}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Available at [[Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport]].<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MX}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Moldova}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Monaco}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mongolia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Montenegro}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ME}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Morocco}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mozambique}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evisa.gov.mz | title=Mozambique eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Myanmar}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;http://myanmar.e-consulate.org/images/news/Announcement-Eng-02102018.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Namibia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nauru}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NP}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://nepaliport.immigration.gov.np | title=Nepal Online visa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Netherlands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|New Zealand}}<br /> | {{yes|[[New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority|Electronic Travel Authority]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NZ|accessdate=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> *[[International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy]] must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ IVL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/tools-and-information/your-journey-to-new-zealand/before-you-travel-to-new-zealand/paying-ivl |title=Paying the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy |website=immigration.govt.nz |publisher=Immigration New Zealand |access-date=2021-02-01 |quote=Many tourists, people on working holidays, and some students and workers coming to New Zealand must pay an International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy (IVL) of NZD $35.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]]), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian Resident Visa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/visa-factsheet/australian-resident-visa |title=Information about: Australian Resident Visa |website=immigration.govt.nz |publisher=Immigration New Zealand |access-date=2020-05-21 |quote=Australian citizens and permanent residents can visit, work and live in New Zealand. You do not need a visa before you travel to New Zealand.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ IVL&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Niger}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://portal.immigration.gov.ng | title=NIGERIA IMMIGRATION SERVICE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|North Macedonia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Norway}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required / eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.rop.gov.om/ Sultanate of Oman – Royal Oman Police – eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days / 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Palau}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Panama}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://evisa.ica.gov.pg/evisa/account/Apply eVisa], Papua New Guinea (PNG) Immigration and Citizenship Authority (ICA)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 60 days<br /> |<br /> *Visa on Arrival is currently suspended.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://ica.gov.pg/visa/visit | title=VISIT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Paraguay}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Peru}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 183 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Poland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days regardless of time spent in other Schengen countries&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Do I need a visa | publisher = Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców (Office for Foreigners) | url = https://udsc.gov.pl/en/cudzoziemcy/obywatele-panstw-trzecich/chce-przyjechac-do-polski/czy-potrzebuje-wizy/ | access-date = 15 February 2021 | archive-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162438/http://udsc.gov.pl/en/cudzoziemcy/obywatele-panstw-trzecich/chce-przyjechac-do-polski/czy-potrzebuje-wizy/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=QA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Romania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Rwanda}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 42 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Samoa}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=WS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|San Marino}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ST}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 15 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/enault.asp?Language=english |title=Electronic System to Travel Authorization BY SMF SÃO TOMÉ e PRÍNCIPE |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000756/http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/enault.asp?Language=english |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://macauhub.com.mo/2017/05/11/governo-de-sao-tome-e-principe-concede-visto-de-entrada-aos-cidadaos-da-china/ |title=Government of São Tomé and Príncipe grants entry visa to citizens of China – Macauhub |publisher=Macauhub.com.mo |date= |accessdate=2022-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *Holders of a visa issued by the United States do not require a visa.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | {{Optional|eVisa / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://visa.visitsaudi.com/ Visit Saudi Visa]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/new-saudi-arabia-tourist-visas-everything-you-need-to-know-1.915912 New Saudi Arabia tourist visas: everything you need to know]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Senegal}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Serbia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=RS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Seychelles}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free Visitor's Permit on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evisa.sl | title=SIERRA LEONE eVISA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Slovenia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Solomon Islands}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> *Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Somalia}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> {{#section-h::Template:Transcluded sections for the visa articles|Somalia. VOA}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Sudan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.evisa.gov.ss/eligibility |title=Do I need a visa to travel to South Sudan? |website=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs (South Sudan)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] |place=South Sudan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> | <br /> *Obtainable online&lt;ref name=&quot;evisa.gov.ss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.evisa.gov.ss/ |title=Apply for a South Sudan Visa Online |website=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs (South Sudan)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] |place=South Sudan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel&lt;ref name=&quot;evisa.gov.ss&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Spain}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | {{Optional|ETA / Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=LK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *Electronic Travel Authorization can also be obtained on arrival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=LK|access-date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *30 days extendable to 6 months.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Online Visa Application |url=http://www.eta.gov.lk/slvisa/ |website=www.eta.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Immigration and Emigration |access-date=3 November 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sudan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Suriname}}<br /> |{{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *An entrance fee of 25 USD or 25 Euros must be paid online prior to arrival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://suriname.vfsevisa.com/suriname/online/home/entry-fee|title=Entry-fee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sweden}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> *90 days within any 180 day period in the [[Schengen Area]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Syria}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 45 days<br /> |<br /> * 45 days within any 90 days period<br /> *E-visa holders can enter through all border points.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evisa.tj Republic of Tajikistan e-visa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tanzania}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TH}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Timor-Leste}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TL}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *Not available at all entry points.&lt;ref&gt;Obtainable at the [[Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport]] or at the [[Dili Sea Port]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Togo}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://voyage.gouv.tg | title=Togo eVisa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 15 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tonga}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 31 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tunisia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkey}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tuvalu}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Free visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 month<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://visas.immigration.go.ug | title=Uganda e-Visa|website=visas.immigration.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ukraine}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 14 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |colspan=2|<br /> *Chinese citizens of Hong Kong who do receive a visa are normally issued with 10-years multiple-entry combination B1/B2 visas, and each entry can stay for a maximum of 6 months (the period of stay is subject to the border immigration officer)<br /> *On August 5, 2021, President [[Joe Biden]] directed the [[Department of Homeland Security]] to implement a &quot;deferral of removal&quot; for up to 18 months for Hong Kong residents currently in the United States, in response to Beijing's implementation of the [[Hong Kong National Security Law]]. Eligible Hong Kongers can apply for a work permit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-offer-temporary-safe-haven-hong-kong-residents-us-2021-08-05/|title=Biden offers 'safe haven' to Hong Kong residents in U.S. after China crackdown|website=[[Reuters]]|date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021|last1=Martina |first1=Michael |last2=Hesson |first2=Ted |last3=Brunnstrom |first3=David }}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 26, 2023, the Biden administration extended the deferral of removal of Hong Kong residents who are present in the United States for another 24 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/26/politics/us-hong-kong-safe-haven-program/index.html|title=US extends safe haven program for Hong Kong residents|website=[[CNN]]|date=26 January 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023|last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uruguay}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=UZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 10 days<br /> |<br /> *Must arrive by air. Otherwise an electronic visa is available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://e-visa.gov.uz|title=OFFICIAL ELECTRONIC VISA PORTAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN|website=mfa.uz|access-date=14 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vanuatu}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vatican City}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Venezuela}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vietnam}}<br /> | {{yes2|eVisa}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vietnam-evisa.com/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%B0%BD%E8%AD%89%E5%B0%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%82%BA%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E8%AD%B7%E7%85%A7%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE/ 越南電子簽證將於2020年2月8日正式為香港和澳門護照重新開放 | Vietnam eVisa]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> *Due to [[SARS-CoV-2]], Vietnamese government was stopped issuing the travel visas to the ordinary passport holders of Chinese citizens, including Hong Kong and Macau SAR passport holders. The e-visa application has been resumed for application to Hong Kong and Macau Chinese passport holders from 8 February 2020.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Yemen}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=YE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zambia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ZM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=ZW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 6 months<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Territories==<br /> Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; table-layout: fixed; &quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;| Visitor to !! style=&quot;width:19%;&quot;| Visa requirement !! Notes (excluding departure fees)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Europe<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Abkhazia}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php Аҧсны Аҳәынҭқарра Адәныҟатәи Аускәа Рминистрра] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623135732/http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php |date=23 June 2017 }}. Mfaapsny.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg|21px]] [[Mount Athos]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permit required}}<br /> | Special permit required (4 days: 25 [[euro]] for [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] visitors, 35 [[euro]] for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 [[euro]] for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ The Friends of Mount Athos – A Pilgrim's Guide to Mount Athos: Planning Your Visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201154734/http://athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ |date=1 December 2017 }}. Athosfriends.org (6 November 2007).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html Mount Athos Info, Αγιον Οροσ, Berg Athos, Ouranoupolis, Ουρανουπολη] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201150655/http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html |date=1 December 2007 }}. Mountathosinfos.gr.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Crimea}} [[Crimea]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Visa issued by Russia is required, HK SAR Passport is exempted from a visa to enter Russia for 14 days.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/foreigners-now-need-russian-visa-to-visit-crimea/497173.html Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea]. Themoscowtimes.com (1 April 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | 3 months&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html How to get to North Cyprus? – Passport, Visa &amp; Entry Requirements]. Cypnet.co.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Access Permit required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&amp;tt=graphic&amp;lang=l1 &gt; Buffer Zone Permits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021143210/http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&amp;tt=graphic&amp;lang=l1 |date=21 October 2014 }}. Unficyp.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Faroe Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/denmark/entry-requirements Denmark travel advice]. GOV.UK.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gibraltar}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guernsey}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.gg/doirequireanentryclearance Do I require an entry clearance/ VISA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222421/http://www.gov.gg/doirequireanentryclearance |date=2 December 2013 }}. Gov.gg.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Isle of Man}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/immigration/an-overview-of-immigration-in-the-isle-of-man/ An overview of Immigration in the Isle of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123192018/http://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/immigration/an-overview-of-immigration-in-the-isle-of-man |date=23 November 2013 }}. Gov.im.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Jan Mayen]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Permit required}}<br /> | Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm Jan Mayen Homesite, Edited By The Jan Mayen Crew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430074108/http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm |date=30 April 2013 }}. Jan-mayen.no.&lt;/ref&gt; and permit issued by the [[Norwegian Police Service|Norwegian police]] for staying for more than 24 hours.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html |title=Forskrifter om utlendingers adgang til Jan Mayen |language=no |trans-title=Regulations on foreigners' access to Jan Mayen |website=lovdata.no |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220307005017/https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/1962-06-01-1 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jersey}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.je/Travel/InformationAdvice/Visitors/Pages/VisaPassport.aspx Visa and passport requirements for visitors]. Gov.je.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kosovo}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 Special Categories – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Kosovo]. Mfa-ks.net.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Artsakh}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ The procedure of foreign citizens' entry to the NKR – NKR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922111552/http://nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ |date=22 September 2017 }}. Nkr.am (14 April 2004).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml The Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in USA]. Nkrusa.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Travellers with [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&amp;id=587 Azərbaycan Respublikası Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi – Azərbaycan Respublikasının Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlarına Liviyada mövcud olan vəziyyətlə bağlı xəbərdarlıq edir, 12 May 2011-ci il]. Mfa.gov.az (12 May 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Special authorisation required}} <br /> | Several [[Russian closed city|closed cities and regions in Russia]] require special authorisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Russian Federation Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1006.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003453/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1006.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Ossetia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 О визах | Министерство иностранных дел]. Mfa-rso.su (22 April 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia | Министерство иностранных дел] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015140424/http://www.mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 |date=15 October 2013 }}. Mfa-rso.su.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Transnistria}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Registration required after 24h.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html |title=Transnistria useful information, warnings, visas, border crossings, budget accommodation |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022114723/http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps Rules and recommendations]. Transnistria tour.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Africa<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permit required}}<br /> | Special permit required.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&amp;pg=4 British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice – GOV.UK]. Fco.gov.uk (13 March 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Eritrea}} outside [[Asmara]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Travel permit required}}<br /> | To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 [[Eritrean nakfa]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm Ministry of Tourism – Tourism Service Center]. Eritrea.be (27 January 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mayotte}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Réunion}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ascension Island}}<br /> | {{BLACK|style=color:white;|Admission refused}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ascension-visas.com|title=Ascension Island E-Visa System|date=13 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/|title=Entry Visas|date=13 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085843/https://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{no|From May 2015, the Ascension Island Government does not issue entry visas including eVisas to Chinese citizens of [[Hong Kong]].}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/ |title=Entry Visas &amp;#124; Ascension Island Government |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085843/https://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Helena}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visitor's Pass required}}<br /> | Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 [[pound sterling]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ Useful info : St Helena Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709030558/http://sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ |date=9 July 2017 }}. Sthelenatourism.com.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tristan da Cunha}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Permission required}}<br /> | Permission to land required for 15/30 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]] (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]] for [[Gough Island]], [[Inaccessible Island]] or [[Nightingale Islands]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php Tristan da Cunha Information for Visitors]. Tristandc.com.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Somaliland}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}<br /> | 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas Practical travel information on Visas in Somaliland, Puntland &amp; Somalia – Lonely Planet Travel Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106194323/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas |date=6 November 2014 }}. Lonelyplanet.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm |title=VISA Application |website=www.somalilandgov.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061117003149/http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sudan}} <br /> | {{yes-no|Travel permit required}}<br /> | All foreigners travelling more than 25 kilometres outside of [[Khartoum]] must obtain a travel permit.<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Darfur]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Travel permit required}}<br /> | Separate travel permit is required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_5525.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105150822/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_5525.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Asia<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|India}} PAP/RAP<br /> | {{yes-no|PAP/RAP required}}<br /> | Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for all of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Manipur, [[Mizoram]] and parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]], Jammu and Kashmir and [[Uttarakhand]]. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep]] and parts of [[Sikkim]]. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085021/http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=Entry Formalities to Andaman }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php Arunachal Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701111837/http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php |date=1 July 2014 }}. Arunachal Tourism.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm |title=Entry Formalities in Manipur |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809003009/http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ |title=时时彩平台推广&amp;#124;时时彩平台推广官网【Pk彩票官方授权】 |website=manipurhub.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112747/http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm Tourism in Lakshadweep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713171604/http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm |date=13 July 2014 }}. Lakshadweeptourism.nic.in.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} <br /> | {{yes-no|Special permission required}}<br /> | Special permission required for the town of [[Baikonur]] and surrounding areas in [[Kyzylorda Oblast]], and the town of [[Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan|Gvardeyskiy]] near [[Almaty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1150.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170930/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1150.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Kish Island]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | Visitors to [[Kish Island]] do not require a visa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Iran Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203094257/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Malaysia}} Malaysia:<br /> {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] and {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Malaysia Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_960.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128154523/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_960.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=28 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldives<br /> | {{yes-no|Permission required}}<br /> | With the exception of the capital [[Malé]], tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maldives Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_961.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232123/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_961.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Palestine}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Arrival by sea to [[Gaza Strip]] not allowed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Israel Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1064.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114103216/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1064.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]]<br /> | {{yes-no|OIVR permit required}}<br /> | OIVR permit required (15+5 [[Tajikistani Somoni]]) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for [[Lake Sarez]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm the roof of the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630035659/http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm |date=30 June 2017 }}. Pamirs.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html Permit to visit Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423031531/http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html |date=23 April 2015 }}. Travel Tajikistan (16 July 2004).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ Tajikistan Visa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706121812/http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ |date=6 July 2017 }}. Tajik Tourism.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|UN}} [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Restricted zone}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[UNDOF Zone]] and [[Ghajar]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Restricted zone}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Yemen}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permission required}}<br /> | Special permission needed for travel outside [[Sana'a]] or [[Aden]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yemen Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1061.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114101625/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1061.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Caribbean and North Atlantic<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Anguilla}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Aruba}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bermuda}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | lesser than 6 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=BQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cayman Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=KY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 60 days for tourism / 10 days for business<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Curacao}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|France}} [[French Guiana]]<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|France}} [[French West Indies]] <br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | French West Indies refers to [[Martinique]], Guadeloupe, [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] and [[Saint Barthélemy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=GP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greenland}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Montserrat}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Puerto Rico}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sint Maarten}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=SX}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 3 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=TC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} <br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=VI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Oceania<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|American Samoa}}<br /> | {{no|Visa required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=AS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special authorisation required}}<br /> | Special authorisation required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html |access-date=4 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132558/http://environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |title=Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve and Cartier Island Marine Reserve - Activities Allowed }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|France}} [[Clipperton Island]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permit required}}<br /> | Special permit required.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clipperton.fr/incagen.html?geopolitique.htm~main Clipperton – Ile de La Passion]. Clipperton.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cook Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=CK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 31 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114210537/http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php |archive-date=14 January 2010 |title=Cook Islands Government Online }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Lau Province]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Special permission required}}<br /> | Special permission required.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fiji Country Specific Information|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1114.html#entry_requirements|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102204202/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1114.html#entry_requirements|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|French Polynesia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=PF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guam}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Visa free for holders of both Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards and HKSAR Passport for a stay of less than 45 days. Visa required if without Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|New Caledonia}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=France&gt;{{cite web|title=Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/getting-a-visa/article/foreign-nationals-holding-ordinary|publisher=Ministère des Affaires étrangères|access-date=12 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=MP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Visa free for holders of both Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards and HKSAR Passport for a stay of less than 45 days. Visa required if without Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards.<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Niue}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Timatic|nationality=HK|destination=NU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 30 days&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue Getting to Niue | Niue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824231422/http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue |date=24 August 2014 }}. Niueisland.com (21 May 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}<br /> | 14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html Tourist Information | Visas &amp; Legal Info | Pitcairn Island Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018001850/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html |date=18 October 2013 }}. Visitpitcairn.pn.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php Pitcairn Islands]. Government.pn.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf |title=Immigration Control Ordinance 2006 |website=[[Government of the Pitcairn Islands]] |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106205311/http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flagicon|US}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]<br /> | {{no|Special permits required}}<br /> | Special permits required for [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], [[Palmyra Atoll]] and [[Wake Island]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017211743/http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Visiting - Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212340/http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Visiting Howland National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.fws.gov/jarvisisland/ {{dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html |title= Visiting Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge|website=www.fws.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607120346/http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html |archive-date=7 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212056/http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Visiting Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227230950/http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html |archive-date=27 February 2014 |title=Visiting Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522074332/http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |title=Visiting - Palmyra National Wildlife Refuge }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot; /&gt;<br /> | 90 days<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South America<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Bandera Província Galápagos.svg|border|22x20px]] [[Galapagos Province|Galápagos]]<br /> | {{yes-no|Pre-registration required}}<br /> | Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec/cgggob/info/ |title=Sistema de Calificación y Control de Residencia – Consejo de Gobierno de Galápagos |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221022358/http://gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec/cgggob/info/ |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Atlantic and Antarctica<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Falkland Islands}}<br /> | {{yes|Visa not required}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc Entry and Exit requirements &gt; Need to know &gt; Travel Guide &gt; Home &gt; Falkland Islands Tourist Board]. Falklandislands.com.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4 months<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}<br /> | {{yes-no|Permit required}}<br /> | Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice – GOV.UK]. Fco.gov.uk (16 June 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis Information for Visitors – South Georgia Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412170649/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis |date=12 April 2008 }}. Sgisland.gs.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Antarctica]]<br /> | <br /> | Special permits required for {{flagu|British Antarctic Territory}}, {{flagu|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}, {{flagu|Argentine Antarctica}}, {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Antarctic Territory]], {{flagicon|Antártica Chilena Province}} [[Chilean Antarctic Territory]], {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Peter I Island]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Queen Maud Land]], {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Ross Dependency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php |title=Antarctic tourism |website=[[British Antarctic Survey]] |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220306141525/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/tourism/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110427210122/http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&amp;pg=1 | title=UK Government Web Archive }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ British Antarctic Territory – GOV.UK]. Britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique Activités et accès à l’Antarctique : rappel des procédures et sensibilisation à la sécurité des personnes et à la protection de l’environnement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501210951/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique|date=1 May 2018}}. Taaf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes Accès aux Terres australes françaises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032950/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes |date=2 May 2014 }}. Taaf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses Accès aux îles Eparses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417172311/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses |date=17 April 2018 }}. Taaf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM Dna-Iaa – La Antártida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805081831/http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM |date=5 August 2014 }}. Dna.gov.ar.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information Forms expeditioners must sign — Australian Antarctic Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121127122832/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information |date=27 November 2012 }}. Antarctica.gov.au (11 December 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island FAQ — Heard Island]. Heardisland.aq (28 February 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118173059/http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html |archive-date=18 January 2014 |title=Peter I Øy - Norwegian Polar Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html |title= Dronning Maud Land - Norwegian Polar Institute|website=www.npolar.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172625/http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html |archive-date=27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php Foreign Relations – Antarctica – New Zealand Procedures for Non-Governmental Visitors to Antarctica – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033603/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php |date=22 May 2010 }}. Mfat.govt.nz (12 October 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==APEC Business Travel Card==<br /> [[File:APEC Business Travel Card Member States.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|{{legend|green|Full members of the scheme}}{{legend|lime|Transitional members (United States, Canada)}}]]<br /> Holders of an [[APEC Business Travel Card|APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC)]] travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec/business-resources/apec-business-travel-card.aspx APEC Business Travel Card]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;border-radius:1em; box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background:white; border:1px solid white; padding:5px;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> |<br /> *{{flag|Australia}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Brunei}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Chile}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Indonesia}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Japan}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|South Korea}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Malaysia}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Mexico}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|New Zealand}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |valign=top|<br /> *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Peru}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Philippines}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Russia}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Singapore}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Taiwan}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Thailand}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *{{flag|Vietnam}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> &lt;sub&gt;1 – up to 90 days&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;sub&gt;2 – up to 60 days&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;sub&gt;3 – up to 59 days&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Permanent residents with Chinese nationality ( holders of HKSAR passport/ BN(O) passport) are required to apply for a Mainland Travel Permit to enter {{flagicon|CHN}} Mainland China, to the exclusion of all other documents.<br /> <br /> The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:&lt;ref&gt;[http://travel.apec.org/faqs.htm APEC Business Travel Card]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to [[APEC]] countries, as the card is treated as such (except by {{flag|Canada}} and {{flag|United States}})<br /> *undertake legitimate business in participating economies<br /> *expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members<br /> *expedited scheduling of visa interview (United States)<br /> <br /> ==Non-visa restrictions==<br /> {{Transcluded section|Non-visa travel restrictions}}{{#section-x::Non-visa travel restrictions|bad}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|China|Hong Kong}}<br /> *[[Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)]]<br /> *[[Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau]]<br /> *[[Visa requirements for Chinese citizens|Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (mainland)]]<br /> *[[Visa policy of Hong Kong]]<br /> *[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/immigration/traveldoc/hksarpassport/visafreeaccess.htm Official GovHK list of countries/territories offering visa-free access for Hong Kong SAR passport holders] (Note: This list is not comprehensive as it excludes countries/territories without diplomatic relations with China)<br /> <br /> {{-}}<br /> {{Visa policy by country}}<br /> {{Visa Requirements}}<br /> {{HKIA}}<br /> {{Visa policies and requirements in Greater China}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Visa requirements by nationality|China, Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Foreign relations of Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brasil_(mythical_island)&diff=1160881643 Brasil (mythical island) 2023-06-19T09:19:03Z <p>203.112.87.220: NA</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mythical island}}<br /> {{about|the mythical island|the island named &quot;Brazilian Island&quot; in English|Brazilian Island|other Brazilian islands|List of islands of Brazil|the Australian house|Hy Brasil (house)}}<br /> {{distinguish|text = [[Brazil]]}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox islands<br /> | name = Brasil&lt;!-- mandatory --&gt;<br /> | native_name = Hy-Brasil, Hy Brasil, Hy Breasil, Hy Breasail, Hy Breasal, Hy Brazil, I-Brasil&lt;!-- or |local_name= --&gt;<br /> | native_name_link = Irish language<br /> | native_name_lang = Irish<br /> | sobriquet = &lt;!-- or |nickname= --&gt;<br /> | image_name = Ortelius 1572 Ireland Map.jpg<br /> | image_size = 280<br /> | image_caption = Brasil (far left) as shown in relation to [[Ireland]] on a map by [[Abraham Ortelius]] (1572)<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_map =<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_label = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_relief = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|display=it}} --&gt;<br /> | etymology = ''Uí Breasail'': in honour of the descendants of [[List of Irish clans#.C3.9Aa Bresail Airthir .5BOrior.5D|Bresail]]&lt;ref name=etymology/&gt;<br /> | location = ''Mythical'', [[Atlantic Ocean]]&lt;!-- mandatory, body of water where located --&gt;<br /> | GridReference = &lt;!-- UK only --&gt;<br /> | archipelago = <br /> | waterbody = <br /> | total_islands = <br /> | major_islands = <br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!-- or |area_m2= or |area_ha= --&gt;<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | rank = <br /> | length_km = &lt;!-- or |length_m= --&gt;<br /> | length_footnotes = <br /> | width_km = &lt;!-- or |width_m= --&gt;<br /> | width_footnotes =<br /> | coastline_km = &lt;!-- or |coastline_m= --&gt;<br /> | coastline_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | highest_mount = <br /> | country = &lt;!-- mandatory --&gt;<br /> | country_admin_divisions_title = <br /> | country_admin_divisions = <br /> | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = <br /> | country_admin_divisions_1 = <br /> | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = <br /> | country_admin_divisions_2 = <br /> | country_capital_type = <br /> | country_capital = <br /> | country_largest_city_type = <br /> | country_largest_city = <br /> | country_capital_and_largest_city = <br /> | country_largest_city_population = <br /> | country_leader_title = <br /> | country_leader_name = <br /> | country_area_km2 = &lt;!-- or |country_area_m2= or |country_area_ha= --&gt;<br /> | country_1 = <br /> | country_1_admin_divisions_title = <br /> | country_1_admin_divisions = <br /> | country_1_admin_divisions_title_1 = <br /> | country_1_admin_divisions_1 = <br /> | country_1_capital_type = <br /> | country_1_capital = <br /> | country_1_largest_city_type = <br /> | country_1_largest_city =<br /> | country_1_capital_and_largest_city = <br /> | country_1_largest_city_population = <br /> | country_1_leader_title = <br /> | country_1_leader_name = <br /> | country_1_area_km2 = &lt;!-- or |country_1_area_m2= or |country_1_area_ha= --&gt;<br /> | demonym = <br /> | population = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_rank_max = <br /> | density_km2 = <br /> | density_rank =<br /> | density_footnotes = <br /> | languages = <br /> | ethnic_groups = <br /> | timezone1 = <br /> | utc_offset1 = <br /> | timezone1_DST = <br /> | utc_offset1_DST = <br /> | website = <br /> | additional_info = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Brasil''', also known as '''Hy-Brasil''' and several other variants,&lt;ref&gt;Hy Brasil, Hy Breasil, Hy Breasail, Hy Breasal, Hy Brazil, I-Brasil&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[phantom island]] said to lie in the [[Atlantic Ocean]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Brazil (island)|display=Brazil, or Brasil|volume=4|page=438}}&lt;/ref&gt; west of [[Ireland]]. [[Irish mythology|Irish myth]]s described it as cloaked in mist except for one day every seven years, when it becomes visible but still cannot be reached.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The etymology of the names ''Brasil'' and ''Hy-Brasil'' is unknown, but in Irish tradition it is thought to come from the [[Irish language|Irish]] {{lang|ga|Uí Breasail}} (meaning &quot;descendants (i.e., clan) of [[List of Irish clans#.C3.9Aa Bresail Airthir .5BOrior.5D|Bresail]]&quot;), one of the ancient [[clan]]s of northeastern Ireland. [[cf.]] [[Old Irish]]: {{lang|sga|Í}}: island; {{lang|sga|bres}}: beauty, worth, great, mighty.&lt;ref name=etymology&gt;{{cite book|chapter=Hy Brasil |title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |first=James |last=McKillop |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite the similarity, [[Name of Brazil|the name of the country Brazil]] ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: {{lang|pt|Brasil}}) has no connection to the mythical islands (although [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s essay &quot;On Fairy Stories&quot; linked them&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://coolcalvary.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/on-fairy-stories1.pdf |title=On Fairy Stories |first=J. R. R. |last=Tolkien |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;). The South American country was at first named [[Ilha de Vera Cruz]] (''Island of the True Cross'') and later [[Terra de Santa Cruz]] (''Land of the Holy Cross'') by the Portuguese navigators who arrived there. After some decades, it started to be called &quot;Brazil&quot; due to the exploitation of native [[Caesalpinia echinata|brazilwood]], at that time the only export of the land. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called {{lang|pt|pau-brasil}}, with the word {{lang|pt|brasil}} commonly given the etymology &quot;red like an ember&quot;, formed from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|brasa}} (&quot;ember&quot;) and the suffix {{lang|la|-il}} (from {{lang|la|-iculum}} or {{lang|la|-ilium}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/brésil |title=brésil |website=CNRTL – Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno/portugues/index.php?lingua=portugues-portugues&amp;palavra=brasil |title=Michaelis – Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa |trans-title=Michaelis – Modern Dictionary of the Portuguese Language |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aulete.uol.com.br/site.php?mdl=aulete_digital&amp;op=loadVerbete&amp;pesquisa=1&amp;palavra=brasil |title=iDicionário Aulete |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229062555/http://aulete.uol.com.br/site.php?mdl=aulete_digital&amp;op=loadVerbete&amp;pesquisa=1&amp;palavra=brasil |archive-date=29 February 2012 |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Appearance on maps ==<br /> Nautical charts identified an island called &quot;Bracile&quot; west of Ireland in the Atlantic Ocean as far back as 1325, in a [[portolan chart]] by [[Angelino Dulcert]]. It also appeared on the [[Catalan Atlas]], in 1375.&lt;ref&gt;Lišèák, Vladimír: Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia, Proc. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., pg 3, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later it appeared as '''{{lang|vec|Insula de Brasil}}''' in the Venetian (tata) map of [[Andrea Bianco]] (1436), attached to one of the larger islands of a group of islands in the Atlantic.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} This was identified for a time with the modern island of [[Terceira Island|Terceira]] in the [[Azores]], where a volcanic mount at the bay of its main town, [[Angra do Heroísmo|Angra do Heroismo]], is still named [[Monte Brasil]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}<br /> <br /> A [[Catalan chart]] of about 1480 labels two islands &quot;Illa de brasil&quot;, one to the south west of Ireland (where the mythical place was supposed to be) and one south of &quot;Illa verde&quot; or [[Greenland]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}<br /> <br /> On maps the island was shown as being [[Circle|circular]], often with a central [[strait]] or river running east–west across its diameter.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Despite the failure of attempts to find it, this appeared regularly on maps lying south west of [[Galway Bay]] until 1865, by which time it was called '''Brasil Rock'''.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}<br /> <br /> === Map gallery ===<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:El mar Mediterráneo en el Atlas catalán de Cresques Abraham.jpg|Catalan atlas from 1375<br /> File:Piri Reis map of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea.jpg|[[Piri Reis]]' map of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea from 1513<br /> File:Europe map ca1570.jpg|Map of Europe from 1570<br /> File:Abraham Ortelius Map of Europe.jpg|[[Abraham Ortelius]]' map of Europe from 1595<br /> File:1595 Europa Mercator.jpg|[[Gerardus Mercator]]'s map from 1595<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Searches for the island==<br /> Expeditions left Bristol in 1480 and 1481 to search for the island; and a letter written by [[Pedro de Ayala]], shortly after the return of [[John Cabot]] (from his expedition in 1497), reports that land found by Cabot had been &quot;discovered in the past by the men from Bristol who found Brasil&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Seaver |first=K.A. |date=1995 |title=The Frozen Echo |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |pages=212 |isbn=0-8047-3161-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1674, a Captain John Nisbet claimed to have seen the island when on a journey from [[France]] to Ireland, stating that the island was inhabited by large black rabbits and a magician who lived alone in a stone castle, yet the character and the story were a literary invention by Irish author [[Richard Head]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU8jAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Richard+Head&amp;pg=PA62 |first=Barbara |last=Freitag |title=Hy Brasil: The Metamorphosis of an Island |publisher=Rodopi |date=2013 |isbn=978-9401209106}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh|Roderick O'Flaherty]] in ''A Chorographical Description of West or H-Iar Connaught'' (1684) tells us &quot;There is now living, Morogh O'Ley ([[Murrough Ó Laoí]]), who imagines he was personally on O'Brasil for two days, and saw out of it the [[Aran Islands]], Golamhead [by [[Lettermullen]]], [[Errisbeg|Irrosbeghill]], and other places of the west continent he was acquainted with.&quot;<br /> <br /> Hy-Brasil has also been identified with [[Porcupine Bank]], a [[shoal]] in the Atlantic Ocean about {{convert|200|km|mi}} west of Ireland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Velasco |first1=Francisco |last2=Landa |first2=Jorge |last3=Barrado |first3=Joaquín |last4=Blanco |first4=Marian |title=Distribution, abundance, and growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) on the Porcupine Bank (west of Ireland) |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |year=2008 |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=1316 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsn130 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and discovered in 1862. As early as 1870 a paper was read to the Geological Society of Ireland suggesting this identification.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Winsor |first=Justin |title=Narrative and critical history of America |volume=1 |year=1889 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |url=https://archive.org/stream/narrcrithistamerica01winsrich/narrcrithistamerica01winsrich_djvu.txt |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt; The suggestion has since appeared more than once, e.g., in an 1883 edition of ''[[Notes and Queries]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Frazer |first=W. |journal=[[Notes and Queries]] |volume=s6-VIII |title=O'Brazile or Hy Brazile |issue=207 |page=475 |date=December 1883 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sc7fAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=porcupine+bank |doi=10.1093/nq/s6-VIII.207.475a}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> Irish poet [[Gerald Griffin]] wrote about Hy-Brasail in the early nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Gerald |last=Griffin |author-link=Gerald Griffin |chapter=Hy-Brasail—The Isle of the Blest |editor-first=D. F. |editor-last=MacCarthy |editor-link=Denis Florence MacCarthy |title=The Book of Irish Ballads |publisher=[[James Duffy (Irish publisher)|James Duffy]] |location=Dublin |date=1846 |pages=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mary Burke's short story uses the myth as an allegory of the breach caused by the Northern Irish Troubles. Mary Burke, “Hy-Brasil” in ''The Faber Best New Irish Short Stories, 2004-5'' Ed. David Marcus. London: Faber &amp; Faber, 2005, 101–05.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/28/featuresreviews.guardianreview18 |title=Review: The Faber Book of Best New Irish Short Stories 2004-5 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[The Hollow Hills]], part of [[Mary Stewart (novelist)|Mary Stewart's]] Merlin Trilogy, several characters believe (incorrectly) that the wizard [[Merlin]] has hidden the young [[King Arthur|Prince Arthur]] on Hy-Brasil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Mary |title=Mary Stewart's Merlin Trilogy |date=1980 |publisher=William Morrow and Company, Inc |location=New York |isbn=0688003478}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In The Magician's Daughter by H.G. Parry the protagonist and title character is raised on Hy-Brasil. The island plays a main part in the story.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Magician’s Daughter by H G Parry |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780316383707 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.publishersweekly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|Islands|Ireland}}}}<br /> * [[Avalon]]<br /> * Etymology of the country Brazil's name:<br /> ** [[Brazil#Etymology|Brazil § Etymology]]<br /> ** [[Name of Brazil]]<br /> * [[Irish mythology in popular culture]]<br /> * [[Inisheer]]<br /> * [[Tech Duinn]], a mythological island to the west of Ireland where souls go after death.<br /> * [[Great Ireland]], a similarly west-of-Ireland place, Irish myths of which are believed to have influenced the Vikings.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Freitag |first=Barbara |title=Hy Brasil: the metamorphosis of an island: from cartographic error to Celtic Elysium |publisher=Rodopi |location=Amsterdam |year=2013 |isbn=9789042036413}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Lynch |first=Sean |title=Preliminary Sketches for the Reappearance of HyBrazil |journal=Utopian Studies |date=2010 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=10.1353/utp.0.0003 |s2cid=145104066 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/382292}}&lt;!--|access-date=10 March 2014--&gt;<br /> * ''[https://www.bartleby.com/270/2/135.html Hy-Brasail]'' by Gerald Griffin<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Brasil (Mythical Island)}}<br /> [[Category:Mythological islands]]<br /> [[Category:Phantom islands of the Atlantic]]<br /> [[Category:Irish mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Locations in Celtic mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Macaronesia]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team&diff=1158652658 Australia women's national under-20 soccer team 2023-06-05T11:30:17Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* 2023 */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National association football team}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox national football team<br /> | Name = Australia under-20<br /> | Badge = Australia national football team badge.svg<br /> | Badge_size = 140px<br /> | FIFA Trigramme = AUS<br /> | Nickname = Young Matildas<br /> | Association = [[Football Federation Australia]] <br /> | Sub-confederation = [[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]] (South-East Asia)<br /> | Confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia)<br /> | Coach = [[Leah Blayney]]<br /> | Captain = <br /> | Most caps = <br /> | Top scorer = <br /> &lt;!--Home Kit--&gt;<br /> |pattern_la1 = _aus20h|pattern_b1 = _aus20h|pattern_ra1 = _aus20h|pattern_sh1 =_aus20h |pattern_so1 = _aus20h<br /> |leftarm1 = FFBB00|body1 = FFBB00|rightarm1 = FFBB00|shorts1 = 051001|socks1 = FFBB00<br /> &lt;!--Away Kit--&gt;<br /> |pattern_la2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_b2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_ra2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_sh2 =_aus20a <br /> |pattern_so2 = _aus20a<br /> |leftarm2 = 24403C<br /> |body2 = 213A36<br /> |rightarm2 = 24403C<br /> |shorts2 = 213A36<br /> |socks2 = 213A36<br /> | First game = <br /> | Largest win = <br /> | Largest loss = <br /> | type = women<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Australian women's national under-20 soccer team''' represents [[Australia]] in international women's under-20 [[soccer]]. The team is controlled by the governing body for [[soccer in Australia]], [[Football Federation Australia]] (FFA), which is currently a member of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC) and the regional [[ASEAN Football Federation]] (AFF) since leaving the [[Oceania Football Confederation]] (OFC) in 2006. The team's official nickname is the '''''Young Matildas'''''.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=October 2013}}<br /> <br /> ==Coaching staff==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | Head coach<br /> | {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Leah Blayney]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> ===Current squad===<br /> The following 23 players were called up for the second round of [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification]] from 3–7 June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-squad-selected-2024-afc-u-20-womens-asian-cup-round-2-qualifiers|title=CommBank Young Matildas squad selected for 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Round 2 Qualifiers|publisher=[[Football Australia]]|website=[[Australia women's national soccer team|Matildas]]|date=16 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Caps and goals are current as of 3 June 2023 after the match against [[Lebanon women's national football team|Lebanon]].''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs g start}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Chloe|Lincoln}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|1|4|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Tahlia|Franco}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|29|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Grace|Wilson|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|3|4|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Naomi|Thomas–Chinnama}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|5|13|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Jessika|Nash}}|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|10|5|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Alexia|Apostolakis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|5|16|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Maya|Lobo}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Macarthur Rams FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Gemma|Ferris}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|27|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=1|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Daniela|Galic}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|17|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=4|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Alana|Murphy}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|4|21|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=3|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Shay|Hollman}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|9|19|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Ava|Briedis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|3|10|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Zara|Kruger|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|5|29|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Football Queensland]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Tijan|Mckenna}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|8|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Perth Glory FC (A-League Women)|Perth Glory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Indiana|Dos Santos}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|10|10|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Kahli|Johnson}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|2|18|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=4|club=[[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Jynaya|Dos Santos}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|9|22|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=4|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Emilia|Murray}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|11|9|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=4|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Claudia|Cicco}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|8|27|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=4|club=[[Wellington Phoenix FC (A-League Women)|Wellington Phoenix]]|clubnat=NZL}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sasha|Grove}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|12|30|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sienna|Saveska}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|9|25|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}} <br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Anika|Stajcic}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|1|16|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Ella|O'Grady}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|31|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=2|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> ===Recent call-ups===<br /> ''The following players were called up to the squad within the last 12 months and still remain eligible for selection.''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs r start}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Zara|Board}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Subiaco AFC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Anna|Norton}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|12|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Blacktown Spartans FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Pre-World Cup Tournament Camp&lt;sup&gt;TOP&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Zoe|Karipidis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Christina|Kiceec}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|5|2|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Chloe|Walandouw}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|10|1|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Mia|Golding}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|8|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Peta|Trimis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Northbridge FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Heidi|Dennis}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|3|24|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Silver Bell|Morris}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|3|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Kirsty|Fenton}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|6|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=[[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Teagan|Bertolissio}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|1|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Macarthur Rams FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 3–8 April 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Milly|Boughton}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|2|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[West Ham United F.C. Women|West Ham United]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fbw|KGZ}}, 10 March 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Avaani|Prakash}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|3|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Mary|Stanic–Floody}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|1|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Sasha|Coorey}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|20|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023&lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Sarah|O'Donoghue}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Meg|Roden}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Canberra Olympic]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Lillian|Skelly}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|9|5|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=South East Phoenix FC|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Amy|Chessari}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|9|3|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Ella|Abdul Massih}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|1|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Georgia|Cassidy}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|6|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football West National Training Centre|Hyundai NTC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Lara|Gooch}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 3–8 April 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Jonti|Fisher}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|6|4|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Caitlin|Karic}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|6|20|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Josie|Allan}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|1|1|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Emerging Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Rosie|Curtis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sofia|Christofferson}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Anna|Hunt}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Sydney Uni SFC|Sydney University]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Adelaide|Wrzynski}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|20|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Maia|Cameron}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Nadia|Zakman}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|30|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Claire|Adams|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|5|1|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Emerging Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Tanika|Lala}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football West National Training Centre|Hyundai NTC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Katie|Godden}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|11|26|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[DePaul Blue Demons|DePaul University]]|clubnat=USA|latest=v. {{fbwu|20|MEX}}, 29 July 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Holly|Furphy}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|28|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Santa Clara University]]|clubnat=USA|latest=v. {{fbwu|20|NZL}}, 12 June 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Ellen|Gett}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|4|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 30 May–3 June 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> '''''Notes:'''''<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt; Withdrew due to injury<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;TOP&lt;/sup&gt; Train-on or Shadow player.<br /> &lt;!-- hide section<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;ALT&lt;/sup&gt; Alternate.<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt; Preliminary squad / on stand-by. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recent results and fixtures==<br /> ===2022===<br /> Since the [[2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|qualifying competition]] for the U-20 Women's World Cup was cancelled, the AFC nominated three teams based on the results of the [[2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship]], with Japan, South Korea and North Korea qualifying.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/about_afc/committees/news/afc_women%E2%80%99s_football_committee_hails_the_successful_restart_of_the_asian_women%E2%80%99s_game.html|title=AFC Women’s Football Committee hails the successful restart of the Asian women’s game|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=14 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the withdrawal of North Korea, it was announced that Australia would replace North Korea as the AFC's representatives at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;australia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/fifa_u-20_womens_world_cup/news/asia%E2%80%99s_representatives_at_fifa_women%E2%80%99s_competitions_confirmed.html|title=Asia’s representatives at FIFA women’s competitions confirmed|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=16 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia were drawn into the same group as the hosts, for the official Opening Match of the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-drawn-group-a-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup-2022tm|title=Australia to open FIFA U20 Women’s World Cup Costa Rica 2022 following Final Draw|publisher=[[Football Australia]]|date=6 May 2022|access-date=6 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 6 April 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|18:30|+10}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 5–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-defeat-new-zealand-series-opener<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|NZL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|2}}<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|21|pen.}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|39}}<br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|55|pen.}}<br /> * [[Sheridan Gallagher|Gallagher]] {{goal|57}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Charlotte Lancaster|Lancaster]] {{goal|44}}<br /> | stadium = [[Deakin Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = [[Anna-Marie Keighley]] ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 10 April 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|+10}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-end-two-match-series-draw-agaisnt-new-zealand<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|NZL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|10}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Milly Clegg|Clegg]] {{goal|38}}<br /> | stadium = [[Viking Park|Viking Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Georgia Ghirardello ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 12 June 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|+12}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|NZL}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/FootballAUS/status/1535841673577652225<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Tupelo Dugan|Dugan]] {{goal|53}}<br /> * [[Kate Taylor (footballer)|Taylor]] {{goal|79|pen.}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|2}}<br /> | stadium = [[Kiwitea Street]]<br /> | location = [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = July 2022<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = [[Club Universidad Nacional (women)|Pumas UNAM]] {{flagicon|MEX}}<br /> | score = 0–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ultimate-guide-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]<br /> | attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd|Match played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 29 July 2022<br /> | time = 16:30<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|MEX}}<br /> | score = 3–3<br /> | report = https://miseleccion.mx/noticias/4270/La%2520SNM%2520Femenil%2520Sub-20%2520empat%25C3%25B3%2520a%2520Australia%2520en%2520partido%2520de%2520preparaci%25C3%25B3n%2520<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Maritza Maldonado|Maldonado]] {{goal|47}}<br /> * [[Bridgette Marín|Marín]] {{goal|74||85}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (footballer)|Hunter]] {{goal|?||?}}<br /> | stadium = Centro de Alto Rendimiento<br /> | location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]<br /> | attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd|Match played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 5 August 2022<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 3–2<br /> | report = [https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ultimate-guide-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup FA report] &lt;br/&gt;[https://twitter.com/FCFSeleccionCol/status/1555639623954714625 FCF report]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|COL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (footballer)|Hunter]] {{goal|?|pen.}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[María Camila Reyes|Reyes]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Wendy Bonilla|Bonilla]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Costa Rica]]<br /> |attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2022|8|10|df=y}}<br /> | time = 20:00<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|CRC}}<br /> | score = 1–3<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/-young-matildas-start-world-cup-campaign-a-win<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Alexandra Pinell|Pinell]] {{goal|19}}<br /> | goals2 =<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|37|pen.}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|38}}<br /> * [[Kirsty Fenton|Fenton]] {{goal|72}}<br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (2011)|Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica]]<br /> | location = [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 22,506<br /> | referee = [[Tess Olofsson]] ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = 13 August 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|-6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|BRA}}<br /> | score = 2–0<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/young-matildas-fall-brazil-wet-and-wild-world-cup-encounter<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Priscila Flor da Silva|Priscila]] {{goal|26}}<br /> * [[Aline Gomes|Aline]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto]]<br /> | location = [[Alajuela]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 1,759<br /> | referee = [[Cheryl Foster]] ([[Football Association of Wales|Wales]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = 16 August 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|-6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = [https://www.matildas.com.au/news/clinical-spain-down-young-matildas-u20-womens-world-cup Report]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|ESP}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Inma Gabarro|Gabarro]] {{goal|19||24||61}}<br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto]]<br /> | location = [[Alajuela]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 939<br /> | referee = [[Francia González]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 8 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/2022-pacific-womens-four-nations-tournament-begins-canberra<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|SOL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Avaani Prakash|Prakash]] {{goal|12}}<br /> * [[Ella O'Grady|O'Grady]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Jemina David|David]] {{goal|44}}<br /> | stadium = [[Australian Institute of Sport]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 11 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 3–0<br /> | report = https://www.oceaniafootball.com/solomon-islands-stun-png-while-fiji-lose-to-australia-u-20-at-pacific-four-nations/<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|FIJ}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Jonti Fisher|Fisher]] {{goal|50}}<br /> * [[Sienna Saveska|Saveska]] {{goal|52}}<br /> * [[Josie Allan|Allan]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Australian Institute of Sport]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 13 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|16:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = Cancelled<br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/fixture-change-pacific-four-nations-tournament Cancellation]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|PNG}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Seiffert Oval]]<br /> | location = [[Queanbeyan]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = V<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2023===<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Training camp]]<br /> | date = 18 February 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ||+11}}<br /> | team1 = [[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]] {{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> | score = 4–0<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/MelbourneCity/status/1627522477336457216<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Holly McNamara|McNamara]] {{goal|?||?}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Leah Davidson|Davidson]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Training camp]]<br /> | date = 20 February 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|10:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = [[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]] {{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/wufcofficial/status/1627471827667939328<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> | stadium = [[Galvin Park]]<br /> | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 4 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ||+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = Cancelled<br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/australia-learn-qualification-path-the-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm-afc-u17 Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|IRQ}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = V<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 6 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|GUM}}<br /> | score = 0–13<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/young-matildas-v-guam<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Emilia Murray|Murray]] {{goal|5||40}}<br /> * [[Shay Hollman|Hollman]] {{goal|17||37}}<br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|28}}<br /> * [[Amanda Kenney|Kenney]] {{goal|45|o.g.}}<br /> * [[Claudia Cicco|Cicco]] {{goal|63||70||90+3}}<br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|J. Dos Santos]] {{goal|65}}<br /> * [[Sasha Grove|Grove]] {{goal|74}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|79}}<br /> * [[Alana Murphy|Murphy]] {{goal|85}}<br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = 10<br /> | referee = Sejin Park ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 10 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|KGZ}}<br /> |score = 0–7<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/australia-kyrgyz-republic-match-report<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|4}}<br /> * [[Alana Murphy|Murphy]] {{goal|21||48}}<br /> * [[Emilia Murray|Murray]] {{goal|24||34}}<br /> * [[Ella O'Grady|O'Grady]] {{goal|37}}<br /> * [[Ava Briedis|Briedis]] {{goal|90+7}}<br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = 512<br /> | referee = Sunita Thongthawin ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 3 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> |score = 5–0<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/australia-kick-afcu20w-round-2-qualifiers-5-0-win-over-lebanon<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|LIB}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|10}}<br /> * [[Gemma Ferris|Ferris]] {{goal|15}}<br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|80}}<br /> * [[Sienna Saveska|Saveska]] {{goal|90}}<br /> * [[Claudia Cicco|Cicco]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Yu Hong ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 5 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|IRN}}<br /> |score = 0–3<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-record-a-3-0-win-over-iran-their-afcu20w-round-2-qualifiers<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|27| |29}}<br /> * [[Maya Lobo|Lobo]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Pansa Chaisant ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 7 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> |score = <br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-learn-qualification-path-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|VIE}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Competitive record==<br /> <br /> ===FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2002]]||{{nowrap|Quarter-finals}}||5th||4||1||1||2||8||9<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2004]]||Quarter-finals||7th||4||1||0||3||6||8<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship|2006]]||Group stage||9th||3||1||1||1||4||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2008]]||rowspan=6 colspan=8|''did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|GER}} [[2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2010]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|PNG}} [[2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CRC}} [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2022]]||Group stage||12th||3||1||0||2||3||6<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||4/10||'''0 Titles'''||14||4||2||8||21||26<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===OFC U-20 Women's qualifying tournament===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[OFC Women's U-20 Qualifying Tournament]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Tonga}} [[2002 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2002]]||Winners||'''1st'''||4||4||0||0||45||0<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|PNG}} [[2004 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2004]]||Winners||'''1st'''||2||2||0||0||27||1<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||2/2||'''2 Titles'''||6||6||0||0||72||1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===AFC U-19 Women's Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[AFC U-19 Women's Championship]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|MAS}} [[2006 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2006]]||Third place||3rd||5||4||0||1||29||6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2007 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2007]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||0||2||3||4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2009 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2009]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||1||1||6||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2011 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2011]]||Fifth place||5th||5||1||0||4||7||12<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2013 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2013]]||Fifth place||5th||5||1||0||4||6||12<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2015 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2015]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||0||2||3||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2017 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2017]]||Fourth place||4th||5||2||0||3||8||11<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2019]]||Fourth place||4th||5||2||0||3||6||22<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} &lt;s&gt;[[2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|2022]]&lt;/s&gt; || colspan=8|''Competition cancelled''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|2024]] || colspan=8|''to be determined''<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||8/8||'''0 Titles'''||34||13||1||20||68||74<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===AFF Women's Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=9|[[AFF Women's Championship]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2004 AFF Women's Championship|2004]]<br /> |rowspan=3 colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2006 AFF Women's Championship|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA|1974}} [[2007 AFF Women's Championship|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2008 AFF Women's Championship|2008]]<br /> |colspan=8|''See [[Australia women's national soccer team]]''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|LAO}} [[2011 AFF Women's Championship|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=2 colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2012 AFF Women's Championship|2012]]<br /> |- bgcolor=silver<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA}} [[2013 AFF Women's Championship|2013]]<br /> |Runners-up||2nd||6||4||2||0||12||5<br /> |-<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2015 AFF Women's Championship|2015]]<br /> |Third place||3rd||5||4||0||1||15||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA}} [[2016 AFF Women's Championship|2016]]<br /> |Fourth place||4th||5||2||1||2||26||4<br /> |- bgcolor=silver<br /> |{{flagicon|INA}} [[2018 AFF Women's Championship|2018]]<br /> |Runners-up||2nd||6||4||0||2||36||9<br /> |- <br /> |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[2019 AFF Women's Championship|2019]]||colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |- <br /> |{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[2022 AFF Women's Championship|2022]]||colspan=8|''See [[Australia women's national under-23 soccer team]]''<br /> |-<br /> !Total!!4/12!!0 titles!!22||14||3||5||89||22<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''[[OFC Women's U-20 Qualifying Tournament]]'''<br /> *'''Winners''': [[2002 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2002]], [[2004 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2004]]<br /> <br /> '''[[AFC U-19 Women's Championship]]'''<br /> *Third place: [[2006 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2006]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/youngmatildas FFA Young Matildas website]<br /> <br /> {{Soccer in Australia}}<br /> {{National sports teams of Australia}}<br /> {{AFC women's under-20 teams}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia Women's National Under-20 soccer Team}}<br /> [[Category:Asian women's national under-20 association football teams]]<br /> [[Category:National youth sports teams of Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Women's soccer teams in Australia| ]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team&diff=1158640145 Australia women's national under-20 soccer team 2023-06-05T09:22:38Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* 2023 */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National association football team}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox national football team<br /> | Name = Australia under-20<br /> | Badge = Australia national football team badge.svg<br /> | Badge_size = 140px<br /> | FIFA Trigramme = AUS<br /> | Nickname = Young Matildas<br /> | Association = [[Football Federation Australia]] <br /> | Sub-confederation = [[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]] (South-East Asia)<br /> | Confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia)<br /> | Coach = [[Leah Blayney]]<br /> | Captain = <br /> | Most caps = <br /> | Top scorer = <br /> &lt;!--Home Kit--&gt;<br /> |pattern_la1 = _aus20h|pattern_b1 = _aus20h|pattern_ra1 = _aus20h|pattern_sh1 =_aus20h |pattern_so1 = _aus20h<br /> |leftarm1 = FFBB00|body1 = FFBB00|rightarm1 = FFBB00|shorts1 = 051001|socks1 = FFBB00<br /> &lt;!--Away Kit--&gt;<br /> |pattern_la2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_b2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_ra2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_sh2 =_aus20a <br /> |pattern_so2 = _aus20a<br /> |leftarm2 = 24403C<br /> |body2 = 213A36<br /> |rightarm2 = 24403C<br /> |shorts2 = 213A36<br /> |socks2 = 213A36<br /> | First game = <br /> | Largest win = <br /> | Largest loss = <br /> | type = women<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Australian women's national under-20 soccer team''' represents [[Australia]] in international women's under-20 [[soccer]]. The team is controlled by the governing body for [[soccer in Australia]], [[Football Federation Australia]] (FFA), which is currently a member of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC) and the regional [[ASEAN Football Federation]] (AFF) since leaving the [[Oceania Football Confederation]] (OFC) in 2006. The team's official nickname is the '''''Young Matildas'''''.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=October 2013}}<br /> <br /> ==Coaching staff==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | Head coach<br /> | {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Leah Blayney]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> ===Current squad===<br /> The following 23 players were called up for the second round of [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification]] from 3–7 June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-squad-selected-2024-afc-u-20-womens-asian-cup-round-2-qualifiers|title=CommBank Young Matildas squad selected for 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Round 2 Qualifiers|publisher=[[Football Australia]]|website=[[Australia women's national soccer team|Matildas]]|date=16 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Caps and goals are current as of 3 June 2023 after the match against [[Lebanon women's national football team|Lebanon]].''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs g start}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Chloe|Lincoln}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|1|4|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Tahlia|Franco}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|29|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Grace|Wilson|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|3|4|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Naomi|Thomas–Chinnama}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|5|13|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Jessika|Nash}}|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|10|5|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Alexia|Apostolakis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|5|16|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Maya|Lobo}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Macarthur Rams FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Gemma|Ferris}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|27|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=1|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Daniela|Galic}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|17|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=4|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Alana|Murphy}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|4|21|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=3|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Shay|Hollman}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|9|19|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Ava|Briedis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|3|10|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Zara|Kruger|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|5|29|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Football Queensland]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Tijan|Mckenna}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|8|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Perth Glory FC (A-League Women)|Perth Glory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Indiana|Dos Santos}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|10|10|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Kahli|Johnson}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|2|18|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=4|club=[[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Jynaya|Dos Santos}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|9|22|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=4|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Emilia|Murray}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|11|9|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=4|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Claudia|Cicco}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|8|27|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=4|club=[[Wellington Phoenix FC (A-League Women)|Wellington Phoenix]]|clubnat=NZL}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sasha|Grove}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|12|30|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sienna|Saveska}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|9|25|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}} <br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Anika|Stajcic}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|1|16|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Ella|O'Grady}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|31|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=2|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> ===Recent call-ups===<br /> ''The following players were called up to the squad within the last 12 months and still remain eligible for selection.''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs r start}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Zara|Board}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Subiaco AFC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Anna|Norton}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|12|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Blacktown Spartans FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Pre-World Cup Tournament Camp&lt;sup&gt;TOP&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Zoe|Karipidis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Christina|Kiceec}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|5|2|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Chloe|Walandouw}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|10|1|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Mia|Golding}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|8|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Peta|Trimis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Northbridge FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Heidi|Dennis}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|3|24|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Silver Bell|Morris}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|3|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Kirsty|Fenton}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|6|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=[[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Teagan|Bertolissio}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|1|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Macarthur Rams FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 3–8 April 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Milly|Boughton}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|2|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[West Ham United F.C. Women|West Ham United]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fbw|KGZ}}, 10 March 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Avaani|Prakash}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|3|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Mary|Stanic–Floody}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|1|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Sasha|Coorey}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|20|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023&lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Sarah|O'Donoghue}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Meg|Roden}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Canberra Olympic]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Lillian|Skelly}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|9|5|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=South East Phoenix FC|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Amy|Chessari}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|9|3|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Ella|Abdul Massih}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|1|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Georgia|Cassidy}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|6|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football West National Training Centre|Hyundai NTC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Lara|Gooch}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 3–8 April 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Jonti|Fisher}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|6|4|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Caitlin|Karic}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|6|20|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Josie|Allan}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|1|1|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Emerging Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Rosie|Curtis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sofia|Christofferson}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Anna|Hunt}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Sydney Uni SFC|Sydney University]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Adelaide|Wrzynski}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|20|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Maia|Cameron}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Nadia|Zakman}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|30|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Claire|Adams|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|5|1|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Emerging Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Tanika|Lala}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football West National Training Centre|Hyundai NTC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Katie|Godden}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|11|26|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[DePaul Blue Demons|DePaul University]]|clubnat=USA|latest=v. {{fbwu|20|MEX}}, 29 July 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Holly|Furphy}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|28|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Santa Clara University]]|clubnat=USA|latest=v. {{fbwu|20|NZL}}, 12 June 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Ellen|Gett}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|4|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 30 May–3 June 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> '''''Notes:'''''<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt; Withdrew due to injury<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;TOP&lt;/sup&gt; Train-on or Shadow player.<br /> &lt;!-- hide section<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;ALT&lt;/sup&gt; Alternate.<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt; Preliminary squad / on stand-by. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recent results and fixtures==<br /> ===2022===<br /> Since the [[2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|qualifying competition]] for the U-20 Women's World Cup was cancelled, the AFC nominated three teams based on the results of the [[2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship]], with Japan, South Korea and North Korea qualifying.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/about_afc/committees/news/afc_women%E2%80%99s_football_committee_hails_the_successful_restart_of_the_asian_women%E2%80%99s_game.html|title=AFC Women’s Football Committee hails the successful restart of the Asian women’s game|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=14 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the withdrawal of North Korea, it was announced that Australia would replace North Korea as the AFC's representatives at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;australia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/fifa_u-20_womens_world_cup/news/asia%E2%80%99s_representatives_at_fifa_women%E2%80%99s_competitions_confirmed.html|title=Asia’s representatives at FIFA women’s competitions confirmed|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=16 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia were drawn into the same group as the hosts, for the official Opening Match of the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-drawn-group-a-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup-2022tm|title=Australia to open FIFA U20 Women’s World Cup Costa Rica 2022 following Final Draw|publisher=[[Football Australia]]|date=6 May 2022|access-date=6 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 6 April 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|18:30|+10}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 5–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-defeat-new-zealand-series-opener<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|NZL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|2}}<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|21|pen.}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|39}}<br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|55|pen.}}<br /> * [[Sheridan Gallagher|Gallagher]] {{goal|57}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Charlotte Lancaster|Lancaster]] {{goal|44}}<br /> | stadium = [[Deakin Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = [[Anna-Marie Keighley]] ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 10 April 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|+10}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-end-two-match-series-draw-agaisnt-new-zealand<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|NZL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|10}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Milly Clegg|Clegg]] {{goal|38}}<br /> | stadium = [[Viking Park|Viking Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Georgia Ghirardello ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 12 June 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|+12}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|NZL}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/FootballAUS/status/1535841673577652225<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Tupelo Dugan|Dugan]] {{goal|53}}<br /> * [[Kate Taylor (footballer)|Taylor]] {{goal|79|pen.}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|2}}<br /> | stadium = [[Kiwitea Street]]<br /> | location = [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = July 2022<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = [[Club Universidad Nacional (women)|Pumas UNAM]] {{flagicon|MEX}}<br /> | score = 0–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ultimate-guide-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]<br /> | attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd|Match played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 29 July 2022<br /> | time = 16:30<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|MEX}}<br /> | score = 3–3<br /> | report = https://miseleccion.mx/noticias/4270/La%2520SNM%2520Femenil%2520Sub-20%2520empat%25C3%25B3%2520a%2520Australia%2520en%2520partido%2520de%2520preparaci%25C3%25B3n%2520<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Maritza Maldonado|Maldonado]] {{goal|47}}<br /> * [[Bridgette Marín|Marín]] {{goal|74||85}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (footballer)|Hunter]] {{goal|?||?}}<br /> | stadium = Centro de Alto Rendimiento<br /> | location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]<br /> | attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd|Match played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 5 August 2022<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 3–2<br /> | report = [https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ultimate-guide-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup FA report] &lt;br/&gt;[https://twitter.com/FCFSeleccionCol/status/1555639623954714625 FCF report]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|COL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (footballer)|Hunter]] {{goal|?|pen.}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[María Camila Reyes|Reyes]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Wendy Bonilla|Bonilla]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Costa Rica]]<br /> |attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2022|8|10|df=y}}<br /> | time = 20:00<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|CRC}}<br /> | score = 1–3<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/-young-matildas-start-world-cup-campaign-a-win<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Alexandra Pinell|Pinell]] {{goal|19}}<br /> | goals2 =<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|37|pen.}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|38}}<br /> * [[Kirsty Fenton|Fenton]] {{goal|72}}<br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (2011)|Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica]]<br /> | location = [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 22,506<br /> | referee = [[Tess Olofsson]] ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = 13 August 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|-6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|BRA}}<br /> | score = 2–0<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/young-matildas-fall-brazil-wet-and-wild-world-cup-encounter<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Priscila Flor da Silva|Priscila]] {{goal|26}}<br /> * [[Aline Gomes|Aline]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto]]<br /> | location = [[Alajuela]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 1,759<br /> | referee = [[Cheryl Foster]] ([[Football Association of Wales|Wales]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = 16 August 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|-6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = [https://www.matildas.com.au/news/clinical-spain-down-young-matildas-u20-womens-world-cup Report]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|ESP}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Inma Gabarro|Gabarro]] {{goal|19||24||61}}<br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto]]<br /> | location = [[Alajuela]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 939<br /> | referee = [[Francia González]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 8 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/2022-pacific-womens-four-nations-tournament-begins-canberra<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|SOL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Avaani Prakash|Prakash]] {{goal|12}}<br /> * [[Ella O'Grady|O'Grady]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Jemina David|David]] {{goal|44}}<br /> | stadium = [[Australian Institute of Sport]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 11 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 3–0<br /> | report = https://www.oceaniafootball.com/solomon-islands-stun-png-while-fiji-lose-to-australia-u-20-at-pacific-four-nations/<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|FIJ}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Jonti Fisher|Fisher]] {{goal|50}}<br /> * [[Sienna Saveska|Saveska]] {{goal|52}}<br /> * [[Josie Allan|Allan]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Australian Institute of Sport]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 13 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|16:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = Cancelled<br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/fixture-change-pacific-four-nations-tournament Cancellation]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|PNG}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Seiffert Oval]]<br /> | location = [[Queanbeyan]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = V<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2023===<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Training camp]]<br /> | date = 18 February 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ||+11}}<br /> | team1 = [[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]] {{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> | score = 4–0<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/MelbourneCity/status/1627522477336457216<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Holly McNamara|McNamara]] {{goal|?||?}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Leah Davidson|Davidson]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Training camp]]<br /> | date = 20 February 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|10:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = [[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]] {{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/wufcofficial/status/1627471827667939328<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> | stadium = [[Galvin Park]]<br /> | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 4 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ||+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = Cancelled<br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/australia-learn-qualification-path-the-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm-afc-u17 Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|IRQ}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = V<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 6 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|GUM}}<br /> | score = 0–13<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/young-matildas-v-guam<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Emilia Murray|Murray]] {{goal|5||40}}<br /> * [[Shay Hollman|Hollman]] {{goal|17||37}}<br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|28}}<br /> * [[Amanda Kenney|Kenney]] {{goal|45|o.g.}}<br /> * [[Claudia Cicco|Cicco]] {{goal|63||70||90+3}}<br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|65}}<br /> * [[Sasha Grove|Grove]] {{goal|74}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|79}}<br /> * [[Alana Murphy|Murphy]] {{goal|85}}<br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = 10<br /> | referee = Sejin Park ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 10 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|KGZ}}<br /> |score = 0–7<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/australia-kyrgyz-republic-match-report<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|4}}<br /> * [[Alana Murphy|Murphy]] {{goal|21||48}}<br /> * [[Emilia Murray|Murray]] {{goal|24||34}}<br /> * [[Ella O'Grady|O'Grady]] {{goal|37}}<br /> * [[Ava Briedis|Briedis]] {{goal|90+7}}<br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = 512<br /> | referee = Sunita Thongthawin ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 3 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> |score = 5-0<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/australia-kick-afcu20w-round-2-qualifiers-5-0-win-over-lebanon<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|LIB}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|10}}<br /> * [[Gemma Ferris|Ferris]] {{goal|15}}<br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|80}}<br /> * [[Sienna Saveska|Saveska]] {{goal|90}}<br /> * [[Claudia Cicco|Cicco]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Yu Hong ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 5 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|IRN}}<br /> |score = <br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-learn-qualification-path-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = <br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 7 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> |score = <br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-learn-qualification-path-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|VIE}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Competitive record==<br /> <br /> ===FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2002]]||{{nowrap|Quarter-finals}}||5th||4||1||1||2||8||9<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2004]]||Quarter-finals||7th||4||1||0||3||6||8<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship|2006]]||Group stage||9th||3||1||1||1||4||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2008]]||rowspan=6 colspan=8|''did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|GER}} [[2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2010]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|PNG}} [[2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CRC}} [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2022]]||Group stage||12th||3||1||0||2||3||6<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||4/10||'''0 Titles'''||14||4||2||8||21||26<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===OFC U-20 Women's qualifying tournament===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[OFC Women's U-20 Qualifying Tournament]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Tonga}} [[2002 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2002]]||Winners||'''1st'''||4||4||0||0||45||0<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|PNG}} [[2004 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2004]]||Winners||'''1st'''||2||2||0||0||27||1<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||2/2||'''2 Titles'''||6||6||0||0||72||1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===AFC U-19 Women's Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[AFC U-19 Women's Championship]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|MAS}} [[2006 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2006]]||Third place||3rd||5||4||0||1||29||6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2007 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2007]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||0||2||3||4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2009 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2009]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||1||1||6||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2011 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2011]]||Fifth place||5th||5||1||0||4||7||12<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2013 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2013]]||Fifth place||5th||5||1||0||4||6||12<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2015 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2015]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||0||2||3||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2017 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2017]]||Fourth place||4th||5||2||0||3||8||11<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2019]]||Fourth place||4th||5||2||0||3||6||22<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} &lt;s&gt;[[2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|2022]]&lt;/s&gt; || colspan=8|''Competition cancelled''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|2024]] || colspan=8|''to be determined''<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||8/8||'''0 Titles'''||34||13||1||20||68||74<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===AFF Women's Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=9|[[AFF Women's Championship]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2004 AFF Women's Championship|2004]]<br /> |rowspan=3 colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2006 AFF Women's Championship|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA|1974}} [[2007 AFF Women's Championship|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2008 AFF Women's Championship|2008]]<br /> |colspan=8|''See [[Australia women's national soccer team]]''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|LAO}} [[2011 AFF Women's Championship|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=2 colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2012 AFF Women's Championship|2012]]<br /> |- bgcolor=silver<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA}} [[2013 AFF Women's Championship|2013]]<br /> |Runners-up||2nd||6||4||2||0||12||5<br /> |-<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2015 AFF Women's Championship|2015]]<br /> |Third place||3rd||5||4||0||1||15||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA}} [[2016 AFF Women's Championship|2016]]<br /> |Fourth place||4th||5||2||1||2||26||4<br /> |- bgcolor=silver<br /> |{{flagicon|INA}} [[2018 AFF Women's Championship|2018]]<br /> |Runners-up||2nd||6||4||0||2||36||9<br /> |- <br /> |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[2019 AFF Women's Championship|2019]]||colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |- <br /> |{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[2022 AFF Women's Championship|2022]]||colspan=8|''See [[Australia women's national under-23 soccer team]]''<br /> |-<br /> !Total!!4/12!!0 titles!!22||14||3||5||89||22<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''[[OFC Women's U-20 Qualifying Tournament]]'''<br /> *'''Winners''': [[2002 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2002]], [[2004 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2004]]<br /> <br /> '''[[AFC U-19 Women's Championship]]'''<br /> *Third place: [[2006 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2006]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/youngmatildas FFA Young Matildas website]<br /> <br /> {{Soccer in Australia}}<br /> {{National sports teams of Australia}}<br /> {{AFC women's under-20 teams}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia Women's National Under-20 soccer Team}}<br /> [[Category:Asian women's national under-20 association football teams]]<br /> [[Category:National youth sports teams of Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Women's soccer teams in Australia| ]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team&diff=1158640047 Australia women's national under-20 soccer team 2023-06-05T09:21:18Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* 2023 */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National association football team}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox national football team<br /> | Name = Australia under-20<br /> | Badge = Australia national football team badge.svg<br /> | Badge_size = 140px<br /> | FIFA Trigramme = AUS<br /> | Nickname = Young Matildas<br /> | Association = [[Football Federation Australia]] <br /> | Sub-confederation = [[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]] (South-East Asia)<br /> | Confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia)<br /> | Coach = [[Leah Blayney]]<br /> | Captain = <br /> | Most caps = <br /> | Top scorer = <br /> &lt;!--Home Kit--&gt;<br /> |pattern_la1 = _aus20h|pattern_b1 = _aus20h|pattern_ra1 = _aus20h|pattern_sh1 =_aus20h |pattern_so1 = _aus20h<br /> |leftarm1 = FFBB00|body1 = FFBB00|rightarm1 = FFBB00|shorts1 = 051001|socks1 = FFBB00<br /> &lt;!--Away Kit--&gt;<br /> |pattern_la2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_b2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_ra2 = _aus20a<br /> |pattern_sh2 =_aus20a <br /> |pattern_so2 = _aus20a<br /> |leftarm2 = 24403C<br /> |body2 = 213A36<br /> |rightarm2 = 24403C<br /> |shorts2 = 213A36<br /> |socks2 = 213A36<br /> | First game = <br /> | Largest win = <br /> | Largest loss = <br /> | type = women<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Australian women's national under-20 soccer team''' represents [[Australia]] in international women's under-20 [[soccer]]. The team is controlled by the governing body for [[soccer in Australia]], [[Football Federation Australia]] (FFA), which is currently a member of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC) and the regional [[ASEAN Football Federation]] (AFF) since leaving the [[Oceania Football Confederation]] (OFC) in 2006. The team's official nickname is the '''''Young Matildas'''''.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=October 2013}}<br /> <br /> ==Coaching staff==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | Head coach<br /> | {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Leah Blayney]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> ===Current squad===<br /> The following 23 players were called up for the second round of [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification]] from 3–7 June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-squad-selected-2024-afc-u-20-womens-asian-cup-round-2-qualifiers|title=CommBank Young Matildas squad selected for 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Round 2 Qualifiers|publisher=[[Football Australia]]|website=[[Australia women's national soccer team|Matildas]]|date=16 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Caps and goals are current as of 3 June 2023 after the match against [[Lebanon women's national football team|Lebanon]].''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs g start}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Chloe|Lincoln}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|1|4|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Tahlia|Franco}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|29|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Grace|Wilson|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|3|4|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Naomi|Thomas–Chinnama}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|5|13|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Jessika|Nash}}|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|10|5|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Alexia|Apostolakis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|5|16|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Maya|Lobo}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Macarthur Rams FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Gemma|Ferris}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|27|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=1|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Daniela|Galic}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|17|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=4|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Alana|Murphy}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|4|21|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=3|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Shay|Hollman}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|9|19|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Ava|Briedis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|3|10|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Zara|Kruger|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|5|29|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Football Queensland]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Tijan|Mckenna}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|8|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Perth Glory FC (A-League Women)|Perth Glory]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Indiana|Dos Santos}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|10|10|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Kahli|Johnson}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|2|18|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=4|club=[[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Jynaya|Dos Santos}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|9|22|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=4|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Emilia|Murray}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|11|9|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=4|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Claudia|Cicco}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|8|27|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=4|club=[[Wellington Phoenix FC (A-League Women)|Wellington Phoenix]]|clubnat=NZL}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sasha|Grove}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|12|30|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sienna|Saveska}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|9|25|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS}} <br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Anika|Stajcic}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|1|16|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Ella|O'Grady}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|31|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=2|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> ===Recent call-ups===<br /> ''The following players were called up to the squad within the last 12 months and still remain eligible for selection.''<br /> <br /> {{nat fs r start}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Zara|Board}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Subiaco AFC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name={{sortname|Anna|Norton}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|12|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Blacktown Spartans FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Pre-World Cup Tournament Camp&lt;sup&gt;TOP&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Zoe|Karipidis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Christina|Kiceec}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|5|2|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Chloe|Walandouw}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|10|1|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Mia|Golding}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|8|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Peta|Trimis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Northbridge FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Heidi|Dennis}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|3|24|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Silver Bell|Morris}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|3|16|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Kirsty|Fenton}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|9|6|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=[[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name={{sortname|Teagan|Bertolissio}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|1|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Macarthur Rams FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 3–8 April 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Milly|Boughton}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|2|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[West Ham United F.C. Women|West Ham United]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fbw|KGZ}}, 10 March 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Avaani|Prakash}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|3|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Mary|Stanic–Floody}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|1|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Sydney FC (A-League Women)|Sydney FC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Sasha|Coorey}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|12|20|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Adelaide United FC (A-League Women)|Adelaide United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023&lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt;}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Sarah|O'Donoghue}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Meg|Roden}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|11|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Canberra Olympic]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Lillian|Skelly}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|9|5|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=South East Phoenix FC|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Amy|Chessari}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|9|3|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Ella|Abdul Massih}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|1|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name={{sortname|Georgia|Cassidy}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|6|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football West National Training Centre|Hyundai NTC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Lara|Gooch}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|2|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Newcastle Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 3–8 April 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Jonti|Fisher}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|6|4|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Queensland Academy of Sport]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Caitlin|Karic}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|6|20|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 13–20 February 2023}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Josie|Allan}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|1|1|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Emerging Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Rosie|Curtis}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|28|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Sofia|Christofferson}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Anna|Hunt}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Sydney Uni SFC|Sydney University]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Adelaide|Wrzynski}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|8|20|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Maia|Cameron}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Nadia|Zakman}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|30|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football NSW|FNSW Institute]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=v. {{fbw|FIJ}}, 11 November 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Claire|Adams|dab=soccer}}|age={{birth date and age|2005|5|1|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Newcastle Jets FC (A-League Women)|Emerging Jets]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Tanika|Lala}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|11|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Football West National Training Centre|Hyundai NTC]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 25–30 September 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Katie|Godden}}|age={{birth date and age|2007|11|26|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[DePaul Blue Demons|DePaul University]]|clubnat=USA|latest=v. {{fbwu|20|MEX}}, 29 July 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Holly|Furphy}}|age={{birth date and age|2006|6|28|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Santa Clara University]]|clubnat=USA|latest=v. {{fbwu|20|NZL}}, 12 June 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name={{sortname|Ellen|Gett}}|age={{birth date and age|2004|4|28|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|clubnat=AUS|latest=Training Camp, 30 May–3 June 2022}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> '''''Notes:'''''<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;INJ&lt;/sup&gt; Withdrew due to injury<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;TOP&lt;/sup&gt; Train-on or Shadow player.<br /> &lt;!-- hide section<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;ALT&lt;/sup&gt; Alternate.<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;PRE&lt;/sup&gt; Preliminary squad / on stand-by. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recent results and fixtures==<br /> ===2022===<br /> Since the [[2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|qualifying competition]] for the U-20 Women's World Cup was cancelled, the AFC nominated three teams based on the results of the [[2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship]], with Japan, South Korea and North Korea qualifying.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/about_afc/committees/news/afc_women%E2%80%99s_football_committee_hails_the_successful_restart_of_the_asian_women%E2%80%99s_game.html|title=AFC Women’s Football Committee hails the successful restart of the Asian women’s game|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=14 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the withdrawal of North Korea, it was announced that Australia would replace North Korea as the AFC's representatives at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;australia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/fifa_u-20_womens_world_cup/news/asia%E2%80%99s_representatives_at_fifa_women%E2%80%99s_competitions_confirmed.html|title=Asia’s representatives at FIFA women’s competitions confirmed|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=16 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia were drawn into the same group as the hosts, for the official Opening Match of the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-drawn-group-a-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup-2022tm|title=Australia to open FIFA U20 Women’s World Cup Costa Rica 2022 following Final Draw|publisher=[[Football Australia]]|date=6 May 2022|access-date=6 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 6 April 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|18:30|+10}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 5–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-defeat-new-zealand-series-opener<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|NZL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|2}}<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|21|pen.}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|39}}<br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|55|pen.}}<br /> * [[Sheridan Gallagher|Gallagher]] {{goal|57}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Charlotte Lancaster|Lancaster]] {{goal|44}}<br /> | stadium = [[Deakin Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = [[Anna-Marie Keighley]] ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 10 April 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|+10}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-end-two-match-series-draw-agaisnt-new-zealand<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|NZL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|10}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Milly Clegg|Clegg]] {{goal|38}}<br /> | stadium = [[Viking Park|Viking Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Georgia Ghirardello ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 12 June 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|+12}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|NZL}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/FootballAUS/status/1535841673577652225<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Tupelo Dugan|Dugan]] {{goal|53}}<br /> * [[Kate Taylor (footballer)|Taylor]] {{goal|79|pen.}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|2}}<br /> | stadium = [[Kiwitea Street]]<br /> | location = [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = July 2022<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = [[Club Universidad Nacional (women)|Pumas UNAM]] {{flagicon|MEX}}<br /> | score = 0–1<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ultimate-guide-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]<br /> | attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd|Match played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 29 July 2022<br /> | time = 16:30<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|MEX}}<br /> | score = 3–3<br /> | report = https://miseleccion.mx/noticias/4270/La%2520SNM%2520Femenil%2520Sub-20%2520empat%25C3%25B3%2520a%2520Australia%2520en%2520partido%2520de%2520preparaci%25C3%25B3n%2520<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Maritza Maldonado|Maldonado]] {{goal|47}}<br /> * [[Bridgette Marín|Marín]] {{goal|74||85}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (footballer)|Hunter]] {{goal|?||?}}<br /> | stadium = Centro de Alto Rendimiento<br /> | location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]<br /> | attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd|Match played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = Friendly<br /> | date = 5 August 2022<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 3–2<br /> | report = [https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ultimate-guide-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup FA report] &lt;br/&gt;[https://twitter.com/FCFSeleccionCol/status/1555639623954714625 FCF report]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|COL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (footballer)|Hunter]] {{goal|?|pen.}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[María Camila Reyes|Reyes]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Wendy Bonilla|Bonilla]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Costa Rica]]<br /> |attendance = 0{{efn|name=bcd}}<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2022|8|10|df=y}}<br /> | time = 20:00<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|CRC}}<br /> | score = 1–3<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/-young-matildas-start-world-cup-campaign-a-win<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Alexandra Pinell|Pinell]] {{goal|19}}<br /> | goals2 =<br /> * [[Sarah Hunter (soccer)|Hunter]] {{goal|37|pen.}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|38}}<br /> * [[Kirsty Fenton|Fenton]] {{goal|72}}<br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (2011)|Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica]]<br /> | location = [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 22,506<br /> | referee = [[Tess Olofsson]] ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = 13 August 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|14:00|-6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|BRA}}<br /> | score = 2–0<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/young-matildas-fall-brazil-wet-and-wild-world-cup-encounter<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Priscila Flor da Silva|Priscila]] {{goal|26}}<br /> * [[Aline Gomes|Aline]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto]]<br /> | location = [[Alajuela]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 1,759<br /> | referee = [[Cheryl Foster]] ([[Football Association of Wales|Wales]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Group A|2022 U-20 World Cup GS]]<br /> | date = 16 August 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|-6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = [https://www.matildas.com.au/news/clinical-spain-down-young-matildas-u20-womens-world-cup Report]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|ESP}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Inma Gabarro|Gabarro]] {{goal|19||24||61}}<br /> | stadium = [[Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto]]<br /> | location = [[Alajuela]], [[Costa Rica]]<br /> | attendance = 939<br /> | referee = [[Francia González]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 8 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/2022-pacific-womens-four-nations-tournament-begins-canberra<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|SOL}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Avaani Prakash|Prakash]] {{goal|12}}<br /> * [[Ella O'Grady|O'Grady]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Jemina David|David]] {{goal|44}}<br /> | stadium = [[Australian Institute of Sport]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 11 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = 3–0<br /> | report = https://www.oceaniafootball.com/solomon-islands-stun-png-while-fiji-lose-to-australia-u-20-at-pacific-four-nations/<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|FIJ}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Jonti Fisher|Fisher]] {{goal|50}}<br /> * [[Sienna Saveska|Saveska]] {{goal|52}}<br /> * [[Josie Allan|Allan]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Australian Institute of Sport]]<br /> | location = [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = 2022 Pacific Women's Four Nations Tournament<br /> | date = 13 November 2022<br /> | time = {{UTZ|16:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = Cancelled<br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/fixture-change-pacific-four-nations-tournament Cancellation]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|PNG}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Seiffert Oval]]<br /> | location = [[Queanbeyan]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = V<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2023===<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Training camp]]<br /> | date = 18 February 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ||+11}}<br /> | team1 = [[Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne City]] {{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> | score = 4–0<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/MelbourneCity/status/1627522477336457216<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Holly McNamara|McNamara]] {{goal|?||?}}<br /> * [[Bryleeh Henry|Henry]] {{goal|?}}<br /> * [[Leah Davidson|Davidson]] {{goal|?}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Training camp]]<br /> | date = 20 February 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|10:00|+11}}<br /> | team1 = [[Western United FC (A-League Women)|Western United]] {{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = https://twitter.com/wufcofficial/status/1627471827667939328<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> * ? {{goal|?}}<br /> | stadium = [[Galvin Park]]<br /> | location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 4 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ||+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> | score = Cancelled<br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/australia-learn-qualification-path-the-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm-afc-u17 Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|IRQ}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = V<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 6 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|GUM}}<br /> | score = 0–13<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/young-matildas-v-guam<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Emilia Murray|Murray]] {{goal|5||40}}<br /> * [[Shay Hollman|Hollman]] {{goal|17||37}}<br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|28}}<br /> * [[Amanda Kenney|Kenney]] {{goal|45|o.g.}}<br /> * [[Claudia Cicco|Cicco]] {{goal|63||70||90+3}}<br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|65}}<br /> * [[Sasha Grove|Grove]] {{goal|74}}<br /> * [[Daniela Galic|Galic]] {{goal|79}}<br /> * [[Alana Murphy|Murphy]] {{goal|85}}<br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = 10<br /> | referee = Sejin Park ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group C|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] First round<br /> | date = 10 March 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+6}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|KGZ}}<br /> |score = 0–7<br /> | report = https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/australia-kyrgyz-republic-match-report<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|4}}<br /> * [[Alana Murphy|Murphy]] {{goal|21||48}}<br /> * [[Emilia Murray|Murray]] {{goal|24||34}}<br /> * [[Ella O'Grady|O'Grady]] {{goal|37}}<br /> * [[Ava Briedis|Briedis]] {{goal|90+7}}<br /> | stadium = [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<br /> | attendance = 512<br /> | referee = Sunita Thongthawin ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 3 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> |score = 5-0<br /> | report = https://www.matildas.com.au/news/australia-kick-afcu20w-round-2-qualifiers-5-0-win-over-lebanon<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|LIB}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> * [[Kahli Johnson|Johnson]] {{goal|10}}<br /> * [[Gemma Ferris|Ferris]] {{goal|15}}<br /> * [[Jynaya Dos Santos|Dos Santos]] {{goal|80}}<br /> * [[Sienna Saveska|Saveska]] {{goal|90}}<br /> * [[Claudia Cicco|Cicco]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = Yu Hong ([[Chinese Football Association]]|China PR)<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 5 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|17:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|IRN}}<br /> |score = <br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-learn-qualification-path-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|AUS}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = <br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification#Group_A_2|2024 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] Second round<br /> | date = 7 June 2023<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:00|+7}}<br /> | team1 = {{fbwu-rt|20|AUS}}<br /> |score = <br /> | report = [https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/commbank-young-matildas-learn-qualification-path-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-uzbekistan-2024tm Source]<br /> | team2 = {{fbwu|20|VIE}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Việt Trì Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Việt Trì]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Competitive record==<br /> <br /> ===FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2002]]||{{nowrap|Quarter-finals}}||5th||4||1||1||2||8||9<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2004]]||Quarter-finals||7th||4||1||0||3||6||8<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship|2006]]||Group stage||9th||3||1||1||1||4||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2008]]||rowspan=6 colspan=8|''did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|GER}} [[2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2010]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|PNG}} [[2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CRC}} [[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2022]]||Group stage||12th||3||1||0||2||3||6<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||4/10||'''0 Titles'''||14||4||2||8||21||26<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===OFC U-20 Women's qualifying tournament===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[OFC Women's U-20 Qualifying Tournament]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|Tonga}} [[2002 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2002]]||Winners||'''1st'''||4||4||0||0||45||0<br /> |-style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|PNG}} [[2004 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2004]]||Winners||'''1st'''||2||2||0||0||27||1<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||2/2||'''2 Titles'''||6||6||0||0||72||1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===AFC U-19 Women's Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[AFC U-19 Women's Championship]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|MAS}} [[2006 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2006]]||Third place||3rd||5||4||0||1||29||6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2007 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2007]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||0||2||3||4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2009 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2009]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||1||1||6||3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2011 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2011]]||Fifth place||5th||5||1||0||4||7||12<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2013 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2013]]||Fifth place||5th||5||1||0||4||6||12<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2015 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2015]]||Group stage||5th||3||1||0||2||3||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2017 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2017]]||Fourth place||4th||5||2||0||3||8||11<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2019]]||Fourth place||4th||5||2||0||3||6||22<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} &lt;s&gt;[[2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|2022]]&lt;/s&gt; || colspan=8|''Competition cancelled''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} [[2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup|2024]] || colspan=8|''to be determined''<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||8/8||'''0 Titles'''||34||13||1||20||68||74<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===AFF Women's Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=9|[[AFF Women's Championship]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;90&quot; |Year<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Result<br /> ! width=&quot;80&quot; |Position<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! width=&quot;20&quot; |{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2004 AFF Women's Championship|2004]]<br /> |rowspan=3 colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2006 AFF Women's Championship|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA|1974}} [[2007 AFF Women's Championship|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2008 AFF Women's Championship|2008]]<br /> |colspan=8|''See [[Australia women's national soccer team]]''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|LAO}} [[2011 AFF Women's Championship|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=2 colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2012 AFF Women's Championship|2012]]<br /> |- bgcolor=silver<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA}} [[2013 AFF Women's Championship|2013]]<br /> |Runners-up||2nd||6||4||2||0||12||5<br /> |-<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2015 AFF Women's Championship|2015]]<br /> |Third place||3rd||5||4||0||1||15||4<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#9acdff;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|MYA}} [[2016 AFF Women's Championship|2016]]<br /> |Fourth place||4th||5||2||1||2||26||4<br /> |- bgcolor=silver<br /> |{{flagicon|INA}} [[2018 AFF Women's Championship|2018]]<br /> |Runners-up||2nd||6||4||0||2||36||9<br /> |- <br /> |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[2019 AFF Women's Championship|2019]]||colspan=8|''did not enter''<br /> |- <br /> |{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[2022 AFF Women's Championship|2022]]||colspan=8|''See [[Australia women's national under-23 soccer team]]''<br /> |-<br /> !Total!!4/12!!0 titles!!22||14||3||5||89||22<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''[[OFC Women's U-20 Qualifying Tournament]]'''<br /> *'''Winners''': [[2002 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2002]], [[2004 OFC Women's Under 19 Qualifying Tournament|2004]]<br /> <br /> '''[[AFC U-19 Women's Championship]]'''<br /> *Third place: [[2006 AFC U-19 Women's Championship|2006]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/youngmatildas FFA Young Matildas website]<br /> <br /> {{Soccer in Australia}}<br /> {{National sports teams of Australia}}<br /> {{AFC women's under-20 teams}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia Women's National Under-20 soccer Team}}<br /> [[Category:Asian women's national under-20 association football teams]]<br /> [[Category:National youth sports teams of Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Women's soccer teams in Australia| ]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durian&diff=1128839749 Durian 2022-12-22T06:54:01Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{short description|Fruit}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{automatic taxobox<br /> | name = Durian<br /> | image = Durian.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Durians at a market<br /> | image2 = Durian in black.jpg<br /> | image2_caption = Cut durian revealing its pulp<br /> | display_parents = 2<br /> | taxon = Durio<br /> | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<br /> | type_species = ''[[Durio zibethinus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=''Durio'' L. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4046 |access-date=16 February 2010 |website=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |archive-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530032035/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4046 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | type_species_authority = L.<br /> | synonyms = <br /> | subdivision_ranks = Species<br /> | subdivision = There are currently 30 recognised species (see the ''[[List of Durio species]]'')<br /> }}&lt;!-- PLEASE USE COMMONWEALTH (BRITISH) ENGLISH THROUGHOUT THIS ARTICLE --&gt;<br /> <br /> The '''durian''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʊər|i|ə|n}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dj|ʊər|i|ə|n}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/durian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427051612/https://www.lexico.com/definition/durian |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2021 |title=durian |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the edible fruit of several tree [[species]] belonging to the [[genus]] '''''Durio'''''. There are 30 recognised ''Durio'' species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit.&lt;ref name=Morton&gt;{{cite book | last=Morton | first=JF | chapter-url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/durian_ars.html | chapter=Durian | title=Fruits of Warm Climates | publisher=Florida Flair Books; republished in New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2 | access-date=5 February 2004 | archive-date=15 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215065648/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/durian_ars.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;straits&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hail-the-king-of-fruit-10-types-of-durians-from-malaysia|title=Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia|date=22 June 2015|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527000840/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hail-the-king-of-fruit-10-types-of-durians-from-malaysia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Durio zibethinus]]'', native to [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]], is the only species available in the international market. It has over 300 named varieties in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia, as of 1987.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; Other species are sold in their local regions.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; Durians are commonly associated with [[Southeast Asian cuisine]], especially in [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Vietnam]].<br /> <br /> Named in some regions as the &quot;king of fruits&quot;,&lt;ref name=straits/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Heaton&quot; /&gt; the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and [[Spine (botany)|thorn]]-covered [[peel (fruit)|rind]]. The fruit can grow as large as {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=off|0}} long and {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, and it typically weighs {{convert|1|to|3|kg|lb|abbr=off|0}}. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species.<br /> <br /> An [[acquired taste]], some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering and unpleasant. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, [[turpentine]], and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led certain hotels and public transportation services in [[Southeast Asia]] to ban the fruit. The nineteenth-century British [[Natural history|naturalist]] [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] described its flesh as &quot;a rich [[custard]] highly flavoured with [[almond]]s&quot;. The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of savoury and sweet desserts in [[Southeast Asian cuisine]]s. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The name &quot;durian&quot; is derived from the [[Malay language|Malay]] word ''dūrī'' (meaning 'thorn'), a reference to the numerous prickly thorns<br /> on its [[Peel (fruit)|rind]], combined with the noun-building suffix {{nowrap|''-an''}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=durian, ''n''&amp;period; |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58646 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411145105/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58646 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Durian |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/durian |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312231353/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/durian |archive-date=12 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the alternate spelling ''durion'' was first used in a 1588 translation of ''The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof'' by the Spanish explorer [[Juan González de Mendoza]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|There is one, yt is called in the Malaca tongue Durion, and is so good that [...] it doth exceede in savour all others that euer they had seene, or tasted.}}<br /> <br /> Other historical variants include ''duryoen'', ''duroyen'', ''durean'', and ''dorian''.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot; /&gt; The name of the [[type species]], ''[[Durio zibethinus]]'', is derived from ''Viverra zibetha'' (the [[large Indian civet]]), a mammal known for its odour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Husin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Husin | first1=NA | last2=Rahman | first2=S | last3=Karunakaran | first3=R | last4=Bhore | first4=SJ | title=A review on the nutritional, medicinal, molecular and genome attributes of durian (''Durio zibethinus'' L.), the king of fruits in Malaysia | journal=Bioinformation | volume=14 | issue=6 | year=2018 | issn=0973-2063 | pmid=30237671 | pmc=6137565 | doi=10.6026/97320630014265 | pages=265–270}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> {{For|a complete list of known species of Durio|List of Durio species}}<br /> {{Multiple image|total_width=330<br /> |image1=Durio Zibethinus Van Nooten.jpg<br /> |alt1=<br /> |caption1=''[[Durio zibethinus]]'', one of the major food crops in Southeast Asia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Teh |first1=Bin Tean |last2=Lim |first2=Kevin |last3=Yong |first3=Chern Han |last4=Ng |first4=Cedric Chuan Young |last5=Rao |first5=Sushma Ramesh |last6=Rajasegaran |first6=Vikneswari |last7=Lim |first7=Weng Khong |last8=Ong |first8=Choon Kiat |last9=Chan |first9=Ki |last10=Cheng |first10=Vincent Kin Yuen |last11=Soh |first11=Poh Sheng |last12=Swarup |first12=Sanjay |last13=Rozen |first13=Steven G. |last14=Nagarajan |first14=Niranjan |last15=Tan |first15=Patrick |title=The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus) |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2017 |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1633–1641 |doi=10.1038/ng.3972 |pmid=28991254 |s2cid=9804756 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3972 |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en |issn=1546-1718}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |image2=Durian flower.jpg<br /> |alt2=<br /> |caption2= Durian flowers are usually closed during the daytime<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''Durio sensu lato'' has 30 recognised species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot; /&gt; ''Durio sensu stricto'' comprises 24 of these species. The 6 additional species included in ''Durio s.l.'' are now considered by some to comprise their own genus, ''Boschia''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ''Durio s.s.'' and ''Boschia'' have indistinguishable vegetative characteristics and many shared floral characteristics. The crucial difference between the two is that anther [[locule]]s open by apical pores in ''Boschia'' and by longitudinal slits in ''Durio s.s.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kostermans |first=A. J. G. H. |year=1958 |title=The genus Durio Adans. (Bombacalceac) |journal=Reinwardtia |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=357–460 |url=http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008 |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202092634/http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These two genera form a [[clade]] that is sister to another genus in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Durioneae]], ''[[Cullenia]]''. These three genera together form a clade that is characterised by highly modified (mono- and polythecate, as opposed to bithecate) anthers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Systematics and character evolution in Durio s. lat. (Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae or Bombacaceae-Durioneae)|journal = Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution|date = 1 January 2001|pages = 165–178|volume = 1|issue = 3|doi = 10.1078/1439-6092-00015|first1 = Reto|last1 = Nyffeler|first2 = David A.|last2 = Baum}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The genus ''Durio'' is placed by some taxonomists in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Bombacaceae]], or by others in a broadly defined [[Malvaceae]] that includes Bombacaceae, and by others in a smaller family of just seven genera Durionaceae.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIN&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2319 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy, Durionaceae |access-date=22 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203192931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2319 |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APW&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Malvales | title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website&amp;nbsp;– Malvales | publisher = [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] | access-date = 19 February 2009 | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205519/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Malvales | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Durio'' is often included in Bombacaceae because of the presence of monothecate anthers, as opposed to the bithecate anthers common to the rest of the mallows (and [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]], in general). However, the first studies to examine mallow [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] using molecular data found that the tribe Durioneae should be placed in the [[subfamily]] Helicteroideae of an expanded Malvaceae. The authors of these studies hypothesise that monothecate anthers have most likely evolved convergently in Durioneae and in the Malvatheca clade (comprising Malvaceae s.l. subfamilies [[Malvoideae]] and [[Bombacoideae]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data|journal = American Journal of Botany|date = 1 October 1999|issn = 0002-9122|pmid = 10523287|pages = 1474–1486|volume = 86|issue = 10|first1 = William S.|last1 = Alverson|first2 = Barbara A.|last2 = Whitlock|first3 = Reto|last3 = Nyffeler|first4 = Clemens|last4 = Bayer|first5 = David A.|last5 = Baum|doi=10.2307/2656928|jstor = 2656928|doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences|journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date = 1 April 1999|issn = 1095-8339|pages = 267–303|volume = 129|issue = 4|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb00505.x|first1 = Clemens|last1 = Bayer|first2 = Michael F.|last2 = Fay|first3 = Anette Y.|last3 = De Bruijn|first4 = Vincent|last4 = Savolainen|first5 = Cynthia M.|last5 = Morton|first6 = Klaus|last6 = Kubitzki|first7 = William S.|last7 = Alverson|first8 = Mark W.|last8 = Chase|doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A draft [[genome]] analysis of durian indicates it has about 46,000 [[coding strand|coding]] and non-coding [[gene]]s, among which a class called [[methionine gamma-lyase]]s – which regulate the odour of organosulfur compounds – may be primarily responsible for the distinct durian odour.&lt;ref name=Husin/&gt;&lt;ref name=Teh&gt;{{cite journal |title=The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus) |journal=Nature Genetics |date=9 October 2017 |issue=11 |pages=1633–1641 |doi=10.1038/ng.3972 |last1=Teh |first1=Bin Tean |last2=Lim |first2=Kevin |last3=Yong |first3=Chern Han |last4=Ng |first4=Cedric Chuan Young |last5=Rao |first5=Sushma Ramesh |last6=Rajasegaran |first6=Vikneswari |last7=Lim |first7=Weng Khong |last8=Ong |first8=Choon Kiat |last9=Chan |first9=Ki |last10=Cheng |first10=Vincent Kin Yuen |last11=Soh |first11=Poh Sheng |last12=Swarup |first12=Sanjay |last13=Rozen |first13=Steven G. |last14=Nagarajan |first14=Niranjan |last15=Tan |first15=Patrick |volume=49 |pmid=28991254 |s2cid=9804756 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Genome analysis also indicated that the closest plant relative of durian is [[cotton]].&lt;ref name=Husin/&gt;&lt;ref name=Teh/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[File:Durian tree in malaysia.jpg|thumb|Juvenile durian tree in [[Malaysia]]. Mature specimens can grow up to {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}}.]]<br /> <br /> Durian trees are large, growing to {{convert|25|–|50|m|ft|round=5|abbr=off}} in height depending on the species.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; The leaves are [[evergreen]], elliptic to oblong and {{convert|10|–|18|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=off}} long. The flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk with each flower having a calyx ([[sepals]]) and five (rarely four or six) [[petal]]s. Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, although the timing varies depending on the species, cultivars, and localities. A typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch, and matures roughly three months after [[pollination]]. The fruit can grow up to {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, and typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7&amp;nbsp;lb).&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; Among the thirty known species of ''Durio'', nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: ''[[Durio zibethinus|D. zibethinus]]'', ''[[Durio dulcis|D. dulcis]]'', ''[[Durio grandiflorus|D. grandiflorus]]'', ''[[Durio graveolens|D. graveolens]]'', ''[[Durio kutejensis|D. kutejensis]]'', ''[[Durio lowianus]]'', ''[[Durio macrantha|D. macrantha]]'', ''[[Durio oxleyanus|D. oxleyanus]]'' and ''[[Durio testudinarius|D. testudinarius]]''.&lt;ref name=ACIAR&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/598/mn114-part1.pdf |title=Diversity and management of ''Phytophthora'' in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 114 |editor1=Drenth, A. |editor2=Guest, D. I. |chapter=Botany and Production of Durian (''Durio zibethinus'') in Southeast Asia |year=2004 |last1=O'Gara |first1=E. |last2=Guest |first2=D. I. |last3=Hassan |first3=N. M. |publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) |access-date=20 November 2008 |pages=180–186 |isbn=978-1-86320-405-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304071448/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/598/mn114-part1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The fruit of many species has never been collected or properly examined, however, so other species may have edible fruit.&lt;ref name=Brown&gt;{{cite book |author=Brown, Michael J. |title=Durio&amp;nbsp;– A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030141001/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The durian is somewhat similar in appearance to the [[jackfruit]], an unrelated species.{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> ''D. zibethinus'' is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside of its native region. Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size of flesh and seed, and tree [[phenology]]. In the species name, ''zibethinus'' refers to the Indian civet, ''[[Viverra zibetha]]''. There is disagreement over whether this name, bestowed by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], refers to civets being so fond of the durian that the fruit was used as bait to entrap them, or to the durian smelling like the civet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Brown, Michael J. |title=Durio&amp;nbsp;– A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC&amp;pg=PA2 |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |page=2 |access-date=4 September 2012 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401064720/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC&amp;pg=PA2 |url-status=live }} See also pp.&amp;nbsp;5–6 regarding whether Linnaeus or Murray is the correct authority for the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Durian flowers are large and feathery with copious [[nectar (plant)|nectar]], and give off a heavy, sour, and buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of [[bat]]s that eat nectar and [[pollen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Whitten, Tony |title=The Ecology of Sumatra |publisher=Periplus |year=2001 |isbn = 978-962-593-074-9 |page=329}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to research conducted in Malaysia in the 1970s, durians were pollinated almost exclusively by cave fruit bats (''[[Eonycteris|Eonycteris spelaea]]'');&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; however, a 1996 study indicated two species, ''D. grandiflorus'' and ''[[Durio oblongus|D. oblongus]]'', were pollinated by [[spiderhunter]]s ([[Nectariniidae]]) and another species, ''D. kutejensis'', was pollinated by [[giant honey bee]]s and birds as well as bats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Bird-pollination of Three Durio Species (Bombacaceae) in a Tropical Rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia |author=Yumoto, Takakazu |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=8 |pages=1181–1188 |year=2000 |doi=10.2307/2656655 |jstor=2656655 |pmid=10948003|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some scientists have hypothesised that the development of monothecate anthers and larger flowers (compared to those of the remaining genera in Durioneae) in the clade consisting of ''Durio'', ''Boschia'', and ''Cullenia'' was in conjunction with a transition from beetle pollination to vertebrate pollination.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultivars===<br /> [[File:D101 and random stock.jpg|thumb|right|Different cultivars of durian often have distinct colours. D101 (right) has rich yellow flesh, clearly distinguishable from another variety (left).]]<br /> <br /> Over the centuries, numerous durian [[cultivar]]s, propagated by vegetative [[Cloning|clone]]s, have arisen in Southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by [[layering]], [[marcotting]], or more commonly, by [[grafting]], including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected [[rootstock]]s. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.&lt;ref name=ST/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Malaysian varieties ====<br /> <br /> The [[Malaysia]]n Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry started to register varieties of durian in 1934, and now maintains a list of registered varieties, where each cultivar is assigned a common name and a code number starting with &quot;D&quot;. These codes are widely used through South-East Asia, and as of 2021, there are over 200 registered varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my/NationalList/Search.php |title=Varieties Registered For National Crop List |website=pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913151157/http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my/NationalList/Search.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. There are 13 common Malaysian varieties having favourable qualities of colour, texture, odour, taste, high yield, and resistance against various diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/perkhidmatan/skim_pensijilan/spbt/mengenali_varieti_durian_popular.pdf|title=Mengenali Variety Durian Popular di Malaysia|publisher=Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212719/http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/perkhidmatan/skim_pensijilan/spbt/mengenali_varieti_durian_popular.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:4SeasonsDurians22102009-02_(4034657521).jpg|thumb|[[Musang King]], the most popular variety of durian in Malaysia]]<br /> <br /> [[Musang King]] (D197) is the most popular durian breed from Malaysia, rendered in Chinese as &quot;Mao Shan Wang&quot; (猫山王), which is usually the priciest of all cultivars.{{cn|date=February 2022}} The origin of the name &quot;Musang King&quot; dates back to the 80s, when a man named Tan Lai Fook from Raub, Pahang stumbled upon a durian tree in [[Gua Musang District|Gua Musang]], [[Kelantan]]. He brought the tree branch back to Raub for grafting, and this new breed attracted other cultivators. The cultivar was named after Gua Musang, its place of origin, while the Chinese name references the [[Asian palm civet|palm civet]], the Malay meaning of ''musang''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://newleaf.com.my/malaysia-durians-musang-king/|title= The Wonderland of Malaysia Durian|access-date= 8 February 2021|archive-date= 29 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210129184527/https://newleaf.com.my/malaysia-durians-musang-king/|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Musang King is known for its bright yellow flesh and is like a more potent or enhanced version of the D24.&lt;ref name=year/&gt; Musang King is also the preferred cultivar in [[Singapore]] and [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;year&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=How to Identify Musang King and D24|publisher=Year of the durian|date=16 February 2013|access-date=3 May 2017|url=http://www.yearofthedurian.com/2013/02/how-to-identify-musang-king-and-d24.html|archive-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506204656/http://www.yearofthedurian.com/2013/02/how-to-identify-musang-king-and-d24.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other popular cultivars in Malaysia include:<br /> * &quot;D24&quot; (''Sultan''), a popular variety known for its bittersweet taste<br /> * &quot;XO&quot;, which has a pale colour, thick flesh with a tinge of alcoholic fermentation<br /> * &quot;Chook Kiok&quot; (Cantonese meaning: bamboo leg) which has a distinctive yellowish core in the inner stem<br /> * &quot;D168&quot; (IOI), which has a round shape, medium size, green and yellow outer skin colour, and has flesh easy to dislodge. The flesh is medium-thick, solid, yellow in colour, and sweet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theindependentinsight.com/2019/06/28/durian-mas-hajah-hasmah/|title=Durian mas hajah hasmah|last=Van Dyk|first=Mel|date=28 June 2019|website=The Independent Insight|publisher=The Independent Insight|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926072953/http://theindependentinsight.com/2019/06/28/durian-mas-hajah-hasmah/|archive-date=26 September 2019|access-date=19 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;Red Prawn&quot; (''Udang Merah'', D175), found in the states of [[Pahang]] and [[Johor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.butterkicap.com/open-house/how-to-guides/panduan-lengkap-durian-raja-buah|title=Panduan Lengkap Durian untuk Pencinta Raja Buah|date=4 December 2017|website=Butterkicap|language=en-US|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719081546/http://www.butterkicap.com/open-house/how-to-guides/panduan-lengkap-durian-raja-buah|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/27/10-variations-of-the-king-of-fruits/|title=10 variations of durians – the King of Fruits – Metro News {{!}} The Star Online|last=Low|first=Christina|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719081542/https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/27/10-variations-of-the-king-of-fruits/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fruit is medium-sized with oval shape, brownish green skin having short thorns. The flesh is thick, not solid, yellow-coloured, and has a sweet taste.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Indonesian varieties====<br /> [[File: Durio zibeth 071230-3107 cgud.jpg |thumb|upright=0.6| Local durian in Cigudeg, [[Bogor]], [[West Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]<br /> Indonesia has more than 103 varieties of durian. The most cultivated species is ''Durio zibethinus''.&lt;ref name=nus&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://smujo.id/nb/article/download/993/2950 | title=Variability analysis of Sukun durian plant (Durio zibethinus) based on RAPD marker | author1=Ruwaida, Ismi Puji | author2=Supriyadi | author3=Parjanto | journal=Nusantara Bioscience | volume=1 | number=2 | year=2009 | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814144739/https://smujo.id/nb/article/download/993/2950/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Notable varieties are Sukun durian ([[Central Java]]), sitokong ([[Betawi people|Betawi]]), sijapang (Betawi), Simas ([[Bogor]]), Sunan (Jepara), si dodol, and si hijau ([[South Kalimantan]])&lt;ref name=nus /&gt; and Petruk ([[Jepara Regency |Jepara]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Durian Petruk | publisher = IPTEKnet [[Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology | BPPT]] | url = http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&amp;id=62 | access-date = 9 December 2009 | archive-date = 31 December 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091231071538/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&amp;id=62 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Central Java).&lt;ref name=nus /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Thai varieties ====<br /> {{cnspan|In Thailand, some popular varieties include Sultan (D24), Kop (D99 {{lang-th|กบ}}&amp;nbsp;– &quot;frog&quot; {{IPA-th|kòp}}), Chanee (D123, {{lang-th|ชะนี|links=no}}&amp;nbsp;– &quot;gibbon&quot; {{IPA-th|tɕʰániː}}), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 {{lang-th|ทุเรียนเขียว|links=no}}&amp;nbsp;– Green Durian {{IPA-th|tʰúriːən kʰǐow}}), Kan Yao (D158, {{lang-th|ก้านยาว|links=no}}&amp;nbsp;– Long Stem {{IPA-th|kâːn jaːw}}), Mon Thong (D159, {{lang-th|หมอนทอง|links=no}}&amp;nbsp;– Golden Pillow {{IPA-th|mɔ̌ːn tʰɔːŋ}}), Kradum Thong ({{lang-th|กระดุมทอง|links=no}}&amp;nbsp;– Golden Button {{IPA-th|kràdum tʰɔːŋ}}), and with no common name, D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of ''D. zibethinus'' exist in [[Thailand]].|date=February 2022}}<br /> <br /> Mon Thong is the most commercially sought after, for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet-tasting flesh with relatively moderate smell emitted and smaller seeds, while Chanee is the best in terms of its resistance to infection by ''[[Phytophthora palmivora]]''. Kan Yao is somewhat less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odourless at the same time. Among all the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum.&lt;ref name=Pibul&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://it.doa.go.th/durian/detail.php?id=164&amp;PHPSESSID=0a7dd4c12222a10cdbd00d70796cec00 <br /> |title=Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน) <br /> |publisher=Department of Agriculture, Thailand <br /> |access-date=26 July 2010 <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818174921/http://it.doa.go.th/durian/detail.php?id=164&amp;PHPSESSID=0a7dd4c12222a10cdbd00d70796cec00 <br /> |archive-date=18 August 2011 <br /> |language=th <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No.&amp;nbsp;1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuller&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Fuller, Thomas |date=8 April 2007 |title=Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/world/asia/08durian.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410100409/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/world/asia/08durian.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuller&quot;/&gt; On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of [[Uttaradit Province]] from where these cultivars were developed locally, while he announced the dates for the annual durian fair of [[Laplae District]], and the name given to each cultivar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Odourless-durians-to-hit-the-market-30182636.html|title=Odourless durians to hit the market|date=23 May 2012|work=The Nation|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625181413/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Odourless-durians-to-hit-the-market-30182636.html|archive-date=25 June 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cultivation and availability==<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|Reason for rewrite|section|date=April 2022}}<br /> The durian is cultivated in [[Tropical agriculture|tropical]] regions, and stops growing when mean daily temperatures drop below {{convert|22|C|F}}.&lt;ref name=ACIAR/&gt; The centre of [[ecological diversity]] for durians is the island of [[Borneo]],{{cn|date=February 2022}} where the fruits of the edible species of ''Durio'' including ''D.&amp;nbsp;zibethinus'', ''D.&amp;nbsp;dulcis'', ''D.&amp;nbsp;graveolens'', ''D.&amp;nbsp;kutejensis'', ''D.&amp;nbsp;oxleyanus'', and ''D.&amp;nbsp;testudinarius'' are sold in local markets.{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> ''D.&amp;nbsp;zibethinus'' is not grown in [[Brunei]] because consumers there prefer other species such as ''D.&amp;nbsp;graveolens'', ''D.&amp;nbsp;kutejensis'', and ''D.&amp;nbsp;oxleyanus''. These species are commonly distributed in Brunei, and together with other species like ''D.&amp;nbsp;testudinarius'' and ''D.&amp;nbsp;dulcis'' constitute a [[genetic diversity|genetically diverse]] crop source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Osman&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Expert_consultation_on_tropical_fruit_species_of_Asia_655.pdf |title=Tropical fruit production and genetic resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the priority fruit species |first1=M. B. |last1=Osman |first2=Z. A. |last2=Mohamed |first3=S. |last3=Idris |first4=R. |last4=Aman |year=1995 |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |isbn=978-92-9043-249-4 |access-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930210417/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/655/ch08.htm |archive-date=30 September 2008 |oclc=723476105 |quote=In Brunei Darussalam, ''D.&amp;nbsp;zibethinus'' does not occur locally. The people in Brunei prefer the other species, such as ''D.&amp;nbsp;graveolens'', ''D.&amp;nbsp;kutejensis'', and ''D.&amp;nbsp;oxyleyanus''. These species are quite commonly distributed in the country and together with other species like ''D.&amp;nbsp;testudinarius'' and ''D.&amp;nbsp;dulcis'', represent rich genetic diversity.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the durian is not native to Thailand, Thailand is ranked the world's number one exporter of durian, producing around 700,000 tonnes of durian per year, 400,000 tonnes of which are exported to mainland China and Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Svasti|first1=Pichaya|last2=Jariyasombat|first2=Peerawat|title=Made in Thailand|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1450331/made-in-thailand|access-date=23 April 2018|work=Bangkok Post|issue=Brunch|date=22 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malaysia and Indonesia follow, both producing about 265,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes each. Of this, Malaysia exported 35,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes in 1999.&lt;ref name=trade/&gt; [[Chanthaburi Province|Chantaburi]] in Thailand holds the World Durian Festival in early May each year. This single province is responsible for half of the durian production of Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=715 |title=World Durian Festival 2005 |series=Thailand News – Thailand official news and information |publisher=Foreign Office |author=Government Public Relations Department |location=Thailand |date=5 June 2005 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107093638/http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=715 |archive-date=7 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/durian/details/durain_02_grow.html |title=Thailand's Durian growing areas |publisher=Food Market Exchange |year=2003 |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316142018/http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/durian/details/durain_02_grow.html |archive-date= 16 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Davao Region]] is the top producer of the fruit in the Philippines, producing 60% of the country's total.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mellejor |first1=Lilian |title=Davao City remains top producer of durian fruit |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1043084 |access-date=20 April 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=30 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kadayawan Festival]] is an annual celebration featuring the durian in Davao City.{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> Durian was introduced into Australia in the early 1960s and clonal material was first introduced in 1975. Over thirty clones of ''D.&amp;nbsp;zibethinus'' and six other ''Durio'' species have been subsequently introduced into Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite work |last=Watson |first=B. J. |year=1983 |title=Durian |series=Fact Sheet |volume=6 |publisher=Rare Fruits Council of Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; China is the major importer, purchasing 65,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes in 1999, followed by Singapore with 40,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes and Taiwan with 5,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes. In the same year, the United States imported 2,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes, mostly frozen, and the [[European Community]] imported 500&amp;nbsp;tonnes.&lt;ref name=trade&gt;{{cite web |author=Committee on Commodity Problems |title=VI.&amp;nbsp;Overview of Minor Tropical Fruits |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] |date=December 2001 |url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/004/Y1982E.htm |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102103613/http://www.fao.org/docrep/MEETING/004/Y1982E.HTM |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the increasing popularity of durian in China, the price had risen up to 20 times over in four years, in a market that was worth nearly £400m in 2018. Malaysia negotiated a deal with China to export the whole fruit frozen for the first time to China starting in 2019, previously only Thailand was permitted to export the whole fruit to China.&lt;ref name=&quot;ellis=petersen&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/02/durian-foul-smelling-fruit-make-malaysia-millions-export-china |title=Durian: the foul-smelling fruit that could make Malaysia millions |first=Hannah |last=Ellis-Petersen |date=2 December 2018 |work=The Observer |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202134342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/02/durian-foul-smelling-fruit-make-malaysia-millions-export-china |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The durian is a seasonal fruit, unlike some other non-seasonal tropical fruits such as the [[papaya]] which are available throughout the year. In peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, the season for durians is typically from June to August, coinciding with that of the [[mangosteen]].&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt;<br /> <br /> Prices of durians are high due to postharvest changes and having a short shelf life in normal temperatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Sueli |last2=Silva |first2=Ebenezer de Oliveira |last3=Brito |first3=Edy Sousa de |title=Exotic Fruits Reference Guide |date=5 January 2018 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-803153-7 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eScsDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA169 |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Singapore in 2007, the strong demand for high quality cultivars such as the D24 (''Sultan''), and Musang King (''Mao Shan Wang'') resulted in high retail prices.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.stomp.com.sg/stfoodiesclub/taste/03/index.html |series=ST Foodies Club |title=Durian King |year=2006 |access-date=25 July 2007 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124752/http://www.stomp.com.sg/stfoodiesclub/taste/03/index.html |archive-date=15 December 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The edible portion of the fruit, known as the [[aril]] and usually referred to as the &quot;flesh&quot; or &quot;pulp&quot;, only accounts for about 15–30% of the mass of the entire fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;bioversityinternational&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Brown, Michael J. |title=Durio – A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |page=35 |year=1997 |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713064346/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2018, Musang King farmers saw very large increases in the prices they received, making the fruit far more lucrative than palm oil or rubber. This led to an increase in durian plantation.&lt;ref name=&quot;ellis=petersen&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Flavour and odour==<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|Reason for rewrite|section|date=April 2022}} <br /> [[File:No durians sign.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Sign informing that the durian fruit is not allowed inside Singapore's [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Mass Rapid Transit]]]]<br /> [[file:ทุเรียนทอด_deep_fried_crispy_durian.jpg|thumb|Sliced deep-fried durian in packages at a market in Thailand]]<br /> The unusual flavour and odour of the fruit have prompted many people to express diverse and passionate views ranging from deep appreciation to intense disgust.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;genthe&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/durians-smell-awful-but-the-taste-is-heavenly-57313254/ | title=Durians Smell Awful – But the Taste Is Heavenly | publisher=Smithsonian Institution | date=September 1999 | access-date=6 October 2016 | author=Genthe, Henry | archive-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011041714/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/durians-smell-awful-but-the-taste-is-heavenly-57313254/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing in 1856, the British [[Natural history|naturalist]] [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] provided a much-quoted description of the flavour of the durian:<br /> <br /> {{quote|The five cells are silky-white within, and are filled with a mass of firm, cream-coloured pulp, containing about three seeds each. This pulp is the edible part, and its consistence and flavour are indescribable. A rich custard highly flavoured with almonds gives the best general idea of it, but there are occasional wafts of flavour that call to mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry-wine, and other incongruous dishes. Then there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the pulp which nothing else possesses, but which adds to its delicacy. It is neither acidic nor sweet nor juicy; yet it wants neither of these qualities, for it is in itself perfect. It produces no nausea or other bad effect, and the more you eat of it the less you feel inclined to stop. In fact, to eat Durians is a new sensation worth a voyage to the East to experience. ... as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it is unsurpassed.&lt;ref name=Wallace&gt;{{cite web | author = Wallace, Alfred Russel | title = On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo | year = 1856 | url = http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm | access-date = 2008-11-20 | author-link = Alfred Russel Wallace | archive-date = 2008-10-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Ref label|a|a|none}}}}<br /> <br /> Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, &quot;but in Borneo I found a ripe fruit on the ground, and, eating it out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater&quot;.&lt;ref name=Wallace1886p74&gt;{{Cite book |year=1886 |author=Wallace, Alfred Russel | author-link = Alfred Russel Wallace |title=The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utang and the bird of paradise |place=London |publisher=Macmillan &amp; Co |url=https://archive.org/stream/malayarchipelag03wallgoog#page/n90/mode/1up |pages=74–75 |access-date=4 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He cited one traveller from 1599:{{Ref label|b|b|none}} &quot;it is of such an excellent taste that it surpasses in flavour all other fruits of the world, according to those who have tasted it.&quot;&lt;ref name=Wallace1886p74/&gt; He cites another writer: &quot;To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it.&quot;&lt;ref name=Wallace1886p74/&gt;<br /> <br /> While Wallace cautions that &quot;the smell of the ripe fruit is certainly at first disagreeable&quot;, later descriptions by Westerners are more graphic in detail. Novelist [[Anthony Burgess]] writes that eating durian is &quot;like eating sweet raspberry [[blancmange]] in the lavatory&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h_ReGl7pJuEC&amp;q=The%20Long%20Day%20Wanes%3A%20A%20Malayan%20Trilogy&amp;pg=PA70 | title = The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy | first = Anthony | last = Burgess | author-link = Anthony Burgess | page = 68 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company | isbn = 978-0-393-30943-0 | year = 1993 | orig-year = 1956 | access-date = 6 October 2020 | archive-date = 20 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211020065503/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_ReGl7pJuEC&amp;q=The+Long+Day+Wanes%3A+A+Malayan+Trilogy&amp;pg=PA70 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Travel and food writer [[Richard Sterling]] says:<br /> {{quote|&amp;nbsp;its odor is best described as pig-excrement, turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock. It can be smelled from yards away. Despite its great local popularity, the raw fruit is forbidden from some establishments such as hotels, subways and airports, including public transportation in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;winokur&quot;&gt;{{cite book | editor-last=Winokur | editor-first=Jon | title=The Traveling Curmudgeon: Irreverent Notes, Quotes, and Anecdotes on Dismal Destinations, Excess Baggage, the Full Upright Position, and Other Reasons Not to Go There | publisher=Sasquatch Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-57061-389-0 | page = 102}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> Other comparisons have been made with the civet, [[sewage]], stale [[vomiting|vomit]], [[skunk]] spray and used [[Cotton swab|surgical swabs]].&lt;ref name=Davidson&gt;{{cite book | author=Davidson, Alan | title= The Oxford Companion to Food | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 | page= [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/263 263] | author-link= Alan Davidson (food writer)| title-link= The Oxford Companion to Food }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The wide range of descriptions for the odour of durian may have a great deal to do with the variability of durian odour itself.&lt;ref name=Husin/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aziz/&gt; Durians from different species or clones can have significantly different aromas; for example, red durian (''D. dulcis'') has a deep [[caramel]] flavour with a [[turpentine]] odour while red-fleshed durian (''D. graveolens'') emits a fragrance of roasted [[almond]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot; /&gt; Among the varieties of ''D. zibethinus'', Thai varieties are sweeter in flavour and less odorous than Malay ones.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; The degree of ripeness has an effect on the flavour as well.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, researchers from the [[Technical University of Munich]] identified [[ethanethiol]] and its derivatives as a reason for its fetid smell. However, the biochemical pathway by which the plant produces ethanethiol remained unclear such as the enzyme that releases ethanethiol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Nadine S.|last2=Steinhaus|first2=Martin|date=11 December 2019|title=Identification of an Important Odorant Precursor in Durian: First Evidence of Ethionine in Plants|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=68|issue=38|pages=10397–10402|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07065|pmid=31825619|s2cid=209329891|issn=0021-8561}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The fruit's strong smell led to its ban from the subway in Singapore; it is not used in many hotels because of its pungency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author1=Rob Picheta|author2=Frederik Pleitgen|title=Smelly durian fruit sends six to hospital and forces evacuation|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/europe/durian-germany-evacuation-scli-intl-grm/index.html|access-date=23 June 2020|website=CNN|date=22 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623004854/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/europe/durian-germany-evacuation-scli-intl-grm/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Phytochemicals===<br /> Hundreds of [[phytochemical]]s responsible for durian flavour and aroma include diverse [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] compounds, such as [[ester]]s, [[ketone]]s, [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s (primarily [[ethanol]]), and [[organosulfur compound]]s, with various [[thiol]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aziz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=A Aziz | first1=Nur | last2=Mhd Jalil | first2=Abbe | title=Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (''Durio zibethinus'' Murr.): A review | journal=Foods | volume=8 | issue=3 | date=13 March 2019 | issn=2304-8158 | doi=10.3390/foods8030096 | page=E96|pmid=30871187|pmc=6463093| doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Characterization of the major odour-active compounds in Thai durian ( ''Durio zibethinus'' L. 'Monthong') by aroma extract dilution analysis and headspace gas chromatography-olfactometry |vauthors=Li JX, Schieberle P, Steinhaus M | journal=J Agric Food Chem | year=2012 | volume=60 | issue=45 | pages=11253–62 | doi=10.1021/jf303881k | pmid=23088286}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ethyl butyrate|Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate]] had the highest content among esters in a study of several varieties.&lt;ref name=Aziz/&gt; Sugar content, primarily [[sucrose]], has a range of 8–20% among different durian varieties.&lt;ref name=Aziz/&gt; Durian flesh contains diverse [[polyphenol]]s, especially [[myricetin]], and various [[carotenoid]]s, including a rich content of [[beta-carotene]].&lt;ref name=Aziz/&gt;<br /> <br /> People in Southeast Asia with frequent exposures to durian are able to easily distinguish the sweet-like scent of its ketones and esters from rotten or putrescine odours which are from volatile amines and [[fatty acid]]s. Some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious, whereas others find it pleasant and appealing.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt;&lt;ref name=genthe/&gt;<br /> <br /> This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is highly appetising to diverse animals, including [[squirrel]]s, [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]], pigs, [[sun bear]], [[orangutan]], [[Asian elephant|elephants]], and even carnivorous [[tiger]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4193933/In-praise-of-the-delectable-durian.html|title=In praise of the delectable durian|date=18 October 2004|author=Mulqueen, Kevin|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917134824/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4193933/In-praise-of-the-delectable-durian.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=su08b/&gt; While some of these animals eat the fruit and dispose of the seed under the parent plant, others swallow the seed with the fruit, and then transport it some distance before excreting, with the seed being dispersed as a result.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | editor-last=Marinelli | editor-first=Janet | title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Gardener's Desk Reference | publisher=Henry Holt and Co. | year=1998 | isbn = 978-0-8050-5095-0 | page = 691 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The thorny, armoured covering of the fruit discourages smaller animals; larger animals are more likely to transport the seeds far from the parent tree.&lt;ref name=McGee&gt;{{cite book | author = McGee, Harold | title= On Food and Cooking | publisher=Scribner | year=2004 | isbn = 978-0-684-80001-1 | page = 379 | author-link = Harold McGee| edition= Revised }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ripeness and selection===<br /> According to ''[[Larousse Gastronomique]]'', the durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Larousse Gastronomique | editor-last=Montagne | editor-first=Prosper | publisher = Clarkson Potter | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-609-60971-2 | page = 439| title-link=Larousse Gastronomique }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of ''D. zibethinus'' are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in [[southern Thailand]] prefer their durians relatively young when the clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. For some people in [[northern Thailand]], the preference is for the fruit to be soft and aromatic. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be as ripe and pungent in aroma as possible and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy and slightly alcoholic.&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt;<br /> <br /> The various preferences regarding ripeness among consumers make it hard to issue general statements about choosing a &quot;good&quot; durian. A durian that falls off the tree continues to ripen for two to four days, but after five or six days most would consider it overripe and unpalatable,&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot; /&gt; although some Thais proceed from that point to cook it with palm sugar, creating a dessert called durian (or thurian) guan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT115 |title= The Durian Tourist's Guide To Thailand: Volume 1 of The Durian Tourist |date= 2014 |access-date= 6 October 2016 |author= Gasik, Lindsay |archive-date= 1 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170401064859/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT115 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Uses==<br /> <br /> ===Culinary===<br /> {{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image_style = border:none;<br /> | image1 =Tempoyak.jpg<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 = ''Tempoyak'', made from fermented durian in [[Bandung]], [[West Java]], Indonesia<br /> | image2 =Ketan saus durian.jpg<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 = ''Ketan durian'', glutinous rice with durian sauce in Indonesia<br /> | image3 =Tempoyak Ikan Patin 3.JPG<br /> | alt3 =<br /> | caption3 = ''Tempoyak ikan patin'', [[Pangasius|catfish]] in tempoyak curry, [[Palembang]], [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia<br /> | image4= Keripik Durian Medan.JPG<br /> | caption4= ''Keripik durian Medan'' (durian chips) in [[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]], Indonesia<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Durian fruit is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet edibles such as traditional Malay candy, ''[[ice kacang]]'', ''[[dodol]]'', ''lempuk'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://agromedia.mardi.gov.my/magritech/tech_detail_fdscience.php?id=495|title=Mardi – Lempuk technology.|website=mardi.gov.my|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707161411/http://agromedia.mardi.gov.my/magritech/tech_detail_fdscience.php?id=495|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rose biscuits, [[ice cream]], [[milkshake]]s, [[mooncake]]s, [[Yule log (cake)|Yule log]]s, and [[cappuccino]]. ''Es durian'' (durian ice cream) is a popular dessert in Indonesia, sold at street side stall in Indonesian cities, especially in Java. ''Pulut Durian'' or ''ketan durian'' is [[glutinous rice]] steamed with [[coconut milk]] and served with ripened durian. In [[Sabah]], red durian is fried with onions and chilli and served as a side dish.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sabahtravelguide.com/culture/default.ASP?page=trad_cuisine |publisher=Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation |title=Traditional Cuisine |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929122049/http://www.sabahtravelguide.com/culture/default.ASP?page=trad_cuisine |archive-date=29 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to ''sayur'', an Indonesian soup made from freshwater fish.&lt;ref name=Heaton&gt;{{cite book | title = A Consumers Guide on World Fruit | author = Heaton, Donald D. | publisher = BookSurge Publishing | isbn = 978-1-4196-3955-5 | year = 2006 | pages= 54–56 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ikan brengkes tempoyak'' is fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in [[Sumatra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) | first = Justine |last = Vaisutis |author2=Neal Bedford |author3=Mark Elliott |author4=Nick Ray |author5=Ryan Ver Berkmoes | page = 83 | publisher = Lonely Planet Publications | isbn = 978-1-74104-435-5 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dried durian flesh can be made into [[kripik]] durian (durian chips).{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> ''[[Tempoyak]]'' refers to [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]] durian, usually made from lower quality durian unsuitable for direct consumption. Tempoyak can be eaten either cooked or uncooked, is normally eaten with rice, and can also be used for making [[curry]]. Sambal Tempoyak is a [[Malay cuisine| Malay dish]] made from the fermented durian fruit, coconut milk, and a collection of spicy ingredients known as [[sambal]]. In Malay peninsula and Sumatra, ''[[Pangasius]]'' catfish can be either cooked as ''tempoyak ikan patin'' (fish in tempoyak curry) or as ''[[pepes|brengkes (pais)]] tempoyak'', which is a steamed fermented durian paste in [[banana leaf]] container.{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> In Thailand, durian is often eaten fresh with sweet sticky rice, and blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets, though much of the paste is [[Adulterant|adulterated]] with [[pumpkin]].&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; Unripe durians may be cooked as a vegetable, except in the Philippines, where all uses are sweet rather than savoury. Malaysians make both sugared and salted preserves from durian. When durian is minced with salt, onions and vinegar, it is called ''boder''. The durian seeds, which are the size of chestnuts, can be eaten whether they are boiled, roasted or fried in [[coconut oil]], with a texture that is similar to [[taro]] or [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], but stickier. In [[Java]], the seeds are sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confection. Uncooked durian seeds are potentially toxic due to [[cyclopropene]] fatty acids and should not be ingested.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Durio, A Bibliographic Review | publisher=Bioversity International, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute | author=Brown, Michael J. | year=1997 | pages=56–59 | isbn=978-9290433187 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC&amp;pg=PA56 | access-date=26 August 2017 | archive-date=2 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202054431/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC&amp;pg=PA56 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Young leaves and [[shoot]]s of the durian are occasionally cooked as [[greens (vegetable)|greens]]. Sometimes the ash of the burned [[peel (fruit)|rind]] is added to special cakes.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; The petals of durian flowers are eaten in the [[Batak (Indonesia)|North Sumatra]] province of Indonesia and Sarawak of Malaysia, while in the [[Moluccas]] islands the husk of the durian fruit is used as fuel to [[Smoking (cooking technique)|smoke]] fish. The nectar and pollen of the durian flower that honeybees collect is an important [[honey]] source, but the characteristics of the honey are unknown.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | editor-last=Crane | editor-first=E. | year = 1976 | title = Honey: A Comprehensive Survey | publisher = Bee Research Association | isbn = 978-0-434-90270-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> &lt;gallery caption=&quot;Durian breads and sweets&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;line-height:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Durian Gelato.JPG|Durian [[gelato]] in Singapore<br /> File:Durian_cake.jpg|Durian cake made of durian-flavoured ''[[dodol]]'', Indonesian traditional sweet candy<br /> File:Durian Keju Bollen Opened.JPG|''Durian Keju Bollen'', a pastry filled with cheese and durian cream in [[Bandung]], [[West Java]], Indonesia<br /> File:Durian Pancake.jpg|Durian pancake in Indonesia<br /> File:Tart durian Pontianak.JPG|Durian cakes from [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]], [[West Kalimantan]], Indonesia<br /> File:Durian candy (Durian pastillas) - Philippines 001 (3) 01.jpg|Durian ''[[pastillas]]'' (durian candy) from the [[Philippines]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nutrition===<br /> {{nutritionalvalue<br /> | name=Raw or fresh frozen durian &lt;br /&gt;<br /> (''Durio zibethinus'')<br /> | kJ= 615<br /> | water = 65 g<br /> | protein= 1.47&amp;nbsp;g<br /> | fat= 5.33&amp;nbsp;g<br /> | carbs= 27.09&amp;nbsp;g<br /> | fibre=3.8&amp;nbsp;g<br /> | folate_ug=36<br /> | niacin_mg=1.074<br /> | riboflavin_mg=0.2<br /> | thiamin_mg=0.374<br /> | vitA_iu=44<br /> | pantothenic_mg=0.23<br /> | vitB6_mg=0.316<br /> | vitC_mg= 19.7<br /> | sodium_mg=2<br /> | potassium_mg= 436<br /> | calcium_mg=6<br /> | copper_mg=0.207<br /> | iron_mg=0.43<br /> | magnesium_mg=30<br /> | manganese_mg=0.325<br /> | phosphorus_mg=39<br /> | zinc_mg=0.28<br /> | right =1<br /> | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160818162907/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2425?fgcd=&amp;man=&amp;lfacet=&amp;count=&amp;max=35&amp;sort=&amp;qlookup=durian&amp;offset=&amp;format=Full&amp;new=&amp;measureby= Link to Full Report] from the [[USDA National Nutrient Database]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Raw durian is composed of 65% water, 27% [[carbohydrates]] (including 4% [[dietary fibre]]), 5% [[fat]] and 1% [[protein]]. In 100 grams, raw or fresh frozen durian provides 33% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) of [[thiamine]] and moderate content of other [[B vitamins]], [[vitamin C]], and the [[dietary mineral]] [[manganese]] (15–24% DV, table). Different durian varieties from Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia vary in their carbohydrate content by 16–29%, fat content by 2–5%, protein content by 2–4%, [[dietary fiber|dietary fibre]] content by 1–4%, and [[Calorie|caloric value]] by 84–185 kcal per 100 grams.&lt;ref name=Aziz/&gt; The fatty acid composition of durian flesh is particularly rich in [[oleic acid]] and [[palmitic acid]].&lt;ref name=Aziz/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origin and history==<br /> <br /> The origin of the durian is thought to be in the region of Borneo and Sumatra, with wild trees in the [[Malay peninsula]], and [[orchard]]s commonly cultivated in a wide region from [[India]] to [[New Guinea]].&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; Four hundred years ago, it was traded across present-day [[Myanmar]], and was actively cultivated especially in Thailand and [[South Vietnam]].&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;<br /> <br /> The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of [[Niccolò de' Conti]], who travelled to Southeast Asia in the 15th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Brown, Michael J. |title=Durio&amp;nbsp;– A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |year=1997 |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |page=3 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713064346/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Translated from the [[Latin]] in which [[Poggio Bracciolini]] recorded de Conti's travels: &quot;They [people of Sumatra] have a green fruit which they call durian, as big as a watermelon. Inside there are five things like elongated oranges, and resembling thick butter, with a combination of flavours.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&amp;pg=PA332|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo–Indian Dictionary|chapter=Durian, Dorian|last1=Yule|first1=Henry|last2=Burnell|first2=Arthur Coke|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|year=1996|orig-year=1886|isbn=978-1853263637|page=332|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401064808/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&amp;pg=PA332|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] physician [[Garcia de Orta]] described durians in ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]]'' published in 1563. In 1741, ''Herbarium Amboinense'' by the German botanist [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] was published, providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century. The genus ''Durio'' has a complex [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius.&lt;ref name=ACIAR/&gt; During the early stages of its taxonomical study, there was some confusion between durian and the [[soursop]] (''Annona muricata''), for both of these species had thorny green fruit.&lt;ref name=Brown_006/&gt; The Malay name for the soursop is ''durian Belanda'', meaning ''Dutch durian''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Davidson, Alan | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/737 737] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/737 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 18th century, [[Johann Anton Weinmann]] considered the durian to belong to [[Chestnut|Castaneae]] as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut.&lt;ref name=Brown_006&gt;{{cite book |author=Brown, Michael J. |title=Durio&amp;nbsp;– A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |year=1997 |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |page=6 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713064346/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Multiple image|total_width=300<br /> |image1=Boym-durian-Lach-and-Kley-3-4-369.png<br /> |alt1=<br /> |caption1=[[Michał Boym]], a [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit missionary]] to China, provided a 1655 report on durian to European scholars.{{cn|date=February 2022}}<br /> |image2=Durio Zibethinus Van Nooten.jpg<br /> |alt2=<br /> |caption2=''Durio zibethinus''. [[Chromolithograph]] by Hoola Van Nooten, circa 1863<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''D. zibethinus'' was introduced into [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later. It has been planted in the Americas but confined to [[botanical garden]]s. The first seedlings were sent from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], to [[Auguste Saint-Arroman]] of [[Dominica]] in 1884.&lt;ref name=Agro&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=715 |title=Agroforestry Tree Database&amp;nbsp;– ''Durio zibethinus''|publisher=International Center for Research in Agroforestry |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154326/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=715 |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Southeast Asia, the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level, probably since the late 18th century, and commercially since the mid-20th century.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; In ''My Tropic Isle'', [[Australia]]n author and [[naturalist]] [[Edmund James Banfield]] tells how, in the early 20th century, a friend in Singapore sent him a durian seed, which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of [[Queensland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author-link=Edmund James Banfield | last=Banfield | first=E. J. | title=My Tropic Isle | url=http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/banfield/ej/b21tr/ | publisher=T. Fisher Unwin | year=1911 | access-date=20 November 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007033454/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/banfield/ej/b21tr/ | archive-date=7 October 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the early 1990s, the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ([[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]) region has increased significantly, partly due to the increasing affluence of Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1949, the British botanist [[E. J. H. Corner]] published ''The Durian Theory, or the Origin of the Modern Tree''. His theory was that [[Zoochorous|endozoochory]] (the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach) arose before any other method of [[Biological dispersal|seed dispersal]], and that primitive ancestors of ''Durio'' species were the earliest practitioners of that dispersal method, in particular red durian (''D. dulcis'') exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants. However, in more recent circumscriptions of Durioneae, the tribe into which ''Durio'' and its sister taxa fall, fleshy arils and spiny fruits are derived within the clade. Some genera possess these characters, but others do not. The most recent molecular evidence (on which the most recent, well-supported circumscription of Durioneae is based) therefore refutes Corner's Durian Theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Phylogenetic relationships of the durians (Bombacaceae-Durioneae or /Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences|journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution|date = 1 March 2000|issn = 0378-2697|pages = 55–82|volume = 224|issue = 1–2|doi = 10.1007/BF00985266|first1 = R.|last1 = Nyffeler|first2 = D. A.|last2 = Baum|s2cid = 43469554}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Culture and folk medicine==<br /> <br /> ===Cultural influences===<br /> A common local belief is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt; or alcoholic beverages.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when [[Rumphius]] stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and [[Halitosis|bad breath]]. In 1929, J. D. Gimlette wrote in his ''Malay Poisons and Charm Cures'' that the durian fruit must not be eaten with [[brandy]]. In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his ''Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea'' that &quot;a feeling of morbidity&quot; often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions,&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; though a study by the [[University of Tsukuba]] finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of [[aldehyde dehydrogenase]], causing a 70 percent reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327253.200-durians-and-booze-worse-than-a-stinking-hangover.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&amp;nsref=online-news | title = Durians and booze: worse than a stinking hangover | date = 16 September 2009 | access-date = 15 October 2009 | magazine = [[New Scientist]] | archive-date = 22 September 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090922185614/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327253.200-durians-and-booze-worse-than-a-stinking-hangover.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&amp;nsref=online-news | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Durian with sharp thorns.jpg|thumb|Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, capable of drawing blood.]]<br /> [[File:The Esplanade 4, Singapore, Dec 05.JPG|right|thumb|Singapore's [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade]] building, nicknamed &quot;The Durian&quot;]]<br /> <br /> The durian is commonly known as the &quot;king of fruits&quot;,&lt;ref name=Heaton/&gt; a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour.&lt;ref&gt;The [[mangosteen]], called the &quot;queen of fruits&quot;, is petite and mild in comparison. The mangosteen season coincides with that of the durian and is seen as a complement, which is probably how the mangosteen received the complementary title.&lt;/ref&gt; In its native Southeast Asia, the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the cultural perception it has in the region. The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in [[Hong Kong]] director [[Fruit Chan]]'s [[2000 in film|2000 film]] ''[[Durian Durian]]'' (榴槤飄飄, ''lau lin piu piu''), and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of the eponymous Singaporean TV comedy ''Durian King'' played by [[Adrian Pang]].&lt;ref name=STB&gt;{{cite web | title = Uniquely Singapore&amp;nbsp;– July 2006 Issue | url = http://www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/about_singapore/ezine_home/Jul06/local_speak/Durain_Story.html | year = 2006 | publisher = Singapore Tourism Board| access-date = 31 July 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070823005745/http://www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/about_singapore/ezine_home/Jul06/local_speak/Durain_Story.html | archive-date=23 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, the oddly shaped [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade]] building in Singapore (Theatres on the Bay) is often called &quot;The Durian&quot; by locals,&lt;ref name=STB/&gt; and &quot;The Big Durian&quot; is the nickname of [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 |<br /> title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like|author=Suryodiningrat, Meidyatama |work = The Jakarta Post| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 |archive-date= 21 February 2008 |date =22 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A durian falling on a person's head can cause serious injuries because it is heavy, armed with sharp thorns, and can fall from a significant height. Wearing a [[hardhat]] is recommended when collecting the fruit. A common saying is that a durian has eyes, and can see where it is falling, because the fruit allegedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt. However, people have died from durian falling on their heads, especially young children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/11/28/baby-boy-killed-by-falling-durian-in-jawi/|title=Baby boy killed by falling durian in Jawi|work=The Star|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704093235/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/11/28/baby-boy-killed-by-falling-durian-in-jawi/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Encyclopedia of Asian Food | url = http://www.asiafood.org/glossary_1.cfm?alpha=D&amp;startno=27&amp;endno=51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010409054415/http://www.asiafood.org/glossary_1.cfm?alpha=D&amp;startno=27&amp;endno=51 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 April 2001 | year = 1998 | access-date = 20 November 2008 | publisher = Periplus | first = Charmaine | last = Solomon }}&lt;/ref&gt; A saying in Malay and Indonesian, ''durian runtuh'', which translates to &quot;getting hit by a durian&quot;, is the equivalent of the English phrase &quot;[[windfall gain]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = An Indonesian–English Dictionary | first = John M. |last = Echols|author2=Hassan Shadily |publisher= Cornell University Press |year = 1989 |isbn = 978-0-8014-2127-3| page = 292}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, signs warning people not to linger under durian trees are found in Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) | first = Justine |last = Vaisutis |author2=Neal Bedford |author3=Mark Elliott |author4=Nick Ray |author5=Ryan Ver Berkmoes | pages = 393–394 | publisher = Lonely Planet Publications | isbn = 978-1-74104-435-5 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Strong nylon or woven rope netting is often strung between durian trees in orchards, serving a threefold purpose: the nets aid in the collection of the mature fruits, deter ground-level scavengers, and prevent the durians from falling onto people.{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> A naturally spineless variety of durian growing wild in [[Davao City|Davao]], Philippines, was discovered in the 1960s; fruits borne from these seeds also lacked spines.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; Since the bases of the scales develop into spines as the fruit matures, sometimes spineless durians are produced artificially by scraping scales off immature fruits.&lt;ref name=Brown/&gt; In Malaysia, a spineless durian clone D172 is registered by Agriculture Department on 17 June 1989. It was called &quot;Durian Botak&quot; ('Bald Durian').&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/97-001W.pdf |title=Boosting Durian Productivity |access-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616193628/https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/97-001W.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Indonesia, Ir Sumeru Ashari, head of Durian Research Centre, Universitas Brawijaya reported spineless durian from Kasembon, Malang. Another cultivar is from Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia.{{cn|date=April 2022}} <br /> <br /> Animals such as [[Sumatran elephant]]s and tigers are known to consume durians.&lt;ref name=su08b&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/tiger/panthera-tigris/video-su08b.html |title=Sumatran tiger inspects durian fruit on forest floor |work=BBC |publisher=ARKive |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826183553/http://www.arkive.org/tiger/panthera-tigris/video-su08b.html |archive-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One of the names Thailand contributed to the list of storm names for Western North Pacific tropical cyclones was '[[Typhoon Durian|Durian]]',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html | title = Tropical Cyclone Names | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency | access-date = 10 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091212064619/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html | archive-date = 12 December 2009 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; which was retired after the second storm of this name in [[2006 Pacific typhoon season|2006]]. Being a fruit much loved by a variety of wild beasts, the durian sometimes signifies the long-forgotten animalistic aspect of humans, as in the legend of [[Orang Mawas]], the Malaysian version of Bigfoot, and [[Orang Pendek]], its Sumatran version, both of which have been claimed to feast on durians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = Lian, Hah Foong | url = http://www.bigfootencounters.com/creatures/mawas.htm | title = Village abuzz over sighting of 'mawas' | website = Star Publications, Malaysia | date = 2 January 2000 | access-date = 20 November 2008 | archive-date = 18 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081118042446/http://www.bigfootencounters.com/creatures/mawas.htm | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.jambiexplorer.com/content/orangpendek.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116100430/http://www.jambiexplorer.com/content/orangpendek.htm | archive-date=16 January 2008 | title = Do 'orang pendek' really exist? | website= Jambiexplorer.com | access-date = 19 March 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Folk medicine===<br /> In Malaysia, a [[decoction]] of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an [[antipyretic]]. The leaf juice is applied on the head of a fever patient.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription, collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930. It instructs the reader to boil the roots of ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' with the roots of ''Durio zibethinus'', ''[[Nephelium longan]]'', ''[[Nephelium mutabile]]'' and ''[[Artocarpus|Artocarpus integrifolia]]'', and drink the decoction or use it as a [[poultice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Burkill, I. H. |author2=Haniff, M. | year = 1930 | title = Malay village medicine, prescriptions collected | journal = Gardens Bulletin Straits Settlements | issue = 6 | pages = 176–177 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Southeast Asian traditional beliefs, as well as traditional [[Chinese food therapy]], consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause [[excessive sweating]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs | author = Huang, Kee C. | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | page = 2 | isbn = 978-0-8493-1665-4 | year = 1998| edition = Second }}&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it.&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt; An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen, which is considered to have cooling properties. Pregnant women or people with [[high blood pressure]] are traditionally advised not to consume durian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuller&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective |author1=McElroy, Anne |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. | publisher = Westview Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-8133-3821-7 | page = 253}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Javanese people|Javanese]] believe durian to have [[aphrodisiac]] qualities, and impose a set of rules on what may or may not be consumed with it or shortly thereafter.&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt; A saying in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], ''durian jatuh sarung naik'', meaning &quot;the durian falls and the [[sarong]] comes up&quot;, refers to this belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = A Comprehensive Indonesian–English Dictionary | first = Alan M. | last = Stevens | editor-first = A. |editor-last=Schmidgall-Tellings |publisher= Ohio University Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-8214-1584-9 | page = 255}}&lt;/ref&gt; The warnings against the supposed lecherous quality of this fruit soon spread to the West – the [[Swedenborg]]ian philosopher [[Herman Vetterling]] commented on so-called &quot;erotic properties&quot; of the durian in the early 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Vetterling, Herman | author-link = Herman Vetterling | title=Illuminate of Gorlitz or Jakob Bohme's Life and Philosophy, Part 3 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=2003 |orig-year=1923 | isbn= 978-0-7661-4788-1 | page = 1380}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Environmental impact==<br /> The high demand for durians in China has prompted a shift in Malaysia from small-scale durian orchards to large-scale industrial operations. Forests are cleared to make way for large durian plantations, compounding an existing deforestation problem caused by the cultivation of [[oil palms]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Airriess&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Airriess |first=Christopher |year=2020 |title=Trade, Tourism and the Environment in Asia's Durian Boom |url=http://www.focusongeography.org/publications/articles/durian/index.html |journal=Focus on Geography |volume=63 |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]] |doi=10.21690/foge/2020.63.6f|s2cid=243637781 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Animal species such as the [[small flying fox]], which pollinates durian trees, and the [[Malayan tiger]] are endangered by the increasing deforestation of their habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Airriess&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Sheema A. |last2=Clements |first2=Gopalasamy R. |last3=McConkey |first3=Kim R. |last4=Sritongchuay |first4=Tuanjit |last5=Pathil |first5=Saifful |last6=Abu Yazid |first6=Muhammad Nur Hafizi |last7=Campos-Arceiz |first7=Ahimsa |last8=Forget |first8=Pierre-Michel |last9=Bumrungsri |first9=Sara |display-authors=3 |year=2017 |title=Pollination by the locally endangered island flying fox (''Pteropus hypomelanus'') enhances fruit production of the economically important durian (''Durio zibethinus'') |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=7 |issue=21 |pages=8670–8684 |doi=10.1002/ece3.3213 |pmid=29152168 |pmc=5677486}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Gua Musang District]], the state government approved the conversion of {{convert|10000|acre|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of forestry, including indigenous lands of the [[Orang Asli]], to durian plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Serina |year=2020 |title=Malaysia and the Pursuit of Sustainability |journal=Southeast Asian Affairs |volume=2020 |pages=214–215 |jstor=26938892}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The prevalence of the Musang King and Monthong varieties in Malaysia and Thailand, respectively, has led to concerns about a decrease in the durian's [[genetic diversity]] at the expense of higher-quality varieties.&lt;ref name=&quot;Airriess&quot; /&gt; A 2022 study of durian species in [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, found low genetic diversity, suggestive of [[inbreeding depression]] and [[genetic drift]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mursyidin |first1=Dindin Hidayatul |last2=Makruf |first2=Muhammad Irfan |last3=Badruzsaufari |last4=Noor |first4=Aidi |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=Molecular diversity of exotic durian (''Durio'' spp.) germplasm: a case study of Kalimantan, Indonesia |journal=Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=39 |doi=10.1186/s43141-022-00321-8 |pmid=35230532 |pmc=8888783}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, these dominant hybrid varieties are more susceptible to pests and fungal diseases, requiring the use of [[insecticide]]s and [[fungicide]]s that can weaken the trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Airriess&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{ccat}}<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> * [[Breadfruit]]<br /> * [[Delicacy#Delicacies|List of delicacies]]<br /> * [[List of durian diseases and pests]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> <br /> '''a.''' {{Note label|a|a|none}} Wallace makes an almost identical comment in his 1866 publication ''The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utang and the bird of paradise''.&lt;ref name=Wallace1886p74/&gt;<br /> <br /> '''b.''' {{Note label|b|b|none}} The traveller Wallace cites is Linschott (Wallace's spelling for [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]]), whose name appears repeatedly in Internet searches on durian, with such citations themselves tracing back to Wallace. In translations of Linschoten's writings, the fruit is spelled as ''duryoen''.&lt;ref name=VanLinschoten&gt;{{Cite book |year=1885 |author1=Burnell, Arthur Coke |author2=Tiele, P. A. |url=https://archive.org/stream/voyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog#page/n72/mode/1up |title=The voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies |page=51 (n72 in electronic page field) |place=London |publisher=The [[Hakluyt Society]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{spoken Wikipedia|Durian.ogg|date=22 January 2009}}<br /> <br /> {{Nuts}}<br /> {{Non-timber forest products}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q2309085}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Durio| ]]<br /> [[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Tropical fruit]]<br /> [[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Tropical agriculture]]<br /> [[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Non-timber forest products]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]<br /> [[Category:Helicteroideae]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSON_Web_Token&diff=1127352583 JSON Web Token 2022-12-14T06:50:28Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|JSON-based standard for passing claims between parties in web application environments}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox technology standard<br /> | status = [[Internet Standard#Proposed Standard|Proposed Standard]]<br /> | first_published = {{Start date|2010|12|28}}<br /> | version = {{IETF RFC|7519}}<br /> | version_date = May 2015<br /> | organization = [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]<br /> | abbreviation = JWT<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- Name in local language. If more than one, separate using {{plain list}} --&gt;<br /> | native_name_lang = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} inside native_name items instead --&gt;<br /> | year_started = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | preview = <br /> | preview_date = <br /> | committee = [[Internet Engineering Task Force#Internet Engineering Steering Group|IEGS]]<br /> | series = <br /> | editors = <br /> | authors = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Michael B. Jones<br /> * [[Microsoft]]<br /> * John Bradley<br /> * [[Ping Identity]]<br /> * Nat Sakimura<br /> * [[Nomura Research Institute|NRI]]<br /> }}<br /> | base_standards = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[JSON]]<br /> * [[JSON Web Encryption]] (JWE)<br /> * [[JSON Web Signature]] (JWS)<br /> }}<br /> | related_standards = <br /> | domain = [[Data exchange]]<br /> | license = <br /> | copyright = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519}}<br /> }}<br /> '''[[JSON Meta Application Protocol|JSON]] Web Token''' ('''JWT''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɒ|t}}, same as the word &quot;jot&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc7519&quot;&gt;{{Cite IETF|title=JSON Web Token (JWT)|rfc=7519|last1=Jones|first1=Michael B.|last2=Bradley|first2=Bradley|last3=Sakimura|first3=Sakimura|date=May 2015|publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]|doi=10.17487/RFC7519|issn=2070-1721}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a [[Internet Standard#Proposed Standard|proposed Internet standard]] for creating data with optional [[Signature (cryptography)|signature]] and/or optional [[encryption]] whose [[Payload (computing)|payload]] holds [[JSON]] that asserts some number of [[Claims-based identity|claims]]. The tokens are signed either using a [[Shared secret|private secret]] or a [[Public-key cryptography|public/private key]].<br /> <br /> For example, a server could generate a token that has the claim &quot;logged in as administrator&quot; and provide that to a client. The client could then use that token to prove that it is logged in as admin. The tokens can be signed by one party's private key (usually the server's) so that any party can subsequently verify whether or not the token is legitimate. If the other party, by some suitable and trustworthy means, is in possession of the corresponding public key, they too are able to verify the token's legitimacy. The [[Session token|tokens]] are designed to be compact,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nickel |first1=Jochen |title=Mastering Identity and Access Management with Microsoft Azure |date=2016 |isbn=9781785887888 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4dcDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA84 |accessdate=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[URL]]-safe,&lt;ref name=&quot;jwtintro&quot; /&gt; and usable especially in a [[web browser|web-browser]] [[single sign-on|single-sign-on]] (SSO) context. JWT claims can typically be used to pass identity of authenticated users between an [[identity provider]] and a [[service provider]], or any other type of claims as required by business processes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Anatomy of a JSON Web Token|url = https://scotch.io/tutorials/the-anatomy-of-a-json-web-token|accessdate = 2015-05-08|first = Chris|last = Sevilleja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Atlassian Connect Documentation|url = https://developer.atlassian.com/static/connect/docs/latest/concepts/understanding-jwt.html|website = developer.atlassian.com|accessdate = 2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> JWT relies on other JSON-based standards: [[JSON Web Signature]] and [[JSON Web Encryption]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc7519&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature-41 - JSON Web Signature (JWS)|url = https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature-41|website = tools.ietf.org|accessdate = 2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-40 - JSON Web Encryption (JWE)|url = https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-40|website = tools.ietf.org|accessdate = 2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> ;Header<br /> :Identifies which algorithm is used to generate the signature<br /> :&lt;code&gt;HS256&lt;/code&gt; indicates that this token is signed using HMAC-SHA256.<br /> :Typical cryptographic algorithms used are [[HMAC]] with [[SHA-256]] (HS256) and [[Digital signature|RSA signature]] with SHA-256 (RS256). JWA (JSON Web Algorithms) RFC 7518 introduces many more for both authentication and encryption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-40 - JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)|url = https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-40|website = tools.ietf.org|accessdate = 2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;json&quot;&gt;{<br /> &quot;alg&quot;: &quot;HS256&quot;,<br /> &quot;typ&quot;: &quot;JWT&quot;<br /> }<br /> &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;<br /> ;Payload<br /> :Contains a set of claims. The JWT specification defines seven Registered Claim Names which are the [[#Standard fields|standard fields]] commonly included in tokens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc7519&quot; /&gt; Custom claims are usually also included, depending on the purpose of the token.<br /> :This example has the standard Issued At Time claim (&lt;code&gt;iat&lt;/code&gt;) and a custom claim (&lt;code&gt;loggedInAs&lt;/code&gt;).<br /> :&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;json&quot;&gt;{<br /> &quot;loggedInAs&quot;: &quot;admin&quot;,<br /> &quot;iat&quot;: 1422779638<br /> }<br /> &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;<br /> ;Signature<br /> :Securely validates the token. The signature is calculated by encoding the header and payload using [[Base64#URL_applications|Base64url Encoding]] {{IETF RFC|4648}} and concatenating the two together with a period separator. That string is then run through the cryptographic algorithm specified in the header. This example uses HMAC-SHA256 with a shared secret (public key algorithms are also defined). The ''Base64url Encoding'' is similar to [[base64]], but uses different non-alphanumeric characters and omits padding.<br /> :&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;<br /> HMAC_SHA256(<br /> secret,<br /> base64urlEncoding(header) + '.' +<br /> base64urlEncoding(payload)<br /> )<br /> &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;<br /> <br /> The three parts are encoded separately using [[Base64#URL applications|Base64url Encoding]] {{IETF RFC|4648}}, and concatenated using periods to produce the JWT:<br /> &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;<br /> const token = base64urlEncoding(header) + '.' + base64urlEncoding(payload) + '.' + base64urlEncoding(signature)<br /> &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;<br /> <br /> The above data and the secret of &quot;secretkey&quot; creates the token:<br /> {{Pre|eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJsb2dnZWRJbkFzIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJpYXQiOjE0MjI3Nzk2Mzh9.gzSraSYS8EXBxLN_oWnFSRgCzcmJmMjLiuyu5CSpyHI}}<br /> <br /> This resulting token can be easily passed into [[HTML]] and [[HTTP]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jwtintro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=JWT.IO - JSON Web Tokens Introduction |url=https://jwt.io/introduction/ |website=jwt.io |accessdate=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> In authentication, when the user successfully logs in using their credentials, a JSON Web Token will be returned and must be saved locally (typically in [[Web storage|local or session storage]], but [[HTTP cookie|cookies]] can also be used), instead of the traditional approach of creating a session in the server and returning a cookie. For unattended processes the client may also authenticate directly by generating and signing its own JWT with a pre-shared secret and pass it to a [[OAuth]] compliant service like so:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;mime&quot;&gt;<br /> POST /oauth2/token<br /> Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded<br /> <br /> grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&amp;assertion=eyJhb...<br /> &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;If the client passes a valid JWT assertion the server will generate an access_token valid for making calls to the application and pass it back to the client:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;json&quot;&gt;<br /> {<br /> &quot;access_token&quot;: &quot;eyJhb...&quot;,<br /> &quot;token_type&quot;: &quot;Bearer&quot;,<br /> &quot;expires_in&quot;: 3600<br /> }<br /> &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;When the client wants to access a protected route or resource, the user agent should send the JWT, typically in the &lt;code&gt;Authorization&lt;/code&gt; [[HTTP header]] using the &lt;code&gt;Bearer&lt;/code&gt; schema. The content of the header might look like the following:<br /> Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGci''...&amp;lt;snip&amp;gt;...''yu5CSpyHI<br /> This is a stateless authentication mechanism as the user state is never saved in server memory. The server's protected routes will check for a valid JWT in the Authorization header, and if it is present, the user will be allowed to access protected resources. As JWTs are self-contained, all the necessary information is there, reducing the need to query the database multiple times.<br /> <br /> == Standard fields ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Code<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Description<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{rh}} | Standard claim fields<br /> | The internet drafts define the following standard fields (&quot;claims&quot;) that can be used inside a JWT claim set.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;iss&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Issuer<br /> |Identifies principal that issued the JWT.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Subject<br /> |Identifies the subject of the JWT.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;aud&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Audience<br /> |Identifies the recipients that the JWT is intended for. Each principal intended to process the JWT '''must''' identify itself with a value in the audience claim. If the principal processing the claim does not identify itself with a value in the &lt;code&gt;aud&lt;/code&gt; claim when this claim is present, then the JWT '''must''' be rejected.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;exp&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Expiration Time<br /> |Identifies the expiration time on and after which the JWT '''must not''' be accepted for processing. The value must be a NumericDate:&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc-7519-section-4.1.4&quot;&gt;{{Cite IETF|title=JSON Web Token (JWT)|rfc=7519|sectionname=&quot;exp&quot; (Expiration Time) Claim|section=4.1.4|last1=Jones|first1=Michael B.|last2=Bradley|first2=Bradley|last3=Sakimura|first3=Sakimura|date=May 2015|publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]|doi=10.17487/RFC7519|issn=2070-1721}}&lt;/ref&gt; either an integer or decimal, representing seconds past [[Unix time|1970-01-01 00:00:00Z]].<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;nbf&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Not Before<br /> |Identifies the time on which the JWT will start to be accepted for processing. The value must be a NumericDate.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;iat&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Issued at<br /> |Identifies the time at which the JWT was issued. The value must be a NumericDate.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;jti&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |JWT ID<br /> |Case-sensitive unique identifier of the token even among different issuers.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{rh}} | Commonly-used header fields<br /> |The following fields are commonly used in the header of a JWT<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;typ&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Token type<br /> |If present, it must be set to a registered [https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml IANA Media Type].<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;cty&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Content type<br /> |If nested signing or encryption is employed, it is recommended to set this to &lt;code&gt;JWT&lt;/code&gt;; otherwise, omit this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc7519&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;alg&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Message authentication code algorithm<br /> |The issuer can freely set an algorithm to verify the signature on the token. However, some supported algorithms are insecure.&lt;ref name=&quot;auth0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;kid&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Key ID<br /> |A hint indicating which key the client used to generate the token signature. The server will match this value to a key on file in order to verify that the signature is valid and the token is authentic.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;x5c&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |x.509 Certificate Chain<br /> |A certificate chain in RFC4945 format corresponding to the private key used to generate the token signature. The server will use this information to verify that the signature is valid and the token is authentic.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;x5u&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |x.509 Certificate Chain URL<br /> |A URL where the server can retrieve a certificate chain corresponding to the private key used to generate the token signature. The server will retrieve and use this information to verify that the signature is authentic.<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;crit&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |Critical<br /> |A list of headers that must be understood by the server in order to accept the token as valid<br /> |-<br /> ! Code<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Description<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Implementations ==<br /> JWT implementations exist for many languages and frameworks, including but not limited to:<br /> {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}<br /> *[[.NET Framework|.NET (C# VB.Net etc.)]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/jwt-dotnet/jwt jwt-dotnet] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[C (programming language)|C]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/benmcollins/libjwt libjwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Clojure]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/liquidz/clj-jwt|title=liquidz/clj-jwt|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Common Lisp]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/gschjetne/cljwt cljwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Dart (programming language)|Dart]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/deftomat/JustJWT JustJWT] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Elixir (programming language)|Elixir]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/bryanjos/joken|title=bryanjos/joken|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]<br /> *[[Go (programming language)|Go]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt|title=golang-jwt/jwt|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hackage.haskell.org/package/jwt|title=jwt: JSON Web Token (JWT) decoding and encoding|website=Hackage|access-date=2018-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Java (programming language)|Java]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/auth0/java-jwt auth0/java-jwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[JavaScript]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign|title=kjur/jsrsasign|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/SkyLothar/lua-resty-jwt|title=SkyLothar/lua-resty-jwt|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Node.js]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npmjs.com/package/jsonwebtoken|title=jsonwebtoken|website=npm|access-date=2018-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[OCaml]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/besport/ocaml-jwt ocaml-jwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Perl]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://metacpan.org/pod/Crypt::JWT Crypt::JWT] on [[cpan.org]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[PHP]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/lcobucci/jwt lcobucci/jwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[PL/SQL]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Egan|first=Morten|title=GitHub - morten-egan/jwt_ninja: PLSQL Implementation of JSON Web Tokens.|date=2019-02-07|url=https://github.com/morten-egan/jwt_ninja|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[PowerShell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/SP3269/posh-jwt|title=SP3269/posh-jwt|website=GitHub|access-date=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Python (programming language)|Python]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/jpadilla/pyjwt|title=jpadilla/pyjwt|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2017-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Racket (programming language)|Racket]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://pkgs.racket-lang.org/package/net-jwt net-jwt] on [[pkgs.racket-lang.org]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/jamesalbert/JSON-WebToken JSON-WebToken] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwt ruby-jwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/Keats/jsonwebtoken jsonwebtoken] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/mikkyang/rust-jwt rust-jwt] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/pauldijou/jwt-scala jwt-scala] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/kylef/JSONWebToken.swift] on [[github.com]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Vulnerabilities==<br /> JSON web tokens may contain session state. But if project requirements allow session invalidation before JWT expiration, services can no longer trust token assertions by the token alone. To validate that the session stored in the token is not revoked, token assertions must be checked against a [[data store]]. This renders the tokens no longer stateless, undermining the primary advantage of JWTs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Slootweg |first1=Sven |title=Stop using JWT for sessions |url=http://cryto.net/~joepie91/blog/2016/06/13/stop-using-jwt-for-sessions/ |website=joepie91 Ramblings |accessdate=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Security consultant Tim McLean reported vulnerabilities in some JWT libraries that used the &lt;code&gt;alg&lt;/code&gt; field to incorrectly validate tokens, most commonly by accepting a &lt;code&gt;alg=none&lt;/code&gt; token. While these vulnerabilities were patched, McLean suggested deprecating the &lt;code&gt;alg&lt;/code&gt; field altogether to prevent similar implementation confusion.&lt;ref name=auth0&gt;{{Cite web|first=Tim |last=McLean | date=March 31, 2015 | title = Critical vulnerabilities in JSON Web Token libraries|url = https://www.chosenplaintext.ca/2015/03/31/jwt-algorithm-confusion.html|publisher=Auth0|accessdate = 2016-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Still, new &lt;code&gt;alg=none&lt;/code&gt; vulnerabilities are still being found in the wild, with four [[Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|CVEs]] filed in the 2018-2021 period having this cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CVE - Search Results |url=https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=jwt+none |website=cve.mitre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With proper design, developers can address algorithm vulnerabilities by taking precautions:&lt;ref name=vuln&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://connect2id.com/products/nimbus-jose-jwt/vulnerabilities|language=en|access-date=2018-05-14|title=Common JWT security vulnerabilities and how to avoid them}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Andreas |first1=Happe |title=JWT: Signature vs MAC attacks |url=https://snikt.net/blog/2019/05/16/jwt-signature-vs-mac-attacks/ |website=snikt.net |accessdate=27 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Never let the JWT header alone drive verification<br /> # Know the algorithms (avoid depending on the {{code|alg}} field alone)<br /> # Use an appropriate key size<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[API key]]<br /> * [[Access token]]<br /> * [[Basic access authentication]]<br /> * [[Digest access authentication]]<br /> * [[Claims-based identity]]<br /> * [[HTTP header]]<br /> * [[JOSE]]<br /> * Concise Binary Object Representation ([[CBOR]])<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> * {{IETF RFC|7519}}<br /> * [https://jwt.io/ jwt.io] – specialized website about JWT with tools and documentation, maintained by Auth0<br /> &lt;!-- Self-published by a blog? * [https://sekurak.pl/jwt-security-ebook.pdf JWT Security] – JWT Security e-Book PDF (Polish language) --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Data exchange}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Computer access control]]<br /> [[Category:Identity management]]<br /> [[Category:Federated identity]]<br /> [[Category:Identity management systems]]<br /> [[Category:Metadata standards]]<br /> [[Category:JSON]]<br /> <br /> phu</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MODCA&diff=1119200207 MODCA 2022-10-31T06:26:01Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Encoding */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox file format<br /> | name = MO:DCA<br /> | screenshot =<br /> | caption =<br /> | extension = {{mono|.mda}}, {{mono|.ica}}, {{mono|.mmr}}, {{mono|.mca}}<br /> | mime = image/, document/<br /> | typecode = {{mono|MO:DCA}}<br /> | uniform type =<br /> | owner = [[IBM]]<br /> | genre = [[Image file format]], [[Document file format]]<br /> | container for =<br /> | contained by =<br /> | extended from = [[Document Content Architecture]]<br /> | extended to =<br /> | magic = {{mono|X'D3'}}, {{mono|X'D3A8'}}, {{mono|X'D3A9'}}<br /> }}{{Correct title|MO:DCA|reason=:}}<br /> '''MO:DCA''' (Mixed Object:Document Content Architecture) is an [[IBM]] [[compound document]] format for text and graphics elements in a document. The 'Mixed Object' refers to the fact that an MO:DCA file can contain multiple types of objects, including text, images, vector graphics, and barcodes.{{efn|To generate a barcode an application provides a string of digits along with controls that identify a specific type of barcode, and the rendering of bars will be done on the output platform (physical printer hardware or software emulation).}} <br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> MO:DCA supports Revisable Documents, which are editable like [[Revisable-Form Text|revisable-form text]], Presentation Documents, which provide specific output formatting similar to final-form text, and Resource Documents, which hold control information such as fonts. An MO:DCA file consists of a sequential, ordered hierarchy of independent objects - documents, pages, data objects, and resource objects such as fonts and ICC profiles. Each object is delimited by begin/end structures, and objects to be rendered specify presentation parameters and resource requirements in structures called &quot;environment groups&quot;. Since the pages in MO:DCA documents appear in sequential order, presentation can start as soon as the first page is received.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=May 26, 2006|title=Mixed Object Document Content Architecture Reference (SC31-6802-07)|work=ibm.com|url=http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=pub1sc31680207|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312104012/http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=pub1sc31680207|archive-date=March 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Formats for specific objects are specified in various OCAs (Object Content Architectures): PTOCA for presentation text that has been formatted for output, GOCA for vector graphics objects, IOCA for bitmapped Images, FOCA for fonts, and BCOCA for barcodes. MO:DCA is implemented as IBM's [[Advanced Function Presentation]] (AFP) page description language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MO:DCA|url=http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=MO%3ADCA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715062402/http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=MO%3ADCA|archive-date=July 15, 2007|website=TechWeb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A number of applications use MO:DCA, including [[MST Viewer]], an MO:DCA viewer used by IBM solutions, [[IBM DisplayWrite]], and printers and other devices supporting [[Advanced Function Presentation|AFP]].<br /> <br /> ===Encoding===<br /> MO:DCA-P carries text, image, and graphics data objects, therefore the data is a mixture of binary data and character data. The recommended content-transfer-encoding is base64.<br /> DFDFDF<br /> <br /> ===Security===<br /> MO:DCA-P is a specification of final-form presentation data of an Image. It is not a programming language, does not contain any file operators, and therefore cannot corrupt a receiver's file system or programming environment. MO:DCA and Mixed Object Document Content Architecture are trademarks of the IBM Corporation.<br /> <br /> ===Interoperability=== <br /> MO:DCA-P defines interchange sets to support interoperability. Currently defined sets are Interchange Set 1 (IS/1) and Interchange Set 2 (IS/2). <br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[IBM Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://wiki.apache.org/xmlgraphics-fop/AFPResources AFP Resources]<br /> * [http://www.crn.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=MO%3ADCA ChannelWeb]<br /> * [http://www.afpworld.com/educate/afptriplets.html AFPWorld MODCA Triplets]<br /> * [https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.ibm.modcap Registration of IBM MO:DCA-P MIME Type]<br /> <br /> {{Office document file formats}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Graphics file formats]]<br /> [[Category:Printing]]<br /> [[Category:Advanced Function Presentation]]<br /> [[Category:IBM software]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Berklee_College_of_Music_alumni&diff=1092859930 List of Berklee College of Music alumni 2022-06-13T02:03:57Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* T */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> The following contains a list of '''notable alumni of [[Berklee College of Music]].''' Members of this list have attended Berklee for at least one full-time semester (not including honorary degrees or summer programs) ''and'' are [[WP:MUSIC|notable]] in their respective field in the [[music industry]]. Some list members may have achieved [[WP:BIO|notability]] in the [[entertainment industry]] unrelated to music, or may be notable for achievements not related to music or entertainment.<br /> {{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|align=center}}<br /> &lt;!-- To editors of this page:<br /> 1) Please keep the list alphabetical.<br /> 2) Please try to include the date the alumnus either graduated or attended. This should be an ongoing project for the names already listed. Berklee publishes this information so it should be easy to obtain.<br /> 3) Please try to follow the guidelines of Wikipedia:Notability (music). The link is included on this page. Basically, any entry should meet at least one of the criteria on that guideline page. Ideally, list members should already have a bio article. Redlinks are targets for deletion. There are a lot of alumni of Berklee, but this is not the place for promotion.<br /> 4) Include a citation to either the Berklee website or other verifiable non-trivial third party publication.<br /> 5) Berklee very infrequently updates their prominent alumni list. All names currently on the list have been added to this list. Misuse of the &quot;berklist&quot; ref will result in your listing being removed. --&gt;<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:87%;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Designates did not complete degree/diploma program. In parentheses is year of graduation.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List==<br /> {{div col}}<br /> <br /> ===A===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[John Abercrombie (guitarist)|John Abercrombie]] (1967)&lt;ref name=berklist&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berklee.edu/alumni/prominent_alumni.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401140604/http://www.berklee.edu/alumni/prominent_alumni.php|archive-date=April 1, 2008|title=BERKLEE - Alumni Website|date=April 1, 2008|access-date=May 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Aruna Abrams]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Curtis Killian |url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/podcast-aruna-02 |title=PODCAST: Aruna '02 &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music |website=Berklee.edu |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=May 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Toshiko Akiyoshi]] (1959)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Cheche Alara]] (1994)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/nine-berklee-alumni-nominated-latin-grammy-awards |title=12 Berklee Alumni Nominated for Latin Grammy Awards |website=berklee.edu |access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]] (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Burk |first=Greg |url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/amy-allen-15-scores-no-1-hit-without-me |title=Berklee Today &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music |website=Berklee.edu |access-date=May 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Loren Allred]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Donelson |first=Marcy |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/loren-allred-mn0003266745/biography |title=Artist Biography |website=allmusic.com |access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Eric André]] (2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;andre&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Weiss|first1=Jeff|title=Comedian Eric Andre Trained at Berklee and Had a Band Called Blarf|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/comedian-eric-andre-trained-at-berklee-and-had-a-band-called-blarf-2403298|access-date=September 3, 2016|work=Los Angeles Weekly|date=September 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ingrid Andress]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/ingrid-andress |title=Ingrid Andress |website=berklee.edu |access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ivory Aquino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;aquino-abc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ivory Aquino|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/when-we-rise/cast/ivory-aquino|website=When We Rise|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|access-date=October 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Dave Askren]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yanow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Yanow|first1=Scott|title=The Great Jazz Guitarists |date = 2013 | publisher = Backbeat | location =San Francisco |isbn=978-1-61713-023-6 |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Mulatu Astatke]] (1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Burk |first=Greg |url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/161/spotlight.html |title=Berklee Today &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music |website=Berklee.edu |access-date=May 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===B===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Victor Bailey (musician)|Victor Bailey]] (1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Andrew Bayer]] (2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-alumni-nominated-grammy-awards-2016 |title=Berklee Alumni Nominated for Grammy Awards in 2016 |last=Lupton |first=Liz |date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2020-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kenny Beats]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59vy7a/kenny-beats-interview-2018 |title=Kenny Beats Explains How He Loudly Ran Rap in 2018 |website=Vice.com |date=November 29, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Marco Benevento]] (1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://ultimateclassicrock.com/marco-benevento-interview-2016/|title= Marco Benevento Talks About David Bowie and His Mountain Jam Show |date=25 May 2016 |access-date=2021-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jeff Berlin]] (1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Cindy Blackman]] (1980)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[John Blackwell (musician)|John Blackwell]] (1995)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Bleu (musician)|Bleu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/3697/bleu-serious-about-songwriting |title=Bleu: Serious about Songwriting |last=Dreilinger |first=Danielle |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=2020-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Tangelene Bolton]] (2013)&lt;ref&gt; Adam Renn Olenn. &quot;Alumni Connect at the Cat &amp; Fiddle.&quot; 24 June 2013 https://www.berklee.edu/news/alumni-connect-cat-fiddle&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Tracy Bonham]] (1989)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Jenn Bostic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americansongspace.com/1f3e69379c4a6e7f5ee591678d8105619ead5603|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529131312/http://www.americansongspace.com/1f3e69379c4a6e7f5ee591678d8105619ead5603|archive-date=May 29, 2013|title=American Songspace &amp;#124; Jenn Bostic|date=May 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Libbi Bosworth]] (early 1990s)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/klru/austin/artists/program77.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804120012/http://www.pbs.org/klru/austin/artists/program77.html|archive-date=August 4, 2007|title=PBS - Austin City Limits|website=[[PBS]]|date=August 4, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Alan Broadbent]] (1969)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Gary Burton]] (1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===C===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Arturo Cardelús|Arturo Cardelus]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Berklee Alumnus Arturo Cardelus Grabs Attention and Jobs with YouTube Video {{!}} Berklee College of Music|url = https://www.berklee.edu/news/arturo-cardelus|website=Berklee.edu|access-date = February 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Terri Lyne Carrington]] (1983)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Cyrus Chestnut]] (1985)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Toby Chu]] (1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/toby-chu-harmonizes-east-and-west-pixar|title=Toby Chu Harmonizes East and West for Pixar|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Chancellor (musician)|Chancellor]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Eun-jeong|script-title=ko:이단옆차기 &quot;작곡은 '자뻑'과 '자학'의 반복이죠&quot;|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20140519192600005|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=November 4, 2021|language=ko|date=May 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Chiara Civello]] (2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Alf Clausen]] (1966)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Cobi (musician)|Cobi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.thecurrent.org/2015/03/cobi-mike-of-gentleman-hall-goes-solo-with-walking-through-the-fire/|title=Cobi Mike of Gentlemen Hall goes solo with 'Walking Through the Fire'|first=Jay|last=Gabler|website=Blog.current.org|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Bruce Cockburn]] (1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Vinnie Colaiuta]] (1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Paula Cole]] (1990)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Charlie Colin]] of Train&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/berklee-today-fall-2002/rob-hotchkiss-charlie-colin-train-fast-track|title=Rob Hotchkiss &amp; Charlie Colin of Train on the fast track|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Vanessa Collier]] (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/berkleemusic/network_file_shares/files/16300/original/Vanessa%5EResume%202012.pdf?1330661564|format=PDF|title=Vanessa N. Collier : CV|website=S3.amazonaws.com|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===D===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Mike Daly]] (1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/learning-art-rejection|title=Learning the Art of Rejection - Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kelly Derrickson]]&lt;ref&gt;Stuart Derdeyn, [https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/celebrity/kelly-derrickson-puts-first-nations-pride-and-healing-into-songs &quot;Kelly Derrickson puts First Nations pride and healing into songs&quot;]. ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', December 15, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Al Di Meola]] (1974)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Kenwood Dennard]] (1973)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Ramin Djawadi]] (1998)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/game-thrones-composer-ramin-djawadi-light-seven/|title=Berklee Alumnus Ramin Djawadi '98 Stuns with Game of Thrones Finale Music - Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===E===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> * [[Emily Elbert]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berklee.edu/bt/212/alum_beat.html |title=Alumni Beat|website= Berklee College of Music|date=December 1, 2009 |access-date=2015-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Empress Of]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kurlander |first1=Shannon |title=Empress Of Releases Her Debut Record 'Me' With A Newfound Confidence |url=https://galoremag.com/empress-of-releases-her-debut-record-me-with-a-newfound-confidence/ |website=Galore |language=en |date=2015-09-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Maria Entraigues-Abramson]] (1994)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.thewimn.com/front-and-center-singer-composer-pilot-global-outreach-coordinator-at-sens-research-foundation-maria-entraigues-abramson/ | title = Front and Center: Singer, Composer, Pilot, Global Outreach Coordinator at SENS Research Foundation, Maria Entraigues-Abramson | work = [[Women’s International Music Network]] | date = October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Booker Ervin]]*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hardbop.tripod.com/booker.html |title=Booker Ervin: The Hard Bop Homepage |website=Hardbop.tripod.com |access-date= 2015-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Melissa Etheridge]] (1980)*,&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt; returned to receive honorary doctorate 2006<br /> * [[Kevin Eubanks]] (1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===F===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Donald Fagen]] (1965)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Rachelle Ferrell]] (1980)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rachelle Ferrell<br /> |url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/rachelle-ferrell<br /> |website=berklee.edu |access-date=July 3, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Melissa Ferrick]] (1990)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camp Betty Campout 2005 - Melissa Ferrick |url=http://www.campbettycampout.com/2005/behindthescenes/melissaferrick.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503190206/http://www.campbettycampout.com/2005/behindthescenes/melissaferrick.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2008 |access-date=April 13, 2019 |date=May 3, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Bill Frisell]] (1977)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Richard Furch]] (1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Richard Furch<br /> |url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/richard-furch-0<br /> |website=berklee.edu |access-date=July 3, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===G===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Albhy Galuten]] (1968)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Roopam Garg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/alum-notes-spring-2020 |title=Alum Notes: Spring 2020 |website=Berklee.edu |date=April 24, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Anthony Geraci]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sscmusic.org/anthony-geraci/|title=Anthony Geraci, piano – South Shore Conservatory|website=Sscmusic.org|access-date=April 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Melvin Gibbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic Biography of Melvin Gibbs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p79805|title=Melvin Gibbs|last=Layne|first=Joslyn|year=2012|work=Allmusic Biography of Melvin Gibbs|publisher=Rovi Corporation|access-date=January 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Richard Gibbs]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/233/california_dream_studios.html |title=California Dream Studios |website=Berklee.edu |date=December 1, 2017 |access-date=April 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Shane Gibson (musician)|Shane Gibson]] of [[Korn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jamplay.com/guitar-teachers/63-shane-gibson |title=Shane Gibson |website=jamplay.com |date=December 1, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Mick Goodrick]] (1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Taylor Gordon]] (2011), stage name [[The Pocket Queen]], producer and former drummer for [[Fifth Harmony]], [[Dua Lipa]] and, [[Adam Lambert]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolling Stone India&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Gordon | first=Taylor | title=<br /> Premiere: The Pocket Queen Embodies Hustle and Groove in ‘We Came To Move’ Video | website=Rolling Stone India | date=2021-03-27 | url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/premiere-pocket-queen-we-came-to-move-video/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Catriona Gray]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/photos/0740/hot-stuff-next-to-singing-and-traveling-bb-pilipinas-2018-catriona-gray-is-also-into-charity/|title=Hot Stuff: Next To Singing And Traveling, Bb. Pilipinas 2018 Catriona Gray Is Also Into Charity!|work=ABS-CBN Lifestyle|date=March 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Juan Luis Guerra]] (1982)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===H===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Jan Hammer]] (1969)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Roy Hargrove]] (1989)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Donald Harrison]] (1983)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Antonio Hart]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Juliana Hatfield]] (1990)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Lalah Hathaway]] (1994)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Tom Hedden]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedden Robidoux&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Wise|first=Brian|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/11njNFL.html|title=The Music of the Spheres|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 11, 2005|access-date=November 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Amy Heidemann]] of [[Karmin]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/233/karmin.html|title=LA Spotlight: Karmin|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Alan Hewitt (musician)|Alan Hewitt]] (1977)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/232/alumnotes.html |title=Alumnii notes |website=Berklee College of Music |access-date=October 7, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Norihiko Hibino]] (1997)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/norihiko-hibino|title=Norihiko Hibino|website=Berklee College of Music|access-date=January 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Bob Holz]] (1977)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/summer-2018/alumnotes.berklee.edu |title=Alumnii notes |website= Berklee College of Music|access-date=October 7, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Bruce Hornsby]] (1974)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/bruce-hornsby-shows-versatility-shares-stories-from-road |title=Bruce Hornsby Shows Versatility, Shares Stories from the Road|website= Berklee College of Music|access-date=August 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rob Hotchkiss]] of Train&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/berklee-today-fall-2002/rob-hotchkiss-charlie-colin-train-fast-track|title=Rob Hotchkiss &amp; Charlie Colin of Train on the fast track|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sierra Hull]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/sierra-hull|title=Sierra Hull - Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ian Hultquist]] of [[Passion Pit]] (2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://college.berklee.edu/news/groove-ian-hultquist-alum-profile|title=The Groove: Passion Pit's Ian Hultquist '08 &amp;#124; Berklee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===J===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Keith Jarrett]] (1963)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.minuteoflistening.org/contributor/keith-jarrett/#:~:text=In%201963%2C%20Jarrett%20moved%20to%20Boston%20to%20attend,Messengers%2C%20and%20then%20with%20the%20Charles%20Lloyd%20Quartet.|title=Keith Jarrett|website=minuteoflistening.org|access-date=July 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Wyclef Jean]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/1065/wyclef-jean-enrolls-in-berklee|title=Wyclef Jean|website=berklee.edu|access-date=October 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ingrid Jensen]] (1989)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Laney Jones]] (2014)*&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/lake/os-lk-laney-jones-new-song-conest-20141114-story.html|title=Mount Dora's Laney Jones to play Lincoln Center as finalist in NewSong Contest|first=Orlando|last=Sentinel|website=OrlandoSentinel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Quincy Jones]] (1951)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Bob James (musician)|Bob James]] (1958)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> ===K===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Kenzie (songwriter)|Kenzie]] (Kim Yeon Jung), South Korean composer for SM Entertainment&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim Yeon Jung&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berklee.edu/news/4742/alumni-profile-kenzie-yeonjung-kim-99|title=Alumni Profile: Kenzie '99|website=Berklee College of Music|access-date=December 14, 2012|date=July 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kiesza]]&lt;ref name=kieszaherald&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/entertainment/story.html?id=f9656496-3981-46a6-9433-ac77ad2cd8b3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002205/http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/entertainment/story.html?id=f9656496-3981-46a6-9433-ac77ad2cd8b3|archive-date=March 22, 2014|title=Breathtaking Drive|date=March 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Diana Krall]] (1983)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Joe Kraemer (composer)|Joe Kraemer]] (1993)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/fall-2015/joe-kraemer|title=Mission: Possible|date=March 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Joey Kramer]] of [[Aerosmith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Joey Kramer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/260/aerosmith-drummer-returns-to-berklee|title=Aerosmith Drummer Returns to Berklee|website=Berklee College of Music|access-date=May 14, 2020|date=July 20, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===L===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Abe Laboriel]] (1972)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Abe Laboriel Jr.]] (1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Alex Lacamoire]] (1995)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/alex-lacamoire|title=Alex Lacamoire &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music|first1=22 The Fenway|last1=Boston|first2=MA 02115 United States See map: Google|last2=Maps|website=www.berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Michelle Lambert]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nashvilleberkleejam.com/?p=125|title=A Big First Night for the Nashville Berklee Jam!|website=Nashvilleberkleejam.com|date =March 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Patty Larkin]] (1974)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Henry Lau]] (2010)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2013/07/01/henry_lau_goes_from_willowdale_to_kpop_superstar.html|title=Henry Lau goes from Willowdale to K-Pop superstar|website=Thestar.com|date =July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Wang Leehom]] (1999)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Adrianne Lenker]] (2012)* of [[Big Thief]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/adrianne-lenker-mn0002050579/biography |title=Adrianne Lenker &amp;#124; Biography &amp; History |work=AllMusic }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Daniel Levitin]] (1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/fall-2015/daniel-levitin|title=Understanding the Musical Brain|website=Berklee.edu|date=Fall 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Josh Linkner]] (1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;Linkner2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Josh Linkner|title=Disciplined Dreaming: A Proven System to Drive Breakthrough Creativity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WRQ95dylv4C|access-date=March 8, 2013|date=January 13, 2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1-118-00171-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|ix}}<br /> *[[Aubrey Logan]] (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Heart Will Go On&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Joe Blevins|title=&quot;My Heart Will Go On&quot; gets a rousing, 1950s-style doo-wop remake|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/my-heart-will-go-gets-rousing-1950s-style-doo-wop--236880|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518062529/http://www.avclub.com/article/my-heart-will-go-gets-rousing-1950s-style-doo-wop--236880|archive-date=May 18, 2016|date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berklee 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Danielle Dreilinger|title=Montreux Master|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/788/montreux-master|access-date=May 4, 2016|publisher=Berklee College of Music|date=July 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504190111/https://www.berklee.edu/news/788/montreux-master|archive-date=May 4, 2016|quote=On July 14, 2009, Berklee trombone principal Aubrey Logan won the prestigious Shure-Montreux Jazz Voice Competition in Switzerland}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Andres Levin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Andres Levin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/notable-alumni-in-music-production-engineering-field|title=Alumni All-Stars in the Field of Music Production and Engineering|website=www.berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ken Lewis (musician)|Ken Lewis]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ken Lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/mpe/alumni-awards-grammy-oscar-emmy|title=Alumni All-Stars in the Field of Music Production and Engineering|website=berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Henning Lohner]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Henning Lohner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.husgallery.com/603-biographie-EN-LOHNER%20-Hinning.html|title=Henning LOHNER - Detailed biography|website=husgallery.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Lizzy McAlpine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Berg|first=Matt|date=March 3, 2021|title=With another album in the works, singer Lizzy McAlpine has left Berklee behind|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/03/arts/with-another-album-works-singer-lizzy-mcalpine-has-left-berklee-behind/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===M===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Natalie Maines]] (1995)* of [[The Chicks]]&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Aimee Mann]] (1980)* of [['Til Tuesday]]&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Eddie Manion]] (1970s)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.southsidejohnny.com/theband/eddiemanion/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206175058/http://www.southsidejohnny.com/theband/eddiemanion/index.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2008|title=Southside Johnny.com: The Band|date=December 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kevin March (musician)|Kevin March]] (early 1990s), drummer of [[Guided by Voices]], [[The Dambuilders]], [[Shudder to Think]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moderndrummer.com/article/april-2016-kevin-march/|title=Kevin March|website=Moderndrummer.com|access-date=September 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Arif Mardin]] (1961)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Charlie Mariano]] (1951)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Eric Marienthal]] (1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Branford Marsalis]] (1980)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Delfeayo Marsalis]] (1989)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Rob Mathes]] (1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/223/coverstory.html|title=Rob Mathes|website=Berklee.edu|language=en|access-date=February 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[John Mayer]] (1998)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Steve Mazur]] (2000) of [[Our Lady Peace]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/summer-2000/Commencement|title=Commencement Honors for Herb Alpert, Patti Austin, and John Sykes|website=Berklee.edu|language=en|access-date=February 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Donny McCaslin]] (1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Keith McEachern]] (2005) of [[The Wandas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2011/09/02/the_wandas_take_lessons_from_the_road_and_put_them_on_record/ |title=The Wandas take lessons from the road and put them on record - The Boston Globe |website=Boston.com |date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=September 18, 2015|last1=Perry |first1=Jonathan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ben McKee]]*, bassist of [[Imagine Dragons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;berklee.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Emily Dufresne |url=http://www.berklee.edu/bt/214/alumnotes.html |title=Alumni Beat |website= Berklee College of Music |access-date=September 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[David McWane]], lead vocalist of [[Big D and the Kids Table]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bostonvoyager.com/interview/meet-david-mcwane-big-d-kids-table-allston/|title=Meet David McWane of Big D and the Kids Table in Allston - Boston Voyager Magazine |website=Bostonvoyager.com|access-date=September 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Filipe Melo]] (2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.noticiasmagazine.pt/2016/filipe-melo-de-cromo-informatico-a-pianista-e-escritor-de-bd/|title=Filipe Melo: de cromo informático a pianista e escritor de BD|website=Noticiasmagazine.com|access-date=September 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Portugal|Portuguese]] pianist, filmmaker and writer<br /> *[[Dominic Miller]], guitarist&lt;ref name=&quot;JournalTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.journaltimes.com/article_8cc285d4-6abc-5bee-a268-030f5699183d.html|title=Dominic Miller headlines Entertainment Series|date=November 15, 2001|newspaper=[[Journal Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Harry Miree]] (2013), drummer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/harry-miree|title=Harry Miree {{!}} Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|language=en|access-date=February 4, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Rieko Miyoshi (2003), stage name [[Kotringo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kotringo.net/ktrng/profile/#english|title=Kotringo - Artist Profile|website=Kotringo.net|date=2012|access-date=October 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sebastian Arocha Morton]] (1997)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sequential.com/sebastian-arocha-morton/|title=Sebastian Arocha Morton|website=sequential.com|language=en|access-date=February 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rob Mounsey]] (1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[George Mraz]] (1970)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[John Myung]]* of [[Dream Theater]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dreamth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yamaha-europe.com/yamaha_europe/uk/service/010_artist/artists_guitars/john_myung/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123135450/http://www.yamaha-europe.com/yamaha_europe/uk/service/010_artist/artists_guitars/john_myung/index.html|archive-date=January 23, 2007|title=Home / Artists / Artists: Guitars &amp; Basses / John Myung|date=January 23, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> ===N===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> * [[Ouyang Nana]] - Taiwanese cellist, pianist, guitarist&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3672160|title=Taiwan actress Ouyang Nana makes 'Forbe...|newspaper=[[Taiwan News]]|access-date=September 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Adam Neely]] (2009) - bass player and YouTuber.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/adam-neely|title=Adam Neely|website=[[Berklee College of Music]]|access-date=April 16, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Reiko Nakano]] (2005) - violinist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.reikonakano.com |title= Reiko Nakano |website=Reikonakano.com|access-date=November 21, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Paul Nowell (2007), stage name [[Paul The Trombonist]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://internationalmusician.org/paul-nowell/|title=Paul Nowell: From Jazz to Hip-Hop, L.A.'s Trombone Evangelist - International Musician|date=September 1, 2017|work=International Musician|access-date=November 7, 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> ===O===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Atli Örvarsson]] (1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-alumni-score-summers-biggest-tv-and-movie-hits|title=Berklee Alumni Score Summer's Biggest TV and Movie Hits|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> ===P===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Heitor Pereira]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/lessons/acoustic-stylings-big-screen-guitar-ace-heitor-pereira|title=The Acoustic Stylings of Big-Screen Guitar Ace Heitor Pereira |website=guitarworld.com|date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[John Paesano]] (2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/five-berklee-alumni-nominated-emmy-awards|title=Six Berklee Alumni Nominated for Emmy Awards |website=berklee.edu|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Danilo Perez]] (1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Mark Petrie]] of PostHaste Music&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/mark-petrie|title=Mark Petrie |website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[John Petrucci]]* of [[Dream Theater]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dreamth&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Shawn Pierce]]<br /> *[[Chico Pinheiro (musician)|Chico Pinheiro]] (1998)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2018/02/25/artist-profiles-chico-pinheiro|title=Artist Profiles: Chico Pinheiro|date=February 25, 2018|access-date=November 25, 2020|website=worldmusiccentral.org|quote=&quot;''Chico Pinheiro entered the Berklee College of Music (Boston, Massachusetts) in 1996 on a scholarship, graduating in performance and arranging in 1998. He was given two awards: The professional Music Endowed Scholarship award and The William G. Leavitt Scholarship award.''&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Daniel Platzman]] (2009), drummer of [[Imagine Dragons]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jckGJnPLRuNPilbmVMAYihl3ogIg?docId=edae068fe4c74415811e170781615fc6]{{dead link|date=September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Mike Portnoy]]* of [[The Winery Dogs]], formerly of [[Adrenaline Mob]] and [[Dream Theater]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dreamth&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[The Powell Brothers|Taylor and Blake Powell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.powellbrothersmusic.com|title=The Powell Brothers|website=The Powell Brothers|access-date=May 23, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;*<br /> *[[Sergio Prezioso]] (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.masterinfilmscoring.com/en/features/teachers/15-sergio-prezioso-eng.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Charlie Puth]] (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/events/charlie-puth-taylor-berrett |title=Charlie Puth / Taylor Berrett &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music events |website=Berklee.edu |date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=May 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===R===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Sara Rachele]] (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/sara-rachele|title=Sara Rachele - Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=May 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[AJ Rafael]] (2010)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mahoney |first=Lesley |date=January 22, 2013 |title=Alumni Profile: AJ Rafael '10 |url=https://college.berklee.edu/news/alumni-profile-aj-rafael-10 |publisher=[[Berklee College of Music]] |accessdate=January 31, 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131121333/https://college.berklee.edu/news/alumni-profile-aj-rafael-10 |archivedate=January 31, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[David Rawlings]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Legros |first1=Xavier |title=David Rawlings takes the lead |url=http://archive.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2010/06/01/dave_rawlings_takes_the_lead/ |website=Boston.com |date=June 2010 |access-date=14 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Niki Reiser]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niki Reiser&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Niki Reiser |url=https://www.mx-in.com/kunstler/niki-reiser/?cn-reloaded=1 |website=mix-in.com |publisher=mix-in.com |access-date=December 9, 2019 |ref=Niki Reiser}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Bob Reynolds (saxophonist)|Bob Reynolds]] (2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/bob-reynolds-00-records-big-name-artists|title=Bob Reynolds '00 records with Big Name Artists &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music|website=www.berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[David Robidoux]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedden Robidoux&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[MJ Rodriguez]] (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;mj_rodriguez&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=MJ Rodriguez Finds Roles That Reflect Her True Identity |url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/mj-rodriguez-finds-roles-reflect-her-true-identity |website=berklee.edu |publisher=Berklee.edu |access-date=December 9, 2019 |ref=mj_rodriguez}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ed Roland]] of [[Collective Soul]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ed_roland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ed Roland|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/ed-roland |website=berklee.edu |publisher=Berklee.edu |access-date=May 9, 2020 |ref=ed_roland}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Wallace Roney]] (1981)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Kurt Rosenwinkel]] (1990)*&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===S===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Richard Starkey]] (2022) (Honorary Doctorate)<br /> *[[Allison Scagliotti]] (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-online-student-spotlight-allison-scagliotti |title=Berklee Online Student Spotlight: Allison Scagliotti |website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sanjeeta Bhattacharya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sampath |first=Purvaa|url=https://blogs.berklee.edu/2016/04/berklee-indian-ensemble-have-you-met-sanjeeta/|title= Berklee Indian Ensemble: Have you met Sanjeeta?|website=Berklee.edu |date=April 19, 2016|access-date=March 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Michael Semanick]] (1985)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-alumni-score-summers-biggest-tv-and-movie-hits |title=Berklee Alumni Score Summer's Biggest TV and Movie Hits |website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Randy Sabien]] (1977), jazz violinist and music educator&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mcnallysmith.edu/news-and-events/122 |title=Jazz Violin Great Randy Sabien to Head New String Department at McNally Smith College of Music - McNally Smith College of Music |website=Mcnallysmith.edu |date=February 3, 2009 |access-date=September 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620084434/http://www.mcnallysmith.edu/news-and-events/122 |archive-date=June 20, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Gerard Salonga]] (1998)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/alumnotes/gerard-salonga|title=Gerard Salonga {{!}} Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Mafalda (British singer)|Princess Mafalda von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]]<br /> *[[St. Vincent (musician)|St. Vincent]] (Annie Clark) (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklee1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Alumni Grammy Winners {{!}} Berklee College of Music|url = https://www.berklee.edu/awards/alumni-grammy-winners|website=Berklee.edu|access-date = January 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Bobby Sanabria]] (1979), multi-Grammy nominated drummer, percussionist, educator, bandleader&lt;ref&gt;bobbysanabria.com&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Tiwa Savage]] (2007), American-Nigerian singer, songwriter and actress.<br /> *[[Mike Schmid]] (2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reverbnation.com/mikeschmid |title=Mike Schmid |website=Reverbnation.com |date=February 16, 2010 |access-date=September 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[John Scofield]] (1973)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Christian Scott]] (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Wayne Sermon]] (2008), guitarist of [[Imagine Dragons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;berklee.edu&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Derek Sivers]], the founder and former president of [[CD Baby]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Derek Sivers |url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/professional-music/derek-sivers |website=berklee.edu |access-date=September 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Benny Sharoni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benny Sharoni Brings Quest For Lyrical Expression to Old Lyme Jazz Haven |url=http://bennysharoni.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NPR-reedit-for-website-and-epk.pdf |website=WNPR |access-date=September 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sonny Sharrock]] (1962)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.joemcphee.com/jny/sharrock/ratliff89.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505171709/http://www.joemcphee.com/jny/sharrock/ratliff89.html|archive-date=May 5, 2007|title=with Sonny Sharrock, hosted by Ben Ratliff, 1989|date=May 5, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rasika Shekar]] (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2017/nov/10/indo-american-flautistvocalist-rasika-shekar-on-blazing-her-own-trail-4611.html|title=Indo-American flautist/vocalist Rasika Shekar on blazing her own trail|website=www.indulgexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sarah Schachner]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/fall-2016/featured/scoring-in-los-angeles|title=Scoring in Los Angeles|website=www.berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Antonio Sánchez (drummer)|Antonio Sánchez]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Small |first=Mark |url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/spring-2003/antonio-sanchez |title=Antonio Sanchez Speaks of Now |website=Berklee.edu |access-date=May 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Howard Shore]] (1969)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Ryan Shore]] (1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gordon |first=Peter |url=http://www.berklee.edu/bt/173/la_news.html |title=Berklee Today &amp;#124; Berklee College of Music |website=Berklee.edu |access-date=May 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sid Sriram]] (2008) a singer in South Indian film industry&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sid-sriram-on-his-music/article24592537.ece |title=Sid Sriram |newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 3, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2019|last1=M |first1=Athira }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Alan Silvestri]] (1970)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/alan-silvestri |title=Alan Silvestri |website=Berklee.edu |access-date=September 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Allan Slutsky]] (1978)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berklee.edu/bt/143/slutsky_profile.html|title=Alumni Profile - Allan Slutsky '78|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=December 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Brendon Small]] (1997) of [[Dethklok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = Glasser | first = Larissa | title = The Cartoon Network goes heavy metal | newspaper=[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]] | date = August 8, 2006 | url= http://thephoenix.com/article_ektid18997.aspx | access-date = January 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Steve Smith (musician)|Steve Smith]] (1976), drummer for the rock group [[Journey (band)|Journey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Esperanza Spalding]] (2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/esperanza-spalding|title=Esperanza Spalding {{!}} Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|access-date=October 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Luísa Sobral]] (2009)&lt;ref&gt;[http://tv1.rtp.pt/programas-rtp/index.php?p_id=26062&amp;e_id=16&amp;c_id=8&amp;dif=tv&amp;hora=17:40&amp;]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jason Solowsky]] (2000) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://college.berklee.edu/berklee-today-49|title=Berklee Today|publisher=Berklee College of Music|access-date=March 2, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Luciana Souza]] (1992)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Billy Squier]]*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billysquier.com/bio_interviews.html |title=I'm Hopelessly Inactive In Terms Of Promoting My Own Career |website=Billysquier.com |access-date=September 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Mike Stern]] (1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Tierney Sutton]] (1987)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Derek Sherinian]] (1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/191/coverstory.html |title=Dream Theater: Where the Metal Meets the Road |website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Joel Stroetzel]] of [[Killswitch Engage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/Berklee-today/spring-2005/grammy|title=Alumni Grammy Nominees|website=www.berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Svoy]] (2003)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.umusicpub.com/us/Artists/S/Svoy.aspx |title=Svoy |website=Umusicpub.com|access-date=September 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Soo Wincci]] (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://valencia.berklee.edu/soo-wincci-overcoming-challenges-to-reach-the-top/ |title=Soo Wincci:Overcoming Challenges To Reach The Top|website=Valencia.berklee.edu|date=February 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Pieter Schlosser]] (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/additional-music-and-conducting-desperate-housewives |title=Additional music and Conducting for 'Desperate Housewives'|website=berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===T===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Susan Tedeschi]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Chloe Temtchine]], singer-songwriter&lt;ref&gt;Junior, Chris M. August 28, 2009, ''Medleyville'', &quot;[http://www.medleyville.us/2009/08/quite_an_experience.html Quite an Experience]&quot;. Accessed August 27, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jacky Terrasson]] (1986)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Ian Thornley]] of [[Thornley (band)|Thornley]], [[Big Wreck]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ca.yamaha.com/en/artists/i/ian_thornley.html|title=Ian Thornley|website=yamaha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Pinar Toprak]] (2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/composer-pinar-toprak-cracks-celluloid-ceiling-captain-marvel|title=Composer Pinar Toprak Cracks Celluloid Ceiling with Captain Marvel|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Néstor Torres]] (1973)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Brian Transeau]] (1990)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Justin Tranter]] (2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.berklee.edu/people/justin-trantor|title=Justin Tranter (Excerpt from Berklee Today)|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Sarah Tudzin (2014), producer, sound engineer, and frontwoman of rock band [[Illuminati Hotties]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Parys 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Parys | first=Bryan | title=Berklee Artists Who Made 2020's Best Music | website=Berklee | date=2021-01-19 | url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-now/news/berklee-artists-who-made-some-of-the-years-best-music | access-date=2021-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Molly Tuttle]]<br /> *Gareth Tong (2022), R&amp;B singer-songwriter and music producer in Hong Kong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%B9%AF%E4%BB%A4%E5%B1%B1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===U===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Hiromi Uehara]] (2003)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berklee.edu/news/in_the_news/2003.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817123259/http://www.berklee.edu/news/in_the_news/2003.html|archive-date=August 17, 2007|title=BERKLEE &amp;#124; BERKLEE &amp;#124; News: 2003|date=August 17, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kelvin Underwood]] (2003), drum set and taiko musician<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===V===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[https://twitter.com/punk7642 Valko] (2016)&lt;ref&gt;https://mashable.com/article/logan-paul-nft-ether-rocks&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Steve Vai]] (1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Brian Vibberts]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklee1&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Emil Viklický]] (1978)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.berklee.edu/bt/emil-viklicky|title=Emil Viklicky {{!}} Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|language=en|access-date=February 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Lucas Vidal]] (2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.berklee.edu/news/4451/alumni-profile-lucas-vidal-06-and-steve-dzialows|title=Alumni Profile {{!}} Berklee College of Music|website=Berklee.edu|language=en|access-date=May 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[James Valentine (musician)|James Valentine]] of [[Maroon 5]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/interviews/maroon_5s_james_valentine_adam_levine_is_an_amazing_lead_player.html|title=Maroon 5's James Valentine: 'Adam Levine Is An Amazing Lead Player'|website=ultimate-guitar.com|language=en|access-date=May 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===W===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Sadao Watanabe (musician)|Sadao Watanabe]] (1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Ernie Watts]] (1966)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Jeff &quot;Tain&quot; Watts]] (1981)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Roy Wang]] (2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Gillian Welch]] (1992)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Kenny Werner]] (1968)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Mark Whitfield]] (1987)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Brad Whitford]] of [[Aerosmith]] (1971)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Ashe (entertainer)|Ashlyn Willson]] (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Petrelli|first1=David|title=Nashville Pros|url=https://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today/spring-2016/ashlyn-willson|website=Berklee|access-date=May 21, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Betty Who]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Keefe-Feldman|first1=Mike|title=Born at Berklee|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/betty-who-born-berklee|website=Berklee|access-date=May 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Anna Wise]] (2010)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anna Wise '10 on Collaborating with Kendrick Lamar, Sonnymoon, Her Solo Debut|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/anna-wise-interview|website=Berklee|access-date=May 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Natalie Wynn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ContraPoints Talks Twitter, TERFs, and Tasting the 'Ideal Beer|url=https://oct.co/essays/natalie-wynn-contrapoints-interview|website=Berklee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113181124/https://oct.co/essays/natalie-wynn-contrapoints-interview|access-date=September 5, 2021|archive-date=November 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Z===<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> *[[Joe Zawinul]] (1959)&lt;ref name=&quot;berklist&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Geoff Zanelli]] (1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/alumnotes/geoff-zanelli|title=Geoff Zanelli|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Marcelo Zarvos]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/summer-films-fueled-berklee-alumni|title=Summer's Top Films Fueled by Music and Sound from Berklee Alumni|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jeremy Zuckerman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://library.berklee.edu/browse/event/skype-interview-jeremy-zuckerman|title=Skype Interview with Jeremy Zuckerman|website=Berklee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE ALPHABETIZE BY LAST NAME. That requires you to LOOK AT MORE THAN THE FIRST LETTER. If you don't know how to alphabetize in English, please request help on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Berklee College Of Music Alumni}}<br /> [[Category:Berklee College of Music alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of musicians|Berklee College of Music alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Boston-related lists|Berklee College of Music]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of alumni by fine arts school in the United States|Berklee College of Music alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of people by university or college in Massachusetts|Berklee College of Music alumni]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League&diff=1086088240 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League 2022-05-04T03:13:05Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Association team allocation */ Added Glasgow City qualification from 2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League and League / Champions Path</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|22st edition of top European women's football (soccer) competition}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox international football competition<br /> | tourney_name = UEFA Women's Champions League<br /> | year = 2022–23<br /> | image = Psv stadion 2019.jpg<br /> | size = 275<br /> | caption = The [[Philips Stadion]] in [[Eindhoven]] will host the final<br /> | dates = 2022–23<br /> | num_teams = <br /> | associations = <br /> | champion_other =<br /> | count =<br /> | second_other =<br /> | matches = <br /> | goals = <br /> | attendance = <br /> | top_scorer = <br /> | player =<br /> | prevseason = [[2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League|2021–22]]<br /> | nextseason = ''[[2023–24 UEFA Women's Champions League|2023–24]]''<br /> | updated = <br /> }}<br /> The '''2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League''' will be the 22nd edition of the European women's club [[Association football|football]] championship organised by [[UEFA]], and the 14th edition since being rebranded as the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]. It is the second edition to feature a 16-team group stage.<br /> <br /> The [[2023 UEFA Women's Champions League Final|final]] will be held at the [[Philips Stadion]] in [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]]. The winners of the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League will automatically qualify for the [[2023–24 UEFA Women's Champions League]] group stage.<br /> <br /> ==Association team allocation==<br /> The association ranking based on the [[UEFA coefficient#Women's Association coefficient|UEFA women's country coefficients]] is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:&lt;ref name=&quot;format&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 October 2020|title=2021/22 Women's Champions League: dates, access list, full guide|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0262-108bd1c13e3a-cd0bf3210aad-1000--2021-22-women-s-champions-league-dates-access-list-full-guide/|access-date=20 October 2020|publisher=UEFA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;regulations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://documents.uefa.com/r/Regulations-of-the-UEFA-Women-s-Champions-League-2021/22-Online |title=Regulations of the UEFA Women's Champions League, 2021/22 Season |publisher=UEFA |year=2021 |access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Associations 1–6 each have three teams qualify.<br /> *Associations 7–16 each have two teams qualify.<br /> *All other associations,if they entered, each have one team qualify.<br /> *The winners of the [[2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League]] are given an additional entry if they do not qualify for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League through their domestic league.<br /> <br /> An association must have an eleven-a-side women's domestic league to enter a team. As of 2019–20, 52 of the 55 UEFA member associations organize a women's domestic league, with the exceptions being Andorra (1 club in Spain), Liechtenstein (3 clubs in Switzerland) and San Marino (1 club in Italy).<br /> <br /> ===Association ranking===<br /> For the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2021 [[UEFA coefficient#Women's Association coefficient|UEFA women's Association coefficients]], which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 2016-17 to 2020–21.&lt;ref name=&quot;country coefficients&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/uefarankings/womenscountry/#/yr/2021 |title=Women's association club coefficients 2019/20 |publisher=UEFA |date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|<br /> |+'''Association ranking for 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League'''<br /> |-valign=top style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Rank<br /> !Association<br /> !Coeff.<br /> !Teams<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |{{Fb|FRA}}<br /> |align=right|92.000<br /> | align=center rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |3<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |{{Fba|GER}}<br /> |align=right|75.500<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |{{Fba|ENG}}<br /> |align=right|68.500<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |{{Fba|ESP}}<br /> |align=right|64.000<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |{{Fba|SWE}}<br /> |align=right|45.000<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |{{Fba|Czech Republic}}<br /> |align=right|36.500<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |{{Fba|DEN}}<br /> |align=right|34.500<br /> | align=center rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |{{Fba|NED}}<br /> |align=right|30.000<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |{{Fba|Kazakhstan}}<br /> |align=right|28.500<br /> |-<br /> !10<br /> |{{Fba|ITA}}<br /> |align=right|26.000<br /> |-<br /> !11<br /> |{{Fba|Iceland}}<br /> |align=right|25.000<br /> |-<br /> !12<br /> |{{Fba|Norway}}<br /> |align=right|24.000<br /> |-<br /> !13<br /> |{{Fba|Scotland}}<br /> |align=right|23.000<br /> |-<br /> !14<br /> |{{Fba|Switzerland}}<br /> |align=right|23.000<br /> |-<br /> !15<br /> |{{Fba|Belarus}}<br /> |align=right|21.000<br /> |-<br /> !16<br /> |{{Fba|Austria}}<br /> |align=right|20.000<br /> |-<br /> !17<br /> |{{Fba|Russia}}<br /> |align=right|17.500<br /> | align=center rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> !18<br /> |{{Fba|Cyprus}}<br /> |align=right|16.000<br /> |-<br /> !19<br /> |{{Fba|Lithuania}}<br /> |align=right|15.500<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Association<br /> !Coeff.<br /> !Teams<br /> |-<br /> !20<br /> |{{Fba|Serbia}}<br /> |align=right|14.500<br /> | align=center rowspan=&quot;18&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> !21<br /> |{{Fba|Poland}}<br /> |align=right|14.500<br /> |-<br /> !22<br /> |{{Fba|Ukraine}}<br /> |align=right|13.000<br /> |-<br /> !23<br /> |{{Fba|Portugal}}<br /> |align=right|13.000<br /> |-<br /> !24<br /> |{{Fba|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> |align=right|12.000<br /> |-<br /> !25<br /> |{{Fba|Belgium}}<br /> |align=right|11.500<br /> |-<br /> !26<br /> |{{Fba|Romania}}<br /> |align=right|10.000<br /> |-<br /> !27<br /> |{{Fba|Albania}}<br /> |align=right|9.000<br /> |-<br /> !28<br /> |{{Fba|Hungary}}<br /> |align=right|9.000<br /> |-<br /> !29<br /> |{{Fba|Finland}}<br /> |align=right|8.500<br /> |-<br /> !30<br /> |{{Fba|Turkey}}<br /> |align=right|7.500<br /> |-<br /> !31<br /> |{{Fba|Greece}}<br /> |align=right|7.500<br /> |-<br /> !32<br /> |{{Fba|Slovenia}}<br /> |align=right|7.000<br /> |-<br /> !33<br /> |{{Fba|Croatia}}<br /> |align=right|7.000<br /> |-<br /> !34<br /> |{{Fba|Republic of Ireland}}<br /> |align=right|6.500<br /> |-<br /> !35<br /> |{{Fba|Kosovo}}<br /> |align=right|5.000<br /> |-<br /> !36<br /> |{{Fba|Slovakia}}<br /> |align=right|5.000<br /> |-<br /> !37<br /> |{{Fba|Israel}}<br /> |align=right|5.000<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Association<br /> !Coeff.<br /> !Teams<br /> |-<br /> !38<br /> |{{Fba|Bulgaria}}<br /> |align=right|4.500<br /> | align=center rowspan=&quot;15&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> !39<br /> |{{Fba|Wales}}<br /> |align=right|4.500<br /> |-<br /> !40<br /> |{{Fba|Estonia}}<br /> |align=right|4.500<br /> |-<br /> !41<br /> |{{Fba|Montenegro}}<br /> |align=right|4.000<br /> |-<br /> !42<br /> |{{Fba|Georgia}}<br /> |align=right|3.000<br /> |-<br /> !43<br /> |{{Fba|Faroe Islands}}<br /> |align=right|3.000<br /> |-<br /> !44<br /> |{{Fba|Northern Ireland}}<br /> |align=right|2.000<br /> |-<br /> !45<br /> |{{Fba|Malta}}<br /> |align=right|1.500<br /> |-<br /> !46<br /> |{{Fba|Moldova}}<br /> |align=right|1.500<br /> |-<br /> !47<br /> |{{Fba|Armenia}}<br /> |align=right|1.000<br /> |-<br /> !48<br /> |{{Fba|Latvia}}<br /> |align=right|1.000<br /> |-<br /> !49<br /> |{{Fba|North Macedonia}}<br /> |align=right|1.000<br /> |-<br /> !50<br /> |{{Fba|Luxembourg}}<br /> |align=right|1.000<br /> |-<br /> !51<br /> |{{Fba|Azerbaijan}}<br /> |align=right|0.000<br /> |-<br /> !52<br /> |{{Fba|Gibraltar}}<br /> |align=right|0.000<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;abbr&gt;NR&lt;/abbr&gt;<br /> |{{Fba|Andorra}}<br /> |align=center|—<br /> |align=center rowspan=3|{{Tooltip|NL|No women's domestic league}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fba|Liechtenstein}}<br /> |align=center|—<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fba|San Marino}}<br /> |align=center|—<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Distribution===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Access list for 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League<br /> !<br /> !Path<br /> !Teams entering in this round<br /> !Teams advancing from previous round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Round 1<br /> (Mini-Tournament)<br /> !Champions Path<br /> |<br /> * 43 champions from associations 7–50<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !League Path<br /> |<br /> * 6 third-placed teams from associations 1–6<br /> * 10 second-placed teams from associations 7–16<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Round 2<br /> !Champions Path<br /> |<br /> * 3 champions from associations 4–6<br /> |<br /> * 11 knockout winners of the previous round<br /> |-<br /> !League Path<br /> |<br /> * 6 second-placed teams from associations 1–6<br /> |<br /> * 4 knockout winners of the previous round<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Group Stage<br /> (16 Teams)<br /> |<br /> * Title Holders<br /> * 3 champions from associations 1–3<br /> |<br /> * 7 knockout winners of the Champions Path<br /> * 5 knockout winners of the League Path<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Knockout Stage<br /> (8 Teams)<br /> |<br /> |<br /> * 4 group winners from group stage<br /> * 4 group runners-up from group stage<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Teams===<br /> The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:<br /> *TH: Title holders<br /> *1st, 2nd, 3rd: League positions of the previous season<br /> <br /> The two qualifying rounds, round 1 and round 2, are divided into Champions Path ('''CP''') and League Path ('''LP''').<br /> <br /> ''CC: 2022 [[UEFA coefficient#Women's Club coefficient|UEFA women's club coefficients]] (updated after UEFA Women's Champions League matches on 9 March 2022, coefficients which may increase marked by ≥).''&lt;ref name=&quot;club coefficients&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/womensclub/#/yr/2022|title=Women's club coefficients 2021/22|website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Qualified teams for 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Entry round<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Teams<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#Group stage|{{Abbr|GS|Group stage}}]]<br /> | style=&quot;min-width:10em&quot; |{{fbaicon|FRA}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine|1st]])}} {{Cref2|Note FRA}}<br /> | style=&quot;min-width:10em&quot; |{{Fbaicon|GER}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga|1st]])}} {{Cref2|Note GER}}<br /> | style=&quot;min-width:10em&quot; |{{Fbaicon|ENG}} {{Small|([[2021–22 FA WSL|1st]])}} {{Cref2|Note ENG}}<br /> | style=&quot;min-width:10em&quot; |{{Fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona (women)|FC Barcelona]] {{Small|([[2021–22 Primera División (women)|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Round 2<br /> !{{Abbr|CH|Champions Path}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SWE}} [[FC Rosengård]] {{Small|([[2021 Damallsvenskan|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|CZE}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Czech Women's First League|1st]])}} {{Cref2|Note CZE}}<br /> |colspan=2|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Abbr|LP|League Path}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|FRA}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine|2nd]])}} {{Cref2|Note FRA}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|GER}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga|2nd]])}} {{Cref2|Note GER}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ENG}} {{Small|([[2021–22 FA WSL|2nd]])}} {{Cref2|Note ENG}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ESP}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Primera División (women)|2nd]])}}{{Cref2|Note ESP}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SWE}} [[BK Häcken (women)|BK Häcken]] {{Small|([[2021 Damallsvenskan|2nd]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|CZE}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Czech Women's First League|2nd]])}} {{Cref2|Note CZE}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;16&quot; |Round 1<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |{{Abbr|CH|Champions Path}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|DEN}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Danish Women's League|1st]])}} {{Cref2|Note DEN}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|NED}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Eredivisie (women)|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|KAZ}} [[BIIK Kazygurt]] {{Small|([[2021 Kazakhstani women's football championship|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ITA}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Serie A (women)|1st]])}} {{Cref2|Note ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ISL}} [[Valur women's football|Valur]] {{Small|([[2021 Úrvalsdeild kvenna (football)|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|NOR}} [[SK Brann Kvinner|Brann]] {{Small|([[2021 Toppserien|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SCO}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League|1st]])}}{{Cref2|Note SCO}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SUI}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Swiss Women's Super League|1st]])}}{{Cref2|Note SUI}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|BLR}} [[FC Dinamo Minsk (Women)|Dinamo-BGU Minsk]] {{Small|([[2021 Belarusian Premier League (women)|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|AUT}} [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|St. Pölten]] {{Small|([[2021–22 ÖFB-Frauenliga|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|RUS}} [[WFC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]] {{Small|([[2021 Russian Championship (women's football)|1st]])}}{{Cref2|Note RUS}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|CYP}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Cypriot First Division (women)|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|LTU}} [[FC Gintra]] {{Small|([[2021 Lithuania Women's A League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SRB}} {{Small|([[2021 Serbian Women's Super League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|POL}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Ekstraliga (women's football)|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|UKR}} {{Small|([[2021-22 Ukrainian Women's League|1st)]]}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|POR}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|BIH}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Bosnia and Herzegovina Women's Premier League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|BEL}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Belgian Women's Super League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ROM}} {{Small|([[2020–21 Liga I (women's football)|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ALB}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Albanian Women's National Championship|1st)]]}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|HUN}} {{Small|([[2021-22 Női NB I|1st)]]}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|FIN}} [[Kuopion Palloseura|KuPS]] {{Small|([[2021 Kansallinen Liiga|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|TUR}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Turkish Women's Football Super League|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|GRE}} {{Small|([[2021-22 Greek A Division (women's football)|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SLO}} {{Small|([[Slovenian Women's League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|CRO}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Croatian Women's First Football League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|IRL}} [[Shelbourne F.C. (women)|Shelbourne]] {{Small|([[2021 Women's National League (Ireland)|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|KOS}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Kosovo Women's Football League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SVK}} {{Small|([[2020–21 Slovak Women's First League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ISR}} {{Small|([[2021-22 Ligat Nashim|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|BUL}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Bulgarian Women's League|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|WAL}} [[Swansea City Ladies F.C.|Swansea City]] {{Small|([[Welsh Premier Women's League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|EST}} [[FC Flora (women)|Flora]] {{Small|([[2021 Naiste Meistriliiga|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|MNE}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Montenegrin Women's League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|GEO}} {{Small|([[2021 Georgia women's football championship|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|FRO}} [[Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag (women)|KÍ]] {{Small|([[2021 1. deild kvinnur|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|NIR}} [[Glentoran W.F.C.|Glentoran]] {{Small|([[2021 Women's Premiership (Northern Ireland)|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|MLT}} Birkirkara {{Small|([[ 2022 Maltese Women's League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|MDA}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Moldovan Women Top League|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|LVA}} [[Rīgas FS]] {{Small|([[2021 Latvian Women's League|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|MKD}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Macedonian Women's Football Championship|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|LUX}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Dames Ligue 1|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ARM}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Armenian Women's Premier League|1st]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|AZE}} {{Small|([[2020-21 Azerbaijani women's football championship|1st]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|GIB}} {{Small|([[2021-22 Gibraltar Women's Football League|1st]])}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Abbr|LP|League Path}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|FRA}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine|3rd]])}} {{Cref2|Note FRA}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|GER}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga|3rd]])}} {{Cref2|Note GER}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ENG}} {{Small|([[2021–22 FA WSL|3rd]])}} <br /> |{{Fbaicon|ESP}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Primera División (women)|3rd]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SWE}} [[Kristianstads DFF]] {{Small|([[2021 Damallsvenskan|3rd]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|CZE}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Czech Women's First League|3rd]])}} {{Cref2|Note CZE}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|DEN}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Danish Women's League|2nd]])}} {{Cref2|Note DEN}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|NED}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Eredivisie (women)|2nd]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|KAZ}} [[Tomiris-Turan]] {{Small|([[2021 Kazakhstani women's football championship|2nd]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ITA}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Serie A (women)|2nd]])}} {{Cref2|Note ITA}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|ISL}} [[Breiðablik women's football|Breiðablik]] {{Small|([[2021 Úrvalsdeild kvenna (football)|2nd]])}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|NOR}} [[Rosenborg BK Kvinner|Rosenborg]] {{Small|([[2021 Toppserien|2nd]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SCO}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League|2nd]])}}{{Cref2|Note SCO}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|SUI}} {{Small|([[2021–22 Swiss Women's Super League|2nd]])}}{{Cref2|Note SUI}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|BLR}} [[FC Minsk (women)|FC Minsk]] {{Small|(2nd)}}<br /> |{{Fbaicon|AUT}} [[SK Sturm Graz]] {{Small|([[2021–22 ÖFB-Frauenliga|2nd]])}}<br /> |}<br /> '''Notes'''<br /> {{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=disc}}<br /> <br /> {{Cnote2|Note CZE|'''Czech Republic (CZE):''' [[SK Slavia Prague (women)|Slavia Prague]], [[AC Sparta Prague (women)|Sparta Prague]] and [[1. FC Slovácko (women)|Slovácko]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League. They will enter Round 2 if they finish in top two of the [[2021–22 Czech Women's First League]].}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note ENG|'''England (ENG):''' [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Chelsea F.C. Women|Chelsea]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League. They will enter the Group stage if they win the [[2021–22 FA WSL]] or Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22 FA WSL]].}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note ESP|'''Spain (ESP):''' [[Real_Sociedad_Femenino|Real Sociedad]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League. They will enter in Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22_Primera_División_(women)| 2021-22 Primera Division]].}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note FRA|'''France (FRA):''' [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]], [[Paris Saint-Germain Féminine|Paris Saint-Germain]] and [[Paris FC (women)|Paris FC]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League. * [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]] will enter the Group stage if they win the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] or the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]], Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]]. * [[Paris Saint-Germain Féminine|Paris Saint-Germain]] will enter the Group stage if they win the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] or the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]], Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]] or Round 1 if they finish third in the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]]. * [[Paris FC (women)|Paris FC]] will enter Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]] or Round 1 if they finish third in the [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]].}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note GER|'''Germany (GER):''' [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League. They will enter the Group stage if they win the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] or the [[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga]], or Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga]]. [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] have also qualified as they will finish in the top 3.}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note ITA|'''Italy (ITA):''' [[Juventus F.C. (women)|Juventus]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League Round 1.}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note RUS|'''Russia (RUS):''' On 28 February 2022, Russian football clubs and national teams were suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/60560567/ |title=Ukraine crisis: Fifa and Uefa suspend all Russian clubs and national teams |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note SCO|'''Scotland (SCO):''' [[Rangers W.F.C.|Rangers]] and [[Glasgow City F.C.|Glasgow City]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League. They will enter the Group stage if they win the [[2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League]] or Round 2 if they finish second in the [[2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League]].}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note SUI|'''Switzerland (SUI):''' [[Servette FC Chênois Féminin|Servette]] and [[FC Zürich Frauen|Zürich]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League.}}<br /> {{Cnote2|Note DEN|'''Denmark (DEN):''' [[HB Køge (women)|HB Køge]] and [[Fortuna Hjørring]] have qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League.}}<br /> {{Cnote2 End}}<br /> <br /> ==Qualifying rounds==<br /> {{main|2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying rounds}}<br /> <br /> ===Round 1===<br /> ====Seeding====<br /> A total of 59 teams will play in Round 1.<br /> <br /> ===Round 2===<br /> ====Seeding====<br /> A total of 24 teams will play in Round 2.<br /> ;Qualified teams<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> Champions Path<br /> *{{Fbaicon|SWE}} [[FC Rosengård]] ''CC: 38.600''<br /> *{{Fbaicon|CZE}} Champions of [[2021–22 Czech Women's First League|2021–22 Czech First League]]<br /> *11 winners of round 1 (Champions Path)<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> League Path<br /> *{{Fbaicon|FRA}} Runners up of [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|GER}} Runners up of [[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|ENG}} Runners up of [[2021–22 FA WSL]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|ESP}} Runners up of [[2021–22 Primera División (women)|2021–22 Primera División]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|SWE}} Runners up of [[2021 Damallsvenskan]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|CZE}} Runners up of [[2021–22 Czech Women's First League|2021–22 Czech First League]]<br /> *4 winners of round 1 (League Path)<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Group stage==<br /> {{main|2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League group stage}}<br /> <br /> *{{Fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona (women)|FC Barcelona]] ''CC: ≥ 103.500''<br /> *{{fbaicon|FRA}} Champions of [[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|GER}} Champions of [[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga]]<br /> *{{Fbaicon|ENG}} Champions of [[2021–22 FA WSL]]<br /> *7 winners of round 2 (Champions Path)<br /> *5 winners of round 2 (League Path)<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[2022–23 UEFA Champions League]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/}}<br /> *[https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/women/ Women's Domestic Leagues], UEFA.com<br /> <br /> {{UEFA Women's Champions League seasons}}<br /> {{2022–23 in European women's football (UEFA)}}&lt;!--<br /> {{2022–23 European club competitions}}--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Uefa Women's Champions League 2022-23}}<br /> [[Category:2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League| ]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Women's Champions League seasons|2022-23]]<br /> [[Category:2022–23 in UEFA football|Women's Champions League]]<br /> [[Category:2022 in women's association football]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in women's association football]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled association football competitions]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang_Seng_Bank&diff=1082401772 Hang Seng Bank 2022-04-13T00:32:55Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hong Kong Bank}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Hang Seng Bank Limited<br /> | native_name = {{lang|zh|恒生銀行有限公司}}<br /> | logo = HSB.svg<br /> | image= HangSengHeadquarter 20071110.jpg<br /> | image_size = 220px<br /> | image_caption = [[Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building|Headquarters]] in [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | type = Public<br /> | traded_as = {{ubl|{{SEHK|11}}|[[Hang Seng Index]] component}}<br /> | parent = [[HSBC|HSBC Group]] (62.14%)<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1933|03|03}}<br /> | founders = [[Lam Bing Yim]], [[Ho Sin Hang]], [[Sheng Tsun Lin]], and [[Leung Chik Wai]]<br /> | location = [[Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building]], Central, Hong Kong<br /> | key_people = {{Unbulleted list |[[Irene Lee]] (chairman) | [[Diana Cesar]] (vice-chairman and CEO)}}<br /> | operating_income = {{unbulleted list|{{increase}} [[HKD]]28.6 billion (2019)}}&lt;ref name=AR2019&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hangseng.com/cms/fin/file/statement/ar_2019_full_en.pdf|title=Hang Seng Bank Annual Report 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | net_income = {{increase}} [[HKD]]24.8 billion (2019)&lt;ref name=AR2019/&gt;<br /> | assets = {{increase}} [[HKD]]1,677.0 billion (2019)&lt;ref name=AR2019/&gt;<br /> | num_employees = over 9,680<br /> | industry = [[Finance and insurance]]<br /> | products = [[Financial services]]<br /> | homepage = {{URL|hangseng.com}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Chinese<br /> |title=Hang Seng Bank<br /> |t = 恒生銀行<br /> |s = 恒生银行<br /> |y = Hàhngsāng Ngàhnhòhng<br /> |j = Hang4sang1 Ngan4hong4<br /> |l = ever-growing bank<br /> |altname = Hang Seng Bank Limited<br /> |t2 = 恒生銀行有限公司<br /> |s2 = 恒生银行有限公司<br /> |y2 = Hàhngsāng Ngàhnhòhng Yáuhhaahn Gūngsī<br /> |j2 = Hang4sang1 Ngan4hong4 Jau5haan6 Gung1si1<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hang Seng Bank Limited''' ({{zh|t=恒生銀行有限公司}}) is a Hong Kong-based banking and [[financial services]] company with headquarters in [[Central, Hong Kong]]. It is one of Hong Kong's leading public companies in terms of [[market capitalisation]] and is part of the [[HSBC|HSBC Group]], which holds a majority equity interest in the bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bank Profile and History|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/corporate-info/bank-profile|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hang Seng Bank is a [[commercial bank]] whose major business activities include [[retail bank]]ing, [[wealth management]], [[commercial banking]], treasury services, and [[private banking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank operates a network of around 260 service outlets in Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; It also has a wholly owned subsidiary in [[mainland China]], Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited which has a network of 46 branches and sub branches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile and History|url=http://www.hangseng.com.cn/1/2/about-us/profile-history|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited|access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It established the [[Hang Seng Index]] as a public service in 1969 and this stock market index is now generally known as the primary indicator of the Hong Kong stock market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Company Profile|url=http://www.hsi.com.hk/HSI-Net/HSI-Net|work=Hang Seng Indexes|publisher=Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited|access-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327040457/http://www.hsi.com.hk/HSI-Net/HSI-Net|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> In 1933, business partners [[Lam Bing Yim]] ([[:zh:林炳炎|林炳炎]]), [[Ho Sin Hang]] ([[:zh:何善衡|何善衡]]), Sheng Tsun Lin ([[:zh:盛春霖|盛春霖]]), and Leung Chik Wai ([[:zh:梁植偉|梁植偉]]) founded Hang Seng [[Ngan Ho]], the predecessor of Hang Seng Bank, in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kwan |first1=Stanley S. K. |author-link=Stanley Kwan (banker) |title=The Dragon and the Crown |year=2009 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=9789622099555 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragoncrownhongk00kwan/page/101 101]–131 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragoncrownhongk00kwan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hang Seng means &quot;ever-growing&quot; in [[Cantonese]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ever-growing bank&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Wong|first=Wendy Siuyi|title=The Rise of Consumer Culture in a Chinese Society: A Reading of Banking Television Commercials in Hong Kong During the 1970s|journal=Mass Communication and Society|date=November 2000|volume=3|issue=4|pages=393–413|doi=10.1207/S15327825MCS0304_04|url=http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/15205436/v03i0004/393_trocciihkdt1|access-date=2 April 2013|hdl=10315/2476|s2cid=144182745|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It commenced business as a simple money-changing shop at 70 Wing Lok Street, [[Sheung Wan]], on 3 March 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hang Seng Celebrates 80 Years&quot; /&gt; In 1952, Hang Seng Bank became a private company and embarked on [[commercial banking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Major Milestones 1933 – 2012|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/corporate-info/major-milestones|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hang Seng Bank converted into a public company in 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; In 1965, Hang Seng Bank suffered a [[bank run]] which depleted almost one-quarter of its reserves. As a result, [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] (HSBC) acquired a controlling 51% interest in Hang Seng Bank, which it later increased to 62.14%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1969, the [[Hang Seng Index]] was introduced as a public service.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Profile&quot;/&gt; The index is now generally known as the indicator of the Hong Kong stock market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Profile&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank was listed on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] in 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; In 1981, Hang Seng Bank was given permission to run branches in [[MTR]] stations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank began to extend its business to [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;It is standard to refer to Hong Kong and China without the word &quot;mainland&quot; for events occurred during the British era, as demonstrated in this document &quot;banknote in Hong Kong and China in 1865 to stimulate ...&quot; [https://www.hsbc.com/-/media/hsbc-com/about-hsbc/history/pdfs/140113-hsbc-our-story.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; in 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; with the opening of a representative office in [[Shenzhen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; 10 years later, Hang Seng Bank opened its first Chinese branch in [[Guangzhou]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2002, Hang Seng Bank launched personal e-Banking in Mainland China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=Z.|author2=D. Li|author3=F. Moshirian|title=China's financial services industry: The intra-industry effects of privatization of the Bank of China Hong Kong|journal=Journal of Banking and Finance|date=August 2005|volume=29|issue=8–9|pages=2291–2324|doi=10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.016|s2cid=25884792|url=http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/03784266/v29i8-9/2291_cfsititbochk|access-date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hang Seng Bank opened its branch in [[Macau]] in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; In 2006, Hang Seng Bank received authorisation to get ready for the formation of its mainland China subsidiary bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; Within the same year, Hang Seng Bank introduced a brand revitalisation program and presented a new company slogan – Managing wealth for you, with you.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> 2007 was significant to Hang Seng Bank: the [[China Banking Regulatory Commission]] (CBRC) authorised the formation of Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited, the mainland China subsidiary bank of Hang Seng Bank&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; which was established on 28 May 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot; /&gt; In November, Hang Seng Bank opened its new Hong Kong office at [[MegaBox (shopping mall)|MegaBox]], [[Kowloon Bay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank became the first bank in Hong Kong to fix the [[renminbi]] (RMB) prime rate in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2012, Hang Seng Bank introduced the world's first [[RMB]] gold [[exchange-traded fund]] (ETF).&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=HANG SENG BANK TO LAUNCH FIRST RMB-DENOMINATED GOLD ETF|newspaper=Asia Pulse|date=1 February 2012|id={{ProQuest|918903380}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; The brand value of Hang Seng Bank was ranked 65th globally in the 2012 Brand Finance Banking 500, the highest ranking for Hong Kong banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Strength&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Financial Strength|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/corporate-info/financial-strength|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Hang Seng Bank is a [[commercial bank]] whose major business activities include retail banking and [[wealth management]], corporate and [[commercial banking]], treasury services, and [[private banking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank operates a network of around 260 service outlets in Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank is the only local bank to offer extensive branch services along [[Mass Transit Railway]] (MTR) stations to better serve its customers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hang Seng Celebrates 80 Years&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Hang Seng Bank: Hang Seng Celebrates 80 Years of Service Excellence|newspaper=Hong Kong Government News|date=3 March 2013|id={{ProQuest|1314365633}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hang Seng Bank established its wholly owned subsidiary Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot;/&gt; The subsidiary runs a [[mainland China]] network of 46 outlets in Beijing, Shanghai, [[Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Dongguan]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Nanjing]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Ningbo]], Tianjin, [[Kunming]], [[Foshan]], [[Zhongshan]], [[Huizhou]], [[Xiamen]], [[Zhuhai]] and [[Jiangmen]] with 12 branches and 34 sub-branches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot; /&gt; For foreign currency wholesale business, Hang Seng Bank maintains branches in [[Shenzhen]], Macau and Singapore, and also a representative office in [[Taipei]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The current chairperson is Ms. [[Irene Lee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Board of Directors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/directors-organisation/board-of-directors|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current [[Vice-Chairman]] and chief executive officer (CEO) is Ms. [[Diana Cesar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Board of Directors&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Current Leadership ===<br /> <br /> * ''Chairman:'' Irene Lee (since May 2021)<br /> * ''Chief Executive:'' Diana Cesar (since September 2021)<br /> <br /> === List of Former Chairmen ===<br /> ''Role of Chairman began in 1952, after incorporation as a bank''<br /> #[[Ho Sin Hang|Ho Sin-hang]] (1952–1983)<br /> # [[Lee Quo-wei|Sir Lee Quo-wei]] (1983–1996)<br /> # [[David Eldon]] (1998–2005)<br /> # Michael Smith (2005–2007)<br /> #[[Raymond Chien|Raymond Ch'ien]] (2007–2021)<br /> <br /> === List of Former CEOs ===<br /> ''Role of CEO / General Manager began in 1952, after incorporation as a bank''<br /> # Ho Tim (1952–1967)<br /> #[[Lee Quo-wei|Sir Lee Quo-wei]] (1967–1987)<br /> #Ho Tak-ching (1987–1993) <br /> #Alexander Au (1993–1998)<br /> # [[Vincent Cheng]] (1998–2005)<br /> # [[Raymond Or]] (2005–2009)<br /> # [[Margaret Leung]] (2009–2012)<br /> # [[Rose Lee Wai Mun|Rose Lee]] (2012–2017)<br /> #Louisa Cheang (2017–2021)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Finance links<br /> | symbol = 11<br /> | google = HKG:+0011<br /> | yahoo = 0011.HK<br /> | bloomberg = 11:HK<br /> | reuters = 0011.HK<br /> }}<br /> {{Portal|Hong Kong|Banks|Companies}}<br /> * [http://www.hangseng.com Hang Seng Bank official website]<br /> <br /> {{HSBC Group}}<br /> {{Hang Seng Index}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hang Seng Bank| ]]<br /> [[Category:Banks established in 1933]]<br /> [[Category:Banks of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies in the Hang Seng Index]]<br /> [[Category:HSBC subsidiaries|Hang Seng]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong brands]]<br /> [[Category:1933 establishments in Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:1965 mergers and acquisitions]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang_Seng_Bank&diff=1082401472 Hang Seng Bank 2022-04-13T00:30:34Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hong Kong Bank}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Hang Seng Bank Limited<br /> | native_name = {{lang|zh|恒生銀行有限公司}}<br /> | logo = HSB.svg<br /> | image= HangSengHeadquarter 20071110.jpg<br /> | image_size = 220px<br /> | image_caption = [[Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building|Headquarters]] in [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | type = Public<br /> | traded_as = {{ubl|{{SEHK|11}}|[[Hang Seng Index]] component}}<br /> | parent = [[HSBC|HSBC Group]] (62.14%)<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1933|03|03}}<br /> | founders = [[Lam Bing Yim]], [[Ho Sin Hang]], [[Sheng Tsun Lin]], and [[Leung Chik Wai]]<br /> | location = [[Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building]], Central, Hong Kong<br /> | key_people = {{Unbulleted list |[[Raymond Ch'ien]] (chairman) | [[Rose Lee Wai Mun]] (vice-chairman and CEO)}}<br /> | operating_income = {{unbulleted list|{{increase}} [[HKD]]28.6 billion (2019)}}&lt;ref name=AR2019&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hangseng.com/cms/fin/file/statement/ar_2019_full_en.pdf|title=Hang Seng Bank Annual Report 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | net_income = {{increase}} [[HKD]]24.8 billion (2019)&lt;ref name=AR2019/&gt;<br /> | assets = {{increase}} [[HKD]]1,677.0 billion (2019)&lt;ref name=AR2019/&gt;<br /> | num_employees = over 9,680<br /> | industry = [[Finance and insurance]]<br /> | products = [[Financial services]]<br /> | homepage = {{URL|hangseng.com}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Chinese<br /> |title=Hang Seng Bank<br /> |t = 恒生銀行<br /> |s = 恒生银行<br /> |y = Hàhngsāng Ngàhnhòhng<br /> |j = Hang4sang1 Ngan4hong4<br /> |l = ever-growing bank<br /> |altname = Hang Seng Bank Limited<br /> |t2 = 恒生銀行有限公司<br /> |s2 = 恒生银行有限公司<br /> |y2 = Hàhngsāng Ngàhnhòhng Yáuhhaahn Gūngsī<br /> |j2 = Hang4sang1 Ngan4hong4 Jau5haan6 Gung1si1<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hang Seng Bank Limited''' ({{zh|t=恒生銀行有限公司}}) is a Hong Kong-based banking and [[financial services]] company with headquarters in [[Central, Hong Kong]]. It is one of Hong Kong's leading public companies in terms of [[market capitalisation]] and is part of the [[HSBC|HSBC Group]], which holds a majority equity interest in the bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bank Profile and History|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/corporate-info/bank-profile|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hang Seng Bank is a [[commercial bank]] whose major business activities include [[retail bank]]ing, [[wealth management]], [[commercial banking]], treasury services, and [[private banking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank operates a network of around 260 service outlets in Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; It also has a wholly owned subsidiary in [[mainland China]], Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited which has a network of 46 branches and sub branches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile and History|url=http://www.hangseng.com.cn/1/2/about-us/profile-history|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited|access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It established the [[Hang Seng Index]] as a public service in 1969 and this stock market index is now generally known as the primary indicator of the Hong Kong stock market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Company Profile|url=http://www.hsi.com.hk/HSI-Net/HSI-Net|work=Hang Seng Indexes|publisher=Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited|access-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327040457/http://www.hsi.com.hk/HSI-Net/HSI-Net|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> In 1933, business partners [[Lam Bing Yim]] ([[:zh:林炳炎|林炳炎]]), [[Ho Sin Hang]] ([[:zh:何善衡|何善衡]]), Sheng Tsun Lin ([[:zh:盛春霖|盛春霖]]), and Leung Chik Wai ([[:zh:梁植偉|梁植偉]]) founded Hang Seng [[Ngan Ho]], the predecessor of Hang Seng Bank, in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kwan |first1=Stanley S. K. |author-link=Stanley Kwan (banker) |title=The Dragon and the Crown |year=2009 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=9789622099555 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragoncrownhongk00kwan/page/101 101]–131 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragoncrownhongk00kwan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hang Seng means &quot;ever-growing&quot; in [[Cantonese]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ever-growing bank&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Wong|first=Wendy Siuyi|title=The Rise of Consumer Culture in a Chinese Society: A Reading of Banking Television Commercials in Hong Kong During the 1970s|journal=Mass Communication and Society|date=November 2000|volume=3|issue=4|pages=393–413|doi=10.1207/S15327825MCS0304_04|url=http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/15205436/v03i0004/393_trocciihkdt1|access-date=2 April 2013|hdl=10315/2476|s2cid=144182745|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It commenced business as a simple money-changing shop at 70 Wing Lok Street, [[Sheung Wan]], on 3 March 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hang Seng Celebrates 80 Years&quot; /&gt; In 1952, Hang Seng Bank became a private company and embarked on [[commercial banking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Major Milestones 1933 – 2012|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/corporate-info/major-milestones|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hang Seng Bank converted into a public company in 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; In 1965, Hang Seng Bank suffered a [[bank run]] which depleted almost one-quarter of its reserves. As a result, [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] (HSBC) acquired a controlling 51% interest in Hang Seng Bank, which it later increased to 62.14%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1969, the [[Hang Seng Index]] was introduced as a public service.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Profile&quot;/&gt; The index is now generally known as the indicator of the Hong Kong stock market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Profile&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank was listed on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] in 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; In 1981, Hang Seng Bank was given permission to run branches in [[MTR]] stations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank began to extend its business to [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;It is standard to refer to Hong Kong and China without the word &quot;mainland&quot; for events occurred during the British era, as demonstrated in this document &quot;banknote in Hong Kong and China in 1865 to stimulate ...&quot; [https://www.hsbc.com/-/media/hsbc-com/about-hsbc/history/pdfs/140113-hsbc-our-story.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; in 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; with the opening of a representative office in [[Shenzhen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; 10 years later, Hang Seng Bank opened its first Chinese branch in [[Guangzhou]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2002, Hang Seng Bank launched personal e-Banking in Mainland China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=Z.|author2=D. Li|author3=F. Moshirian|title=China's financial services industry: The intra-industry effects of privatization of the Bank of China Hong Kong|journal=Journal of Banking and Finance|date=August 2005|volume=29|issue=8–9|pages=2291–2324|doi=10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.016|s2cid=25884792|url=http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/03784266/v29i8-9/2291_cfsititbochk|access-date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hang Seng Bank opened its branch in [[Macau]] in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; In 2006, Hang Seng Bank received authorisation to get ready for the formation of its mainland China subsidiary bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; Within the same year, Hang Seng Bank introduced a brand revitalisation program and presented a new company slogan – Managing wealth for you, with you.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> 2007 was significant to Hang Seng Bank: the [[China Banking Regulatory Commission]] (CBRC) authorised the formation of Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited, the mainland China subsidiary bank of Hang Seng Bank&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; which was established on 28 May 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot; /&gt; In November, Hang Seng Bank opened its new Hong Kong office at [[MegaBox (shopping mall)|MegaBox]], [[Kowloon Bay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank became the first bank in Hong Kong to fix the [[renminbi]] (RMB) prime rate in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2012, Hang Seng Bank introduced the world's first [[RMB]] gold [[exchange-traded fund]] (ETF).&lt;ref name=&quot;Major Milestones 1933 - 2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=HANG SENG BANK TO LAUNCH FIRST RMB-DENOMINATED GOLD ETF|newspaper=Asia Pulse|date=1 February 2012|id={{ProQuest|918903380}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; The brand value of Hang Seng Bank was ranked 65th globally in the 2012 Brand Finance Banking 500, the highest ranking for Hong Kong banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Strength&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Financial Strength|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/corporate-info/financial-strength|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Hang Seng Bank is a [[commercial bank]] whose major business activities include retail banking and [[wealth management]], corporate and [[commercial banking]], treasury services, and [[private banking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank operates a network of around 260 service outlets in Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt; Hang Seng Bank is the only local bank to offer extensive branch services along [[Mass Transit Railway]] (MTR) stations to better serve its customers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hang Seng Celebrates 80 Years&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Hang Seng Bank: Hang Seng Celebrates 80 Years of Service Excellence|newspaper=Hong Kong Government News|date=3 March 2013|id={{ProQuest|1314365633}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hang Seng Bank established its wholly owned subsidiary Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot;/&gt; The subsidiary runs a [[mainland China]] network of 46 outlets in Beijing, Shanghai, [[Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Dongguan]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Nanjing]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Ningbo]], Tianjin, [[Kunming]], [[Foshan]], [[Zhongshan]], [[Huizhou]], [[Xiamen]], [[Zhuhai]] and [[Jiangmen]] with 12 branches and 34 sub-branches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile and History&quot; /&gt; For foreign currency wholesale business, Hang Seng Bank maintains branches in [[Shenzhen]], Macau and Singapore, and also a representative office in [[Taipei]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bank Profile and History&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The current chairperson is Ms. [[Irene Lee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Board of Directors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://bank.hangseng.com/1/2/about-us/directors-organisation/board-of-directors|work=Hang Seng Bank|publisher=Hang Seng Bank Limited|access-date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current [[Vice-Chairman]] and chief executive officer (CEO) is Ms. [[Diana Cesar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Board of Directors&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Current Leadership ===<br /> <br /> * ''Chairman:'' Irene Lee (since May 2021)<br /> * ''Chief Executive:'' Diana Cesar (since September 2021)<br /> <br /> === List of Former Chairmen ===<br /> ''Role of Chairman began in 1952, after incorporation as a bank''<br /> #[[Ho Sin Hang|Ho Sin-hang]] (1952–1983)<br /> # [[Lee Quo-wei|Sir Lee Quo-wei]] (1983–1996)<br /> # [[David Eldon]] (1998–2005)<br /> # Michael Smith (2005–2007)<br /> #[[Raymond Chien|Raymond Ch'ien]] (2007–2021)<br /> <br /> === List of Former CEOs ===<br /> ''Role of CEO / General Manager began in 1952, after incorporation as a bank''<br /> # Ho Tim (1952–1967)<br /> #[[Lee Quo-wei|Sir Lee Quo-wei]] (1967–1987)<br /> #Ho Tak-ching (1987–1993) <br /> #Alexander Au (1993–1998)<br /> # [[Vincent Cheng]] (1998–2005)<br /> # [[Raymond Or]] (2005–2009)<br /> # [[Margaret Leung]] (2009–2012)<br /> # [[Rose Lee Wai Mun|Rose Lee]] (2012–2017)<br /> #Louisa Cheang (2017–2021)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Finance links<br /> | symbol = 11<br /> | google = HKG:+0011<br /> | yahoo = 0011.HK<br /> | bloomberg = 11:HK<br /> | reuters = 0011.HK<br /> }}<br /> {{Portal|Hong Kong|Banks|Companies}}<br /> * [http://www.hangseng.com Hang Seng Bank official website]<br /> <br /> {{HSBC Group}}<br /> {{Hang Seng Index}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hang Seng Bank| ]]<br /> [[Category:Banks established in 1933]]<br /> [[Category:Banks of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies in the Hang Seng Index]]<br /> [[Category:HSBC subsidiaries|Hang Seng]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong brands]]<br /> [[Category:1933 establishments in Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:1965 mergers and acquisitions]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington&diff=1070297886 University of Washington 2022-02-06T19:07:18Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|George Washington University|Washington State University|Washington University in St. Louis|Washington College|University of Washington station}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University of Washington<br /> | image_name = University of Washington seal.svg<br /> | image_upright = .7<br /> | motto = ''[[Let there be light|Lux sit]]'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])&lt;ref name=&quot;buhain&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Buhain |first=Venice |title=But what does it mean? |newspaper=[[The Daily of the University of Washington|The Daily]] |date=May 25, 1999 |url=http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140719192527/http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | former_name = Territorial University of Washington (1861–1889)<br /> | mottoeng = &quot;[[Let there be light]]&quot;<br /> | established = {{start date and age|November 4, 1861}}<br /> | type = [[Public University|Public]] [[research university]]<br /> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[Association of Pacific Rim Universities|APRU]]|[[University of the Arctic|UArctic]]|[[Space grant colleges|Space-grant]]|[[Sea grant colleges|Sea-grant]]}}<br /> | endowment = $3.46 billion (2020)&lt;ref name=endowment&gt;As of June 30, 2020. {{cite report |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]] |date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apply.interfolio.com/58406|title = Apply - Interfolio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | budget = $7.84 billion (FY 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | president = Ana Mari Cauce<br /> | provost = Mark Richards<br /> | faculty = 5,803<br /> | administrative_staff = 16,174<br /> | total_staff = 34,668&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/01/08/study-university-of-washington-generates-12-5-billion-nearly-80000-jobs-for-the-state/|title=Study: University of Washington generates $12.5 billion, nearly 80,000 jobs for the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; campus &amp; health system employees<br /> | students = 47,571 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts&gt;{{cite web |title=Fast Facts 2019 |publisher=University of Washington |url=https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf |access-date=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 31,041 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 16,530 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | city = [[Seattle]]<br /> | state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /> | country = United States<br /> | coor = {{Coord|47|39|15|N|122|18|29|W|display=inline,title|type:edu}}<br /> | campus = Large City,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Washington&amp;s=all&amp;pg=2&amp;id=236948|title=College Navigator - University of Washington-Seattle Campus|website=nces.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{convert|807|acre|km2|1}} (total)<br /> | colors = Purple &amp; Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Colors|url=http://www.washington.edu/brand/graphic-elements/primary-color-palette/|website=Washington.edu|access-date=April 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{College color boxes|Washington Huskies}}<br /> | nickname = [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]]<br /> | mascot = {{hlist|[[Harry the Husky]]|Dubs II (live [[Malamute]])}}<br /> | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.washington.edu|washington.edu}}&lt;br&gt;{{URL|https://uw.edu|uw.edu}}<br /> | logo = University of Washington signature.svg<br /> | logo_upright = 1.2<br /> | accreditation = [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities|NWCCU]]<br /> | free_label = Newspaper<br /> | free = ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''University of Washington''' ('''UW''', simply '''Washington''', or informally '''U-Dub''')&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dub&quot; being a phonetic shorthand for &quot;W&quot; (&quot;double-you&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<br /> <br /> Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]; it was established in [[Seattle]] approximately a decade after the city's founding. The university has a 703 acre [[Campus of the University of Washington|main campus]] located in the city's [[University District, Seattle|University District]], as well as campuses in [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]] and [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]]. Overall, UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space, including one of the largest library systems in the world with more than 26 university libraries, art centers, museums, laboratories, lecture halls, and stadiums. The university offers degrees through 140 departments, and functions on a quarter system.<br /> <br /> As the [[Flagship university|flagship institution]] of the six public universities in Washington state, and one of the highest-ranked public universities in the United States, it is known for its medical, engineering and scientific research, as well as its extremely competitive computer science, engineering, law, architecture and business schools. Washington is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=236948|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[National Science Foundation]], UW spent $1.41 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 5th in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 20. Higher education R&amp;D expenditures, ranked by FY 2018 R&amp;D expenditures: FYs 2009–18|url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=ncsesdata.nsf.gov|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university has been affiliated with many notable alumni and faculty, including 21 Nobel Prize laureates and numerous [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, [[Fulbright Scholars]], [[Rhodes Scholars]] and [[Marshall Scholars]].<br /> <br /> Additionally, Washington continues to benefit from its deep historic ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Boeing]], [[Nintendo of America|Nintendo]], and particularly [[Microsoft]]. [[Paul G. Allen]], [[Bill Gates]] and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a [[Traf-O-Data|startup venture]] before founding Microsoft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/entering-golden-age-innovation-computer-science-paul-g-allen/|title=Entering a Golden Age of Innovation in Computer Science|date=March 9, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UW's 22 varsity sports teams are also highly competitive, competing as the [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]] in the [[Pac-12 Conference]] of the [[NCAA Division I]], representing the United States at the [[Olympic Games]], and other major competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Olympians – Washington Rowing|language=en-US|work=Washington Rowing|url=http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|url-status=live|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051652/http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|archive-date=April 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Territorial University of Washington - c1870.jpg|left|thumb|The original University building, {{circa}} 1870.]]<br /> <br /> ===Founding===<br /> In 1854, territorial [[governor]] [[Isaac Stevens]] recommended the establishment of a university in the [[Washington Territory]]. Prominent Seattle-area residents, including [[Methodist]] preacher [[Daniel Bagley]], saw this as a chance to add to the city's potential and prestige. Bagley learned of a law that allowed United States territories to sell land to raise money in support of public schools. At the time, [[Arthur A. Denny]], one of the founders of Seattle and a member of the territorial legislature, aimed to increase the city's importance by moving the territory's capital from [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] to Seattle. However, Bagley eventually convinced Denny that the establishment of a university would assist more in the development of Seattle's economy. Two universities were initially chartered, but later the decision was repealed in favor of a single university in [[Lewis County, Washington|Lewis County]] provided that locally donated land was available. When no site emerged, Denny successfully petitioned the legislature to reconsider Seattle as a location in 1858.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |title=Founding The University Of Washington, One Student At A Time |last=Banel |first=Feliks |date=October 8, 2012 |website=KUOW.org |publisher=[[KUOW-FM]] |access-date=December 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194300/http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ws&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Speidel |first1=William |title=Sons of the Profits |date=1967 |publisher=Nettle Creek Publishing Company |location=Seattle |pages=81–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Territorial University students, Seattle, 1864 (PEISER 89).jpeg|thumb|Territorial University students in 1864]]<br /> In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} site in Seattle to serve as a new university campus. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, while fellow pioneers Edward Lander, and Charlie and Mary Terry, donated two acres on Denny's Knoll in [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bhatt&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Bhatt|first=Sanjay|title=UW has big plans for its prime downtown Seattle real estate|date=October 3, 2013|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=October 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022707/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|archive-date=October 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; More specifically, this tract was bounded by 4th Avenue to the west, 6th Avenue to the east, Union Street to the north, and Seneca Streets to the south.<br /> <br /> John Pike, for whom [[Pike Street (Seattle)|Pike Street]] is named, was the university's architect and builder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|title=CHS Re:Take – Pike's place on Capitol Hill|date=January 15, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205827/http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|archive-date=October 30, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was opened on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The legislature passed articles incorporating the university, and establishing its Board of Regents in 1862. The school initially struggled, closing three times: in 1863 for low enrollment, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to funds shortage. Washington awarded its first graduate [[Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt]] in 1876, with a [[bachelor's degree]] in science.<br /> <br /> ===19th century relocation===<br /> By the time [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] entered the [[United States|Union]] in 1889, both Seattle and the university had grown substantially. Washington's total undergraduate enrollment increased from 30 to nearly 300 students, and the campus's relative isolation in downtown Seattle faced encroaching development. A special legislative committee, headed by UW graduate [[Edmond Meany]], was created to find a new campus to better serve the growing student population and faculty. The committee eventually selected a site on the northeast of [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]] called [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union Bay]], which was the land of the [[Duwamish people|Duwamish]], and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and construction. In 1895, the university relocated to the new campus by moving into the newly built [[Denny Hall]]. The University Regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, eventually settling with leasing the area. This would later become one of the university's most valuable pieces of real estate in modern-day Seattle, generating millions in annual revenue with what is now called the [[Metropolitan Tract (Seattle)|Metropolitan Tract]]. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908, and its former site now houses the [[Fairmont Olympic Hotel]].<br /> <br /> The sole-surviving remnants of Washington's first building are four {{convert|24|ft|adj=on}}, white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were salvaged by [[Edmond S. Meany]], one of the university's first graduates and former head of its history department. Meany and his colleague, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed the columns as &quot;Loyalty,&quot; &quot;Industry,&quot; &quot;Faith&quot;, and &quot;Efficiency&quot;, or &quot;LIFE.&quot; The columns now stand in the [[Sylvan Grove Theater and Columns|Sylvan Grove Theater]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter=The University of Washington's Early Years |title=No Finer Site: The University of Washington's Early Years On Union Bay |chapter-url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/site/early |work=University Libraries |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=April 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition - Rainier Vista.jpg|thumb|Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward [[Mount Rainier]] in 1909]]<br /> <br /> ===20th century expansion===<br /> Organizers of the 1909 [[Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition]] eyed the still largely undeveloped campus as a prime setting for their [[World's Fair|world's fair]]. They came to an agreement with Washington's [[Board of Regents]] that allowed them to use the campus grounds for the exposition, surrounding today's [[Drumheller Fountain]] facing towards [[Mount Rainier]]. In exchange, organizers agreed Washington would take over the campus and its development after the fair's conclusion. This arrangement led to a detailed site plan and several new buildings, prepared in part by [[John Charles Olmsted]]. The plan was later incorporated into the overall UW campus master plan, permanently affecting the campus layout.<br /> <br /> Both [[World War]]s brought the military to campus, with certain facilities temporarily lent to the federal government. In spite of this, subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=University of Washington|url=http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|publisher=Great Depression in Washington State Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925014239/http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|archive-date=September 25, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Interwar period|period between the wars]] saw a significant expansion of the upper campus. Construction of the [[Liberal Arts Quadrangle]], known to students as &quot;The Quad,&quot; began in 1916 and continued to 1939. The university's architectural centerpiece, [[Suzzallo Library]], was built in 1926 and expanded in 1935.<br /> <br /> After [[World War II]], further growth came with the [[G.I. Bill of Rights|G.I. Bill]]. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] in 1946, which is now consistently ranked as the top [[medical school]] in the United States. It would eventually lead to the [[University of Washington Medical Center]], ranked by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' as one of the top ten hospitals in the nation.<br /> <br /> In 1942, all [[Japanese Americans|persons of Japanese ancestry]] in the Seattle area were forced into inland [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment camps]] as part of [[Executive Order 9066]] following the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. During this difficult time, university president [[Lee Paul Sieg]] took an active and sympathetic leadership role in advocating for and facilitating the transfer of Japanese American students to universities and colleges away from the Pacific Coast to help them avoid the mass incarceration.&lt;ref name=&quot;exigenciesII&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Phase II — A Place for Some of Our Best Students | url = https://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/harmony/interrupted/phase2| access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, many Japanese American students and &quot;soon-to-be&quot; graduates were unable to transfer successfully in the short time window or receive diplomas before being incarcerated. It was only many years later that they would be recognized for their accomplishments, during the University of Washington's [[The Long Journey Home (ceremonial event)|Long Journey Home]] ceremonial event that was held in May 2008.<br /> <br /> From 1958 to 1973, the University of Washington saw a tremendous growth in student enrollment, its faculties and operating budget, and also its prestige under the leadership of [[Charles Odegaard]]. UW student enrollment had more than doubled to 34,000 as the [[post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] generation came of age. However, this era was also marked by high levels of [[student activism]], as was the case at many American universities. Much of the unrest focused around [[civil rights]] and opposition to the [[Vietnam War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|title=The Black Student Union at UW: Black Power on Campus|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007071347/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970|last=Kindig|first=Jesse|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424200237/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|archive-date=April 24, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to anti-Vietnam War protests by the late 1960s, the University Safety and Security Division became the University of Washington Police Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|title=UW Police Department: History|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101112410/http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|archive-date=November 1, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Odegaard instituted a vision of building a &quot;community of scholars&quot;, convincing the Washington State legislatures to increase investment in the university. Washington [[United States Senate|senators]], such as [[Henry M. Jackson]] and [[Warren G. Magnuson]], also used their political clout to gather research funds for UW. The results included an increase in the operating budget from $37 million in 1958 to over $400 million in 1973, solidifying UW as a top recipient of federal research funds in the United States. The establishment of technology giants such as [[Microsoft]], [[Boeing]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] in the local area also proved to be highly influential in the UW's fortunes, not only improving graduate prospects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|title=Top Colleges in Tech {{!}} Paysa Blog|website=www.paysa.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132603/https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|title=Here's how much education you need to work at top tech companies|last=Hess|first=Abigail|date=July 26, 2017|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803134340/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also helping to attract millions of dollars in university and research funding through its distinguished faculty and extensive alumni network.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|title=About the Gates family {{!}} Give to the UW|website=www.washington.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801231844/https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Drumhellerfountain.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Rainier]] viewed from [[Drumheller Fountain]]]]<br /> <br /> ===21st century===<br /> In 1990, the University of Washington opened its additional campuses in [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]] and [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]]. Although originally intended for students who have already completed two years of higher education, both schools have since become four-year universities with the authority to grant degrees. The first freshman classes at these campuses started in fall 2006. Today both Bothell and Tacoma also offer a selection of master's degree programs.<br /> <br /> In 2012, the university began exploring plans and governmental approval to expand the main [[Seattle]] campus, including significant increases in student housing, teaching facilities for the growing student body and faculty, as well as expanded public transit options. The [[University of Washington light rail station]] was completed in March 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; connecting Seattle's [[Capitol Hill (Seattle)|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood to the UW Husky Stadium within five minutes of rail travel time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|title=UW &amp; Capitol Hill Light Rail Stations Are Ready|last=Keeley|first=Sean|date=March 17, 2016|website=Curbed Seattle|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801233448/https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It offers a previously unavailable option of transportation into and out of the campus, designed specifically to reduce dependence on private vehicles, bicycles and local [[King County, Washington|King County]] buses.<br /> <br /> [[File:University of Washington Quad, Spring 2007.jpg|thumb|[[University of Washington Quad|The UW Quad]] pictured in 2007]]<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> {{Main|Campus of the University of Washington}}<br /> <br /> UW's main campus is situated in [[Seattle]], by the shores of [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union]] and [[Portage Bay]]s with views of the [[Cascade Range]] to the east, and the [[Olympic Mountains]] to the west. The site encompasses {{convert|703|acre|km2|sp=us}} bounded by N.E. 45th Street on the north, N.E. Pacific Street on the south, Montlake Boulevard N.E. on the east, and 15th Avenue N.E. on the west.<br /> <br /> [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] is the heart of the campus, surrounded by landmark buildings and artworks, such as [[Suzzallo Library]], the ''[[Broken Obelisk]]'', and the [[Statue of George Washington (Seattle)|statue of George Washington]]. It functions as the central hub for students and hosts a variety of events annually. University Way, known locally as &quot;[[The Ave]]&quot;, lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university.<br /> <br /> [[File:Uwaerial1922.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of campus, circa 1922.]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Suzzallo Reading Room, May 2016.jpg|thumb|The university's landmark reading room, inside [[Suzzallo Library]].]]<br /> <br /> === North Campus ===<br /> North Campus features some of UW's most recognized landscapes as well as landmarks, stretching from the signature [[University of Washington Quad]] directly north of [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] to N.E. 45th Street,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|title=University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. – pg.5|last=Lyttle|first=Bethany|website=Forbes|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030538/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and encompasses a number of the university's most historical academic, research, housing, parking, recreational and administrative buildings. With UW's continued growth, administrators proposed a new, multimillion-dollar, multi-phase development plan in late 2014 to refine portions of the North Campus, renovating and replacing old student housing with new [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED-certified]] complexes, introducing new academic facilities, sports fields, open greenery, and museums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|title=Housing Master Plan – UW HFS|website=hfs.uw.edu|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025801/https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|title=UW plan to raze old dorms, raise rents in new ones worries students|last=Long|first=Katherine|date=October 10, 2014|website=seattletimes.com|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025941/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UW [[Foster School of Business]], [[University of Washington School of Law|School of Law]], and the [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]], which houses a significant number of exhibits including a 66-million-year-old [[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]] fossil skull – one of only 15 known to exist in the world today and part of an ongoing excavation, are also located in North Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|title=Burke Museum team discovers a T. rex|date=August 17, 2016|work=Burke Museum|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411110222/http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|title=Researchers excavate T. rex skull at UW's Burke Museum|work=KING|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410032323/http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|archive-date=April 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|title=As visitors watch, Burke Museum preps its T. rex exhibit|work=Spokesman.com|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174532/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === South Campus ===<br /> South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the [[Lake Washington Ship Canal]]. The land was previously the site of the University Golf Course but was given up to construct a building for the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|title=Our Back Pages: The UW Golf Course|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724013749/https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|archive-date=July 24, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, South Campus is the location of UW's health sciences and natural sciences facilities, including the [[University of Washington Medical Center|UW Medical Center]] and the [[Warren G. Magnuson Health Sciences Center|Magnuson Health Sciences Center]] as well as locations for instruction and research in oceanography, [[University of Washington Department of Bioengineering|bioengineering]], biology, genome sciences, hydraulics, and comparative medicine. In 2019, the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center For Computer Science &amp; Engineering opened in South Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Holtz|first=Jackson|date=2019-02-28|title=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center opens a new era of computer science education and innovation at the University of Washington|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/02/28/gates-center-open/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-18|website=UW News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===East Campus===<br /> The East Campus area stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to [[Laurelhurst, Seattle, Washington|Laurelhurst]] and is largely taken up by [[wetland]]s and Huskies sports facilities and recreation fields, including [[Husky Stadium]], [[Hec Edmundson Pavilion]], and [[Husky Ballpark]]. While the area directly north of the sports facilities is home to UW's computer science and engineering programs, which includes [[computer lab]]s once used by [[Paul Allen|Paul G. Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] for their [[Traf-O-Data|prior venture]] before establishing Microsoft,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; the area northeast of the sports facilities is occupied by components of the UW Botanic Gardens, such as the [[Union Bay Natural Area]], the UW Farm, and the Center for Urban Horticulture. Further east is the [[Ceramic and Metal Arts Building]] and Laurel Village, which provides family housing for registered full-time students. East Campus is also the location of the [[UW light rail station]].<br /> <br /> ===West Campus===<br /> West Campus consists of mainly [[Modern architecture|modernist]] structures located on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and [[Interstate 5]] from the Ship Canal, to N.E. 41st Street. It is home to the College of Built Environments, School of Social Work, Fishery Sciences Building, UW Police Department as well as many of the university's residence halls and apartments, such as Stevens Court, Mercer Court, Alder Hall, and Elm Hall.<br /> <br /> ==Organization and administration==<br /> &lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Oceanography]] --&gt;<br /> {{See also|President of the University of Washington}}[[File:Gerberding Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.jpg|thumb|The Gothic-revival [[Gerberding Hall]] houses offices, including that of the President and Provost.]]<br /> <br /> ===Governance===<br /> University of Washington's President [[Ana Mari Cauce]] was selected by the Board of Regents, effective October 13, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Office of the President|url=http://www.washington.edu/president/|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=November 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110150750/http://www.washington.edu/president/|archive-date=November 10, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2015, the Board of Regents approved a five-year contract for Cauce, awarding her yearly compensation of $910,000. Cauce's compensation package includes an annual salary of $697,500, $150,000 per year in deferred compensation, an annual $50,500 contribution into a retirement account, and a $12,000 annual automobile allowance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|title=UW Regents approve contract for President Ana Mari Cauce|work=UW News|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525181128/https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|archive-date=May 25, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the Interim President before her appointment, fulfilling the position left vacant by the previous President [[Michael K. Young]] when he was announced to be [[Texas A&amp;M University]]'s next President on February 3, 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theeagle.com/news/regents-two-time-university-president-expected-to-serve-at-helm/article_e8cca324-abd7-11e4-97cb-f704a6d2f049.html|title=Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2015|publisher=theeagle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phyllis Wise]], who had served at UW as Provost and Executive Vice President, and as Interim President for a year, was named the Chancellor of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] in August 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |title=Biography – Phyllis Wise |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028030550/http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university is governed by ten Regents, one of whom is a student. Its most notable former regent is likely [[William H. Gates, Sr.]], the father of [[Bill Gates]]. The undergraduate student government is the [[Associated Students of the University of Washington]] (ASUW) and the graduate student government is the [[Graduate and Professional Student Senate]] (GPSS).<br /> <br /> ===Finances===<br /> In 2017 the university reported $4.893 billion in revenues and $5.666 billion in expenses, resulting in an operating loss of $774 million. This loss was offset by $342 million in state appropriations, $443 million in investment income, $166 million in gifts, and $185 million of other non-operating revenues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|title=2017 Bondholder Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012734/https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, the university's net position increased by $363 million in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Endowment====<br /> Endowed gifts are commingled in the university's Consolidated Endowment Fund, managed by an internal investment company at an annual cost of approximately $6.2 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The university reported $443.383 million of investment income in fiscal year 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{as of|2017|December|31}} the value of the CEF was $3.361 billion, with $686 million in Emerging Markets Equity, $1.235 billion in Developed Markets Equity, $383 million in Private Equity, $185 million in Real Assets, $54 million in Opportunistic, $535 million in Absolute Return, and $283 million in Fixed Income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|title=University of Washington Quarterly Investment Performance Report|last=University of Washington Investment Management Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013316/http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Major projects====<br /> Major recent spending includes $131 million on the UW Animal Research and Care Facility, $72 million on the Nano-engineering and Sciences Building, $61 million building on the Workday HR &amp; Payroll System, $50 million on the Denny Hall Renovation, $44 million on the West Campus Utility Plant, $26 million on the UW Medical Center Expansion Phase 2, $25 million on the UW Tacoma Urban Solutions Center, and $21 million on the UW Police Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The initial contract for Workday was for $27 million, so the total $61 million cost represents a $34 million cost overrun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|title=New UW payroll system behind schedule, more costly than expected|date=November 26, 2015|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013611/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2018|April|28}}, the university has nearly $1 billion in new construction underway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|title=UW has $1 billion in buildings going up or planned in Seattle|date=April 29, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013741/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sustainability===<br /> [[Environmental sustainability]] has long been a major focus of the university's Board of Regents and Presidents. In February 2006, the UW joined a partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program, ensuring that all of Seattle campus' electricity is supplied by and purchased from renewable sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|title=Mayor Announces UW Green Energy Purchase|date=February 2006|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=February 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116004704/http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|archive-date=January 16, 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, then UW President Emmert furthered the university's efforts with a host of other universities across the U.S., and signed the [[American College &amp; University Presidents' Climate Commitment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|title=Who's Who |work=American College &amp; University|publisher=Presidentsclimatecommitment.org|access-date=September 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726041616/http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|archive-date=July 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW created a Climate Action Team,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/46996 |title=UW seeks to deepen its commitment to sustainability |last=Roseth|first=Robert|date=February 5, 2009|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as an Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC) which keeps track of UW's greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|title=About the Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC)|date=August 10, 2004|publisher=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|access-date=September 16, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002357/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Policies were enacted with environmental stewardship in mind, and institutional support was provided to assist with campus sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Environmental Stewardship&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|title=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=May 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517051607/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|archive-date=May 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, UW's Student Housing and Food Services (HFS) office has dedicated several million dollars annually towards locally produced, [[Organic food|organic]], and natural foods. HFS also ceased the use of [[foam food container]]s on-campus, and instead opted for compostable cups, plates, utensils, and packaging whenever possible. New residence halls planned for 2020 are also expected to meet silver or gold [[LEED standards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228|title=Housing and Food Services: Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000650/http://www.hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228 |archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the University of Washington was one of several universities to receive the highest grade, &quot;A-&quot;, on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|title=College Sustainability Report Card 2008|publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute|access-date=May 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717115307/http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|archive-date=July 17, 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university was one of 15 Overall College Sustainability Leaders, among the 300 institutions surveyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwnews.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/44022|title=UW again receives grade of A- for sustainability|date=September 26, 2008|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics and research==<br /> The university offers bachelor's, master's and [[Doctoral degree|doctoral]] degrees through its 140 departments, themselves organized into various colleges and schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|title=Academic Departments|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024935/http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|archive-date=January 24, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also continues to operate a [[Transition School and Early Entrance Program]] on campus, which first began in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;eep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|title=The Halbert and Nancy Robinson Center for Young Scholars|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721223107/http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|archive-date=July 21, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rankings and reputation ===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{Infobox US university ranking|ARWU_W=16|ARWU_N=13|QS_W=72|THE_WSJ=45|Forbes=27|THES_W=29|Wamo_NU=11|USNWR_NU=59|USNWR_W=7|CWUR_W=23}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |National Program Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Grad School Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948/overall-rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Audiology || 36<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Business || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry|| 24<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Psychology || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Economics || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Education || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 24<br /> |-<br /> | English || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Fine Arts || 32<br /> |-<br /> | Health Care Management || 15<br /> |-<br /> | History || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Law || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Library &amp; Information Studies || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Primary Care || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Research || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Doctorate || 1<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Masters || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Midwifery || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Occupational Therapy || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Physical Therapy || 25<br /> |-<br /> | Physician Assistant || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Political Science || 33<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Public Affairs || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Social Work || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Speech-Language Pathology || 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]] || 3<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |Global Subject Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Global Univ Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; Humanities || 80<br /> |-<br /> | Biology &amp; Biochemistry || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology &amp; Applied Microbiology || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Cardiac &amp; Cardiovascular Systems || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Cell Biology || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry || 78<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 9<br /> |-<br /> | Economics &amp; Business || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering || 130<br /> |-<br /> | Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Energy &amp; Fuels || 43<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Environment/Ecology || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Geosciences || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Immunology || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Infectious Diseases || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Microbiology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Genetics || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Neuroscience &amp; Behavior || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Oncology || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Plant &amp; Animal Science || 41<br /> |-<br /> | Psychiatry/Psychology || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Social Sciences &amp; Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Space Science || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Surgery || 6<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}{{col-begin}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |National Program Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Grad School Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948/overall-rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Audiology || 36<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Business || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry|| 24<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Psychology || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Economics || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Education || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 24<br /> |-<br /> | English || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Fine Arts || 32<br /> |-<br /> | Health Care Management || 15<br /> |-<br /> | History || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Law || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Library &amp; Information Studies || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Primary Care || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Research || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Doctorate || 1<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Masters || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Midwifery || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Occupational Therapy || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Physical Therapy || 25<br /> |-<br /> | Physician Assistant || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Political Science || 33<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Public Affairs || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Social Work || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Speech-Language Pathology || 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]] || 3<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |Global Subject Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Global Univ Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; Humanities || 80<br /> |-<br /> | Biology &amp; Biochemistry || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology &amp; Applied Microbiology || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Cardiac &amp; Cardiovascular Systems || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Cell Biology || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry || 78<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 9<br /> |-<br /> | Economics &amp; Business || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering || 130<br /> |-<br /> | Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Energy &amp; Fuels || 43<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Environment/Ecology || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Geosciences || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Immunology || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Infectious Diseases || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Microbiology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Genetics || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Neuroscience &amp; Behavior || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Oncology || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Plant &amp; Animal Science || 41<br /> |-<br /> | Psychiatry/Psychology || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Social Sciences &amp; Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Space Science || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Surgery || 6<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}{{Infobox US university ranking<br /> |ARWU_W=16|ARWU_N=13|QS_W=72|THE_WSJ=45|Forbes=27|THES_W=29|Wamo_NU=11|USNWR_NU=59|USNWR_W=7|CWUR_W=23}}{{col-end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> UW has been listed as a &quot;[[Public Ivy]]&quot; in [[Public Ivy#Greenes' Guides list (2001)|Greene's Guides]] since 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV8QJDzrcSoC|title=Public Ivies|last1=Greene|first1=Howard|last2=Greene|first2=Matthew W.|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2001|isbn=978-0-06-093459-0|series=Greenes' Guide to Educational Planning}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an elected member of the [[American Association of Universities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|title=Association of American Universities|access-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69oUMM90E?url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|archive-date=August 10, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the faculty by 2012, there have been 151 members of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 68 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], 67 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 53 members of the [[Institute of Medicine]], 29 winners of the [[Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers]], 21 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]], 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 [[MacArthur Fellows]], 9 winners of the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]], 5 winners of the [[National Medal of Science]], 7 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, 5 winners of [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]], 4 members of the [[American Philosophical Society]], 2 winners of the [[National Book Award]], 2 winners of the [[National Medal of Arts]], 2 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 1 winner of the [[Fields Medal]], and 1 member of the [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu|title=Faculty &amp; Staff, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=May 3, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225192933/http://www.washington.edu/|archive-date=February 25, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|title=Faculty Memberships and Awards|author=University of Washington|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011305/http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|title=Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden honors local Nobel Laureates|last=Trujillo|first=Joshua|date=May 7, 2010|newspaper=The Seattle Post Intelligencer|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130195857/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|archive-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among UW students by 2012, there were 136 Fulbright Scholars, 35 Rhodes Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 4 Gates Cambridge Scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/discover|title=Future Students, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=December 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412090338/http://www.washington.edu/discover/|archive-date=April 12, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is recognized as a top producer of [[Fulbright Scholars]], ranking 2nd in the US in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|title=University of Washington is a top producer of Fulbright scholars Students|year=2018|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426181202/http://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU)'' has consistently ranked UW as one of the top 20 universities worldwide every year since its first release.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghairanking1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities——University of Washington|access-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822014321/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|archive-date=August 22, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, UW ranked 14th worldwide out of 500 by the ''ARWU'', &lt;nowiki/&gt; 26th worldwide out of 981 in the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'', and 28th worldwide out of 101 in the ''Times'' [[World Reputation Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|work=Times Higher Education|date=July 2019|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919185922/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=September 19, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked it 68th worldwide, out of over 900.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-washington|title=University of Washington – QS Ranking|access-date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]'' ranked UW 8th out of nearly 1,500 universities worldwide for 2021, with UW's undergraduate program tied for 58th among 389 national universities in the U.S. and tied for 19th among 209 public universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798/overall-rankings|title=University of Washington Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, it ranked 10th among the universities around the world by [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2019 – Overall Rank|website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the [[CWTS Leiden Ranking|''Leiden Ranking'']], which focuses on science and the impact of scientific publications among the world's 500 major universities, ranked UW 12th globally and 5th in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|title=University Rankings: How Important Are They?|last=Cairns|first=Eva|work=Forbes|access-date=August 14, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814150200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|archive-date=August 14, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|title=Leiden Ranking 2017 by Leiden University|publisher=Leidenranking.com|access-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071037/http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|archive-date=December 23, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, ''[[Kiplinger]]'' magazine's review of &quot;top college values&quot; named UW 5th for in-state students and 10th for out-of-state students among U.S. public colleges, and 84th overall out of 500 schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| url=https://www.kiplinger.com/tool/college/T014-S001-best-college-values-college-finder/end_page.php?school=9445 |magazine=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |title=College Finder |date=July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' National University Rankings UW was ranked 15th domestically in 2018, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |title=2018 National University Rankings |access-date=July 30, 2019 |magazine=Washington Monthly |date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604060903/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the [[Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing]] Institute recognized the Mechanical Engineering BS and MS programs with an endorsement for their commitment to preparing workers for careers in [[Industry 4.0]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.roboticscareer.org/news-and-events/news/19218 |title=ARM Institute Endorses Two More Robotics Education Programs |access-date=September 28, 2021 |magazine=RoboticsCareer.org |date=September 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Admissions ===<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:right; font-size:85%: text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> The university's undergraduate admissions process is rated 91/99 by the [[Princeton Review]] meaning highly selective,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|title=The Princeton Review's College Ratings {{!}} The Princeton Review|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903052920/https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|title=University of Washington – The Princeton Review College Rankings &amp; Reviews|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130011/https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is classified &quot;more selective&quot; by the ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|title=University of Washington|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111012627/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|archive-date=January 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Fall 2019, 23,606 (51.8%) were accepted out of 45,584 applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |title=Freshmen by the numbers |access-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205543/https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the 6,984 admitted freshman students who then officially enrolled for Fall 2019, the middle 50% of [[SAT]] scores ranged from 1240 to 1440, out of 1600. More specifically, the middle 50% ranged from 600 to 700 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 620–770 for math.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#admission|title=University of Washington Quick Facts|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#admission|archive-date=June 28, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|title=UW Fast Facts: 2017|website=University of Washington – Office of Planning and Budgeting|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220010632/http://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 27 to 33, out of 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot; /&gt; The middle 50% of admitted [[GPA]] ranged from 3.72 to 3.95, out of 4.0.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The university uses capacity constrained majors,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |title=Capacity-constrained majors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410091337/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a gate-keeping process that requires most students to apply to an internal college or faculty. New applications are usually considered once or twice annually, and few students are admitted each time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|title=Applying for a capacity-constrained major?|access-date=April 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053402/http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|archive-date=April 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The screening process is often stringent, largely being based on cumulative academic performance, recommendation letters and extracurricular activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |title=UW Undergraduate Advising: Majors and Minors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320141736/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Capacity constrained majors have been criticized for delaying graduation and forcing good students to reroute their education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Exploring Major Alternatives|url=https://transfer.uw.edu/exploring-majors-and-alternatives/|volume=|pages=|access-date=January 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> UW's research budget consistently ranks among the top 5 in both public and private universities in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Annual Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|title=University of Washington Annual Report 2005|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625151451/http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;top research&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|title=The Top American Research Universities (December 2005)|publisher=Mup.asu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617210050/http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|archive-date=June 17, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It surpassed the $1.0 billion research budget milestone in 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;UW $1 billion research mark&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|title=UW passed $1 billion research budget mark |publisher=Uwnews.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011313/http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and university endowments reached almost $3.0 billion by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;As of June 30, 2016. {{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016|year=2017|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170057/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is the largest recipient of federal research funding among public universities, and currently ranks top 2nd among all public and private universities in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Annual Report Of Awards And Expenditures Related To Research, Training, Fellowships, and Other Sponsored Programs|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|year=2008|author=University of Washington|publisher=University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131810/http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|archive-date=November 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, the University of Washington School of Oceanography and the UW Applied Physics Laboratory completed the construction of the first [[Regional Scale Nodes|high-power underwater cabled observatory]] in the United States.<br /> <br /> To promote equal academic opportunity, especially for people of low income, UW launched ''Husky Promise'' in 2006. Families of income up to 65 percent of state median income or 235 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible. With this, up to 30 percent of undergraduate students may be eligible. The cut-off income level that UW set is the highest in the nation, making top-quality education available to more people. Then UW President, Mark Emmert, simply said that being &quot;elitist is not in our DNA&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inside HigherEd Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |url=http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |title=Inside HigherEd Husky Promise |publisher=Insidehighered.com |date=October 13, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729000445/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |title=UW Husky Promise |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date=October 11, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011316/http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Last year, the University of Washington moved to a more comprehensive approach [to admissions], in which the admissions staff reads the entire application and looks at grades within the context of the individual high school, rather than relying on computerized cutoffs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |title=Education News - College Admissions, MBA Programs, Financial Aid - Wsj.com |publisher=Collegejournal.com |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302005356/http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UW was the host university of [[ResearchChannel]] program (now defunct), the only TV channel in the United States dedicated solely for the dissemination of research from academic institutions and research organizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel host&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|title=ResearchChannel contact UW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621231937/http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|archive-date=June 21, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Participation of ResearchChannel included 36 universities, 15 research organizations, two corporate research centers and many other affiliates.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel participants&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp |title=ResearchChannel participants |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829044759/http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp|archive-date=August 29, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alan Michelson, now Head of the Built Environments Library at UW Seattle, manages the '''Pacific Coast Architecture Database''' (PCAD), which Michelson started in 2002 while he worked as Architecture and Design Librarian at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). The PCAD serves as a searchable public database detailing significant but importantly, also lesser-known and -lauded designers, buildings and structures, and partnerships, with links including to bibliographic literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/about/|title=PCAD - Pacific Coast Architecture Database|website=pcad.lib.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, {{Proper name|iDefense}} reported that [[Cyberwarfare by China|Chinese hackers]] had launched [[Chinese espionage in the United States|cyberattacks]] on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for the [[United States Navy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |title=Chinese hackers target North American and Asian universities |first=Sara |last=Sekine |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527182141/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |archive-date=May 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the targets included the University of Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt; The attacks have been underway since at least April 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px&quot;<br /> |+ ''Demographics of student body (Fall 2019)''&lt;ref name=&quot;WashStats&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= University of Washington Quick Stats | url= https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf | publisher= UW Office of the Registrar | access-date= May 5, 2020 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225444/https://depts.washington.edu/reptreq/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Quick_Stats_Spr2014_Seattle.pdf | archive-date= January 12, 2015 | df= mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Washington (state)#Demographics]] and [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! !! Student Body !! Washington !! U.S. Census<br /> |-<br /> ! [[African American]]<br /> | 4.0% || 3.6% || 12.0%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Asian American]]<br /> | 25.4% || 7.2% || 4.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[White American]]<br /> | 40.3% || 72.5% || 63.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic American]]<br /> | 8.0% || 4.8% || 16.3%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]<br /> | 1.1% || 1.5% || 0.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[International student]]<br /> | 17.1% || N/A || N/A<br /> |-<br /> ! Other/Unknown<br /> | 3.2% || 5.2% || 2.4%<br /> |}<br /> University of Washington had 47,571 total enrollments as of Autumn 2019, making it the largest university on the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast]] by student population in spite of its selective admissions process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#enrollment|title=Office of Admissions. University of Washington|date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Admit.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#enrollment|archive-date=June 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also boasts one of the most diverse student bodies within the US, with more than 50% of its undergraduate students self-identifying with [[minority group]]s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html Undergraduates].&quot; Office of News and Information. University of Washington. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905130941/http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html|date=September 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|title=UW admissions more competitive|last=Shelley|first=Anthony|date=April 24, 2007|newspaper=The Daily of the University of Washington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707210436/http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|archive-date=July 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/opb/uw-data/external-reporting/common-data-set/|title=Common Data Set}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/|title=Freshmen by the numbers &amp;#124; Office of Admissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Organizations===<br /> [[File:Husky Union Building, northwest entrance, 2014-10-13.jpg|thumb|The [[Husky Union Building]], one of many facilities for student resources.]]<br /> <br /> ====Registered groups====<br /> The University of Washington boasts over 800 active Registered Student Organizations (RSOs), one of the largest networks of any universities in the world. RSOs are dedicated to a wide variety of interests both in and beyond campus. Some of these interest areas include academic focus groups, cultural exchanges, environmental activities, Greek life, political/social action, religious discussions, sports, international student gatherings by country, and STEM-specific events. Prominent examples are:<br /> * '''The Dream Project''': &quot;The Dream Project teaches UW students to mentor first-generation and low-income students in King County high schools as they navigate the complex college admissions process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|title=UW Dream Project &amp;#124; Supporting Seattle-area high school students through the college admissions process|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218201445/http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|archive-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''The Rural Health Education (RHE)''': Promotes health in rural areas of Washington state through health fairs. Volunteers include students from a variety of backgrounds including medical, pharmacy, and dentistry. Health professionals from the Greater Seattle area also actively participate.<br /> * '''Students Expressing Environmental Concern (SEED)''': partially funded by UW's Housing and Food Services (HFS) office to promote environmental sustainability, and reduce the university's carbon footprint.<br /> * '''Student Philanthropy Education Program''': Partnered with the UW's nonprofit, the UW Foundation, this group focuses on promoting awareness of philanthropy's importance through major events on campus.<br /> * '''Husky Global Affairs''': This is a club dedicated to social science research in global issues. It provides a forum for students to collaborate in research and publishes their research in the Global Affairs Journal.<br /> * '''UW Delta Delta Sigma Pre-Dental Society (DDS)''': This is a club dedicated to serving pre-dental students and it provides a forum for discussion of dental-related topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://students.washington.edu/dental/|title=DDS|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205033849/http://students.washington.edu/dental/|archive-date=December 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''UW Earth Club''': The Earth Club is interested in promoting the expression of environmental attitudes and consciousness through specialized events.<br /> * '''UW Farm''': The UW farm grows crops on campus and advocates urban farming in the UW community.<br /> * '''GlobeMed at UW''': a student-run non-profit organization that works to educate about global poverty and its effect on health. The UW chapter is a part of a national network of chapters, each partnering with a grassroots organization at home or abroad. GlobeMed at UW is partnered with [[The MINDS Foundation]] which supports education about and treatment for mental illness in rural India.<br /> * '''UW Sierra Student Coalition''': SSC is dedicated to many larger environmental issues on campus and providing related opportunities to students.<br /> * '''Washington Public Interest Research Group (WashPIRG)''': WashPIRG engages students in a variety of activist causes, including environmental projects on campus and the community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|title=Student Organizations|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604185741/http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:UW Tower from 38th &amp; Eastern.jpg|thumb|[[UW Tower]], a conference space and administrative building.]]<br /> <br /> ====Student government====<br /> {{Main|Associated Students of the University of Washington}}<br /> The Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) is one of two Student Governments at the University of Washington, the other being the Graduate and Professional Student Senate. It is funded and supported by student fees, and provides services that directly and indirectly benefit them. The ASUW employs over 72 current University of Washington students, has over 500 volunteers, and spends $1.03 million annually to provide services and activities to the student body of 43,000 on-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|title=Associated Students of the University of Washington {{!}} SAF {{!}} Services and Activities Fee|website=depts.washington.edu|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003658/https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|archive-date=November 18, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Student Senate was established in 1994 as a division of the Associated Students of the University of Washington. Student Senate is one of two official student governed bodies and provides a broad-based discussion of issues. Currently, the ASUW Student Senate has a legislative body of over 150 senators representing a diverse set of interests on and off-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |title=History |website=senate.asuw.org |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117225445/http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ASUW was incorporated in the State of Washington on April 20, 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225349/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 30, 1932, the ASUW assisted in the incorporation of [[University Book Store]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215654/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which has been in continuous operation at the same location on University Way for over 70 years. The [[ASUW Experimental College]], part of the ASUW, was created in 1968 by several University of Washington students seeking to provide the campus and surrounding community with a selection of classes not offered on the university curriculum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php/|title=Experimental College|access-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172357/https://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php|archive-date=January 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Publication===<br /> {{Main|The Daily of the University of Washington}}<br /> The student newspaper is ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]'', usually referred to as ''The Daily''. It is the second-largest{{clarify|date=January 2021}} daily paper in Seattle. ''The Daily'' is published every day classes are in session during fall, winter and spring quarters, and weekly during summer quarters. In 2010, ''The Daily'' launched a half-hour weekly television magazine show, &quot;The Daily's Double Shot,&quot; on [[UWTV]] Channel 27. The UW continues to use its proprietary [[UWTV]] channel, online and printed publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;UWTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uwtv.org/|title=UWTV|publisher=UWTV|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609230447/http://www.uwtv.org/|archive-date=June 9, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The faculty also produce their own publications for students and alumni.<br /> <br /> ===Student Activism===<br /> Throughout the 20th Century, UW student activism centered around a variety of national and international concerns, from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] to the [[Vietnam War]] and [[civil rights]]. In 1948, at the beginning of the [[McCarthyism]] era, students brought their activism to bear on campus, by protesting the firing of three UW professors accused of communist affiliations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kindig |first1=Jessie |title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=UW Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514024128/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |archive-date=May 14, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Devon |title=The long history of activism at the UW |url=https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=The Daily |date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328145032/https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |archive-date=March 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===University support===<br /> UW offers many services for its students and alumni, beyond the standard offered by most colleges and universities. Its &quot;Student Life&quot; division houses 16 departments and offices that serve students directly and indirectly, including those below and overseen by Vice President and Vice Provost.<br /> * Career Center<br /> * Counseling Center<br /> * Department of Recreational Sports (IMA)<br /> * Disability Resource Center<br /> * Fraternity and Sorority Life<br /> * Health and Wellness Programs<br /> * Housing and Food Services<br /> * Office of Ceremonies<br /> * Office of the University Registrar<br /> * Student Admissions<br /> * Student Activities and Union Facilities<br /> * Student Financial Aid<br /> * Student Legal Services <br /> * Student Publications (The Daily)<br /> * Campus Police&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://police.uw.edu/|title=UW Police|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001242/http://police.uw.edu/|archive-date=February 22, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Housing====<br /> {{Main|Housing at the University of Washington}}<br /> The university operates one of the largest campuses of any higher education institution in the world. Despite this, growing faculty and student count has strained the regional housing supply as well as transportation facilities. Starting in 2012, UW began taking active measures to explore, plan and enact a series of campus policies to manage the annual growth. In addition to new buildings, parking and [[light rail]] stations, new building construction and renovations have been scheduled to take place through 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|title=Campus Master Plan {{!}} Capital Planning and Development|website=cpd.uw.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040435/https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plan includes the construction of three six-story [[residence hall]]s and two apartment complexes in the west section of campus, near the existing [[Terry and Lander Halls]], in Phase I, the renovation of six existing residence halls in Phase II, and additional new construction in Phase III. The projects will result in a net gain of approximately 2,400 beds. The Residence Hall Student Association (student government for the halls) is the second-largest student organization on campus and helps plan fun events in the halls. For students, faculty, and staff looking to live off-campus, they may also explore Off-Campus Housing Affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://housing.asuw.org/|title=Off-Campus Housing Affairs |publisher=ASUW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215084410/http://housing.asuw.org/|archive-date=December 15, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Greek System at UW has also been a prominent part of student culture for more than 115 years. It is made up of two organizational bodies, the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC) and the Panhellenic Association. The IFC looks over 34 fraternities with 1900+ members and Panhellenic consists of 19 sororities and 1900 members. The school has additional Greek organizations that do not offer housing and are primarily special interest.<br /> <br /> ====Disability resources====<br /> In addition to the University of Washington's Disability Resources for Students (DRS) office, there is also a campus-wide [[The DO-IT Center|DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) Center]] program that assists educational institutions to fully integrate all students, including those with disabilities, into academic life. DO-IT includes a variety of initiatives, such as the [[DO-IT Scholars Program]], and provides information on the 'universal' design of educational facilities for students of all levels of physical and mental ability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|title=Universal Design: Process, Principles, and Applications|date=June 14, 2012|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428030609/http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|archive-date=April 28, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These design programs aim to reduce systemic barriers which could otherwise hinder the performance of some students, and may also be applied to other professional organizations and conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|title=Applications of Universal Design to Projects, Conference Exhibits, Presentations, and Professional Organizations|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531051627/http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Athletics==<br /> {{Main|Washington Huskies}}<br /> UW students, sports teams, and alumni are called [[Washington Huskies]], and often referred to [[Metonymy|metonymically]] as &quot;Montlake,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/thiel/300600_thiel22.html|title=Mora's move generates intrigue|last1=Thiel|first1=Art|date=January 21, 2007|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the campus's location on Montlake Boulevard N.E. (although the traditional bounds of the [[Montlake, Seattle, Washington|Montlake neighborhood]] do not extend north of the [[Montlake Cut]] to include the campus.) The [[husky]] was selected as the school mascot by the student committee in 1922, which replaced the &quot;Sun Dodger&quot;, an abstract reference to the [[Seattle, Washington#Climate|local weather]].<br /> <br /> The university participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s Division I-A, and the [[Pac-12 Conference]]. The [[Washington Huskies football|football team]] is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] victories and an [[Orange Bowl (game)|Orange Bowl]] title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] record.&lt;ref name=&quot;unbeaten&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/fbs.pdf |title=2014 NCAA Football Record Book |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] |page=117 |access-date=October 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070611/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/FBS.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tailgate party|Tailgating]] by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of [[Lake Washington]]. The [[Apple Cup]] game is an annual game against cross-state rival [[Washington State University]] that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 32 losses and 6 ties. This game was last won by Washington State University, and the Apple Cup trophy currently resides in Pullman, Washington. [[College Football Hall of Fame]] member [[Don James (American football)|Don James]] is a former head coach.<br /> <br /> [[File:Hec Ed.JPG|thumb|The [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion|Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] hosts basketball and volleyball events.]]<br /> <br /> The men's [[Washington Huskies men's basketball|basketball]] team has been moderately successful, though recently the team has enjoyed a resurgence under coach [[Lorenzo Romar]]. With Romar as head coach, the team has been to six [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournaments]] (2003–2004, 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons), 2 consecutive top 16 (sweet sixteen) appearances, and secured a No. 1 seed in 2005. On December 23, 2005, the men's basketball team won their 800th victory in Hec Edmundson Pavilion, the most wins for any NCAA team in its current arena.<br /> <br /> [[College rowing (United States)|Rowing]] is a longstanding tradition at the University of Washington dating back to 1901. The Washington men's crew gained international prominence by winning the [[gold medal]] at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin, defeating the German and Italian crews much to the dismay of [[Adolf Hitler]] who was in attendance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Events of the century|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|access-date=October 8, 2012|newspaper=Seattle Post Intelligencer|date=December 21, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103161427/http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958, the men's crew deepened their legend with a shocking win over [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] Trud's world champion rowers at the Moscow Cup, resulting in the first American sporting victory on [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] soil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Johns|first=Greg|title=Huskies crew earns return trip to Moscow|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=August 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170939/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Thiel|first=Art|title=UW crew gets front seat to history|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=September 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103163953/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and certainly the first time a Russian crowd gave any American team a standing ovation during the [[Cold War]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ Water World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925103138/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ |date=September 25, 2005 }}, ''Sports Illustrated'', November 17, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; The men's crew have won 46 national titles&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Crew: UW's most successful, stable athletic enterprise|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=April 30, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170129/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (15 [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]], 1 [[National Collegiate Rowing Championship]]), 15 Olympic gold medals, two silver and five bronze. The women have 10 national titles and two Olympic gold medals. In 1997, the women's team won the NCAA championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot; /&gt; The Husky men are the 2015 national champions.<br /> <br /> Recent national champions include the [[Washington Huskies softball|softball]] team ([[2009 Women's College World Series|2009]]), the men's rowing team (2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007), NCAA Division I women's [[Cross country running|cross country]] team (2008), and the women's volleyball team ([[2005 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament|2005]]). Individually, Scott Roth was the 2011 NCAA men's Outdoor [[Pole Vault]] and 2011 &amp; 2010 NCAA men's Indoor Pole Vault champion. [[James Lepp]] was the 2005 NCAA men's golf champion. Ryan Brown (men's 800 meters) and Amy Lia (women's 1500 meters) won individual titles at the 2006 NCAA Track and Field Championships. [[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]] was the 2005 NCAA men's Outdoor and Indoor Pole Vault champion.<br /> <br /> The university has an extensive series of sports facilities, including but not limited to the [[Husky Stadium]] (football, track and field), the [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), [[Husky Ballpark]] (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The [[William Quillian (athlete)|Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium]], The [[Nordstrom]] Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the [[Conibear Shellhouse]] (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the [[Weyerhaeuser]] Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. The university discontinued its men's and women's swim teams on May 1, 2009, due to budget cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|title=Huskies &amp;#124; UW cuts swimming teams &amp;#124; Seattle Times Newspaper|last=Condotta|first=Bob|date=May 2, 2009|publisher=Seattletimes.com|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105161833/http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Husky Stadium===<br /> [[File:Husky Stadium - March 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|The rebuilt [[Husky Stadium]], in 2016.]]<br /> {{Main|Husky Stadium}}<br /> The rebuilt Husky Stadium is the first and primary source of income for the completely remodeled athletic district. The major remodel consisted of a new grand concourse, [[University of Washington station|underground light-rail station]] which opened on March 19, 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an enclosed west end design, replacement of bleachers with individual seating, removal of track and Huskytron, as well as the installation of a new press box section, private box seating, football offices, permanent seating in the east end zone that does not block the view of Lake Washington. The project also included new and improved amenities, concession stands, and bathrooms throughout. The cost for renovating the stadium was around $280 million and was designed for a slightly lower [[seating capacity]] than its previous design, now at 70,138 seats.<br /> <br /> Besides hosting national and regional football games, the Husky Stadium is also used by the university for its annual Commencement event, departmental ceremonies, and other events. Husky Stadium is one of several places that may have been the birthplace of the crowd phenomenon known as &quot;[[Audience wave|The Wave]]&quot;. It is claimed that the wave was invented by Husky graduate Robb Weller and UW band director Bill Bissel in October 1981, for an afternoon game facing opponents from [[Stanford University]].<br /> <br /> ===Mascot===<br /> {{Main|Harry the Husky}}<br /> [[File:Basketball 1.JPG|thumb|The costumed mascot, Harry the Husky, at a basketball game.]]<br /> [[File:Ticket Washington vs Stanford 1930 side1.jpg|right|thumb|1930 football ticket stub depicting the UW Husky mascot]]<br /> The University of Washington's costumed mascot is [[Harry the Husky]]. &quot;Harry the Husky&quot; performs at sporting and special events, and a live [[Alaskan Malamute]], currently named Dubs II,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |title=10/10, would cheer with: UW introduces new live mascot, Dubs II, and he is adorable |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=March 23, 2018 |last=Webeck |first=Evan |access-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101155321/https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; has traditionally led the UW [[American football|football]] team onto the field at the start of games. The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote. The choice was inspired by the first [[stanza]] of [[Lord Byron]]'s ''[[The Destruction of Sennacherib]]'':&lt;ref name=SchoolColors&gt;{{cite web|title=School Colors: Purple and Gold|url=http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=July 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210005902/http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|archive-date=December 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|title=University Chronology|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131814/http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;poem&gt;<br /> The [[Assyria]]n came down like the wolf on the fold,<br /> And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;<br /> And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,<br /> When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep [[Sea of Galilee|Galilee]].<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> Additionally, the university has also hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washington Huskies|url=https://gohuskies.com/sports/2013/4/18/208229209.aspx|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=Washington Huskies|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===School songs===<br /> The [[University of Washington Husky Marching Band]] performs at many Husky sporting events including all [[American football|football]] games. The band was founded in 1929, and today it is a cornerstone of Husky spirit. The band marches using a traditional high step, and it is one of only a few marching bands left in the United States to do so. Like many college bands, the Husky band has several traditional songs that it has played for decades, including the official [[fight song]]s &quot;[[Bow Down to Washington]]&quot; and &quot;[[Tequila (Champs song)|Tequila]]&quot;, as well as fan-favorite &quot;Africano&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni and faculty ==<br /> {{Main list|List of University of Washington people}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Michael_P._Anderson.jpg|[[Michael P. Anderson]], [[National Aeronautic and Space Administration|NASA]] Astronaut and [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]] crew member<br /> Pappy_Boyington.jpg|[[Pappy Boyington]], [[World War II]] combat fighter ace<br /> DaleChihulyatPilchuck.jpg|[[Dale Chihuly]], glass sculptor<br /> Kenny_G_1998.jpg|[[Kenny G]], [[Grammy Award]]-winning jazz musician<br /> Patrick Shanahan.jpg|[[Patrick M. Shanahan]], [[United States Secretary of Defense]]<br /> SpeakerFoley.jpg|[[Tom Foley]], 49th [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]<br /> Sally_Jewell_official_portrait.jpg|[[Sally Jewell]], 51st [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] and former CEO of [[Recreational Equipment, Inc.|REI]]<br /> Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg|[[Bruce Lee]], actor and martial artist<br /> Kyle_MacLachlan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Kyle MacLachlan]], [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]]-winning actor<br /> Joel_McHale_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Joel McHale]], actor and comedian<br /> Warren_Moon.jpg|[[Warren Moon]], [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] quarterback<br /> Jim_L_Mora_2006-11-19.jpg|[[Jim L. Mora]], former NFL coach<br /> Brandon_Roy_Wizards.jpg|[[Brandon Roy]], former [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]]<br /> Hope_Solo_USA_Training_(edited).jpg|[[Hope Solo]], former [[United States women's national soccer team|USWNT]] goalkeeper<br /> Isaiah_Thomas_(34300573362).jpg|[[Isaiah Thomas (basketball)|Isaiah Thomas]], two-time [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA All-Star]]<br /> Rainn_Wilson_2011_Shankbone.JPG|[[Rainn Wilson]], actor<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable alumni of the University of Washington include U.S. Olympic rower [[Joe Rantz]] (1936); architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] (1934); news anchor and [[Big Sky Resort|Big Sky resort]] founder [[Chet Huntley]] (1934); US Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]] (JD 1935); Baskin Robbins co-founder [[Irv Robbins]] (1939); former actor, [[The Hollywood Reporter]] columnist and [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]] host [[Robert Osborne]] (1954); glass artist [[Dale Chihuly]] (BA 1965); [[serial killer]] [[Ted Bundy]]; Nobel Prize-winning biologist [[Linda B. Buck]]; Pulitzer Prize-winning author [[Marilynne Robinson]] (PhD 1977), martial artist [[Bruce Lee]]; saxophonist [[Kenny G]] (1978); MySpace co-founder [[Chris DeWolfe]] (1988); [[Mudhoney]] lead vocalist [[Mark Arm]] (1985, English);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |title = Mark Arm Speaks! |last=Moriarity |first=Sean |date=November 2, 1999 |website=The University of Washington Daily |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101004205256/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |archive-date=October 4, 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soundgarden]] guitarist [[Kim Thayil]] (Philosophy);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |title=Soundgarden: Rock's Heavy Alternative |last=Neely |first=Kim |date=July 9, 1992 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190523230511/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; music manager [[Susan Silver]] (Chinese);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |title = Susan Silver steers careers toward rock stardom |date=April 27, 1997 |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |first=Jae-Ha |last = Kim |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041125052641/http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; actor [[Rainn Wilson]] (BA, Drama 1986); radio and TV personality [[Andrew Harms]] (2001, Business and Drama); actor and comedian [[Joel McHale]] (1995, MFA 2000), actor and Christian personality [[Jim Caviezel]] and basketball player [[Matisse Thybulle]].<br /> <br /> ==In film==<br /> [[File:Campus Scene in March 2021 at Drumheller Fountain, Seattle.jpg|thumb|Campus Scene in March 2021 at [[Drumheller Fountain]], Seattle]]<br /> * 1965: ''[[The Slender Thread]]'', directed by Sydney Pollack<br /> * 1979: ''[[The Changeling (1980 film)|The Changeling]]'', directed by [[Peter Medak]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Changeling (1980) |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |access-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142734/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |department=Movies &amp; TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1983: ''[[WarGames]]'', directed by [[John Badham]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WarGamesFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|title=Filming Locations for WarGames|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085845/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|archive-date=January 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1987: ''[[Black Widow (1987 film)|Black Widow]]'', directed by [[Bob Rafelson]]&lt;ref name=&quot; BlackWidowFilming &quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090738/locations|title=Filming Locations for Black Widow|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=June 12, 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1992: ''[[Singles (1992 film)|Singles]]'', directed by [[Cameron Crowe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|title=Singles (1992) Review/Film; Youth, Love and a Place of One's Own|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 18, 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214628/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1997: ''[[The Sixth Man]]'', directed by [[Randall Miller]]&lt;ref name=SixthMan&gt;{{cite news|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence|title=The Sixth Man (1997) Hoop Dreams and (Ghostly) Schemes|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DE143AF93BA15750C0A961958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 28, 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1999: ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]'', directed by [[Gil Junger]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=10 Things I Hate About You (1999) FILM REVIEW; It's Like, You Know, Sonnets And Stuff|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214917/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2004: ''[[What the Bleep Do We Know!?|What the Bleep Do We Know: Down the Rabbit Hole]]'', directed by [[William Arntz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WhatTheBleepFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|title=Movie – What the Bleep!? Down the Rabbit Hole (2006)|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170316/http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2007: ''[[Dan in Real Life]]'', directed by [[Peter Hedges]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A.O.|title=A Family Just Like Yours (if You Lived in a Movie)|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705135731/http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|archive-date=July 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2013: ''[[21 and Over (film)|21 and Over]]'', directed by [[Jon Lucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;21andOver&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|title=Movie filming on University of Washington campus|date=August 29, 2011|newspaper=King 5 News|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015075407/http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2016: ''[[American Experience (season 28)|The Boys of 36]]'', directed by Margaret Grossi<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|United States}}<br /> * [[Friday Harbor Laboratories]]<br /> * [[Internationales Kulturinstitut]]<br /> * [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]<br /> * [[Manastash Ridge Observatory]]<br /> * [[Theodor Jacobsen Observatory]]<br /> * [[University Book Store]]<br /> * [[University of Washington Educational Outreach]]<br /> * [[University of Washington firebombing incident]]<br /> * [[Washington Escarpment]] – escarpment in Antarctica named for the university<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|University of Washington}}<br /> {{NIE Poster|Washington, University of|University of Washington}}<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * [http://www.gohuskies.com/ University of Washington Athletics website]<br /> * [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/todd/searchterm/university%20washington/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Calvin F. Todd Photographs Collection] includes images from 1905 to 1930 of the University of Washington campus and scenes from Seattle including the waterfront, various buildings especially apartments, [[regrading]] activities, and the Pike Place Market.<br /> * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/uwcampusweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – University of Washington Campus Photographs] Photographs reflecting the early history of the University of Washington campus from its beginnings as the Territorial University through its establishment at its present site on the shores of Lake Washington. The database documents student activities, buildings, departments, and athletics.<br /> * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Washington, University of|short=x}}<br /> <br /> {{University of Washington}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |titlestyle = background:#4B2E83; color:#FFFFFF; border:2px solid #B7A57A;<br /> |list =<br /> {{Colleges and universities in Washington (state)}}<br /> {{Pac-12 Conference navbox}}<br /> {{Association of American Universities}}<br /> {{Largest United States universities by enrollment}}<br /> {{APRU}}<br /> {{Worldwide Universities Network}}<br /> {{Public Ivy}}<br /> }}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, University Of}}<br /> [[Category:University of Washington| ]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1861]]<br /> [[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Public universities and colleges in Washington (state)|University of Washington]]<br /> [[Category:1861 establishments in Washington Territory|University]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington&diff=1070297711 University of Washington 2022-02-06T19:05:47Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{col-begin}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |National Program Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Grad School Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948/overall-rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Audiology || 36<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Business || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry|| 24<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Psychology || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Economics || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Education || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 24<br /> |-<br /> | English || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Fine Arts || 32<br /> |-<br /> | Health Care Management || 15<br /> |-<br /> | History || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Law || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Library &amp; Information Studies || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Primary Care || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Research || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Doctorate || 1<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Masters || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Midwifery || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Occupational Therapy || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Physical Therapy || 25<br /> |-<br /> | Physician Assistant || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Political Science || 33<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Public Affairs || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Social Work || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Speech-Language Pathology || 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]] || 3<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |Global Subject Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Global Univ Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; Humanities || 80<br /> |-<br /> | Biology &amp; Biochemistry || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology &amp; Applied Microbiology || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Cardiac &amp; Cardiovascular Systems || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Cell Biology || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry || 78<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 9<br /> |-<br /> | Economics &amp; Business || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering || 130<br /> |-<br /> | Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Energy &amp; Fuels || 43<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Environment/Ecology || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Geosciences || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Immunology || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Infectious Diseases || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Microbiology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Genetics || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Neuroscience &amp; Behavior || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Oncology || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Plant &amp; Animal Science || 41<br /> |-<br /> | Psychiatry/Psychology || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Social Sciences &amp; Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Space Science || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Surgery || 6<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}{{Infobox US university ranking<br /> |ARWU_W=16|ARWU_N=13|QS_W=72|THE_WSJ=45|Forbes=27|THES_W=29|Wamo_NU=11|USNWR_NU=59|USNWR_W=7|CWUR_W=23}}{{col-end}}<br /> {{distinguish|George Washington University|Washington State University|Washington University in St. Louis|Washington College|University of Washington station}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University of Washington<br /> | image_name = University of Washington seal.svg<br /> | image_upright = .7<br /> | motto = ''[[Let there be light|Lux sit]]'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])&lt;ref name=&quot;buhain&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Buhain |first=Venice |title=But what does it mean? |newspaper=[[The Daily of the University of Washington|The Daily]] |date=May 25, 1999 |url=http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140719192527/http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | former_name = Territorial University of Washington (1861–1889)<br /> | mottoeng = &quot;[[Let there be light]]&quot;<br /> | established = {{start date and age|November 4, 1861}}<br /> | type = [[Public University|Public]] [[research university]]<br /> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[Association of Pacific Rim Universities|APRU]]|[[University of the Arctic|UArctic]]|[[Space grant colleges|Space-grant]]|[[Sea grant colleges|Sea-grant]]}}<br /> | endowment = $3.46 billion (2020)&lt;ref name=endowment&gt;As of June 30, 2020. {{cite report |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]] |date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apply.interfolio.com/58406|title = Apply - Interfolio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | budget = $7.84 billion (FY 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | president = Ana Mari Cauce<br /> | provost = Mark Richards<br /> | faculty = 5,803<br /> | administrative_staff = 16,174<br /> | total_staff = 34,668&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/01/08/study-university-of-washington-generates-12-5-billion-nearly-80000-jobs-for-the-state/|title=Study: University of Washington generates $12.5 billion, nearly 80,000 jobs for the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; campus &amp; health system employees<br /> | students = 47,571 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts&gt;{{cite web |title=Fast Facts 2019 |publisher=University of Washington |url=https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf |access-date=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 31,041 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 16,530 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | city = [[Seattle]]<br /> | state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /> | country = United States<br /> | coor = {{Coord|47|39|15|N|122|18|29|W|display=inline,title|type:edu}}<br /> | campus = Large City,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Washington&amp;s=all&amp;pg=2&amp;id=236948|title=College Navigator - University of Washington-Seattle Campus|website=nces.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{convert|807|acre|km2|1}} (total)<br /> | colors = Purple &amp; Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Colors|url=http://www.washington.edu/brand/graphic-elements/primary-color-palette/|website=Washington.edu|access-date=April 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{College color boxes|Washington Huskies}}<br /> | nickname = [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]]<br /> | mascot = {{hlist|[[Harry the Husky]]|Dubs II (live [[Malamute]])}}<br /> | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.washington.edu|washington.edu}}&lt;br&gt;{{URL|https://uw.edu|uw.edu}}<br /> | logo = University of Washington signature.svg<br /> | logo_upright = 1.2<br /> | accreditation = [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities|NWCCU]]<br /> | free_label = Newspaper<br /> | free = ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''University of Washington''' ('''UW''', simply '''Washington''', or informally '''U-Dub''')&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dub&quot; being a phonetic shorthand for &quot;W&quot; (&quot;double-you&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<br /> <br /> Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]; it was established in [[Seattle]] approximately a decade after the city's founding. The university has a 703 acre [[Campus of the University of Washington|main campus]] located in the city's [[University District, Seattle|University District]], as well as campuses in [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]] and [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]]. Overall, UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space, including one of the largest library systems in the world with more than 26 university libraries, art centers, museums, laboratories, lecture halls, and stadiums. The university offers degrees through 140 departments, and functions on a quarter system.<br /> <br /> As the [[Flagship university|flagship institution]] of the six public universities in Washington state, and one of the highest-ranked public universities in the United States, it is known for its medical, engineering and scientific research, as well as its extremely competitive computer science, engineering, law, architecture and business schools. Washington is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=236948|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[National Science Foundation]], UW spent $1.41 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 5th in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 20. Higher education R&amp;D expenditures, ranked by FY 2018 R&amp;D expenditures: FYs 2009–18|url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=ncsesdata.nsf.gov|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university has been affiliated with many notable alumni and faculty, including 21 Nobel Prize laureates and numerous [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, [[Fulbright Scholars]], [[Rhodes Scholars]] and [[Marshall Scholars]].<br /> <br /> Additionally, Washington continues to benefit from its deep historic ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Boeing]], [[Nintendo of America|Nintendo]], and particularly [[Microsoft]]. [[Paul G. Allen]], [[Bill Gates]] and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a [[Traf-O-Data|startup venture]] before founding Microsoft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/entering-golden-age-innovation-computer-science-paul-g-allen/|title=Entering a Golden Age of Innovation in Computer Science|date=March 9, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UW's 22 varsity sports teams are also highly competitive, competing as the [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]] in the [[Pac-12 Conference]] of the [[NCAA Division I]], representing the United States at the [[Olympic Games]], and other major competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Olympians – Washington Rowing|language=en-US|work=Washington Rowing|url=http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|url-status=live|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051652/http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|archive-date=April 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Territorial University of Washington - c1870.jpg|left|thumb|The original University building, {{circa}} 1870.]]<br /> <br /> ===Founding===<br /> In 1854, territorial [[governor]] [[Isaac Stevens]] recommended the establishment of a university in the [[Washington Territory]]. Prominent Seattle-area residents, including [[Methodist]] preacher [[Daniel Bagley]], saw this as a chance to add to the city's potential and prestige. Bagley learned of a law that allowed United States territories to sell land to raise money in support of public schools. At the time, [[Arthur A. Denny]], one of the founders of Seattle and a member of the territorial legislature, aimed to increase the city's importance by moving the territory's capital from [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] to Seattle. However, Bagley eventually convinced Denny that the establishment of a university would assist more in the development of Seattle's economy. Two universities were initially chartered, but later the decision was repealed in favor of a single university in [[Lewis County, Washington|Lewis County]] provided that locally donated land was available. When no site emerged, Denny successfully petitioned the legislature to reconsider Seattle as a location in 1858.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |title=Founding The University Of Washington, One Student At A Time |last=Banel |first=Feliks |date=October 8, 2012 |website=KUOW.org |publisher=[[KUOW-FM]] |access-date=December 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194300/http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ws&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Speidel |first1=William |title=Sons of the Profits |date=1967 |publisher=Nettle Creek Publishing Company |location=Seattle |pages=81–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Territorial University students, Seattle, 1864 (PEISER 89).jpeg|thumb|Territorial University students in 1864]]<br /> In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} site in Seattle to serve as a new university campus. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, while fellow pioneers Edward Lander, and Charlie and Mary Terry, donated two acres on Denny's Knoll in [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bhatt&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Bhatt|first=Sanjay|title=UW has big plans for its prime downtown Seattle real estate|date=October 3, 2013|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=October 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022707/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|archive-date=October 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; More specifically, this tract was bounded by 4th Avenue to the west, 6th Avenue to the east, Union Street to the north, and Seneca Streets to the south.<br /> <br /> John Pike, for whom [[Pike Street (Seattle)|Pike Street]] is named, was the university's architect and builder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|title=CHS Re:Take – Pike's place on Capitol Hill|date=January 15, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205827/http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|archive-date=October 30, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was opened on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The legislature passed articles incorporating the university, and establishing its Board of Regents in 1862. The school initially struggled, closing three times: in 1863 for low enrollment, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to funds shortage. Washington awarded its first graduate [[Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt]] in 1876, with a [[bachelor's degree]] in science.<br /> <br /> ===19th century relocation===<br /> By the time [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] entered the [[United States|Union]] in 1889, both Seattle and the university had grown substantially. Washington's total undergraduate enrollment increased from 30 to nearly 300 students, and the campus's relative isolation in downtown Seattle faced encroaching development. A special legislative committee, headed by UW graduate [[Edmond Meany]], was created to find a new campus to better serve the growing student population and faculty. The committee eventually selected a site on the northeast of [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]] called [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union Bay]], which was the land of the [[Duwamish people|Duwamish]], and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and construction. In 1895, the university relocated to the new campus by moving into the newly built [[Denny Hall]]. The University Regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, eventually settling with leasing the area. This would later become one of the university's most valuable pieces of real estate in modern-day Seattle, generating millions in annual revenue with what is now called the [[Metropolitan Tract (Seattle)|Metropolitan Tract]]. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908, and its former site now houses the [[Fairmont Olympic Hotel]].<br /> <br /> The sole-surviving remnants of Washington's first building are four {{convert|24|ft|adj=on}}, white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were salvaged by [[Edmond S. Meany]], one of the university's first graduates and former head of its history department. Meany and his colleague, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed the columns as &quot;Loyalty,&quot; &quot;Industry,&quot; &quot;Faith&quot;, and &quot;Efficiency&quot;, or &quot;LIFE.&quot; The columns now stand in the [[Sylvan Grove Theater and Columns|Sylvan Grove Theater]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter=The University of Washington's Early Years |title=No Finer Site: The University of Washington's Early Years On Union Bay |chapter-url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/site/early |work=University Libraries |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=April 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition - Rainier Vista.jpg|thumb|Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward [[Mount Rainier]] in 1909]]<br /> <br /> ===20th century expansion===<br /> Organizers of the 1909 [[Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition]] eyed the still largely undeveloped campus as a prime setting for their [[World's Fair|world's fair]]. They came to an agreement with Washington's [[Board of Regents]] that allowed them to use the campus grounds for the exposition, surrounding today's [[Drumheller Fountain]] facing towards [[Mount Rainier]]. In exchange, organizers agreed Washington would take over the campus and its development after the fair's conclusion. This arrangement led to a detailed site plan and several new buildings, prepared in part by [[John Charles Olmsted]]. The plan was later incorporated into the overall UW campus master plan, permanently affecting the campus layout.<br /> <br /> Both [[World War]]s brought the military to campus, with certain facilities temporarily lent to the federal government. In spite of this, subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=University of Washington|url=http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|publisher=Great Depression in Washington State Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925014239/http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|archive-date=September 25, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Interwar period|period between the wars]] saw a significant expansion of the upper campus. Construction of the [[Liberal Arts Quadrangle]], known to students as &quot;The Quad,&quot; began in 1916 and continued to 1939. The university's architectural centerpiece, [[Suzzallo Library]], was built in 1926 and expanded in 1935.<br /> <br /> After [[World War II]], further growth came with the [[G.I. Bill of Rights|G.I. Bill]]. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] in 1946, which is now consistently ranked as the top [[medical school]] in the United States. It would eventually lead to the [[University of Washington Medical Center]], ranked by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' as one of the top ten hospitals in the nation.<br /> <br /> In 1942, all [[Japanese Americans|persons of Japanese ancestry]] in the Seattle area were forced into inland [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment camps]] as part of [[Executive Order 9066]] following the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. During this difficult time, university president [[Lee Paul Sieg]] took an active and sympathetic leadership role in advocating for and facilitating the transfer of Japanese American students to universities and colleges away from the Pacific Coast to help them avoid the mass incarceration.&lt;ref name=&quot;exigenciesII&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Phase II — A Place for Some of Our Best Students | url = https://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/harmony/interrupted/phase2| access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, many Japanese American students and &quot;soon-to-be&quot; graduates were unable to transfer successfully in the short time window or receive diplomas before being incarcerated. It was only many years later that they would be recognized for their accomplishments, during the University of Washington's [[The Long Journey Home (ceremonial event)|Long Journey Home]] ceremonial event that was held in May 2008.<br /> <br /> From 1958 to 1973, the University of Washington saw a tremendous growth in student enrollment, its faculties and operating budget, and also its prestige under the leadership of [[Charles Odegaard]]. UW student enrollment had more than doubled to 34,000 as the [[post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] generation came of age. However, this era was also marked by high levels of [[student activism]], as was the case at many American universities. Much of the unrest focused around [[civil rights]] and opposition to the [[Vietnam War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|title=The Black Student Union at UW: Black Power on Campus|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007071347/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970|last=Kindig|first=Jesse|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424200237/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|archive-date=April 24, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to anti-Vietnam War protests by the late 1960s, the University Safety and Security Division became the University of Washington Police Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|title=UW Police Department: History|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101112410/http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|archive-date=November 1, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Odegaard instituted a vision of building a &quot;community of scholars&quot;, convincing the Washington State legislatures to increase investment in the university. Washington [[United States Senate|senators]], such as [[Henry M. Jackson]] and [[Warren G. Magnuson]], also used their political clout to gather research funds for UW. The results included an increase in the operating budget from $37 million in 1958 to over $400 million in 1973, solidifying UW as a top recipient of federal research funds in the United States. The establishment of technology giants such as [[Microsoft]], [[Boeing]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] in the local area also proved to be highly influential in the UW's fortunes, not only improving graduate prospects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|title=Top Colleges in Tech {{!}} Paysa Blog|website=www.paysa.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132603/https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|title=Here's how much education you need to work at top tech companies|last=Hess|first=Abigail|date=July 26, 2017|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803134340/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also helping to attract millions of dollars in university and research funding through its distinguished faculty and extensive alumni network.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|title=About the Gates family {{!}} Give to the UW|website=www.washington.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801231844/https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Drumhellerfountain.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Rainier]] viewed from [[Drumheller Fountain]]]]<br /> <br /> ===21st century===<br /> In 1990, the University of Washington opened its additional campuses in [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]] and [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]]. Although originally intended for students who have already completed two years of higher education, both schools have since become four-year universities with the authority to grant degrees. The first freshman classes at these campuses started in fall 2006. Today both Bothell and Tacoma also offer a selection of master's degree programs.<br /> <br /> In 2012, the university began exploring plans and governmental approval to expand the main [[Seattle]] campus, including significant increases in student housing, teaching facilities for the growing student body and faculty, as well as expanded public transit options. The [[University of Washington light rail station]] was completed in March 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; connecting Seattle's [[Capitol Hill (Seattle)|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood to the UW Husky Stadium within five minutes of rail travel time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|title=UW &amp; Capitol Hill Light Rail Stations Are Ready|last=Keeley|first=Sean|date=March 17, 2016|website=Curbed Seattle|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801233448/https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It offers a previously unavailable option of transportation into and out of the campus, designed specifically to reduce dependence on private vehicles, bicycles and local [[King County, Washington|King County]] buses.<br /> <br /> [[File:University of Washington Quad, Spring 2007.jpg|thumb|[[University of Washington Quad|The UW Quad]] pictured in 2007]]<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> {{Main|Campus of the University of Washington}}<br /> <br /> UW's main campus is situated in [[Seattle]], by the shores of [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union]] and [[Portage Bay]]s with views of the [[Cascade Range]] to the east, and the [[Olympic Mountains]] to the west. The site encompasses {{convert|703|acre|km2|sp=us}} bounded by N.E. 45th Street on the north, N.E. Pacific Street on the south, Montlake Boulevard N.E. on the east, and 15th Avenue N.E. on the west.<br /> <br /> [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] is the heart of the campus, surrounded by landmark buildings and artworks, such as [[Suzzallo Library]], the ''[[Broken Obelisk]]'', and the [[Statue of George Washington (Seattle)|statue of George Washington]]. It functions as the central hub for students and hosts a variety of events annually. University Way, known locally as &quot;[[The Ave]]&quot;, lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university.<br /> <br /> [[File:Uwaerial1922.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of campus, circa 1922.]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Suzzallo Reading Room, May 2016.jpg|thumb|The university's landmark reading room, inside [[Suzzallo Library]].]]<br /> <br /> === North Campus ===<br /> North Campus features some of UW's most recognized landscapes as well as landmarks, stretching from the signature [[University of Washington Quad]] directly north of [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] to N.E. 45th Street,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|title=University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. – pg.5|last=Lyttle|first=Bethany|website=Forbes|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030538/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and encompasses a number of the university's most historical academic, research, housing, parking, recreational and administrative buildings. With UW's continued growth, administrators proposed a new, multimillion-dollar, multi-phase development plan in late 2014 to refine portions of the North Campus, renovating and replacing old student housing with new [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED-certified]] complexes, introducing new academic facilities, sports fields, open greenery, and museums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|title=Housing Master Plan – UW HFS|website=hfs.uw.edu|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025801/https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|title=UW plan to raze old dorms, raise rents in new ones worries students|last=Long|first=Katherine|date=October 10, 2014|website=seattletimes.com|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025941/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UW [[Foster School of Business]], [[University of Washington School of Law|School of Law]], and the [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]], which houses a significant number of exhibits including a 66-million-year-old [[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]] fossil skull – one of only 15 known to exist in the world today and part of an ongoing excavation, are also located in North Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|title=Burke Museum team discovers a T. rex|date=August 17, 2016|work=Burke Museum|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411110222/http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|title=Researchers excavate T. rex skull at UW's Burke Museum|work=KING|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410032323/http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|archive-date=April 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|title=As visitors watch, Burke Museum preps its T. rex exhibit|work=Spokesman.com|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174532/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === South Campus ===<br /> South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the [[Lake Washington Ship Canal]]. The land was previously the site of the University Golf Course but was given up to construct a building for the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|title=Our Back Pages: The UW Golf Course|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724013749/https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|archive-date=July 24, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, South Campus is the location of UW's health sciences and natural sciences facilities, including the [[University of Washington Medical Center|UW Medical Center]] and the [[Warren G. Magnuson Health Sciences Center|Magnuson Health Sciences Center]] as well as locations for instruction and research in oceanography, [[University of Washington Department of Bioengineering|bioengineering]], biology, genome sciences, hydraulics, and comparative medicine. In 2019, the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center For Computer Science &amp; Engineering opened in South Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Holtz|first=Jackson|date=2019-02-28|title=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center opens a new era of computer science education and innovation at the University of Washington|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/02/28/gates-center-open/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-18|website=UW News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===East Campus===<br /> The East Campus area stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to [[Laurelhurst, Seattle, Washington|Laurelhurst]] and is largely taken up by [[wetland]]s and Huskies sports facilities and recreation fields, including [[Husky Stadium]], [[Hec Edmundson Pavilion]], and [[Husky Ballpark]]. While the area directly north of the sports facilities is home to UW's computer science and engineering programs, which includes [[computer lab]]s once used by [[Paul Allen|Paul G. Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] for their [[Traf-O-Data|prior venture]] before establishing Microsoft,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; the area northeast of the sports facilities is occupied by components of the UW Botanic Gardens, such as the [[Union Bay Natural Area]], the UW Farm, and the Center for Urban Horticulture. Further east is the [[Ceramic and Metal Arts Building]] and Laurel Village, which provides family housing for registered full-time students. East Campus is also the location of the [[UW light rail station]].<br /> <br /> ===West Campus===<br /> West Campus consists of mainly [[Modern architecture|modernist]] structures located on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and [[Interstate 5]] from the Ship Canal, to N.E. 41st Street. It is home to the College of Built Environments, School of Social Work, Fishery Sciences Building, UW Police Department as well as many of the university's residence halls and apartments, such as Stevens Court, Mercer Court, Alder Hall, and Elm Hall.<br /> <br /> ==Organization and administration==<br /> &lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Oceanography]] --&gt;<br /> {{See also|President of the University of Washington}}[[File:Gerberding Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.jpg|thumb|The Gothic-revival [[Gerberding Hall]] houses offices, including that of the President and Provost.]]<br /> <br /> ===Governance===<br /> University of Washington's President [[Ana Mari Cauce]] was selected by the Board of Regents, effective October 13, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Office of the President|url=http://www.washington.edu/president/|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=November 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110150750/http://www.washington.edu/president/|archive-date=November 10, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2015, the Board of Regents approved a five-year contract for Cauce, awarding her yearly compensation of $910,000. Cauce's compensation package includes an annual salary of $697,500, $150,000 per year in deferred compensation, an annual $50,500 contribution into a retirement account, and a $12,000 annual automobile allowance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|title=UW Regents approve contract for President Ana Mari Cauce|work=UW News|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525181128/https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|archive-date=May 25, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the Interim President before her appointment, fulfilling the position left vacant by the previous President [[Michael K. Young]] when he was announced to be [[Texas A&amp;M University]]'s next President on February 3, 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theeagle.com/news/regents-two-time-university-president-expected-to-serve-at-helm/article_e8cca324-abd7-11e4-97cb-f704a6d2f049.html|title=Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2015|publisher=theeagle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phyllis Wise]], who had served at UW as Provost and Executive Vice President, and as Interim President for a year, was named the Chancellor of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] in August 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |title=Biography – Phyllis Wise |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028030550/http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university is governed by ten Regents, one of whom is a student. Its most notable former regent is likely [[William H. Gates, Sr.]], the father of [[Bill Gates]]. The undergraduate student government is the [[Associated Students of the University of Washington]] (ASUW) and the graduate student government is the [[Graduate and Professional Student Senate]] (GPSS).<br /> <br /> ===Finances===<br /> In 2017 the university reported $4.893 billion in revenues and $5.666 billion in expenses, resulting in an operating loss of $774 million. This loss was offset by $342 million in state appropriations, $443 million in investment income, $166 million in gifts, and $185 million of other non-operating revenues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|title=2017 Bondholder Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012734/https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, the university's net position increased by $363 million in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Endowment====<br /> Endowed gifts are commingled in the university's Consolidated Endowment Fund, managed by an internal investment company at an annual cost of approximately $6.2 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The university reported $443.383 million of investment income in fiscal year 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{as of|2017|December|31}} the value of the CEF was $3.361 billion, with $686 million in Emerging Markets Equity, $1.235 billion in Developed Markets Equity, $383 million in Private Equity, $185 million in Real Assets, $54 million in Opportunistic, $535 million in Absolute Return, and $283 million in Fixed Income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|title=University of Washington Quarterly Investment Performance Report|last=University of Washington Investment Management Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013316/http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Major projects====<br /> Major recent spending includes $131 million on the UW Animal Research and Care Facility, $72 million on the Nano-engineering and Sciences Building, $61 million building on the Workday HR &amp; Payroll System, $50 million on the Denny Hall Renovation, $44 million on the West Campus Utility Plant, $26 million on the UW Medical Center Expansion Phase 2, $25 million on the UW Tacoma Urban Solutions Center, and $21 million on the UW Police Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The initial contract for Workday was for $27 million, so the total $61 million cost represents a $34 million cost overrun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|title=New UW payroll system behind schedule, more costly than expected|date=November 26, 2015|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013611/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2018|April|28}}, the university has nearly $1 billion in new construction underway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|title=UW has $1 billion in buildings going up or planned in Seattle|date=April 29, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013741/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sustainability===<br /> [[Environmental sustainability]] has long been a major focus of the university's Board of Regents and Presidents. In February 2006, the UW joined a partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program, ensuring that all of Seattle campus' electricity is supplied by and purchased from renewable sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|title=Mayor Announces UW Green Energy Purchase|date=February 2006|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=February 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116004704/http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|archive-date=January 16, 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, then UW President Emmert furthered the university's efforts with a host of other universities across the U.S., and signed the [[American College &amp; University Presidents' Climate Commitment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|title=Who's Who |work=American College &amp; University|publisher=Presidentsclimatecommitment.org|access-date=September 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726041616/http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|archive-date=July 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW created a Climate Action Team,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/46996 |title=UW seeks to deepen its commitment to sustainability |last=Roseth|first=Robert|date=February 5, 2009|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as an Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC) which keeps track of UW's greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|title=About the Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC)|date=August 10, 2004|publisher=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|access-date=September 16, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002357/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Policies were enacted with environmental stewardship in mind, and institutional support was provided to assist with campus sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Environmental Stewardship&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|title=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=May 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517051607/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|archive-date=May 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, UW's Student Housing and Food Services (HFS) office has dedicated several million dollars annually towards locally produced, [[Organic food|organic]], and natural foods. HFS also ceased the use of [[foam food container]]s on-campus, and instead opted for compostable cups, plates, utensils, and packaging whenever possible. New residence halls planned for 2020 are also expected to meet silver or gold [[LEED standards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228|title=Housing and Food Services: Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000650/http://www.hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228 |archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the University of Washington was one of several universities to receive the highest grade, &quot;A-&quot;, on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|title=College Sustainability Report Card 2008|publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute|access-date=May 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717115307/http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|archive-date=July 17, 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university was one of 15 Overall College Sustainability Leaders, among the 300 institutions surveyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwnews.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/44022|title=UW again receives grade of A- for sustainability|date=September 26, 2008|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics and research==<br /> The university offers bachelor's, master's and [[Doctoral degree|doctoral]] degrees through its 140 departments, themselves organized into various colleges and schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|title=Academic Departments|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024935/http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|archive-date=January 24, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also continues to operate a [[Transition School and Early Entrance Program]] on campus, which first began in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;eep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|title=The Halbert and Nancy Robinson Center for Young Scholars|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721223107/http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|archive-date=July 21, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rankings and reputation ===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{Infobox US university ranking|ARWU_W=16|ARWU_N=13|QS_W=72|THE_WSJ=45|Forbes=27|THES_W=29|Wamo_NU=11|USNWR_NU=59|USNWR_W=7|CWUR_W=23}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |National Program Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Grad School Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948/overall-rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Audiology || 36<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Business || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry|| 24<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Psychology || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Economics || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Education || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 24<br /> |-<br /> | English || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Fine Arts || 32<br /> |-<br /> | Health Care Management || 15<br /> |-<br /> | History || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Law || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Library &amp; Information Studies || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Primary Care || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Research || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Doctorate || 1<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Masters || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Midwifery || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Occupational Therapy || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Physical Therapy || 25<br /> |-<br /> | Physician Assistant || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Political Science || 33<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Public Affairs || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Social Work || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Speech-Language Pathology || 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]] || 3<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |Global Subject Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Global Univ Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; Humanities || 80<br /> |-<br /> | Biology &amp; Biochemistry || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology &amp; Applied Microbiology || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Cardiac &amp; Cardiovascular Systems || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Cell Biology || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry || 78<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 9<br /> |-<br /> | Economics &amp; Business || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering || 130<br /> |-<br /> | Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Energy &amp; Fuels || 43<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Environment/Ecology || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Geosciences || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Immunology || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Infectious Diseases || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Microbiology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Genetics || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Neuroscience &amp; Behavior || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Oncology || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Plant &amp; Animal Science || 41<br /> |-<br /> | Psychiatry/Psychology || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Social Sciences &amp; Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Space Science || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Surgery || 6<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> UW has been listed as a &quot;[[Public Ivy]]&quot; in [[Public Ivy#Greenes' Guides list (2001)|Greene's Guides]] since 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV8QJDzrcSoC|title=Public Ivies|last1=Greene|first1=Howard|last2=Greene|first2=Matthew W.|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2001|isbn=978-0-06-093459-0|series=Greenes' Guide to Educational Planning}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an elected member of the [[American Association of Universities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|title=Association of American Universities|access-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69oUMM90E?url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|archive-date=August 10, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the faculty by 2012, there have been 151 members of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 68 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], 67 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 53 members of the [[Institute of Medicine]], 29 winners of the [[Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers]], 21 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]], 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 [[MacArthur Fellows]], 9 winners of the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]], 5 winners of the [[National Medal of Science]], 7 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, 5 winners of [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]], 4 members of the [[American Philosophical Society]], 2 winners of the [[National Book Award]], 2 winners of the [[National Medal of Arts]], 2 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 1 winner of the [[Fields Medal]], and 1 member of the [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu|title=Faculty &amp; Staff, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=May 3, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225192933/http://www.washington.edu/|archive-date=February 25, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|title=Faculty Memberships and Awards|author=University of Washington|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011305/http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|title=Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden honors local Nobel Laureates|last=Trujillo|first=Joshua|date=May 7, 2010|newspaper=The Seattle Post Intelligencer|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130195857/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|archive-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among UW students by 2012, there were 136 Fulbright Scholars, 35 Rhodes Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 4 Gates Cambridge Scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/discover|title=Future Students, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=December 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412090338/http://www.washington.edu/discover/|archive-date=April 12, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is recognized as a top producer of [[Fulbright Scholars]], ranking 2nd in the US in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|title=University of Washington is a top producer of Fulbright scholars Students|year=2018|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426181202/http://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU)'' has consistently ranked UW as one of the top 20 universities worldwide every year since its first release.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghairanking1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities——University of Washington|access-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822014321/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|archive-date=August 22, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, UW ranked 14th worldwide out of 500 by the ''ARWU'', &lt;nowiki/&gt; 26th worldwide out of 981 in the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'', and 28th worldwide out of 101 in the ''Times'' [[World Reputation Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|work=Times Higher Education|date=July 2019|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919185922/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=September 19, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked it 68th worldwide, out of over 900.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-washington|title=University of Washington – QS Ranking|access-date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]'' ranked UW 8th out of nearly 1,500 universities worldwide for 2021, with UW's undergraduate program tied for 58th among 389 national universities in the U.S. and tied for 19th among 209 public universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798/overall-rankings|title=University of Washington Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, it ranked 10th among the universities around the world by [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2019 – Overall Rank|website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the [[CWTS Leiden Ranking|''Leiden Ranking'']], which focuses on science and the impact of scientific publications among the world's 500 major universities, ranked UW 12th globally and 5th in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|title=University Rankings: How Important Are They?|last=Cairns|first=Eva|work=Forbes|access-date=August 14, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814150200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|archive-date=August 14, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|title=Leiden Ranking 2017 by Leiden University|publisher=Leidenranking.com|access-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071037/http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|archive-date=December 23, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, ''[[Kiplinger]]'' magazine's review of &quot;top college values&quot; named UW 5th for in-state students and 10th for out-of-state students among U.S. public colleges, and 84th overall out of 500 schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| url=https://www.kiplinger.com/tool/college/T014-S001-best-college-values-college-finder/end_page.php?school=9445 |magazine=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |title=College Finder |date=July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' National University Rankings UW was ranked 15th domestically in 2018, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |title=2018 National University Rankings |access-date=July 30, 2019 |magazine=Washington Monthly |date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604060903/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the [[Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing]] Institute recognized the Mechanical Engineering BS and MS programs with an endorsement for their commitment to preparing workers for careers in [[Industry 4.0]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.roboticscareer.org/news-and-events/news/19218 |title=ARM Institute Endorses Two More Robotics Education Programs |access-date=September 28, 2021 |magazine=RoboticsCareer.org |date=September 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Admissions ===<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:right; font-size:85%: text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> The university's undergraduate admissions process is rated 91/99 by the [[Princeton Review]] meaning highly selective,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|title=The Princeton Review's College Ratings {{!}} The Princeton Review|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903052920/https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|title=University of Washington – The Princeton Review College Rankings &amp; Reviews|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130011/https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is classified &quot;more selective&quot; by the ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|title=University of Washington|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111012627/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|archive-date=January 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Fall 2019, 23,606 (51.8%) were accepted out of 45,584 applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |title=Freshmen by the numbers |access-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205543/https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the 6,984 admitted freshman students who then officially enrolled for Fall 2019, the middle 50% of [[SAT]] scores ranged from 1240 to 1440, out of 1600. More specifically, the middle 50% ranged from 600 to 700 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 620–770 for math.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#admission|title=University of Washington Quick Facts|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#admission|archive-date=June 28, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|title=UW Fast Facts: 2017|website=University of Washington – Office of Planning and Budgeting|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220010632/http://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 27 to 33, out of 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot; /&gt; The middle 50% of admitted [[GPA]] ranged from 3.72 to 3.95, out of 4.0.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The university uses capacity constrained majors,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |title=Capacity-constrained majors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410091337/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a gate-keeping process that requires most students to apply to an internal college or faculty. New applications are usually considered once or twice annually, and few students are admitted each time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|title=Applying for a capacity-constrained major?|access-date=April 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053402/http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|archive-date=April 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The screening process is often stringent, largely being based on cumulative academic performance, recommendation letters and extracurricular activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |title=UW Undergraduate Advising: Majors and Minors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320141736/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Capacity constrained majors have been criticized for delaying graduation and forcing good students to reroute their education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Exploring Major Alternatives|url=https://transfer.uw.edu/exploring-majors-and-alternatives/|volume=|pages=|access-date=January 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> UW's research budget consistently ranks among the top 5 in both public and private universities in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Annual Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|title=University of Washington Annual Report 2005|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625151451/http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;top research&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|title=The Top American Research Universities (December 2005)|publisher=Mup.asu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617210050/http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|archive-date=June 17, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It surpassed the $1.0 billion research budget milestone in 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;UW $1 billion research mark&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|title=UW passed $1 billion research budget mark |publisher=Uwnews.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011313/http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and university endowments reached almost $3.0 billion by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;As of June 30, 2016. {{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016|year=2017|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170057/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is the largest recipient of federal research funding among public universities, and currently ranks top 2nd among all public and private universities in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Annual Report Of Awards And Expenditures Related To Research, Training, Fellowships, and Other Sponsored Programs|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|year=2008|author=University of Washington|publisher=University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131810/http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|archive-date=November 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, the University of Washington School of Oceanography and the UW Applied Physics Laboratory completed the construction of the first [[Regional Scale Nodes|high-power underwater cabled observatory]] in the United States.<br /> <br /> To promote equal academic opportunity, especially for people of low income, UW launched ''Husky Promise'' in 2006. Families of income up to 65 percent of state median income or 235 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible. With this, up to 30 percent of undergraduate students may be eligible. The cut-off income level that UW set is the highest in the nation, making top-quality education available to more people. Then UW President, Mark Emmert, simply said that being &quot;elitist is not in our DNA&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inside HigherEd Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |url=http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |title=Inside HigherEd Husky Promise |publisher=Insidehighered.com |date=October 13, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729000445/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |title=UW Husky Promise |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date=October 11, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011316/http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Last year, the University of Washington moved to a more comprehensive approach [to admissions], in which the admissions staff reads the entire application and looks at grades within the context of the individual high school, rather than relying on computerized cutoffs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |title=Education News - College Admissions, MBA Programs, Financial Aid - Wsj.com |publisher=Collegejournal.com |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302005356/http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UW was the host university of [[ResearchChannel]] program (now defunct), the only TV channel in the United States dedicated solely for the dissemination of research from academic institutions and research organizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel host&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|title=ResearchChannel contact UW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621231937/http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|archive-date=June 21, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Participation of ResearchChannel included 36 universities, 15 research organizations, two corporate research centers and many other affiliates.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel participants&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp |title=ResearchChannel participants |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829044759/http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp|archive-date=August 29, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alan Michelson, now Head of the Built Environments Library at UW Seattle, manages the '''Pacific Coast Architecture Database''' (PCAD), which Michelson started in 2002 while he worked as Architecture and Design Librarian at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). The PCAD serves as a searchable public database detailing significant but importantly, also lesser-known and -lauded designers, buildings and structures, and partnerships, with links including to bibliographic literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/about/|title=PCAD - Pacific Coast Architecture Database|website=pcad.lib.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, {{Proper name|iDefense}} reported that [[Cyberwarfare by China|Chinese hackers]] had launched [[Chinese espionage in the United States|cyberattacks]] on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for the [[United States Navy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |title=Chinese hackers target North American and Asian universities |first=Sara |last=Sekine |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527182141/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |archive-date=May 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the targets included the University of Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt; The attacks have been underway since at least April 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px&quot;<br /> |+ ''Demographics of student body (Fall 2019)''&lt;ref name=&quot;WashStats&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= University of Washington Quick Stats | url= https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf | publisher= UW Office of the Registrar | access-date= May 5, 2020 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225444/https://depts.washington.edu/reptreq/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Quick_Stats_Spr2014_Seattle.pdf | archive-date= January 12, 2015 | df= mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Washington (state)#Demographics]] and [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! !! Student Body !! Washington !! U.S. Census<br /> |-<br /> ! [[African American]]<br /> | 4.0% || 3.6% || 12.0%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Asian American]]<br /> | 25.4% || 7.2% || 4.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[White American]]<br /> | 40.3% || 72.5% || 63.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic American]]<br /> | 8.0% || 4.8% || 16.3%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]<br /> | 1.1% || 1.5% || 0.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[International student]]<br /> | 17.1% || N/A || N/A<br /> |-<br /> ! Other/Unknown<br /> | 3.2% || 5.2% || 2.4%<br /> |}<br /> University of Washington had 47,571 total enrollments as of Autumn 2019, making it the largest university on the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast]] by student population in spite of its selective admissions process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#enrollment|title=Office of Admissions. University of Washington|date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Admit.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#enrollment|archive-date=June 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also boasts one of the most diverse student bodies within the US, with more than 50% of its undergraduate students self-identifying with [[minority group]]s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html Undergraduates].&quot; Office of News and Information. University of Washington. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905130941/http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html|date=September 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|title=UW admissions more competitive|last=Shelley|first=Anthony|date=April 24, 2007|newspaper=The Daily of the University of Washington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707210436/http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|archive-date=July 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/opb/uw-data/external-reporting/common-data-set/|title=Common Data Set}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/|title=Freshmen by the numbers &amp;#124; Office of Admissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Organizations===<br /> [[File:Husky Union Building, northwest entrance, 2014-10-13.jpg|thumb|The [[Husky Union Building]], one of many facilities for student resources.]]<br /> <br /> ====Registered groups====<br /> The University of Washington boasts over 800 active Registered Student Organizations (RSOs), one of the largest networks of any universities in the world. RSOs are dedicated to a wide variety of interests both in and beyond campus. Some of these interest areas include academic focus groups, cultural exchanges, environmental activities, Greek life, political/social action, religious discussions, sports, international student gatherings by country, and STEM-specific events. Prominent examples are:<br /> * '''The Dream Project''': &quot;The Dream Project teaches UW students to mentor first-generation and low-income students in King County high schools as they navigate the complex college admissions process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|title=UW Dream Project &amp;#124; Supporting Seattle-area high school students through the college admissions process|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218201445/http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|archive-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''The Rural Health Education (RHE)''': Promotes health in rural areas of Washington state through health fairs. Volunteers include students from a variety of backgrounds including medical, pharmacy, and dentistry. Health professionals from the Greater Seattle area also actively participate.<br /> * '''Students Expressing Environmental Concern (SEED)''': partially funded by UW's Housing and Food Services (HFS) office to promote environmental sustainability, and reduce the university's carbon footprint.<br /> * '''Student Philanthropy Education Program''': Partnered with the UW's nonprofit, the UW Foundation, this group focuses on promoting awareness of philanthropy's importance through major events on campus.<br /> * '''Husky Global Affairs''': This is a club dedicated to social science research in global issues. It provides a forum for students to collaborate in research and publishes their research in the Global Affairs Journal.<br /> * '''UW Delta Delta Sigma Pre-Dental Society (DDS)''': This is a club dedicated to serving pre-dental students and it provides a forum for discussion of dental-related topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://students.washington.edu/dental/|title=DDS|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205033849/http://students.washington.edu/dental/|archive-date=December 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''UW Earth Club''': The Earth Club is interested in promoting the expression of environmental attitudes and consciousness through specialized events.<br /> * '''UW Farm''': The UW farm grows crops on campus and advocates urban farming in the UW community.<br /> * '''GlobeMed at UW''': a student-run non-profit organization that works to educate about global poverty and its effect on health. The UW chapter is a part of a national network of chapters, each partnering with a grassroots organization at home or abroad. GlobeMed at UW is partnered with [[The MINDS Foundation]] which supports education about and treatment for mental illness in rural India.<br /> * '''UW Sierra Student Coalition''': SSC is dedicated to many larger environmental issues on campus and providing related opportunities to students.<br /> * '''Washington Public Interest Research Group (WashPIRG)''': WashPIRG engages students in a variety of activist causes, including environmental projects on campus and the community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|title=Student Organizations|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604185741/http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:UW Tower from 38th &amp; Eastern.jpg|thumb|[[UW Tower]], a conference space and administrative building.]]<br /> <br /> ====Student government====<br /> {{Main|Associated Students of the University of Washington}}<br /> The Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) is one of two Student Governments at the University of Washington, the other being the Graduate and Professional Student Senate. It is funded and supported by student fees, and provides services that directly and indirectly benefit them. The ASUW employs over 72 current University of Washington students, has over 500 volunteers, and spends $1.03 million annually to provide services and activities to the student body of 43,000 on-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|title=Associated Students of the University of Washington {{!}} SAF {{!}} Services and Activities Fee|website=depts.washington.edu|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003658/https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|archive-date=November 18, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Student Senate was established in 1994 as a division of the Associated Students of the University of Washington. Student Senate is one of two official student governed bodies and provides a broad-based discussion of issues. Currently, the ASUW Student Senate has a legislative body of over 150 senators representing a diverse set of interests on and off-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |title=History |website=senate.asuw.org |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117225445/http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ASUW was incorporated in the State of Washington on April 20, 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225349/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 30, 1932, the ASUW assisted in the incorporation of [[University Book Store]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215654/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which has been in continuous operation at the same location on University Way for over 70 years. The [[ASUW Experimental College]], part of the ASUW, was created in 1968 by several University of Washington students seeking to provide the campus and surrounding community with a selection of classes not offered on the university curriculum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php/|title=Experimental College|access-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172357/https://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php|archive-date=January 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Publication===<br /> {{Main|The Daily of the University of Washington}}<br /> The student newspaper is ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]'', usually referred to as ''The Daily''. It is the second-largest{{clarify|date=January 2021}} daily paper in Seattle. ''The Daily'' is published every day classes are in session during fall, winter and spring quarters, and weekly during summer quarters. In 2010, ''The Daily'' launched a half-hour weekly television magazine show, &quot;The Daily's Double Shot,&quot; on [[UWTV]] Channel 27. The UW continues to use its proprietary [[UWTV]] channel, online and printed publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;UWTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uwtv.org/|title=UWTV|publisher=UWTV|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609230447/http://www.uwtv.org/|archive-date=June 9, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The faculty also produce their own publications for students and alumni.<br /> <br /> ===Student Activism===<br /> Throughout the 20th Century, UW student activism centered around a variety of national and international concerns, from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] to the [[Vietnam War]] and [[civil rights]]. In 1948, at the beginning of the [[McCarthyism]] era, students brought their activism to bear on campus, by protesting the firing of three UW professors accused of communist affiliations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kindig |first1=Jessie |title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=UW Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514024128/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |archive-date=May 14, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Devon |title=The long history of activism at the UW |url=https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=The Daily |date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328145032/https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |archive-date=March 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===University support===<br /> UW offers many services for its students and alumni, beyond the standard offered by most colleges and universities. Its &quot;Student Life&quot; division houses 16 departments and offices that serve students directly and indirectly, including those below and overseen by Vice President and Vice Provost.<br /> * Career Center<br /> * Counseling Center<br /> * Department of Recreational Sports (IMA)<br /> * Disability Resource Center<br /> * Fraternity and Sorority Life<br /> * Health and Wellness Programs<br /> * Housing and Food Services<br /> * Office of Ceremonies<br /> * Office of the University Registrar<br /> * Student Admissions<br /> * Student Activities and Union Facilities<br /> * Student Financial Aid<br /> * Student Legal Services <br /> * Student Publications (The Daily)<br /> * Campus Police&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://police.uw.edu/|title=UW Police|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001242/http://police.uw.edu/|archive-date=February 22, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Housing====<br /> {{Main|Housing at the University of Washington}}<br /> The university operates one of the largest campuses of any higher education institution in the world. Despite this, growing faculty and student count has strained the regional housing supply as well as transportation facilities. Starting in 2012, UW began taking active measures to explore, plan and enact a series of campus policies to manage the annual growth. In addition to new buildings, parking and [[light rail]] stations, new building construction and renovations have been scheduled to take place through 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|title=Campus Master Plan {{!}} Capital Planning and Development|website=cpd.uw.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040435/https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plan includes the construction of three six-story [[residence hall]]s and two apartment complexes in the west section of campus, near the existing [[Terry and Lander Halls]], in Phase I, the renovation of six existing residence halls in Phase II, and additional new construction in Phase III. The projects will result in a net gain of approximately 2,400 beds. The Residence Hall Student Association (student government for the halls) is the second-largest student organization on campus and helps plan fun events in the halls. For students, faculty, and staff looking to live off-campus, they may also explore Off-Campus Housing Affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://housing.asuw.org/|title=Off-Campus Housing Affairs |publisher=ASUW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215084410/http://housing.asuw.org/|archive-date=December 15, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Greek System at UW has also been a prominent part of student culture for more than 115 years. It is made up of two organizational bodies, the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC) and the Panhellenic Association. The IFC looks over 34 fraternities with 1900+ members and Panhellenic consists of 19 sororities and 1900 members. The school has additional Greek organizations that do not offer housing and are primarily special interest.<br /> <br /> ====Disability resources====<br /> In addition to the University of Washington's Disability Resources for Students (DRS) office, there is also a campus-wide [[The DO-IT Center|DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) Center]] program that assists educational institutions to fully integrate all students, including those with disabilities, into academic life. DO-IT includes a variety of initiatives, such as the [[DO-IT Scholars Program]], and provides information on the 'universal' design of educational facilities for students of all levels of physical and mental ability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|title=Universal Design: Process, Principles, and Applications|date=June 14, 2012|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428030609/http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|archive-date=April 28, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These design programs aim to reduce systemic barriers which could otherwise hinder the performance of some students, and may also be applied to other professional organizations and conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|title=Applications of Universal Design to Projects, Conference Exhibits, Presentations, and Professional Organizations|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531051627/http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Athletics==<br /> {{Main|Washington Huskies}}<br /> UW students, sports teams, and alumni are called [[Washington Huskies]], and often referred to [[Metonymy|metonymically]] as &quot;Montlake,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/thiel/300600_thiel22.html|title=Mora's move generates intrigue|last1=Thiel|first1=Art|date=January 21, 2007|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the campus's location on Montlake Boulevard N.E. (although the traditional bounds of the [[Montlake, Seattle, Washington|Montlake neighborhood]] do not extend north of the [[Montlake Cut]] to include the campus.) The [[husky]] was selected as the school mascot by the student committee in 1922, which replaced the &quot;Sun Dodger&quot;, an abstract reference to the [[Seattle, Washington#Climate|local weather]].<br /> <br /> The university participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s Division I-A, and the [[Pac-12 Conference]]. The [[Washington Huskies football|football team]] is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] victories and an [[Orange Bowl (game)|Orange Bowl]] title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] record.&lt;ref name=&quot;unbeaten&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/fbs.pdf |title=2014 NCAA Football Record Book |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] |page=117 |access-date=October 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070611/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/FBS.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tailgate party|Tailgating]] by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of [[Lake Washington]]. The [[Apple Cup]] game is an annual game against cross-state rival [[Washington State University]] that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 32 losses and 6 ties. This game was last won by Washington State University, and the Apple Cup trophy currently resides in Pullman, Washington. [[College Football Hall of Fame]] member [[Don James (American football)|Don James]] is a former head coach.<br /> <br /> [[File:Hec Ed.JPG|thumb|The [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion|Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] hosts basketball and volleyball events.]]<br /> <br /> The men's [[Washington Huskies men's basketball|basketball]] team has been moderately successful, though recently the team has enjoyed a resurgence under coach [[Lorenzo Romar]]. With Romar as head coach, the team has been to six [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournaments]] (2003–2004, 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons), 2 consecutive top 16 (sweet sixteen) appearances, and secured a No. 1 seed in 2005. On December 23, 2005, the men's basketball team won their 800th victory in Hec Edmundson Pavilion, the most wins for any NCAA team in its current arena.<br /> <br /> [[College rowing (United States)|Rowing]] is a longstanding tradition at the University of Washington dating back to 1901. The Washington men's crew gained international prominence by winning the [[gold medal]] at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin, defeating the German and Italian crews much to the dismay of [[Adolf Hitler]] who was in attendance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Events of the century|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|access-date=October 8, 2012|newspaper=Seattle Post Intelligencer|date=December 21, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103161427/http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958, the men's crew deepened their legend with a shocking win over [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] Trud's world champion rowers at the Moscow Cup, resulting in the first American sporting victory on [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] soil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Johns|first=Greg|title=Huskies crew earns return trip to Moscow|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=August 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170939/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Thiel|first=Art|title=UW crew gets front seat to history|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=September 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103163953/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and certainly the first time a Russian crowd gave any American team a standing ovation during the [[Cold War]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ Water World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925103138/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ |date=September 25, 2005 }}, ''Sports Illustrated'', November 17, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; The men's crew have won 46 national titles&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Crew: UW's most successful, stable athletic enterprise|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=April 30, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170129/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (15 [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]], 1 [[National Collegiate Rowing Championship]]), 15 Olympic gold medals, two silver and five bronze. The women have 10 national titles and two Olympic gold medals. In 1997, the women's team won the NCAA championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot; /&gt; The Husky men are the 2015 national champions.<br /> <br /> Recent national champions include the [[Washington Huskies softball|softball]] team ([[2009 Women's College World Series|2009]]), the men's rowing team (2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007), NCAA Division I women's [[Cross country running|cross country]] team (2008), and the women's volleyball team ([[2005 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament|2005]]). Individually, Scott Roth was the 2011 NCAA men's Outdoor [[Pole Vault]] and 2011 &amp; 2010 NCAA men's Indoor Pole Vault champion. [[James Lepp]] was the 2005 NCAA men's golf champion. Ryan Brown (men's 800 meters) and Amy Lia (women's 1500 meters) won individual titles at the 2006 NCAA Track and Field Championships. [[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]] was the 2005 NCAA men's Outdoor and Indoor Pole Vault champion.<br /> <br /> The university has an extensive series of sports facilities, including but not limited to the [[Husky Stadium]] (football, track and field), the [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), [[Husky Ballpark]] (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The [[William Quillian (athlete)|Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium]], The [[Nordstrom]] Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the [[Conibear Shellhouse]] (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the [[Weyerhaeuser]] Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. The university discontinued its men's and women's swim teams on May 1, 2009, due to budget cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|title=Huskies &amp;#124; UW cuts swimming teams &amp;#124; Seattle Times Newspaper|last=Condotta|first=Bob|date=May 2, 2009|publisher=Seattletimes.com|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105161833/http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Husky Stadium===<br /> [[File:Husky Stadium - March 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|The rebuilt [[Husky Stadium]], in 2016.]]<br /> {{Main|Husky Stadium}}<br /> The rebuilt Husky Stadium is the first and primary source of income for the completely remodeled athletic district. The major remodel consisted of a new grand concourse, [[University of Washington station|underground light-rail station]] which opened on March 19, 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an enclosed west end design, replacement of bleachers with individual seating, removal of track and Huskytron, as well as the installation of a new press box section, private box seating, football offices, permanent seating in the east end zone that does not block the view of Lake Washington. The project also included new and improved amenities, concession stands, and bathrooms throughout. The cost for renovating the stadium was around $280 million and was designed for a slightly lower [[seating capacity]] than its previous design, now at 70,138 seats.<br /> <br /> Besides hosting national and regional football games, the Husky Stadium is also used by the university for its annual Commencement event, departmental ceremonies, and other events. Husky Stadium is one of several places that may have been the birthplace of the crowd phenomenon known as &quot;[[Audience wave|The Wave]]&quot;. It is claimed that the wave was invented by Husky graduate Robb Weller and UW band director Bill Bissel in October 1981, for an afternoon game facing opponents from [[Stanford University]].<br /> <br /> ===Mascot===<br /> {{Main|Harry the Husky}}<br /> [[File:Basketball 1.JPG|thumb|The costumed mascot, Harry the Husky, at a basketball game.]]<br /> [[File:Ticket Washington vs Stanford 1930 side1.jpg|right|thumb|1930 football ticket stub depicting the UW Husky mascot]]<br /> The University of Washington's costumed mascot is [[Harry the Husky]]. &quot;Harry the Husky&quot; performs at sporting and special events, and a live [[Alaskan Malamute]], currently named Dubs II,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |title=10/10, would cheer with: UW introduces new live mascot, Dubs II, and he is adorable |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=March 23, 2018 |last=Webeck |first=Evan |access-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101155321/https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; has traditionally led the UW [[American football|football]] team onto the field at the start of games. The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote. The choice was inspired by the first [[stanza]] of [[Lord Byron]]'s ''[[The Destruction of Sennacherib]]'':&lt;ref name=SchoolColors&gt;{{cite web|title=School Colors: Purple and Gold|url=http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=July 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210005902/http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|archive-date=December 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|title=University Chronology|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131814/http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;poem&gt;<br /> The [[Assyria]]n came down like the wolf on the fold,<br /> And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;<br /> And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,<br /> When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep [[Sea of Galilee|Galilee]].<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> Additionally, the university has also hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washington Huskies|url=https://gohuskies.com/sports/2013/4/18/208229209.aspx|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=Washington Huskies|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===School songs===<br /> The [[University of Washington Husky Marching Band]] performs at many Husky sporting events including all [[American football|football]] games. The band was founded in 1929, and today it is a cornerstone of Husky spirit. The band marches using a traditional high step, and it is one of only a few marching bands left in the United States to do so. Like many college bands, the Husky band has several traditional songs that it has played for decades, including the official [[fight song]]s &quot;[[Bow Down to Washington]]&quot; and &quot;[[Tequila (Champs song)|Tequila]]&quot;, as well as fan-favorite &quot;Africano&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni and faculty ==<br /> {{Main list|List of University of Washington people}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Michael_P._Anderson.jpg|[[Michael P. Anderson]], [[National Aeronautic and Space Administration|NASA]] Astronaut and [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]] crew member<br /> Pappy_Boyington.jpg|[[Pappy Boyington]], [[World War II]] combat fighter ace<br /> DaleChihulyatPilchuck.jpg|[[Dale Chihuly]], glass sculptor<br /> Kenny_G_1998.jpg|[[Kenny G]], [[Grammy Award]]-winning jazz musician<br /> Patrick Shanahan.jpg|[[Patrick M. Shanahan]], [[United States Secretary of Defense]]<br /> SpeakerFoley.jpg|[[Tom Foley]], 49th [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]<br /> Sally_Jewell_official_portrait.jpg|[[Sally Jewell]], 51st [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] and former CEO of [[Recreational Equipment, Inc.|REI]]<br /> Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg|[[Bruce Lee]], actor and martial artist<br /> Kyle_MacLachlan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Kyle MacLachlan]], [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]]-winning actor<br /> Joel_McHale_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Joel McHale]], actor and comedian<br /> Warren_Moon.jpg|[[Warren Moon]], [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] quarterback<br /> Jim_L_Mora_2006-11-19.jpg|[[Jim L. Mora]], former NFL coach<br /> Brandon_Roy_Wizards.jpg|[[Brandon Roy]], former [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]]<br /> Hope_Solo_USA_Training_(edited).jpg|[[Hope Solo]], former [[United States women's national soccer team|USWNT]] goalkeeper<br /> Isaiah_Thomas_(34300573362).jpg|[[Isaiah Thomas (basketball)|Isaiah Thomas]], two-time [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA All-Star]]<br /> Rainn_Wilson_2011_Shankbone.JPG|[[Rainn Wilson]], actor<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable alumni of the University of Washington include U.S. Olympic rower [[Joe Rantz]] (1936); architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] (1934); news anchor and [[Big Sky Resort|Big Sky resort]] founder [[Chet Huntley]] (1934); US Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]] (JD 1935); Baskin Robbins co-founder [[Irv Robbins]] (1939); former actor, [[The Hollywood Reporter]] columnist and [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]] host [[Robert Osborne]] (1954); glass artist [[Dale Chihuly]] (BA 1965); [[serial killer]] [[Ted Bundy]]; Nobel Prize-winning biologist [[Linda B. Buck]]; Pulitzer Prize-winning author [[Marilynne Robinson]] (PhD 1977), martial artist [[Bruce Lee]]; saxophonist [[Kenny G]] (1978); MySpace co-founder [[Chris DeWolfe]] (1988); [[Mudhoney]] lead vocalist [[Mark Arm]] (1985, English);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |title = Mark Arm Speaks! |last=Moriarity |first=Sean |date=November 2, 1999 |website=The University of Washington Daily |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101004205256/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |archive-date=October 4, 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soundgarden]] guitarist [[Kim Thayil]] (Philosophy);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |title=Soundgarden: Rock's Heavy Alternative |last=Neely |first=Kim |date=July 9, 1992 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190523230511/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; music manager [[Susan Silver]] (Chinese);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |title = Susan Silver steers careers toward rock stardom |date=April 27, 1997 |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |first=Jae-Ha |last = Kim |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041125052641/http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; actor [[Rainn Wilson]] (BA, Drama 1986); radio and TV personality [[Andrew Harms]] (2001, Business and Drama); actor and comedian [[Joel McHale]] (1995, MFA 2000), actor and Christian personality [[Jim Caviezel]] and basketball player [[Matisse Thybulle]].<br /> <br /> ==In film==<br /> [[File:Campus Scene in March 2021 at Drumheller Fountain, Seattle.jpg|thumb|Campus Scene in March 2021 at [[Drumheller Fountain]], Seattle]]<br /> * 1965: ''[[The Slender Thread]]'', directed by Sydney Pollack<br /> * 1979: ''[[The Changeling (1980 film)|The Changeling]]'', directed by [[Peter Medak]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Changeling (1980) |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |access-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142734/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |department=Movies &amp; TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1983: ''[[WarGames]]'', directed by [[John Badham]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WarGamesFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|title=Filming Locations for WarGames|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085845/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|archive-date=January 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1987: ''[[Black Widow (1987 film)|Black Widow]]'', directed by [[Bob Rafelson]]&lt;ref name=&quot; BlackWidowFilming &quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090738/locations|title=Filming Locations for Black Widow|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=June 12, 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1992: ''[[Singles (1992 film)|Singles]]'', directed by [[Cameron Crowe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|title=Singles (1992) Review/Film; Youth, Love and a Place of One's Own|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 18, 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214628/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1997: ''[[The Sixth Man]]'', directed by [[Randall Miller]]&lt;ref name=SixthMan&gt;{{cite news|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence|title=The Sixth Man (1997) Hoop Dreams and (Ghostly) Schemes|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DE143AF93BA15750C0A961958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 28, 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1999: ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]'', directed by [[Gil Junger]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=10 Things I Hate About You (1999) FILM REVIEW; It's Like, You Know, Sonnets And Stuff|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214917/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2004: ''[[What the Bleep Do We Know!?|What the Bleep Do We Know: Down the Rabbit Hole]]'', directed by [[William Arntz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WhatTheBleepFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|title=Movie – What the Bleep!? Down the Rabbit Hole (2006)|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170316/http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2007: ''[[Dan in Real Life]]'', directed by [[Peter Hedges]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A.O.|title=A Family Just Like Yours (if You Lived in a Movie)|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705135731/http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|archive-date=July 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2013: ''[[21 and Over (film)|21 and Over]]'', directed by [[Jon Lucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;21andOver&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|title=Movie filming on University of Washington campus|date=August 29, 2011|newspaper=King 5 News|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015075407/http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2016: ''[[American Experience (season 28)|The Boys of 36]]'', directed by Margaret Grossi<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|United States}}<br /> * [[Friday Harbor Laboratories]]<br /> * [[Internationales Kulturinstitut]]<br /> * [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]<br /> * [[Manastash Ridge Observatory]]<br /> * [[Theodor Jacobsen Observatory]]<br /> * [[University Book Store]]<br /> * [[University of Washington Educational Outreach]]<br /> * [[University of Washington firebombing incident]]<br /> * [[Washington Escarpment]] – escarpment in Antarctica named for the university<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|University of Washington}}<br /> {{NIE Poster|Washington, University of|University of Washington}}<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * [http://www.gohuskies.com/ University of Washington Athletics website]<br /> * [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/todd/searchterm/university%20washington/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Calvin F. Todd Photographs Collection] includes images from 1905 to 1930 of the University of Washington campus and scenes from Seattle including the waterfront, various buildings especially apartments, [[regrading]] activities, and the Pike Place Market.<br /> * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/uwcampusweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – University of Washington Campus Photographs] Photographs reflecting the early history of the University of Washington campus from its beginnings as the Territorial University through its establishment at its present site on the shores of Lake Washington. The database documents student activities, buildings, departments, and athletics.<br /> * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Washington, University of|short=x}}<br /> <br /> {{University of Washington}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |titlestyle = background:#4B2E83; color:#FFFFFF; border:2px solid #B7A57A;<br /> |list =<br /> {{Colleges and universities in Washington (state)}}<br /> {{Pac-12 Conference navbox}}<br /> {{Association of American Universities}}<br /> {{Largest United States universities by enrollment}}<br /> {{APRU}}<br /> {{Worldwide Universities Network}}<br /> {{Public Ivy}}<br /> }}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, University Of}}<br /> [[Category:University of Washington| ]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1861]]<br /> [[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Public universities and colleges in Washington (state)|University of Washington]]<br /> [[Category:1861 establishments in Washington Territory|University]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington&diff=1070296855 University of Washington 2022-02-06T18:59:37Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public university in Seattle, Washington}}<br /> {{distinguish|George Washington University|Washington State University|Washington University in St. Louis|Washington College|University of Washington station}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University of Washington<br /> | image_name = University of Washington seal.svg<br /> | image_upright = .7<br /> | motto = ''[[Let there be light|Lux sit]]'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])&lt;ref name=&quot;buhain&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Buhain |first=Venice |title=But what does it mean? |newspaper=[[The Daily of the University of Washington|The Daily]] |date=May 25, 1999 |url=http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140719192527/http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | former_name = Territorial University of Washington (1861–1889)<br /> | mottoeng = &quot;[[Let there be light]]&quot;<br /> | established = {{start date and age|November 4, 1861}}<br /> | type = [[Public University|Public]] [[research university]]<br /> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[Association of Pacific Rim Universities|APRU]]|[[University of the Arctic|UArctic]]|[[Space grant colleges|Space-grant]]|[[Sea grant colleges|Sea-grant]]}}<br /> | endowment = $3.46 billion (2020)&lt;ref name=endowment&gt;As of June 30, 2020. {{cite report |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]] |date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apply.interfolio.com/58406|title = Apply - Interfolio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | budget = $7.84 billion (FY 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | president = Ana Mari Cauce<br /> | provost = Mark Richards<br /> | faculty = 5,803<br /> | administrative_staff = 16,174<br /> | total_staff = 34,668&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/01/08/study-university-of-washington-generates-12-5-billion-nearly-80000-jobs-for-the-state/|title=Study: University of Washington generates $12.5 billion, nearly 80,000 jobs for the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; campus &amp; health system employees<br /> | students = 47,571 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts&gt;{{cite web |title=Fast Facts 2019 |publisher=University of Washington |url=https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf |access-date=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 31,041 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 16,530 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | city = [[Seattle]]<br /> | state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /> | country = United States<br /> | coor = {{Coord|47|39|15|N|122|18|29|W|display=inline,title|type:edu}}<br /> | campus = Large City,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Washington&amp;s=all&amp;pg=2&amp;id=236948|title=College Navigator - University of Washington-Seattle Campus|website=nces.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{convert|807|acre|km2|1}} (total)<br /> | colors = Purple &amp; Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Colors|url=http://www.washington.edu/brand/graphic-elements/primary-color-palette/|website=Washington.edu|access-date=April 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{College color boxes|Washington Huskies}}<br /> | nickname = [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]]<br /> | mascot = {{hlist|[[Harry the Husky]]|Dubs II (live [[Malamute]])}}<br /> | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.washington.edu|washington.edu}}&lt;br&gt;{{URL|https://uw.edu|uw.edu}}<br /> | logo = University of Washington signature.svg<br /> | logo_upright = 1.2<br /> | accreditation = [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities|NWCCU]]<br /> | free_label = Newspaper<br /> | free = ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''University of Washington''' ('''UW''', simply '''Washington''', or informally '''U-Dub''')&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dub&quot; being a phonetic shorthand for &quot;W&quot; (&quot;double-you&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<br /> <br /> Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]; it was established in [[Seattle]] approximately a decade after the city's founding. The university has a 703 acre [[Campus of the University of Washington|main campus]] located in the city's [[University District, Seattle|University District]], as well as campuses in [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]] and [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]]. Overall, UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space, including one of the largest library systems in the world with more than 26 university libraries, art centers, museums, laboratories, lecture halls, and stadiums. The university offers degrees through 140 departments, and functions on a quarter system.<br /> <br /> As the [[Flagship university|flagship institution]] of the six public universities in Washington state, and one of the highest-ranked public universities in the United States, it is known for its medical, engineering and scientific research, as well as its extremely competitive computer science, engineering, law, architecture and business schools. Washington is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=236948|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[National Science Foundation]], UW spent $1.41 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 5th in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 20. Higher education R&amp;D expenditures, ranked by FY 2018 R&amp;D expenditures: FYs 2009–18|url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=ncsesdata.nsf.gov|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university has been affiliated with many notable alumni and faculty, including 21 Nobel Prize laureates and numerous [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, [[Fulbright Scholars]], [[Rhodes Scholars]] and [[Marshall Scholars]].<br /> <br /> Additionally, Washington continues to benefit from its deep historic ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Boeing]], [[Nintendo of America|Nintendo]], and particularly [[Microsoft]]. [[Paul G. Allen]], [[Bill Gates]] and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a [[Traf-O-Data|startup venture]] before founding Microsoft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/entering-golden-age-innovation-computer-science-paul-g-allen/|title=Entering a Golden Age of Innovation in Computer Science|date=March 9, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UW's 22 varsity sports teams are also highly competitive, competing as the [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]] in the [[Pac-12 Conference]] of the [[NCAA Division I]], representing the United States at the [[Olympic Games]], and other major competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Olympians – Washington Rowing|language=en-US|work=Washington Rowing|url=http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|url-status=live|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051652/http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|archive-date=April 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Territorial University of Washington - c1870.jpg|left|thumb|The original University building, {{circa}} 1870.]]<br /> <br /> ===Founding===<br /> In 1854, territorial [[governor]] [[Isaac Stevens]] recommended the establishment of a university in the [[Washington Territory]]. Prominent Seattle-area residents, including [[Methodist]] preacher [[Daniel Bagley]], saw this as a chance to add to the city's potential and prestige. Bagley learned of a law that allowed United States territories to sell land to raise money in support of public schools. At the time, [[Arthur A. Denny]], one of the founders of Seattle and a member of the territorial legislature, aimed to increase the city's importance by moving the territory's capital from [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] to Seattle. However, Bagley eventually convinced Denny that the establishment of a university would assist more in the development of Seattle's economy. Two universities were initially chartered, but later the decision was repealed in favor of a single university in [[Lewis County, Washington|Lewis County]] provided that locally donated land was available. When no site emerged, Denny successfully petitioned the legislature to reconsider Seattle as a location in 1858.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |title=Founding The University Of Washington, One Student At A Time |last=Banel |first=Feliks |date=October 8, 2012 |website=KUOW.org |publisher=[[KUOW-FM]] |access-date=December 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194300/http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ws&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Speidel |first1=William |title=Sons of the Profits |date=1967 |publisher=Nettle Creek Publishing Company |location=Seattle |pages=81–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Territorial University students, Seattle, 1864 (PEISER 89).jpeg|thumb|Territorial University students in 1864]]<br /> In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} site in Seattle to serve as a new university campus. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, while fellow pioneers Edward Lander, and Charlie and Mary Terry, donated two acres on Denny's Knoll in [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bhatt&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Bhatt|first=Sanjay|title=UW has big plans for its prime downtown Seattle real estate|date=October 3, 2013|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=October 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022707/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|archive-date=October 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; More specifically, this tract was bounded by 4th Avenue to the west, 6th Avenue to the east, Union Street to the north, and Seneca Streets to the south.<br /> <br /> John Pike, for whom [[Pike Street (Seattle)|Pike Street]] is named, was the university's architect and builder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|title=CHS Re:Take – Pike's place on Capitol Hill|date=January 15, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205827/http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|archive-date=October 30, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was opened on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The legislature passed articles incorporating the university, and establishing its Board of Regents in 1862. The school initially struggled, closing three times: in 1863 for low enrollment, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to funds shortage. Washington awarded its first graduate [[Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt]] in 1876, with a [[bachelor's degree]] in science.<br /> <br /> ===19th century relocation===<br /> By the time [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] entered the [[United States|Union]] in 1889, both Seattle and the university had grown substantially. Washington's total undergraduate enrollment increased from 30 to nearly 300 students, and the campus's relative isolation in downtown Seattle faced encroaching development. A special legislative committee, headed by UW graduate [[Edmond Meany]], was created to find a new campus to better serve the growing student population and faculty. The committee eventually selected a site on the northeast of [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]] called [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union Bay]], which was the land of the [[Duwamish people|Duwamish]], and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and construction. In 1895, the university relocated to the new campus by moving into the newly built [[Denny Hall]]. The University Regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, eventually settling with leasing the area. This would later become one of the university's most valuable pieces of real estate in modern-day Seattle, generating millions in annual revenue with what is now called the [[Metropolitan Tract (Seattle)|Metropolitan Tract]]. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908, and its former site now houses the [[Fairmont Olympic Hotel]].<br /> <br /> The sole-surviving remnants of Washington's first building are four {{convert|24|ft|adj=on}}, white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were salvaged by [[Edmond S. Meany]], one of the university's first graduates and former head of its history department. Meany and his colleague, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed the columns as &quot;Loyalty,&quot; &quot;Industry,&quot; &quot;Faith&quot;, and &quot;Efficiency&quot;, or &quot;LIFE.&quot; The columns now stand in the [[Sylvan Grove Theater and Columns|Sylvan Grove Theater]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter=The University of Washington's Early Years |title=No Finer Site: The University of Washington's Early Years On Union Bay |chapter-url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/site/early |work=University Libraries |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=April 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition - Rainier Vista.jpg|thumb|Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward [[Mount Rainier]] in 1909]]<br /> <br /> ===20th century expansion===<br /> Organizers of the 1909 [[Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition]] eyed the still largely undeveloped campus as a prime setting for their [[World's Fair|world's fair]]. They came to an agreement with Washington's [[Board of Regents]] that allowed them to use the campus grounds for the exposition, surrounding today's [[Drumheller Fountain]] facing towards [[Mount Rainier]]. In exchange, organizers agreed Washington would take over the campus and its development after the fair's conclusion. This arrangement led to a detailed site plan and several new buildings, prepared in part by [[John Charles Olmsted]]. The plan was later incorporated into the overall UW campus master plan, permanently affecting the campus layout.<br /> <br /> Both [[World War]]s brought the military to campus, with certain facilities temporarily lent to the federal government. In spite of this, subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=University of Washington|url=http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|publisher=Great Depression in Washington State Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925014239/http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|archive-date=September 25, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Interwar period|period between the wars]] saw a significant expansion of the upper campus. Construction of the [[Liberal Arts Quadrangle]], known to students as &quot;The Quad,&quot; began in 1916 and continued to 1939. The university's architectural centerpiece, [[Suzzallo Library]], was built in 1926 and expanded in 1935.<br /> <br /> After [[World War II]], further growth came with the [[G.I. Bill of Rights|G.I. Bill]]. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] in 1946, which is now consistently ranked as the top [[medical school]] in the United States. It would eventually lead to the [[University of Washington Medical Center]], ranked by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' as one of the top ten hospitals in the nation.<br /> <br /> In 1942, all [[Japanese Americans|persons of Japanese ancestry]] in the Seattle area were forced into inland [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment camps]] as part of [[Executive Order 9066]] following the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. During this difficult time, university president [[Lee Paul Sieg]] took an active and sympathetic leadership role in advocating for and facilitating the transfer of Japanese American students to universities and colleges away from the Pacific Coast to help them avoid the mass incarceration.&lt;ref name=&quot;exigenciesII&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Phase II — A Place for Some of Our Best Students | url = https://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/harmony/interrupted/phase2| access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, many Japanese American students and &quot;soon-to-be&quot; graduates were unable to transfer successfully in the short time window or receive diplomas before being incarcerated. It was only many years later that they would be recognized for their accomplishments, during the University of Washington's [[The Long Journey Home (ceremonial event)|Long Journey Home]] ceremonial event that was held in May 2008.<br /> <br /> From 1958 to 1973, the University of Washington saw a tremendous growth in student enrollment, its faculties and operating budget, and also its prestige under the leadership of [[Charles Odegaard]]. UW student enrollment had more than doubled to 34,000 as the [[post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] generation came of age. However, this era was also marked by high levels of [[student activism]], as was the case at many American universities. Much of the unrest focused around [[civil rights]] and opposition to the [[Vietnam War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|title=The Black Student Union at UW: Black Power on Campus|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007071347/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970|last=Kindig|first=Jesse|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424200237/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|archive-date=April 24, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to anti-Vietnam War protests by the late 1960s, the University Safety and Security Division became the University of Washington Police Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|title=UW Police Department: History|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101112410/http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|archive-date=November 1, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Odegaard instituted a vision of building a &quot;community of scholars&quot;, convincing the Washington State legislatures to increase investment in the university. Washington [[United States Senate|senators]], such as [[Henry M. Jackson]] and [[Warren G. Magnuson]], also used their political clout to gather research funds for UW. The results included an increase in the operating budget from $37 million in 1958 to over $400 million in 1973, solidifying UW as a top recipient of federal research funds in the United States. The establishment of technology giants such as [[Microsoft]], [[Boeing]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] in the local area also proved to be highly influential in the UW's fortunes, not only improving graduate prospects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|title=Top Colleges in Tech {{!}} Paysa Blog|website=www.paysa.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132603/https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|title=Here's how much education you need to work at top tech companies|last=Hess|first=Abigail|date=July 26, 2017|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803134340/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also helping to attract millions of dollars in university and research funding through its distinguished faculty and extensive alumni network.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|title=About the Gates family {{!}} Give to the UW|website=www.washington.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801231844/https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Drumhellerfountain.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Rainier]] viewed from [[Drumheller Fountain]]]]<br /> <br /> ===21st century===<br /> In 1990, the University of Washington opened its additional campuses in [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]] and [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]]. Although originally intended for students who have already completed two years of higher education, both schools have since become four-year universities with the authority to grant degrees. The first freshman classes at these campuses started in fall 2006. Today both Bothell and Tacoma also offer a selection of master's degree programs.<br /> <br /> In 2012, the university began exploring plans and governmental approval to expand the main [[Seattle]] campus, including significant increases in student housing, teaching facilities for the growing student body and faculty, as well as expanded public transit options. The [[University of Washington light rail station]] was completed in March 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; connecting Seattle's [[Capitol Hill (Seattle)|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood to the UW Husky Stadium within five minutes of rail travel time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|title=UW &amp; Capitol Hill Light Rail Stations Are Ready|last=Keeley|first=Sean|date=March 17, 2016|website=Curbed Seattle|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801233448/https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It offers a previously unavailable option of transportation into and out of the campus, designed specifically to reduce dependence on private vehicles, bicycles and local [[King County, Washington|King County]] buses.<br /> <br /> [[File:University of Washington Quad, Spring 2007.jpg|thumb|[[University of Washington Quad|The UW Quad]] pictured in 2007]]<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> {{Main|Campus of the University of Washington}}<br /> <br /> UW's main campus is situated in [[Seattle]], by the shores of [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union]] and [[Portage Bay]]s with views of the [[Cascade Range]] to the east, and the [[Olympic Mountains]] to the west. The site encompasses {{convert|703|acre|km2|sp=us}} bounded by N.E. 45th Street on the north, N.E. Pacific Street on the south, Montlake Boulevard N.E. on the east, and 15th Avenue N.E. on the west.<br /> <br /> [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] is the heart of the campus, surrounded by landmark buildings and artworks, such as [[Suzzallo Library]], the ''[[Broken Obelisk]]'', and the [[Statue of George Washington (Seattle)|statue of George Washington]]. It functions as the central hub for students and hosts a variety of events annually. University Way, known locally as &quot;[[The Ave]]&quot;, lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university.<br /> <br /> [[File:Uwaerial1922.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of campus, circa 1922.]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Suzzallo Reading Room, May 2016.jpg|thumb|The university's landmark reading room, inside [[Suzzallo Library]].]]<br /> <br /> === North Campus ===<br /> North Campus features some of UW's most recognized landscapes as well as landmarks, stretching from the signature [[University of Washington Quad]] directly north of [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] to N.E. 45th Street,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|title=University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. – pg.5|last=Lyttle|first=Bethany|website=Forbes|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030538/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and encompasses a number of the university's most historical academic, research, housing, parking, recreational and administrative buildings. With UW's continued growth, administrators proposed a new, multimillion-dollar, multi-phase development plan in late 2014 to refine portions of the North Campus, renovating and replacing old student housing with new [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED-certified]] complexes, introducing new academic facilities, sports fields, open greenery, and museums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|title=Housing Master Plan – UW HFS|website=hfs.uw.edu|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025801/https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|title=UW plan to raze old dorms, raise rents in new ones worries students|last=Long|first=Katherine|date=October 10, 2014|website=seattletimes.com|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025941/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UW [[Foster School of Business]], [[University of Washington School of Law|School of Law]], and the [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]], which houses a significant number of exhibits including a 66-million-year-old [[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]] fossil skull – one of only 15 known to exist in the world today and part of an ongoing excavation, are also located in North Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|title=Burke Museum team discovers a T. rex|date=August 17, 2016|work=Burke Museum|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411110222/http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|title=Researchers excavate T. rex skull at UW's Burke Museum|work=KING|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410032323/http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|archive-date=April 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|title=As visitors watch, Burke Museum preps its T. rex exhibit|work=Spokesman.com|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174532/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === South Campus ===<br /> South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the [[Lake Washington Ship Canal]]. The land was previously the site of the University Golf Course but was given up to construct a building for the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|title=Our Back Pages: The UW Golf Course|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724013749/https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|archive-date=July 24, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, South Campus is the location of UW's health sciences and natural sciences facilities, including the [[University of Washington Medical Center|UW Medical Center]] and the [[Warren G. Magnuson Health Sciences Center|Magnuson Health Sciences Center]] as well as locations for instruction and research in oceanography, [[University of Washington Department of Bioengineering|bioengineering]], biology, genome sciences, hydraulics, and comparative medicine. In 2019, the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center For Computer Science &amp; Engineering opened in South Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Holtz|first=Jackson|date=2019-02-28|title=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center opens a new era of computer science education and innovation at the University of Washington|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/02/28/gates-center-open/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-18|website=UW News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===East Campus===<br /> The East Campus area stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to [[Laurelhurst, Seattle, Washington|Laurelhurst]] and is largely taken up by [[wetland]]s and Huskies sports facilities and recreation fields, including [[Husky Stadium]], [[Hec Edmundson Pavilion]], and [[Husky Ballpark]]. While the area directly north of the sports facilities is home to UW's computer science and engineering programs, which includes [[computer lab]]s once used by [[Paul Allen|Paul G. Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] for their [[Traf-O-Data|prior venture]] before establishing Microsoft,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; the area northeast of the sports facilities is occupied by components of the UW Botanic Gardens, such as the [[Union Bay Natural Area]], the UW Farm, and the Center for Urban Horticulture. Further east is the [[Ceramic and Metal Arts Building]] and Laurel Village, which provides family housing for registered full-time students. East Campus is also the location of the [[UW light rail station]].<br /> <br /> ===West Campus===<br /> West Campus consists of mainly [[Modern architecture|modernist]] structures located on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and [[Interstate 5]] from the Ship Canal, to N.E. 41st Street. It is home to the College of Built Environments, School of Social Work, Fishery Sciences Building, UW Police Department as well as many of the university's residence halls and apartments, such as Stevens Court, Mercer Court, Alder Hall, and Elm Hall.<br /> <br /> ==Organization and administration==<br /> &lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Oceanography]] --&gt;<br /> {{See also|President of the University of Washington}}[[File:Gerberding Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.jpg|thumb|The Gothic-revival [[Gerberding Hall]] houses offices, including that of the President and Provost.]]<br /> <br /> ===Governance===<br /> University of Washington's President [[Ana Mari Cauce]] was selected by the Board of Regents, effective October 13, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Office of the President|url=http://www.washington.edu/president/|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=November 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110150750/http://www.washington.edu/president/|archive-date=November 10, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2015, the Board of Regents approved a five-year contract for Cauce, awarding her yearly compensation of $910,000. Cauce's compensation package includes an annual salary of $697,500, $150,000 per year in deferred compensation, an annual $50,500 contribution into a retirement account, and a $12,000 annual automobile allowance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|title=UW Regents approve contract for President Ana Mari Cauce|work=UW News|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525181128/https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|archive-date=May 25, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the Interim President before her appointment, fulfilling the position left vacant by the previous President [[Michael K. Young]] when he was announced to be [[Texas A&amp;M University]]'s next President on February 3, 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theeagle.com/news/regents-two-time-university-president-expected-to-serve-at-helm/article_e8cca324-abd7-11e4-97cb-f704a6d2f049.html|title=Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2015|publisher=theeagle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phyllis Wise]], who had served at UW as Provost and Executive Vice President, and as Interim President for a year, was named the Chancellor of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] in August 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |title=Biography – Phyllis Wise |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028030550/http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university is governed by ten Regents, one of whom is a student. Its most notable former regent is likely [[William H. Gates, Sr.]], the father of [[Bill Gates]]. The undergraduate student government is the [[Associated Students of the University of Washington]] (ASUW) and the graduate student government is the [[Graduate and Professional Student Senate]] (GPSS).<br /> <br /> ===Finances===<br /> In 2017 the university reported $4.893 billion in revenues and $5.666 billion in expenses, resulting in an operating loss of $774 million. This loss was offset by $342 million in state appropriations, $443 million in investment income, $166 million in gifts, and $185 million of other non-operating revenues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|title=2017 Bondholder Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012734/https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, the university's net position increased by $363 million in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Endowment====<br /> Endowed gifts are commingled in the university's Consolidated Endowment Fund, managed by an internal investment company at an annual cost of approximately $6.2 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The university reported $443.383 million of investment income in fiscal year 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{as of|2017|December|31}} the value of the CEF was $3.361 billion, with $686 million in Emerging Markets Equity, $1.235 billion in Developed Markets Equity, $383 million in Private Equity, $185 million in Real Assets, $54 million in Opportunistic, $535 million in Absolute Return, and $283 million in Fixed Income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|title=University of Washington Quarterly Investment Performance Report|last=University of Washington Investment Management Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013316/http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Major projects====<br /> Major recent spending includes $131 million on the UW Animal Research and Care Facility, $72 million on the Nano-engineering and Sciences Building, $61 million building on the Workday HR &amp; Payroll System, $50 million on the Denny Hall Renovation, $44 million on the West Campus Utility Plant, $26 million on the UW Medical Center Expansion Phase 2, $25 million on the UW Tacoma Urban Solutions Center, and $21 million on the UW Police Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The initial contract for Workday was for $27 million, so the total $61 million cost represents a $34 million cost overrun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|title=New UW payroll system behind schedule, more costly than expected|date=November 26, 2015|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013611/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2018|April|28}}, the university has nearly $1 billion in new construction underway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|title=UW has $1 billion in buildings going up or planned in Seattle|date=April 29, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013741/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sustainability===<br /> [[Environmental sustainability]] has long been a major focus of the university's Board of Regents and Presidents. In February 2006, the UW joined a partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program, ensuring that all of Seattle campus' electricity is supplied by and purchased from renewable sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|title=Mayor Announces UW Green Energy Purchase|date=February 2006|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=February 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116004704/http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|archive-date=January 16, 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, then UW President Emmert furthered the university's efforts with a host of other universities across the U.S., and signed the [[American College &amp; University Presidents' Climate Commitment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|title=Who's Who |work=American College &amp; University|publisher=Presidentsclimatecommitment.org|access-date=September 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726041616/http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|archive-date=July 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW created a Climate Action Team,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/46996 |title=UW seeks to deepen its commitment to sustainability |last=Roseth|first=Robert|date=February 5, 2009|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as an Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC) which keeps track of UW's greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|title=About the Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC)|date=August 10, 2004|publisher=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|access-date=September 16, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002357/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Policies were enacted with environmental stewardship in mind, and institutional support was provided to assist with campus sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Environmental Stewardship&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|title=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=May 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517051607/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|archive-date=May 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, UW's Student Housing and Food Services (HFS) office has dedicated several million dollars annually towards locally produced, [[Organic food|organic]], and natural foods. HFS also ceased the use of [[foam food container]]s on-campus, and instead opted for compostable cups, plates, utensils, and packaging whenever possible. New residence halls planned for 2020 are also expected to meet silver or gold [[LEED standards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228|title=Housing and Food Services: Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000650/http://www.hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228 |archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the University of Washington was one of several universities to receive the highest grade, &quot;A-&quot;, on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|title=College Sustainability Report Card 2008|publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute|access-date=May 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717115307/http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|archive-date=July 17, 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university was one of 15 Overall College Sustainability Leaders, among the 300 institutions surveyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwnews.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/44022|title=UW again receives grade of A- for sustainability|date=September 26, 2008|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics and research==<br /> {{col-begin}}{{Infobox US university ranking|ARWU_W=16|ARWU_N=13|QS_W=72|THE_WSJ=45|Forbes=27|THES_W=29|Wamo_NU=11|USNWR_NU=59|USNWR_W=7|CWUR_W=23}}<br /> {{col-end}}The university offers bachelor's, master's and [[Doctoral degree|doctoral]] degrees through its 140 departments, themselves organized into various colleges and schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|title=Academic Departments|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024935/http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|archive-date=January 24, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also continues to operate a [[Transition School and Early Entrance Program]] on campus, which first began in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;eep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|title=The Halbert and Nancy Robinson Center for Young Scholars|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721223107/http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|archive-date=July 21, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rankings and reputation ===<br /> <br /> <br /> UW has been listed as a &quot;[[Public Ivy]]&quot; in [[Public Ivy#Greenes' Guides list (2001)|Greene's Guides]] since 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV8QJDzrcSoC|title=Public Ivies|last1=Greene|first1=Howard|last2=Greene|first2=Matthew W.|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2001|isbn=978-0-06-093459-0|series=Greenes' Guide to Educational Planning}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an elected member of the [[American Association of Universities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|title=Association of American Universities|access-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69oUMM90E?url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|archive-date=August 10, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the faculty by 2012, there have been 151 members of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 68 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], 67 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 53 members of the [[Institute of Medicine]], 29 winners of the [[Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers]], 21 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]], 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 [[MacArthur Fellows]], 9 winners of the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]], 5 winners of the [[National Medal of Science]], 7 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, 5 winners of [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]], 4 members of the [[American Philosophical Society]], 2 winners of the [[National Book Award]], 2 winners of the [[National Medal of Arts]], 2 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 1 winner of the [[Fields Medal]], and 1 member of the [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu|title=Faculty &amp; Staff, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=May 3, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225192933/http://www.washington.edu/|archive-date=February 25, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|title=Faculty Memberships and Awards|author=University of Washington|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011305/http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|title=Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden honors local Nobel Laureates|last=Trujillo|first=Joshua|date=May 7, 2010|newspaper=The Seattle Post Intelligencer|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130195857/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|archive-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among UW students by 2012, there were 136 Fulbright Scholars, 35 Rhodes Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 4 Gates Cambridge Scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/discover|title=Future Students, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=December 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412090338/http://www.washington.edu/discover/|archive-date=April 12, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is recognized as a top producer of [[Fulbright Scholars]], ranking 2nd in the US in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|title=University of Washington is a top producer of Fulbright scholars Students|year=2018|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426181202/http://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU)'' has consistently ranked UW as one of the top 20 universities worldwide every year since its first release.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghairanking1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities——University of Washington|access-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822014321/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|archive-date=August 22, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, UW ranked 14th worldwide out of 500 by the ''ARWU'', &lt;nowiki/&gt; 26th worldwide out of 981 in the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'', and 28th worldwide out of 101 in the ''Times'' [[World Reputation Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|work=Times Higher Education|date=July 2019|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919185922/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=September 19, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked it 68th worldwide, out of over 900.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-washington|title=University of Washington – QS Ranking|access-date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]'' ranked UW 8th out of nearly 1,500 universities worldwide for 2021, with UW's undergraduate program tied for 58th among 389 national universities in the U.S. and tied for 19th among 209 public universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798/overall-rankings|title=University of Washington Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, it ranked 10th among the universities around the world by [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2019 – Overall Rank|website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the [[CWTS Leiden Ranking|''Leiden Ranking'']], which focuses on science and the impact of scientific publications among the world's 500 major universities, ranked UW 12th globally and 5th in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|title=University Rankings: How Important Are They?|last=Cairns|first=Eva|work=Forbes|access-date=August 14, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814150200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|archive-date=August 14, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|title=Leiden Ranking 2017 by Leiden University|publisher=Leidenranking.com|access-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071037/http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|archive-date=December 23, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, ''[[Kiplinger]]'' magazine's review of &quot;top college values&quot; named UW 5th for in-state students and 10th for out-of-state students among U.S. public colleges, and 84th overall out of 500 schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| url=https://www.kiplinger.com/tool/college/T014-S001-best-college-values-college-finder/end_page.php?school=9445 |magazine=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |title=College Finder |date=July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' National University Rankings UW was ranked 15th domestically in 2018, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |title=2018 National University Rankings |access-date=July 30, 2019 |magazine=Washington Monthly |date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604060903/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the [[Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing]] Institute recognized the Mechanical Engineering BS and MS programs with an endorsement for their commitment to preparing workers for careers in [[Industry 4.0]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.roboticscareer.org/news-and-events/news/19218 |title=ARM Institute Endorses Two More Robotics Education Programs |access-date=September 28, 2021 |magazine=RoboticsCareer.org |date=September 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{col-begin}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |National Program Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Grad School Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948/overall-rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Audiology || 36<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Business || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry|| 24<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Psychology || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Economics || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Education || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 24<br /> |-<br /> | English || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Fine Arts || 32<br /> |-<br /> | Health Care Management || 15<br /> |-<br /> | History || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Law || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Library &amp; Information Studies || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Primary Care || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Research || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Doctorate || 1<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Masters || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Midwifery || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Occupational Therapy || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Physical Therapy || 25<br /> |-<br /> | Physician Assistant || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Political Science || 33<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Public Affairs || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Social Work || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Speech-Language Pathology || 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]] || 3<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}{{col-begin}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |Global Subject Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Global Univ Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; Humanities || 80<br /> |-<br /> | Biology &amp; Biochemistry || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology &amp; Applied Microbiology || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Cardiac &amp; Cardiovascular Systems || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Cell Biology || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry || 78<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 9<br /> |-<br /> | Economics &amp; Business || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering || 130<br /> |-<br /> | Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Energy &amp; Fuels || 43<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Environment/Ecology || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Geosciences || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Immunology || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Infectious Diseases || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Microbiology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Genetics || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Neuroscience &amp; Behavior || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Oncology || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Plant &amp; Animal Science || 41<br /> |-<br /> | Psychiatry/Psychology || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Social Sciences &amp; Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Space Science || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Surgery || 6<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> === Admissions ===<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:right; font-size:85%: text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> The university's undergraduate admissions process is rated 91/99 by the [[Princeton Review]] meaning highly selective,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|title=The Princeton Review's College Ratings {{!}} The Princeton Review|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903052920/https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|title=University of Washington – The Princeton Review College Rankings &amp; Reviews|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130011/https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is classified &quot;more selective&quot; by the ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|title=University of Washington|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111012627/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|archive-date=January 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Fall 2019, 23,606 (51.8%) were accepted out of 45,584 applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |title=Freshmen by the numbers |access-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205543/https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the 6,984 admitted freshman students who then officially enrolled for Fall 2019, the middle 50% of [[SAT]] scores ranged from 1240 to 1440, out of 1600. More specifically, the middle 50% ranged from 600 to 700 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 620–770 for math.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#admission|title=University of Washington Quick Facts|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#admission|archive-date=June 28, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|title=UW Fast Facts: 2017|website=University of Washington – Office of Planning and Budgeting|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220010632/http://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 27 to 33, out of 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot; /&gt; The middle 50% of admitted [[GPA]] ranged from 3.72 to 3.95, out of 4.0.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The university uses capacity constrained majors,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |title=Capacity-constrained majors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410091337/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a gate-keeping process that requires most students to apply to an internal college or faculty. New applications are usually considered once or twice annually, and few students are admitted each time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|title=Applying for a capacity-constrained major?|access-date=April 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053402/http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|archive-date=April 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The screening process is often stringent, largely being based on cumulative academic performance, recommendation letters and extracurricular activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |title=UW Undergraduate Advising: Majors and Minors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320141736/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Capacity constrained majors have been criticized for delaying graduation and forcing good students to reroute their education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Exploring Major Alternatives|url=https://transfer.uw.edu/exploring-majors-and-alternatives/|volume=|pages=|access-date=January 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> UW's research budget consistently ranks among the top 5 in both public and private universities in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Annual Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|title=University of Washington Annual Report 2005|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625151451/http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;top research&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|title=The Top American Research Universities (December 2005)|publisher=Mup.asu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617210050/http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|archive-date=June 17, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It surpassed the $1.0 billion research budget milestone in 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;UW $1 billion research mark&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|title=UW passed $1 billion research budget mark |publisher=Uwnews.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011313/http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and university endowments reached almost $3.0 billion by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;As of June 30, 2016. {{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016|year=2017|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170057/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is the largest recipient of federal research funding among public universities, and currently ranks top 2nd among all public and private universities in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Annual Report Of Awards And Expenditures Related To Research, Training, Fellowships, and Other Sponsored Programs|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|year=2008|author=University of Washington|publisher=University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131810/http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|archive-date=November 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, the University of Washington School of Oceanography and the UW Applied Physics Laboratory completed the construction of the first [[Regional Scale Nodes|high-power underwater cabled observatory]] in the United States.<br /> <br /> To promote equal academic opportunity, especially for people of low income, UW launched ''Husky Promise'' in 2006. Families of income up to 65 percent of state median income or 235 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible. With this, up to 30 percent of undergraduate students may be eligible. The cut-off income level that UW set is the highest in the nation, making top-quality education available to more people. Then UW President, Mark Emmert, simply said that being &quot;elitist is not in our DNA&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inside HigherEd Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |url=http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |title=Inside HigherEd Husky Promise |publisher=Insidehighered.com |date=October 13, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729000445/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |title=UW Husky Promise |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date=October 11, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011316/http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Last year, the University of Washington moved to a more comprehensive approach [to admissions], in which the admissions staff reads the entire application and looks at grades within the context of the individual high school, rather than relying on computerized cutoffs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |title=Education News - College Admissions, MBA Programs, Financial Aid - Wsj.com |publisher=Collegejournal.com |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302005356/http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UW was the host university of [[ResearchChannel]] program (now defunct), the only TV channel in the United States dedicated solely for the dissemination of research from academic institutions and research organizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel host&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|title=ResearchChannel contact UW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621231937/http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|archive-date=June 21, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Participation of ResearchChannel included 36 universities, 15 research organizations, two corporate research centers and many other affiliates.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel participants&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp |title=ResearchChannel participants |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829044759/http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp|archive-date=August 29, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alan Michelson, now Head of the Built Environments Library at UW Seattle, manages the '''Pacific Coast Architecture Database''' (PCAD), which Michelson started in 2002 while he worked as Architecture and Design Librarian at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). The PCAD serves as a searchable public database detailing significant but importantly, also lesser-known and -lauded designers, buildings and structures, and partnerships, with links including to bibliographic literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/about/|title=PCAD - Pacific Coast Architecture Database|website=pcad.lib.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, {{Proper name|iDefense}} reported that [[Cyberwarfare by China|Chinese hackers]] had launched [[Chinese espionage in the United States|cyberattacks]] on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for the [[United States Navy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |title=Chinese hackers target North American and Asian universities |first=Sara |last=Sekine |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527182141/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |archive-date=May 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the targets included the University of Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt; The attacks have been underway since at least April 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px&quot;<br /> |+ ''Demographics of student body (Fall 2019)''&lt;ref name=&quot;WashStats&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= University of Washington Quick Stats | url= https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf | publisher= UW Office of the Registrar | access-date= May 5, 2020 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225444/https://depts.washington.edu/reptreq/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Quick_Stats_Spr2014_Seattle.pdf | archive-date= January 12, 2015 | df= mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Washington (state)#Demographics]] and [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! !! Student Body !! Washington !! U.S. Census<br /> |-<br /> ! [[African American]]<br /> | 4.0% || 3.6% || 12.0%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Asian American]]<br /> | 25.4% || 7.2% || 4.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[White American]]<br /> | 40.3% || 72.5% || 63.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic American]]<br /> | 8.0% || 4.8% || 16.3%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]<br /> | 1.1% || 1.5% || 0.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[International student]]<br /> | 17.1% || N/A || N/A<br /> |-<br /> ! Other/Unknown<br /> | 3.2% || 5.2% || 2.4%<br /> |}<br /> University of Washington had 47,571 total enrollments as of Autumn 2019, making it the largest university on the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast]] by student population in spite of its selective admissions process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#enrollment|title=Office of Admissions. University of Washington|date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Admit.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#enrollment|archive-date=June 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also boasts one of the most diverse student bodies within the US, with more than 50% of its undergraduate students self-identifying with [[minority group]]s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html Undergraduates].&quot; Office of News and Information. University of Washington. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905130941/http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html|date=September 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|title=UW admissions more competitive|last=Shelley|first=Anthony|date=April 24, 2007|newspaper=The Daily of the University of Washington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707210436/http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|archive-date=July 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/opb/uw-data/external-reporting/common-data-set/|title=Common Data Set}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/|title=Freshmen by the numbers &amp;#124; Office of Admissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Organizations===<br /> [[File:Husky Union Building, northwest entrance, 2014-10-13.jpg|thumb|The [[Husky Union Building]], one of many facilities for student resources.]]<br /> <br /> ====Registered groups====<br /> The University of Washington boasts over 800 active Registered Student Organizations (RSOs), one of the largest networks of any universities in the world. RSOs are dedicated to a wide variety of interests both in and beyond campus. Some of these interest areas include academic focus groups, cultural exchanges, environmental activities, Greek life, political/social action, religious discussions, sports, international student gatherings by country, and STEM-specific events. Prominent examples are:<br /> * '''The Dream Project''': &quot;The Dream Project teaches UW students to mentor first-generation and low-income students in King County high schools as they navigate the complex college admissions process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|title=UW Dream Project &amp;#124; Supporting Seattle-area high school students through the college admissions process|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218201445/http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|archive-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''The Rural Health Education (RHE)''': Promotes health in rural areas of Washington state through health fairs. Volunteers include students from a variety of backgrounds including medical, pharmacy, and dentistry. Health professionals from the Greater Seattle area also actively participate.<br /> * '''Students Expressing Environmental Concern (SEED)''': partially funded by UW's Housing and Food Services (HFS) office to promote environmental sustainability, and reduce the university's carbon footprint.<br /> * '''Student Philanthropy Education Program''': Partnered with the UW's nonprofit, the UW Foundation, this group focuses on promoting awareness of philanthropy's importance through major events on campus.<br /> * '''Husky Global Affairs''': This is a club dedicated to social science research in global issues. It provides a forum for students to collaborate in research and publishes their research in the Global Affairs Journal.<br /> * '''UW Delta Delta Sigma Pre-Dental Society (DDS)''': This is a club dedicated to serving pre-dental students and it provides a forum for discussion of dental-related topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://students.washington.edu/dental/|title=DDS|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205033849/http://students.washington.edu/dental/|archive-date=December 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''UW Earth Club''': The Earth Club is interested in promoting the expression of environmental attitudes and consciousness through specialized events.<br /> * '''UW Farm''': The UW farm grows crops on campus and advocates urban farming in the UW community.<br /> * '''GlobeMed at UW''': a student-run non-profit organization that works to educate about global poverty and its effect on health. The UW chapter is a part of a national network of chapters, each partnering with a grassroots organization at home or abroad. GlobeMed at UW is partnered with [[The MINDS Foundation]] which supports education about and treatment for mental illness in rural India.<br /> * '''UW Sierra Student Coalition''': SSC is dedicated to many larger environmental issues on campus and providing related opportunities to students.<br /> * '''Washington Public Interest Research Group (WashPIRG)''': WashPIRG engages students in a variety of activist causes, including environmental projects on campus and the community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|title=Student Organizations|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604185741/http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:UW Tower from 38th &amp; Eastern.jpg|thumb|[[UW Tower]], a conference space and administrative building.]]<br /> <br /> ====Student government====<br /> {{Main|Associated Students of the University of Washington}}<br /> The Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) is one of two Student Governments at the University of Washington, the other being the Graduate and Professional Student Senate. It is funded and supported by student fees, and provides services that directly and indirectly benefit them. The ASUW employs over 72 current University of Washington students, has over 500 volunteers, and spends $1.03 million annually to provide services and activities to the student body of 43,000 on-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|title=Associated Students of the University of Washington {{!}} SAF {{!}} Services and Activities Fee|website=depts.washington.edu|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003658/https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|archive-date=November 18, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Student Senate was established in 1994 as a division of the Associated Students of the University of Washington. Student Senate is one of two official student governed bodies and provides a broad-based discussion of issues. Currently, the ASUW Student Senate has a legislative body of over 150 senators representing a diverse set of interests on and off-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |title=History |website=senate.asuw.org |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117225445/http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ASUW was incorporated in the State of Washington on April 20, 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225349/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 30, 1932, the ASUW assisted in the incorporation of [[University Book Store]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215654/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which has been in continuous operation at the same location on University Way for over 70 years. The [[ASUW Experimental College]], part of the ASUW, was created in 1968 by several University of Washington students seeking to provide the campus and surrounding community with a selection of classes not offered on the university curriculum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php/|title=Experimental College|access-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172357/https://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php|archive-date=January 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Publication===<br /> {{Main|The Daily of the University of Washington}}<br /> The student newspaper is ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]'', usually referred to as ''The Daily''. It is the second-largest{{clarify|date=January 2021}} daily paper in Seattle. ''The Daily'' is published every day classes are in session during fall, winter and spring quarters, and weekly during summer quarters. In 2010, ''The Daily'' launched a half-hour weekly television magazine show, &quot;The Daily's Double Shot,&quot; on [[UWTV]] Channel 27. The UW continues to use its proprietary [[UWTV]] channel, online and printed publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;UWTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uwtv.org/|title=UWTV|publisher=UWTV|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609230447/http://www.uwtv.org/|archive-date=June 9, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The faculty also produce their own publications for students and alumni.<br /> <br /> ===Student Activism===<br /> Throughout the 20th Century, UW student activism centered around a variety of national and international concerns, from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] to the [[Vietnam War]] and [[civil rights]]. In 1948, at the beginning of the [[McCarthyism]] era, students brought their activism to bear on campus, by protesting the firing of three UW professors accused of communist affiliations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kindig |first1=Jessie |title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=UW Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514024128/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |archive-date=May 14, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Devon |title=The long history of activism at the UW |url=https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=The Daily |date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328145032/https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |archive-date=March 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===University support===<br /> UW offers many services for its students and alumni, beyond the standard offered by most colleges and universities. Its &quot;Student Life&quot; division houses 16 departments and offices that serve students directly and indirectly, including those below and overseen by Vice President and Vice Provost.<br /> * Career Center<br /> * Counseling Center<br /> * Department of Recreational Sports (IMA)<br /> * Disability Resource Center<br /> * Fraternity and Sorority Life<br /> * Health and Wellness Programs<br /> * Housing and Food Services<br /> * Office of Ceremonies<br /> * Office of the University Registrar<br /> * Student Admissions<br /> * Student Activities and Union Facilities<br /> * Student Financial Aid<br /> * Student Legal Services <br /> * Student Publications (The Daily)<br /> * Campus Police&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://police.uw.edu/|title=UW Police|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001242/http://police.uw.edu/|archive-date=February 22, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Housing====<br /> {{Main|Housing at the University of Washington}}<br /> The university operates one of the largest campuses of any higher education institution in the world. Despite this, growing faculty and student count has strained the regional housing supply as well as transportation facilities. Starting in 2012, UW began taking active measures to explore, plan and enact a series of campus policies to manage the annual growth. In addition to new buildings, parking and [[light rail]] stations, new building construction and renovations have been scheduled to take place through 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|title=Campus Master Plan {{!}} Capital Planning and Development|website=cpd.uw.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040435/https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plan includes the construction of three six-story [[residence hall]]s and two apartment complexes in the west section of campus, near the existing [[Terry and Lander Halls]], in Phase I, the renovation of six existing residence halls in Phase II, and additional new construction in Phase III. The projects will result in a net gain of approximately 2,400 beds. The Residence Hall Student Association (student government for the halls) is the second-largest student organization on campus and helps plan fun events in the halls. For students, faculty, and staff looking to live off-campus, they may also explore Off-Campus Housing Affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://housing.asuw.org/|title=Off-Campus Housing Affairs |publisher=ASUW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215084410/http://housing.asuw.org/|archive-date=December 15, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Greek System at UW has also been a prominent part of student culture for more than 115 years. It is made up of two organizational bodies, the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC) and the Panhellenic Association. The IFC looks over 34 fraternities with 1900+ members and Panhellenic consists of 19 sororities and 1900 members. The school has additional Greek organizations that do not offer housing and are primarily special interest.<br /> <br /> ====Disability resources====<br /> In addition to the University of Washington's Disability Resources for Students (DRS) office, there is also a campus-wide [[The DO-IT Center|DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) Center]] program that assists educational institutions to fully integrate all students, including those with disabilities, into academic life. DO-IT includes a variety of initiatives, such as the [[DO-IT Scholars Program]], and provides information on the 'universal' design of educational facilities for students of all levels of physical and mental ability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|title=Universal Design: Process, Principles, and Applications|date=June 14, 2012|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428030609/http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|archive-date=April 28, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These design programs aim to reduce systemic barriers which could otherwise hinder the performance of some students, and may also be applied to other professional organizations and conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|title=Applications of Universal Design to Projects, Conference Exhibits, Presentations, and Professional Organizations|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531051627/http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Athletics==<br /> {{Main|Washington Huskies}}<br /> UW students, sports teams, and alumni are called [[Washington Huskies]], and often referred to [[Metonymy|metonymically]] as &quot;Montlake,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/thiel/300600_thiel22.html|title=Mora's move generates intrigue|last1=Thiel|first1=Art|date=January 21, 2007|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the campus's location on Montlake Boulevard N.E. (although the traditional bounds of the [[Montlake, Seattle, Washington|Montlake neighborhood]] do not extend north of the [[Montlake Cut]] to include the campus.) The [[husky]] was selected as the school mascot by the student committee in 1922, which replaced the &quot;Sun Dodger&quot;, an abstract reference to the [[Seattle, Washington#Climate|local weather]].<br /> <br /> The university participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s Division I-A, and the [[Pac-12 Conference]]. The [[Washington Huskies football|football team]] is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] victories and an [[Orange Bowl (game)|Orange Bowl]] title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] record.&lt;ref name=&quot;unbeaten&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/fbs.pdf |title=2014 NCAA Football Record Book |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] |page=117 |access-date=October 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070611/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/FBS.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tailgate party|Tailgating]] by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of [[Lake Washington]]. The [[Apple Cup]] game is an annual game against cross-state rival [[Washington State University]] that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 32 losses and 6 ties. This game was last won by Washington State University, and the Apple Cup trophy currently resides in Pullman, Washington. [[College Football Hall of Fame]] member [[Don James (American football)|Don James]] is a former head coach.<br /> <br /> [[File:Hec Ed.JPG|thumb|The [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion|Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] hosts basketball and volleyball events.]]<br /> <br /> The men's [[Washington Huskies men's basketball|basketball]] team has been moderately successful, though recently the team has enjoyed a resurgence under coach [[Lorenzo Romar]]. With Romar as head coach, the team has been to six [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournaments]] (2003–2004, 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons), 2 consecutive top 16 (sweet sixteen) appearances, and secured a No. 1 seed in 2005. On December 23, 2005, the men's basketball team won their 800th victory in Hec Edmundson Pavilion, the most wins for any NCAA team in its current arena.<br /> <br /> [[College rowing (United States)|Rowing]] is a longstanding tradition at the University of Washington dating back to 1901. The Washington men's crew gained international prominence by winning the [[gold medal]] at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin, defeating the German and Italian crews much to the dismay of [[Adolf Hitler]] who was in attendance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Events of the century|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|access-date=October 8, 2012|newspaper=Seattle Post Intelligencer|date=December 21, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103161427/http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958, the men's crew deepened their legend with a shocking win over [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] Trud's world champion rowers at the Moscow Cup, resulting in the first American sporting victory on [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] soil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Johns|first=Greg|title=Huskies crew earns return trip to Moscow|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=August 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170939/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Thiel|first=Art|title=UW crew gets front seat to history|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=September 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103163953/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and certainly the first time a Russian crowd gave any American team a standing ovation during the [[Cold War]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ Water World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925103138/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ |date=September 25, 2005 }}, ''Sports Illustrated'', November 17, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; The men's crew have won 46 national titles&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Crew: UW's most successful, stable athletic enterprise|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=April 30, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170129/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (15 [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]], 1 [[National Collegiate Rowing Championship]]), 15 Olympic gold medals, two silver and five bronze. The women have 10 national titles and two Olympic gold medals. In 1997, the women's team won the NCAA championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot; /&gt; The Husky men are the 2015 national champions.<br /> <br /> Recent national champions include the [[Washington Huskies softball|softball]] team ([[2009 Women's College World Series|2009]]), the men's rowing team (2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007), NCAA Division I women's [[Cross country running|cross country]] team (2008), and the women's volleyball team ([[2005 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament|2005]]). Individually, Scott Roth was the 2011 NCAA men's Outdoor [[Pole Vault]] and 2011 &amp; 2010 NCAA men's Indoor Pole Vault champion. [[James Lepp]] was the 2005 NCAA men's golf champion. Ryan Brown (men's 800 meters) and Amy Lia (women's 1500 meters) won individual titles at the 2006 NCAA Track and Field Championships. [[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]] was the 2005 NCAA men's Outdoor and Indoor Pole Vault champion.<br /> <br /> The university has an extensive series of sports facilities, including but not limited to the [[Husky Stadium]] (football, track and field), the [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), [[Husky Ballpark]] (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The [[William Quillian (athlete)|Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium]], The [[Nordstrom]] Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the [[Conibear Shellhouse]] (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the [[Weyerhaeuser]] Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. The university discontinued its men's and women's swim teams on May 1, 2009, due to budget cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|title=Huskies &amp;#124; UW cuts swimming teams &amp;#124; Seattle Times Newspaper|last=Condotta|first=Bob|date=May 2, 2009|publisher=Seattletimes.com|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105161833/http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Husky Stadium===<br /> [[File:Husky Stadium - March 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|The rebuilt [[Husky Stadium]], in 2016.]]<br /> {{Main|Husky Stadium}}<br /> The rebuilt Husky Stadium is the first and primary source of income for the completely remodeled athletic district. The major remodel consisted of a new grand concourse, [[University of Washington station|underground light-rail station]] which opened on March 19, 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an enclosed west end design, replacement of bleachers with individual seating, removal of track and Huskytron, as well as the installation of a new press box section, private box seating, football offices, permanent seating in the east end zone that does not block the view of Lake Washington. The project also included new and improved amenities, concession stands, and bathrooms throughout. The cost for renovating the stadium was around $280 million and was designed for a slightly lower [[seating capacity]] than its previous design, now at 70,138 seats.<br /> <br /> Besides hosting national and regional football games, the Husky Stadium is also used by the university for its annual Commencement event, departmental ceremonies, and other events. Husky Stadium is one of several places that may have been the birthplace of the crowd phenomenon known as &quot;[[Audience wave|The Wave]]&quot;. It is claimed that the wave was invented by Husky graduate Robb Weller and UW band director Bill Bissel in October 1981, for an afternoon game facing opponents from [[Stanford University]].<br /> <br /> ===Mascot===<br /> {{Main|Harry the Husky}}<br /> [[File:Basketball 1.JPG|thumb|The costumed mascot, Harry the Husky, at a basketball game.]]<br /> [[File:Ticket Washington vs Stanford 1930 side1.jpg|right|thumb|1930 football ticket stub depicting the UW Husky mascot]]<br /> The University of Washington's costumed mascot is [[Harry the Husky]]. &quot;Harry the Husky&quot; performs at sporting and special events, and a live [[Alaskan Malamute]], currently named Dubs II,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |title=10/10, would cheer with: UW introduces new live mascot, Dubs II, and he is adorable |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=March 23, 2018 |last=Webeck |first=Evan |access-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101155321/https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; has traditionally led the UW [[American football|football]] team onto the field at the start of games. The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote. The choice was inspired by the first [[stanza]] of [[Lord Byron]]'s ''[[The Destruction of Sennacherib]]'':&lt;ref name=SchoolColors&gt;{{cite web|title=School Colors: Purple and Gold|url=http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=July 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210005902/http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|archive-date=December 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|title=University Chronology|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131814/http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;poem&gt;<br /> The [[Assyria]]n came down like the wolf on the fold,<br /> And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;<br /> And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,<br /> When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep [[Sea of Galilee|Galilee]].<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> Additionally, the university has also hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washington Huskies|url=https://gohuskies.com/sports/2013/4/18/208229209.aspx|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=Washington Huskies|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===School songs===<br /> The [[University of Washington Husky Marching Band]] performs at many Husky sporting events including all [[American football|football]] games. The band was founded in 1929, and today it is a cornerstone of Husky spirit. The band marches using a traditional high step, and it is one of only a few marching bands left in the United States to do so. Like many college bands, the Husky band has several traditional songs that it has played for decades, including the official [[fight song]]s &quot;[[Bow Down to Washington]]&quot; and &quot;[[Tequila (Champs song)|Tequila]]&quot;, as well as fan-favorite &quot;Africano&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni and faculty ==<br /> {{Main list|List of University of Washington people}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Michael_P._Anderson.jpg|[[Michael P. Anderson]], [[National Aeronautic and Space Administration|NASA]] Astronaut and [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]] crew member<br /> Pappy_Boyington.jpg|[[Pappy Boyington]], [[World War II]] combat fighter ace<br /> DaleChihulyatPilchuck.jpg|[[Dale Chihuly]], glass sculptor<br /> Kenny_G_1998.jpg|[[Kenny G]], [[Grammy Award]]-winning jazz musician<br /> Patrick Shanahan.jpg|[[Patrick M. Shanahan]], [[United States Secretary of Defense]]<br /> SpeakerFoley.jpg|[[Tom Foley]], 49th [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]<br /> Sally_Jewell_official_portrait.jpg|[[Sally Jewell]], 51st [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] and former CEO of [[Recreational Equipment, Inc.|REI]]<br /> Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg|[[Bruce Lee]], actor and martial artist<br /> Kyle_MacLachlan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Kyle MacLachlan]], [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]]-winning actor<br /> Joel_McHale_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Joel McHale]], actor and comedian<br /> Warren_Moon.jpg|[[Warren Moon]], [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] quarterback<br /> Jim_L_Mora_2006-11-19.jpg|[[Jim L. Mora]], former NFL coach<br /> Brandon_Roy_Wizards.jpg|[[Brandon Roy]], former [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]]<br /> Hope_Solo_USA_Training_(edited).jpg|[[Hope Solo]], former [[United States women's national soccer team|USWNT]] goalkeeper<br /> Isaiah_Thomas_(34300573362).jpg|[[Isaiah Thomas (basketball)|Isaiah Thomas]], two-time [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA All-Star]]<br /> Rainn_Wilson_2011_Shankbone.JPG|[[Rainn Wilson]], actor<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable alumni of the University of Washington include U.S. Olympic rower [[Joe Rantz]] (1936); architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] (1934); news anchor and [[Big Sky Resort|Big Sky resort]] founder [[Chet Huntley]] (1934); US Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]] (JD 1935); Baskin Robbins co-founder [[Irv Robbins]] (1939); former actor, [[The Hollywood Reporter]] columnist and [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]] host [[Robert Osborne]] (1954); glass artist [[Dale Chihuly]] (BA 1965); [[serial killer]] [[Ted Bundy]]; Nobel Prize-winning biologist [[Linda B. Buck]]; Pulitzer Prize-winning author [[Marilynne Robinson]] (PhD 1977), martial artist [[Bruce Lee]]; saxophonist [[Kenny G]] (1978); MySpace co-founder [[Chris DeWolfe]] (1988); [[Mudhoney]] lead vocalist [[Mark Arm]] (1985, English);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |title = Mark Arm Speaks! |last=Moriarity |first=Sean |date=November 2, 1999 |website=The University of Washington Daily |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101004205256/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |archive-date=October 4, 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soundgarden]] guitarist [[Kim Thayil]] (Philosophy);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |title=Soundgarden: Rock's Heavy Alternative |last=Neely |first=Kim |date=July 9, 1992 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190523230511/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; music manager [[Susan Silver]] (Chinese);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |title = Susan Silver steers careers toward rock stardom |date=April 27, 1997 |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |first=Jae-Ha |last = Kim |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041125052641/http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; actor [[Rainn Wilson]] (BA, Drama 1986); radio and TV personality [[Andrew Harms]] (2001, Business and Drama); actor and comedian [[Joel McHale]] (1995, MFA 2000), actor and Christian personality [[Jim Caviezel]] and basketball player [[Matisse Thybulle]].<br /> <br /> ==In film==<br /> [[File:Campus Scene in March 2021 at Drumheller Fountain, Seattle.jpg|thumb|Campus Scene in March 2021 at [[Drumheller Fountain]], Seattle]]<br /> * 1965: ''[[The Slender Thread]]'', directed by Sydney Pollack<br /> * 1979: ''[[The Changeling (1980 film)|The Changeling]]'', directed by [[Peter Medak]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Changeling (1980) |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |access-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142734/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |department=Movies &amp; TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1983: ''[[WarGames]]'', directed by [[John Badham]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WarGamesFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|title=Filming Locations for WarGames|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085845/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|archive-date=January 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1987: ''[[Black Widow (1987 film)|Black Widow]]'', directed by [[Bob Rafelson]]&lt;ref name=&quot; BlackWidowFilming &quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090738/locations|title=Filming Locations for Black Widow|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=June 12, 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1992: ''[[Singles (1992 film)|Singles]]'', directed by [[Cameron Crowe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|title=Singles (1992) Review/Film; Youth, Love and a Place of One's Own|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 18, 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214628/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1997: ''[[The Sixth Man]]'', directed by [[Randall Miller]]&lt;ref name=SixthMan&gt;{{cite news|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence|title=The Sixth Man (1997) Hoop Dreams and (Ghostly) Schemes|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DE143AF93BA15750C0A961958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 28, 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1999: ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]'', directed by [[Gil Junger]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=10 Things I Hate About You (1999) FILM REVIEW; It's Like, You Know, Sonnets And Stuff|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214917/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2004: ''[[What the Bleep Do We Know!?|What the Bleep Do We Know: Down the Rabbit Hole]]'', directed by [[William Arntz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WhatTheBleepFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|title=Movie – What the Bleep!? Down the Rabbit Hole (2006)|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170316/http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2007: ''[[Dan in Real Life]]'', directed by [[Peter Hedges]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A.O.|title=A Family Just Like Yours (if You Lived in a Movie)|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705135731/http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|archive-date=July 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2013: ''[[21 and Over (film)|21 and Over]]'', directed by [[Jon Lucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;21andOver&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|title=Movie filming on University of Washington campus|date=August 29, 2011|newspaper=King 5 News|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015075407/http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2016: ''[[American Experience (season 28)|The Boys of 36]]'', directed by Margaret Grossi<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|United States}}<br /> * [[Friday Harbor Laboratories]]<br /> * [[Internationales Kulturinstitut]]<br /> * [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]<br /> * [[Manastash Ridge Observatory]]<br /> * [[Theodor Jacobsen Observatory]]<br /> * [[University Book Store]]<br /> * [[University of Washington Educational Outreach]]<br /> * [[University of Washington firebombing incident]]<br /> * [[Washington Escarpment]] – escarpment in Antarctica named for the university<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|University of Washington}}<br /> {{NIE Poster|Washington, University of|University of Washington}}<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * [http://www.gohuskies.com/ University of Washington Athletics website]<br /> * [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/todd/searchterm/university%20washington/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Calvin F. Todd Photographs Collection] includes images from 1905 to 1930 of the University of Washington campus and scenes from Seattle including the waterfront, various buildings especially apartments, [[regrading]] activities, and the Pike Place Market.<br /> * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/uwcampusweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – University of Washington Campus Photographs] Photographs reflecting the early history of the University of Washington campus from its beginnings as the Territorial University through its establishment at its present site on the shores of Lake Washington. The database documents student activities, buildings, departments, and athletics.<br /> * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Washington, University of|short=x}}<br /> <br /> {{University of Washington}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |titlestyle = background:#4B2E83; color:#FFFFFF; border:2px solid #B7A57A;<br /> |list =<br /> {{Colleges and universities in Washington (state)}}<br /> {{Pac-12 Conference navbox}}<br /> {{Association of American Universities}}<br /> {{Largest United States universities by enrollment}}<br /> {{APRU}}<br /> {{Worldwide Universities Network}}<br /> {{Public Ivy}}<br /> }}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, University Of}}<br /> [[Category:University of Washington| ]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1861]]<br /> [[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Public universities and colleges in Washington (state)|University of Washington]]<br /> [[Category:1861 establishments in Washington Territory|University]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington&diff=1070294167 University of Washington 2022-02-06T18:40:57Z <p>203.112.87.220: Rephrased introduction to make it a lighter read, in line with other higher education articles. Introductions are not meant to carry too much detailed information.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public university in Seattle, Washington}}<br /> {{distinguish|George Washington University|Washington State University|Washington University in St. Louis|Washington College|University of Washington station}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University of Washington<br /> | image_name = University of Washington seal.svg<br /> | image_upright = .7<br /> | motto = ''[[Let there be light|Lux sit]]'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])&lt;ref name=&quot;buhain&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Buhain |first=Venice |title=But what does it mean? |newspaper=[[The Daily of the University of Washington|The Daily]] |date=May 25, 1999 |url=http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140719192527/http://dailyuw.com/archive/1999/05/25/imported/what-does-it-mean#.VJr4-aAEAA |archive-date=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | former_name = Territorial University of Washington (1861–1889)<br /> | mottoeng = &quot;[[Let there be light]]&quot;<br /> | established = {{start date and age|November 4, 1861}}<br /> | type = [[Public University|Public]] [[research university]]<br /> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[Association of Pacific Rim Universities|APRU]]|[[University of the Arctic|UArctic]]|[[Space grant colleges|Space-grant]]|[[Sea grant colleges|Sea-grant]]}}<br /> | endowment = $3.46 billion (2020)&lt;ref name=endowment&gt;As of June 30, 2020. {{cite report |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]] |date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apply.interfolio.com/58406|title = Apply - Interfolio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | budget = $7.84 billion (FY 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | president = Ana Mari Cauce<br /> | provost = Mark Richards<br /> | faculty = 5,803<br /> | administrative_staff = 16,174<br /> | total_staff = 34,668&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/01/08/study-university-of-washington-generates-12-5-billion-nearly-80000-jobs-for-the-state/|title=Study: University of Washington generates $12.5 billion, nearly 80,000 jobs for the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; campus &amp; health system employees<br /> | students = 47,571 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts&gt;{{cite web |title=Fast Facts 2019 |publisher=University of Washington |url=https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf |access-date=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 31,041 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 16,530 (Fall 2019)&lt;ref name=Facts/&gt;<br /> | city = [[Seattle]]<br /> | state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /> | country = United States<br /> | coor = {{Coord|47|39|15|N|122|18|29|W|display=inline,title|type:edu}}<br /> | campus = Large City,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Washington&amp;s=all&amp;pg=2&amp;id=236948|title=College Navigator - University of Washington-Seattle Campus|website=nces.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{convert|807|acre|km2|1}} (total)<br /> | colors = Purple &amp; Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Colors|url=http://www.washington.edu/brand/graphic-elements/primary-color-palette/|website=Washington.edu|access-date=April 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{College color boxes|Washington Huskies}}<br /> | nickname = [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]]<br /> | mascot = {{hlist|[[Harry the Husky]]|Dubs II (live [[Malamute]])}}<br /> | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.washington.edu|washington.edu}}&lt;br&gt;{{URL|https://uw.edu|uw.edu}}<br /> | logo = University of Washington signature.svg<br /> | logo_upright = 1.2<br /> | accreditation = [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities|NWCCU]]<br /> | free_label = Newspaper<br /> | free = ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''University of Washington''' ('''UW''', simply '''Washington''', or informally '''U-Dub''')&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dub&quot; being a phonetic shorthand for &quot;W&quot; (&quot;double-you&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<br /> <br /> Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]; it was established in [[Seattle]] approximately a decade after the city's founding. The university has a 703 acre [[Campus of the University of Washington|main Seattle campus]] is in the [[University District, Seattle|University District]], [[Puget Sound region]] of the [[Pacific Northwest]]&lt;!--, in one of the [[List of technology centers|largest technology clusters]] in the world--&gt;, as well as campuses in [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]] and [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]]. Overall, UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space, including one of the largest library systems in the world with more than 26 university libraries, art centers, museums, laboratories, lecture halls, and stadiums. The university offers degrees through 140 departments, and functions on a quarter system.<br /> <br /> As the [[Flagship university|flagship institution]] of the six public universities in Washington state, and one of the highest-ranked public universities in the United States, it is known for its medical, engineering and scientific research, as well as its extremely competitive computer science, engineering, law, architecture and business schools. Washington is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=236948|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[National Science Foundation]], UW spent $1.41 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 5th in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 20. Higher education R&amp;D expenditures, ranked by FY 2018 R&amp;D expenditures: FYs 2009–18|url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=ncsesdata.nsf.gov|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university has been affiliated with many notable alumni and faculty, including 21 Nobel Prize laureates and numerous [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, [[Fulbright Scholars]], [[Rhodes Scholars]] and [[Marshall Scholars]].<br /> <br /> Additionally, Washington continues to benefit from its deep historic ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Boeing]], [[Nintendo of America|Nintendo]], and particularly [[Microsoft]]. [[Paul G. Allen]], [[Bill Gates]] and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a [[Traf-O-Data|startup venture]] before founding Microsoft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/entering-golden-age-innovation-computer-science-paul-g-allen/|title=Entering a Golden Age of Innovation in Computer Science|date=March 9, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UW's 22 varsity sports teams are also highly competitive, competing as the [[Washington Huskies|Huskies]] in the [[Pac-12 Conference]] of the [[NCAA Division I]], representing the United States at the [[Olympic Games]], and other major competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Olympians – Washington Rowing|language=en-US|work=Washington Rowing|url=http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|url-status=live|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051652/http://washingtonrowing.com/about/olympians/|archive-date=April 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Territorial University of Washington - c1870.jpg|left|thumb|The original University building, {{circa}} 1870.]]<br /> <br /> ===Founding===<br /> In 1854, territorial [[governor]] [[Isaac Stevens]] recommended the establishment of a university in the [[Washington Territory]]. Prominent Seattle-area residents, including [[Methodist]] preacher [[Daniel Bagley]], saw this as a chance to add to the city's potential and prestige. Bagley learned of a law that allowed United States territories to sell land to raise money in support of public schools. At the time, [[Arthur A. Denny]], one of the founders of Seattle and a member of the territorial legislature, aimed to increase the city's importance by moving the territory's capital from [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] to Seattle. However, Bagley eventually convinced Denny that the establishment of a university would assist more in the development of Seattle's economy. Two universities were initially chartered, but later the decision was repealed in favor of a single university in [[Lewis County, Washington|Lewis County]] provided that locally donated land was available. When no site emerged, Denny successfully petitioned the legislature to reconsider Seattle as a location in 1858.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |title=Founding The University Of Washington, One Student At A Time |last=Banel |first=Feliks |date=October 8, 2012 |website=KUOW.org |publisher=[[KUOW-FM]] |access-date=December 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194300/http://kuow.org/post/founding-university-washington-one-student-time |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ws&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Speidel |first1=William |title=Sons of the Profits |date=1967 |publisher=Nettle Creek Publishing Company |location=Seattle |pages=81–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Territorial University students, Seattle, 1864 (PEISER 89).jpeg|thumb|Territorial University students in 1864]]<br /> In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} site in Seattle to serve as a new university campus. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, while fellow pioneers Edward Lander, and Charlie and Mary Terry, donated two acres on Denny's Knoll in [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bhatt&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Bhatt|first=Sanjay|title=UW has big plans for its prime downtown Seattle real estate|date=October 3, 2013|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=October 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022707/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021960534_mettractxml.html|archive-date=October 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; More specifically, this tract was bounded by 4th Avenue to the west, 6th Avenue to the east, Union Street to the north, and Seneca Streets to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Territorial University grammar class group portrait, Seattle, 1883 (PEISER 117).jpeg|thumb|Grammar, Class of 1883]]<br /> John Pike, for whom [[Pike Street (Seattle)|Pike Street]] is named, was the university's architect and builder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|title=CHS Re:Take – Pike's place on Capitol Hill|date=January 15, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205827/http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2017/01/chs-retake-pikes-place-on-capitol-hill/|archive-date=October 30, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was opened on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The legislature passed articles incorporating the university, and establishing its Board of Regents in 1862. The school initially struggled, closing three times: in 1863 for low enrollment, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to funds shortage. Washington awarded its first graduate [[Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt]] in 1876, with a [[bachelor's degree]] in science.<br /> <br /> ===19th century relocation===<br /> By the time [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] entered the [[United States|Union]] in 1889, both Seattle and the university had grown substantially. Washington's total undergraduate enrollment increased from 30 to nearly 300 students, and the campus's relative isolation in downtown Seattle faced encroaching development. A special legislative committee, headed by UW graduate [[Edmond Meany]], was created to find a new campus to better serve the growing student population and faculty. The committee eventually selected a site on the northeast of [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown Seattle]] called [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union Bay]], which was the land of the [[Duwamish people|Duwamish]], and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and construction. In 1895, the university relocated to the new campus by moving into the newly built [[Denny Hall]]. The University Regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, eventually settling with leasing the area. This would later become one of the university's most valuable pieces of real estate in modern-day Seattle, generating millions in annual revenue with what is now called the [[Metropolitan Tract (Seattle)|Metropolitan Tract]]. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908, and its former site now houses the [[Fairmont Olympic Hotel]].<br /> <br /> The sole-surviving remnants of Washington's first building are four {{convert|24|ft|adj=on}}, white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were salvaged by [[Edmond S. Meany]], one of the university's first graduates and former head of its history department. Meany and his colleague, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed the columns as &quot;Loyalty,&quot; &quot;Industry,&quot; &quot;Faith&quot;, and &quot;Efficiency&quot;, or &quot;LIFE.&quot; The columns now stand in the [[Sylvan Grove Theater and Columns|Sylvan Grove Theater]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter=The University of Washington's Early Years |title=No Finer Site: The University of Washington's Early Years On Union Bay |chapter-url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/site/early |work=University Libraries |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=April 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition - Rainier Vista.jpg|thumb|Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward [[Mount Rainier]] in 1909]]<br /> <br /> ===20th century expansion===<br /> Organizers of the 1909 [[Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition]] eyed the still largely undeveloped campus as a prime setting for their [[World's Fair|world's fair]]. They came to an agreement with Washington's [[Board of Regents]] that allowed them to use the campus grounds for the exposition, surrounding today's [[Drumheller Fountain]] facing towards [[Mount Rainier]]. In exchange, organizers agreed Washington would take over the campus and its development after the fair's conclusion. This arrangement led to a detailed site plan and several new buildings, prepared in part by [[John Charles Olmsted]]. The plan was later incorporated into the overall UW campus master plan, permanently affecting the campus layout.<br /> <br /> [[File:Geyser Basin, University of Washington campus, Seattle, 1919 (COBB 350).jpeg|thumb|Geyser Basin at the University of Washington, 1919]]<br /> Both [[World War]]s brought the military to campus, with certain facilities temporarily lent to the federal government. In spite of this, subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=University of Washington|url=http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|publisher=Great Depression in Washington State Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925014239/http://depts.washington.edu/depress/university_washington.shtml|archive-date=September 25, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Interwar period|period between the wars]] saw a significant expansion of the upper campus. Construction of the [[Liberal Arts Quadrangle]], known to students as &quot;The Quad,&quot; began in 1916 and continued to 1939. The university's architectural centerpiece, [[Suzzallo Library]], was built in 1926 and expanded in 1935.<br /> <br /> After [[World War II]], further growth came with the [[G.I. Bill of Rights|G.I. Bill]]. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] in 1946, which is now consistently ranked as the top [[medical school]] in the United States. It would eventually lead to the [[University of Washington Medical Center]], ranked by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' as one of the top ten hospitals in the nation.<br /> <br /> [[File:Uwaerial1922.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of campus, circa 1922.]]<br /> <br /> In 1942, all [[Japanese Americans|persons of Japanese ancestry]] in the Seattle area were forced into inland [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment camps]] as part of [[Executive Order 9066]] following the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. During this difficult time, university president [[Lee Paul Sieg]] took an active and sympathetic leadership role in advocating for and facilitating the transfer of Japanese American students to universities and colleges away from the Pacific Coast to help them avoid the mass incarceration.&lt;ref name=exigenciesII&gt;{{cite web | title=Phase II — A Place for Some of Our Best Students | url = https://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/harmony/interrupted/phase2| access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, many Japanese American students and &quot;soon-to-be&quot; graduates were unable to transfer successfully in the short time window or receive diplomas before being incarcerated. It was only many years later that they would be recognized for their accomplishments, during the University of Washington's [[The Long Journey Home (ceremonial event)|Long Journey Home]] ceremonial event that was held in May 2008.<br /> <br /> From 1958 to 1973, the University of Washington saw a tremendous growth in student enrollment, its faculties and operating budget, and also its prestige under the leadership of [[Charles Odegaard]]. UW student enrollment had more than doubled to 34,000 as the [[post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] generation came of age. However, this era was also marked by high levels of [[student activism]], as was the case at many American universities. Much of the unrest focused around [[civil rights]] and opposition to the [[Vietnam War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|title=The Black Student Union at UW: Black Power on Campus|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007071347/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BSU_intro.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970|last=Kindig|first=Jesse|publisher=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424200237/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml|archive-date=April 24, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to anti-Vietnam War protests by the late 1960s, the University Safety and Security Division became the University of Washington Police Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|title=UW Police Department: History|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101112410/http://www.washington.edu/admin/police/about/history.html|archive-date=November 1, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Odegaard instituted a vision of building a &quot;community of scholars&quot;, convincing the Washington State legislatures to increase investment in the university. Washington [[United States Senate|senators]], such as [[Henry M. Jackson]] and [[Warren G. Magnuson]], also used their political clout to gather research funds for UW. The results included an increase in the operating budget from $37 million in 1958 to over $400 million in 1973, solidifying UW as a top recipient of federal research funds in the United States. The establishment of technology giants such as [[Microsoft]], [[Boeing]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] in the local area also proved to be highly influential in the UW's fortunes, not only improving graduate prospects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|title=Top Colleges in Tech {{!}} Paysa Blog|website=www.paysa.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132603/https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/06/05/top-colleges-in-tech/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|title=Here's how much education you need to work at top tech companies|last=Hess|first=Abigail|date=July 26, 2017|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803134340/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/how-long-youll-need-to-go-to-school-to-work-at-top-tech-companies.html|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also helping to attract millions of dollars in university and research funding through its distinguished faculty and extensive alumni network.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|title=About the Gates family {{!}} Give to the UW|website=www.washington.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801231844/https://www.washington.edu/giving/recognition/gates-volunteer-service-award/about-the-gates-family/|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Drumhellerfountain.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Rainier]] viewed from [[Drumheller Fountain]]]]<br /> <br /> ===21st century===<br /> In 1990, the University of Washington opened its additional campuses in [[University of Washington Bothell|Bothell]] and [[University of Washington Tacoma|Tacoma]]. Although originally intended for students who have already completed two years of higher education, both schools have since become four-year universities with the authority to grant degrees. The first freshman classes at these campuses started in fall 2006. Today both Bothell and Tacoma also offer a selection of master's degree programs.<br /> <br /> In 2012, the university began exploring plans and governmental approval to expand the main [[Seattle]] campus, including significant increases in student housing, teaching facilities for the growing student body and faculty, as well as expanded public transit options. The [[University of Washington light rail station]] was completed in March 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; connecting Seattle's [[Capitol Hill (Seattle)|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood to the UW Husky Stadium within five minutes of rail travel time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|title=UW &amp; Capitol Hill Light Rail Stations Are Ready|last=Keeley|first=Sean|date=March 17, 2016|website=Curbed Seattle|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801233448/https://seattle.curbed.com/2016/3/17/11251862/uw-capitol-hill-light-rail-stations-open-on-saturday|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It offers a previously unavailable option of transportation into and out of the campus, designed specifically to reduce dependence on private vehicles, bicycles and local [[King County, Washington|King County]] buses.<br /> <br /> [[File:University of Washington Quad, Spring 2007.jpg|thumb|[[University of Washington Quad|The UW Quad]] pictured in 2007]]<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> {{Main|Campus of the University of Washington}}<br /> UW's main campus is situated in [[Seattle]], by the shores of [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union]] and [[Portage Bay]]s with views of the [[Cascade Range]] to the east, and the [[Olympic Mountains]] to the west. The site encompasses {{convert|703|acre|km2|sp=us}} bounded by N.E. 45th Street on the north, N.E. Pacific Street on the south, Montlake Boulevard N.E. on the east, and 15th Avenue N.E. on the west.<br /> <br /> [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] is the heart of the campus, surrounded by landmark buildings and artworks, such as [[Suzzallo Library]], the ''[[Broken Obelisk]]'', and the [[Statue of George Washington (Seattle)|statue of George Washington]]. It functions as the central hub for students and hosts a variety of events annually. University Way, known locally as &quot;[[The Ave]]&quot;, lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university.<br /> <br /> [[File:Suzzallo Reading Room, May 2016.jpg|thumb|The university's landmark reading room, inside [[Suzzallo Library]].]]<br /> <br /> === North Campus ===<br /> North Campus features some of UW's most recognized landscapes as well as landmarks, stretching from the signature [[University of Washington Quad]] directly north of [[Red Square (University of Washington)|Red Square]] to N.E. 45th Street,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|title=University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. – pg.5|last=Lyttle|first=Bethany|website=Forbes|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030538/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkf45i/university-of-washington-seattle-wash/#5f0b73e7cabb|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and encompasses a number of the university's most historical academic, research, housing, parking, recreational and administrative buildings. With UW's continued growth, administrators proposed a new, multimillion-dollar, multi-phase development plan in late 2014 to refine portions of the North Campus, renovating and replacing old student housing with new [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED-certified]] complexes, introducing new academic facilities, sports fields, open greenery, and museums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|title=Housing Master Plan – UW HFS|website=hfs.uw.edu|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025801/https://hfs.uw.edu/Housing-Master-Plan|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|title=UW plan to raze old dorms, raise rents in new ones worries students|last=Long|first=Katherine|date=October 10, 2014|website=seattletimes.com|language=en-us|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025941/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-plan-to-raze-old-dorms-raise-rents-in-new-ones-worries-students/|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UW [[Foster School of Business]], [[University of Washington School of Law|School of Law]], and the [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]], which houses a significant number of exhibits including a 66-million-year-old [[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]] fossil skull – one of only 15 known to exist in the world today and part of an ongoing excavation, are also located in North Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|title=Burke Museum team discovers a T. rex|date=August 17, 2016|work=Burke Museum|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411110222/http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|title=Researchers excavate T. rex skull at UW's Burke Museum|work=KING|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410032323/http://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/researchers-excavate-t-rex-skull-at-uws-burke-museum/281-513949069|archive-date=April 10, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|title=As visitors watch, Burke Museum preps its T. rex exhibit|work=Spokesman.com|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174532/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/20/as-visitors-watch-burke-museum-preps-its-t-rex-exh/#/0|archive-date=April 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===South Campus===<br /> South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the [[Lake Washington Ship Canal]]. The land was previously the site of the University Golf Course but was given up to construct a building for the [[University of Washington School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|title=Our Back Pages: The UW Golf Course|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724013749/https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march99/back_pages0399.html|archive-date=July 24, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, South Campus is the location of UW's health sciences and natural sciences facilities, including the [[University of Washington Medical Center|UW Medical Center]] and the [[Warren G. Magnuson Health Sciences Center|Magnuson Health Sciences Center]] as well as locations for instruction and research in oceanography, [[University of Washington Department of Bioengineering|bioengineering]], biology, genome sciences, hydraulics, and comparative medicine. In 2019, the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center For Computer Science &amp; Engineering opened in South Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Holtz|first=Jackson|date=2019-02-28|title=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Center opens a new era of computer science education and innovation at the University of Washington|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/02/28/gates-center-open/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-18|website=UW News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===East Campus===<br /> The East Campus area stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to [[Laurelhurst, Seattle, Washington|Laurelhurst]] and is largely taken up by [[wetland]]s and Huskies sports facilities and recreation fields, including [[Husky Stadium]], [[Hec Edmundson Pavilion]], and [[Husky Ballpark]]. While the area directly north of the sports facilities is home to UW's computer science and engineering programs, which includes [[computer lab]]s once used by [[Paul Allen|Paul G. Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] for their [[Traf-O-Data|prior venture]] before establishing Microsoft,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; the area northeast of the sports facilities is occupied by components of the UW Botanic Gardens, such as the [[Union Bay Natural Area]], the UW Farm, and the Center for Urban Horticulture. Further east is the [[Ceramic and Metal Arts Building]] and Laurel Village, which provides family housing for registered full-time students. East Campus is also the location of the [[UW light rail station]].<br /> <br /> ===West Campus===<br /> West Campus consists of mainly [[Modern architecture|modernist]] structures located on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and [[Interstate 5]] from the Ship Canal, to N.E. 41st Street. It is home to the College of Built Environments, School of Social Work, Fishery Sciences Building, UW Police Department as well as many of the university's residence halls and apartments, such as Stevens Court, Mercer Court, Alder Hall, and Elm Hall.<br /> <br /> ==Organization and administration==<br /> &lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Oceanography]] --&gt;<br /> {{See also|President of the University of Washington}}[[File:Gerberding Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.jpg|thumb|The Gothic-revival [[Gerberding Hall]] houses offices, including that of the President and Provost.]]<br /> <br /> ===Governance===<br /> University of Washington's President [[Ana Mari Cauce]] was selected by the Board of Regents, effective October 13, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Office of the President|url=http://www.washington.edu/president/|website=www.washington.edu|access-date=November 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110150750/http://www.washington.edu/president/|archive-date=November 10, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 12, 2015, the Board of Regents approved a five-year contract for Cauce, awarding her yearly compensation of $910,000. Cauce's compensation package includes an annual salary of $697,500, $150,000 per year in deferred compensation, an annual $50,500 contribution into a retirement account, and a $12,000 annual automobile allowance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|title=UW Regents approve contract for President Ana Mari Cauce|work=UW News|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525181128/https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/11/12/uw-regents-approve-contract-for-president-ana-mari-cauce/|archive-date=May 25, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the Interim President before her appointment, fulfilling the position left vacant by the previous President [[Michael K. Young]] when he was announced to be [[Texas A&amp;M University]]'s next President on February 3, 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theeagle.com/news/regents-two-time-university-president-expected-to-serve-at-helm/article_e8cca324-abd7-11e4-97cb-f704a6d2f049.html|title=Regents: Two-time university president expected to serve at helm of Texas A&amp;M|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2015|publisher=theeagle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phyllis Wise]], who had served at UW as Provost and Executive Vice President, and as Interim President for a year, was named the Chancellor of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] in August 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |title=Biography – Phyllis Wise |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028030550/http://oc.illinois.edu/bio.html |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university is governed by ten Regents, one of whom is a student. Its most notable former regent is likely [[William H. Gates, Sr.]], the father of [[Bill Gates]]. The undergraduate student government is the [[Associated Students of the University of Washington]] (ASUW) and the graduate student government is the [[Graduate and Professional Student Senate]] (GPSS).<br /> <br /> ===Finances===<br /> In 2017 the university reported $4.893 billion in revenues and $5.666 billion in expenses, resulting in an operating loss of $774 million. This loss was offset by $342 million in state appropriations, $443 million in investment income, $166 million in gifts, and $185 million of other non-operating revenues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|title=2017 Bondholder Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012734/https://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/2017%20Bondholders%20Report.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, the university's net position increased by $363 million in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Endowment====<br /> Endowed gifts are commingled in the university's Consolidated Endowment Fund, managed by an internal investment company at an annual cost of approximately $6.2 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The university reported $443.383 million of investment income in fiscal year 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{as of|2017|December|31}} the value of the CEF was $3.361 billion, with $686 million in Emerging Markets Equity, $1.235 billion in Developed Markets Equity, $383 million in Private Equity, $185 million in Real Assets, $54 million in Opportunistic, $535 million in Absolute Return, and $283 million in Fixed Income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|title=University of Washington Quarterly Investment Performance Report|last=University of Washington Investment Management Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013316/http://finance.uw.edu/treasury/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Investment%20Performance%20Report%20as%20of%20December%2031%2C%202017.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Major projects====<br /> Major recent spending includes $131 million on the UW Animal Research and Care Facility, $72 million on the Nano-engineering and Sciences Building, $61 million building on the Workday HR &amp; Payroll System, $50 million on the Denny Hall Renovation, $44 million on the West Campus Utility Plant, $26 million on the UW Medical Center Expansion Phase 2, $25 million on the UW Tacoma Urban Solutions Center, and $21 million on the UW Police Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The initial contract for Workday was for $27 million, so the total $61 million cost represents a $34 million cost overrun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|title=New UW payroll system behind schedule, more costly than expected|date=November 26, 2015|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013611/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/plan-for-new-uw-payroll-system-behind-schedule-more-costly-than-expected/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2018|April|28}}, the university has nearly $1 billion in new construction underway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|title=UW has $1 billion in buildings going up or planned in Seattle|date=April 29, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013741/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-has-1-billion-in-buildings-going-up-or-planned-in-seattle/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sustainability===<br /> [[Environmental sustainability]] has long been a major focus of the university's Board of Regents and Presidents. In February 2006, the UW joined a partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program, ensuring that all of Seattle campus' electricity is supplied by and purchased from renewable sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|title=Mayor Announces UW Green Energy Purchase|date=February 2006|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=February 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116004704/http://www.seattle.gov/news/detail.asp?ID=5867&amp;Dept=40|archive-date=January 16, 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, then UW President Emmert furthered the university's efforts with a host of other universities across the U.S., and signed the [[American College &amp; University Presidents' Climate Commitment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|title=Who's Who |work=American College &amp; University|publisher=Presidentsclimatecommitment.org|access-date=September 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726041616/http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/html/signatories.php|archive-date=July 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW created a Climate Action Team,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/46996 |title=UW seeks to deepen its commitment to sustainability |last=Roseth|first=Robert|date=February 5, 2009|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as an Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC) which keeps track of UW's greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|title=About the Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC)|date=August 10, 2004|publisher=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|access-date=September 16, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002357/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/UW_GHG_inventory_2005.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Policies were enacted with environmental stewardship in mind, and institutional support was provided to assist with campus sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Environmental Stewardship&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|title=Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=May 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517051607/http://www.washington.edu/about/environmentalstewardship/|archive-date=May 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, UW's Student Housing and Food Services (HFS) office has dedicated several million dollars annually towards locally produced, [[Organic food|organic]], and natural foods. HFS also ceased the use of [[foam food container]]s on-campus, and instead opted for compostable cups, plates, utensils, and packaging whenever possible. New residence halls planned for 2020 are also expected to meet silver or gold [[LEED standards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228|title=Housing and Food Services: Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000650/http://www.hfs.washington.edu/about_hfs/default.aspx?id=2228 |archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the University of Washington was one of several universities to receive the highest grade, &quot;A-&quot;, on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|title=College Sustainability Report Card 2008|publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute|access-date=May 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717115307/http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/|archive-date=July 17, 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university was one of 15 Overall College Sustainability Leaders, among the 300 institutions surveyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwnews.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/44022|title=UW again receives grade of A- for sustainability|date=September 26, 2008|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics and research==<br /> <br /> The university offers bachelor's, master's and [[Doctoral degree|doctoral]] degrees through its 140 departments, themselves organized into various colleges and schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|title=Academic Departments|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024935/http://www.washington.edu/home/departments/departments.html|archive-date=January 24, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also continues to operate a [[Transition School and Early Entrance Program]] on campus, which first began in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;eep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|title=The Halbert and Nancy Robinson Center for Young Scholars|access-date=May 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721223107/http://depts.washington.edu/cscy/|archive-date=July 21, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rankings and reputation ===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{Infobox US university ranking<br /> | ARWU_W = 16<br /> | ARWU_N = 13<br /> | QS_W = 72<br /> | THE_WSJ = 45<br /> | Forbes = 27<br /> | THES_W = 29<br /> | Wamo_NU = 11<br /> | USNWR_NU = 59<br /> | USNWR_W = 7<br /> | CWUR_W = 23<br /> }}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |National Program Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Grad School Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948/overall-rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Audiology || 36<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Business || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry|| 24<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Psychology || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences || 10<br /> |-<br /> | Economics || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Education || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 24<br /> |-<br /> | English || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Fine Arts || 32<br /> |-<br /> | Health Care Management || 15<br /> |-<br /> | History || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Law || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Library &amp; Information Studies || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Primary Care || 2<br /> |-<br /> | Medical: Research || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Doctorate || 1<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Masters || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nursing: Midwifery || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Occupational Therapy || 23<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Physical Therapy || 25<br /> |-<br /> | Physician Assistant || 14<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Political Science || 33<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Public Affairs || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Social Work || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Speech-Language Pathology || 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]] || 3<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot; &quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;{{CollegePrimaryStyle|University of Washington Huskies|color=purple}}&quot; |Global Subject Rankings&lt;ref name=&quot;USNWR Global Univ Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=University of Washington – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-washington-seattle-campus-236948}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Program<br /> ! Ranking<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; Humanities || 80<br /> |-<br /> | Biology &amp; Biochemistry || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology &amp; Applied Microbiology || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Cardiac &amp; Cardiovascular Systems || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Cell Biology || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry || 78<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science || 9<br /> |-<br /> | Economics &amp; Business || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering || 130<br /> |-<br /> | Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism || 20<br /> |-<br /> | Energy &amp; Fuels || 43<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering || 97<br /> |-<br /> | Environment/Ecology || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Geosciences || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Immunology || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Infectious Diseases || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Microbiology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Genetics || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology || 26<br /> |-<br /> | Neuroscience &amp; Behavior || 22<br /> |-<br /> | Oncology || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology || 8<br /> |-<br /> | Physics || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Plant &amp; Animal Science || 41<br /> |-<br /> | Psychiatry/Psychology || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Social Sciences &amp; Public Health || 7<br /> |-<br /> | Space Science || 35<br /> |-<br /> | Surgery || 6<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> UW has been listed as a &quot;[[Public Ivy]]&quot; in [[Public Ivy#Greenes' Guides list (2001)|Greene's Guides]] since 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV8QJDzrcSoC|title=Public Ivies|last1=Greene|first1=Howard|last2=Greene|first2=Matthew W.|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2001|isbn=978-0-06-093459-0|series=Greenes' Guide to Educational Planning}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an elected member of the [[American Association of Universities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|title=Association of American Universities|access-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69oUMM90E?url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|archive-date=August 10, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the faculty by 2012, there have been 151 members of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 68 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], 67 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 53 members of the [[Institute of Medicine]], 29 winners of the [[Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers]], 21 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]], 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 [[MacArthur Fellows]], 9 winners of the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]], 5 winners of the [[National Medal of Science]], 7 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, 5 winners of [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]], 4 members of the [[American Philosophical Society]], 2 winners of the [[National Book Award]], 2 winners of the [[National Medal of Arts]], 2 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 1 winner of the [[Fields Medal]], and 1 member of the [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu|title=Faculty &amp; Staff, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=May 3, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225192933/http://www.washington.edu/|archive-date=February 25, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|title=Faculty Memberships and Awards|author=University of Washington|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011305/http://www.washington.edu/research/main.php?page=facultyAwards|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|title=Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden honors local Nobel Laureates|last=Trujillo|first=Joshua|date=May 7, 2010|newspaper=The Seattle Post Intelligencer|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130195857/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/05/07/crown-princess-victoria-of-sweden-honors-local-nobel-laureates/|archive-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among UW students by 2012, there were 136 Fulbright Scholars, 35 Rhodes Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 4 Gates Cambridge Scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/discover|title=Future Students, University of Washington|year=2012|access-date=December 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412090338/http://www.washington.edu/discover/|archive-date=April 12, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is recognized as a top producer of [[Fulbright Scholars]], ranking 2nd in the US in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|title=University of Washington is a top producer of Fulbright scholars Students|year=2018|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426181202/http://www.washington.edu/news/2018/02/20/university-of-washington-is-a-top-producer-of-fulbright-scholars/|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU)'' has consistently ranked UW as one of the top 20 universities worldwide every year since its first release.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghairanking1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities——University of Washington|access-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822014321/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Washington.html|archive-date=August 22, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, UW ranked 14th worldwide out of 500 by the ''ARWU'', &lt;nowiki/&gt; 26th worldwide out of 981 in the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'', and 28th worldwide out of 101 in the ''Times'' [[World Reputation Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|work=Times Higher Education|date=July 2019|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919185922/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=September 19, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked it 68th worldwide, out of over 900.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-washington|title=University of Washington – QS Ranking|access-date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]'' ranked UW 8th out of nearly 1,500 universities worldwide for 2021, with UW's undergraduate program tied for 58th among 389 national universities in the U.S. and tied for 19th among 209 public universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798/overall-rankings|title=University of Washington Rankings|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=October 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, it ranked 10th among the universities around the world by [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2019 – Overall Rank|website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the [[CWTS Leiden Ranking|''Leiden Ranking'']], which focuses on science and the impact of scientific publications among the world's 500 major universities, ranked UW 12th globally and 5th in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|title=University Rankings: How Important Are They?|last=Cairns|first=Eva|work=Forbes|access-date=August 14, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814150200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/evacairns/2013/10/17/university-rankings-how-important-are-they-an-interview-with-nello-angerilli-avp-university-of-waterloo-canada/#29bd94147d3c|archive-date=August 14, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|title=Leiden Ranking 2017 by Leiden University|publisher=Leidenranking.com|access-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071037/http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2017/list|archive-date=December 23, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, ''[[Kiplinger]]'' magazine's review of &quot;top college values&quot; named UW 5th for in-state students and 10th for out-of-state students among U.S. public colleges, and 84th overall out of 500 schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| url=https://www.kiplinger.com/tool/college/T014-S001-best-college-values-college-finder/end_page.php?school=9445 |magazine=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |title=College Finder |date=July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' National University Rankings UW was ranked 15th domestically in 2018, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |title=2018 National University Rankings |access-date=July 30, 2019 |magazine=Washington Monthly |date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604060903/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2018college-guide/national |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the [[Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing]] Institute recognized the Mechanical Engineering BS and MS programs with an endorsement for their commitment to preparing workers for careers in [[Industry 4.0]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.roboticscareer.org/news-and-events/news/19218 |title=ARM Institute Endorses Two More Robotics Education Programs |access-date=September 28, 2021 |magazine=RoboticsCareer.org |date=September 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Admissions===<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:right; font-size:85%: text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> The university's undergraduate admissions process is rated 91/99 by the [[Princeton Review]] meaning highly selective,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|title=The Princeton Review's College Ratings {{!}} The Princeton Review|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903052920/https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-ratings#admissions_selectivity|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|title=University of Washington – The Princeton Review College Rankings &amp; Reviews|website=www.princetonreview.com|language=en|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130011/https://www.princetonreview.com/schools/1023567/college/university-washington?ceid=best-colleges|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is classified &quot;more selective&quot; by the ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|title=University of Washington|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111012627/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-washington-3798|archive-date=January 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Fall 2019, 23,606 (51.8%) were accepted out of 45,584 applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |title=Freshmen by the numbers |access-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205543/https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the 6,984 admitted freshman students who then officially enrolled for Fall 2019, the middle 50% of [[SAT]] scores ranged from 1240 to 1440, out of 1600. More specifically, the middle 50% ranged from 600 to 700 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 620–770 for math.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#admission|title=University of Washington Quick Facts|publisher=University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#admission|archive-date=June 28, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|title=UW Fast Facts: 2017|website=University of Washington – Office of Planning and Budgeting|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220010632/http://opb.washington.edu/sites/default/files/opb/Data/2017_Fast_Facts.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 27 to 33, out of 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;QuickFacts&quot; /&gt; The middle 50% of admitted [[GPA]] ranged from 3.72 to 3.95, out of 4.0.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The university uses capacity constrained majors,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |title=Capacity-constrained majors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410091337/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/finding-help/commonterms/capacity-constrained-majors/ |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a gate-keeping process that requires most students to apply to an internal college or faculty. New applications are usually considered once or twice annually, and few students are admitted each time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|title=Applying for a capacity-constrained major?|access-date=April 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053402/http://admit.washington.edu/apply/transfer/tools/capacity-constrained-major/|archive-date=April 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The screening process is often stringent, largely being based on cumulative academic performance, recommendation letters and extracurricular activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |title=UW Undergraduate Advising: Majors and Minors |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320141736/http://www.washington.edu/uaa/advising/advisers/majors-and-minors/ |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Capacity constrained majors have been criticized for delaying graduation and forcing good students to reroute their education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Exploring Major Alternatives|url=https://transfer.uw.edu/exploring-majors-and-alternatives/|volume=|pages=|access-date=January 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> UW's research budget consistently ranks among the top 5 in both public and private universities in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Annual Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|title=University of Washington Annual Report 2005|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625151451/http://www.washington.edu/admin/finacct/office/annualreport2005.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;top research&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|title=The Top American Research Universities (December 2005)|publisher=Mup.asu.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617210050/http://mup.asu.edu/research.html|archive-date=June 17, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It surpassed the $1.0 billion research budget milestone in 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;UW $1 billion research mark&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|title=UW passed $1 billion research budget mark |publisher=Uwnews.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011313/http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=35716|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and university endowments reached almost $3.0 billion by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;As of June 30, 2016. {{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016|year=2017|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170057/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; UW is the largest recipient of federal research funding among public universities, and currently ranks top 2nd among all public and private universities in the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Annual Report Of Awards And Expenditures Related To Research, Training, Fellowships, and Other Sponsored Programs|url=http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|year=2008|author=University of Washington|publisher=University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131810/http://www.washington.edu/research/.SITEPARTS/.documents/.reportsAnnual/Prior_Years/Annual_Report_-_Fiscal_Year_2008.pdf|archive-date=November 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, the University of Washington School of Oceanography and the UW Applied Physics Laboratory completed the construction of the first [[Regional Scale Nodes|high-power underwater cabled observatory]] in the United States.<br /> <br /> To promote equal academic opportunity, especially for people of low income, UW launched ''Husky Promise'' in 2006. Families of income up to 65 percent of state median income or 235 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible. With this, up to 30 percent of undergraduate students may be eligible. The cut-off income level that UW set is the highest in the nation, making top-quality education available to more people. Then UW President, Mark Emmert, simply said that being &quot;elitist is not in our DNA&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inside HigherEd Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |url=http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |title=Inside HigherEd Husky Promise |publisher=Insidehighered.com |date=October 13, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729000445/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/13/aid |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UW Husky Promise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |title=UW Husky Promise |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date=October 11, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531011316/http://depts.washington.edu/mediarel/news/promise.shtml |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Last year, the University of Washington moved to a more comprehensive approach [to admissions], in which the admissions staff reads the entire application and looks at grades within the context of the individual high school, rather than relying on computerized cutoffs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |title=Education News - College Admissions, MBA Programs, Financial Aid - Wsj.com |publisher=Collegejournal.com |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302005356/http://www.collegejournal.com/aidadmissions/newstrends/20061114-keates.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UW was the host university of [[ResearchChannel]] program (now defunct), the only TV channel in the United States dedicated solely for the dissemination of research from academic institutions and research organizations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel host&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|title=ResearchChannel contact UW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621231937/http://www.researchchannel.org/contact/|archive-date=June 21, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Participation of ResearchChannel included 36 universities, 15 research organizations, two corporate research centers and many other affiliates.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchChannel participants&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp |title=ResearchChannel participants |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829044759/http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/inst.asp|archive-date=August 29, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alan Michelson, now Head of the Built Environments Library at UW Seattle, manages the '''Pacific Coast Architecture Database''' (PCAD), which Michelson started in 2002 while he worked as Architecture and Design Librarian at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). The PCAD serves as a searchable public database detailing significant but importantly, also lesser-known and -lauded designers, buildings and structures, and partnerships, with links including to bibliographic literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/about/|title=PCAD - Pacific Coast Architecture Database|website=pcad.lib.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, {{Proper name|iDefense}} reported that [[Cyberwarfare by China|Chinese hackers]] had launched [[Chinese espionage in the United States|cyberattacks]] on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for the [[United States Navy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |title=Chinese hackers target North American and Asian universities |first=Sara |last=Sekine |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527182141/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Chinese-hackers-target-North-American-and-Asian-universities |archive-date=May 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the targets included the University of Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt; The attacks have been underway since at least April 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;iDefense&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px&quot;<br /> |+ ''Demographics of student body (Fall 2019)''&lt;ref name=&quot;WashStats&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= University of Washington Quick Stats | url= https://studentdata.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/10/Quick_Stats_Seattle_Autumn_2019.pdf | publisher= UW Office of the Registrar | access-date= May 5, 2020 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225444/https://depts.washington.edu/reptreq/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Quick_Stats_Spr2014_Seattle.pdf | archive-date= January 12, 2015 | df= mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Washington (state)#Demographics]] and [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! !! Student Body !! Washington !! U.S. Census<br /> |-<br /> ! [[African American]]<br /> | 4.0% || 3.6% || 12.0%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Asian American]]<br /> | 25.4% || 7.2% || 4.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[White American]]<br /> | 40.3% || 72.5% || 63.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic American]]<br /> | 8.0% || 4.8% || 16.3%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]<br /> | 1.1% || 1.5% || 0.7%<br /> |-<br /> ! [[International student]]<br /> | 17.1% || N/A || N/A<br /> |-<br /> ! Other/Unknown<br /> | 3.2% || 5.2% || 2.4%<br /> |}<br /> University of Washington had 47,571 total enrollments as of Autumn 2019, making it the largest university on the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast]] by student population in spite of its selective admissions process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://admit.washington.edu/QuickFacts#enrollment|title=Office of Admissions. University of Washington|date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Admit.washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628011330/http://admit.washington.edu/quickfacts#enrollment|archive-date=June 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also boasts one of the most diverse student bodies within the US, with more than 50% of its undergraduate students self-identifying with [[minority group]]s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html Undergraduates].&quot; Office of News and Information. University of Washington. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905130941/http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/profile/undergraduates.html|date=September 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|title=UW admissions more competitive|last=Shelley|first=Anthony|date=April 24, 2007|newspaper=The Daily of the University of Washington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707210436/http://dailyuw.com/2007/4/24/uw-admissions-more-competitive/|archive-date=July 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washington.edu/opb/uw-data/external-reporting/common-data-set/|title=Common Data Set}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://admit.washington.edu/apply/freshman/by-the-numbers/|title=Freshmen by the numbers &amp;#124; Office of Admissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Organizations===<br /> [[File:Husky Union Building, northwest entrance, 2014-10-13.jpg|thumb|The [[Husky Union Building]], one of many facilities for student resources.]]<br /> <br /> ====Registered groups====<br /> The University of Washington boasts over 800 active Registered Student Organizations (RSOs), one of the largest networks of any universities in the world. RSOs are dedicated to a wide variety of interests both in and beyond campus. Some of these interest areas include academic focus groups, cultural exchanges, environmental activities, Greek life, political/social action, religious discussions, sports, international student gatherings by country, and STEM-specific events. Prominent examples are:<br /> * '''The Dream Project''': &quot;The Dream Project teaches UW students to mentor first-generation and low-income students in King County high schools as they navigate the complex college admissions process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|title=UW Dream Project &amp;#124; Supporting Seattle-area high school students through the college admissions process|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218201445/http://www.washington.edu/dreamproject/|archive-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''The Rural Health Education (RHE)''': Promotes health in rural areas of Washington state through health fairs. Volunteers include students from a variety of backgrounds including medical, pharmacy, and dentistry. Health professionals from the Greater Seattle area also actively participate.<br /> * '''Students Expressing Environmental Concern (SEED)''': partially funded by UW's Housing and Food Services (HFS) office to promote environmental sustainability, and reduce the university's carbon footprint.<br /> * '''Student Philanthropy Education Program''': Partnered with the UW's nonprofit, the UW Foundation, this group focuses on promoting awareness of philanthropy's importance through major events on campus.<br /> * '''Husky Global Affairs''': This is a club dedicated to social science research in global issues. It provides a forum for students to collaborate in research and publishes their research in the Global Affairs Journal.<br /> * '''UW Delta Delta Sigma Pre-Dental Society (DDS)''': This is a club dedicated to serving pre-dental students and it provides a forum for discussion of dental-related topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://students.washington.edu/dental/|title=DDS|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205033849/http://students.washington.edu/dental/|archive-date=December 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''UW Earth Club''': The Earth Club is interested in promoting the expression of environmental attitudes and consciousness through specialized events.<br /> * '''UW Farm''': The UW farm grows crops on campus and advocates urban farming in the UW community.<br /> * '''GlobeMed at UW''': a student-run non-profit organization that works to educate about global poverty and its effect on health. The UW chapter is a part of a national network of chapters, each partnering with a grassroots organization at home or abroad. GlobeMed at UW is partnered with [[The MINDS Foundation]] which supports education about and treatment for mental illness in rural India.<br /> * '''UW Sierra Student Coalition''': SSC is dedicated to many larger environmental issues on campus and providing related opportunities to students.<br /> * '''Washington Public Interest Research Group (WashPIRG)''': WashPIRG engages students in a variety of activist causes, including environmental projects on campus and the community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|title=Student Organizations|access-date=September 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604185741/http://depts.washington.edu/poeweb/news/susuw.html#students|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:UW Tower from 38th &amp; Eastern.jpg|thumb|[[UW Tower]], a conference space and administrative building.]]<br /> <br /> ====Student government====<br /> {{Main|Associated Students of the University of Washington}}<br /> The Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) is one of two Student Governments at the University of Washington, the other being the Graduate and Professional Student Senate. It is funded and supported by student fees, and provides services that directly and indirectly benefit them. The ASUW employs over 72 current University of Washington students, has over 500 volunteers, and spends $1.03 million annually to provide services and activities to the student body of 43,000 on-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|title=Associated Students of the University of Washington {{!}} SAF {{!}} Services and Activities Fee|website=depts.washington.edu|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003658/https://depts.washington.edu/safcom/programs/asuw/|archive-date=November 18, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Student Senate was established in 1994 as a division of the Associated Students of the University of Washington. Student Senate is one of two official student governed bodies and provides a broad-based discussion of issues. Currently, the ASUW Student Senate has a legislative body of over 150 senators representing a diverse set of interests on and off-campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |title=History |website=senate.asuw.org |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117225445/http://senate.asuw.org/history/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ASUW was incorporated in the State of Washington on April 20, 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225349/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 30, 1932, the ASUW assisted in the incorporation of [[University Book Store]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|title=Corporations Division|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=October 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215654/http://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/search_results.aspx?search_type=simple&amp;criteria=all&amp;name_type=contains&amp;name=University+Book+Store&amp;ubi=|archive-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which has been in continuous operation at the same location on University Way for over 70 years. The [[ASUW Experimental College]], part of the ASUW, was created in 1968 by several University of Washington students seeking to provide the campus and surrounding community with a selection of classes not offered on the university curriculum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php/|title=Experimental College|access-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172357/https://depts.washington.edu/asuwxpcl/about.php|archive-date=January 5, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Publication===<br /> {{Main|The Daily of the University of Washington}}<br /> The student newspaper is ''[[The Daily of the University of Washington]]'', usually referred to as ''The Daily''. It is the second-largest{{clarify|date=January 2021}} daily paper in Seattle. ''The Daily'' is published every day classes are in session during fall, winter and spring quarters, and weekly during summer quarters. In 2010, ''The Daily'' launched a half-hour weekly television magazine show, &quot;The Daily's Double Shot,&quot; on [[UWTV]] Channel 27. The UW continues to use its proprietary [[UWTV]] channel, online and printed publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;UWTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uwtv.org/|title=UWTV|publisher=UWTV|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609230447/http://www.uwtv.org/|archive-date=June 9, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The faculty also produce their own publications for students and alumni.<br /> <br /> ===Student Activism===<br /> Throughout the 20th Century, UW student activism centered around a variety of national and international concerns, from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] to the [[Vietnam War]] and [[civil rights]]. In 1948, at the beginning of the [[McCarthyism]] era, students brought their activism to bear on campus, by protesting the firing of three UW professors accused of communist affiliations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kindig |first1=Jessie |title=Student Activism at UW, 1948–1970 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=UW Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514024128/http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml |archive-date=May 14, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Devon |title=The long history of activism at the UW |url=https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=The Daily |date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328145032/https://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_0414cc26-439e-11e9-8efb-f353659ce7d7.html |archive-date=March 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===University support===<br /> UW offers many services for its students and alumni, beyond the standard offered by most colleges and universities. Its &quot;Student Life&quot; division houses 16 departments and offices that serve students directly and indirectly, including those below and overseen by Vice President and Vice Provost.<br /> * Career Center<br /> * Counseling Center<br /> * Department of Recreational Sports (IMA)<br /> * Disability Resource Center<br /> * Fraternity and Sorority Life<br /> * Health and Wellness Programs<br /> * Housing and Food Services<br /> * Office of Ceremonies<br /> * Office of the University Registrar<br /> * Student Admissions<br /> * Student Activities and Union Facilities<br /> * Student Financial Aid<br /> * Student Legal Services <br /> * Student Publications (The Daily)<br /> * Campus Police&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://police.uw.edu/|title=UW Police|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001242/http://police.uw.edu/|archive-date=February 22, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Housing====<br /> {{Main|Housing at the University of Washington}}<br /> The university operates one of the largest campuses of any higher education institution in the world. Despite this, growing faculty and student count has strained the regional housing supply as well as transportation facilities. Starting in 2012, UW began taking active measures to explore, plan and enact a series of campus policies to manage the annual growth. In addition to new buildings, parking and [[light rail]] stations, new building construction and renovations have been scheduled to take place through 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|title=Campus Master Plan {{!}} Capital Planning and Development|website=cpd.uw.edu|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040435/https://cpd.uw.edu/campus-master-plan|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plan includes the construction of three six-story [[residence hall]]s and two apartment complexes in the west section of campus, near the existing [[Terry and Lander Halls]], in Phase I, the renovation of six existing residence halls in Phase II, and additional new construction in Phase III. The projects will result in a net gain of approximately 2,400 beds. The Residence Hall Student Association (student government for the halls) is the second-largest student organization on campus and helps plan fun events in the halls. For students, faculty, and staff looking to live off-campus, they may also explore Off-Campus Housing Affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://housing.asuw.org/|title=Off-Campus Housing Affairs |publisher=ASUW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215084410/http://housing.asuw.org/|archive-date=December 15, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Greek System at UW has also been a prominent part of student culture for more than 115 years. It is made up of two organizational bodies, the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC) and the Panhellenic Association. The IFC looks over 34 fraternities with 1900+ members and Panhellenic consists of 19 sororities and 1900 members. The school has additional Greek organizations that do not offer housing and are primarily special interest.<br /> <br /> ====Disability resources====<br /> In addition to the University of Washington's Disability Resources for Students (DRS) office, there is also a campus-wide [[The DO-IT Center|DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) Center]] program that assists educational institutions to fully integrate all students, including those with disabilities, into academic life. DO-IT includes a variety of initiatives, such as the [[DO-IT Scholars Program]], and provides information on the 'universal' design of educational facilities for students of all levels of physical and mental ability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|title=Universal Design: Process, Principles, and Applications|date=June 14, 2012|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428030609/http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Programs/ud.html|archive-date=April 28, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These design programs aim to reduce systemic barriers which could otherwise hinder the performance of some students, and may also be applied to other professional organizations and conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|title=Applications of Universal Design to Projects, Conference Exhibits, Presentations, and Professional Organizations|publisher=Washington.edu|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531051627/http://www.washington.edu/doit/CUDE/app_project.html|archive-date=May 31, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Athletics==<br /> {{Main|Washington Huskies}}<br /> UW students, sports teams, and alumni are called [[Washington Huskies]], and often referred to [[Metonymy|metonymically]] as &quot;Montlake,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/thiel/300600_thiel22.html|title=Mora's move generates intrigue|last1=Thiel|first1=Art|date=January 21, 2007|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|access-date=September 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the campus's location on Montlake Boulevard N.E. (although the traditional bounds of the [[Montlake, Seattle, Washington|Montlake neighborhood]] do not extend north of the [[Montlake Cut]] to include the campus.) The [[husky]] was selected as the school mascot by the student committee in 1922, which replaced the &quot;Sun Dodger&quot;, an abstract reference to the [[Seattle, Washington#Climate|local weather]].<br /> <br /> The university participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'s Division I-A, and the [[Pac-12 Conference]]. The [[Washington Huskies football|football team]] is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] victories and an [[Orange Bowl (game)|Orange Bowl]] title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] record.&lt;ref name=&quot;unbeaten&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/fbs.pdf |title=2014 NCAA Football Record Book |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] |page=117 |access-date=October 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070611/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/FBS.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tailgate party|Tailgating]] by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of [[Lake Washington]]. The [[Apple Cup]] game is an annual game against cross-state rival [[Washington State University]] that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 32 losses and 6 ties. This game was last won by Washington State University, and the Apple Cup trophy currently resides in Pullman, Washington. [[College Football Hall of Fame]] member [[Don James (American football)|Don James]] is a former head coach.<br /> <br /> [[File:Hec Ed.JPG|thumb|The [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion|Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] hosts basketball and volleyball events.]]<br /> <br /> The men's [[Washington Huskies men's basketball|basketball]] team has been moderately successful, though recently the team has enjoyed a resurgence under coach [[Lorenzo Romar]]. With Romar as head coach, the team has been to six [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournaments]] (2003–2004, 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons), 2 consecutive top 16 (sweet sixteen) appearances, and secured a No. 1 seed in 2005. On December 23, 2005, the men's basketball team won their 800th victory in Hec Edmundson Pavilion, the most wins for any NCAA team in its current arena.<br /> <br /> [[College rowing (United States)|Rowing]] is a longstanding tradition at the University of Washington dating back to 1901. The Washington men's crew gained international prominence by winning the [[gold medal]] at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin, defeating the German and Italian crews much to the dismay of [[Adolf Hitler]] who was in attendance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Events of the century|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|access-date=October 8, 2012|newspaper=Seattle Post Intelligencer|date=December 21, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103161427/http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958, the men's crew deepened their legend with a shocking win over [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] Trud's world champion rowers at the Moscow Cup, resulting in the first American sporting victory on [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] soil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Johns|first=Greg|title=Huskies crew earns return trip to Moscow|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=August 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170939/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Huskies-crew-earns-return-trip-to-Moscow-1247561.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Thiel|first=Art|title=UW crew gets front seat to history|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=September 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103163953/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/UW-crew-gets-front-seat-to-history-1248665.php#page-2|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and certainly the first time a Russian crowd gave any American team a standing ovation during the [[Cold War]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ Water World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925103138/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/washington/water_world/ |date=September 25, 2005 }}, ''Sports Illustrated'', November 17, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; The men's crew have won 46 national titles&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Raley|first=Dan|title=Crew: UW's most successful, stable athletic enterprise|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=April 30, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170129/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Crew-UW-s-most-successful-stable-athletic-1113687.php|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (15 [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]], 1 [[National Collegiate Rowing Championship]]), 15 Olympic gold medals, two silver and five bronze. The women have 10 national titles and two Olympic gold medals. In 1997, the women's team won the NCAA championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;RowingSuccessful&quot; /&gt; The Husky men are the 2015 national champions.<br /> <br /> Recent national champions include the [[Washington Huskies softball|softball]] team ([[2009 Women's College World Series|2009]]), the men's rowing team (2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007), NCAA Division I women's [[Cross country running|cross country]] team (2008), and the women's volleyball team ([[2005 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament|2005]]). Individually, Scott Roth was the 2011 NCAA men's Outdoor [[Pole Vault]] and 2011 &amp; 2010 NCAA men's Indoor Pole Vault champion. [[James Lepp]] was the 2005 NCAA men's golf champion. Ryan Brown (men's 800 meters) and Amy Lia (women's 1500 meters) won individual titles at the 2006 NCAA Track and Field Championships. [[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]] was the 2005 NCAA men's Outdoor and Indoor Pole Vault champion.<br /> <br /> The university has an extensive series of sports facilities, including but not limited to the [[Husky Stadium]] (football, track and field), the [[Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion]] (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), [[Husky Ballpark]] (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The [[William Quillian (athlete)|Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium]], The [[Nordstrom]] Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the [[Conibear Shellhouse]] (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the [[Weyerhaeuser]] Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. The university discontinued its men's and women's swim teams on May 1, 2009, due to budget cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|title=Huskies &amp;#124; UW cuts swimming teams &amp;#124; Seattle Times Newspaper|last=Condotta|first=Bob|date=May 2, 2009|publisher=Seattletimes.com|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105161833/http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009157966_budgetcuts02.html|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Husky Stadium===<br /> [[File:Husky Stadium - March 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|The rebuilt [[Husky Stadium]], in 2016.]]<br /> {{Main|Husky Stadium}}<br /> The rebuilt Husky Stadium is the first and primary source of income for the completely remodeled athletic district. The major remodel consisted of a new grand concourse, [[University of Washington station|underground light-rail station]] which opened on March 19, 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19|date=January 26, 2016|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/|archive-date=July 13, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an enclosed west end design, replacement of bleachers with individual seating, removal of track and Huskytron, as well as the installation of a new press box section, private box seating, football offices, permanent seating in the east end zone that does not block the view of Lake Washington. The project also included new and improved amenities, concession stands, and bathrooms throughout. The cost for renovating the stadium was around $280 million and was designed for a slightly lower [[seating capacity]] than its previous design, now at 70,138 seats.<br /> <br /> Besides hosting national and regional football games, the Husky Stadium is also used by the university for its annual Commencement event, departmental ceremonies, and other events. Husky Stadium is one of several places that may have been the birthplace of the crowd phenomenon known as &quot;[[Audience wave|The Wave]]&quot;. It is claimed that the wave was invented by Husky graduate Robb Weller and UW band director Bill Bissel in October 1981, for an afternoon game facing opponents from [[Stanford University]].<br /> <br /> ===Mascot===<br /> {{Main|Harry the Husky}}<br /> [[File:Basketball 1.JPG|thumb|The costumed mascot, Harry the Husky, at a basketball game.]]<br /> [[File:Ticket Washington vs Stanford 1930 side1.jpg|right|thumb|1930 football ticket stub depicting the UW Husky mascot]]<br /> The University of Washington's costumed mascot is [[Harry the Husky]]. &quot;Harry the Husky&quot; performs at sporting and special events, and a live [[Alaskan Malamute]], currently named Dubs II,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |title=10/10, would cheer with: UW introduces new live mascot, Dubs II, and he is adorable |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=March 23, 2018 |last=Webeck |first=Evan |access-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101155321/https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/10-10-would-cheer-with-uw-introduces-new-live-mascot-dubs-ii-and-he-is-adorable/ |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; has traditionally led the UW [[American football|football]] team onto the field at the start of games. The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote. The choice was inspired by the first [[stanza]] of [[Lord Byron]]'s ''[[The Destruction of Sennacherib]]'':&lt;ref name=SchoolColors&gt;{{cite web|title=School Colors: Purple and Gold|url=http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=July 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210005902/http://www.gohuskies.com/trads/020398aab.html|archive-date=December 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|title=University Chronology|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=July 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131814/http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/research/uw-chronology/|archive-date=November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;poem&gt;<br /> The [[Assyria]]n came down like the wolf on the fold,<br /> And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;<br /> And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,<br /> When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep [[Sea of Galilee|Galilee]].<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> Additionally, the university has also hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washington Huskies|url=https://gohuskies.com/sports/2013/4/18/208229209.aspx|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=Washington Huskies|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===School songs===<br /> The [[University of Washington Husky Marching Band]] performs at many Husky sporting events including all [[American football|football]] games. The band was founded in 1929, and today it is a cornerstone of Husky spirit. The band marches using a traditional high step, and it is one of only a few marching bands left in the United States to do so. Like many college bands, the Husky band has several traditional songs that it has played for decades, including the official [[fight song]]s &quot;[[Bow Down to Washington]]&quot; and &quot;[[Tequila (Champs song)|Tequila]]&quot;, as well as fan-favorite &quot;Africano&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni and faculty ==<br /> {{Main list|List of University of Washington people}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Michael_P._Anderson.jpg|[[Michael P. Anderson]], [[National Aeronautic and Space Administration|NASA]] Astronaut and [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]] crew member<br /> Pappy_Boyington.jpg|[[Pappy Boyington]], [[World War II]] combat fighter ace<br /> DaleChihulyatPilchuck.jpg|[[Dale Chihuly]], glass sculptor<br /> Kenny_G_1998.jpg|[[Kenny G]], [[Grammy Award]]-winning jazz musician<br /> Patrick Shanahan.jpg|[[Patrick M. Shanahan]], [[United States Secretary of Defense]]<br /> SpeakerFoley.jpg|[[Tom Foley]], 49th [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]<br /> Sally_Jewell_official_portrait.jpg|[[Sally Jewell]], 51st [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] and former CEO of [[Recreational Equipment, Inc.|REI]]<br /> Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg|[[Bruce Lee]], actor and martial artist<br /> Kyle_MacLachlan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Kyle MacLachlan]], [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]]-winning actor<br /> Joel_McHale_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|[[Joel McHale]], actor and comedian<br /> Warren_Moon.jpg|[[Warren Moon]], [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] quarterback<br /> Jim_L_Mora_2006-11-19.jpg|[[Jim L. Mora]], former NFL coach<br /> Brandon_Roy_Wizards.jpg|[[Brandon Roy]], former [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]]<br /> Hope_Solo_USA_Training_(edited).jpg|[[Hope Solo]], former [[United States women's national soccer team|USWNT]] goalkeeper<br /> Isaiah_Thomas_(34300573362).jpg|[[Isaiah Thomas (basketball)|Isaiah Thomas]], two-time [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA All-Star]]<br /> Rainn_Wilson_2011_Shankbone.JPG|[[Rainn Wilson]], actor<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable alumni of the University of Washington include U.S. Olympic rower [[Joe Rantz]] (1936); architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] (1934); news anchor and [[Big Sky Resort|Big Sky resort]] founder [[Chet Huntley]] (1934); US Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]] (JD 1935); Baskin Robbins co-founder [[Irv Robbins]] (1939); former actor, [[The Hollywood Reporter]] columnist and [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]] host [[Robert Osborne]] (1954); glass artist [[Dale Chihuly]] (BA 1965); [[serial killer]] [[Ted Bundy]]; Nobel Prize-winning biologist [[Linda B. Buck]]; Pulitzer Prize-winning author [[Marilynne Robinson]] (PhD 1977), martial artist [[Bruce Lee]]; saxophonist [[Kenny G]] (1978); MySpace co-founder [[Chris DeWolfe]] (1988); [[Mudhoney]] lead vocalist [[Mark Arm]] (1985, English);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |title = Mark Arm Speaks! |last=Moriarity |first=Sean |date=November 2, 1999 |website=The University of Washington Daily |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101004205256/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~ptn/mudhoney/articles/19990211ud.html |archive-date=October 4, 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soundgarden]] guitarist [[Kim Thayil]] (Philosophy);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |title=Soundgarden: Rock's Heavy Alternative |last=Neely |first=Kim |date=July 9, 1992 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190523230511/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/soundgarden-rocks-heavy-alternative-243780/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; music manager [[Susan Silver]] (Chinese);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |title = Susan Silver steers careers toward rock stardom |date=April 27, 1997 |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |first=Jae-Ha |last = Kim |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041125052641/http://www.jaehakim.com/articles/music/backbeat/bb_silver.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; actor [[Rainn Wilson]] (BA, Drama 1986); radio and TV personality [[Andrew Harms]] (2001, Business and Drama); actor and comedian [[Joel McHale]] (1995, MFA 2000), actor and Christian personality [[Jim Caviezel]] and basketball player [[Matisse Thybulle]].<br /> <br /> ==In film==<br /> [[File:Campus Scene in March 2021 at Drumheller Fountain, Seattle.jpg|thumb|Campus Scene in March 2021 at [[Drumheller Fountain]], Seattle]]<br /> * 1965: ''[[The Slender Thread]]'', directed by Sydney Pollack<br /> * 1979: ''[[The Changeling (1980 film)|The Changeling]]'', directed by [[Peter Medak]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Changeling (1980) |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |access-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142734/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8892/The-Changeling/details |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |department=Movies &amp; TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1983: ''[[WarGames]]'', directed by [[John Badham]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WarGamesFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|title=Filming Locations for WarGames|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085845/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/locations|archive-date=January 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1987: ''[[Black Widow (1987 film)|Black Widow]]'', directed by [[Bob Rafelson]]&lt;ref name=&quot; BlackWidowFilming &quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090738/locations|title=Filming Locations for Black Widow|publisher=International Movie Database|access-date=June 12, 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1992: ''[[Singles (1992 film)|Singles]]'', directed by [[Cameron Crowe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|title=Singles (1992) Review/Film; Youth, Love and a Place of One's Own|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 18, 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214628/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CEFDE133EF93BA2575AC0A964958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1997: ''[[The Sixth Man]]'', directed by [[Randall Miller]]&lt;ref name=SixthMan&gt;{{cite news|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence|title=The Sixth Man (1997) Hoop Dreams and (Ghostly) Schemes|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DE143AF93BA15750C0A961958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 28, 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1999: ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]'', directed by [[Gil Junger]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=10 Things I Hate About You (1999) FILM REVIEW; It's Like, You Know, Sonnets And Stuff|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214917/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501e7db1f30f932a05750c0a96f958260|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2004: ''[[What the Bleep Do We Know!?|What the Bleep Do We Know: Down the Rabbit Hole]]'', directed by [[William Arntz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WhatTheBleepFilming&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|title=Movie – What the Bleep!? Down the Rabbit Hole (2006)|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170316/http://networkawesome.com/2012-5-18/movie-what-the-bleep-down-the-rabbit-hole-2006|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2007: ''[[Dan in Real Life]]'', directed by [[Peter Hedges]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A.O.|title=A Family Just Like Yours (if You Lived in a Movie)|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|access-date=July 7, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705135731/http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26dan.html|archive-date=July 5, 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2013: ''[[21 and Over (film)|21 and Over]]'', directed by [[Jon Lucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;21andOver&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|title=Movie filming on University of Washington campus|date=August 29, 2011|newspaper=King 5 News|access-date=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015075407/http://www.king5.com/news/local/Hollywood-movie-filming-on-University-of-Washington-campus--128616413.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2016: ''[[American Experience (season 28)|The Boys of 36]]'', directed by Margaret Grossi<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|United States}}<br /> * [[Friday Harbor Laboratories]]<br /> * [[Internationales Kulturinstitut]]<br /> * [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]<br /> * [[Manastash Ridge Observatory]]<br /> * [[Theodor Jacobsen Observatory]]<br /> * [[University Book Store]]<br /> * [[University of Washington Educational Outreach]]<br /> * [[University of Washington firebombing incident]]<br /> * [[Washington Escarpment]] – escarpment in Antarctica named for the university<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|University of Washington}}<br /> {{NIE Poster|Washington, University of|University of Washington}}<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * [http://www.gohuskies.com/ University of Washington Athletics website]<br /> * [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/todd/searchterm/university%20washington/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Calvin F. Todd Photographs Collection] includes images from 1905 to 1930 of the University of Washington campus and scenes from Seattle including the waterfront, various buildings especially apartments, [[regrading]] activities, and the Pike Place Market.<br /> * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/uwcampusweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – University of Washington Campus Photographs] Photographs reflecting the early history of the University of Washington campus from its beginnings as the Territorial University through its establishment at its present site on the shores of Lake Washington. The database documents student activities, buildings, departments, and athletics.<br /> * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Washington, University of|short=x}}<br /> <br /> {{University of Washington}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |titlestyle = background:#4B2E83; color:#FFFFFF; border:2px solid #B7A57A;<br /> |list =<br /> {{Colleges and universities in Washington (state)}}<br /> {{Pac-12 Conference navbox}}<br /> {{Association of American Universities}}<br /> {{Largest United States universities by enrollment}}<br /> {{APRU}}<br /> {{Worldwide Universities Network}}<br /> {{Public Ivy}}<br /> }}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, University Of}}<br /> [[Category:University of Washington| ]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1861]]<br /> [[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Public universities and colleges in Washington (state)|University of Washington]]<br /> [[Category:1861 establishments in Washington Territory|University]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacons_(law_firm)&diff=1020312886 Deacons (law firm) 2021-04-28T11:55:23Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Practice Areas */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox law firm<br /> | name = Deacons<br /> | logo = [[File:DeaconsLogo.gif|200px]]<br /> | num_offices = 4 worldwide<br /> | num_attorneys = 300 <br /> | headquarters = [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | num_employees = 700<br /> | practice_areas = Full service<br /> | revenue = <br /> | date_founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1851|}}<br /> | founder = William Bridges<br /> | company_type = [[Partnership]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.deacons.com.hk www.deacons.com.hk]<br /> |10=Lilian Chiang &lt;small&gt;(Senior Partner)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''Deacons''' is an international [[law firm]] with over 300 attorneys and 700 employees worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=The Quest of Noel Croucher: Hong Kong's Quiet Philanthropist|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=9622094732|location=Hong Kong|pages=195–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded in 1851, it provides full service for all major practice areas such as corporate mergers &amp; acquisitions, regulatory compliance, intellectual properties, insurance, international arbitration and litigation. It serves a long list of private clients and high-profile conglomerates, including [[Google]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deacons &gt; Hong Kong &gt; Hong Kong {{!}} The Legal 500 law firm profiles|url=https://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-hong-kong/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.legal500.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[McDonald's|McDonald’s Corp]], [[Samsung]], [[Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts|Shangri-La Hotels &amp; Resorts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = China – Intellectual Property (International Firms) Lawyers &amp; Law Firms – Asia-Pacific – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/60/2087/editorial/8/1#3712_editorial|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yahoo!|Yahoo Inc!]], and the [[HKSAR Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Hong Kong Law Firm Deacons Plans Independent Expansion in China|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-09/deacons-hong-kong-s-oldest-law-firm-plans-independent-expansion-in-china|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Douglas|last = Wong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The law firm is currently based in [[Hong Kong]], with additional offices in [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031825/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |archive-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sumitra|first=Giri|title=Deacons|url=http://www.attorneyintown.com/item/deacons-3/|access-date=2016-02-05|website=World Attorney Directory|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top law firm protects its information with confidence with Symantec Solutions|url=https://www.symantec.com/en/hk/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=20100408_01|access-date=2016-02-05|website=www.symantec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the oldest and largest law firm in Hong Kong, and has experienced practitioners for every level of the court system.[[File:Deacons' Elevators.jpg|thumb|Private elevators to Deacons' Hong Kong office at Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> [[File:Alexandra House (Internal).jpg|thumb|Inside the Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The firm is named for the English [[solicitor]] Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by [[William Thomas Bridges]] in 1851 in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm Deacons website: &quot;About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162930/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.<br /> <br /> Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on [[Queen's Road, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]], the firm was based close to the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]].<br /> <br /> Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to [[Ice House Street]].<br /> <br /> Since 1985, it has resided in [[Alexandra House|Alexandra House,]] [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Its headquarters is equipped with internal staircases alongside two private elevators, spanning 6 individual floors. It also operates an office location in Sheung Wan.<br /> <br /> In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm license in mainland China. Deacons celebrated 165 years in Hong Kong in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Heritage - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|website = www.deacons.com.hk|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205233925/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practice Areas ==<br /> <br /> Deacons is listed in ''The Legal 500'' and ''Chambers and Partners''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Deacons – Hong Kong – Law Firm Profile - Chambers Global 2015 – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/3712/deacons|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a globally ranked, first-tier law firm offering legal services for 15 key service areas, as well as additional specializations within each:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Legal 500 &gt; Deacons &gt; Hong Kong, &gt; What we say|url = http://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-|website = www.legal500.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Services - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|website = Deacons|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065716/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|archive-date = 27 January 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank regulation|Banking &amp; Finance]] <br /> * [[Capital market|Capital Markets]] <br /> * China Trade &amp; Investment<br /> * [[Construction law|Construction]] <br /> * [[Corporate law|Corporate and M&amp;A]] <br /> * [[Labour law|Employment &amp; Pensions]] <br /> * [[Restructuring|Insolvency &amp; Restructuring]] <br /> * [[Insurance]] <br /> * [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] <br /> * [[Investment funds|Investment Funds]] <br /> * [[Dispute resolution|Litigation &amp; Dispute Resolution]] <br /> * Private Clients <br /> * [[Property law|Real Estate]] <br /> * [[Regulatory law|Regulatory]] <br /> * [[Tax law|Tax]]<br /> <br /> The firm also maintains connections with other large, independent law firms around the world to deal with multijurisdictional disputes.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deacons has been awarded for its service, [[Corporate social responsibility|corporate social responsibility (CSR)]], employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Lex Mundi - Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Law Firm Network|url = http://www.lexmundi.com/assnfe/cv.asp?ID=47670|website = www.lexmundi.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Network of Independent Law Firms. ESX Inc.|last = http://www.esxinc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2016 IHC FirmOfTheYear.png|thumb|ASIAN MENA Firm of the Year 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> * IFLR &quot;Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Managing IP &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Construction &amp; Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * The Asia Legal Award &quot;M&amp;A Deal of the Year: Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital 2017&quot;<br /> * Human Resources Asia &quot;Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 ChambersAsiaPacificWinner.png|thumb|Chambers Asia-Pacific Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA &quot;Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * Euromoney Asia &quot;Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Annual CSR List Awardee 2016&quot;<br /> * HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award &quot;Best Onshore Law Firm 2016&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 IFLRAsiaAwards.png|thumb|International Financial Law Review Asia Awards Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> * China Law &amp; Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA Counsel &quot;Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * The Asian Lawyer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.deacons.com.hk}}<br /> * [http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/firmJurisdictionRecommendations.do?jurisdictionId=22164&amp;firmId=:20263487 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site]<br /> * [http://pview.findlaw.com/view/3641075_1 Findlaw.com website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235128/http://www.martindale.com/Deacons/1144402-law-firm-office.htm Martindale website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm<br /> * [https://brianbarr.co.uk/ CRPS Lawyers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Law firms of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Law firms established in 1851]]<br /> [[Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacons_(law_firm)&diff=1020309506 Deacons (law firm) 2021-04-28T11:29:29Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox law firm<br /> | name = Deacons<br /> | logo = [[File:DeaconsLogo.gif|200px]]<br /> | num_offices = 4 worldwide<br /> | num_attorneys = Over 300 <br /> | headquarters = [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | num_employees = Around 700<br /> | practice_areas = Full service<br /> | revenue = <br /> | date_founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1851|}}<br /> | founder = William Bridges<br /> | company_type = [[Partnership]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.deacons.com.hk www.deacons.com.hk]<br /> |10=Lilian Chiang &lt;small&gt;(Senior Partner)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''Deacons''' is an international [[law firm]] with over 300 attorneys and 700 employees worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=The Quest of Noel Croucher: Hong Kong's Quiet Philanthropist|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=9622094732|location=Hong Kong|pages=195–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded in 1851, Deacons provides full service for all major areas of practice such as corporate mergers &amp; acquisitions, regulatory compliance, intellectual properties, insurance, international arbitration and litigation. It has served an extensive list of high-profile conglomerates and private clients, including [[McDonald's|McDonald’s Corp]], [[Samsung]], [[Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts|Shangri-La Hotels &amp; Resorts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = China – Intellectual Property (International Firms) Lawyers &amp; Law Firms – Asia-Pacific – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/60/2087/editorial/8/1#3712_editorial|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yahoo!|Yahoo Inc!]], and the [[HKSAR Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Hong Kong Law Firm Deacons Plans Independent Expansion in China|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-09/deacons-hong-kong-s-oldest-law-firm-plans-independent-expansion-in-china|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Douglas|last = Wong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The law firm is currently based in [[Hong Kong]], with additional offices in [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031825/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |archive-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sumitra|first=Giri|title=Deacons|url=http://www.attorneyintown.com/item/deacons-3/|access-date=2016-02-05|website=World Attorney Directory|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top law firm protects its information with confidence with Symantec Solutions|url=https://www.symantec.com/en/hk/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=20100408_01|access-date=2016-02-05|website=www.symantec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the oldest and largest law firm in Hong Kong, and has experienced practitioners for every level of the court system.[[File:Deacons' Elevators.jpg|thumb|Private elevators to Deacons' Hong Kong office at Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> [[File:Alexandra House (Internal).jpg|thumb|Inside the Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The firm is named for the English [[solicitor]] Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by [[William Thomas Bridges]] in 1851 in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm Deacons website: &quot;About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162930/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.<br /> <br /> Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on [[Queen's Road, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]], the firm was based close to the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]].<br /> <br /> Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to [[Ice House Street]].<br /> <br /> Since 1985, it has resided in [[Alexandra House|Alexandra House,]] [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Its headquarters is equipped with internal staircases alongside two private elevators, spanning 6 individual floors. It also operates an office location in Sheung Wan.<br /> <br /> In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm license in mainland China. Deacons celebrated 165 years in Hong Kong in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Heritage - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|website = www.deacons.com.hk|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205233925/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practice Areas ==<br /> <br /> Deacons is listed in ''The Legal 500'' and ''Chambers and Partners''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Deacons – Hong Kong – Law Firm Profile - Chambers Global 2015 – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/3712/deacons|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a globally ranked, first-tier law firm with 15 key service areas, and the capability to offer additional specializations within each:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Legal 500 &gt; Deacons &gt; Hong Kong, &gt; What we say|url = http://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-|website = www.legal500.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Services - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|website = Deacons|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065716/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|archive-date = 27 January 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank regulation|Banking &amp; Finance]] <br /> * [[Capital market|Capital Markets]] <br /> * China Trade &amp; Investment<br /> * [[Construction law|Construction]] <br /> * [[Corporate law|Corporate and M&amp;A]] <br /> * [[Labour law|Employment &amp; Pensions]] <br /> * [[Restructuring|Insolvency &amp; Restructuring]] <br /> * [[Insurance]] <br /> * [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] <br /> * [[Investment funds|Investment Funds]] <br /> * [[Dispute resolution|Litigation &amp; Dispute Resolution]] <br /> * Private Clients <br /> * [[Property law|Real Estate]] <br /> * [[Regulatory law|Regulatory]] <br /> * [[Tax law|Tax]]<br /> <br /> The firm also maintains connections with other large, independent law firms around the world to deal with multijurisdictional disputes.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deacons has been awarded for its service, [[Corporate social responsibility|corporate social responsibility (CSR)]], employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Lex Mundi - Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Law Firm Network|url = http://www.lexmundi.com/assnfe/cv.asp?ID=47670|website = www.lexmundi.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Network of Independent Law Firms. ESX Inc.|last = http://www.esxinc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2016 IHC FirmOfTheYear.png|thumb|ASIAN MENA Firm of the Year 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> * IFLR &quot;Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Managing IP &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Construction &amp; Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * The Asia Legal Award &quot;M&amp;A Deal of the Year: Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital 2017&quot;<br /> * Human Resources Asia &quot;Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 ChambersAsiaPacificWinner.png|thumb|Chambers Asia-Pacific Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA &quot;Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * Euromoney Asia &quot;Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Annual CSR List Awardee 2016&quot;<br /> * HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award &quot;Best Onshore Law Firm 2016&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 IFLRAsiaAwards.png|thumb|International Financial Law Review Asia Awards Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> * China Law &amp; Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA Counsel &quot;Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * The Asian Lawyer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.deacons.com.hk}}<br /> * [http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/firmJurisdictionRecommendations.do?jurisdictionId=22164&amp;firmId=:20263487 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site]<br /> * [http://pview.findlaw.com/view/3641075_1 Findlaw.com website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235128/http://www.martindale.com/Deacons/1144402-law-firm-office.htm Martindale website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm<br /> * [https://brianbarr.co.uk/ CRPS Lawyers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Law firms of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Law firms established in 1851]]<br /> [[Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacons_(law_firm)&diff=1020309461 Deacons (law firm) 2021-04-28T11:29:07Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox law firm<br /> | name = Deacons<br /> | logo = [[File:DeaconsLogo.gif|200px]]<br /> | num_offices = 4 worldwide<br /> | num_attorneys = Over 300 <br /> | headquarters = [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | num_employees = Around 700<br /> | practice_areas = Full service<br /> | revenue = <br /> | date_founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1851|}}<br /> | founder = William Bridges<br /> | company_type = [[Partnership]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.deacons.com.hk www.deacons.com.hk]<br /> |10=Lilian Chiang &lt;small&gt;(Senior Partner)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''Deacons''' is an international [[law firm]] with over 300 attorneys and 700 employees worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=The Quest of Noel Croucher: Hong Kong's Quiet Philanthropist|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=9622094732|location=Hong Kong|pages=195–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded in 1851, Deacons provides full service for all major areas of practice such as real estate, insurance, corporate mergers &amp; acquisitions, regulatory compliance, intellectual properties, international arbitration and litigation. It has served an extensive list of high-profile conglomerates and private clients, including [[McDonald's|McDonald’s Corp]], [[Samsung]], [[Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts|Shangri-La Hotels &amp; Resorts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = China – Intellectual Property (International Firms) Lawyers &amp; Law Firms – Asia-Pacific – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/60/2087/editorial/8/1#3712_editorial|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yahoo!|Yahoo Inc!]], and the [[HKSAR Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Hong Kong Law Firm Deacons Plans Independent Expansion in China|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-09/deacons-hong-kong-s-oldest-law-firm-plans-independent-expansion-in-china|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Douglas|last = Wong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The law firm is currently based in [[Hong Kong]], with additional offices in [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031825/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |archive-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sumitra|first=Giri|title=Deacons|url=http://www.attorneyintown.com/item/deacons-3/|access-date=2016-02-05|website=World Attorney Directory|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top law firm protects its information with confidence with Symantec Solutions|url=https://www.symantec.com/en/hk/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=20100408_01|access-date=2016-02-05|website=www.symantec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the oldest and largest law firm in Hong Kong, and has experienced practitioners for every level of the court system.[[File:Deacons' Elevators.jpg|thumb|Private elevators to Deacons' Hong Kong office at Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> [[File:Alexandra House (Internal).jpg|thumb|Inside the Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The firm is named for the English [[solicitor]] Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by [[William Thomas Bridges]] in 1851 in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm Deacons website: &quot;About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162930/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.<br /> <br /> Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on [[Queen's Road, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]], the firm was based close to the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]].<br /> <br /> Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to [[Ice House Street]].<br /> <br /> Since 1985, it has resided in [[Alexandra House|Alexandra House,]] [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Its headquarters is equipped with internal staircases alongside two private elevators, spanning 6 individual floors. It also operates an office location in Sheung Wan.<br /> <br /> In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm license in mainland China. Deacons celebrated 165 years in Hong Kong in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Heritage - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|website = www.deacons.com.hk|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205233925/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practice Areas ==<br /> <br /> Deacons is listed in ''The Legal 500'' and ''Chambers and Partners''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Deacons – Hong Kong – Law Firm Profile - Chambers Global 2015 – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/3712/deacons|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a globally ranked, first-tier law firm with 15 key service areas, and the capability to offer additional specializations within each:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Legal 500 &gt; Deacons &gt; Hong Kong, &gt; What we say|url = http://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-|website = www.legal500.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Services - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|website = Deacons|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065716/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|archive-date = 27 January 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank regulation|Banking &amp; Finance]] <br /> * [[Capital market|Capital Markets]] <br /> * China Trade &amp; Investment<br /> * [[Construction law|Construction]] <br /> * [[Corporate law|Corporate and M&amp;A]] <br /> * [[Labour law|Employment &amp; Pensions]] <br /> * [[Restructuring|Insolvency &amp; Restructuring]] <br /> * [[Insurance]] <br /> * [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] <br /> * [[Investment funds|Investment Funds]] <br /> * [[Dispute resolution|Litigation &amp; Dispute Resolution]] <br /> * Private Clients <br /> * [[Property law|Real Estate]] <br /> * [[Regulatory law|Regulatory]] <br /> * [[Tax law|Tax]]<br /> <br /> The firm also maintains connections with other large, independent law firms around the world to deal with multijurisdictional disputes.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deacons has been awarded for its service, [[Corporate social responsibility|corporate social responsibility (CSR)]], employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Lex Mundi - Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Law Firm Network|url = http://www.lexmundi.com/assnfe/cv.asp?ID=47670|website = www.lexmundi.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Network of Independent Law Firms. ESX Inc.|last = http://www.esxinc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2016 IHC FirmOfTheYear.png|thumb|ASIAN MENA Firm of the Year 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> * IFLR &quot;Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Managing IP &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Construction &amp; Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * The Asia Legal Award &quot;M&amp;A Deal of the Year: Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital 2017&quot;<br /> * Human Resources Asia &quot;Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 ChambersAsiaPacificWinner.png|thumb|Chambers Asia-Pacific Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA &quot;Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * Euromoney Asia &quot;Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Annual CSR List Awardee 2016&quot;<br /> * HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award &quot;Best Onshore Law Firm 2016&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 IFLRAsiaAwards.png|thumb|International Financial Law Review Asia Awards Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> * China Law &amp; Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA Counsel &quot;Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * The Asian Lawyer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.deacons.com.hk}}<br /> * [http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/firmJurisdictionRecommendations.do?jurisdictionId=22164&amp;firmId=:20263487 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site]<br /> * [http://pview.findlaw.com/view/3641075_1 Findlaw.com website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235128/http://www.martindale.com/Deacons/1144402-law-firm-office.htm Martindale website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm<br /> * [https://brianbarr.co.uk/ CRPS Lawyers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Law firms of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Law firms established in 1851]]<br /> [[Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacons_(law_firm)&diff=1020309414 Deacons (law firm) 2021-04-28T11:28:35Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox law firm<br /> | name = Deacons<br /> | logo = [[File:DeaconsLogo.gif|200px]]<br /> | num_offices = 4 worldwide<br /> | num_attorneys = Over 300 <br /> | headquarters = [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | num_employees = Around 700<br /> | practice_areas = Full service<br /> | revenue = <br /> | date_founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1851|}}<br /> | founder = William Bridges<br /> | company_type = [[Partnership]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.deacons.com.hk www.deacons.com.hk]<br /> |10=Lilian Chiang &lt;small&gt;(Senior Partner)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''Deacons''' is an international [[law firm]] with over 300 attorneys and 700 employees worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=The Quest of Noel Croucher: Hong Kong's Quiet Philanthropist|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=9622094732|location=Hong Kong|pages=195–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded in 1851, Deacons provides full service for all major areas of practice such as corporate mergers &amp; acquisitions, regulatory compliance, intellectual properties, international arbitration and litigation. It has served an extensive list of high-profile conglomerates and private clients, including [[McDonald's|McDonald’s Corp]], [[Samsung]], [[Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts|Shangri-La Hotels &amp; Resorts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = China – Intellectual Property (International Firms) Lawyers &amp; Law Firms – Asia-Pacific – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/60/2087/editorial/8/1#3712_editorial|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yahoo!|Yahoo Inc!]], and the [[HKSAR Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Hong Kong Law Firm Deacons Plans Independent Expansion in China|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-09/deacons-hong-kong-s-oldest-law-firm-plans-independent-expansion-in-china|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Douglas|last = Wong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The law firm is currently based in [[Hong Kong]], with additional offices in [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031825/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |archive-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sumitra|first=Giri|title=Deacons|url=http://www.attorneyintown.com/item/deacons-3/|access-date=2016-02-05|website=World Attorney Directory|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top law firm protects its information with confidence with Symantec Solutions|url=https://www.symantec.com/en/hk/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=20100408_01|access-date=2016-02-05|website=www.symantec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the oldest and largest law firm in Hong Kong, and has experienced practitioners for every level of the court system.[[File:Deacons' Elevators.jpg|thumb|Private elevators to Deacons' Hong Kong office at Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> [[File:Alexandra House (Internal).jpg|thumb|Inside the Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The firm is named for the English [[solicitor]] Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by [[William Thomas Bridges]] in 1851 in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm Deacons website: &quot;About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162930/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.<br /> <br /> Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on [[Queen's Road, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]], the firm was based close to the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]].<br /> <br /> Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to [[Ice House Street]].<br /> <br /> Since 1985, it has resided in [[Alexandra House|Alexandra House,]] [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Its headquarters is equipped with internal staircases alongside two private elevators, spanning 6 individual floors. It also operates an office location in Sheung Wan.<br /> <br /> In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm license in mainland China. Deacons celebrated 165 years in Hong Kong in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Heritage - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|website = www.deacons.com.hk|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205233925/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practice Areas ==<br /> <br /> Deacons is listed in ''The Legal 500'' and ''Chambers and Partners''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Deacons – Hong Kong – Law Firm Profile - Chambers Global 2015 – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/3712/deacons|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a globally ranked, first-tier law firm with 15 key service areas, and the capability to offer additional specializations within each:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Legal 500 &gt; Deacons &gt; Hong Kong, &gt; What we say|url = http://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-|website = www.legal500.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Services - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|website = Deacons|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065716/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|archive-date = 27 January 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank regulation|Banking &amp; Finance]] <br /> * [[Capital market|Capital Markets]] <br /> * China Trade &amp; Investment<br /> * [[Construction law|Construction]] <br /> * [[Corporate law|Corporate and M&amp;A]] <br /> * [[Labour law|Employment &amp; Pensions]] <br /> * [[Restructuring|Insolvency &amp; Restructuring]] <br /> * [[Insurance]] <br /> * [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] <br /> * [[Investment funds|Investment Funds]] <br /> * [[Dispute resolution|Litigation &amp; Dispute Resolution]] <br /> * Private Clients <br /> * [[Property law|Real Estate]] <br /> * [[Regulatory law|Regulatory]] <br /> * [[Tax law|Tax]]<br /> <br /> The firm also maintains connections with other large, independent law firms around the world to deal with multijurisdictional disputes.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deacons has been awarded for its service, [[Corporate social responsibility|corporate social responsibility (CSR)]], employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Lex Mundi - Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Law Firm Network|url = http://www.lexmundi.com/assnfe/cv.asp?ID=47670|website = www.lexmundi.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Network of Independent Law Firms. ESX Inc.|last = http://www.esxinc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2016 IHC FirmOfTheYear.png|thumb|ASIAN MENA Firm of the Year 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> * IFLR &quot;Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Managing IP &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Construction &amp; Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * The Asia Legal Award &quot;M&amp;A Deal of the Year: Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital 2017&quot;<br /> * Human Resources Asia &quot;Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 ChambersAsiaPacificWinner.png|thumb|Chambers Asia-Pacific Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA &quot;Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * Euromoney Asia &quot;Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Annual CSR List Awardee 2016&quot;<br /> * HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award &quot;Best Onshore Law Firm 2016&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 IFLRAsiaAwards.png|thumb|International Financial Law Review Asia Awards Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> * China Law &amp; Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA Counsel &quot;Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * The Asian Lawyer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.deacons.com.hk}}<br /> * [http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/firmJurisdictionRecommendations.do?jurisdictionId=22164&amp;firmId=:20263487 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site]<br /> * [http://pview.findlaw.com/view/3641075_1 Findlaw.com website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235128/http://www.martindale.com/Deacons/1144402-law-firm-office.htm Martindale website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm<br /> * [https://brianbarr.co.uk/ CRPS Lawyers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Law firms of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Law firms established in 1851]]<br /> [[Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacons_(law_firm)&diff=1020309340 Deacons (law firm) 2021-04-28T11:27:55Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox law firm<br /> | name = Deacons<br /> | logo = [[File:DeaconsLogo.gif|200px]]<br /> | num_offices = 4 worldwide<br /> | num_attorneys = Over 300 <br /> | headquarters = [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | num_employees = Around 700<br /> | practice_areas = Full service<br /> | revenue = <br /> | date_founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1851|}}<br /> | founder = William Bridges<br /> | company_type = [[Partnership]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.deacons.com.hk www.deacons.com.hk]<br /> |10=Lilian Chiang &lt;small&gt;(Senior Partner)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''Deacons''' is an international [[law firm]] with over 300 attorneys and 700 employees worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=The Quest of Noel Croucher: Hong Kong's Quiet Philanthropist|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=9622094732|location=Hong Kong|pages=195–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded in 1851, Deacons provides full legal service for all major areas such as corporate mergers &amp; acquisitions, regulatory compliance, intellectual properties, international arbitration and litigation. It has served an extensive list of high-profile conglomerates and private clients, including [[McDonald's|McDonald’s Corp]], [[Samsung]], [[Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts|Shangri-La Hotels &amp; Resorts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = China – Intellectual Property (International Firms) Lawyers &amp; Law Firms – Asia-Pacific – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/60/2087/editorial/8/1#3712_editorial|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yahoo!|Yahoo Inc!]], and the [[HKSAR Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Hong Kong Law Firm Deacons Plans Independent Expansion in China|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-09/deacons-hong-kong-s-oldest-law-firm-plans-independent-expansion-in-china|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Douglas|last = Wong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The law firm is currently based in [[Hong Kong]], with additional offices in [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031825/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |archive-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sumitra|first=Giri|title=Deacons|url=http://www.attorneyintown.com/item/deacons-3/|access-date=2016-02-05|website=World Attorney Directory|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top law firm protects its information with confidence with Symantec Solutions|url=https://www.symantec.com/en/hk/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=20100408_01|access-date=2016-02-05|website=www.symantec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the oldest and largest law firm in Hong Kong, and has experienced practitioners for every level of the court system.[[File:Deacons' Elevators.jpg|thumb|Private elevators to Deacons' Hong Kong office at Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> [[File:Alexandra House (Internal).jpg|thumb|Inside the Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The firm is named for the English [[solicitor]] Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by [[William Thomas Bridges]] in 1851 in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm Deacons website: &quot;About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162930/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.<br /> <br /> Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on [[Queen's Road, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]], the firm was based close to the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]].<br /> <br /> Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to [[Ice House Street]].<br /> <br /> Since 1985, it has resided in [[Alexandra House|Alexandra House,]] [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Its headquarters is equipped with internal staircases alongside two private elevators, spanning 6 individual floors. It also operates an office location in Sheung Wan.<br /> <br /> In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm license in mainland China. Deacons celebrated 165 years in Hong Kong in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Heritage - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|website = www.deacons.com.hk|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205233925/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practice Areas ==<br /> <br /> Deacons is listed in ''The Legal 500'' and ''Chambers and Partners''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Deacons – Hong Kong – Law Firm Profile - Chambers Global 2015 – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/3712/deacons|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a globally ranked, first-tier law firm with 15 key service areas, and the capability to offer additional specializations within each:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Legal 500 &gt; Deacons &gt; Hong Kong, &gt; What we say|url = http://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-|website = www.legal500.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Services - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|website = Deacons|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065716/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|archive-date = 27 January 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank regulation|Banking &amp; Finance]] <br /> * [[Capital market|Capital Markets]] <br /> * China Trade &amp; Investment<br /> * [[Construction law|Construction]] <br /> * [[Corporate law|Corporate and M&amp;A]] <br /> * [[Labour law|Employment &amp; Pensions]] <br /> * [[Restructuring|Insolvency &amp; Restructuring]] <br /> * [[Insurance]] <br /> * [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] <br /> * [[Investment funds|Investment Funds]] <br /> * [[Dispute resolution|Litigation &amp; Dispute Resolution]] <br /> * Private Clients <br /> * [[Property law|Real Estate]] <br /> * [[Regulatory law|Regulatory]] <br /> * [[Tax law|Tax]]<br /> <br /> The firm also maintains connections with other large, independent law firms around the world to deal with multijurisdictional disputes.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deacons has been awarded for its service, [[Corporate social responsibility|corporate social responsibility (CSR)]], employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Lex Mundi - Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Law Firm Network|url = http://www.lexmundi.com/assnfe/cv.asp?ID=47670|website = www.lexmundi.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Network of Independent Law Firms. ESX Inc.|last = http://www.esxinc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2016 IHC FirmOfTheYear.png|thumb|ASIAN MENA Firm of the Year 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> * IFLR &quot;Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Managing IP &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Construction &amp; Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * The Asia Legal Award &quot;M&amp;A Deal of the Year: Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital 2017&quot;<br /> * Human Resources Asia &quot;Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 ChambersAsiaPacificWinner.png|thumb|Chambers Asia-Pacific Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA &quot;Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * Euromoney Asia &quot;Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Annual CSR List Awardee 2016&quot;<br /> * HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award &quot;Best Onshore Law Firm 2016&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 IFLRAsiaAwards.png|thumb|International Financial Law Review Asia Awards Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> * China Law &amp; Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA Counsel &quot;Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * The Asian Lawyer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.deacons.com.hk}}<br /> * [http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/firmJurisdictionRecommendations.do?jurisdictionId=22164&amp;firmId=:20263487 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site]<br /> * [http://pview.findlaw.com/view/3641075_1 Findlaw.com website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235128/http://www.martindale.com/Deacons/1144402-law-firm-office.htm Martindale website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm<br /> * [https://brianbarr.co.uk/ CRPS Lawyers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Law firms of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Law firms established in 1851]]<br /> [[Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacons_(law_firm)&diff=1020309298 Deacons (law firm) 2021-04-28T11:27:29Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox law firm<br /> | name = Deacons<br /> | logo = [[File:DeaconsLogo.gif|200px]]<br /> | num_offices = 4 worldwide<br /> | num_attorneys = Over 300 <br /> | headquarters = [[Hong Kong]]<br /> | num_employees = Around 700<br /> | practice_areas = Full service<br /> | revenue = <br /> | date_founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1851|}}<br /> | founder = William Bridges<br /> | company_type = [[Partnership]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.deacons.com.hk www.deacons.com.hk]<br /> |10=Lilian Chiang &lt;small&gt;(Senior Partner)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''Deacons''' is an international [[law firm]] with over 300 attorneys and 700 employees worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=The Quest of Noel Croucher: Hong Kong's Quiet Philanthropist|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=9622094732|location=Hong Kong|pages=195–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Founded in 1851, Deacons provides full legal service for all major areas such as corporate mergers &amp; acquisitions, regulatory compliance, intellectual properties, international arbitration and litigation. It serves an extensive list of high-profile conglomerates and private clients, including [[McDonald's|McDonald’s Corp]], [[Samsung]], [[Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts|Shangri-La Hotels &amp; Resorts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = China – Intellectual Property (International Firms) Lawyers &amp; Law Firms – Asia-Pacific – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/60/2087/editorial/8/1#3712_editorial|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yahoo!|Yahoo Inc!]], and the [[HKSAR Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Hong Kong Law Firm Deacons Plans Independent Expansion in China|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-09/deacons-hong-kong-s-oldest-law-firm-plans-independent-expansion-in-china|website = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Douglas|last = Wong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The law firm is currently based in [[Hong Kong]], with additional offices in [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031825/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/location.htm |archive-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sumitra|first=Giri|title=Deacons|url=http://www.attorneyintown.com/item/deacons-3/|access-date=2016-02-05|website=World Attorney Directory|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top law firm protects its information with confidence with Symantec Solutions|url=https://www.symantec.com/en/hk/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=20100408_01|access-date=2016-02-05|website=www.symantec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the oldest and largest law firm in Hong Kong, and has experienced practitioners for every level of the court system.[[File:Deacons' Elevators.jpg|thumb|Private elevators to Deacons' Hong Kong office at Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> [[File:Alexandra House (Internal).jpg|thumb|Inside the Alexandra House, Central]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The firm is named for the English [[solicitor]] Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by [[William Thomas Bridges]] in 1851 in Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm Deacons website: &quot;About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162930/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/aboutus/history.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.<br /> <br /> Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on [[Queen's Road, Hong Kong|Queen's Road]], the firm was based close to the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]].<br /> <br /> Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to [[Ice House Street]].<br /> <br /> Since 1985, it has resided in [[Alexandra House|Alexandra House,]] [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Its headquarters is equipped with internal staircases alongside two private elevators, spanning 6 individual floors. It also operates an office location in Sheung Wan.<br /> <br /> In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm license in mainland China. Deacons celebrated 165 years in Hong Kong in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Heritage - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|website = www.deacons.com.hk|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205233925/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-firm/history/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practice Areas ==<br /> <br /> Deacons is listed in ''The Legal 500'' and ''Chambers and Partners''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Deacons – Hong Kong – Law Firm Profile - Chambers Global 2015 – Chambers and Partners|url = http://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/3712/deacons|website = www.chambersandpartners.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a globally ranked, first-tier law firm with 15 key service areas, and the capability to offer additional specializations within each:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The Legal 500 &gt; Deacons &gt; Hong Kong, &gt; What we say|url = http://www.legal500.com/firms/30136-deacons/30033-hong-kong-|website = www.legal500.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Our Services - Deacons|url = http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|website = Deacons|access-date = 2016-02-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065716/http://www.deacons.com.hk/our-services/|archive-date = 27 January 2016|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank regulation|Banking &amp; Finance]] <br /> * [[Capital market|Capital Markets]] <br /> * China Trade &amp; Investment<br /> * [[Construction law|Construction]] <br /> * [[Corporate law|Corporate and M&amp;A]] <br /> * [[Labour law|Employment &amp; Pensions]] <br /> * [[Restructuring|Insolvency &amp; Restructuring]] <br /> * [[Insurance]] <br /> * [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] <br /> * [[Investment funds|Investment Funds]] <br /> * [[Dispute resolution|Litigation &amp; Dispute Resolution]] <br /> * Private Clients <br /> * [[Property law|Real Estate]] <br /> * [[Regulatory law|Regulatory]] <br /> * [[Tax law|Tax]]<br /> <br /> The firm also maintains connections with other large, independent law firms around the world to deal with multijurisdictional disputes.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deacons has been awarded for its service, [[Corporate social responsibility|corporate social responsibility (CSR)]], employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Lex Mundi - Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Law Firm Network|url = http://www.lexmundi.com/assnfe/cv.asp?ID=47670|website = www.lexmundi.com|access-date = 2016-02-05|first = Lex Mundi: The World's Leading Network of Independent Law Firms. ESX Inc.|last = http://www.esxinc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2016 IHC FirmOfTheYear.png|thumb|ASIAN MENA Firm of the Year 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> * IFLR &quot;Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Managing IP &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Construction &amp; Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * Chinese Business Law Awards &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017&quot;<br /> * The Asia Legal Award &quot;M&amp;A Deal of the Year: Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital 2017&quot;<br /> * Human Resources Asia &quot;Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 ChambersAsiaPacificWinner.png|thumb|Chambers Asia-Pacific Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA &quot;Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016&quot;<br /> * Euromoney Asia &quot;Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Annual CSR List Awardee 2016&quot;<br /> * HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award &quot;Best Onshore Law Firm 2016&quot;<br /> [[File:2016 IFLRAsiaAwards.png|thumb|International Financial Law Review Asia Awards Winner 2016]]<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> * Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> * China Law &amp; Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”<br /> <br /> * ASIAN MENA Counsel &quot;Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * IFLR &quot;Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”<br /> * Asian Legal Business &quot;Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015&quot;<br /> * The Asian Lawyer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.deacons.com.hk}}<br /> * [http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/firmJurisdictionRecommendations.do?jurisdictionId=22164&amp;firmId=:20263487 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site]<br /> * [http://pview.findlaw.com/view/3641075_1 Findlaw.com website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235128/http://www.martindale.com/Deacons/1144402-law-firm-office.htm Martindale website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm<br /> * [https://brianbarr.co.uk/ CRPS Lawyers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Law firms of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Law firms established in 1851]]<br /> [[Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight&diff=999635740 Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight 2021-01-11T04:57:11Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Reception */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox video game<br /> | title = Command &amp; Conquer 4:&lt;br/&gt;Tiberian Twilight<br /> | image = Cc4tt-cover.jpg<br /> | developer = [[EA Los Angeles]]<br /> | publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | designer = Samuel Bass&lt;br&gt;Jeremy Feasel&lt;br&gt;Jason Bender<br /> | programmer = Ryan C. Jones<br /> | artist = Chris Tamburrino&lt;br&gt;Umberto Bossi<br /> | writer = Mical Pedriana<br /> | composer = [[Jason Graves]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Hannigan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Timothy Michael Wynn]]<br /> | series = ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]''<br /> | engine = [[SAGE (game engine)|SAGE 2.0]]<br /> | released = {{vgrelease|NA|March 16, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ea.com/news/command-and-conquer-4-releasing-march-16|title=''Command &amp; Conquer 4 Tiberian Twilight'' Hits Store Shelves March 16|date=November 12, 2009|publisher=Electronic Arts|accessdate=November 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;|EU|March 19, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | genre = [[Real-time strategy]]<br /> | modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]<br /> | platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight''''' is a [[real-time strategy]] [[video game]], part of the ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]'' franchise, released March 16, 2010. It constitutes a final chapter in the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series|Tiberium saga]]. The game was originally started as an Asian market online-only version of ''[[Command &amp; Conquer 3]]''. The game was released for download via online gaming distribution service [[Steam (service)|Steam]] on March 19, 2010. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' also uses [[Electronic Arts|EA]]'s own servers for online play, rather than [[GameSpy]] Servers which EA has relied on for previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games. A closed beta of the game was released by EA to contest winners on November 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ==Gameplay==<br /> [[File:Command and Conquer 4 Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|A battle between GDI (gold &amp; blue) and Nod (red &amp; black) forces]]<br /> The gameplay in ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' no longer follows the same resource-gathering dynamic as previous games in the series. In the main game mode, the player must capture control nodes scattered across a map, and retain more nodes than the enemy player, gaining enough points over time to win the match. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' utilizes class-based gameplay as well as some [[role-playing game]] elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Q&amp;A&amp;nbsp;— Exclusive First Details |date=July 9, 2009 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are two playable factions: the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the Brotherhood of Nod. The storyline begins with the world being consumed by the rampant growth of Tiberium, which is threatening to render the earth uninhabitable. Each faction is split into three upgradeable classes: offense, defense and support, each with their own specialized focus. The classes consist mostly of their own unique units, with the only shared unit among classes being the engineer. The offense class is focused on tank-based, front-line combat, relying less on any kind of fortified emplacements or bases. The defense class is focused on infantry-based combat as well as utilization of rudimentary base defenses, and are also the only class to have access to superweapons. It is the only class that allows the player to construct buildings in order to develop their base (analogous with the previous games). The support class is focused on air combat and specialized vehicles to traverse the environment, and is also equipped with special support powers that are used to assist teammates. As it relies on air support, the support MCVs of both factions are able to lift off in the air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' contains two non-playable factions from previous games in the Tiberium Universe: The Scrin (C&amp;C3) and the Forgotten ([[Tiberian Sun]]), the latter returning as a minor part of the story as well as a neutral class on the map.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tiberian Twilight|work=[[PC PowerPlay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' includes a total of about 90 units, including many new units and updated versions of previous Command &amp; Conquer units.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In ''Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'', each faction features its own campaign with the story told and played out from their perspective, each resulting in an ultimate conclusion to the Kane saga. In addition to the two brief single player campaigns, ''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'' features a cooperative campaign mode, which will allow multi-class play and integrated player progression. The difficulty in co-op campaign mode varies depending on the player's level, and objectives will be shared.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://commandandconquer.filefront.com/news/New_Infos_from_German_PC_Magazine_gamestar;43141|title=New Info from German PC Magazine gamestar *2xUPDATED*|date=July 27, 2009|publisher=Command and Conquer Files|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campaigns for both factions take place simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The prologue takes place in the year 2062, 15 years after the Third Tiberium War (which led to the invasion and defeat of the Scrin), and 10 years after the end of [[Command &amp; Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath|Kane's Wrath]] (where [[Kane (Command &amp; Conquer)|Kane]] regained possession of the Tacitus). Tiberium has evolved and is spreading at such a rate that the whole planet is expected to become uninhabitable by 2068. Humanity is on the brink of extinction.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Preview 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 First Look |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/101/1012768p1.html |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=August 12, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At this time, the leader of the Brotherhood of Nod, Kane, heads directly to the headquarters of the Global Defense Initiative,&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; in hopes of using the Tacitus and GDI's resources to construct a worldwide Tiberium Control Network. This network will allow the spread of Tiberium to be controlled and turn Tiberium into an inexpensive power source. Even though the idea of alliance has been met with hostility (which has sparked the brief Incursion War), the two factions have nevertheless united. The campaign itself starts 15 years after the formation of the alliance, as the Tiberium Control Network nears completion. The spread of Tiberium is finally stopped, bringing optimism to the world's remaining population. However, extremists from both factions start to cause unrest, which sparks the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The player takes the role of Commander Parker, a GDI military officer who receives an optical implant after his battle wounds have caused him to lose his eyesight. The player is presented with the possibility to aid either Colonel Louise James's GDI extremists or Kane's Nod Loyalist forces in the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The game's missions chronicle Kane's attempt to activate the Threshold 19, a tower constructed by Scrin aliens during the Third Tiberium War that functions like an interstellar portal. He claims to have used the Tacitus to help create both the Tiberium Control Network and the optical implants; these are, in fact, the keys to the activation of the tower. While GDI and Nod finally form an alliance, two groups of separatists desperately try to spark a war to stop (or punish) Kane. The radical Gideon leads the Nod separatists, while Colonel Louise James commands the GDI.<br /> <br /> After the final battle for the Threshold 19, Kane is about to leave Earth using the Scrin tower. He convinces Commander Parker (the player) to activate it for him with the optical implant. The player is shot by Colonel James but nonetheless succeeds in activating the portal. In both campaigns, Kane enters the portal. (In the GDI campaign, Kane promptly thanks the player before entering it.) In the ending cut-scene, news channels announce that the Tiberium growth has receded following the complete activation of Tiberium Control Network and all the Nod followers have entered the Scrin tower and disappeared.<br /> <br /> ==Development==<br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' is the sequel to ''Tiberium Wars'' and had been developed at [[EA Los Angeles]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]], [[Mac OS]] and [[PlayStation 3]] platforms. It had been widely rumored to be in development after a series of surveys was sent out by Electronic Arts to fans asking about what they would like in ''Tiberian Twilight''.<br /> <br /> Raj Joshi announced in a BattleCast Primetime special report that the game has been in development for several months and he is one of the producers of the game with Samuel Bass being the Campaign Producer. Official ''Command &amp; Conquer'' Community Manager, Aaron &quot;APOC&quot; Kaufman, later clarified that the game had been well into development for over a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;cncden.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cncden.com/index.php?subaction=showcomments&amp;id=1247514248&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=22&amp;|title=Command and Conquer DEN}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Blindlight]] handled the story and scriptwriting for ''Tiberian Twilight'', as well as some casting.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was first announced by [[EA UK]]'s [[public relations|PR]] team via [[Twitter]] on July 8, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twitter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/07/08/ea-accidentally-announces-command-and-conquer-4 |title=EA accidentally announces Command &amp; Conquer 4 |author=Jem Alexander |date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[Joystiq]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official announcement came the day after together with a Q&amp;A on [[GameSpot]] which provided key details about the game. Electronic Arts held a contest in which they wanted fans to submit their propositions for a subtitle for the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; The winning subtitle was revealed at CommandCom, a private event held at GamesCom on August 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was actually originally intended to be an online game for the Asian pro-gaming market. The game was later forced to become the conclusion of the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series]] in an effort to boost sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereplays.org/redalert3/portals.php?show=news&amp;news_id=633194 |title=Candid interview with former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black |date=June 30, 2010 |publisher=GameReplays.org |accessdate=December 11, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first game in the series to implement a form of [[digital rights management]] (DRM) that requires constant Internet access; this type of DRM is fairly new and targets the used games market as well as ensuring that households must buy a copy per person. However, constant internet connections is often criticized by players.&lt;ref&gt;http://answers.ea.com/t5/SimCity-2013/HOW-THE-CAN-I-PLAY-SIM-CITY-WITHOUT-ORIGIN/td-p/642986&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tiberium Twilight'' and ''[[Command &amp; Conquer: Renegade|Renegade]]'' are the only ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games not to have an expansion pack. An exclusive prequel mission called &quot;Night Moves&quot; was available for those who pre-ordered the game, and later as a free bonus for all users.<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> {{Video game reviews<br /> | title =<br /> | state =<br /> | MC = 64/100&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=November 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1UP = C−&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot; /&gt;<br /> | EuroG = 6/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GI = 7.5/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GamePro = {{Rating|4|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GSpot = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/review.html|title=Former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black Interview|last=VanOrd|first=Kevin|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpot|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GSpy = {{Rating|2.5|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/command-conquer-4/1077918p1.html|title=Command and Conquer 4: Tiberium Twilight Review|last=Neigher|first=Eric|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpy|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GRadar = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot; /&gt;<br /> | IGN = 7.4/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was poorly received amongst customers and critics, with lower review scores than any of its predecessors or the wider [[Command &amp; Conquer]] franchise.<br /> <br /> Tom Chick of [[1UP.com]] criticized the game requiring several hours of single player gameplay before being able to unlock other units or arsenal - important to winning games in multiplayer. Adam Biessener of ''[[Game Informer]]'' highlights that the game is made especially for multiplayer, and suggests not even playing the single-player campaign – as quoted, &quot;Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gameinformer.com/games/command_amp_conquer_4/b/pc/archive/2010/03/16/review.aspx |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 - Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All |last=Biessener |first=Adam |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=GameInformer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; – as do the reviews by [[GameSpot]]&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;/&gt; and by Alec Meer of [[Eurogamer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/command-and-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight-review |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Review |last=Meer |first=Alec |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=EuroGamer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many negative reviews focused on the single-player campaign, and on the live action videos.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Review |last=Onyett |first=Charles |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=IGN |accessdate=March 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66fA2PtMu?url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[digital rights management]] software included with the game, which requires the player to be online at all times and which will lead to a loss of progress if the connection is lost, has also been a source of criticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3178417&amp;p=1 |title=An RTS only a shareholder could love |last=Chick |first=Tom |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=1UP |accessdate=March 21, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/ |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |date=March 16, 2010 |last=Horner |first=Kyle |publisher=GamePro |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323205225/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/|archivedate=March 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In more positive reviews, [[IGN]] gave it a 7.4/10 stating while it is great to see developers and publishers taking risks, EA Los Angeles rewrote the entire gameplay formula instead of improving it, making for an experience that barely resembles previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt; [[GamesRadar]] gave it a 7 out of 10 and stated that on the whole, ''C&amp;C4'' is a graphical step back and as a single-player experience, it &quot;is a bust&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/review/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/a-20100316117297064/g-20090709105817988081 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |last=Stapleton |first=Dan |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[GameSpot]] gave it a 7 out of 10, saying the single player was not worth it, but the multiplayer matches make the game a fun experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt; [[GamePro]], giving the game 4 stars out of 5, stated that the mobile bases concept works well, online multiplayer is consistently stable, persistent progression is available, but criticized the need for constant Internet connection and the &quot;leveling&quot; mechanic that can lead to some unbalanced multiplayer matches.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> * [http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' Q&amp;A by GameSpot]<br /> * [[wikiasite:cnc|Command and Conquer Wiki]]<br /> * [http://www.mobygames.com/game/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight] at [[MobyGames]]<br /> <br /> {{Command &amp; Conquer series}}<br /> {{SAGE engine games |state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> [[Category:2010 video games]]<br /> [[Category:Command &amp; Conquer|Tiberian Twilight]]<br /> [[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]<br /> [[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]<br /> [[Category:Video game sequels]]<br /> [[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by James Hannigan]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by Jason Graves]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the 2060s]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in Italy]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Windows games]]<br /> [[Category:Windows-only games]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight&diff=999635547 Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight 2021-01-11T04:55:52Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Reception */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox video game<br /> | title = Command &amp; Conquer 4:&lt;br/&gt;Tiberian Twilight<br /> | image = Cc4tt-cover.jpg<br /> | developer = [[EA Los Angeles]]<br /> | publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | designer = Samuel Bass&lt;br&gt;Jeremy Feasel&lt;br&gt;Jason Bender<br /> | programmer = Ryan C. Jones<br /> | artist = Chris Tamburrino&lt;br&gt;Umberto Bossi<br /> | writer = Mical Pedriana<br /> | composer = [[Jason Graves]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Hannigan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Timothy Michael Wynn]]<br /> | series = ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]''<br /> | engine = [[SAGE (game engine)|SAGE 2.0]]<br /> | released = {{vgrelease|NA|March 16, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ea.com/news/command-and-conquer-4-releasing-march-16|title=''Command &amp; Conquer 4 Tiberian Twilight'' Hits Store Shelves March 16|date=November 12, 2009|publisher=Electronic Arts|accessdate=November 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;|EU|March 19, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | genre = [[Real-time strategy]]<br /> | modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]<br /> | platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight''''' is a [[real-time strategy]] [[video game]], part of the ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]'' franchise, released March 16, 2010. It constitutes a final chapter in the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series|Tiberium saga]]. The game was originally started as an Asian market online-only version of ''[[Command &amp; Conquer 3]]''. The game was released for download via online gaming distribution service [[Steam (service)|Steam]] on March 19, 2010. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' also uses [[Electronic Arts|EA]]'s own servers for online play, rather than [[GameSpy]] Servers which EA has relied on for previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games. A closed beta of the game was released by EA to contest winners on November 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ==Gameplay==<br /> [[File:Command and Conquer 4 Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|A battle between GDI (gold &amp; blue) and Nod (red &amp; black) forces]]<br /> The gameplay in ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' no longer follows the same resource-gathering dynamic as previous games in the series. In the main game mode, the player must capture control nodes scattered across a map, and retain more nodes than the enemy player, gaining enough points over time to win the match. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' utilizes class-based gameplay as well as some [[role-playing game]] elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Q&amp;A&amp;nbsp;— Exclusive First Details |date=July 9, 2009 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are two playable factions: the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the Brotherhood of Nod. The storyline begins with the world being consumed by the rampant growth of Tiberium, which is threatening to render the earth uninhabitable. Each faction is split into three upgradeable classes: offense, defense and support, each with their own specialized focus. The classes consist mostly of their own unique units, with the only shared unit among classes being the engineer. The offense class is focused on tank-based, front-line combat, relying less on any kind of fortified emplacements or bases. The defense class is focused on infantry-based combat as well as utilization of rudimentary base defenses, and are also the only class to have access to superweapons. It is the only class that allows the player to construct buildings in order to develop their base (analogous with the previous games). The support class is focused on air combat and specialized vehicles to traverse the environment, and is also equipped with special support powers that are used to assist teammates. As it relies on air support, the support MCVs of both factions are able to lift off in the air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' contains two non-playable factions from previous games in the Tiberium Universe: The Scrin (C&amp;C3) and the Forgotten ([[Tiberian Sun]]), the latter returning as a minor part of the story as well as a neutral class on the map.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tiberian Twilight|work=[[PC PowerPlay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' includes a total of about 90 units, including many new units and updated versions of previous Command &amp; Conquer units.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In ''Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'', each faction features its own campaign with the story told and played out from their perspective, each resulting in an ultimate conclusion to the Kane saga. In addition to the two brief single player campaigns, ''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'' features a cooperative campaign mode, which will allow multi-class play and integrated player progression. The difficulty in co-op campaign mode varies depending on the player's level, and objectives will be shared.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://commandandconquer.filefront.com/news/New_Infos_from_German_PC_Magazine_gamestar;43141|title=New Info from German PC Magazine gamestar *2xUPDATED*|date=July 27, 2009|publisher=Command and Conquer Files|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campaigns for both factions take place simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The prologue takes place in the year 2062, 15 years after the Third Tiberium War (which led to the invasion and defeat of the Scrin), and 10 years after the end of [[Command &amp; Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath|Kane's Wrath]] (where [[Kane (Command &amp; Conquer)|Kane]] regained possession of the Tacitus). Tiberium has evolved and is spreading at such a rate that the whole planet is expected to become uninhabitable by 2068. Humanity is on the brink of extinction.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Preview 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 First Look |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/101/1012768p1.html |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=August 12, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At this time, the leader of the Brotherhood of Nod, Kane, heads directly to the headquarters of the Global Defense Initiative,&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; in hopes of using the Tacitus and GDI's resources to construct a worldwide Tiberium Control Network. This network will allow the spread of Tiberium to be controlled and turn Tiberium into an inexpensive power source. Even though the idea of alliance has been met with hostility (which has sparked the brief Incursion War), the two factions have nevertheless united. The campaign itself starts 15 years after the formation of the alliance, as the Tiberium Control Network nears completion. The spread of Tiberium is finally stopped, bringing optimism to the world's remaining population. However, extremists from both factions start to cause unrest, which sparks the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The player takes the role of Commander Parker, a GDI military officer who receives an optical implant after his battle wounds have caused him to lose his eyesight. The player is presented with the possibility to aid either Colonel Louise James's GDI extremists or Kane's Nod Loyalist forces in the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The game's missions chronicle Kane's attempt to activate the Threshold 19, a tower constructed by Scrin aliens during the Third Tiberium War that functions like an interstellar portal. He claims to have used the Tacitus to help create both the Tiberium Control Network and the optical implants; these are, in fact, the keys to the activation of the tower. While GDI and Nod finally form an alliance, two groups of separatists desperately try to spark a war to stop (or punish) Kane. The radical Gideon leads the Nod separatists, while Colonel Louise James commands the GDI.<br /> <br /> After the final battle for the Threshold 19, Kane is about to leave Earth using the Scrin tower. He convinces Commander Parker (the player) to activate it for him with the optical implant. The player is shot by Colonel James but nonetheless succeeds in activating the portal. In both campaigns, Kane enters the portal. (In the GDI campaign, Kane promptly thanks the player before entering it.) In the ending cut-scene, news channels announce that the Tiberium growth has receded following the complete activation of Tiberium Control Network and all the Nod followers have entered the Scrin tower and disappeared.<br /> <br /> ==Development==<br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' is the sequel to ''Tiberium Wars'' and had been developed at [[EA Los Angeles]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]], [[Mac OS]] and [[PlayStation 3]] platforms. It had been widely rumored to be in development after a series of surveys was sent out by Electronic Arts to fans asking about what they would like in ''Tiberian Twilight''.<br /> <br /> Raj Joshi announced in a BattleCast Primetime special report that the game has been in development for several months and he is one of the producers of the game with Samuel Bass being the Campaign Producer. Official ''Command &amp; Conquer'' Community Manager, Aaron &quot;APOC&quot; Kaufman, later clarified that the game had been well into development for over a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;cncden.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cncden.com/index.php?subaction=showcomments&amp;id=1247514248&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=22&amp;|title=Command and Conquer DEN}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Blindlight]] handled the story and scriptwriting for ''Tiberian Twilight'', as well as some casting.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was first announced by [[EA UK]]'s [[public relations|PR]] team via [[Twitter]] on July 8, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twitter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/07/08/ea-accidentally-announces-command-and-conquer-4 |title=EA accidentally announces Command &amp; Conquer 4 |author=Jem Alexander |date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[Joystiq]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official announcement came the day after together with a Q&amp;A on [[GameSpot]] which provided key details about the game. Electronic Arts held a contest in which they wanted fans to submit their propositions for a subtitle for the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; The winning subtitle was revealed at CommandCom, a private event held at GamesCom on August 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was actually originally intended to be an online game for the Asian pro-gaming market. The game was later forced to become the conclusion of the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series]] in an effort to boost sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereplays.org/redalert3/portals.php?show=news&amp;news_id=633194 |title=Candid interview with former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black |date=June 30, 2010 |publisher=GameReplays.org |accessdate=December 11, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first game in the series to implement a form of [[digital rights management]] (DRM) that requires constant Internet access; this type of DRM is fairly new and targets the used games market as well as ensuring that households must buy a copy per person. However, constant internet connections is often criticized by players.&lt;ref&gt;http://answers.ea.com/t5/SimCity-2013/HOW-THE-CAN-I-PLAY-SIM-CITY-WITHOUT-ORIGIN/td-p/642986&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tiberium Twilight'' and ''[[Command &amp; Conquer: Renegade|Renegade]]'' are the only ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games not to have an expansion pack. An exclusive prequel mission called &quot;Night Moves&quot; was available for those who pre-ordered the game, and later as a free bonus for all users.<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> {{Video game reviews<br /> | title =<br /> | state =<br /> | MC = 64/100&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=November 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1UP = C−&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot; /&gt;<br /> | EuroG = 6/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GI = 7.5/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GamePro = {{Rating|4|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GSpot = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/review.html|title=Former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black Interview|last=VanOrd|first=Kevin|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpot|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GSpy = {{Rating|2.5|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/command-conquer-4/1077918p1.html|title=Command and Conquer 4: Tiberium Twilight Review|last=Neigher|first=Eric|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpy|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GRadar = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot; /&gt;<br /> | IGN = 7.4/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was poorly received amongst customers and critics, with lower review scores than any of its predecessors or the wider [[Command &amp; Conquer]] franchise.<br /> <br /> Tom Chick of [[1UP.com]] criticized the game requiring several hours of single player gameplay before being able to unlock other units or arsenal - important to winning games in multiplayer. Adam Biessener of ''[[Game Informer]]'' highlights that the game is made especially for multiplayer, and suggests not even playing the single-player campaign – as quoted, &quot;Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gameinformer.com/games/command_amp_conquer_4/b/pc/archive/2010/03/16/review.aspx |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 - Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All |last=Biessener |first=Adam |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=GameInformer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; – as do the reviews by [[GameSpot]]&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;/&gt; and by Alec Meer of [[Eurogamer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/command-and-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight-review |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Review |last=Meer |first=Alec |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=EuroGamer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many negative reviews focused on the single-player campaign, and on the live action videos.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Review |last=Onyett |first=Charles |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=IGN |accessdate=March 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66fA2PtMu?url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[digital rights management]] software included with the game, which requires the player to be online at all times and which will lead to a loss of progress if the connection is lost, has also been a source of criticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3178417&amp;p=1 |title=An RTS only a shareholder could love |last=Chick |first=Tom |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=1UP |accessdate=March 21, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/ |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |date=March 16, 2010 |last=Horner |first=Kyle |publisher=GamePro |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323205225/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/|archivedate=March 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In more positive reviews, [[IGN]] gave it a 7.4/10, labeling that it is great to see developers and publishers taking risks with franchises in danger of growing too stale, but stating that EA Los Angeles rewrote the entire gameplay formula instead of improving it, making for an experience that barely resembles previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt; [[GamesRadar]] gave it a 7 out of 10 and stated that on the whole, ''C&amp;C4'' is a graphical step back and as a single-player experience, it &quot;is a bust&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/review/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/a-20100316117297064/g-20090709105817988081 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |last=Stapleton |first=Dan |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[GameSpot]] gave it a 7 out of 10, saying the single player was not worth it, but the multiplayer matches make the game a fun experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt; [[GamePro]], giving the game 4 stars out of 5, stated that the mobile bases concept works well, online multiplayer is consistently stable, persistent progression is available, but criticized the need for constant Internet connection and the &quot;leveling&quot; mechanic that can lead to some unbalanced multiplayer matches.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> * [http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' Q&amp;A by GameSpot]<br /> * [[wikiasite:cnc|Command and Conquer Wiki]]<br /> * [http://www.mobygames.com/game/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight] at [[MobyGames]]<br /> <br /> {{Command &amp; Conquer series}}<br /> {{SAGE engine games |state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> [[Category:2010 video games]]<br /> [[Category:Command &amp; Conquer|Tiberian Twilight]]<br /> [[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]<br /> [[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]<br /> [[Category:Video game sequels]]<br /> [[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by James Hannigan]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by Jason Graves]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the 2060s]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in Italy]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Windows games]]<br /> [[Category:Windows-only games]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight&diff=999635031 Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight 2021-01-11T04:52:33Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Reception */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox video game<br /> | title = Command &amp; Conquer 4:&lt;br/&gt;Tiberian Twilight<br /> | image = Cc4tt-cover.jpg<br /> | developer = [[EA Los Angeles]]<br /> | publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | designer = Samuel Bass&lt;br&gt;Jeremy Feasel&lt;br&gt;Jason Bender<br /> | programmer = Ryan C. Jones<br /> | artist = Chris Tamburrino&lt;br&gt;Umberto Bossi<br /> | writer = Mical Pedriana<br /> | composer = [[Jason Graves]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Hannigan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Timothy Michael Wynn]]<br /> | series = ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]''<br /> | engine = [[SAGE (game engine)|SAGE 2.0]]<br /> | released = {{vgrelease|NA|March 16, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ea.com/news/command-and-conquer-4-releasing-march-16|title=''Command &amp; Conquer 4 Tiberian Twilight'' Hits Store Shelves March 16|date=November 12, 2009|publisher=Electronic Arts|accessdate=November 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;|EU|March 19, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | genre = [[Real-time strategy]]<br /> | modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]<br /> | platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight''''' is a [[real-time strategy]] [[video game]], part of the ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]'' franchise, released March 16, 2010. It constitutes a final chapter in the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series|Tiberium saga]]. The game was originally started as an Asian market online-only version of ''[[Command &amp; Conquer 3]]''. The game was released for download via online gaming distribution service [[Steam (service)|Steam]] on March 19, 2010. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' also uses [[Electronic Arts|EA]]'s own servers for online play, rather than [[GameSpy]] Servers which EA has relied on for previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games. A closed beta of the game was released by EA to contest winners on November 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ==Gameplay==<br /> [[File:Command and Conquer 4 Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|A battle between GDI (gold &amp; blue) and Nod (red &amp; black) forces]]<br /> The gameplay in ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' no longer follows the same resource-gathering dynamic as previous games in the series. In the main game mode, the player must capture control nodes scattered across a map, and retain more nodes than the enemy player, gaining enough points over time to win the match. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' utilizes class-based gameplay as well as some [[role-playing game]] elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Q&amp;A&amp;nbsp;— Exclusive First Details |date=July 9, 2009 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are two playable factions: the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the Brotherhood of Nod. The storyline begins with the world being consumed by the rampant growth of Tiberium, which is threatening to render the earth uninhabitable. Each faction is split into three upgradeable classes: offense, defense and support, each with their own specialized focus. The classes consist mostly of their own unique units, with the only shared unit among classes being the engineer. The offense class is focused on tank-based, front-line combat, relying less on any kind of fortified emplacements or bases. The defense class is focused on infantry-based combat as well as utilization of rudimentary base defenses, and are also the only class to have access to superweapons. It is the only class that allows the player to construct buildings in order to develop their base (analogous with the previous games). The support class is focused on air combat and specialized vehicles to traverse the environment, and is also equipped with special support powers that are used to assist teammates. As it relies on air support, the support MCVs of both factions are able to lift off in the air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' contains two non-playable factions from previous games in the Tiberium Universe: The Scrin (C&amp;C3) and the Forgotten ([[Tiberian Sun]]), the latter returning as a minor part of the story as well as a neutral class on the map.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tiberian Twilight|work=[[PC PowerPlay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' includes a total of about 90 units, including many new units and updated versions of previous Command &amp; Conquer units.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In ''Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'', each faction features its own campaign with the story told and played out from their perspective, each resulting in an ultimate conclusion to the Kane saga. In addition to the two brief single player campaigns, ''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'' features a cooperative campaign mode, which will allow multi-class play and integrated player progression. The difficulty in co-op campaign mode varies depending on the player's level, and objectives will be shared.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://commandandconquer.filefront.com/news/New_Infos_from_German_PC_Magazine_gamestar;43141|title=New Info from German PC Magazine gamestar *2xUPDATED*|date=July 27, 2009|publisher=Command and Conquer Files|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campaigns for both factions take place simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The prologue takes place in the year 2062, 15 years after the Third Tiberium War (which led to the invasion and defeat of the Scrin), and 10 years after the end of [[Command &amp; Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath|Kane's Wrath]] (where [[Kane (Command &amp; Conquer)|Kane]] regained possession of the Tacitus). Tiberium has evolved and is spreading at such a rate that the whole planet is expected to become uninhabitable by 2068. Humanity is on the brink of extinction.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Preview 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 First Look |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/101/1012768p1.html |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=August 12, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At this time, the leader of the Brotherhood of Nod, Kane, heads directly to the headquarters of the Global Defense Initiative,&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; in hopes of using the Tacitus and GDI's resources to construct a worldwide Tiberium Control Network. This network will allow the spread of Tiberium to be controlled and turn Tiberium into an inexpensive power source. Even though the idea of alliance has been met with hostility (which has sparked the brief Incursion War), the two factions have nevertheless united. The campaign itself starts 15 years after the formation of the alliance, as the Tiberium Control Network nears completion. The spread of Tiberium is finally stopped, bringing optimism to the world's remaining population. However, extremists from both factions start to cause unrest, which sparks the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The player takes the role of Commander Parker, a GDI military officer who receives an optical implant after his battle wounds have caused him to lose his eyesight. The player is presented with the possibility to aid either Colonel Louise James's GDI extremists or Kane's Nod Loyalist forces in the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The game's missions chronicle Kane's attempt to activate the Threshold 19, a tower constructed by Scrin aliens during the Third Tiberium War that functions like an interstellar portal. He claims to have used the Tacitus to help create both the Tiberium Control Network and the optical implants; these are, in fact, the keys to the activation of the tower. While GDI and Nod finally form an alliance, two groups of separatists desperately try to spark a war to stop (or punish) Kane. The radical Gideon leads the Nod separatists, while Colonel Louise James commands the GDI.<br /> <br /> After the final battle for the Threshold 19, Kane is about to leave Earth using the Scrin tower. He convinces Commander Parker (the player) to activate it for him with the optical implant. The player is shot by Colonel James but nonetheless succeeds in activating the portal. In both campaigns, Kane enters the portal. (In the GDI campaign, Kane promptly thanks the player before entering it.) In the ending cut-scene, news channels announce that the Tiberium growth has receded following the complete activation of Tiberium Control Network and all the Nod followers have entered the Scrin tower and disappeared.<br /> <br /> ==Development==<br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' is the sequel to ''Tiberium Wars'' and had been developed at [[EA Los Angeles]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]], [[Mac OS]] and [[PlayStation 3]] platforms. It had been widely rumored to be in development after a series of surveys was sent out by Electronic Arts to fans asking about what they would like in ''Tiberian Twilight''.<br /> <br /> Raj Joshi announced in a BattleCast Primetime special report that the game has been in development for several months and he is one of the producers of the game with Samuel Bass being the Campaign Producer. Official ''Command &amp; Conquer'' Community Manager, Aaron &quot;APOC&quot; Kaufman, later clarified that the game had been well into development for over a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;cncden.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cncden.com/index.php?subaction=showcomments&amp;id=1247514248&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=22&amp;|title=Command and Conquer DEN}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Blindlight]] handled the story and scriptwriting for ''Tiberian Twilight'', as well as some casting.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was first announced by [[EA UK]]'s [[public relations|PR]] team via [[Twitter]] on July 8, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twitter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/07/08/ea-accidentally-announces-command-and-conquer-4 |title=EA accidentally announces Command &amp; Conquer 4 |author=Jem Alexander |date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[Joystiq]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official announcement came the day after together with a Q&amp;A on [[GameSpot]] which provided key details about the game. Electronic Arts held a contest in which they wanted fans to submit their propositions for a subtitle for the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; The winning subtitle was revealed at CommandCom, a private event held at GamesCom on August 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was actually originally intended to be an online game for the Asian pro-gaming market. The game was later forced to become the conclusion of the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series]] in an effort to boost sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereplays.org/redalert3/portals.php?show=news&amp;news_id=633194 |title=Candid interview with former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black |date=June 30, 2010 |publisher=GameReplays.org |accessdate=December 11, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first game in the series to implement a form of [[digital rights management]] (DRM) that requires constant Internet access; this type of DRM is fairly new and targets the used games market as well as ensuring that households must buy a copy per person. However, constant internet connections is often criticized by players.&lt;ref&gt;http://answers.ea.com/t5/SimCity-2013/HOW-THE-CAN-I-PLAY-SIM-CITY-WITHOUT-ORIGIN/td-p/642986&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tiberium Twilight'' and ''[[Command &amp; Conquer: Renegade|Renegade]]'' are the only ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games not to have an expansion pack. An exclusive prequel mission called &quot;Night Moves&quot; was available for those who pre-ordered the game, and later as a free bonus for all users.<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> {{Video game reviews<br /> | title =<br /> | state =<br /> | MC = 64/100&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=November 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1UP = C−&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot; /&gt;<br /> | EuroG = 6/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GI = 7.5/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GamePro = {{Rating|4|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GSpot = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/review.html|title=Former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black Interview|last=VanOrd|first=Kevin|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpot|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GSpy = {{Rating|2.5|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/command-conquer-4/1077918p1.html|title=Command and Conquer 4: Tiberium Twilight Review|last=Neigher|first=Eric|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpy|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GRadar = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot; /&gt;<br /> | IGN = 7.4/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was poorly received amongst customers and critics, with lower review scores than any of its predecessors or the wider [[Command &amp; Conquer]] franchise.<br /> <br /> Tom Chick of [[1UP.com]] criticized the game requiring several hours of single player gameplay before being able to unlock other units or arsenal - important to winning games in multiplayer. Adam Biessener of ''[[Game Informer]]'' highlights that the game is made especially for multiplayer, and suggests not even playing the single-player campaign – as quoted, &quot;Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gameinformer.com/games/command_amp_conquer_4/b/pc/archive/2010/03/16/review.aspx |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 - Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All |last=Biessener |first=Adam |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=GameInformer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; – as do the reviews by [[GameSpot]]&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;/&gt; and by Alec Meer of [[Eurogamer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/command-and-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight-review |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Review |last=Meer |first=Alec |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=EuroGamer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many negative reviews focused on the single-player campaign, and on the live action videos.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Review |last=Onyett |first=Charles |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=IGN |accessdate=March 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66fA2PtMu?url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[digital rights management]] software included with the game, which requires the player to be online at all times and which will lead to a loss of progress if the connection is lost, has also been a source of criticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3178417&amp;p=1 |title=An RTS only a shareholder could love |last=Chick |first=Tom |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=1UP |accessdate=March 21, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/ |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |date=March 16, 2010 |last=Horner |first=Kyle |publisher=GamePro |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323205225/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/|archivedate=March 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[GamePro]], giving the game 4 stars out of 5, stated that the mobile bases concept works well, online multiplayer is consistently stable, persistent progression is available, but criticized the need for constant Internet connection and the &quot;leveling&quot; mechanic that can lead to some unbalanced multiplayer matches.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt; [[IGN]] gave it a 7.4/10, labeling that it is great to see developers and publishers taking risks with franchises in danger of growing too stale, but stating that EA Los Angeles rewrote the entire gameplay formula instead of improving it, making for an experience that barely resembles previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt; [[GamesRadar]] gave it a 7 out of 10: stating that on the whole, ''C&amp;C4'' is a graphical step back and as a single-player experience, it &quot;is a bust&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/review/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/a-20100316117297064/g-20090709105817988081 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |last=Stapleton |first=Dan |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[GameSpot]] gave it a 7 out of 10, saying the single player was not worth it, but the multiplayer matches make the game a fun experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt; ''[[X-Play]]'' gave it a 4 out of 5: writing for &quot;The Pros&quot;: &quot;New gameplay dynamics level the playing field for newbs and veterans&quot;, &quot;Extensive multiplayer (competitive &amp; co-op) adds plenty of replay&quot;, &quot;Stellar graphics and musical score&quot;. For &quot;The Cons&quot; they wrote &quot;Gameplay tweaks will annoy series purists&quot;, and &quot;Respawning in an RTS just feels wrong&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://g4tv.com/games/pc/62543/command--conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/review/ |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Review |last=Stevens |first=Tim |date=March 16, 2010 |work=g4tv.com |accessdate=May 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> * [http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' Q&amp;A by GameSpot]<br /> * [[wikiasite:cnc|Command and Conquer Wiki]]<br /> * [http://www.mobygames.com/game/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight] at [[MobyGames]]<br /> <br /> {{Command &amp; Conquer series}}<br /> {{SAGE engine games |state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> [[Category:2010 video games]]<br /> [[Category:Command &amp; Conquer|Tiberian Twilight]]<br /> [[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]<br /> [[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]<br /> [[Category:Video game sequels]]<br /> [[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by James Hannigan]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by Jason Graves]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the 2060s]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in Italy]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Windows games]]<br /> [[Category:Windows-only games]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight&diff=999634887 Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight 2021-01-11T04:51:42Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Reception */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox video game<br /> | title = Command &amp; Conquer 4:&lt;br/&gt;Tiberian Twilight<br /> | image = Cc4tt-cover.jpg<br /> | developer = [[EA Los Angeles]]<br /> | publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | designer = Samuel Bass&lt;br&gt;Jeremy Feasel&lt;br&gt;Jason Bender<br /> | programmer = Ryan C. Jones<br /> | artist = Chris Tamburrino&lt;br&gt;Umberto Bossi<br /> | writer = Mical Pedriana<br /> | composer = [[Jason Graves]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Hannigan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Timothy Michael Wynn]]<br /> | series = ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]''<br /> | engine = [[SAGE (game engine)|SAGE 2.0]]<br /> | released = {{vgrelease|NA|March 16, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ea.com/news/command-and-conquer-4-releasing-march-16|title=''Command &amp; Conquer 4 Tiberian Twilight'' Hits Store Shelves March 16|date=November 12, 2009|publisher=Electronic Arts|accessdate=November 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;|EU|March 19, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;release date&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | genre = [[Real-time strategy]]<br /> | modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]<br /> | platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight''''' is a [[real-time strategy]] [[video game]], part of the ''[[Command &amp; Conquer]]'' franchise, released March 16, 2010. It constitutes a final chapter in the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series|Tiberium saga]]. The game was originally started as an Asian market online-only version of ''[[Command &amp; Conquer 3]]''. The game was released for download via online gaming distribution service [[Steam (service)|Steam]] on March 19, 2010. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' also uses [[Electronic Arts|EA]]'s own servers for online play, rather than [[GameSpy]] Servers which EA has relied on for previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games. A closed beta of the game was released by EA to contest winners on November 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ==Gameplay==<br /> [[File:Command and Conquer 4 Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|A battle between GDI (gold &amp; blue) and Nod (red &amp; black) forces]]<br /> The gameplay in ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' no longer follows the same resource-gathering dynamic as previous games in the series. In the main game mode, the player must capture control nodes scattered across a map, and retain more nodes than the enemy player, gaining enough points over time to win the match. ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' utilizes class-based gameplay as well as some [[role-playing game]] elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Q&amp;A&amp;nbsp;— Exclusive First Details |date=July 9, 2009 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are two playable factions: the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the Brotherhood of Nod. The storyline begins with the world being consumed by the rampant growth of Tiberium, which is threatening to render the earth uninhabitable. Each faction is split into three upgradeable classes: offense, defense and support, each with their own specialized focus. The classes consist mostly of their own unique units, with the only shared unit among classes being the engineer. The offense class is focused on tank-based, front-line combat, relying less on any kind of fortified emplacements or bases. The defense class is focused on infantry-based combat as well as utilization of rudimentary base defenses, and are also the only class to have access to superweapons. It is the only class that allows the player to construct buildings in order to develop their base (analogous with the previous games). The support class is focused on air combat and specialized vehicles to traverse the environment, and is also equipped with special support powers that are used to assist teammates. As it relies on air support, the support MCVs of both factions are able to lift off in the air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' contains two non-playable factions from previous games in the Tiberium Universe: The Scrin (C&amp;C3) and the Forgotten ([[Tiberian Sun]]), the latter returning as a minor part of the story as well as a neutral class on the map.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tiberian Twilight|work=[[PC PowerPlay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' includes a total of about 90 units, including many new units and updated versions of previous Command &amp; Conquer units.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In ''Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'', each faction features its own campaign with the story told and played out from their perspective, each resulting in an ultimate conclusion to the Kane saga. In addition to the two brief single player campaigns, ''Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight'' features a cooperative campaign mode, which will allow multi-class play and integrated player progression. The difficulty in co-op campaign mode varies depending on the player's level, and objectives will be shared.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://commandandconquer.filefront.com/news/New_Infos_from_German_PC_Magazine_gamestar;43141|title=New Info from German PC Magazine gamestar *2xUPDATED*|date=July 27, 2009|publisher=Command and Conquer Files|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campaigns for both factions take place simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The prologue takes place in the year 2062, 15 years after the Third Tiberium War (which led to the invasion and defeat of the Scrin), and 10 years after the end of [[Command &amp; Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath|Kane's Wrath]] (where [[Kane (Command &amp; Conquer)|Kane]] regained possession of the Tacitus). Tiberium has evolved and is spreading at such a rate that the whole planet is expected to become uninhabitable by 2068. Humanity is on the brink of extinction.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Preview 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 First Look |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/101/1012768p1.html |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=August 12, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At this time, the leader of the Brotherhood of Nod, Kane, heads directly to the headquarters of the Global Defense Initiative,&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; in hopes of using the Tacitus and GDI's resources to construct a worldwide Tiberium Control Network. This network will allow the spread of Tiberium to be controlled and turn Tiberium into an inexpensive power source. Even though the idea of alliance has been met with hostility (which has sparked the brief Incursion War), the two factions have nevertheless united. The campaign itself starts 15 years after the formation of the alliance, as the Tiberium Control Network nears completion. The spread of Tiberium is finally stopped, bringing optimism to the world's remaining population. However, extremists from both factions start to cause unrest, which sparks the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The player takes the role of Commander Parker, a GDI military officer who receives an optical implant after his battle wounds have caused him to lose his eyesight. The player is presented with the possibility to aid either Colonel Louise James's GDI extremists or Kane's Nod Loyalist forces in the Fourth Tiberium War.<br /> <br /> The game's missions chronicle Kane's attempt to activate the Threshold 19, a tower constructed by Scrin aliens during the Third Tiberium War that functions like an interstellar portal. He claims to have used the Tacitus to help create both the Tiberium Control Network and the optical implants; these are, in fact, the keys to the activation of the tower. While GDI and Nod finally form an alliance, two groups of separatists desperately try to spark a war to stop (or punish) Kane. The radical Gideon leads the Nod separatists, while Colonel Louise James commands the GDI.<br /> <br /> After the final battle for the Threshold 19, Kane is about to leave Earth using the Scrin tower. He convinces Commander Parker (the player) to activate it for him with the optical implant. The player is shot by Colonel James but nonetheless succeeds in activating the portal. In both campaigns, Kane enters the portal. (In the GDI campaign, Kane promptly thanks the player before entering it.) In the ending cut-scene, news channels announce that the Tiberium growth has receded following the complete activation of Tiberium Control Network and all the Nod followers have entered the Scrin tower and disappeared.<br /> <br /> ==Development==<br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' is the sequel to ''Tiberium Wars'' and had been developed at [[EA Los Angeles]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]], [[Mac OS]] and [[PlayStation 3]] platforms. It had been widely rumored to be in development after a series of surveys was sent out by Electronic Arts to fans asking about what they would like in ''Tiberian Twilight''.<br /> <br /> Raj Joshi announced in a BattleCast Primetime special report that the game has been in development for several months and he is one of the producers of the game with Samuel Bass being the Campaign Producer. Official ''Command &amp; Conquer'' Community Manager, Aaron &quot;APOC&quot; Kaufman, later clarified that the game had been well into development for over a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;cncden.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cncden.com/index.php?subaction=showcomments&amp;id=1247514248&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=22&amp;|title=Command and Conquer DEN}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Blindlight]] handled the story and scriptwriting for ''Tiberian Twilight'', as well as some casting.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was first announced by [[EA UK]]'s [[public relations|PR]] team via [[Twitter]] on July 8, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twitter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/07/08/ea-accidentally-announces-command-and-conquer-4 |title=EA accidentally announces Command &amp; Conquer 4 |author=Jem Alexander |date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[Joystiq]] |accessdate=July 9, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official announcement came the day after together with a Q&amp;A on [[GameSpot]] which provided key details about the game. Electronic Arts held a contest in which they wanted fans to submit their propositions for a subtitle for the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&amp;A&quot; /&gt; The winning subtitle was revealed at CommandCom, a private event held at GamesCom on August 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was actually originally intended to be an online game for the Asian pro-gaming market. The game was later forced to become the conclusion of the [[Command &amp; Conquer: Tiberian series]] in an effort to boost sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereplays.org/redalert3/portals.php?show=news&amp;news_id=633194 |title=Candid interview with former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black |date=June 30, 2010 |publisher=GameReplays.org |accessdate=December 11, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first game in the series to implement a form of [[digital rights management]] (DRM) that requires constant Internet access; this type of DRM is fairly new and targets the used games market as well as ensuring that households must buy a copy per person. However, constant internet connections is often criticized by players.&lt;ref&gt;http://answers.ea.com/t5/SimCity-2013/HOW-THE-CAN-I-PLAY-SIM-CITY-WITHOUT-ORIGIN/td-p/642986&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tiberium Twilight'' and ''[[Command &amp; Conquer: Renegade|Renegade]]'' are the only ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games not to have an expansion pack. An exclusive prequel mission called &quot;Night Moves&quot; was available for those who pre-ordered the game, and later as a free bonus for all users.<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> {{Video game reviews<br /> | title =<br /> | state =<br /> | MC = 64/100&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=November 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1UP = C−&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot; /&gt;<br /> | EuroG = 6/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GI = 7.5/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GamePro = {{Rating|4|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt;<br /> | GSpot = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/review.html|title=Former C&amp;C Developer Greg Black Interview|last=VanOrd|first=Kevin|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpot|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GSpy = {{Rating|2.5|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/command-conquer-4/1077918p1.html|title=Command and Conquer 4: Tiberium Twilight Review|last=Neigher|first=Eric|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=GameSpy|accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GRadar = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot; /&gt;<br /> | IGN = 7.4/10&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''Tiberian Twilight'' was poorly received, with lower review scores from customers and critics than any of its predecessors or the wider [[Command &amp; Conquer]] franchise.<br /> <br /> Tom Chick of [[1UP.com]] criticized the game requiring several hours of single player gameplay before being able to unlock other units or arsenal - important to winning games in multiplayer. Adam Biessener of ''[[Game Informer]]'' highlights that the game is made especially for multiplayer, and suggests not even playing the single-player campaign – as quoted, &quot;Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gameinformer.com/games/command_amp_conquer_4/b/pc/archive/2010/03/16/review.aspx |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 - Play This With A Friend, Or Not At All |last=Biessener |first=Adam |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=GameInformer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; – as do the reviews by [[GameSpot]]&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot;/&gt; and by Alec Meer of [[Eurogamer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/command-and-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight-review |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Review |last=Meer |first=Alec |date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=EuroGamer |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many negative reviews focused on the single-player campaign, and on the live action videos.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gameinformer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4 Review |last=Onyett |first=Charles |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=IGN |accessdate=March 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66fA2PtMu?url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/107/1078650p1.html |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[digital rights management]] software included with the game, which requires the player to be online at all times and which will lead to a loss of progress if the connection is lost, has also been a source of criticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-1up&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3178417&amp;p=1 |title=An RTS only a shareholder could love |last=Chick |first=Tom |date=March 18, 2010 |publisher=1UP |accessdate=March 21, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/ |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |date=March 16, 2010 |last=Horner |first=Kyle |publisher=GamePro |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323205225/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/214433/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/|archivedate=March 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-eurogamer&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[GamePro]], giving the game 4 stars out of 5, stated that the mobile bases concept works well, online multiplayer is consistently stable, persistent progression is available, but criticized the need for constant Internet connection and the &quot;leveling&quot; mechanic that can lead to some unbalanced multiplayer matches.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamepro&quot; /&gt; [[IGN]] gave it a 7.4/10, labeling that it is great to see developers and publishers taking risks with franchises in danger of growing too stale, but stating that EA Los Angeles rewrote the entire gameplay formula instead of improving it, making for an experience that barely resembles previous ''Command &amp; Conquer'' games.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-IGN&quot; /&gt; [[GamesRadar]] gave it a 7 out of 10: stating that on the whole, ''C&amp;C4'' is a graphical step back and as a single-player experience, it &quot;is a bust&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamesradar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/review/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/a-20100316117297064/g-20090709105817988081 |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight |last=Stapleton |first=Dan |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=March 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[GameSpot]] gave it a 7 out of 10, saying the single player was not worth it, but the multiplayer matches make the game a fun experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&amp;c4-rev-gamespot&quot; /&gt; ''[[X-Play]]'' gave it a 4 out of 5: writing for &quot;The Pros&quot;: &quot;New gameplay dynamics level the playing field for newbs and veterans&quot;, &quot;Extensive multiplayer (competitive &amp; co-op) adds plenty of replay&quot;, &quot;Stellar graphics and musical score&quot;. For &quot;The Cons&quot; they wrote &quot;Gameplay tweaks will annoy series purists&quot;, and &quot;Respawning in an RTS just feels wrong&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://g4tv.com/games/pc/62543/command--conquer-4-tiberian-twilight/review/ |title=Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Review |last=Stevens |first=Tim |date=March 16, 2010 |work=g4tv.com |accessdate=May 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> * [http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/commandandconquer4/news.html?sid=6213111 ''Command &amp; Conquer 4'' Q&amp;A by GameSpot]<br /> * [[wikiasite:cnc|Command and Conquer Wiki]]<br /> * [http://www.mobygames.com/game/command-conquer-4-tiberian-twilight Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight] at [[MobyGames]]<br /> <br /> {{Command &amp; Conquer series}}<br /> {{SAGE engine games |state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight}}<br /> [[Category:2010 video games]]<br /> [[Category:Command &amp; Conquer|Tiberian Twilight]]<br /> [[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]<br /> [[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]<br /> [[Category:Video game sequels]]<br /> [[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by James Hannigan]]<br /> [[Category:Video games scored by Jason Graves]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the 2060s]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in Italy]]<br /> [[Category:Video games set in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Windows games]]<br /> [[Category:Windows-only games]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Tampines_Rovers_FC_season&diff=998411429 2021 Tampines Rovers FC season 2021-01-05T07:23:36Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Sleague */</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox football club season<br /> | club = [[Tampines Rovers FC]]<br /> | season = [[2021 Singapore Premier League|2021]]<br /> | mgrtitle = Coach<br /> | manager = Gavin Lee<br /> | chairman = Desmond Ong<br /> | stdtitle = Ground <br /> | stadium = [[Our Tampines Hub]]<br /> | league = [[2021 S.League|S.League]]<br /> | league result = <br /> | cup1 = [[AFC Champions League]]<br /> | cup1 result = <br /> | cup2 = [[Singapore Cup]]<br /> | cup2 result = <br /> | league topscorer = <br /> | season topscorer = <br /> | highest attendance = <br /> | lowest attendance =<br /> | average attendance =<br /> | prevseason = [[2020 Tampines Rovers FC season|2020]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2022 Tampines Rovers FC season|2022]]<br /> | pattern_la1=_blackborder|pattern_b1=_thinblacksides|pattern_ra1=_blackborder<br /> | leftarm1=f9ff4e|body1=f9ff4e|rightarm1=f9ff4e|shorts1=f9ff4e|socks1=f9ff4e<br /> | pattern_la2=_blackborder|pattern_b2=_thinblacksides|pattern_ra2=_blackborder|pattern_so2 =_0000FF<br /> | leftarm2=0000FF|body2=0000FF|rightarm2=0000FF|shorts2=0000FF|socks2=0000FF<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2021 season''' is [[Tampines Rovers]]'s 26th season at the top level of Singapore football and 76th year in existence as a football club. The club will also compete in the [[2021 Singapore League Cup|Singapore League Cup]], Singapore Cup, and the [[2020 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]].<br /> <br /> ==Squad==<br /> <br /> ===Singapore Premier League ===<br /> {{Updated|February 18, 2020}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| No.<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Name<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Nationality<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Date of Birth (Age)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Last club<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Contract Since<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Contract End<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Goalkeepers<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Zulfairuuz Rudy]]<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1994|5|22|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[Hougang United]]<br /> | 2019<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | 24<br /> | [[Syazwan Buhari]]<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1992|9|22|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[Geylang International]]<br /> | 2018<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | [[Nurshafiq Zaini]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1999|3|26|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Young Lions FC]]<br /> | 2021<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | [[Haikal Hasnol]] <br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1995|11|4|df=yes}}<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Lion City Sailors FC]]<br /> |2021<br /> |2021<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Defenders<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Ryaan Sanizal]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2002|5|31|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[National Football Academy (Singapore)|FFA U16]]<br /> | 2019<br /> | 2020<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | [[Madhu Mohana]] <br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1991|3|6|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Negeri Sembilan FA]]<br /> | 2018<br /> | 2020<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | [[Baihakki Khaizan]] &lt;sup&gt;'''&gt;30'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|1|31}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|THA}} [[PT Prachuap F.C.]]<br /> | 2020<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | 16 <br /> | [[Daniel Bennett (footballer)|Daniel Bennett]] &lt;sup&gt;'''&gt;30'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}{{Flag icon|ENG}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1978|1|7|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[Geylang International]]<br /> | 2017<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | [[Irwan Shah]] &lt;sup&gt;'''&gt;30'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|11|2}}<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Warriors FC]]<br /> | 2016<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> | [[Hamizan Hisham]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2001|11|10|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[National Football Academy (Singapore)|FFA U18]]<br /> | 2019<br /> | 2020<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | [[Irfan Najeeb]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1999|7|31|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Young Lions FC]]<br /> | 2021<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | [[Akmal bin Azman|Akmal Azman]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2000|11|21|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Young Lions FC]]<br /> | 2021<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Midfielders<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | [[Yasir Hanapi]] &lt;sup&gt;'''&gt;30'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1989|6|21|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|Malaysia}} [[PDRM FA]]<br /> | 2018<br /> | 2020<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | [[Kyoga Nakamura]] <br /> | {{Flag icon|JPN}} <br /> | {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|4|25}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[Albirex Niigata (S)]]<br /> | 2020<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | [[Shah Shahiran]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1999|11|14|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[National Football Academy (Singapore)|FFA U18]]<br /> | 2018<br /> | 2020<br /> |-<br /> | 23<br /> | [[Zehrudin Mehmedović]] <br /> | {{flagicon|SER}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1998|3|15|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SER}} [[FK Mladost Lučani]]<br /> | 2019<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | [[Iman Hakim]] &lt;sup&gt;'''U23'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2002|3|9|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Albirex Niigata (S)]]<br /> | 2021<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Forwards<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | [[Boris Kopitović (footballer, born 1995)|Boris Kopitović]] <br /> | {{flagicon|MNE}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|04|27}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|MNE}} [[OFK Petrovac]]<br /> | 2020<br /> | 2021<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | [[Taufik Suparno]] <br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} {{Flag icon|IDN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|1995|10|31|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[SAFSA]]<br /> | 2018<br /> | 2020<br /> |-<br /> &lt;!--<br /> --&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Players loaned out / left during season<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===U19===<br /> {{Updated|22 April 2018}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| No.<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Name<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Nationality<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Date of Birth (Age)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Last club<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Contract Since<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; color:black; text-align:center;&quot;| Contract End<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Goalkeepers<br /> |-<br /> | 54<br /> | [[Danial Iliya]]<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2003|2|6|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[National Football Academy (Singapore)|FFA U16]]<br /> |2020<br /> |2020<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Defenders<br /> |-<br /> | 53<br /> | [[Andrew Aw]]<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2003|3|29|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[National Football Academy (Singapore)|FFA U16]]<br /> |2020<br /> |2020<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Midfielders<br /> |-<br /> | 51<br /> | [[Haziq Mikhail]]<br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2000|5|7|df=y}}<br /> | {{Flag icon|SIN}} [[Home United|Home United U19]]<br /> |2019<br /> |2020<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:black; color:yellow; text-align:center;&quot;| Forwards<br /> |-<br /> | 56<br /> | [[Danish Siregar]] <br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> | {{Birth date and age|2003|3|1|df=yes}}<br /> | {{Flagicon|SIN}} [[National Football Academy (Singapore)|FFA U17]]<br /> |2019<br /> |2019<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | [[Max McCoy(association footballer) | Max McCoy]] <br /> | {{flagicon|SIN}}{{flagicon|ENG}}<br /> | <br /> | Youth Team<br /> |2020<br /> |2020<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Coaching staff==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position !! Name<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |Chairman || {{flagicon|SIN}} Desmond Ong<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |General Manager || {{flagicon|SIN}} Desmund Khusnin<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Team Manager || {{flagicon|SIN}} William Phang<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=We are pleased to announce that William Phang has been appointed General Manager. |url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/a.237654249652728/2641504065934389/?type=3&amp;theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Head Coach || {{flagicon|SIN}} Kadir Yahaya<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/kadir-yahaya-joins-tampines-rovers-as-an-adviser/1o8gjd01g63g61w4y8eosnq6ur|title=Kadir Yahaya joins Tampines Rovers as an adviser &amp;#124; Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |First Team Coach || {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Gavin Lee (football coach)|Gavin Lee]] <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Assistant Coach || {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Fahrudin Mustafić]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mustafic, who is currently the assistant coach of the Tampines Rovers Under-19 squad, will continue to contribute to Singapore's football from the sidelines after his retirement. |url=http://www.fas.org.sg/fara-gets-star-studded-send-off/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Goalkeeping Coach || {{flagicon|SIN}} William Phang<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=William Phang: There Wasn't Much Choice For Me But To Become A Goalkeeper // To Be A Stag |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g3A_Upk1ME}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Physiotherapist || {{flagicon|SIN}} Premjit Singh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Kitman || {{flagicon|Singapore}} Goh Koon Hiang<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Transfers==<br /> ===Pre-season ===<br /> <br /> ====In====<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Transferred From'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|1|GK}}<br /> |{{sort|Haikal Hasnol|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Haikal Hasnol]]}}<br /> |<br /> |Completion of NS &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Goalkeeper Haikal Hasnol has joined Home United Football Club on loan due to National Service commitments. |url=https://www.facebook.com/TrfcFansOfficial/photos/a.1223314611098550/2042594349170568/?type=3&amp;theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|2|GK}}<br /> |{{sort|Nurshafiq Zaini|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Nurshafiq Zaini]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Young Lions FC]]<br /> |Loan Return &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nurshafiq makes debut for Young Lions |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B90ZW08Ao_O/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|3|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Irfan Najeeb|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Irfan Najeeb]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Young Lions FC]]<br /> |Completion of NS<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|4|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Akmal Azman|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Akmal bin Azman|Akmal Azman]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Young Lions FC]]<br /> |Loan Return<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|6|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Iman Hakim|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Iman Hakim]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Albirex Niigata (S)]]<br /> |Free <br /> |-<br /> &lt;!--<br /> |{{sort|3|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Khairul Amri|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Khairul Amri]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|MYS}} [[FELDA United]]<br /> |Free <br /> |-<br /> --&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Out====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Transferred To'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|1|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Joel Chew Joon Herng|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Joel Chew Joon Herng]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[SAFSA]]<br /> |NS till 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joel Chew enlist for national service|url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/pcb.3361451880606267/3361444340607021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|2|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Syahrul Sazali|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Syahrul Sazali]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[SAFSA]]<br /> |NS till 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tampines will have to make do without full-back Syahrul Sazali for the rest of the campaign due to National Service |url=http://spl.sg/spl-week-12-preview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|3|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Amirul Adli|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Amirul Adli]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Lion City Sailors F.C.|Lion City Sailors]]<br /> |Free &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thank you so much @tampinesrovers. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CJdpeF2hePE/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|4|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Shannon Stephen|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Shannon Stephen]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} <br /> |Free &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shannon Stephen's contract has expired and he will be leaving the Stags. |url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/a.237654249652728/3553331701418283/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shannon Paul bids goodbye to the Stags |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CJd1h4NBA_O/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|5|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Fathullah Rahmat|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Fathullah Rahmat]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} <br /> |Free<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|7|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Huzaifah Aziz|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Huzaifah Aziz]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} <br /> |Free &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Huzaifah Aziz's contract has expired and he will be leaving the Stags |url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/a.237654249652728/3553387664746020/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|8|FW}}<br /> |{{sort|Jordan Webb|{{flagicon|CAN}}{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Jordan Webb]]}}<br /> |<br /> |Free &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jordan Webb's contract has expired and he will be leaving the Stags |url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/a.237654249652728/3553388878079232}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|9|FW}}<br /> |{{sort|Fazrul Nawaz|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Fazrul Nawaz]]}}<br /> |{{flagicon|SIN}} <br /> |Free<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ''Note 1: ''<br /> <br /> ====Extension and retained====<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2020 Singapore Premier League Retained and Released List |url=http://spl.sg/2020-spl-retained-released/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|1|Coach}}<br /> |{{sort|Gavin Lee|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Gavin Lee]]}}<br /> |2 years extension starting 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gavin has signed a two year contract |url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/a.237654249652728/2640110112740451/?type=3&amp;theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|1|GK}}<br /> |{{sort|Syazwan Buhari|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Syazwan Buhari]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|2|GK}}<br /> |{{sort|Zulfairuuz Rudy|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Zulfairuuz Rudy]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|3|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Ryaan Sanizal|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Ryaan Sanizal]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|4|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Hamizan Hisham|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Hamizan Hisham]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|5|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Irwan Shah|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Irwan Shah]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|6|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Madhu Mohana|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Madhu Mohana]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|7|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Baihakki Khaizan|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Baihakki Khaizan]]}}<br /> |2 years contract signed in 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Baihakki Khaizan returns home aftetr ending thailand stint|url=https://www.facebook.com/TampinesRoversFC/photos/a.409481679136650/3040494726035319/?type=3&amp;theater}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Baihakki Khaizan joins Tampines Rovers on 18-month deal |url=https://www.tnp.sg/sports/singapore-football/baihakki-khaizan-joins-tampines-rovers-18-month-deal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|6|DF}}<br /> |{{sort|Daniel Bennett|{{flagicon|SIN}}{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Daniel Bennett (footballer)|Daniel Bennett]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|8|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Shah Shahiran|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Shah Shahiran]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|9|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Yasir Hanapi|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Yasir Hanapi]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|10|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Kyoga Nakamura|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyoga Nakamura]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|11|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Zehrudin Mehmedovic|{{flagicon|SER}} [[Zehrudin Mehmedovic]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|12|FW}}<br /> |{{sort|Boris Kopitovic|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Boris Kopitović (footballer, born 1995)|Boris Kopitovic]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|13|FW}}<br /> |{{sort|Taufik Suparno|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Taufik Suparno]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|5|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Haziq Mikhail|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Haziq Mikhail]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{sort|6|MF}}<br /> |{{sort|Danish Siregar|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Danish Siregar]]}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Promoted ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--<br /> ==== Trial in ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Trial From'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Trial Out ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Trial @'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |}<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mid-season transfers===<br /> <br /> ====In====<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Transferred From'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Out====<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; font-size:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> !'''Position'''<br /> !'''Player'''<br /> !'''Transferred To'''<br /> !'''Ref'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Friendlies==<br /> === Pre-season ===<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Team statistics==<br /> <br /> ===Appearances and goals===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:80%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2 |{{Tooltip|No.|Squad Number}} <br /> !rowspan=2 |{{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}} <br /> !rowspan=2 width=&quot;200&quot;| Player<br /> !colspan=2 width=&quot;105&quot; | Sleague<br /> !colspan=2 width=&quot;105&quot; | Singapore Cup<br /> !colspan=2 width=&quot;105&quot; | ACL / AFC Cup<br /> !colspan=2 width=&quot;105&quot; | Charity Shield<br /> !colspan=2 width=&quot;130&quot; | Total<br /> |-<br /> !Apps.<br /> ![[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px]]Goals<br /> !Apps.<br /> ![[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px]]Goals<br /> !Apps.<br /> ![[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px]]Goals<br /> !Apps.<br /> ![[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px]]Goals<br /> !Apps.<br /> ![[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px]]Goals<br /> |-<br /> |1||GK<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Zulfairuuz Rudy]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |3||DF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Ryaan Sanizal]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |6||DF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Madhu Mohana]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |7||MF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Yasir Hanapi]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |8||MF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyoga Nakamura]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |9||FW<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Boris Kopitović (footballer, born 1995)|Boris Kopitović]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |13||FW<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Taufik Suparno]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |14||DF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Baihakki Khaizan]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |15||MF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Shah Shahiran]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |17||DF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Irwan Shah]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |21||DF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Hamizan Hisham]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |23||MF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SER}} [[Zehrudin Mehmedović]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |24||GK<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Syazwan Buhari]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |?||DF<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Irfan Najeeb]]<br /> ||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;17&quot;|'''Players who have played this season and/or sign for the season but had left the club or on loan to other club'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Competitions==<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> ===Singapore Premier League===<br /> {{main|2021 Singapore Premier League}}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;references group=&quot;Covid19&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{:2021 Singapore Premier League|showteam=TAM}}<br /> <br /> ===AFC Champions League===<br /> {{main|2021 AFC Champions League}}<br /> {{2021 AFC Champions League group tables|Group H|show_matches=yes|teamwidth=240}}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> ====Group stage====<br /> {{main|2021 AFC Champions League group stage}}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Matchday 1<br /> |date = April 2021<br /> |time = <br /> |team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Tampines Rovers]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> |stack = <br /> |motm= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Matchday 2<br /> |date = May 2021<br /> |time = <br /> |team1 = [[Tampines Rovers]] {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|KOR}} <br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> |stack = <br /> |motm= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Matchday 3<br /> |date = May 2021<br /> |time = <br /> |team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Tampines Rovers]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> |stack = <br /> |motm= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Matchday 4<br /> |date = May 2021<br /> |time = <br /> |team1 = [[Tampines Rovers]] {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} <br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> |stack = <br /> |motm= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Matchday 5<br /> |date = May 2021<br /> |time = <br /> |team1 = [[Tampines Rovers]] {{flagicon|SIN}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} <br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> |stack = <br /> |motm= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Matchday 6<br /> |date = May 2021<br /> |time = <br /> |team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}}<br /> |score = <br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Tampines Rovers]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |result = <br /> |stack = <br /> |motm= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Singapore Cup===<br /> {{main|2021 Singapore Cup}}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2014 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> * [[2015 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> * [[2016 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> * [[2017 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> * [[2018 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> * [[2019 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> * [[2020 Tampines Rovers FC season]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Tampines Rovers FC}}<br /> {{2021 in Singapore football}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Singaporean football clubs 2021 season|Tampines Rovers FC]]<br /> [[Category:Tampines Rovers FC seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in Asian association football leagues]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&diff=976445220 University of Oxford 2020-09-02T23:46:31Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Rankings and reputation */</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Collegiate research university in Oxford, England}}<br /> {{Redirect|Oxford University}}<br /> {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University of Oxford<br /> | type = [[Public research university]]<br /> | other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-as-a-charity|title=The University as a charity|website=University of Oxford|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112004332/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-as-a-charity|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = File:Oxford University Coat Of Arms.svg &lt;!--Official university crests belong here. If you doubt it, look at Cambridge, Yale, Harvard, etc. The 'logo' used more often belongs on the bottom, hence the 'Logo' label.--&gt;<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | caption = [[Coat of arms of the University of Oxford|Coat of arms]]<br /> | latin_name = Universitas Oxoniensis<br /> | motto = {{lang-la|[[Dominus illuminatio mea]]}}<br /> | mottoeng = [[Psalm 27|The Lord is my light]]<br /> | established = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|1096}}}}&lt;ref name=&quot;OxHist&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history |title=Introduction and History |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020082611/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | endowment = [[£]]6.1&amp;nbsp;billion (including colleges) (as of 31 July 2019)&lt;ref name=Finance2019 /&gt;<br /> | budget = £2.45&amp;nbsp;billion (excluding colleges) (2018–19)&lt;ref name=Finance2019&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/finance-and-funding?wssl=1|title=Finance and funding|website=ox.ac.uk|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chancellor = [[Chris Patten|The Lord Patten of Barnes]]<br /> | vice_chancellor = [[Louise Richardson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VCapproval&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2014-2015/25june2015-no5102/congregation/#209928|title=Declaration of approval of the appointment of a new Vice-Chancellor|work=[[Oxford University Gazette]]|publisher=University of Oxford|date=25 June 2015|page=659|accessdate=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630002022/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2014-2015/25june2015-no5102/congregation/#209928|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewVCLouiseRichardson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2016-01-04-new-vice-chancellor-pledges-%E2%80%98innovative-creative%E2%80%99-future-oxford |title=New Vice-Chancellor pledges 'innovative, creative' future for Oxford |work=News and Events |publisher=University of Oxford |date=4 January 2016 |accessdate=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107023201/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2016-01-04-new-vice-chancellor-pledges-%E2%80%98innovative-creative%E2%80%99-future-oxford |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | students = 24,515 &lt;small&gt;(2019)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/AtaGlance?:embed=y&amp;:display_count=yes&amp;:showVizHome=no&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 11,955<br /> | postgrad = 12,010<br /> | other = 541 (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;Student Numbers&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Student Numbers|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|website=University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915101523/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | city = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]]<br /> | country = England, United Kingdom<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|51|45|18|N|01|15|18|W|type:edu|display=title,inline}}<br /> | campus = [[University town]]<br /> | athletics = [[Blue (university sport)|The Sporting Blue]]<br /> | website = {{url|ox.ac.uk}}<br /> | logo = University of Oxford.svg<br /> | colours = {{color box|#002147}} [[Oxford Blue (colour)|Oxford Blue]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/branding_toolkit/the_brand_colours/ |title=The brand colour – Oxford blue |publisher=Ox.ac.uk |accessdate=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524062108/http://www.ox.ac.uk/branding_toolkit/the_brand_colours/ |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | faculty = 7000+ &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/full-version-facts-and-figures?wssl=1&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | affiliations = [[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Russell Group]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Europaeum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[European University Association|EUA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Golden triangle (universities)|Golden Triangle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[G5 (universities)|G5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[LERU]]&lt;br /&gt;[[SES (universities)|SES]]&lt;br&gt;[[Universities UK]]|<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!--The organisation of the lead is as follows: #1 History #2 Organisation &amp; administration #3 Academic profile #4 Notable people (as to stick to the flow of the article).--&gt;<br /> <br /> The '''University of Oxford''' (legally ''The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford'') is a [[collegiate university|collegiate]] [[research university]] in [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]], England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,&lt;ref name=&quot;OxHist&quot;/&gt; making it the oldest university in the [[English-speaking world]] and the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|world's second-oldest university in continuous operation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OxHist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sager, Peter|year=2005|title=Oxford and Cambridge: An Uncommon History|page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; It grew rapidly from 1167 when [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] banned English students from attending the [[University of Paris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OxHist&quot;/&gt; After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to [[Cambridge]] where they established what became the [[University of Cambridge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Early records&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records|title=Early records|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=28 January 2013|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011174430/http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two English [[Ancient university|ancient universities]] share many common features and are often jointly called ''[[Oxbridge]]''.<br /> <br /> The university is made up of [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|39 semi-autonomous constituent colleges]], six [[permanent private hall]]s, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four [[Divisions of the University of Oxford|divisions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/divisions/index.html|title=Oxford divisions|accessdate=26 November 2013|publisher=University of Oxford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020114217/http://www.ox.ac.uk/divisions/index.html|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college.&lt;ref name=CollegesandHalls/&gt; It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. [[Undergraduate education|Undergraduate teaching]] at Oxford is organised around weekly small-group [[Tutorial system|tutorials]] at the colleges and halls – a feature unique to the Oxbridge system. These are supported by classes, lectures, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. [[Postgraduate education|Postgraduate teaching]] is provided predominantly centrally.<br /> <br /> Oxford operates the world's oldest [[Ashmolean Museum|university museum]], as well as the largest [[Oxford University Press|university press]] in the world&lt;ref name=publishing&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/16/news/16iht-presseduc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924191930/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/16/news/16iht-presseduc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2011|title=400 Years Later, Oxford Press Thrives|last=Balter|first=Michael |date=16 February 1994|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=28 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the largest academic library system nationwide.&lt;ref name=uls/&gt; In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2019, the university had a total income of £2.45&amp;nbsp;billion, of which £624.8&amp;nbsp;million was from research grants and contracts.&lt;ref name=Finance2019 /&gt;<br /> <br /> Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 28 [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by education|prime ministers of the United Kingdom]] and many heads of state and government around the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot; /&gt; As of November 2019, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation#University of Oxford|72 Nobel Prize laureates]], [[List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation|3 Fields Medalists]], and [[List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation|6 Turing Award winners]] have studied, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 [[Olympic medal]]s.&lt;ref name=olympics&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/Oxford-at-the-Olympics|title=Oxford at the Olympics|access-date=26 August 2018|publisher=University of Oxford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526023454/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/Oxford-at-the-Olympics|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Note this list is incomplete and does not include e.g. rowers Caryn Davies and Storm Uru who both graduated. --&gt; Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the [[Rhodes Scholarship]], one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/about/ |title=Rhodes Scholarships |work=rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=25 July 2010 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019065901/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/about |archivedate=19 October 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{see also|Timeline of Oxford}}<br /> <br /> ===Founding===<br /> [[File:Oxford - Balliol College - geograph.org.uk - 1329613.jpg|right|thumb|[[Balliol College]], one of the university's oldest constituent colleges]]<br /> The University of Oxford has no known foundation date.&lt;ref name=&quot;Preface&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml|title=Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205409/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when a university came into being.&lt;ref name=&quot;OxHist&quot;/&gt; It grew quickly from 1167 when English students returned from the [[University of Paris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OxHist&quot;/&gt;&lt;!-- Note it is unclear whether the King ordered them to leave, or if Paris expelled foreigners. Some dispute that such an event even happened, or if it did, suggest it didn't affect much. Better analysis and citatio of this is needed. --&gt; The historian [[Gerald of Wales]] lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, [[Emo of Friesland]], arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a ''universitas'' or corporation in 1231. The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]].&lt;ref&gt;Adolphus Ballard, James Tait. (2010.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qc2l3vpLagC&amp;pg=PA222&amp;lpg=PA222 ''British Borough Charters 1216–1307''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193830/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qc2l3vpLagC&amp;pg=PA222&amp;lpg=PA222 |date=1 January 2016 }}, Cambridge University Press, 222.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Please try to find a better reference than this. --&gt;<br /> <br /> After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to [[Cambridge]], later forming the [[University of Cambridge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Early records&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm |title = 'To lick a Lord and thrash a cad': Oxford 'Town &amp; Gown' |last = Davies |first = Mark |publisher = BBC |date = 4 November 2010 |website = BBC News |accessdate = 3 January 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104002457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm |archive-date = 4 January 2014 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Mob Quad from Chapel Tower.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of [[Merton College]]'s [[Mob Quad]], the oldest [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378]]<br /> The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two '[[Nation (university)|nations]]', representing the North (''northerners'' or ''Boreales'', who included the [[English people]] from north of the [[River Trent]] and the [[Scots people|Scots]]) and the South (''southerners'' or ''Australes'', who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the [[Welsh people|Welsh]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;British History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862 |title=The University of Oxford |editor1=H. E. Salter |editor2=Mary D. Lobel |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1954 |work=A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford |accessdate=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132507/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;H. Rashdall, ''Universities of Europe'', iii, 55–60.&lt;/ref&gt; In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|college]] or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition, members of many [[religious order]]s, including [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], [[Franciscan]]s, [[Carmelites]] and [[Augustinians]], settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Christopher Brooke, Roger Highfield. Oxford and Cambridge.&lt;/ref&gt; At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were [[William of Durham]], who in 1249 endowed [[University College, Oxford|University College]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt; and [[John I de Balliol|John Balliol]], father of a future [[John of Scotland|King of Scots]]; [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] bears his name.&lt;ref name=&quot;British History&quot;/&gt; Another founder, [[Walter de Merton]], a [[Lord Chancellor]] of England and afterwards [[Bishop of Rochester]], devised a series of regulations for college life;&lt;ref&gt;Edward France Percival. The Foundation Statutes of Merton College, Oxford.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=White |first=Henry Julian |date=1906 |title=Merton College, Oxford }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=G. H. |last2=Highfield |first2=J. R. L. |date=1997 |title=A history of Merton College, Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1333–1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at [[Stamford, Lincolnshire]], was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King [[Edward III]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=McKisack |first=May |date=1963 |title=The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399|series=Oxford History of England |page=501}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel J. Boorstin. (1958.) ''The Americans; the Colonial Experience'', Vintage, pp. [http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/99AHLstuff.htm/Boorstin.htm 171–184] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624022409/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/99AHLstuff.htm/Boorstin.htm |date=24 June 2010 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke. (1988.) ''Oxford and Cambridge'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Renaissance period===<br /> [[File:John Speed's map of Oxford, 1605..jpg|thumb|In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map).]]<br /> The new learning of the [[Renaissance]] greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were [[William Grocyn]], who contributed to the revival of [[Greek language]] studies, and [[John Colet]], the noted [[Biblical Theology|biblical scholar]].<br /> <br /> With the [[English Reformation]] and the breaking of communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Recusancy|recusant]] scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the [[University of Douai]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691&quot;, editors: T. W. Moody, Theodore William Moody, Francis X. Martin, Francis John Byrne, Oxford University Press (1991), p. 618, {{ISBN|9780198202424}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=c8M1p3ySwI4C&amp;pg=PA618#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]&lt;/ref&gt; The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval [[Scholasticism|scholastic method]] to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. As a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxford's reputation declined in the [[Age of Enlightenment]]; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected.<br /> <br /> In 1636&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20Statutes%20August%202012%20-%20July%202013.pdf|title=Statutes of the University of Oxford, 2012–13|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222164356/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20Statutes%20August%202012%20-%20July%202013.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[William Laud]], the chancellor and [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], codified the university's statutes. These, to a large extent, remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the [[Oxford University Press|University Press]], and he made significant contributions to the [[Bodleian Library]], the main library of the university. From the beginnings of the [[Church of England]] as the [[established church]] until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from the university and &quot;[[dissenter]]s&quot; were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Universities Tests Act 1871 |publisher=UK Parliament |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/34-35/26 |accessdate=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193831/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/34-35/26 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:ChristChurchOxfordEngraving1742.jpg|thumb|An engraving of Christ Church, Oxford, 1742]]<br /> <br /> The university was a centre of the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] party during the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1649), while the town favoured the opposing [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Civil War: Surrender of Oxford|url=http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/civil_war.html|work=Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Scheme|publisher=Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board|year=2013|accessdate=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the university took little part in political conflicts.<br /> <br /> [[Wadham College]], founded in 1610, was the undergraduate college of [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]]. Wren was part of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the [[Oxford Philosophical Club]], which included [[Robert Boyle]] and [[Robert Hooke]]. This group held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college's Warden, [[John Wilkins]], and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the [[Royal Society]].<br /> <br /> ===Modern period===<br /> ====Students====<br /> Before reforms in the early 19th century the curriculum at Oxford was notoriously narrow and impractical. [[Spencer Walpole|Sir Spencer Walpole]], a historian of contemporary Britain and a senior government official, had not attended any university. He says, &quot;few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career.&quot; He quotes the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: &quot;The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except those intended for the ministry.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sir Spencer Walpole|title=History of Twenty-Five Years: vol 4: 1870–1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA137|year=1903|pages=136–37|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304050530/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA137|archive-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, Walpole argued:<br /> {{Quote | style=font-size:100%; | Among the many deficiencies attending a university education there was, however, one good thing about it, and that was the education which the undergraduates gave themselves. It was impossible to collect some thousand or twelve hundred of the best young men in England, to give them the opportunity of making acquaintance with one another, and full liberty to live their lives in their own way, without evolving in the best among them, some admirable qualities of loyalty, independence, and self-control. If the average undergraduate carried from University little or no learning, which was of any service to him, he carried from it a knowledge of men and respect for his fellows and himself, a reverence for the past, a code of honour for the present, which could not but be serviceable. He had enjoyed opportunities... of intercourse with men, some of whom were certain to rise to the highest places in the Senate, in the Church, or at the Bar. He might have mixed with them in his sports, in his studies, and perhaps in his debating society; and any associations which he had this formed had been useful to him at the time, and might be a source of satisfaction to him in after life.&lt;ref&gt;Walpole [https://archive.org/details/cu31924088010115/page/n163 ''History of Twenty-Five Years: vol 3: 1870–1875'' p.140]&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}<br /> <br /> Out of the students who matriculated in 1840, 65% were sons of professionals (34% were Anglican ministers). After graduation 87% became professionals (59% as Anglican clergy). Out of the students who matriculated in 1870, 59% were sons of professionals (25% were Anglican ministers). After graduation 87% became professionals (42% as Anglican clergy).&lt;ref&gt;William D. Rubinstein, &quot;The social origins and career patterns of Oxford and Cambridge matriculants, 1840–1900.&quot; ''Historical Research'' 82.218 (2009): 715–730, data on pages 719 and 724.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For more details see Mark C. Curthoys, &quot;Origins and Destinations: the social mobility of Oxford men and women&quot; in Michael G. Brock and Mark C. Curthoys, eds. ''The History of the University of Oxford Volume 7: Nineteenth-Century'' (2000) part 2, pp 571–95.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> M.&amp;nbsp;C. Curthoys and H.&amp;nbsp;S. Jones argue that the rise of organised sport was one of the most remarkable and distinctive features of the history of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was carried over from the athleticism prevalent at the public schools such as [[Eton College|Eton]], [[Winchester College|Winchester]], [[Shrewsbury School|Shrewsbury]], and [[Harrow School|Harrow]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/0046760950240403|title = Oxford athleticism, 1850‐1914: A reappraisal|journal = History of Education|volume = 24|issue = 4|pages = 305–317|year = 1995|last1 = Curthoys|first1 = M. C.|last2 = Jones|first2 = H. S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first year examination that was heavily focused on [[classical language]]s. [[Science]] students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with [[Greek language]] study removed from their required courses. This concept of a [[bachelor of science]] had been adopted at other European universities ([[London University]] had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful. After considerable internal wrangling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the &quot;natural science preliminary&quot; was recognized as a qualifying part of the first year examination.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3bDAWHbXgi4C&amp;pg=PA355 The history of the University of Oxford: Nineteenth-century Oxford, Volumes 6–7]'', page 355.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the start of 1914 the university housed about 3,000 undergraduates and about 100 postgraduate students. During the First World War many undergraduates and fellows joined the armed forces. By 1918 virtually all fellows were in uniform, and the student population in residence was reduced to 12 per cent of the pre-war total.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=History of the University of Oxford: Volume VIII: The Twentieth Century – Oxford Scholarship|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229742.001.0001|year=1994|isbn=9780198229742|last1=Harrison|first1=Brian|last2=Aston|first2=Trevor Henry}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[iarchive:oxforduniversity00univuoft|University Roll of Service]] records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oxford university roll of service : University of Oxford : Free Download &amp; Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforduniversity00univuoft|website=Internet Archive|accessdate=10 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003438/https://archive.org/details/oxforduniversity00univuoft|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War were on the Allied side; there is a remarkable memorial to members of New College who served in the German armed forces, bearing the inscription, 'In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914–1918'. During the war years the university buildings became hospitals, cadet schools and military training camps.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Reforms====<br /> Two parliamentary commissions in 1852 issued recommendations for Oxford and Cambridge. [[Archibald Campbell Tait]], former headmaster of Rugby School, was a key member of the Oxford Commission; he wanted Oxford to follow the German and Scottish model in which the professorship was paramount. The commission's report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research. The professional staff should be strengthened and better paid. For students, restrictions on entry should be dropped, and more opportunity given to poorer families. It called for an enlargement of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields. Undergraduate scholarships should be open to all Britons. Graduate fellowships should be opened up to all members of the university. It recommended that fellows be released from an obligation for ordination. Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in a college.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sir Spencer Walpole|title=History of Twenty-Five Years: vol 4: 1870–1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA151|year=1903|pages=145–51|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305090139/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA151|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 4127167|title = Oxford and the Idea of a University in Nineteenth Century Britain|journal = Oxford Review of Education|volume = 30|issue = 4|pages = 575–592|last1 = Goldman|first1 = Lawrence|year = 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The system of separate [[Honour Moderations|honour schools]] for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and [[Literae Humaniores]].&lt;ref name=&quot;boase&quot;/&gt; Schools of &quot;Natural Sciences&quot; and &quot;Law, and Modern History&quot; were added in 1853.&lt;ref name=&quot;boase&quot;&gt;{{cite book |pages=208–209 |last=Boase |first=Charles William |authorlink=Charles William Boase |year=1887 |title=Oxford |edition=2nd |url=http://purl.ox.ac.uk/uuid/743404c6bb6c4b16880e9dfce4000622 |accessdate=3 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1872, the last of these had split into &quot;Jurisprudence&quot; and &quot;Modern History&quot;. Theology became the sixth honour school.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| title = The New Examination Statues | publisher = Clarendon Press | place = Oxford | year = 1872 | url = http://purl.ox.ac.uk/uuid/4a66e363bf9544a8b81e48fe1335e4f6| accessdate =4 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees, the postgraduate [[Bachelor of Civil Law|Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.)]] was, and still is, offered.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| title = The New Examination Statues | publisher = Clarendon Press | place = Oxford | year = 1873 | url = http://purl.ox.ac.uk/uuid/0ccd63bb36204432baafdcd706508ea4| accessdate =4 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Oxford back street - geograph.org.uk - 774471.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Brasenose Lane]] in the city centre, a street onto which three colleges back – [[Brasenose College|Brasenose]], [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter]]]]<br /> <br /> The mid-19th century saw the impact of the [[Oxford Movement]] (1833–1845), led among others by the future Cardinal [[John Henry Newman]]. The influence of the reformed model of German universities reached Oxford via key scholars such as [[Edward Bouverie Pusey]], [[Benjamin Jowett]] and [[Max Müller]].<br /> <br /> Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for [[English Dissenters|religious dissent]], and the establishment of four women's colleges. Privy Council decisions in the 20th century (e.g. the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of colleges' theological bequests to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Furthermore, although the university's emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical studies. Knowledge of [[Ancient Greek]] was required for admission until 1920, and Latin until 1960.<br /> <br /> The University of Oxford began to award doctorates for research in the first third of the 20th century. The first Oxford DPhil in mathematics was awarded in 1921.&lt;ref&gt;John Aldrich – [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm &quot;The Maths PhD in the UK: Notes on its History – Economics&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103452/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mid-20th century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by [[Nazism]] and communism, relocating to Oxford.<br /> <br /> The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. As of October 2019, more than 70 Nobel laureates and more than 50 world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Women's education===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> |title=First two women's colleges<br /> |align=right<br /> |direction=vertical<br /> |image1=LMH Talbot Hall.png<br /> |alt1=<br /> |caption1=[[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]] (1878)<br /> |image2=Somerville College.jpg<br /> |alt2=<br /> |caption2=[[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] (1879)<br /> }}<br /> The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lannon&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|author=Frances Lannon|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404111.article|title=Her Oxford|magazine=Times Higher Education|date=30 October 2008|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191641/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404111.article|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the &quot;[[steamboat ladies]]&quot; to receive ''[[ad eundem gradum|ad eundem]]'' degrees from the [[University of Dublin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://trinitynews.ie/trinity-halls-steamboat-ladies/|title=Trinity Hall's Steamboat Ladies|publisher=Trinity news|date=14 March 2012|accessdate=9 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212042531/http://trinitynews.ie/trinity-halls-steamboat-ladies/|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 1878, the ''[[Association for the Education of Women]]'' (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were [[George Granville Bradley]], [[T. H. Green]] and [[Edward Stuart Talbot]]. Talbot insisted on a specifically [[Anglican]] institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot's group founded [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]] in 1878, while T. H. Green founded the non-denominational [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] in 1879.&lt;ref&gt;''Alden's Oxford Guide''. Oxford: Alden &amp; Co., 1958; pp. 120–21&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville opened their doors to their first 21 students (12 from Somerville, 9 from Lady Margaret Hall) in 1879, who attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lannon&quot;/&gt; There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history |title=St Anne's History |publisher=St Anne's College, University of Oxford |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428063923/http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history |archivedate=28 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCH St Anne's&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp351-353|title=St. Anne's College|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|accessdate=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180544/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp351-353|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These first three societies for women were followed by [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's]] (1886)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/about-sthughs/history-of-the-college|title=History of the College|publisher=St Hugh's College, University of Oxford|access-date=14 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618060830/http://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/about-sthughs/history-of-the-college|archive-date=18 June 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's]] (1893).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/index.php/history/histconst.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094628/http://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/index.php/history/histconst.html |archivedate=23 April 2012 |title=Constitutional History |publisher=St Hilda's College |accessdate=25 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; All of these colleges later became coeducational, starting with [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]] and [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's]] in 1979,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/about-lmh/history-and-archives/college-timeline|title=College Timeline {{!}} Lady Margaret Hall|website=Lady Margaret Hall|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827215801/http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/about-lmh/history-and-archives/college-timeline|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history|title=St Anne's College, Oxford&amp;nbsp;&gt;&amp;nbsp;About the College&amp;nbsp;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Our History|website=st-annes.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428063923/http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and finishing with [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's]], which began to accept male students in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford|title=Women at Oxford {{!}} University of Oxford|website=ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507034832/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford|archive-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of [[male privilege]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Joyce S. Pedersen|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=453|title=Book review (No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870–1939)|publisher=H-Albion|date=May 1996|access-date=14 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917151721/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=453|archive-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; however the integration of women into Oxford moved forward during the First World War. In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men, and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women's examinations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|year=1965|title=Handbook to the University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927 the university's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lannon&quot;/&gt; However, during this period Oxford colleges were [[Single-sex education|single sex]], so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.&lt;ref name=&quot;St Anne's History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/St._Annes_History_Brochure_David_Smith.pdf|title=St Anne's History Brochure|publisher=st-annes.ox.ac.uk|accessdate=2 October 2018|quote=&quot;Only in 1959 did the five women's colleges acquire full collegiate status so that their councils became governing bodies and they were, like the men's colleges, fully self-governing.&quot;|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113020614/http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/St._Annes_History_Brochure_David_Smith.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1974, [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]], [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus]], [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham]], [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's]] became the first previously all-male colleges to admit women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/290799/news/story_3.htm|title = Colleges mark anniversary of 'going mixed'|date = 29 July 1999|publisher = [[Oxford University Gazette]]|access-date = 12 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130428103218/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/290799/news/story_3.htm|archive-date = 28 April 2013|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Women_at_Oxford&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/women_at_oxford/index.html |title=Women at Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304201310/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/women_at_oxford/index.html |archivedate=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of men's colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,&lt;ref name=&quot;Women_at_Oxford&quot; /&gt; with [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] following in 1980,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Brockliss |first=Laurence |date=2016 |title=The University of Oxford: A History |page=573}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel]] becoming the last men's college to admit women in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/college-history|title=College History {{!}} Oriel College|date=26 November 2015|work=Oriel College|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413053243/http://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/college-history|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Oxford's graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony's, which was founded as a men's college in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/about-st-antonys/history|title=History {{!}} St Antony's College|website=sant.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031441/https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/about-st-antonys/history|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jenifer Hart|title=Women at Oxford since the Advent of Mixed Colleges|journal=Oxford Review of Education|volume=15:3|issue=3|pages=217–219|year=1989|jstor=1050413}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2016, 45% of the student population, and 47% of undergraduate students, were female.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/DetailTable?:embed=y&amp;:display_count=yes&amp;:showTabs=y&amp;:showVizHome=no|title=University of Oxford Student Statistics: Detail Table|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205183306/https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/DetailTable?:embed=y&amp;:display_count=yes&amp;:showTabs=y&amp;:showVizHome=no|archive-date=5 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|title=Student numbers|accessdate=5 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915101523/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|archivedate=15 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting the following academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sian Griffiths|last2=Julie Henry|title=Oxford 'takeaway' exam to help women get firsts|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/oxford-takeaway-exam-to-help-women-get-firsts-0v0056k8l|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=The Times|quote=History students will be able to sit a paper at home in an effort to close the gap with the number of men getting top degrees|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611171840/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/oxford-takeaway-exam-to-help-women-get-firsts-0v0056k8l|archive-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same summer, maths and computer science tests were extended by 15 minutes, in a bid to see if female student scores would improve.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Diver|first1=Tony|title=Oxford University gives women more time to pass exams|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/01/22/oxford-university-gives-women-time-pass-exams/|accessdate=24 January 2018|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 January 2018|quote=Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that &quot;female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure&quot;|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123231746/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/01/22/oxford-university-gives-women-time-pass-exams/|archive-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://qz.com/1188135/oxford-gave-female-students-more-time-to-take-tests-it-didnt-work/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124220255/https://qz.com/1188135/oxford-gave-female-students-more-time-to-take-tests-it-didnt-work/ |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The detective novel ''[[Gaudy Night]]'' by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female [[List of fictional Oxford colleges|Shrewsbury College, Oxford]] (based on Sayers' own [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/3606/Dorothy-L-Sayers.html Somerville Stories – Dorothy L Sayers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002943/http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/3606/Dorothy-L-Sayers.html |date=5 October 2013 }}, Somerville College, University of Oxford, UK.&lt;/ref&gt;), and the issue of women's education is central to its plot. Social historian and Somerville College alumna [[Jane Robinson (historian)|Jane Robinson]]'s book ''Bluestockings: A Remarkable History of the First Women to Fight for an Education'' gives a very detailed and immersive account of this history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blue-stocking.org.uk/2017/03/09/a-conversation-with-jane-robinson-on-bluestockings/|title=A Conversation with Jane Robinson on Bluestockings|date=9 March 2017|work=Bluestocking Oxford|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225627/https://blue-stocking.org.uk/2017/03/09/a-conversation-with-jane-robinson-on-bluestockings/|archive-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Buildings and sites==<br /> {{Panorama|image = 1 oxford aerial panorama 2016.jpg|height= 300px|caption = ''Scrollable image''. Aerial panorama of the university.}}<br /> <br /> === Map ===<br /> {{University of Oxford Map|colleges=yes|halls=yes|background=none}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ===Main sites===<br /> [[File:Chemistry Research Laboratory Atrium.JPG|thumb|Atrium of the Chemistry Research Laboratory, where the university has invested heavily in new facilities in recent years]]<br /> [[File:Sheldonian Theatre Oxford.jpg|thumb|The [[Sheldonian Theatre]], built by [[Sir Christopher Wren]] between 1664 and 1668, hosts the university's [[Congregation (university)|Congregation]], as well as concerts and degree ceremonies.]]<br /> The university is a &quot;city university&quot; in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. The [[Science Area, Oxford|Science Area]], in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus. The ten-acre (4-hectare) [[Radcliffe Observatory Quarter]] in the northwest of the city is currently under development. However, the larger colleges' sites are of similar size to these areas.<br /> <br /> Iconic university buildings include the [[Radcliffe Camera]], the [[Sheldonian Theatre]] used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies, and the [[Examination Schools]], where examinations and some lectures take place. The [[University Church of St Mary the Virgin]] was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian. [[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford|Christ Church Cathedral]] uniquely serves as both a college chapel and as a cathedral.<br /> <br /> In 2012–2013, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400m × 25m) [[Castle Mill]] development of 4–5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking [[Cripley Meadow]] and the historic [[Port Meadow]], blocking views of the spires in the city centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/9912968/Philip-Pullman-campaigns-for-demolition-of-brutal-new-Oxford-University-buildings.html | title=Philip Pullman condemns Port Meadow buildings | first=Gordon | last=Rayner | date=6 March 2013 | newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] | accessdate=18 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121431/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/9912968/Philip-Pullman-campaigns-for-demolition-of-brutal-new-Oxford-University-buildings.html | archive-date=9 March 2013 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The development has been likened to building a &quot;skyscraper beside [[Stonehenge]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=Historian takes university to task over 'visual disaster' of Port Meadow flats |first=Reg | last=Little | newspaper=The Oxford Times| page=3 | date=7 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Parks===<br /> [[File:Oxford Botanic Garden in Autumn 2004.jpg|thumb|left|Autumn in the [[Oxford Botanic Garden|Botanic Garden]]]]<br /> The [[University Parks]] are a 70-acre (28 ha) parkland area in the northeast of the city, near [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] and [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]]. It is open to the public during daylight hours. As well as providing gardens and exotic plants, the Parks contains numerous sports fields, used for official and unofficial fixtures, and also contains sites of special interest including the Genetic Garden, an experimental garden to elucidate and investigate evolutionary processes.<br /> <br /> The [[University of Oxford Botanic Garden|Botanic Garden]] on the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] is the oldest [[botanical garden|botanic garden]] in the UK. It contains over 8,000 different plant species on {{convert|1.8|ha|acre|frac=2|abbr=on}}. It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90% of the higher plant families. The [[Harcourt Arboretum]] is a {{convert|130|acre|ha|adj=on}} site six miles (10&amp;nbsp;km) south of the city that includes native woodland and {{convert|67|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of meadow. The {{convert|1000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Wytham Woods]] are owned by the university and used for research in [[zoology]] and [[climate change]].<br /> <br /> There are also various collegiate-owned open spaces open to the public, including [[Bagley Wood]] and most notably [[Christ Church Meadow, Oxford|Christ Church Meadow]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/395-732/Biological-Sciences-.html |title=Biological Sciences – St John's College Oxford |publisher=Sjc.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018072117/http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/395-732/Biological-Sciences-.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Organisation== &lt;!-- &quot;s&quot; spelling per talk page consensus on 20 April 2009 --&gt;<br /> {{See also|Category:Departments of the University of Oxford}}<br /> As a [[collegiate university]], Oxford's structure can be confusing to those unfamiliar with it. The university is a federation, comprising over forty self-governing [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|colleges]] and [[Permanent Private Hall|halls]], along with a central administration headed by the [[List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Vice-Chancellor]].<br /> <br /> Academic departments are located centrally within the structure of the federation; they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver lectures and seminars.<br /> <br /> Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates, and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges. Though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g., [[Nuffield College]] as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university (the [[Bodleian]]), by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members).<br /> <br /> ===Central governance===<br /> The university's formal head is the [[List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Chancellor]]{{anchor|Chancellor of the University of Oxford}}, currently [[Chris Patten|Lord Patten of Barnes]], though as at most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular figure and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of [[Convocation]], a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage|title=The Oxford University Calendar 1817|date=24 June 2017|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Wellington Square Oxford 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wellington Square, Oxford|Wellington Square]], the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration]]<br /> The [[List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Vice-Chancellor]], currently [[Louise Richardson]],&lt;ref name=&quot;VCapproval&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewVCLouiseRichardson&quot;/&gt; is the ''de facto'' head of the university. Five pro-vice-chancellors have specific responsibilities for education; research; planning and resources; development and external affairs; and personnel and equal opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming body, which consists of the vice-chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by [[Congregation (university)|Congregation]], in addition to observers from the [[OUSU|students' union]]. Congregation, the &quot;parliament of the dons&quot;, comprises over 3,700 members of the university's academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council.<br /> <br /> Two university [[Proctor of the University of Oxford|proctors]], elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student welfare and discipline, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings. The university's professors are collectively referred to as the [[List of professorships at the University of Oxford|Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford]]. They are particularly influential in the running of the university's graduate programmes. Examples of statutory professors are the [[Chichele Professorship]]s and the [[Drummond Professor of Political Economy]]. The various academic faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four [[Divisions of the University of Oxford|divisions]], each with its own head and elected board. They are the Humanities Division; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division.<br /> <br /> The University of Oxford is a &quot;public university&quot; in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a &quot;private university&quot; in the sense that it is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.&lt;ref name=&quot;OXCHEPS39&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/MainSite%20pages/Resources/OxCHEPS_OP39.pdf | title = OFFA and £6000–9000 tuition fees | accessdate = 20 March 2011 | last1 = Dennis | first1 = Farrington | first2 = David | last2 = Palfreyman | date = 21 February 2011 | work = OxCHEPS Occasional Paper No. 39 | publisher = Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies | quote = Note, however, that any university which does not want funding from HEFCE can, as a private corporation, charge whatever tuition fees it likes (exactly as does, say, the University of Buckingham or BPP University College). Under existing legislation and outside of the influence of the HEFCE-funding mechanism upon universities, Government can no more control university tuition fees than it can dictate the price of socks in Marks &amp; Spencer. Universities are not part of the State and they are not part of the public sector; Government has no reserve powers of intervention even in a failing institution. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721195554/http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/MainSite%20pages/Resources/OxCHEPS_OP39.pdf | archive-date = 21 July 2011 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Colleges===<br /> {{Main|Colleges of the University of Oxford}}<br /> [[File:Tom Quad, Christ Church 2004-01-21.jpg|thumb|[[Tom Quad]], [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]]]<br /> [[File:Somerville College Darbishire quad 2.png|thumb|Darbishire Quad, [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]]]<br /> <br /> To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall. There are thirty-nine [[colleges of the University of Oxford]] (including [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben College]], planned to admit students in 2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/future-projects-parks-college|title=Parks College|date=|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=1 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and six [[permanent private hall]]s (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.&lt;ref name=CollegesandHalls&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/colleges/colleges_and_halls_az/index.html|title=Colleges and Halls A-Z|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=4 October 2008|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61CYHOoiD?url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/colleges/colleges_and_halls_az/index.html|archive-date=25 August 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not all colleges offer all courses, but they generally cover a broad range of subjects.<br /> <br /> The colleges are:<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=12em|{{plainlist|<br /> * [[File:All-Souls College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]<br /> * [[File:Balliol College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]<br /> * [[File:Brasenose College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]]<br /> * [[File:Christ Church Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]<br /> * [[File:Corpus-Christi College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]]<br /> * [[File:Exeter College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]<br /> * [[File:Green-Templeton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Green Templeton College, Oxford|Green Templeton College]]<br /> * [[File:Harris-Manchester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]]<br /> * [[File:Hertford College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]]<br /> * [[File:Jesus College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]]<br /> * [[File:Keble College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]]<br /> * [[File:Kellogg College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg College]]<br /> * [[File:Lady-Margaret-Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]]<br /> * [[File:Linacre College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Linacre College, Oxford|Linacre College]]<br /> * [[File:Lincoln College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]]<br /> * [[File:Magdalen College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]<br /> * [[File:Mansfield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Mansfield College, Oxford|Mansfield College]]<br /> * [[File:Merton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]<br /> * [[File:New College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[New College, Oxford|New College]]<br /> * [[File:Nuffield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]<br /> * [[File:Oriel College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]<br /> * [[File:Pembroke College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]]<br /> * [[File:Queens College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]<br /> * [[File:&lt;!--Reuben College Oxford Coat Of Arms--&gt;No image.svg|12px]] [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Anne's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Antony's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Catherines College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Cross College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Edmund-Hall College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]]<br /> * [[File:St-Hilda's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Hughs College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's College]]<br /> * [[File:St-John's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]<br /> * [[File:St-Peters College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's College]]<br /> * [[File:Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]<br /> * [[File:Trinity College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]]<br /> * [[File:University College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[University College, Oxford|University College]]<br /> * [[File:Wadham College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham College]]<br /> * [[File:Wolfson College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]]<br /> * [[File:Worcester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]]<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> The permanent private halls were founded by different Christian denominations. One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the [[Oxford fellow|fellows]] of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the corresponding Christian denomination. The six current PPHs are:<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=12em|{{plainlist|<br /> * [[File:Blackfriars Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Blackfriars, Oxford|Blackfriars]]<br /> * [[File:Campion Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Campion Hall, Oxford|Campion Hall]]<br /> * [[File:Regent's Park College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Regent's Park College, Oxford|Regent's Park College]]<br /> * [[File:St Benet's Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Benet's Hall, Oxford|St Benet's Hall]]<br /> * [[File:St-Stephen's Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Stephen's House, Oxford|St Stephen's House]]<br /> * [[File:Wycliffe Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]]<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> The PPHs and colleges join together as the Conference of Colleges, which represents the common concerns of the several [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|colleges]] of the university, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.confcoll.ox.ac.uk/ |title=Conference of Colleges |publisher=Confcoll.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913052216/http://www.confcoll.ox.ac.uk/ |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/test1-conf-coll/Public%20Documents/conf_coll_leaflet_web%20final.pdf |title=Who we are, what we do – The Conference of Colleges |publisher=Oxford University |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022010939/https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/test1-conf-coll/Public%20Documents/conf_coll_leaflet_web%20final.pdf |archivedate=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the [[Oliver Franks, Baron Franks|Franks]] Commission in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/councilsec/gov/gov_expl/ |title=A brief history and overview of the university's governance arrangements (see footnote 1) |publisher=Admin.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804172404/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/councilsec/gov/gov_expl/ |archivedate=4 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Teaching members of the colleges (i.e. fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as [[university dons|dons]], although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments. There is no common title for the heads of colleges: the titles used include Warden, Provost, Principal, President, Rector, Master and Dean.<br /> <br /> ===Finances===<br /> [[File:1 christ church hall 2012.jpg|thumb|Dining hall at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]. The hall is an important feature of the typical Oxford college, providing a place to both dine and socialise.]]<br /> In 2017/18, the university had an income of £2,237m; key sources were research grants (£579.1m) and academic fees (£332.5m).&lt;ref name=OxUni2018&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20of%20Oxford%2C%20Financial%20Statements%202017-2018.pdf|title=Financial Statements 2017/18|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223034837/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20of%20Oxford%2C%20Financial%20Statements%202017-2018.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The colleges had a total income of £492.9m.&lt;ref name=OxColl2018&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1718/aggregated.pdf|title=Oxford University Colleges Financial Statements 2018|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411222529/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1718/aggregated.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While the university has a larger annual income and operating budget, the colleges have a larger aggregate endowment: over £4.9bn compared to the university's £1.2bn.&lt;ref name=Finance2019 /&gt; The central University's endowment, along with some of the colleges', is managed by the university's wholly owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New investment committee at Oxford University |work=University of Oxford |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/070213.html |date=13 February 2007 |access-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202183035/https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/070213.html |archivedate=2 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The university has substantial investments in fossil fuel companies, and in 2014 began consultations on whether it should follow some US universities which have committed to sell off their fossil fuel investments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = Oxford University urged to purge its £3.3bn fund of fossil fuel investments | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/02/oxford-university-fund-fossil-fuel-climate-crisis | work = The Guardian | date = 2 June 2014 | access-date = 13 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172615/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/02/oxford-university-fund-fossil-fuel-climate-crisis | archive-date = 27 March 2017 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The total assets of the colleges of £6.3&amp;nbsp;billion also exceed total university assets of 4.1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=OxColl2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=OxUni2018/&gt; The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian May 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Oxford and Cambridge university colleges hold £21bn in riches|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603202132/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the [[Campaign for Oxford]]. The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled &quot;Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/ |title=Oxford Thinking |publisher=Campaign.ox.ac.uk |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192443/http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/ |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/campaign/the_campaign/index.html|title=The Campaign – University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=13 July 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724043847/http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/campaign/the_campaign/index.html|archivedate=24 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; having passed its original target of £1.25&amp;nbsp;billion in March 2012, the target was raised to £3&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=OxUni2015&gt;{{Citation | year = 2015 | title = 2014/15 Financial Statements | publisher = University of Oxford | location = Oxford | url = http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Financial_Statements2014_15.pdf | access-date = 22 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222221204/http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Financial_Statements2014_15.pdf | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The campaign had raised a total of £2.8&amp;nbsp;billion by July 2018.&lt;ref name=OxUni2018/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Affiliations===<br /> Oxford is a member of the [[Russell Group]] of research-led [[Universities in the United Kingdom|British universities]], the [[G5 (education)|G5]], the [[League of European Research Universities]], and the [[International Alliance of Research Universities]]. It is also a core member of the [[Europaeum]] and forms part of the &quot;[[Golden triangle (universities)|golden triangle]]&quot; of highly research intensive and elite English universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html|title=Golden opportunities|accessdate=19 October 2010|journal=Nature|date=6 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117163616/http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html|archive-date=17 November 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academic profile==<br /> === Admission ===&lt;!-- there is much more to say about the graduate admission --&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+University admission statistics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Annual%20Admissions%20Statistical%20Report%202018.pdf|title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411222542/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Annual%20Admissions%20Statistical%20Report%202018.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !<br /> !2019<br /> !2018<br /> !2017<br /> !2016<br /> !2015<br /> |-<br /> |'''Applications'''<br /> |23,020<br /> |21,515<br /> |19,938<br /> |19,144<br /> |18,377<br /> |-<br /> |'''Offer rate (%)'''<br /> |16.9<br /> |17.8<br /> |18.9<br /> |19.6<br /> |19.9<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yield (college admissions)|'''Yield (%)''']]<br /> |84.3<br /> |86.2<br /> |86.7<br /> |87.0<br /> |87.8<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00616/SN00616.pdf |title=Oxbridge 'Elitism' |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043908/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00616/SN00616.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030605/text/30605w03.htm#30605w03_sbhd2 |title=Acceptances to Oxford and Cambridge Universities by previous educational establishment |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081811/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030605/text/30605w03.htm#30605w03_sbhd2 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> In common with most British universities, prospective students apply through the [[UCAS]] application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and [[University of Cambridge]] applicants, must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UCAS Students: Important dates for your diary |quote=15 October 2009 Last date for receipt of applications to Oxford University, [[University of Cambridge]] and courses in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science or veterinary medicine. |url=http://www.ucas.com/students/importantdates |accessdate=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201114118/http://ucas.com/students/importantdates |archivedate=1 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Sutton Trust]] maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-46470838 Oxbridge 'over-recruits from eight schools'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207134140/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-46470838 |date=7 December 2018 }} ''[[BBC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To allow a more personalised judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for [[organ scholar]]ships&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/assets/files/Chor_Org_Downloads/OrgAwards2009.pdf | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822114305/http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/assets/files/Chor_Org_Downloads/OrgAwards2009.pdf | archivedate=22 August 2012 |quote=It is possible for a candidate to enter the comparable competition at Cambridge which is scheduled at the same time of year. |title=Organ Awards Information for Prospective Candidates|publisher=Faculty of Music, University of Oxford |accessdate=22 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UCAS Students FAQs: Oxford or Cambridge |quote=Is it possible to apply to both Oxford University and the University of Cambridge? |url=http://www.ucas.com/students/applying/faqs/eligibility/faq1 |accessdate=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001013817/http://www.ucas.com/students/applying/faqs/eligibility/faq1 |archivedate=1 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Oxford has the lowest offer rate of all Russell Group universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/10/19/which-elite-universities-have-the-highest-offer-rates/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021201613/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/10/19/which-elite-universities-have-the-highest-offer-rates/ |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges, which work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university regardless of their college preferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=How do I choose a college? – Will I be interviewed only at my chosen college?|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/colleges/how_do_i_choose_a_college/index.html|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=23 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110064825/http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/colleges/how_do_i_choose_a_college/index.html|archive-date=10 January 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results, school references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December. Most applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college. Students from outside Europe can be interviewed remotely, for example, over the Internet.<br /> <br /> Offers are sent out in early January, with each offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make &quot;open offers&quot; to some candidates, who are not assigned to a particular college until [[A Level]] results day in August.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Open Offer Scheme |url=http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/aspsite/index.asp?pageid=462 |publisher=Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford |accessdate=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606054422/http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/aspsite/index.asp?pageid=462 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Open Offer Scheme |url=http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study-here/undergraduates/faqs/faq-admissions |publisher=Department of Physics, University of Oxford |accessdate=27 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707214158/http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study-here/undergraduates/faqs/faq-admissions |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university has come under criticism for the number of students it accepts from [[private school]]s;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/dec/12/oxford-cambridge-state-school-admissions-failure |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164546/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/dec/12/oxford-cambridge-state-school-admissions-failure |archive-date=2 March 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; for instance, [[Laura Spence Affair|Laura Spence]]'s rejection from the university in 2000 led to widespread debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Is Oxbridge elitist? |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/764767.stm |date=31 May 2000 |accessdate=9 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531132009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/764767.stm |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students to students from state schools, while about 93% of all UK pupils and 86% of post-16 UK pupils are educated in state schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC state&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OU Facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admissions-statistics/undergraduate-students/current/school-type?wssl=1 |title=School type |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916090455/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admissions-statistics/undergraduate-students/current/school-type?wssl=1 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Post16Ind&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Garner |first=Richard |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/number-of-pupils-attending-independent-schools-in-britain-on-the-rise-figures-show-10215959.html |title=Number of pupils attending independent schools in Britain on the rise, figures show |work=[[The Independent]] |date=1 May 2015 |accessdate=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160530/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/number-of-pupils-attending-independent-schools-in-britain-on-the-rise-figures-show-10215959.html |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, 64% of UK applicants were from state schools and the university notes that state school students apply disproportionately to oversubscribed subjects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UoO_UG_Admissions/SchoolType?%3Aembed=y&amp;%3Adisplay_count=yes&amp;%3AshowTabs=y&amp;%3AshowVizHome=no|title=University of Oxford UG Application Statistics 2016 entry Applications by School Type|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225409/https://public.tableau.com/views/UoO_UG_Admissions/SchoolType?%3Aembed=y&amp;%3Adisplay_count=yes&amp;%3AshowTabs=y&amp;%3AshowVizHome=no|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oxford University spends over £6&amp;nbsp;million per year on outreach programs to encourage applicants from underrepresented demographics.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC state&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37250916|title=Oxford University to have 'most state school students for decades'|work=[[BBC]]|last=Coughlon|first=Sean|date=2 September 2016|accessdate=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315114119/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37250916|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018 the university's annual admissions report revealed that eight of Oxford's colleges had accepted fewer than three black applicants in the past three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44221469|title=Oxford failing on diversity says Lammy|date=23 May 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523093208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44221469|archive-date=23 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[David Lammy]] said, &quot;This is social apartheid and it is utterly unrepresentative of life in modern Britain.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/oct/19/oxford-accused-of-social-apartheid-as-colleges-admit-no-black-students Oxford accused of 'social apartheid' as colleges admit no black students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604010246/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/oct/19/oxford-accused-of-social-apartheid-as-colleges-admit-no-black-students |date=4 June 2018 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Teaching and degrees=== &lt;!-- there is much more to say about research than is currently stated--&gt;<br /> {{Main|Degrees of the University of Oxford|List of professorships at the University of Oxford|Undergraduate education at University of Oxford}}<br /> Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1–4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week's work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight-week academic terms: [[Michaelmas term|Michaelmas]], [[Hilary term|Hilary]] and [[Trinity term|Trinity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Regulations on the number and length of terms |work=University of Oxford |url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/examregs/03-00_REGULATIONS_ON_THE_NUMBER_AND_LENGTH_OF_TERMS.shtml |accessdate=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527150600/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/examregs/03-00_REGULATIONS_ON_THE_NUMBER_AND_LENGTH_OF_TERMS.shtml |archivedate=27 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (These are officially known as 'Full Term': 'Term' is a lengthier period with little practical significance.) Internally, the weeks in a term begin on Sundays, and are referred to numerically, with the initial week known as &quot;first week&quot;, the last as &quot;eighth week&quot; and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term (for example &quot;-1st week&quot; and &quot;0th week&quot; precede term). Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week. These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hepi.ac.uk/files/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf |title=The Academic Experience of Students in English Universities (2007 report) |publisher=Higher Education Policy Institute |last1=Sastry |first1=Tom |last2=Bekhradnia |first2=Bahram |date=25 September 2007 |pages=footnote 14 |accessdate=4 November 2007 |quote=Even within Russell Group institutions, it is remarkable how consistently Oxford and Cambridge appear to require more effort of their students than other universities. On the other hand, they have fewer weeks in the academic year than other universities, so the extent to which this is so may be exaggerated by these results. |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709220145/http://www.hepi.ac.uk/files/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf |archivedate=9 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and their total duration amounts to less than half the year. However, undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacations).<br /> <br /> Research degrees at the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university.<br /> <br /> ===Scholarships and financial support===<br /> [[File:Rhodes House Oxford 20040909.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rhodes House]] – home to the awarding body for the [[Rhodes Scholarship]]s, often considered to be the world's most prestigious scholarship]]<br /> There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate, with a total possible grant of £10,235 over a 3-year degree. In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the university, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from [[Rhodes Scholarship]]s to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Oxford targets bright young things of eastern Europe |work=The Guardian |location=UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/mar/22/highereducation.internationaleducationnews |date=22 March 2007 |accessdate=9 October 2007 |first=Jessica |last=Shepherd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414051743/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/mar/22/highereducation.internationaleducationnews |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oxford also offers the [[Clarendon Fund|Clarendon Scholarship]] which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/informationforapplicants/eligibility/ |title=Eligibility criteria, Clarendon Fund Scholarships |publisher=Clarendon.ox.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150702/http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/informationforapplicants/eligibility/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by [[Oxford University Press]] in association with colleges and other partnership awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/history/ |title=History of the Clarendon Fund, Clarendon Fund Scholarships |publisher=Clarendon.ox.ac.uk |date=1 September 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150925/http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/history/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/partnership/ |title=Partnership awards, Clarendon Fund Scholarships |publisher=Clarendon.ox.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150734/http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/partnership/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, Oxford University announced that it is to run its first free online economics course as part of a &quot;[[massive open online course]]&quot; (Mooc) scheme, in partnership with a US online university network.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37975359 |title=Oxford University to launch first online 'Mooc' course |work=BBC News |date=15 November 2016 |accessdate=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121081125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37975359 |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The course available is called ‘From Poverty to Prosperity: Understanding Economic Development’.<br /> <br /> Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and [[exhibition (scholarship)|exhibitions]], normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; &quot;commoners&quot; (originally those who had to pay for their &quot;commons&quot;, or food and lodging) are restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term &quot;scholar&quot; in relation to Oxford therefore has a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were &quot;noblemen commoners&quot; and &quot;gentlemen commoners&quot;, but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. &quot;Closed&quot; scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, were abolished in the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Crook |first=J Mordaunt |authorlink=J. Mordaunt Crook |year=2008 |title=Brasenose: The Biography of an Oxford College |page=413 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199544868}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Libraries===<br /> {{See also|Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford}}<br /> The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK,&lt;ref name=uls&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/research/libraries/index.html |title=Libraries |publisher=University of Oxford |archivedate=25 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125090133/http://www.ox.ac.uk/research/libraries/index.html |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; and, with over 11&amp;nbsp;million volumes housed on {{convert|120|mi|km}} of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the [[British Library]]. The Bodleian is a [[legal deposit]] library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A University Library for the Twenty-first Century |work=University of Oxford |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/1_4743.htm |date=22 September 2005 |accessdate=9 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902222824/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/1_4743.htm |archive-date=2 September 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The buildings referred to as the university's main research library, [[Bodleian Library|The Bodleian]], consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by [[Thomas Bodley|Sir Thomas Bodley]] in 1598 and opened in 1602,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sir Thomas Bodley and his Library |work=[[Oxford Today]] |url=http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/2001-02/v14n2/03.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009055336/http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/2001-02/v14n2/03.shtml |archivedate=9 October 2006 |year=2002 |accessdate=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Radcliffe Camera]], the [[Clarendon Building]], and the [[Weston Library]]. A tunnel underneath [[Broad Street, Oxford|Broad Street]] connects these buildings, with the Gladstone Link, which opened to readers in 2011, connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera.<br /> <br /> [[File:Old Clarendon Building 3 (5649801503).jpg|right|thumb|The [[Clarendon Building]] is home to many senior Bodleian Library staff and previously housed the university's own central administration.]]<br /> The [[Bodleian Libraries]] group was formed in 2000, bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/113853/BodLibs-TIMELINE-2000-2012.pdf|title=Timeline of Bodleian Libraries Events from 2000|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123105538/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/113853/BodLibs-TIMELINE-2000-2012.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It now comprises 28&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodleian_Libraries_list&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/libraries/bodleian |title=Bodleian Libraries |publisher=[[Bodleian Library]] |archivedate=23 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123095722/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/libraries/bodleian |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; libraries, a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together, including the [[Sackler Library]], [[Bodleian Social Science Library, Oxford|Social Science Library]] and [[Radcliffe Science Library]].&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot;/&gt; Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, [[Oxford Libraries Information System|OLIS]] ('''O'''xford '''L'''ibraries '''I'''nformation '''S'''ystem),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bdlss/olis-ils |title=Bodleian Digital Library Systems and Services &amp;#124; OLIS (Integrated Library System) |publisher=Bodleian.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827200924/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bdlss/olis-ils |archive-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and its public interface, '''SOLO''' ('''S'''earch '''O'''xford '''L'''ibraries '''O'''nline), which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/solo|title=Contents – SOLO – Search Oxford Libraries Online|publisher=Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618121121/http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/solo|archive-date=18 June 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A new book depository opened in [[South Marston]], [[Swindon]] in October 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title = Swindon's £26m Bodleian book store opens |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9062000/9062875.stm |date = 6 October 2010 |accessdate = 10 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120520041325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9062000/9062875.stm |archive-date = 20 May 2012 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and recent building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which was renamed the Weston Library when it reopened in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = New Bodleian: The Weston Library | work = University of Oxford | url = http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2009_mar_13 | date = 13 March 2009 | accessdate = 27 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130323144008/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2009_mar_13 | archive-date = 23 March 2013 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weston Library Open&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/weston/news/2016/may-11 |title=HRH The Duke of Cambridge formally opens the Bodleian's Weston Library |publisher=University of Oxford |date=11 May 2016 |accessdate=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917183144/https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/weston/news/2016/may-11 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The renovation is designed to better showcase the library's various treasures (which include a Shakespeare [[First Folio]] and a [[Gutenberg Bible]]) as well as temporary exhibitions.<br /> <br /> The Bodleian engaged in a mass-digitisation project with [[Google]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Oxford-Google Digitization Programme | work = Bodleian Library | url = http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/dbooks | accessdate = 9 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111129044607/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/dbooks/ | archive-date = 29 November 2011 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Library Partners | url = https://www.google.com/intl/en/googlebooks/library/partners.html | accessdate = 9 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130305125240/http://www.google.com/intl/en/googlebooks/library/partners.html | archive-date = 5 March 2013 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Notable electronic resources hosted by the Bodleian Group include the ''Electronic Enlightenment Project'', which was awarded the 2010 Digital Prize by the [[British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2010/2010_jan_20|title=Bodleian Libraries {{!}} Electronic Enlightenment awarded digital prize|website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027063121/https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2010/2010_jan_20|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Museums===<br /> {{See also|Category:Museums of the University of Oxford}}<br /> Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries, open for free to the public. The [[Ashmolean Museum]], founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Support Us |work=The Ashmolean |url=http://www.ashmolean.org/support/corporatesupport/about/ |accessdate=10 October 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503032502/http://www.ashmolean.org/support/corporatesupport/about/ |archivedate=3 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]], and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], as well as treasures such as the [[Scorpion Macehead]], the [[Parian Chronicle|Parian Marble]] and the [[Alfred Jewel]]. It also contains &quot;[[Messiah Stradivarius|The Messiah]]&quot;, a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.<br /> <br /> The [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|University Museum of Natural History]] holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on [[Parks Road]], in the university's [[Science Area, Oxford|Science Area]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|title=Oxford University Museum of Natural History Homepage|publisher=[[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]|accessdate=4 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090448/http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/visitors_friends/maps_and_directions/#qmuseums_libraries_and_places_of_interest|title=Map of Museums, Libraries and Places of Interest|year=2006|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=4 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027080434/http://www.ox.ac.uk/visitors_friends/maps_and_directions/#qmuseums_libraries_and_places_of_interest|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among its collection are the skeletons of a ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' and ''[[Triceratops]]'', and the most complete remains of a [[dodo]] found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the [[Charles Simonyi|Simonyi]] [[Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science|Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science]], currently held by [[Marcus du Sautoy]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Pitt-rivers-m2.jpg|thumb|upright|The interior of the [[Pitt Rivers Museum]]]]<br /> Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the [[Pitt Rivers Museum]], founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General [[Augustus Pitt Rivers]] stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.<br /> <br /> The [[Museum of the History of Science, Oxford|Museum of the History of Science]] is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=About the Museum<br /> |work=Museum of the History of Science<br /> |url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/about/index.htm?text<br /> |accessdate=9 October 2007<br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911135646/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/about/index.htm?text<br /> |archivedate=11 September 2007<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the [[history of science]]. In the Faculty of Music on [[St Aldate's, Oxford|St Aldate's]] is the [[Bate Collection]] of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. [[Christ Church Picture Gallery]] holds a collection of over 200 [[old master]] paintings.<br /> <br /> ===Publishing===<br /> {{Main|Oxford University Press}}<br /> The Oxford University Press is the world's second oldest and currently the largest [[university press]] by the number of publications.&lt;ref name=publishing/&gt; More than 6,000 new books are published annually,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://global.oup.com/about/way_we_work/|title=The Way We Work|publisher= Oxford University Press|accessdate= 27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; including many reference, professional, and academic works (such as the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the ''[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the ''[[Oxford World's Classics]]'', the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', and the ''[[Concise Dictionary of National Biography]]'').<br /> <br /> ===Rankings and reputation===<br /> {{Infobox UK university rankings<br /> | ARWU_W = 9<br /> | QS_W = 5<br /> | THE_W = 1<br /> | USNWR_W = 5<br /> | LINE_1 = 0<br /> | Complete = 2<br /> | The_Guardian = 3<br /> | Times/Sunday_Times = 2<br /> | LINE_2 = 0<br /> | TEF = Gold<br /> }}<br /> Oxford is regularly ranked within the top 5 universities in the world and is currently ranked first in the world in the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World University Rankings|date=26 September 2018|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=28 September 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021113908/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2018/09/26/an-expert-list-of-the-worlds-best-universities/#1a4003fe4f02|title=An Expert List of the World's Best Universities|last=Adams|first=Susan|work=Forbes|access-date=28 September 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928105708/https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2018/09/26/an-expert-list-of-the-worlds-best-universities/#1a4003fe4f02|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the [[Forbes]]'s World University Rankings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www3.forbes.com/leadership/the-worlds-top-universities-2016/?kwp_0=245103|title=The World's Top Universities 2016|last=Strauss|first=Karsten|date=23 September 2016|newspaper=Forbes|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730132011/http://www3.forbes.com/leadership/the-worlds-top-universities-2016/?kwp_0=245103|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It held the number one position in the ''Times Good University Guide'' for eleven consecutive years,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120614_2.html |title=Oxford tops Times Good University Guide for 11th year |date=14 June 2012 |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425184449/https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120614_2.html |archivedate=25 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Oxford University Medical School|medical school]] has also maintained first place in the &quot;Clinical, Pre-Clinical &amp; Health&quot; table of the ''Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings'' for the past seven consecutive years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Times Higher Education Clinical, Pre-Clinical &amp; Health|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005124/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, it ranked 7th among the universities around the world by [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings - Higher Education - All Regions and Countries - 2019 - Overall Rank|website=scimagoir.com|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&amp;country=all|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''THE'' has also recognised Oxford as one of the world's &quot;six super brands&quot; on its ''World Reputation Rankings'', along with [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and [[Stanford University|Stanford]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Morgan|first=John|title=Top Six Universities Dominate THE World Reputation Rankings|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011/reputation-ranking/analysis|quote=&quot;The rankings suggest that the top six-...Stanford University and the University of Oxford – form a group of globally recognised &quot;super brands&quot;.|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404153936/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011/reputation-ranking/analysis|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university is fifth worldwide on the ''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report Best Global University Ranking|US News]]'' ranking.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings?int=a27a09|title=Best Global Universities|last=|first=|date=|website=US News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113052748/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings?int=a27a09|archive-date=13 January 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its [[Saïd Business School]] came 13th in the world in ''Financial Times'' ''Global MBA Ranking''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2019 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |title=Global MBA Ranking 2019 |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912040109/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2019 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Oxford was ranked ninth in the world in 2015 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature Index 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/ten-institutions-that-dominated-science-in-twentyfifteen|title=Ten institutions that dominated science in 2015|accessdate=May 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409002952/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/ten-institutions-that-dominated-science-in-twentyfifteen|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature Index FAQs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.natureindex.com/faq#introduction1|title=Introduction to the Nature Index|accessdate=May 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401154037/https://www.natureindex.com/faq#introduction1|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked 5th best university worldwide and 1st in Britain for forming [[Chief executive officer|CEOs]] according to the [[Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities|''Professional Ranking World Universities'']],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boivigny.com/Classement-2011-des-universites-par-l-Ecole-des-Mines-le-french-ranking-par-excellence_a781.html |title=Classement 2011 des universités par l Ecole des Mines le french ranking par excellence |date= |accessdate= |website= |last=Mines ParisTech Professional Ranking World Universities |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925221025/http://www.boivigny.com/Classement-2011-des-universites-par-l-Ecole-des-Mines-le-french-ranking-par-excellence_a781.html |archivedate=25 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK's major companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-uk-universities-chosen-major-employers | location=London | work=Times Higher Education | title=The best UK universities chosen by major employers | date=12 November 2015 | access-date=16 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044555/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-uk-universities-chosen-major-employers | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2018 [[Complete University Guide]], all 38 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only two multi-faculty universities (along with [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]) in the UK to have 100% of their subjects in the top 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/who's-who-in-the-subject-league-tables/ |title=Who's Who in the Subject League Tables |publisher=Complete University Guide |date= |accessdate=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707084348/https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/who's-who-in-the-subject-league-tables/ |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Computer Science, Medicine, Philosophy, Politics and Psychology were ranked first in the UK by the guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/oxford/performance |title=University of Oxford |publisher=Complete University Guide |date= |accessdate=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707134428/https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/oxford/performance |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, the University of Oxford also ranks as number one in the world for four Humanities disciplines: English Language and Literature, [[Modern Languages]], [[Geography]], and [[History]]. It also ranks 2nd globally for Anthropology, Archaeology, Law, Medicine, Politics &amp; International Studies, and Psychology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=University of Oxford|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-oxford|website=Top Universities|publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds|accessdate=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914081837/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-oxford|archive-date=14 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sexual harassment accusations===<br /> In 2015, a half-dozen students filed a complaint through sexual harassment attorney and Oxford alumna [[Ann Olivarius]] against Oxford for what ''The Times'' called an “epidemic” of sexual misconduct.&lt;ref&gt;Sian Griffiths, “[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/oxford-struck-by-epidemic-of-harassment-says-lawyer-rmgqck3wcxw Oxford struck by 'epidemic' of harassment, says lawyer],” ''The Times'', 9 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;”[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/13586265.law-firm-calls-staff-student-sex-ban-oxford-uni/ Law firm calls for staff-student sex ban at Oxford Uni],” ''Oxford Mail'', 11 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Oxford has also been accused of using [[non-disclosure agreements]] or ‘gagging orders’ to silence students who report sexual harassment.&lt;ref&gt;Greg Barradale, “[https://thetab.com/uk/2020/02/12/universities-have-spent-1-3-million-on-gagging-orders-to-silence-students-143598 Universities have spent £1.3 million on gagging orders to silence students],” ''The Tab'', 12 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, it was reported that Oxford saw a 15-fold increase in sexual harassment and violence.&lt;ref&gt;Camilla Turner and Adithi Shenava, &quot;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/07/09/oxford-university-sees-fifteen-fold-rise-sexual-harassment-violence/ Oxford University sees fifteen fold rise in sexual harassment and violence allegations in a year],&quot; ''The Telegraph'', 9 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> <br /> ===Traditions===<br /> {{See also|Academic dress of the University of Oxford}}<br /> [[File:Toby Virno sub fusc.JPG|thumb|upright|An undergraduate student at the University of Oxford in [[subfusc]] for matriculation]]<br /> <br /> [[Academic dress]] is required for examinations, matriculation, disciplinary hearings, and when visiting university officers. A referendum held amongst the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76% against making it voluntary in examinations – 8,671 students voted, with the 40.2% turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Doody and Robinson|title=Students vote overwhelmingly to retain subfusc|url=http://www.cherwell.org/news/topstories/2015/05/22/students-vote-overwhelmingly-to-retain-subfusc|website=Cherwell|publisher=OSPL|accessdate=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523132145/http://www.cherwell.org/news/topstories/2015/05/22/students-vote-overwhelmingly-to-retain-subfusc|archive-date=23 May 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was widely interpreted by students as being a vote on not so much making [[subfusc]] voluntary, but rather, in effect, abolishing it by default, in that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc, the rest would soon follow.&lt;ref&gt;See, for instance, {{cite web|url=http://oxfordstudent.com/ht2006wk1/News/end_of_an_era%3A_subfusc_could_be_sent_down |title=End of an era: subfusc could be sent down - oxfordstudent.com |accessdate=27 March 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308222153/http://oxfordstudent.com/ht2006wk1/News/end_of_an_era%3A_subfusc_could_be_sent_down |archivedate=8 March 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to [[transgender]] people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.govtoday.co.uk/education/40-higher-education/12099-support-for-transgender-students-taking-oxford-university-exams |title=Support for transgender students taking Oxford University exams |accessdate=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910005933/http://www.govtoday.co.uk/education/40-higher-education/12099-support-for-transgender-students-taking-oxford-university-exams |archivedate=10 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other traditions and customs vary by college. For example, some colleges have [[formal hall]] six times a week, but in others this only happens occasionally. At most colleges these formal meals require gowns to be worn, and a Latin grace is said.<br /> <br /> ''Balls'' are major events held by colleges; the largest, held triennially in 9th week of Trinity Term, are called [[commemoration ball]]s; the dress code is usually [[white tie]]. Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties. These are usually held on an annual or irregular basis, and are usually [[black tie]].<br /> <br /> [[Punt (boat)|Punting]] is a common summer leisure activity.<br /> <br /> There are several more or less quirky traditions peculiar to individual colleges, for example the [[Mallard Song|All Souls Mallard song]].<br /> &lt;!-- Ought here to explain Matriculation, make reference to [[May Morning]], and briefly mention Merton's time ceremony, Corpus' tortoise race, etc --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Clubs and societies===<br /> {{See also|Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford}}<br /> [[File:Eights 2005.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Rowing at Summer Eights, an annual intercollegiate [[bumps race]]]]<br /> Sport is played between college teams, in tournaments known as [[cuppers]] (the term is also used for some non-sporting competitions). In addition to these there are higher standard [[:Category:Oxford student sports clubs|university wide groups]]. Significant focus is given to annual [[Varsity match|varsity]] matches played against Cambridge, the most famous of which is [[The Boat Race]], watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers. This outside interest reflects the importance of rowing to many of those within the university. Much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas: Christ Church Regatta, [[Torpids]] and [[Summer Eights]]. A [[Blue (university sport)|blue]] is an award given to those who compete at the university team level in certain sports. As well as traditional sports, there are teams for activities such as [[Octopush]] and [[Quidditch (sport)|quidditch]].<br /> <br /> There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent ''[[Cherwell (newspaper)|Cherwell]]'' and OUSU's ''[[The Oxford Student]]''. Other publications include the [[Isis magazine|''Isis'' magazine]], the satirical ''[[The Oxymoron|Oxymoron]]'', and the graduate ''[[The Oxonian Review of Books|Oxonian Review]]''. The [[Campus radio|student radio]] station is [[Oxide Radio]]. Most colleges have chapel choirs. Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at collegiate level and as university-wide groups, such as [[Oxford University Dramatic Society]] and the [[Oxford Revue]]. Unlike most other collegiate societies, musical ensembles actively encourage players from other colleges.<br /> <br /> [[File:UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg|thumb|The [[Oxford Union]]'s debating chamber]]<br /> Most academic areas have student societies of some form which are open to students studying all courses, for example the [[Oxford University Scientific Society|Scientific Society]]. There are groups for almost all faiths, political parties, countries and cultures.<br /> <br /> The [[Oxford Union]] (not to be confused with the [[Oxford University Student Union]]) hosts weekly debates and high-profile speakers. There have historically been elite invite-only societies such as the [[Bullingdon Club]].<br /> <br /> ===Student union and common rooms===<br /> <br /> The [[Oxford University Student Union]], formerly better known by its acronym OUSU and now rebranded as Oxford SU,&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordSU&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://cherwell.org/2017/08/17/dnp-ousu-is-dead-long-live-the-oxford-su/ |title=&quot;Oxford SU&quot; to replace OUSU brand |work=[[Cherwell (newspaper)|Cherwell]] |date=2017-08-17 |accessdate=2018-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222839/http://cherwell.org/2017/08/17/dnp-ousu-is-dead-long-live-the-oxford-su/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; exists to represent students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students. The OUSU Executive Committee includes six full-time salaried sabbatical officers, who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations.<br /> <br /> The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars). (It is worth noting that JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members, as well as the student bodies.) Not all colleges use this JCR/MCR structure, for example [[Wadham College]]'s entire student population is represented by a combined Students' Union and purely graduate colleges have different arrangements.<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> {{Main|List of University of Oxford people}}<br /> Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. A total of [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|69 Nobel prize-winners]] have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;<br /> More information on notable members of the university can be found in the [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|individual college]] articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate and/or member of staff.<br /> <br /> ===Politics===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = left<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = British Prime Ministers who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = Margaret Thatcher.png<br /> | caption1 = [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]<br /> | image2 = Tony Blair (2010).jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Tony Blair]], [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]<br /> | image3 = No10-2019-520-0081.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Boris Johnson]], [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]<br /> }}<br /> Twenty-eight British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime ministers]] have attended Oxford, including [[William Gladstone]], [[H. H. Asquith]], [[Clement Attlee]], [[Harold Macmillan]], [[Edward Heath]], [[Harold Wilson]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Tony Blair]], [[David Cameron]], [[Theresa May]] and [[Boris Johnson]]. Of all the post-war prime ministers, only [[Gordon Brown]] was educated at a university other than Oxford (the [[University of Edinburgh]]), while [[James Callaghan]] and [[John Major]] never attended a university.&lt;ref name=&quot;ebp&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in 2010.&lt;ref name=ebp&gt;{{Cite report|date=May 2010 |title=The Educational Backgrounds of Members of Parliament in 2010 |url=http://www.suttontrust.com/public/documents/2MPs_educational_backgrounds_2010_A.pdf |publisher=The Sutton Trust |page=2 |accessdate=12 June 2014 |quote=Oxford has produced 102 MPs serving in the 2010 Parliament. |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030125500/https://www.suttontrust.com/public/documents/2MPs_educational_backgrounds_2010_A.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes former [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Ed Miliband]], and numerous members of the cabinet and [[shadow cabinet]]. Additionally, over 140 Oxonians sit in the [[House of Lords of the United Kingdom|House of Lords]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = International leaders who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's College]]<br /> | image2 = Indira Gandhi 1977.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]<br /> | image3 = Bill Clinton.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Bill Clinton]], [[University College, Oxford|University College]]<br /> }}<br /> At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|title=Famous Oxonians|publisher=University of Oxford|date=30 October 2007|accessdate=13 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607051053/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|archive-date=7 June 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This number includes [[Harald V of Norway]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=28731 |title=Norwegian Royal Family website |accessdate=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511090259/http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=28731 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abdullah II of Jordan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; [[William II of the Netherlands]], five [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Ministers of Australia]] ([[John Gorton]], [[Malcolm Fraser]], [[Bob Hawke]], [[Tony Abbott]], and [[Malcolm Turnbull]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/fastfacts.asp?pmSelectName=19 |title=National Archives of Australia – John Gorton |accessdate=4 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607041209/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/fastfacts.asp?pmSelectName=19 |archivedate=7 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fraser/fast-facts.aspx |title=National Archives of Australia – Malcolm Fraser |accessdate=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912201046/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fraser/fast-facts.aspx |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=University News (Appointment to Honorary Fellowship) |url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/itw/infomark/949/202/8859513w19/purl=rc2_TTDA_2_%22bob+hawke%22+and+%22university+college%22+and+oxford&amp;dyn=sig!23?sw_aep=tou |work=The Times |location=UK |page=14 |date=8 February 1984 |accessdate=12 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Six [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Ministers of Pakistan]] ([[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], Sir [[Feroz Khan Noon]], [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], [[Benazir Bhutto]] and [[Imran Khan]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; two [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Ministers of Canada]] ([[Lester B. Pearson]] and [[John Turner]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''True Grit'', by John Allemang, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 6 June 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; two [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Ministers of India]] ([[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Indira Gandhi]], though the latter did not finish her degree),&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/itw/infomark/840/396/4587225w17/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS117673825&amp;dyn=33!xrn_6_0_CS117673825&amp;hst_1?sw_aep=tou |title=Mrs Indira Gandhi: strong-willed ruler of India (Obituary)|work=The Times |page=7 |date=1 November 1984|accessdate=13 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Prime Minister of Ceylon]] ([[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]), [[Norman Washington Manley]] of Jamaica,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34849 |title=Manley, Norman Washington (1893–1969) |last=Sealy |first=T. E |work=ODNB |accessdate=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005851/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34849 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Haitham bin Tariq Al Said]] (Sultan of [[Oman]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1611351/middle-east|title=Haitham bin Tariq appointed new ruler of Oman|website=Arab News|date=11 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eric Williams]] (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] (former President of Peru), [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] (former Prime Minister of Thailand), and [[Bill Clinton]] (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a [[Rhodes Scholar]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1441248.stm |title=Chelsea Clinton heads for Oxford |publisher=BBC News website |date=16 July 2001 |accessdate=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526123036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1441248.stm |archive-date=26 May 2004 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Arthur Mutambara]] (Deputy Prime Minister of [[Zimbabwe]]), was a [[Rhodes Scholar]] in 1991. [[Seretse Khama]], first president of Botswana, spent a year at Balliol College. [[Festus Mogae]] (former president of [[Botswana]]) was a student at [[University College, Oxford|University College]]. The Burmese democracy activist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]], [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], was a student of St Hugh's College.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html|title=Biography, Nobel Prize website|accessdate=11 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027035904/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], the current reigning [[Druk Gyalpo]] (Dragon King) of [[Bhutan]], was a member of [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-a-look-at-the-life-of-the-new-king-of-bhutan-1204057 |title=A look at the life of the new king of Bhutan |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |date=6 November 2008 |accessdate=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207185722/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-a-look-at-the-life-of-the-new-king-of-bhutan-1204057 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Law ===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = left<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = Lawyers who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = 1 David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury 2016.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Lord Neuberger]], [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]<br /> | image2 = Ronald Dworkin at the Brooklyn Book Festival.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Ronald Dworkin]], [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]<br /> | image3 = Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013).jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Elena Kagan]], [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]]<br /> }}Oxford has produced a large number of distinguished [[jurist]]s, [[judge]]s and [[lawyer]]s around the world. [[Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill|Lords Bingham]] and [[Alfred Denning, Baron Denning|Denning]], commonly recognised as two of the most influential English judges in the history of the [[common law]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/sep/11/lord-bingham-of-cornhill-obituary|title=Lord Bingham of Cornhill obituary|last=Sands|first=Philippe|date=11 September 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307063441/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/sep/11/lord-bingham-of-cornhill-obituary|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17035933|title=Lord Bingham|date=16 September 2010|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001220/http://www.economist.com/node/17035933|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/06/claredyer1|title=Lord Denning, controversial 'people's judge', dies aged 100|last1=Dyer|first1=By Clare|date=5 March 1999|last2=Correspondent|first2=Legal|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164935/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/06/claredyer1|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/290996.stm|title=Denning: A life of law|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123064114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/290996.stm|archive-date=23 November 2005|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; both studied at Oxford. Within the United Kingdom, three of the current [[Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Justices of the Supreme Court]] are Oxford-educated: [[Robert Reed, Lord Reed|Robert Reed]] (Deputy President of the Supreme Court), [[Nicholas Wilson, Lord Wilson of Culworth|Nicholas Wilson]], and [[Michael Briggs, Lord Briggs of Westbourne|Michael Briggs]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/biographies-of-the-justices.html|title=Biographies of the Justices – The Supreme Court|last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=supremecourt.uk|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522153902/https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/biographies-of-the-justices.html|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; retired Justices include [[David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury|David Neuberger]] (President of the Supreme Court 2012–2017), [[Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance|Jonathan Mance]] (Deputy President of the Supreme Court 2017–2018), [[Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry|Alan Rodger]], [[Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption|Jonathan Sumption]], [[Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate|Mark Saville]], [[John Dyson, Lord Dyson|John Dyson]], and [[Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood|Simon Brown]]. The twelve [[Lord Chancellor]]s and nine [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|Lord Chief Justice]]s that have been educated at Oxford include [[Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill|Thomas Bingham]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Viscount Buckmaster|Stanley Buckmaster]], [[Thomas More]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Life of Thomas More|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7493-8640-5|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas Wolsey]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|title=Famous Oxonians {{!}} University of Oxford|website=ox.ac.uk|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011195537/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gavin Simonds, 1st Viscount Simonds|Gavin Simonds]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31687|title=Gavin Simonds|website=oxforddnb.com|access-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The twenty-two [[Law Lords]] count amongst them [[Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann|Leonard Hoffmann]], [[Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock|Kenneth Diplock]], [[Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce|Richard Wilberforce]], [[James Atkin, Baron Atkin|James Atkin]], [[Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood|Simon Brown]], [[Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, Baron Browne-Wilkinson|Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson]], [[Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley|Robert Goff]], [[Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton|Brian Hutton]], [[Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance|Jonathan Mance]], [[Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry|Alan Rodger]], [[Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate|Mark Saville]], [[Leslie Scarman, Baron Scarman|Leslie Scarman]], [[Johan Steyn, Baron Steyn|Johan Steyn]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/89469|title=Richard Wilberforce|website=oxforddnb.com|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124542/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/89469|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Master of the Rolls]] include [[Alfred Denning, Baron Denning|Alfred Denning]] and [[Wilfred Greene, 1st Baron Greene|Wilfred Greene]];&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; [[Lord Justice of Appeal|Lord Justices of Appeal]] include [[John Laws (judge)|John Laws]], [[Brian Leveson]] and [[John Mummery]]. The British Government's [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorneys General]] have included [[Dominic Grieve]], [[Nicholas Lyell, Baron Lyell of Markyate|Nicholas Lyell]], [[Patrick Mayhew]], [[John Hobson (politician)|John Hobson]], [[Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne|Reginald Manningham-Buller]], [[Lionel Heald]], [[Frank Soskice, Baron Stow Hill|Frank Soskice]], [[David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir|David Maxwell Fyfe]], [[Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow|Donald Somervell]], [[William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt|William Jowitt]]; [[Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)|Directors of Public Prosecutions]] include Sir [[Thomas Hetherington]] QC, Dame [[Barbara Mills]] QC and Sir [[Keir Starmer]] QC.<br /> <br /> In the [[United States]], three of the nine incumbent [[Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Justices of the Supreme Court]] are Oxonians, namely [[Stephen Breyer]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MaryDMACC|title=60th Anniversary Marshall Alumni Lecture – Justice Breyer- 8 April 2015|date=14 May 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=14&amp;v=Uo8kof3-zRw|accessdate=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101112028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=14&amp;v=Uo8kof3-zRw|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elena Kagan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dailyprincetonian.com/2008/12/12/22450/|title=The Daily Princetonian|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122054851/http://dailyprincetonian.com/2008/12/12/22450/|archive-date=22 January 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Neil Gorsuch]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx#NGorsuch|title=Biographies of Current Justices of the Supreme Court|website=supremecourt.gov|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063602/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx#NGorsuch|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; retired Justices include [[John Marshall Harlan II]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/harlan_john.html|title=Harlan, John Marshall|website=etcweb.princeton.edu|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427075959/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/harlan_john.html|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[David Souter]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/member-of-staff/david-souter/|title=Justice David H Souter {{!}} Magdalen College Oxford|website=magd.ox.ac.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012843/http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/member-of-staff/david-souter/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Byron White]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/byron-r-white-36984|title=Byron R. White Biography|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103194445/http://www.biography.com/people/byron-r-white-36984|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Internationally, Oxonians Sir [[Humphrey Waldock]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/18/obituaries/sir-humphrey-waldock-77-head-of-international-court.html|title=Sir Humphrey Waldock, 77; Head of International Court|last=Ap|date=18 August 1981|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021011202/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/18/obituaries/sir-humphrey-waldock-77-head-of-international-court.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; served in the [[International Court of Justice]]; [[Akua Kuenyehia]], sat in the [[International Criminal Court]]; Sir [[Nicolas Bratza]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/CV_Bratza_ENG.pdf|title=Sir Nicolas Bratza|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317130206/http://echr.coe.int/Documents/CV_Bratza_ENG.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Paul Mahoney (English judge)|Paul Mahoney]] sat in the [[European Court of Human Rights]]; [[Kenneth Hayne]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/ouclj/patrons-journal|title=Patrons of the Journal|date=15 October 2015|newspaper=Oxford Law Faculty|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012058/https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/ouclj/patrons-journal|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dyson Heydon]], as well as [[Patrick Keane]] sat in the [[High Court of Australia]]; both [[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]], [[A. N. Ray]] served as Chief Justices of the [[Supreme Court of India]]; [[Cornelia Sorabji]], Oxford's first female law student, was India's first female advocate; in Hong Kong, [[Aarif Barma]], Thomas Au and Doreen Le Pichon&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hon Mrs Justice Doreen Le Pichon GBS JA – Law, 1965|url=https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/hon-mrs-justice-doreen-le-pichon-gbs-ja-law-1965|date=29 January 2016|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113826/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/hon-mrs-justice-doreen-le-pichon-gbs-ja-law-1965|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; currently serve in the [[Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)]], while [[Charles Ching]] and [[Henry Litton]] both served as Permanent Judges of the [[Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/node/273.html|title=Law/Law with Law Studies in Europe|website=exeter.ox.ac.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012714/http://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/node/273.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; six [[Puisne Justice]]s of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] and a chief justice of the now defunct [[Federal Court of Canada]] were also educated at Oxford.<br /> <br /> The list of noted [[legal scholar]]s includes [[H. L. A. Hart]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodgson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/feb/14/ronald-dworkin|title=Ronald Dworkin obituary|last=Hodgson|first=Godfrey|date=14 February 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103113937/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/feb/14/ronald-dworkin|archive-date=3 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ronald Dworkin]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodgson&quot;/&gt; [[Andrew Burrows]], Sir [[Guenter Treitel]], [[Jeremy Waldron]], [[A. V. Dicey]], [[William Blackstone]], [[John Gardner (legal philosopher)|John Gardner]], [[Robert A. Gorman]], [[Timothy Endicott]], [[Peter Birks]], [[John Finnis]], [[Andrew Ashworth]], [[Joseph Raz]], [[Paul Craig (law professor)|Paul Craig]], [[Leslie Green (philosopher)|Leslie Green]], [[Tony Honoré]], [[Neil MacCormick]] and [[Hugh Collins]]. Other distinguished practitioners who have attended Oxford include [[David Pannick, Baron Pannick|Lord Pannick]] [[Qc]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/48|title=All Souls College Oxford|website=asc.ox.ac.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021013825/https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/48|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Geoffrey Robertson]] QC, [[Amal Clooney]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tatler.com/news/articles/january-2016/amal-clooney-the-most-wanted-woman-in-britain|title=Amal Clooney – the most wanted woman in Britain|newspaper=Tatler|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021011308/http://www.tatler.com/news/articles/january-2016/amal-clooney-the-most-wanted-woman-in-britain|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Edward Faulks, Baron Faulks|Lord Faulks]] QC, and [[Dinah Rose]] QC.<br /> <br /> ===Mathematics and sciences===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = Scientists who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Stephen Hawking]], [[University College, Oxford|University College]]<br /> | image2 = Tim Berners-Lee CP 2 head crop.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Tim Berners-Lee]], [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]<br /> | image3 = Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Dorothy Hodgkin]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Three Oxford mathematicians, [[Michael Atiyah]], [[Daniel Quillen]] and [[Simon Donaldson]], have won [[Fields Medal]]s, often called the &quot;Nobel Prize for mathematics&quot;. [[Andrew Wiles]], who proved [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], was educated at Oxford and is currently the [[Regius Professor]] and Royal Society Research Professor in Mathematics at Oxford.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiles Regius&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-05-31-sir-andrew-wiles-appointed-first-regius-professor-mathematics-oxford |title=Sir Andrew Wiles appointed first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford |work=News &amp; Events |publisher=University of Oxford |date=31 May 2018 |accessdate=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917123615/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-05-31-sir-andrew-wiles-appointed-first-regius-professor-mathematics-oxford |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marcus du Sautoy]] and [[Roger Penrose]] are both currently mathematics professors, and [[Jackie Stedall]] was a professor of the university. [[Stephen Wolfram]], chief designer of [[Mathematica]] and [[Wolfram Alpha]] studied at the university, along with [[Tim Berners-Lee]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; inventor of the [[World Wide Web]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title =Web's inventor gets a knighthood | publisher =BBC | date =31 December 2003 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm | accessdate =14 May 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071223055131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm | archive-date =23 December 2007 | url-status =live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Edgar F. Codd]], inventor of [[Relational model|the relational model of data]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Turing&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/codd_1000892.cfm | title = A. M. Turing Award – Edgar F. (&quot;Ted&quot;) Codd | author = C.J. Date | publisher = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] | accessdate = 2 September 2013 | author-link = Christopher J. Date | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170919185942/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/codd_1000892.cfm | archive-date = 19 September 2017 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Tony Hoare]], programming languages pioneer and inventor of [[Quicksort]].<br /> <br /> The university is associated with eleven winners of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], five in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]] and sixteen in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/oxford_people/oxonian_award_winners/index.html |title=Nobel Laureates |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102024613/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/oxford_people/oxonian_award_winners/index.html |archivedate=2 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] who received her Nobel Prize for &quot;determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;nobelDH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029022238/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin.html|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Howard Florey]] who shared the 1945 Nobel prize &quot;for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases&quot;, and [[John B. Goodenough]], who shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 2019 &quot;for the development of lithium-ion batteries&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobelHF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028190332/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/facts/|archive-date=28 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both [[Richard Dawkins]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |publisher=[[New College, Oxford]] |year=2007 |accessdate=6 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |archivedate=10 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Frederick Soddy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023430/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; studied at the university and returned for research purposes. [[Robert Hooke]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; [[Edwin Hubble]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; and [[Stephen Hawking]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; all studied in Oxford.<br /> <br /> [[Robert Boyle]], a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=MacIntosh |first=J.J. |title=Boyle on Atheism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do_iKlGo75IC&amp;lpg=PA42&amp;dq=oxford&amp;pg=PA42#v=onepage |accessdate=27 December 2012 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802090188 |page=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include [[Albert Einstein]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How Einstein fled from the Nazis to an Oxford college |author=Chris Koenig |url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/thisweek/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/ |newspaper=The Oxford Times |date=28 March 2012 |accessdate=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516233100/http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/thisweek/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/ |archive-date=16 May 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; developer of [[general relativity|general theory of relativity]] and the concept of [[photon]]s; and [[Erwin Schrödinger]] who formulated the [[Schrödinger equation]] and the [[Schrödinger's cat]] thought experiment. Structural engineer [[Roma Agrawal]], responsible for London's [[The Shard|Shard]], attributes her love of engineering to a summer placement during her undergraduate physics degree at Oxford.<br /> <br /> Economists [[Adam Smith]], [[Alfred Marshall]], [[E. F. Schumacher]], and [[Amartya Sen]] all spent time at Oxford.<br /> <br /> ===Literature, music, and drama===<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = left<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = Literary figures who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = Oscar Wilde portrait by Napoleon Sarony - albumen.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]<br /> | image2 = J. R. R. Tolkien, 1940s.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]<br /> | image3 = Vera_Brittain.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Vera Brittain]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]<br /> }}<br /> Writers associated with Oxford include [[Vera Brittain]], [[A.S. Byatt]], [[Lewis Carroll]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Morton N.|last=Cohen|title=Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge (Lewis Carroll) (1832–1898)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7749|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7749|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162013/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7749|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Penelope Fitzgerald]], [[John Fowles]], [[Dr. Seuss|Theodor Geisel]], [[Robert Graves]], [[Graham Greene]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Michael|last=Shelden|title=Greene, (Henry) Graham (1904–1991)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition January 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40460|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010329/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40460|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joseph Heller]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm |title=Joseph Heller: Literary giant |date=14 December 1999 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228113403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Aldous Huxley]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=David King|last=Dunaway|authorlink=David King Dunaway|title=Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894–1963)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34082|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34082|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34082|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dr Samuel Johnson|Samuel Johnson]], [[C. S. Lewis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=J. A. W.|last=Bennett|title=Lewis, Clive Staples (1898–1963)|last2=Plaskitt|first2=Emma|date=2004|origyear=online edition October 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34512|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34512|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010430/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34512|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas Middleton]], [[Iris Murdoch]], [[V.S. Naipaul]], [[Philip Pullman]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], [[Vikram Seth]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; [[J. R. R. Tolkien]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=T. A.|last=Shippey|title=Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition October 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31766|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005851/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Evelyn Waugh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Martin|last=Stannard|title=Waugh, Evelyn Arthur St John (1903–1966)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition May 2007|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36788|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36788|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413095921/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36788|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oscar Wilde]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Owen|last=Dudley Edwards|authorlink=Owen Dudley Edwards|title=Wilde, Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills (1854–1900)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition October 2007|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29400|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29400|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023403/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29400|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the poets [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Michael|last=O'Neill|title=Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition May 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25312|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023401/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John Donne]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=David|last=Colclough|title=Donne, John (1572–1631)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition October 2007|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7819|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7819|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162023/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7819|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[A. E. Housman]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Norman|last=Page|title=Housman, Alfred Edward (1859–1936)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34013|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34013|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], [[W. H. Auden]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB |first=Edward |last=Mendelson |author-link=Edward Mendelson |title=Auden, Wystan Hugh (1907–1973) |date=September 2004 |origyear=online edition October 2007 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30775 |accessdate=5 November 2007 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/30775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121145127/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30775 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Wendy Perriam]] and [[Philip Larkin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Anthony|last=Thwaite|title=Larkin, Philip Arthur (1922–1985)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition October 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31333|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31333|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093119/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31333|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and seven [[Poet Laureate|poets laureate]]: [[Thomas Warton]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Hugh|last=Reid|title=Warton, Thomas (1728–1790)|date=September 2004|origyear=online edition May 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28799|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28799|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413095916/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28799|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Henry James Pye]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=James|last=Sambrook|title=Pye, Henry James (1745–1813)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22918|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22918|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124191859/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22918|archive-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Robert Southey]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Geoffrey|last=Carnall|title=Southey, Robert (1774–1843)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26056|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26056|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26056|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Robert Bridges]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Catherine|last=Phillips|title=Bridges, Robert Seymour (1844–1930)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32066|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32066|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413035926/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32066|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cecil Day-Lewis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Sean|last=Day-Lewis|title=Lewis, Cecil Day- (1904–1972)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31014|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093130/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31014|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John Betjeman|Sir John Betjeman]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Kingsley|last=Amis|authorlink=Kingsley Amis|title=Betjeman, Sir John (1906–1984)|last2=Loughlin-Chow|first2=M. Clare|date=2004|origyear=online edition October 2005|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30815|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/30815|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30815|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Andrew Motion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=212|title=Andrew Motion|publisher=The Poetry Archive|year=2005|accessdate=5 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180229/http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=212|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Composers [[Hubert Parry]], [[George Butterworth]], [[John Taverner]], [[William Walton]], [[James Whitbourn]] and [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] have all been involved with the university.<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = Actors who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Rowan Atkinson]], [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College]]<br /> | image2 = Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Rosamund Pike]], [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham College]]<br /> | image3 = Hugh Grant Cannes.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Hugh Grant]], [[New College, Oxford|New College]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Actors [[Hugh Grant]],&lt;ref name=&quot;New College alumni&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/The_College/A_Brief_History.php |title=A brief history |year=2007 |publisher=New College, Oxford |accessdate=6 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824150646/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/The_College/A_Brief_History.php |archivedate=24 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kate Beckinsale]],&lt;ref name=&quot;New College alumni&quot;/&gt; [[Rosamund Pike]], [[Felicity Jones]], [[Gemma Chan]], [[Dudley Moore]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/college/famous-alumni|title=Some famous alumni|publisher=[[Magdalen College, Oxford]]|year=2007|accessdate=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024100520/http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/college/famous-alumni|archive-date=24 October 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Michael Palin]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt; [[Terry Jones]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seh.ox.ac.uk/index.php?section=36|title=Famous graduates|publisher=[[St Edmund Hall, Oxford]]|year=2007|accessdate=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613095515/http://www.seh.ox.ac.uk/index.php?section=36|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anna Popplewell]] and [[Rowan Atkinson]] were students at the university, as were filmmakers [[Ken Loach]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/uploads/SPC_Newsletter_Spring_2005.pdf |title=Spring 2005 Newsletter |publisher=[[St Peter's College, Oxford]] |date=Spring 2005 |accessdate=6 November 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000004/https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/uploads/SPC_Newsletter_Spring_2005.pdf |archivedate=27 November 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Richard Curtis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> Oxford has also produced at least 12 [[saint]]s, 19 [[List of English cardinals|English cardinals]], and 20 [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishops of Canterbury]], the most recent Archbishop being [[Rowan Williams]], who studied at [[Wadham College]] and was later a Canon Professor at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/about/bio.html |title=Biography |publisher=Archbishop of Canterbury website |accessdate=5 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705202700/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/about/bio.html |archivedate=5 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Duns Scotus]]' teaching is commemorated with a monument in the University Church of St. Mary. Religious reformer [[John Wycliffe]] was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]. [[John Colet]], Christian humanist, [[Dean of St Paul's]], and friend of [[Erasmus]], studied at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. Several of the [[Caroline Divines]] e.g. in particular [[William Laud]] as President of St. John's and Chancellor of the University, and the [[Non-Jurors]], e.g. [[Thomas Ken]] had close Oxford connections. The founder of [[Methodism]], [[John Wesley]], studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ODNB|first=Henry D.|last=Rack|title=Wesley, John (1703–1791)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29069|accessdate=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29069|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29069|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Britain's first woman to be an ordained minister, [[Constance Coltman]], studied at [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]. The [[Oxford Movement]] (1833–1846) was closely associated with the Oriel fellows [[John Henry Newman]], [[Edward Bouverie Pusey]] and [[John Keble]]. Other religious figures were [[Mirza Nasir Ahmad]], the third [[Khalifatul Masih|Caliph]] of the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]], [[Shoghi Effendi]], one of the appointed leaders of the [[Baha'i faith]] and [[Joseph Cordeiro]], the only Pakistani Catholic cardinal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Vaz, JC.|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|page=47|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1997|location=Goa (India)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Philosophy===<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = left<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = Philosophers who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = John Locke's Kit-cat portrait by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London.JPG<br /> | caption1 = [[John Locke]], [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]<br /> | image2 = Official_portrait_of_Baroness_O'Neill_of_Bengarve_crop_2.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Onora O'Neill]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]<br /> | image3 = Thomas Hobbes.jpeg<br /> | caption3 = [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Oxford's philosophical tradition started in the medieval era, with [[Robert Grosseteste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;phil-history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/the_faculty/history_of_philosophy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022144359/http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/the_faculty/history_of_philosophy |archivedate=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead|title=History of Philosophy at Oxford |last1=Mander |first1=W.J. |publisher=Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford |accessdate=27 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[William of Ockham]],&lt;ref name=&quot;phil-history&quot; /&gt; commonly known for [[Occam's razor]], among those teaching at the university. [[Thomas Hobbes]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hobbes.html |title=The Galileo Project |publisher=Galileo.rice.edu |accessdate=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427075808/http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hobbes.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGSytrSTMQwC&amp;pg=PT89&amp;lpg=PT89&amp;dq=hobbes+hertford |title=Thomas Hobbes: Politics and law |accessdate=24 July 2009|isbn=9780415080835 |year=1993 |last1=King |first1=Preston T. }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeremy Bentham]] and the [[Empiricism|empiricist]] [[John Locke]] received degrees from Oxford. Though the latter's main works were written after leaving Oxford, Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university.&lt;ref name=&quot;phil-history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Oxford philosophers of the 20th century include [[J.L. Austin]], a leading proponent of ordinary-language philosophy, [[Gilbert Ryle]],&lt;ref name=&quot;phil-history&quot; /&gt; author of ''[[The Concept of Mind]]'', and [[Derek Parfit]], who specialised in personal identity. Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include [[A. J. Ayer]],&lt;ref name=&quot;phil-history&quot; /&gt; [[Elizabeth Anscombe]], [[Paul Grice]], [[Mary Midgley]], [[Iris Murdoch]], [[Thomas Nagel]], [[Bernard Williams]], [[Robert Nozick]], [[Onora O'Neill]], [[John Rawls]], [[Michael Sandel]], and [[Peter Singer]]. [[John Searle]], presenter of the [[Chinese room]] thought experiment, studied and began his academic career at the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Faigenbaum |first=Gustavo|title=Conversations with John Searle |year=2001 |publisher=Libros en Red |isbn=978-9871022113 |pages=29–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, [[Philippa Foot]], who mentioned the [[trolley problem]], studied and taught at Oxford.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippa Foot 1978&quot;&gt;Philippa Foot, ''[https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/FootDoubleEffect.pdf The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808235312/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/FootDoubleEffect.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }}'' in ''Virtues and Vices'' (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978) (originally appeared in the ''Oxford Review'', Number 5, 1967.)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sport===<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = People in sports who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen Imran Khan edited.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Imran Khan]], [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]]<br /> | image2 = Senator Bill Bradley (D-NJ).jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Bill Bradley]], [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]]<br /> | image3 = Matthewpinsent.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Matthew Pinsent]], [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]]<br /> }}<br /> [[Roger Bannister|Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister]], who had been at Exeter College and Merton College, ran the first sub-four-minute mile in Oxford.<br /> <br /> Some 150 Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including [[Matthew Pinsent|Sir Matthew Pinsent]], quadruple gold-medallist rower.&lt;ref name=&quot;Famous&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewpinsent.com/biography.htm|title=Sir Matthew Pinsent CBE Biography|year=2007|accessdate=5 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023052346/http://www.matthewpinsent.com/biography.htm|archive-date=23 October 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rowers from Oxford who have won gold at the Olympics or World Championships include [[Michael Blomquist]], [[Ed Coode]], [[Chris Davidge]], [[Hugh Edwards (rower)|Hugh Edwards]], [[Jason Flickinger]], [[Tim Foster (rower)|Tim Foster]], [[Luka Grubor]], [[Christopher Liwski]], [[Matthew Pinsent]], [[Pete Reed]], [[Jonny Searle]], [[Andrew Triggs Hodge]], [[Jake Wetzel]], [[Michael Wherley]], and [[Barney Williams (rower)|Barney Williams]]. Many Oxford graduates have also risen to the highest echelon in cricket: [[Harry Altham]], [[Bernard Bosanquet (cricketer)|Bernard Bosanquet]] (inventor of the [[googly]]), [[Colin Cowdrey]], [[Gerry Crutchley]], [[Jamie Dalrymple]], [[Martin Donnelly (cricketer)|Martin Donnelly]], [[R. E. Foster]] (the only man to captain England at both cricket and football), [[C. B. Fry]], [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|George Harris]] (also served in the [[House of Lords]]), [[Douglas Jardine]], [[Malcolm Jardine]], [[Imran Khan]], [[Sophie Le Marchand]], [[Alan Melville]], [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]], [[M. J. K. Smith]], and [[Pelham Warner]].<br /> <br /> Oxford students have also excelled in other sports. Such alumni include [[American football]] player [[Myron Rolle]] ([[NFL]] player); Olympic gold medalists in athletics [[David Hemery]] and [[Jack Lovelock]]; basketball players [[Bill Bradley]] ([[US Senator]] and [[NBA]] player) and [[Charles Thomas McMillen]] ([[US Congressman]] and NBA player); [[figure skater]] [[John Misha Petkevich]] (national champion); footballers [[John Bain (footballer, born 1854)|John Bain]], [[Charles Wreford-Brown]], and [[Cuthbert Ottaway]]; fencer [[Allan Jay]] (world champion and five-time Olympian); [[modern pentathlete]] [[Steph Cook]] (Olympic gold medalist); [[rugby football]]ers [[Stuart Barnes]], [[Simon Danielli]], [[David Humphreys (rugby union)|David Humphreys]], [[David Kirk|David Edward Kirk]], [[Anton Oliver]], [[Ronald Poulton-Palmer]], [[Joe Roff]], and [[William Webb Ellis]] (allegedly the inventor of rugby football); [[FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup|World Cup freestyle skier]] [[Ryan Max Riley]] (national champion); polo player [[Claire Tomlinson]] (highest ranked woman world-wide); and tennis player [[Clarence Bruce, 3rd Baron Aberdare|Clarence Bruce]].<br /> <br /> ===Adventure and exploration===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header = Explorers and adventurers who attended Oxford University<br /> | image1 = BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Gertrude Bell]], [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]]<br /> | image2 = With Lawrence in Arabia.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[T. E. Lawrence]], [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]]<br /> | image3 = William Segar Sir Walter Raleigh 1598.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]], [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]<br /> }}<br /> Three of the most well-known adventurers and explorers who attended Oxford are [[Walter Raleigh]], one of the most notable figures of the [[Elizabethan era]], [[T. E. Lawrence]], whose life was the basis of the 1962 film [[Lawrence of Arabia]], and [[Thomas Coryat]]. The latter, the author of &quot;[[Coryat's Crudities|Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &amp;c']]&quot; (1611) and [[court jester]] of [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]], is credited with introducing the table fork and umbrella to England and being the first Briton to do a [[Grand Tour]] of Europe.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Strachan, &quot;Coryate, Thomas (c. 1577–1617)&quot;, in ''Literature of Travel and Exploration: an Encyclopedia'', 2003, Volume 1, pp.285–87&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other notable figures include [[Gertrude Bell]], an explorer, archaeologist, [[Cartography|mapper]] and spy, who, along with [[T. E. Lawrence]], helped establish the [[Hashemite]] dynasties in what is today Jordan and Iraq and played a major role in establishing and administering the modern state of Iraq; [[Richard Francis Burton]], who travelled in disguise to [[Mecca]] and journeyed with [[John Hanning Speke]] as the first European explorers to visit the [[Great Lakes of Africa]] in search of the source of the [[Nile]]; anthropologist [[Katherine Routledge]], who carried out the first survey of [[Easter Island]]; mountaineer [[Tom Bourdillon]], member of the expedition to make the first ascent of [[Mount Everest]]; and [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]], adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of [[Ian Fleming]], creator of [[James Bond]].<br /> <br /> ==Oxford in literature and other media==&lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Oxford]] --&gt;<br /> {{Main|University of Oxford in popular culture}}<br /> The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when [[Chaucer]] in his ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'' referred to a &quot;Clerk [student] of Oxenford&quot;. By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Oxford in Fiction: an annotated bibliography|author=Judy G. Batson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Famous literary works range from ''[[Brideshead Revisited]]'' by [[Evelyn Waugh]], which in 1981 was adapted as a [[Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)|television serial]], to the trilogy ''[[His Dark Materials]]'' by [[Philip Pullman]], which features an alternate-reality version of the university and was adapted for [[The Golden Compass (film)|film in 2007]] and as a [[His Dark Materials (TV series)|BBC television series in 2019]].<br /> <br /> Other notable examples include:<br /> * ''[[Zuleika Dobson]]'' (1911) by [[Max Beerbohm]], a satire about undergraduate life.<br /> * ''[[Sinister Street]]'' (1913–1914) by [[Compton MacKenzie]], himself a graduate of [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], a ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' about two children born out of wedlock.<br /> * ''[[Gaudy Night]]'' (1935) by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], herself a graduate of [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]], a [[Lord Peter Wimsey]] mystery novel.<br /> * The ''[[Inspector Morse]]'' detective novels (1975-1999) by [[Colin Dexter]], adapted for television as [[Inspector Morse (TV series)|''Inspector Morse'']] (1987–2000), the spin-off ''[[Lewis (TV series)|Lewis]]'' (2006–2015), and the prequel ''[[Endeavour (TV series)|Endeavour]]'' (2012–).<br /> * ''[[True Blue (1996 film)|True Blue]]'' (1996), a film about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford-Cambridge [[Boat Race]] of 1987<br /> * ''[[The History Boys]]'' (2004) by [[Alan Bennett]], alumnus of [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]], a play about a group of [[grammar school]] boys in [[Sheffield]] in 1983 applying to read history at Oxford and Cambridge. It premiered at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] and was [[The History Boys (film)|adapted for film in 2006]].<br /> * ''[[Posh (play)|Posh]]'' (2010), a play by [[Laura Wade]], and its film adaptation ''[[The Riot Club]]'' (2014), about a fictionalised equivalent of the [[Bullingdon Club]].<br /> * ''[[Testament of Youth (film)|Testament of Youth]]'' (2014), a drama film based on the [[memoir]] of the [[Testament of Youth|same name]] written by [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville]] alumna [[Vera Brittain]].<br /> <br /> Notable non-fiction works on Oxford include ''Oxford'' by [[Jan Morris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/10/jan-morris-the-greatest-descriptive-writer-of-her-time/# |title=Jan Morris – 'the greatest descriptive writer of her time' |first=Maggie |last=Fergusson |work=The Spectator |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118204511/http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/10/jan-morris-the-greatest-descriptive-writer-of-her-time/ |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The university is parodied in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series with &quot;Unseen University&quot; and &quot;Brazeneck College&quot; (in reference to Brasenose College).<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|University of Oxford|Oxfordshire}}<br /> {{div col}}<br /> * [[Academic scarf#University of Oxford|Academic scarves of the University of Oxford]]<br /> * [[Gaudy]] celebrations<br /> * [[List of medieval universities]]<br /> * [[May Morning]] celebration<br /> * [[Oxford &quot;-er&quot;]]<br /> * [[Oxford bags]]<br /> * [[Oxford comma]]<br /> * [[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]] (OSCOLA)<br /> * [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)]]<br /> * [[Oxford University Police]]<br /> * [[Town and gown]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{NoteFoot}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> {{refbegin|35em}}<br /> <br /> ====Histories====<br /> * [[Brock, Michael G.]], and Mark C. Curthoys, eds. ''The History of the University of Oxford Volumes 6 and 7: Nineteenth-Century'' (Oxford UP, 2000). vol 6 excerpt; [https://www.amazon.com/History-University-Oxford-Nineteenth-Century/dp/0199510172/ vol 7 excerpt]<br /> * {{cite book|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243563.001.0001|title=The University of Oxford|year=2016|last1=Brockliss|first1=L.W.B.|isbn=9780199243563}}<br /> * Brooke, Christopher and Roger Highfield, ''Oxford and Cambridge'', (Cambridge UP, 1988). heavily illustrated<br /> * Catto, Jeremy (ed.), ''The History of the University of Oxford'', (Oxford UP, 1994).<br /> * Clark, Andrew (ed.), ''The colleges of Oxford: their history and traditions'', Methuen &amp; C. (London, 1891).<br /> * Deslandes, Paul R. ''Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity &amp; the Undergraduate Experience, 1850–1920'' (2005), 344pp<br /> * {{cite journal|jstor=4127167|title=Oxford and the Idea of a University in Nineteenth Century Britain|journal=Oxford Review of Education|volume=30|issue=4|pages=575–592|last1=Goldman|first1=Lawrence|year=2004}}<br /> * Harrison, Brian Howard, ed. ''The History of the University of Oxford: Vol 8 The twentieth century'' (Oxford UP 1994).<br /> * [[Hibbert, Christopher]], ''[[The Encyclopaedia of Oxford]]'', [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] (Basingstoke, 1988).<br /> * McConica, James. ''History of the University of Oxford. Vol. 3: The Collegiate University'' (1986), 775pp.<br /> * Mallet, Charles Edward. ''A history of the University of Oxford: The mediæval university and the colleges founded in the Middle Ages'' (2 vol 1924)<br /> * Midgley, Graham. ''University Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford'' (1996) 192pp<br /> * Simcock, Anthony V. ''The Ashmolean Museum and Oxford Science, 1683–1983'' (Museum of the History of Science, 1984).<br /> * Sutherland, Lucy Stuart, Leslie G. Mitchell, and T. H. Aston, eds. ''The history of the University of Oxford'' (Clarendon, 1984).<br /> <br /> ====Popular studies and collections====<br /> * Annan, Noel, ''The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses'' [[HarperCollins]] (London, 1999)<br /> * Batson, Judy G., ''Oxford in Fiction'', Garland (New York, 1989).<br /> * Betjeman, John, ''[[An Oxford University Chest]]'', Miles (London, 1938).<br /> * Casson, Hugh, ''Hugh Casson's Oxford'', Phaidon (London, 1988).<br /> * Dougill, John, ''Oxford in English Literature'', (U of Michigan Press, 1998).<br /> * Feiler, Bruce, ''Looking for Class: Days and Nights at Oxford and Cambridge'', (2004).<br /> * Fraser, Antonia (ed.), ''Oxford and Oxfordshire in Verse'', Penguin (London, 1983).<br /> * [[R.W. Johnson]], ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Golden Postwar Age'', Threshold Press (2015).<br /> * Kenny, Anthony &amp; Kenny, Robert, ''Can Oxford be Improved?'', Imprint Academic (Exeter, 2007)<br /> * Knight, William (ed.), ''The Glamour of Oxford'', (Blackwell, 1911).<br /> * Miles, Jebb, ''The Colleges of Oxford'', Constable (London, 1992).<br /> * Morris, Jan, ''The Oxford Book of Oxford'', (Oxford UP 2002).<br /> * Pursglove, G. and A. Ricketts (eds.), ''Oxford in Verse'', Perpetua (Oxford, 1999).<br /> * Seccombe, Thomas and H. Scott (eds.), ''In Praise of Oxford'' (2 vols.), Constable (London, 1912). [https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofoxford00seccuoft v.1]<br /> * Snow, Peter, ''Oxford Observed'', [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] (London, 1991).<br /> <br /> ====Guide books====<br /> {{Main list|Timeline of Oxford#Further reading}}<br /> * Tames, Richard, ''A Traveller's History of Oxford'', Interlink (New York, 2002).<br /> * Tyack, Geoffrey, ''Oxford: An Architectural Guide'', [[Oxford University Press]] (Oxford, 1998).<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|commons=Category:University of Oxford}}<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862#n9 'The University of Oxford', A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford (1954), pp. 1–38]<br /> * {{Internet Archive author |search=(&quot;Oxford University&quot; OR &quot;University of Oxford&quot;)}}<br /> <br /> {{University of Oxford}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |titlestyle = background:#002147; color:white;<br /> |list1=<br /> {{Universities in the United Kingdom}}<br /> {{Universities and colleges in South East England}}<br /> {{Russell Group}}<br /> {{League of European Research Universities}}<br /> {{Europaeum}}<br /> {{International Alliance of Research Universities}}<br /> {{HCP Research Network}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Oxford, University Of}}<br /> [[Category:University of Oxford| ]]<br /> [[Category:Russell Group]]<br /> [[Category:11th-century establishments in England|University of Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in the 11th century]]<br /> [[Category:Exempt charities|University of Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Oxford with royal patronage|University of Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Oxbridge|.Oxford, University of]]<br /> [[Category:Universities UK]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Cheng_Hoi-Chuen&diff=970077680 Vincent Cheng Hoi-Chuen 2020-07-29T03:18:56Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Chinese executive}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{other people}}<br /> {{Infobox Officeholder<br /> |honorific-prefix=<br /> |name=Vincent Cheng<br /> |honorific-suffix=[[Golden Bauhinia Star|GBS]] [[Justice of Peace|JP]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]<br /> |office=Chairman of the Council of the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<br /> |term_start=24 October 2009<br /> |term_end=24 October 2015<br /> |predecessor=[[Edgar Cheng]]<br /> |successor=[[Norman Leung]]<br /> |office1=Chairman of [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited]]<br /> |term_start1=25 May 2005<br /> |term_end1=1 Feb 2010<br /> |predecessor1=[[David Gordon Eldon]]<br /> |successor1=[[Michael Geoghegan]]<br /> |office2=Unofficial Member of the&lt;br&gt;[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]<br /> |term_start2=1991&lt;ref name=HKMA/&gt;<br /> |term_end2=1995<br /> |appointed2=[[David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn|Sir David Wilson]]<br /> |birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|7|16}}&lt;ref name=SingTao/&gt;<br /> |birth_place=Hong Kong<br /> |alma_mater=[[Kowloon Technical School]]&lt;ref name=Szeto_1/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of Auckland]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox Chinese<br /> |showflag=t<br /> |t=鄭海泉<br /> |s=郑海泉<br /> |p=Zhèng Hǎiquán<br /> |w=Cheng Hai-ch'üan<br /> |mi={{IPAc-cmn|zh|eng|4|-|h|ai|3|quan|2}}<br /> |ci={{IPA-yue|tsɛ̀ːŋ hɔ̌ːi tɕʰy̏ːn|}}<br /> |j=Zeng&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; Hoi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;cyun&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |y=Jehng Hoí Chyùhn<br /> }}<br /> '''Vincent Cheng Hoi-Chuen''' [[Gold Bauhinia Star|GBS]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] ({{zh|t=鄭海泉}}, born 16 July 1948 in Hong Kong) was the first Chinese Executive Director of [[HSBC Holdings plc]]. He was also the first Chinese chairman of [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited]] from 2005 to 2010.<br /> <br /> ==Early Years and education==<br /> Cheng grew up in a poor family of six, despite difficult circumstances and having been crippled by [[polio]] at a young age. He was educated in Hong Kong and in New Zealand, receiving his Bachelor of Social Science in Economics from the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] and a Master of Philosophy in Economics from the [[University of Auckland]]&lt;ref name=CNN_1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Cheng joined The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in 1978, when he worked in the Group Finance department. In 1982 he moved to the Bank's Group Planning department, before he was appointed Chief Economist in 1986. From April 1989 to April 1991, he was seconded to the Hong Kong Government's Central Policy Unit and acted as an adviser to the Governor of Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8055018&amp;ticker=HBC:US |title=Vincent Cheng: Executive Profile &amp; Biography – BusinessWeek|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |year=2011 |accessdate=31 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He took up the post of general manager in June 1995 and then the first Chinese Executive Director of the Bank in November that same year.<br /> <br /> He was appointed vice-chairman and Chief Executive of [[Hang Seng Bank]] in 1998. On 25 May 2005, he became Chairman of [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]], taking over from [[David Eldon]]. He also became the managing director of HSBC Group and the Director of [[HSBC Bank Australia Limited]]. On 1 April 2007, he became Chairman of the [[HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited]]. He has also been appointed the first Chinese Executive Director of HSBC Holdings on 1 February 2008.&lt;ref name=ChinaDaily/&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2008, he was appointed a member of the National Committee of the 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and a senior advisor to the 11th Beijing Municipal Committee of the CPPCC.<br /> <br /> His previous government advisory roles have included Member of the Executive Council from 1995 to 1997 and a Hong Kong Affairs Adviser to the People's Republic of China from 1994 to 1997. He was also a Member of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Government from 1991 to 1995.<br /> <br /> His current public service duties include serving as Chairman of the Standing Committee on Directorate Salaries and Conditions of Service for the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Member of the Exchange Fund Advisory Committee of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. He is also Honorary President of the Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation.<br /> <br /> Cheng has been appointed the [[Justice of the Peace]], [[Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (1994), and [[Gold Bauhinia Star]] (2005).<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|<br /> refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=SingTao&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url = http://www.singtao.com/archive/fullstory.asp?id=20090926a02<br /> |script-title = zh:鄭海泉主中台 王冬勝掌港區<br /> |trans-title = Vincent Cheng takes China and Taiwan; Peter Wong takes Hong Kong<br /> |work = [[Sing Tao Daily]]<br /> |date = 26 September 2009<br /> |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vVDbDBtG?url=http://www.singtao.com/archive/fullstory.asp?id=20090926a02<br /> |archivedate = 5 January 2011<br /> |language = Chinese<br /> |access-date = 5 January 2011<br /> |url-status = live<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=ChinaDaily&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008npc/2008-02/29/content_6495458.htm<br /> |title = Meet some freshmen and a freshwoman<br /> |work = 2008 NPC &amp; CPPCC Session<br /> |date = 29 February 2008<br /> |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vVB5ZmMn?url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008npc/2008-02/29/content_6495458.htm<br /> |archivedate = 5 January 2011<br /> |access-date = 23 January 2009<br /> |url-status = live<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=CNN_1&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |work = [[TalkAsia]]<br /> |publisher = [[CNN]]<br /> |url = http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/07/talkasia.cheng.script/index.html<br /> |title = Vincent Cheng Talkasia Transcript<br /> |date = 7 October 2005<br /> |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vVB8NYVY?url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/07/talkasia.cheng.script/index.html<br /> |archivedate = 5 January 2011<br /> |access-date = 23 January 2009<br /> |url-status = live<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=HKMA&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url = http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/hkma/advisory/vincent_b.htm<br /> |title = Vincent H C Cheng, GBS, OBE, JP<br /> |work = The Exchange Fund Advisory Committee (EFAC)<br /> |author = Hong Kong Monetary Authority<br /> |date = February 2008<br /> |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vVCu5FqZ?url=http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/hkma/advisory/vincent_b.htm<br /> |archivedate = 5 January 2011<br /> |access-date = 5 January 2011<br /> |url-status = live<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=Szeto_1&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |work = [[Ming Pao]]<br /> |url = http://ieemdai.blogspot.com/2011/01/blog-post_6352.html<br /> |script-title = zh:華叔精心設計的支聯會<br /> |trans-title = Uncle Wah's craftful design for the Alliance<br /> |date = 5 January 2011<br /> |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vVCWNwTo?url=http://ieemdai.blogspot.com/2011/01/blog-post_6352.html<br /> |archivedate = 5 January 2011<br /> |language = Chinese<br /> |access-date = 5 January 2011<br /> |url-status = live<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-aca}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Dr [[Edgar Cheng|Edgar W.K. Cheng]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = Chairman of the Council of the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<br /> | years = 2009–2015}}<br /> {{s-aft | after = TBA}}<br /> {{s-prec}}<br /> {{s-bef|before = [[Yeoh Eng-kiong]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star''&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title = [[Hong Kong order of precedence]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star''&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> {{s-aft|after = [[Eric Charles Barnes]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star''&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{HSBC Group}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Cheng, Vincent}}<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong bankers]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:HSBC people]]<br /> [[Category:Hang Seng Bank]]<br /> [[Category:University of Auckland alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Hong Kong financial businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:HK LegCo Members 1991–1995]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:District councillors of Yuen Long District]]<br /> [[Category:Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{HongKong-bio-stub|Cheng, Vincent}}</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizuho_Financial_Group&diff=938459768 Mizuho Financial Group 2020-01-31T09:26:08Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox company<br /> | name = Mizuho Financial Group, Inc.<br /> | native_name = 株式会社みずほフィナンシャルグループ<br /> | logo = Mizuho logo.svg<br /> | image = The Otemachi Tower.JPG<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | image_caption = Mizuho Financial Group Headquarters the [[Otemachi Tower]] in [[Tokyo]] since 2014<br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Kabushiki gaisha|K.K]])<br /> | traded_as = {{Tyo|8411}}&lt;br&gt;[[Osaka Securities Exchange|OSE]]: 8411&lt;br&gt;{{nyse|MFG}}&lt;br&gt;[[TOPIX|TOPIX Core 30 Component]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2001}}<br /> | predecessors = [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Fuji Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Industrial Bank of Japan]]<br /> | location_city = [[Marunouchi]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]<br /> | location_country = Japan<br /> | key_people = Koji Fujiwara&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[President (corporate title)|President]] &amp; [[chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=129252358&amp;capId=1050268&amp;previousCapId=398058&amp;previousTitle=ORIX%20CORP&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | industry = Banking, [[financial services]]<br /> | products = [[Credit card]]s, [[Retail banking|consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|corporate banking]], [[investment banking]], [[Private banking|global wealth management]], [[financial analysis]], [[private equity]]<br /> | revenue = {{JPY|1.450 trillion|link=yes}} (2017)<br /> | operating_income = {{JPY|858.73 billion}} (2017)<br /> | net_income = {{JPY|603.54 billion}} (2017)<br /> | assets = {{USD|1.849 trillion}} (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/companies/MZHOF/assets|title=Mizuho Financial Group Total Assets (Quarterly) (MZHOF)|website=ycharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | equity = {{JPY|4.150 trillion}} (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mfg/stock-report|title=Mizuho Financial Group, Inc. (MFG) Stock Report – NASDAQ.com|website=NASDAQ.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 56,375 (2017)<br /> | subsid = [[Mizuho Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mizuho Trust &amp; Banking]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mizuho Securities|Mizuho Securities Co., Ltd.]]<br /> | homepage = {{url|mizuho-fg.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Mizuho Bank Ginza Chuo Branch.jpg|thumb|200px|Mizuho Bank branch in [[Ginza]]]]<br /> [[Image:Mizuho Financial Group income by division.png|thumb|200px|right|Mizuho annual income by division (2005)&lt;br /&gt;1. Mizuho Bank&lt;br /&gt;2. Mizuho Corporate Bank&lt;br /&gt;3. Mizuho Trust&lt;br /&gt;4. Mizuho Securities]]<br /> <br /> {{Nihongo|'''Mizuho Financial Group, Inc.'''|株式会社みずほフィナンシャルグループ|[[kabushiki kaisha|Kabushiki-gaisha]] Mizuho Finansharu Gurūpu}}, abbreviated as '''MHFG''', or simply called '''Mizuho''', is a [[bank]]ing [[holding company]] headquartered in the [[Ōtemachi]] district of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]], Japan. The name &quot;{{nihongo|mizuho|瑞穂}}&quot; literally means &quot;abundant rice&quot; in Japanese and &quot;harvest&quot; in the figurative sense. Upon its founding, it was the largest bank in the world by assets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/2727186/Nikkei-at-16-year-low.html|title=Nikkei at 16-year low|first=David|last=Litterick|date=23 July 2001|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> It holds [[assets]] in excess of $1.8 trillion US dollars through its control of [[Mizuho Bank]] and other operating subsidiaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#header:assets_sortreverse:true|title=The World’s Biggest Public Companies|website=Forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's combined holdings form the third largest [[financial services]] group in Japan. Its banking businesses rank third in Japan after [[Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group]] and [[Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group]] and it is the 15th in the world by total assets as of December 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks/assets &quot;The Top 100 Banks in the World 2016&quot;], ''Relbanks'', 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; It is the 90th largest company in the world according to Forbes rankings as of May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/companies/mizuho-financial/ &quot;Forbes The World’s Biggest Public Companies 2016 RANKING.&quot;], ''[[Forbes]]'', May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Its shares have a primary listing on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]].<br /> <br /> Mizuho offers a range of financial services, including banking, securities, trust and asset management services, employing more than 56,000 people&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/mizuho-financial/|title=Mizuho Financial on the Forbes Top Regarded Companies List|website=Forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; throughout 880 offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12020120/Bank-employee-plunges-to-death-in-City-of-London.html|title=Bank employee plunges to death in City of London|first=Gregory|last=Walton|date=27 November 2015|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Mizuho was established originally as [[Mizuho Financial Strategy|Mizuho Holdings, Inc.]] by the merger of '''[[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]''', '''[[Fuji Bank]]''', and the '''[[Industrial Bank of Japan]]''' in 2000. The earliest history of the companies that formed the Mizuho group was Yasuda-ya, which was founded as a private company in 1864.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite article |title=History of Mizuho |publisher=The Oriental Economist|date=1966|page=574}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then in 1872 the Dai-Ichi Bank, Ltd. was established as the first bank in Japan to be established under the nation’s newly minted National Bank Act of 1872. In 1897 the Nippon Kangyo Bank, Ltd. and the [[Industrial Bank of Japan]], Limited were next established as governmental institutions.&lt;ref name=Newall&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=4U4QAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA122|title=Japan and the City of London|first=Sir Paul|last=Newall|date=17 December 2013|publisher=A&amp;C Black|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1912 Yasuda-was incorporated and renamed Yasuda Bank, in a process where Yasuda absorbed the assets and business of seventeen different Japanese banking institutions. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=T8AmDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT711|title=A History of Money|first=Duncan|last=Connors|date=15 May 2016|publisher=[[University of Wales Press]]|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1948 Yasuda Bank was itself renamed the Fuji Bank, Limited. Over the coming years, Fuji Bank would serve as the major financier for post-war Japanese economic growth, working with other major banks as partners when it was at risk of over-extending its funds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2CHuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA59|title=Banking, The State and Industrial Promotion in Developing Japan, 1900-73|first=S.|last=Ogura|date=18 December 2001|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1950 the Nippon Kangyo Bank and IBJ were re-privatized after serving as semi-public banks for decades, following a recommendation from the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers General Douglas MacArthur and the United States during the post-World War II economic reforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=rqGoDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT78|title=The Emergence of Modern Central Banking from 1918 to the Present|first1=Carl-L.|last1=Holtfrerich|first2=Jaime|last2=Reis|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> In 1971 the Dai-ichi Bank and the Nippon Kangyo Bank merged to form the Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Limited. &lt;ref name=Newall /&gt; Mizuho itself was created from the remnants of these mergers, and in 1999 DKB, Fuji and IBJ announce an agreement to consolidate the three banks' operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/1999/08/21/editorials/a-super-bank-in-the-making/|title=A super-bank in the making|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This resulted in the establishment of the holding company named Mizuho Holdings, Inc in the year 2000. Then in 2002 DKB, Fuji and IBJ were officially and legally combined into two banks, &lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=piUE5zNFuTUC&amp;pg=PA550|title=Management Of Banking And Financial Services, 2/E|first=Suresh|last=Padmalatha|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho Bank, Ltd. and Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KjCgmXhNPsMC&amp;pg=PA175|title=Dictionary of Asia Pacific Business Terms|first=Chwee Huat|last=Tan|date=1 June 2018|publisher=NUS Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially Mizuho traded under the ticker symbol MHHD on the London Stock Exchange. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.investegate.co.uk/article.aspx?id=200302281014191131I|title=FE Investegate -Mizuho Holdings Inc Announcements - Mizuho Holdings Inc: Delisting of Stock Timetable|website=Investegate.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The merger resulted in the world’s first trillion-dollar bank, with its $1.2 trillion in assets surpassing the next largest bank by about $480 billion. The move has been considered to have formed one of the first “mega-institutions” in the financial industry, beginning a trend in the industry of large-scale bank mergers referred to as the “consolidation movement” during the 2000s. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yi1tCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA485|title=Introduction to Business|first1=Julian|last1=Gaspar|first2=Leonard|last2=Bierman|first3=James|last3=Kolari|first4=Richard|last4=Hise|first5=L. Murphy|last5=Smith|date=18 February 2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though while other mega-institutions were composed of one major player and several minor ones, Mizuho was composed of three relatively equal institutions in terms of their size and influence. &lt;ref name=Mallin&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=C4IhDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA158|title=Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions|first=Christine A.|last=Mallin|date=27 May 2016|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; It remained the largest mega-bank in the world until 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> The name “Mizuho” means “new, bountiful, and rich harvest of rice” in Japanese. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pQkV8Hj2WOwC&amp;pg=PA94|title=The Future of Global Financial Services|first=Robert E.|last=Grosse|date=9 February 2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original structure saw the founding of the Mizuho Bank, focusing on individuals and SMEs, and the Mizuho Corporate Bank, which focuses on corporate entities. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KjCgmXhNPsMC&amp;pg=PA174|title=Dictionary of Asia Pacific Business Terms|first=Chwee Huat|last=Tan|date=1 June 2018|publisher=NUS Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; The initial strategy of the company was to expand its lending operations with individuals and SMEs, and begin to offer fee-based services including securitizations, merger and acquisitions support, security-based investment banking, and syndicated loans. At the time, Mizuho controlled about 50% of the syndicated loans market. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=MnQYDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86|title=Winning in Asia, Japanese Style: Market and Nonmarket Strategies for Success|first1=V.|last1=Aggarwal|first2=S.|last2=Urata|date=30 April 2016|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho also launched one of the first Internet-based securities products in 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/www/article/2000/0530/mizuho.htm|title=みずほフィナンシャルグループ、インターネット専業証券を本年中に設立|website=internet.watch.impress.co.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2003, Mizuho Financial Group, Inc. took over the operations of Mizuho Holdings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;/&gt; On October 1, 2005, all subsidiaries of Mizuho Holdings were transferred to the direct control of Mizuho Financial Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;/&gt; Mizuho Holdings, no longer a bank holding company, was then renamed Mizuho Financial Strategy, which now focuses on providing advisory services. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20783325|title=Mizuho Financial Strategy Co., Ltd.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg|website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho Financial Group was in turn listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the stock symbol MFG in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4059439-mizuho-megabank-global-financial-consultant|title=Mizuho: From Megabank To Global Financial Consultant|first=The First|last=Mover|date=31 March 2017|website=Seekingalpha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Mizuho, through its operations in New York, became involved in the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] and lost 7 billion dollars on the sale of [[collateralized debt obligation]]s backed by subprime mortgages. It is the Asian bank which suffered the most losses due to the crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aardvark&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&amp;sid=a_4hFogX7eBc<br /> |title=Mizuho $7 Billion Loss Turned on Toxic Aardvark Made in America<br /> |publisher=Bloomberg<br /> |date=2008-10-29<br /> |accessdate=2008-10-29<br /> |first=Finbarr<br /> |last=Flynn<br /> |coauthors=<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012 Mizuho Financial Group acquire 100% of the assets from Brazilian bank Banco WestLB do Brasil S.A.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mizuho-westlb/mizuho-agrees-to-buy-westlb-brazil-unit-for-380-million-idUSBRE85J05820120620|title=Mizuho agrees to buy WestLB Brazil unit for $380 million|first=Taiga|last=Uranaka|website=Reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014 the company underwent a board of directors reform in order to streamline its corporate culture into a more of a single identity, although its original board founded in 2002 was consistent with Japanese banking protocols.&lt;ref name=Mallin /&gt; In 2016 they opened their global transactions banking headquarters in Singapore, and have offices for this unit in China, Hong Kong, Tokyo, London, and New York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/mizuho-seeking-100-billion-from-overseas-transaction-banking|title=Mizuho Seeks $100 Billion From Overseas Transaction Banking|date=8 August 2017|website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year they also began a partnership with Cognizant, to develop block-chain methods of securing the banks private records. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mizuho-financial-group-partners-enters-pact-with-Cognizant/articleshow/51007913.cms|title=Mizuho financial group partners enters pact with Cognizant|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Mizuho splits its business into four distinct divisions, on a global basis:<br /> <br /> === Retail Group ===<br /> Mizuho is active in [[retail banking]] with 515 branches and over 11,000 [[automated teller machine]]s (ATMs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bankingtech.com/644262/mizuho-bank-gears-up-for-new-core-banking-system-go-live/|title=Mizuho Bank gears up for new core banking system go-live|website=Bankingtech.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho Bank is the only bank, other than [[Japan Post Bank]], to have branches in every [[prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] in Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9pePrUSs7kMC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Historical Dictionary of Tokyo|first=Roman|last=Cybriwsky|date=18 February 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves over 26 million Japanese households,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/software/businesscasestudies/us/en/corp?synkey=V574977B29777U28 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321235813/http://www-03.ibm.com/software/businesscasestudies/us/en/corp?synkey=V574977B29777U28 |archive-date=2016-03-21 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 90,000 [[Small and medium enterprise|SME]] customers, 2500 corporations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2006/02/17/mida-mizuho-units-team-up/|title=Mida, Mizuho units team up - Business News - The Star Online|website=Thestar.com.my}}&lt;/ref&gt; and retail brokerage clients under the name Mizuho Investors Securities nationwide, with $114 billion in retail customer assets under its management as of 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-19/mizuho-seeks-to-challenge-nomura-as-japan-s-biggest-equity-firm|title=Mizuho Seeks to Challenge Nomura as Japan’s Top Equity Firm|date=19 October 2016|website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Mizuho Bank]]<br /> * [[Mizuho Capital]]<br /> <br /> === Global Corporate Group ===<br /> Mizuho predecessors, the [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]] (DKB), the [[Fuji Bank]] (Fuji) and the [[Industrial Bank of Japan]] (IBJ), had great control over many Japanese companies through [[keiretsu]] system. The three banks led the [[DKB Group]], [[Fuyo Group]] and the [[IBJ Group]] respectively. The Fuyo Group traces its history as far back as the old [[Yasuda zaibatsu]]. Even now, seven out of ten companies listed on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] have dealings with Mizuho.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mizuho-fg.co.jp/english/pdf/briefing/20050307clsa.pdf IR Presentation at “CLSA Japan Forum 2005”] 7 March 2005&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Mizuho Securities]]<br /> <br /> === Global wealth and asset management ===<br /> * [[Mizuho Trust &amp; Banking]]<br /> * Mizuho Private Wealth Management<br /> * Asset Management One<br /> <br /> === Strategy affiliates ===<br /> * [[Mizuho Financial Strategy]], formerly Mizuho Holdings, Inc.<br /> * Mizuho Research Institute<br /> * [[Mizuho Information &amp; Research Institute]]<br /> <br /> == Offices ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Image:Mizuho Financial Group (headquarters).jpg|Former Mizuho Financial Group headquarters (now [[Otemachi Tower]]), formerly [[Fuji Bank]] head office, in [[Ōtemachi]], Tokyo until 2014<br /> Image:Mizuho Bank, Ltd. (head office).jpg|[[Mizuho Bank]] head office in [[Uchisaiwaicho]], Tokyo (''see also [[Mizuho Bank Uchisaiwaichō Head Office Building]]'')<br /> Image:Industrial Bank of Japan Head Office.jpg|[[Mizuho Corporate Bank]] head office, formerly the [[Industrial Bank of Japan]] head office, bordering MHFG HQ in [[Ōtemachi]], Tokyo<br /> Image:Otemachi First Square, Tokyo, Japan.jpg|[[Mizuho Securities|Mizuho Securities Co.]] occupies Ōtemachi First Square, bordering MHFG HQ, in [[Ōtemachi]], Tokyo.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sponsorship ==<br /> Mizuho is a sponsor of the [[Tokyo International Marathon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/sports/tokyo-will-be-added-as-sixth-major-marathon.html|title=Tokyo Will Be Added as Sixth Major Marathon|date=2 November 2012|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[2020 Olympic Games]] and [[2020 Paralympic Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tokyo2020.jp/en/news/sponsor/20150414-02.html|title=Mizuho and SMFG join Tokyo 2020 Gold Partner Programme｜The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|website=Tokyo2020.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable employees ==<br /> * [[Yoichiro Esaki]], member of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]]<br /> * [[Ishigaki Rin|Rin Ishigaki]], poet<br /> * [[Hirotaka Ishihara]], member of the House of Representatives, son of [[Shintaro Ishihara]]<br /> * [[Zenkichi Kojima]], mayor of [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka]]<br /> * [[Takeaki Matsumoto]], member of the House of Representatives<br /> * [[Shoichi Nakagawa]], [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]], Minister of State in charge of Financial Services (2008–2009)<br /> * [[Kei Ogura]], singer<br /> * [[Stanley Praimnath]], survivor of the destruction of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11th, 2001]]<br /> * [[Mitsu Shimojo]], member of the House of Representatives<br /> * [[Yukio Tomioka]], member of the [[House of Councillors]]<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> <br /> In September 2013, a routine regulatory control unveiled that Mizuho enabled loans of up to $1.9 million to the [[Yakuza]] Japanese mafia. It also appeared that loans to the mob had been approved through its affiliate credit company Orient Corp. This scandal led to the resignation of the group's CEO Takashi Tsukamoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/11/13/business/mizuho-has-more-loans-to-the-mob/#.W1E-09JKg2w|title=Mizuho has more loans to the mob|last=Otake|first=Tomoko|date=13 November 2013|work=The Japan Times|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c4656f74-6e12-11e3-8dff-00144feabdc0|title=Mizuho chairman to stand down over yakuza loans scandal|last=McLannahan|first=Ben|date=26 December 2013|work=Financial Times|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Companies|Banks}}<br /> * [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]<br /> * [[Fuji Bank]]<br /> * [[Industrial Bank of Japan]]<br /> * [[List of banks in Japan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Mizuho Financial Group}}<br /> * [http://www.mizuho-fg.co.jp/english/ Mizuho Financial Group]<br /> * [http://finance.google.com/finance?q=MFG Mizuho Financial Group Inc.] by [[Google Finance]]<br /> * [http://www.innercitypress.org/mizuho.html Mizuho Watch by Inner City Press]<br /> <br /> {{Mizuho}}<br /> {{TOPIX 100}}<br /> {{Nikkei 225}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mizuho Financial Group| ]]<br /> [[Category:Banks of Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo]]<br /> [[Category:Holding companies based in Tokyo]]<br /> [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies based in Tokyo]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 2001]]<br /> [[Category:Banks established in 2001]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Osaka Securities Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Fuyo Group]]<br /> [[Category:Systemically important financial institutions]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizuho_Financial_Group&diff=938459606 Mizuho Financial Group 2020-01-31T09:24:15Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox company<br /> | name = Mizuho Financial Group, Inc.<br /> | native_name = 株式会社みずほフィナンシャルグループ<br /> | logo = Mizuho logo.svg<br /> | image = The Otemachi Tower.JPG<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | image_caption = Mizuho Financial Group Headquarters the [[Otemachi Tower]] in [[Tokyo]] since 2014<br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Kabushiki gaisha|K.K]])<br /> | traded_as = {{Tyo|8411}}&lt;br&gt;[[Osaka Securities Exchange|OSE]]: 8411&lt;br&gt;{{nyse|MFG}}&lt;br&gt;[[TOPIX|TOPIX Core 30 Component]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2001}}<br /> | predecessors = [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Fuji Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Industrial Bank of Japan]]<br /> | location_city = [[Marunouchi]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]<br /> | location_country = Japan<br /> | key_people = Koji Fujiwara&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[President (corporate title)|President]] &amp; [[chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=129252358&amp;capId=1050268&amp;previousCapId=398058&amp;previousTitle=ORIX%20CORP&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | industry = Banking, [[financial services]]<br /> | products = [[Credit card]]s, [[Retail banking|consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|corporate banking]], [[investment banking]], [[Private banking|global wealth management]], [[financial analysis]], [[private equity]]<br /> | revenue = {{JPY|1.450 trillion|link=yes}} (2017)<br /> | operating_income = {{JPY|858.73 billion}} (2017)<br /> | net_income = {{JPY|603.54 billion}} (2017)<br /> | assets = {{USD|1.849 trillion}} (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/companies/MZHOF/assets|title=Mizuho Financial Group Total Assets (Quarterly) (MZHOF)|website=ycharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | equity = {{JPY|4.150 trillion}} (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mfg/stock-report|title=Mizuho Financial Group, Inc. (MFG) Stock Report – NASDAQ.com|website=NASDAQ.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 56,375 (2017)<br /> | subsid = [[Mizuho Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mizuho Trust &amp; Banking]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mizuho Securities|Mizuho Securities Co., Ltd.]]<br /> | homepage = {{url|mizuho-fg.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Mizuho Bank Ginza Chuo Branch.jpg|thumb|200px|Mizuho Bank branch in [[Ginza]]]]<br /> [[Image:Mizuho Financial Group income by division.png|thumb|200px|right|Mizuho annual income by division (2005)&lt;br /&gt;1. Mizuho Bank&lt;br /&gt;2. Mizuho Corporate Bank&lt;br /&gt;3. Mizuho Trust&lt;br /&gt;4. Mizuho Securities]]<br /> <br /> {{Nihongo|'''Mizuho Financial Group, Inc.'''|株式会社みずほフィナンシャルグループ|[[kabushiki kaisha|Kabushiki-gaisha]] Mizuho Finansharu Gurūpu}}, abbreviated as '''MHFG''', or simply called '''Mizuho''', is a [[bank]]ing [[holding company]] headquartered in the [[Ōtemachi]] district of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]], Japan. The name &quot;{{nihongo|mizuho|瑞穂}}&quot; literally means &quot;abundant rice&quot; in Japanese and &quot;harvest&quot; in the figurative sense. Upon its founding, it was the largest bank in the world by assets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/2727186/Nikkei-at-16-year-low.html|title=Nikkei at 16-year low|first=David|last=Litterick|date=23 July 2001|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> It holds [[assets]] in excess of $1.8 trillion US dollars through its control of [[Mizuho Bank]] and other operating subsidiaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#header:assets_sortreverse:true|title=The World’s Biggest Public Companies|website=Forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's combined holdings form the third largest [[financial services]] group in Japan. Its banking businesses rank second in Japan after [[Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group]] and the 14th in the world by total assets as of December 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks/assets &quot;The Top 100 Banks in the World 2016&quot;], ''Relbanks'', 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; It is the 90th largest company in the world according to Forbes rankings as of May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/companies/mizuho-financial/ &quot;Forbes The World’s Biggest Public Companies 2016 RANKING.&quot;], ''[[Forbes]]'', May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Its shares have a primary listing on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]].<br /> <br /> Mizuho offers a range of financial services, including banking, securities, trust and asset management services, employing more than 56,000 people&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/mizuho-financial/|title=Mizuho Financial on the Forbes Top Regarded Companies List|website=Forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; throughout 880 offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12020120/Bank-employee-plunges-to-death-in-City-of-London.html|title=Bank employee plunges to death in City of London|first=Gregory|last=Walton|date=27 November 2015|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Mizuho was established originally as [[Mizuho Financial Strategy|Mizuho Holdings, Inc.]] by the merger of '''[[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]''', '''[[Fuji Bank]]''', and the '''[[Industrial Bank of Japan]]''' in 2000. The earliest history of the companies that formed the Mizuho group was Yasuda-ya, which was founded as a private company in 1864.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite article |title=History of Mizuho |publisher=The Oriental Economist|date=1966|page=574}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then in 1872 the Dai-Ichi Bank, Ltd. was established as the first bank in Japan to be established under the nation’s newly minted National Bank Act of 1872. In 1897 the Nippon Kangyo Bank, Ltd. and the [[Industrial Bank of Japan]], Limited were next established as governmental institutions.&lt;ref name=Newall&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=4U4QAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA122|title=Japan and the City of London|first=Sir Paul|last=Newall|date=17 December 2013|publisher=A&amp;C Black|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1912 Yasuda-was incorporated and renamed Yasuda Bank, in a process where Yasuda absorbed the assets and business of seventeen different Japanese banking institutions. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=T8AmDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT711|title=A History of Money|first=Duncan|last=Connors|date=15 May 2016|publisher=[[University of Wales Press]]|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1948 Yasuda Bank was itself renamed the Fuji Bank, Limited. Over the coming years, Fuji Bank would serve as the major financier for post-war Japanese economic growth, working with other major banks as partners when it was at risk of over-extending its funds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2CHuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA59|title=Banking, The State and Industrial Promotion in Developing Japan, 1900-73|first=S.|last=Ogura|date=18 December 2001|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1950 the Nippon Kangyo Bank and IBJ were re-privatized after serving as semi-public banks for decades, following a recommendation from the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers General Douglas MacArthur and the United States during the post-World War II economic reforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=rqGoDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT78|title=The Emergence of Modern Central Banking from 1918 to the Present|first1=Carl-L.|last1=Holtfrerich|first2=Jaime|last2=Reis|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> In 1971 the Dai-ichi Bank and the Nippon Kangyo Bank merged to form the Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Limited. &lt;ref name=Newall /&gt; Mizuho itself was created from the remnants of these mergers, and in 1999 DKB, Fuji and IBJ announce an agreement to consolidate the three banks' operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/1999/08/21/editorials/a-super-bank-in-the-making/|title=A super-bank in the making|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This resulted in the establishment of the holding company named Mizuho Holdings, Inc in the year 2000. Then in 2002 DKB, Fuji and IBJ were officially and legally combined into two banks, &lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=piUE5zNFuTUC&amp;pg=PA550|title=Management Of Banking And Financial Services, 2/E|first=Suresh|last=Padmalatha|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho Bank, Ltd. and Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KjCgmXhNPsMC&amp;pg=PA175|title=Dictionary of Asia Pacific Business Terms|first=Chwee Huat|last=Tan|date=1 June 2018|publisher=NUS Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially Mizuho traded under the ticker symbol MHHD on the London Stock Exchange. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.investegate.co.uk/article.aspx?id=200302281014191131I|title=FE Investegate -Mizuho Holdings Inc Announcements - Mizuho Holdings Inc: Delisting of Stock Timetable|website=Investegate.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The merger resulted in the world’s first trillion-dollar bank, with its $1.2 trillion in assets surpassing the next largest bank by about $480 billion. The move has been considered to have formed one of the first “mega-institutions” in the financial industry, beginning a trend in the industry of large-scale bank mergers referred to as the “consolidation movement” during the 2000s. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yi1tCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA485|title=Introduction to Business|first1=Julian|last1=Gaspar|first2=Leonard|last2=Bierman|first3=James|last3=Kolari|first4=Richard|last4=Hise|first5=L. Murphy|last5=Smith|date=18 February 2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though while other mega-institutions were composed of one major player and several minor ones, Mizuho was composed of three relatively equal institutions in terms of their size and influence. &lt;ref name=Mallin&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=C4IhDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA158|title=Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions|first=Christine A.|last=Mallin|date=27 May 2016|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; It remained the largest mega-bank in the world until 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> The name “Mizuho” means “new, bountiful, and rich harvest of rice” in Japanese. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pQkV8Hj2WOwC&amp;pg=PA94|title=The Future of Global Financial Services|first=Robert E.|last=Grosse|date=9 February 2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original structure saw the founding of the Mizuho Bank, focusing on individuals and SMEs, and the Mizuho Corporate Bank, which focuses on corporate entities. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KjCgmXhNPsMC&amp;pg=PA174|title=Dictionary of Asia Pacific Business Terms|first=Chwee Huat|last=Tan|date=1 June 2018|publisher=NUS Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; The initial strategy of the company was to expand its lending operations with individuals and SMEs, and begin to offer fee-based services including securitizations, merger and acquisitions support, security-based investment banking, and syndicated loans. At the time, Mizuho controlled about 50% of the syndicated loans market. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=MnQYDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86|title=Winning in Asia, Japanese Style: Market and Nonmarket Strategies for Success|first1=V.|last1=Aggarwal|first2=S.|last2=Urata|date=30 April 2016|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho also launched one of the first Internet-based securities products in 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/www/article/2000/0530/mizuho.htm|title=みずほフィナンシャルグループ、インターネット専業証券を本年中に設立|website=internet.watch.impress.co.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2003, Mizuho Financial Group, Inc. took over the operations of Mizuho Holdings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;/&gt; On October 1, 2005, all subsidiaries of Mizuho Holdings were transferred to the direct control of Mizuho Financial Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padmalatha&quot;/&gt; Mizuho Holdings, no longer a bank holding company, was then renamed Mizuho Financial Strategy, which now focuses on providing advisory services. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20783325|title=Mizuho Financial Strategy Co., Ltd.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg|website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho Financial Group was in turn listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the stock symbol MFG in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4059439-mizuho-megabank-global-financial-consultant|title=Mizuho: From Megabank To Global Financial Consultant|first=The First|last=Mover|date=31 March 2017|website=Seekingalpha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Mizuho, through its operations in New York, became involved in the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] and lost 7 billion dollars on the sale of [[collateralized debt obligation]]s backed by subprime mortgages. It is the Asian bank which suffered the most losses due to the crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aardvark&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&amp;sid=a_4hFogX7eBc<br /> |title=Mizuho $7 Billion Loss Turned on Toxic Aardvark Made in America<br /> |publisher=Bloomberg<br /> |date=2008-10-29<br /> |accessdate=2008-10-29<br /> |first=Finbarr<br /> |last=Flynn<br /> |coauthors=<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012 Mizuho Financial Group acquire 100% of the assets from Brazilian bank Banco WestLB do Brasil S.A.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mizuho-westlb/mizuho-agrees-to-buy-westlb-brazil-unit-for-380-million-idUSBRE85J05820120620|title=Mizuho agrees to buy WestLB Brazil unit for $380 million|first=Taiga|last=Uranaka|website=Reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014 the company underwent a board of directors reform in order to streamline its corporate culture into a more of a single identity, although its original board founded in 2002 was consistent with Japanese banking protocols.&lt;ref name=Mallin /&gt; In 2016 they opened their global transactions banking headquarters in Singapore, and have offices for this unit in China, Hong Kong, Tokyo, London, and New York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/mizuho-seeking-100-billion-from-overseas-transaction-banking|title=Mizuho Seeks $100 Billion From Overseas Transaction Banking|date=8 August 2017|website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year they also began a partnership with Cognizant, to develop block-chain methods of securing the banks private records. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mizuho-financial-group-partners-enters-pact-with-Cognizant/articleshow/51007913.cms|title=Mizuho financial group partners enters pact with Cognizant|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Mizuho splits its business into four distinct divisions, on a global basis:<br /> <br /> === Retail Group ===<br /> Mizuho is active in [[retail banking]] with 515 branches and over 11,000 [[automated teller machine]]s (ATMs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bankingtech.com/644262/mizuho-bank-gears-up-for-new-core-banking-system-go-live/|title=Mizuho Bank gears up for new core banking system go-live|website=Bankingtech.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizuho Bank is the only bank, other than [[Japan Post Bank]], to have branches in every [[prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] in Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9pePrUSs7kMC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Historical Dictionary of Tokyo|first=Roman|last=Cybriwsky|date=18 February 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves over 26 million Japanese households,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/software/businesscasestudies/us/en/corp?synkey=V574977B29777U28 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321235813/http://www-03.ibm.com/software/businesscasestudies/us/en/corp?synkey=V574977B29777U28 |archive-date=2016-03-21 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 90,000 [[Small and medium enterprise|SME]] customers, 2500 corporations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2006/02/17/mida-mizuho-units-team-up/|title=Mida, Mizuho units team up - Business News - The Star Online|website=Thestar.com.my}}&lt;/ref&gt; and retail brokerage clients under the name Mizuho Investors Securities nationwide, with $114 billion in retail customer assets under its management as of 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-19/mizuho-seeks-to-challenge-nomura-as-japan-s-biggest-equity-firm|title=Mizuho Seeks to Challenge Nomura as Japan’s Top Equity Firm|date=19 October 2016|website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Mizuho Bank]]<br /> * [[Mizuho Capital]]<br /> <br /> === Global Corporate Group ===<br /> Mizuho predecessors, the [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]] (DKB), the [[Fuji Bank]] (Fuji) and the [[Industrial Bank of Japan]] (IBJ), had great control over many Japanese companies through [[keiretsu]] system. The three banks led the [[DKB Group]], [[Fuyo Group]] and the [[IBJ Group]] respectively. The Fuyo Group traces its history as far back as the old [[Yasuda zaibatsu]]. Even now, seven out of ten companies listed on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] have dealings with Mizuho.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mizuho-fg.co.jp/english/pdf/briefing/20050307clsa.pdf IR Presentation at “CLSA Japan Forum 2005”] 7 March 2005&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Mizuho Securities]]<br /> <br /> === Global wealth and asset management ===<br /> * [[Mizuho Trust &amp; Banking]]<br /> * Mizuho Private Wealth Management<br /> * Asset Management One<br /> <br /> === Strategy affiliates ===<br /> * [[Mizuho Financial Strategy]], formerly Mizuho Holdings, Inc.<br /> * Mizuho Research Institute<br /> * [[Mizuho Information &amp; Research Institute]]<br /> <br /> == Offices ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Image:Mizuho Financial Group (headquarters).jpg|Former Mizuho Financial Group headquarters (now [[Otemachi Tower]]), formerly [[Fuji Bank]] head office, in [[Ōtemachi]], Tokyo until 2014<br /> Image:Mizuho Bank, Ltd. (head office).jpg|[[Mizuho Bank]] head office in [[Uchisaiwaicho]], Tokyo (''see also [[Mizuho Bank Uchisaiwaichō Head Office Building]]'')<br /> Image:Industrial Bank of Japan Head Office.jpg|[[Mizuho Corporate Bank]] head office, formerly the [[Industrial Bank of Japan]] head office, bordering MHFG HQ in [[Ōtemachi]], Tokyo<br /> Image:Otemachi First Square, Tokyo, Japan.jpg|[[Mizuho Securities|Mizuho Securities Co.]] occupies Ōtemachi First Square, bordering MHFG HQ, in [[Ōtemachi]], Tokyo.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sponsorship ==<br /> Mizuho is a sponsor of the [[Tokyo International Marathon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/sports/tokyo-will-be-added-as-sixth-major-marathon.html|title=Tokyo Will Be Added as Sixth Major Marathon|date=2 November 2012|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[2020 Olympic Games]] and [[2020 Paralympic Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tokyo2020.jp/en/news/sponsor/20150414-02.html|title=Mizuho and SMFG join Tokyo 2020 Gold Partner Programme｜The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|website=Tokyo2020.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable employees ==<br /> * [[Yoichiro Esaki]], member of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]]<br /> * [[Ishigaki Rin|Rin Ishigaki]], poet<br /> * [[Hirotaka Ishihara]], member of the House of Representatives, son of [[Shintaro Ishihara]]<br /> * [[Zenkichi Kojima]], mayor of [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka]]<br /> * [[Takeaki Matsumoto]], member of the House of Representatives<br /> * [[Shoichi Nakagawa]], [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]], Minister of State in charge of Financial Services (2008–2009)<br /> * [[Kei Ogura]], singer<br /> * [[Stanley Praimnath]], survivor of the destruction of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11th, 2001]]<br /> * [[Mitsu Shimojo]], member of the House of Representatives<br /> * [[Yukio Tomioka]], member of the [[House of Councillors]]<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> <br /> In September 2013, a routine regulatory control unveiled that Mizuho enabled loans of up to $1.9 million to the [[Yakuza]] Japanese mafia. It also appeared that loans to the mob had been approved through its affiliate credit company Orient Corp. This scandal led to the resignation of the group's CEO Takashi Tsukamoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/11/13/business/mizuho-has-more-loans-to-the-mob/#.W1E-09JKg2w|title=Mizuho has more loans to the mob|last=Otake|first=Tomoko|date=13 November 2013|work=The Japan Times|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c4656f74-6e12-11e3-8dff-00144feabdc0|title=Mizuho chairman to stand down over yakuza loans scandal|last=McLannahan|first=Ben|date=26 December 2013|work=Financial Times|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Companies|Banks}}<br /> * [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]<br /> * [[Fuji Bank]]<br /> * [[Industrial Bank of Japan]]<br /> * [[List of banks in Japan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Mizuho Financial Group}}<br /> * [http://www.mizuho-fg.co.jp/english/ Mizuho Financial Group]<br /> * [http://finance.google.com/finance?q=MFG Mizuho Financial Group Inc.] by [[Google Finance]]<br /> * [http://www.innercitypress.org/mizuho.html Mizuho Watch by Inner City Press]<br /> <br /> {{Mizuho}}<br /> {{TOPIX 100}}<br /> {{Nikkei 225}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mizuho Financial Group| ]]<br /> [[Category:Banks of Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo]]<br /> [[Category:Holding companies based in Tokyo]]<br /> [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies based in Tokyo]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 2001]]<br /> [[Category:Banks established in 2001]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Osaka Securities Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Fuyo Group]]<br /> [[Category:Systemically important financial institutions]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_zone&diff=935851830 Time zone 2020-01-15T03:53:57Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* List of UTC offsets */ group different islands of United States Minor Outlying Islands</p> <hr /> <div>{{about|time zones in general|a list of time zones by country|List of time zones by country|more time zone lists|Lists of time zones|other uses}}<br /> {{pp-move-indef}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Note: Please do not use time zone maps that have fixed file names with fixed dates. They are never updated and are only used for historical reference. --&gt;<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{original research|date=August 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> {{short description|Region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> [[File:World Time Zones Map.png|thumb|right|200px|This 2020 time zone map gives an example of the way time zones are mapped out.]]<br /> A '''time zone''' is a region of the globe that observes a uniform [[standard time]] for [[legal]], [[Commerce|commercial]], and [[social]] purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries of [[Country|countries]] and their subdivisions instead of longitude, because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other [[communication]] to keep the same [[time]].<br /> <br /> Most of the time zones on land are offset from [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) by a whole number of hours ([[UTC−12:00]] to [[UTC+14:00]]), but a few zones are offset by 30 or 45 minutes (e.g. [[Newfoundland Time Zone|Newfoundland Standard Time]] is [[UTC−03:30]], [[Nepal Time|Nepal Standard Time]] is [[UTC+05:45]], [[Indian Standard Time]] is [[UTC+05:30]] and [[Myanmar Standard Time]] is [[UTC+06:30]]).<br /> <br /> Some higher latitude and [[temperate]] zone countries use [[daylight saving time]] for part of the year, typically by adjusting local clock time by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding [[nautical time zones]]. This also creates a permanent [[daylight saving]] time effect.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Early timekeeping ===<br /> Before [[clock]]s were invented, it was common practice to mark the time of day with [[apparent solar time]] (also called &quot;true&quot; solar time) – for example, the time on a [[sundial]] – which was typically different for every location and dependent on [[longitude]].<br /> <br /> When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783642293078|title=The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks {{!}} Ruxu Du {{!}} Springer|language=en|isbn=978-3-642-29307-8|publisher=Springer|year=2013|series=History of Mechanism and Machine Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- is that the right date?--&gt; each city began to use local [[mean solar time]]. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the [[equation of time]]) because of the elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun ([[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]]) and the tilt of the Earth's axis ([[Axial tilt|obliquity]]). Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two sums to zero after a year.<br /> <br /> [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT) was established in 1675, when the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] was built, as an aid to mariners to determine [[longitude]] at sea, providing a standard reference time while each city in England kept a different local time.<br /> <br /> === Railway time ===<br /> [[File:Time zone chicago.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America]]<br /> Local solar time became increasingly inconvenient as rail transport and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by amounts corresponding to the differences in their geographical longitudes, which varied by four minutes of time for every degree of longitude. For example, [[Bristol]] is about 2.5 degrees west of [[Greenwich]] (East [[London]]), so when it is solar noon in Bristol, it is about 10 minutes past solar noon in London.&lt;ref&gt;Latitude and Longitude of World Cities http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html&lt;/ref&gt; The use of time zones accumulates these differences into longer units, usually hours, so that nearby places can share a common standard for timekeeping.<br /> <br /> The first adoption of a standard time was on December 1, 1847, in Great Britain by [[History of rail transport in Great Britain|railway companies]] using GMT kept by portable [[marine chronometer|chronometers]]. The first of these companies to adopt standard time was the [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR) in November 1840. This quickly became known as [[Railway time|Railway Time]]. About {{nowrap|August 23, 1852}}, time signals were first transmitted by [[telegraph]] from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until {{nowrap|August 2, 1880}}. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |title=Bristol Time |publisher=Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628151049/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Improvements in worldwide communication further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places that adopted time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed.<br /> <br /> On November 2, 1868, the then British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was the first country to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Telegraph line laid across Cook Strait.|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/submarine-telegraph-line-laid-across-cook-strait|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|accessdate=January 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was based on the longitude {{nowrap|172°30′}} East of [[Greenwich]], that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand Mean Time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Our Time. How we got it. New Zealand's Method. A Lead to the World.|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&amp;cl=search&amp;d=EP19290408.2.88&amp;srpos=2|work=Papers Past|publisher=Evening Post|accessdate=October 2, 2013|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1118railroad-time-zones/ |title=Nov. 18, 1883: Railroad Time Goes Coast to Coast |last=Alfred |first=Randy |date=November 18, 2010 |journal=Wired |language=en-US |access-date=July 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Time zone map of the United States 1913 (colorized).png|thumb|upright=1.6|right|1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today]]<br /> [[Charles F. Dowd]] proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on [[Washington, D.C.]], but by 1872 the first was centered on the meridian [[75th meridian west|75° W of Greenwich]], with geographic borders (for example, sections of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the ''Traveler's Official Railway Guide''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |title= Economics of Time Zones |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120514014456/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |archivedate= May 14, 2012 |df= }} &amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.89&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through [[Detroit]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]. It was inaugurated on Sunday, {{nowrap|November 18, 1883}}, also called &quot;The Day of Two Noons&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748 |title=Historymatters.gmu.edu |publisher=Historymatters.gmu.edu |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.<br /> <br /> The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |title=Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago |publisher=Sos.state.il.us |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005050317/http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |archivedate=October 5, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A notable exception was Detroit (which is about halfway between the meridians of eastern time and central time) which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, [[local mean time]], and [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Standard Time]] before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in the [[Standard Time Act]] of March 19, 1918.<br /> <br /> === Worldwide time zones ===<br /> The first known person to conceive of a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician [[Quirico Filopanti]]. He introduced the idea in his book ''Miranda!'' published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called &quot;longitudinal days&quot;, the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. But his book attracted no attention until long after his death.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html Quirico Filopanti] from scienzagiovane, Bologna University, Italy. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011106/http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html |date=January 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gianluigi Parmeggiani (Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna),<br /> [http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm The origin of time zones] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm |date=August 24, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Scottish-born Canadian Sir [[Sandford Fleming]] proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, and is credited with &quot;the initial effort that led to the adoption of the present time meridians&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/d.html |title=History &amp; info – Standard time began with the railroads|website=www.webexhibits.org|accessdate=February 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich ([[180th meridian]]), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the [[International Meridian Conference]] in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it &quot;shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable&quot;.&lt;ref name=imc&gt;{{citation |title=International conference held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the proceedings. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433084034655;view=1up;seq=209 |accessdate=July 23, 2018 |year=1884 |page=201|location=Washington, D. C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some &quot;standard offset&quot; from GMT/UTC. By 1929, most major countries had adopted hourly time zones. [[Nepal]] was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=10013|title=15 minutes of fame|newspaper=Nepali Times|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], India, Iran, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesas]], as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the [[Chatham Islands]] of New Zealand, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/|title=China Only Has One Time Zone—and That's a Problem|last=Schiavenza|first=Matt|date=November 5, 2013|work=The Atlantic|access-date=August 22, 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Time in Russia|Russia is traditionally divided]] into 11 time zones, but in 2011 the number was reduced to nine. Then-President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] said at the time that he would like to see even fewer in place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Time: Huge country, nine time zones|date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=February 12, 2019|format=Video|website=[[BBC]]|language=en|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-12809230/about-time-huge-country-nine-time-zones}}&lt;/ref&gt; Still, in 2014, the two removed time zones were reinstated, making the number of time zones 11 again.<br /> <br /> == Notation of time ==<br /> <br /> === ISO 8601 ===<br /> {{Main|ISO 8601}}<br /> ISO 8601 is an [[International Organization for Standardization|international standard]] that defines methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/map-mondays-wtf-is-wrong-with-canada-s-time|title=In Canada, You Can Just Write the Date Whichever Way You Want|date=June 8, 2015|work=Atlas Obscura|access-date=August 22, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === UTC ===<br /> If a time is in [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), a &quot;Z&quot; is added directly after the time without a separating space. &quot;Z&quot; is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. &quot;09:30&amp;nbsp;UTC&quot; is therefore represented as &quot;09:30Z&quot; or &quot;0930Z&quot;. Likewise, &quot;14:45:15&amp;nbsp;UTC&quot; is written as &quot;14:45:15Z&quot; or &quot;144515Z&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|title=Z – Zulu Time Zone (Time Zone Abbreviation)|website=www.timeanddate.com|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UTC time is also known as &quot;Zulu&quot; time, since &quot;Zulu&quot; is a [[ICAO spelling alphabet|phonetic alphabet]] code word for the letter &quot;Z&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|title=Z – Zulu Time Zone (Time Zone Abbreviation)|website=www.timeanddate.com|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Offsets from UTC ====<br /> [[UTC offset|Offsets from UTC]] are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh] [mm], or ±[hh] (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in [[Berlin]] during the winter), the zone designator would be &quot;[[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&quot;, &quot;+0100&quot;, or simply &quot;+01&quot;. This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or &quot;Z&quot;, as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with [[daylight saving time]], e.g. a time offset in [[Chicago]], which is in the [[Central Time Zone (North America)|North American Central Time Zone]], is &quot;[[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]&quot; for the winter (Central Standard Time) and &quot;[[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&quot; for the summer (Central Daylight Time).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboututc.shtml|title=What is UTC or GMT Time?|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Abbreviations ===<br /> {{Main|List of time zone abbreviations}}<br /> Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as &quot;EST&quot;, &quot;WST&quot;, and &quot;CST&quot;, but these are not part of the international time and date standard [[ISO 8601#Time zone designators|ISO 8601]] and their use as sole designator for a time zone is discouraged. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, &quot;ECT&quot; could be interpreted as &quot;Eastern Caribbean Time&quot; (UTC−4h), &quot;Ecuador Time&quot; (UTC−5h), or &quot;European Central Time&quot; (UTC+1h).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/linux_timezones/|title=Time zone ambiguities on Linux|website=www.pixelbeat.org|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == UTC offsets worldwide ==<br /> {{Main|List of UTC time offsets}}<br /> [[File:Standard World Time Zones.png|thumb|800px|center]]&lt;!-- Note: Please do not use time zone maps that have fixed file names with fixed dates. They are never updated and are only used for historical reference. --&gt;<br /> [[File:Solar time vs standard time.png|thumb|800px|center|A great part of the world has a gap between the official time and the solar time]]<br /> [[File:UTC hue4map X world Robinson.png|800px|thumb|center]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:800px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC−12:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC−07:00<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC−06:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC−01:00<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC±00:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC+05:45<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC+06:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC+11:30<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC+12:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC+14:00<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=4 | Oceania / North America / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | North and South America / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | [[Time in Europe|Europe]] / Africa / Asia / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | Asia / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | Asia / Oceania / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−12:00|−12:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−12:00|−12:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−11:00|−11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC±00:00|±00:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Iceland|IS]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC±00:00|±00:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United Kingdom|GB]], [[Time in the Republic of Ireland|IE]], PT<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+06:00|+06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Kazakhstan|KZ-]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+06:00|+06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+07:00|+07:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+12:00|+12:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kiribati|KI]]-, [[Time in Russia|RU]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+12:00|+12:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+13:00|+13:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in New Zealand|NZ]]-<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff8000&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+06:30|+06:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Myanmar|MM]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c60;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffbf00&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+12:45|+12:45]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c90;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+12:45|+12:45]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+13:45|+13:45]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in New Zealand|NZ]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−11:00|−11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−11:00|−11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−10:00|−10:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;BO, CO, PA, PE<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−04:00|−04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-, CU, [[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;TN, CG, CD-, DZ, [[Niger|NE]], [[Nigeria|NG]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+02:00|+02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, [[Time in Germany|DE]], DK, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, [[North Macedonia|MK]], NL, NO, PL, SE, SI, SK&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Namibia|NA]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+07:00|+07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, VN, LA, TH, KH, [[Time in Indonesia|ID]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+07:00|+07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+08:00|+08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Mongolia|MN]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+13:00|+13:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kiribati|KI]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−10:00|−10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−10:00|−10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−09:00|−09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−04:00|−04:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−04:00|−04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−03:00|−03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Chile|CL]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+02:00|+02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;Africa: [[Burundi|BI]], [[Botswana|BW]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|CD]]-, [[Egypt|EG]], [[Libya|LY]], [[Malawi|MW]], [[Mozambique|MZ]], [[Rwanda|RW]], [[South Africa|ZA]], [[Zambia|ZM]], [[Zimbabwe|ZW]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+02:00|+02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Finland|FI]], [[Estonia|EE]], [[Latvia|LV]], [[Lithuania|LT]], [[Ukraine|UA]], [[Bulgaria|BG]], [[Greece|GR]], MD, [[Romania|RO]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+08:00|+08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Australia|AU]]-, CN, HK, [[Time in Indonesia|ID]], MY, [[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Time in the Philippines|PH]], SG, TW,<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+08:00|+08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+09:00|+09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Mongolia|MN]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+14:00|+14:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kiribati|KI]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00ff80&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:30|−03:30]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c6;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:30|−03:30]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−02:30|−02:30]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−09:00|−09:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−09:00|−09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−08:00|−08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:00|−03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Argentina|AR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Chile|CL]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:00|−03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−02:00|−02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Brazil|BR]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;Europe: [[Belarus|BY]], [[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Turkey|TR]], Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+04:00|+04:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:00|+09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Time in Japan|JP]], [[Time in South Korea|KR]], [[Time in Indonesia|ID]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:00|+09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+10:00|+10:00]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0080ff&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:30|+03:30]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#06c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:30|+03:30]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+04:30|+04:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Iran|IR]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0080ff&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:30|+09:30]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#06c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:30|+09:30]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+10:30|+10:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Australia|AU]]-<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−08:00|−08:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−08:00|−08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−07:00|−07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-, [[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−02:00|−02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Brazil|BR]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−02:00|−02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−01:00|−01:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+04:00|+04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Time in Georgia (country)|GE]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+04:00|+04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+05:00|+05:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+10:00|+10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+10:00|+10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+11:00|+11:00]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#8000ff&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+04:30|+04:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Afghanistan|AF]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#60c;&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−07:00|−07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−07:00|−07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-, [[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Chile|CL]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−01:00|−01:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−01:00|−01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC±00:00|±00:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:00|+05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Kazakhstan|KZ]]-, PK<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:00|+05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+06:00|+06:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+11:00|+11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+11:00|+11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+12:00|+12:00]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0080&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:30|+05:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in India|IN]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c06;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0080&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+11:30|+11:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Norfolk Island|NF]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c06;&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0040&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:45|+05:45]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nepal|NP]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0020;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> XX = [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = [[Universal Coordinated Time]], DST = [[Daylight Saving Time]]<br /> <br /> == List of UTC offsets ==<br /> These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:<br /> &lt;!-- If a country has just one time zone list the country, not its capital.<br /> If a state or province has just one time zone list the state or province, not its largest city.<br /> This is not the place to write every single location that lies in a particular zone. This is just for a few examples. Please, do not fill said table with more locations. --&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Time offset<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot; | Example time&lt;br /&gt;([[ISO 8601]] notation)<br /> ! Example locations that do not use DST<br /> ! Example locations that use DST in summer<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−12:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|12|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|United States Minor Outlying Islands}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] ([[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]])<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−11:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|11|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|American Samoa}} [[American Samoa]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Niue}} [[Niue]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United States Minor Outlying Islands}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] ([[Jarvis Island]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], [[Palmyra Atoll]])<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−10:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|10|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Cook Islands}} [[Cook Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] ([[Tahiti]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United States Minor Outlying Islands}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] ([[Johnston Atoll]])<br /> | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ([[Aleutian Islands]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−09:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|09|30}}<br /> | {{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] ([[Marquesas Islands]])<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−09:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|09|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] ([[Gambier Islands]])<br /> | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]] (most))<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−08:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|08|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Pitcairn Islands}} [[Pitcairn Islands]]<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbia]] (most), {{flagicon|Yukon}} [[Yukon]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Baja California]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|California}} [[California]], {{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]] (most), {{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon]] (most), {{flagicon|Washington (state)}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−07:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|07|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] (northeastern {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbia]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Sonora}} [[Sonora]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]] (most))<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Alberta]], {{flagicon|Northwest Territories}} [[Northwest Territories]], {{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavut]] (west of 102°W))&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Chihuahua (state)}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}}[[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]], {{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho]] (most), {{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana]], {{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico]], {{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah]], {{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−06:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|06|00}}<br /> | {{BIZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewan]] (most))&lt;br&gt;{{CRC}}&lt;br&gt;{{ECU}} ([[Galápagos Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{ESA}}&lt;br&gt;{{GUA}}&lt;br&gt;{{HON}}&lt;br&gt;{{NCA}}<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitoba]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Time in Chile|Chile]] ({{flagicon|Easter Island}} [[Easter Island]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama]], {{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas]], {{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]], {{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa]], {{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas]] (most), {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana]], {{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota]], {{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi]], {{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri]], {{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska]] (most), {{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota]] (most), {{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma]], {{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota]] (most), {{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee]] (most), {{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] (most), {{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin]]))<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−05:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|05|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] ([[Acre (state)|Acre]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavut]] (entire [[Southampton Island]] ([[Coral Harbour]])), {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]] (west of 90° West: [[Atikokan]] area and [[New Osnaburgh]]/[[Pickle Lake]] area))&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Cayman Islands}} [[Cayman Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{COL}}&lt;br&gt;{{ECU}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{JAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Quintana Roo}} [[Quintana Roo]] (most))&lt;br&gt;{{PAN}}&lt;br&gt;{{PER}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United States Minor Outlying Islands}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] ({{flagicon|Navassa Island}} [[Navassa Island]])<br /> | {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]] (most), {{flagicon|QC}} [[Quebec]] (most))&lt;br&gt;{{CUB}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[Connecticut]], {{flagicon|Delaware}} [[Delaware]], {{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]] (most), {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], {{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]] (most), {{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky]] (most), {{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine]], {{flagicon|Maryland}} [[Maryland]], {{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[Massachusetts]], {{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]] (most), {{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[New Hampshire]], {{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]], {{flagicon|New York (state)}} [[New York (state)|New York]], {{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina]], {{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio]], {{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania]], {{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[Rhode Island]], {{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina]], {{flagicon|Vermont}} [[Vermont]], {{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]], {{flagicon|Washington, D.C.}} [[Washington, D.C.]], {{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−04:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|04|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Anguilla}} [[Anguilla]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Aruba]]&lt;br&gt;{{BAR}}&lt;br&gt;{{BOL}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] ([[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] (most), {{flagicon|Mato Grosso do Sul}} [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], {{flagicon|Mato Grosso}} [[Mato Grosso]], {{flagicon|Rondônia}} [[Rondônia]], {{flagicon|Roraima}} [[Roraima]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} [[British Virgin Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebec]] (east of the [[Natashquan River]]))&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Caribbean Netherlands}} [[Caribbean Netherlands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Curacao}} [[Curacao]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica]]&lt;br&gt;{{DOM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenada]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guadeloupe}} [[Guadeloupe]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyana]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Martinique}} [[Martinique]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Montserrat}} [[Montserrat]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Barthelemy}} [[Saint Barthelemy]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucia]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Martin}} [[Saint Martin]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Sint Maarten}} [[Sint Maarten]]&lt;br&gt;{{TTO}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|US Virgin Islands}} [[US Virgin Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Time in Venezuela|Venezuela]]<br /> | {{flagicon|Bermuda}} [[Bermuda]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswick]], {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotia]], {{flagicon|Newfoundland and Labrador}} [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] ([[Labrador]], except of southeastern coast), {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Island]])&lt;br&gt;{{CHI}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] ([[Thule Air Base]])&lt;br&gt;{{PAR}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−03:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|03|30}}<br /> |<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Newfoundland and Labrador}} [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] ([[Newfoundland]] and southeastern coast of [[Labrador]]))<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−03:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|03|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Time in Argentina|Argentina]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Time in Chile|Chile]] ([[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Falkland Islands}} [[Time in the Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|French Guiana}} [[French Guiana]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname]]&lt;br&gt;{{URU}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−02:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|02|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] ([[Fernando de Noronha]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−01:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|01|00}}<br /> | {{CPV}}<br /> | {{POR}} ({{flagicon|Azores}} [[Azores]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] ([[Ittoqqortoormiit]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC±00:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|00|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Gambia]]&lt;br&gt;{{GHA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] ([[Danmarkshavn]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau]]&lt;br&gt;{{ISL}}&lt;br&gt;{{CIV}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]&lt;br&gt;{{MLI}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha|Saint Helena]]&lt;br&gt;{{SEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leone]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Sao Tome and Principe]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togo]]<br /> | {{flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Faroe Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]]&lt;br&gt;{{IRL}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Isle of Man}} [[Isle of Man]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Jersey}} [[Jersey]]&lt;br&gt;{{POR}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{ESP}} ({{flagicon|Canary Islands}} [[Canary Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{GBR}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+01:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|01|00}}<br /> | {{ALG}}&lt;br&gt;{{ANG}}&lt;br&gt;{{BEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{CMR}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]]&lt;br&gt;{{COD}} (western part)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinea]]&lt;br&gt;{{GAB}}&lt;br&gt;{{MAR}}&lt;br&gt;{{NIG}}&lt;br&gt;{{NGR}}&lt;br&gt;{{TUN}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Western Sahara}}<br /> | {{ALB}}&lt;br&gt;{{AND}}&lt;br&gt;{{AUT}}&lt;br&gt;{{BEL}}&lt;br&gt;{{BIH}}&lt;br&gt;{{CRO}}&lt;br&gt;{{CZE}}&lt;br&gt;{{DEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{FRA}} ([[Metropolitan France|metropolitan]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|GER}} [[Time in Germany|Germany]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar]]&lt;br&gt;{{HUN}}&lt;br&gt;{{ITA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo]]&lt;br&gt;{{LIE}}&lt;br&gt;{{LUX}}&lt;br&gt;{{MLT}}&lt;br&gt;{{MON}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]]&lt;br&gt;{{NED}} (European)&lt;br&gt;{{MKD}}&lt;br&gt;{{NOR}}&lt;br&gt;{{POL}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]]&lt;br&gt;{{SRB}}&lt;br&gt;{{SVK}}&lt;br&gt;{{SLO}}&lt;br&gt;{{ESP}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{SWE}}&lt;br&gt;{{SUI}}&lt;br&gt;{{VAT}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+02:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|02|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana]]&lt;br&gt;{{BDI}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (eastern part)&lt;br&gt;{{EGY}}&lt;br&gt;{{SWZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Lesotho]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]]&lt;br&gt;{{MAW}}&lt;br&gt;{{MOZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{NAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Kaliningrad Oblast}} [[Kaliningrad Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{RWA}}&lt;br&gt;{{RSA}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{SUD}}&lt;br&gt;{{ZAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{ZIM}}<br /> | {{ALA}}&lt;br&gt;{{BUL}}&lt;br&gt;{{CYP}}&lt;br&gt;{{EST}}&lt;br&gt;{{FIN}}&lt;br&gt;{{GRE}}&lt;br&gt;{{ISR}}&lt;br&gt;{{JOR}}&lt;br&gt;{{LAT}}&lt;br&gt;{{LBN}}&lt;br&gt;{{LIT}}&lt;br&gt;{{MDA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]&lt;br&gt;{{ROM}}&lt;br&gt;{{SYR}}&lt;br&gt;{{UKR}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+03:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|03|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain]]&lt;br&gt;{{BLR}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros]]&lt;br&gt;{{DJI}}&lt;br&gt;{{ERI}}&lt;br&gt;{{ETH}}&lt;br&gt;{{IRQ}}&lt;br&gt;{{KEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{KUW}}&lt;br&gt;{{MAD}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Mayotte}} [[Mayotte]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Moscow}} [[Moscow Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{KSA}}&lt;br&gt;{{SOM}}&lt;br&gt;{{SSD}}&lt;br&gt;{{RSA}} ([[Prince Edward Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{TAN}}&lt;br&gt;{{TUR}}&lt;br&gt;{{UGA}}&lt;br&gt;{{YEM}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+03:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|03|30}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IRI}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+04:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|04|00}}<br /> | {{ARM}}&lt;br&gt;{{AZE}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] ([[Crozet Islands]], [[Scattered Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{GEO}}&lt;br&gt;{{MRI}}&lt;br&gt;{{OMA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Samara Oblast}} [[Samara Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Réunion}} [[Réunion]]&lt;br&gt;{{SEY}}&lt;br&gt;{{UAE}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+04:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|04|30}}<br /> | {{AFG}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+05:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|05|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] ([[Kerguelen Islands]], [[Île Saint-Paul|St. Paul]] and [[Île Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] islands)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{KAZ}} (western part)&lt;br&gt;{{MDV}}&lt;br&gt;{{PAK}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Sverdlovsk Oblast}} [[Yekaterinburg Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]]&lt;br&gt;{{UZB}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+05:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|05|30}}<br /> | {{IND}}&lt;br&gt;{{SRI}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+05:45]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|05|45}}<br /> | {{NEP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+06:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|06|00}}<br /> | {{BAN}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|British Indian Ocean Territory}} [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]&lt;br&gt;{{KAZ}} (eastern part)&lt;br&gt;{{KGZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Omsk Oblast}} [[Omsk Time]])<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+06:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|06|30}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Cocos Islands}} [[Cocos Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{MYA}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+07:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|07|00}}<br /> | {{CAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Christmas Island}} [[Christmas Island]]&lt;br&gt;{{INA}} ([[Sumatra Island]], [[Java Island]], {{flagicon|West Kalimantan}} [[West Kalimantan]], {{flagicon|Central Kalimantan}} [[Central Kalimantan]])&lt;br&gt;{{LAO}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Time in Mongolia|Mongolia]] (west)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Krasnoyarsk Krai}} [[Krasnoyarsk Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{THA}}&lt;br&gt;{{VIE}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+08:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|08|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei]]&lt;br&gt;{{PRC}}&lt;br&gt;{{HKG}}&lt;br&gt;{{INA}} ([[Sulawesi Island]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], {{flagicon|North Kalimantan}} [[North Kalimantan]], {{flagicon|East Kalimantan}} [[East Kalimantan]], {{flagicon|South Kalimantan}} [[South Kalimantan]])&lt;br&gt;{{MAC}}&lt;br&gt;{{MAS}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Time in Mongolia|Mongolia]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{PHI}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Irkutsk Oblast}} [[Irkutsk Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{SIN}}&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+08:45]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|08|45}}<br /> | {{AUS}} ({{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]] ([[Eucla, Western Australia|Eucla]]))<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+09:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|09|00}}<br /> | {{TLS}}&lt;br&gt;{{INA}} ([[Maluku Islands]], {{flagicon|Papua}} [[Papua (province)|Papua]], {{flagicon|West Papua}} [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]])&lt;br&gt;{{JPN}}&lt;br&gt;{{PRK}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Sakha Republic}} [[Yakutsk Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{KOR}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+09:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|09|30}}<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Northern Territory}} [[Northern Territory]])<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|South Australia}} [[South Australia]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+10:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|10|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Queensland]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guam}} [[Guam]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] ({{flagicon|Kosrae}} [[Kosrae]], {{flagicon|Pohnpei}} [[Pohnpei]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Northern Mariana Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{PNG}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Primorsky Krai}} [[Vladivostok Time]])<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} [[Australian Capital Territory]], {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[New South Wales]], {{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Tasmania]], {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+10:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|10|30}}<br /> |<br /> | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] ({{flagicon|Lord Howe Island}} [[Lord Howe Island]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+11:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|11|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] ({{flagicon|Chuuk}} [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]], {{flagicon|Yap}} [[Yap]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|New Caledonia}} [[New Caledonia]]&lt;br&gt;{{PNG}} ({{flagicon|Bougainville}} [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Magadan Oblast}} [[Magadan Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{SOL}}&lt;br&gt;{{VAN}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Norfolk Island}} [[Norfolk Island]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+12:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|12|00}}<br /> | {{KIR}} ([[Gilbert Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{MHL}}&lt;Br&gt;{{NRU}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Kamchatka Krai}} [[Kamchatka Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{TUV}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|United States Minor Outlying Islands}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] ([[Wake Island]])&lt;br&gt;{{WLF}}<br /> | {{FIJ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand]] (most)<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+12:45]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|12|45}}<br /> |<br /> | {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand]] ([[Chatham Islands]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+13:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|13|00}}<br /> | {{KIR}} ([[Phoenix Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Tokelau}} [[Tokelau]]&lt;br&gt;{{TON}}<br /> | {{SAM}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+14:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|14|00}}<br /> | {{KIR}} ([[Line Islands]])<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.<br /> <br /> Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:<br /> * [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]: [[UTC+02]]; 01:00 on Tuesday<br /> * [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]: [[UTC+12]]; 11:00 on Tuesday<br /> <br /> Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:<br /> * Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: [[UTC−10]]; 16:00 on Monday<br /> * Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday<br /> <br /> The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example, New Zealand, which is usually [[UTC+12]], observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the [[Southern Hemisphere]] summer, resulting in a local time of [[UTC+13]].<br /> <br /> == Time zone conversions ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=52 | Time of day by zone<br /> |-<br /> | City, ''Region''<br /> | [[List of time zone abbreviations|Zone]]<br /> | '''°W'''<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#ff0000|Tue}}<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#00ff00|Wed}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Baker Island]]'', [[Howland Island]]<br /> | [[Anywhere on Earth Time Zone|AoE]]<br /> | '''180'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[American Samoa]]''<br /> | [[Samoa Time Zone|SST]]<br /> | '''165'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hawaii]]''<br /> | [[Hawaii–Aleutian Standard Time|HAST]]<br /> | '''150'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Juneau, Alaska]]<br /> | [[Alaska Time Zone|AKST]]<br /> | '''135'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]]<br /> | [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]<br /> | '''120'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Denver]]<br /> | [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]]<br /> | '''105'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Winnipeg]], [[Chicago]], [[Mexico City]]<br /> | [[Central Time Zone|CST]]<br /> | '''90'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ottawa]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Miami]], [[Quito]], [[Lima]]<br /> | [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]<br /> | '''75'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Caracas]], [[La Paz]], [[Santiago]]<br /> | [[Chile Standard Time|CLT]]<br /> | '''60'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Greenland]]'', [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Buenos Aires]]<br /> | [[Argentina Time|ART]]<br /> | '''45'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|GST]]<br /> | '''30'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[Cape Verde Time|CVT]]<br /> | '''15'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[London]], [[Lisbon]], [[Algiers]], [[Monrovia]]<br /> | [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Paris]], [[Rome]], [[Lagos]], [[Kinshasa]]<br /> | [[Central European Time|CET]]<br /> | '''15'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Helsinki]], [[Moscow]], [[Cairo]], [[Cape Town]]<br /> | [[Eastern European Time|EET]]<br /> | '''30'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Archangelsk]], [[Ankara]], [[Addis Abeba]]<br /> | [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]<br /> | '''45'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Magnitogorsk]], ''[[Mauritius]]'', ''[[Réunion]]''<br /> | [[Gulf Standard Time|GST]]<br /> | '''60'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Salekhard]], [[Bishkek]], ''[[Kerguelen Islands|Kerguelen]]''<br /> | [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]<br /> | '''75'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Norilsk]], [[Novosibirsk]]<br /> | [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]<br /> | '''90'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irkutsk]], [[Bangkok]], [[Jakarta]]<br /> | [[Indochina Time|ICT]]<br /> | '''105'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yakutsk]], [[Beijing]], [[Manila]], [[Perth]]<br /> | [[China Standard Time|CST]]<br /> | '''120'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vladivostok]], [[Tokyo]]<br /> | [[Japan Standard Time|JST]]<br /> | '''135'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Magadan]], [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]]<br /> | [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]<br /> | '''150'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[New Caledonia Time|NCT]]<br /> | '''165'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Fiji]]'', [[Wellington]]<br /> | [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]<br /> | '''180'''<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9|0}}<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Phoenix Islands]]''<br /> | [[Time in Tokelau|TKT]]<br /> |<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9|0}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9|1}}<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kiritimati]]''<br /> | [[Line Islands Time|LINT]]<br /> |<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9| 2}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | '''°E'''<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#00ff00|Wed}}<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#0000ff|Thu}}<br /> | colspan=2 align=center | {{color|#8ddbf9|Fri}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship<br /> :&quot;time in zone A&quot; − &quot;UTC offset for zone A&quot; = &quot;time in zone B&quot; − &quot;UTC offset for zone B&quot;,<br /> in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term &quot;UTC offset&quot; is used here rather than the term &quot;zone designator&quot; used by the standard.)<br /> <br /> The conversion equation can be rearranged to<br /> :&quot;time in zone B&quot; = &quot;time in zone A&quot; − &quot;UTC offset for zone A&quot; + &quot;UTC offset for zone B&quot;.<br /> <br /> For example, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] opens at 09:30 ([[Eastern time zone|EST]], UTC offset=−05:00). In Los Angeles ([[Pacific time zone|PST]], UTC offset= −08:00) and Delhi ([[Indian standard time|IST]], UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at<br /> :time in Los Angeles = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30.<br /> :time in Delhi = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.<br /> <br /> These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).<br /> <br /> The table &quot;Time of day by zone&quot; gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.<br /> <br /> == Nautical time zones ==<br /> {{Main|Nautical time}}<br /> Since the 1920s a [[nautical time|nautical standard time]] system has been in operation for ships on the [[international waters|high seas]]. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° [[gore (segment)|gore]] that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by [[territorial waters]] adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.&lt;ref&gt;Bowditch, Nathaniel. ''American Practical Navigator''. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925, 1939, 1975.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hill, John C., Thomas F. Utegaard, Gerard Riordan. ''Dutton's Navigation and Piloting''. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1958.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Howse, Derek. ''Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-19-215948-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain's choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keep the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal, and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.<br /> <br /> ==Skewing of zones==&lt;!-- This section is linked from [[daylight saving time]] --&gt;<br /> [[File:Tzdiff-Europe-summer.png|thumb|Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c8bfe7;&quot; |<br /> | 1h ± 30 min behind<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#bec0bc;&quot; |<br /> | 0h ± 30m<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c18e8e;&quot; |<br /> | 1h ± 30&amp;nbsp;m ahead<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background: #c15e61;&quot; |<br /> | 2h ± 30&amp;nbsp;m ahead<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background: #c10000;&quot; |<br /> | 3h ± 30&amp;nbsp;m ahead<br /> |}<br /> ]]<br /> [[File:DaylightSaving-World-Subdivisions.png|thumb|upright=1.35| {{legend|#1b80e6|DST observed}} {{legend|#ef690a|DST formerly observed}}<br /> {{legend|#c00000|DST never observed}}]]<br /> <br /> Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.<br /> <br /> For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through [[Spain]] and [[France]], they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east ([[Central European Time]]) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation]] of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Poulle|first=Yvonne|title=La France à l'heure allemande|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|year=1999|volume=157|issue=2|pages=493–502|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_2_450989/article_bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_2_450989.pdf|accessdate=January 11, 2012|doi=10.3406/bec.1999.450989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed &quot;Amsterdam Time&quot;, which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.<br /> <br /> In the Northern hemisphere, there is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. A reason is that it can allow the more efficient use of sunlight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|title=法定时与北京时间|publisher=人民教育出版社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114120456/http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|archive-date=November 14, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{citation needed span|date=June 2016|text=Another reason for this is that similar working day schedules around the world have led to people rising on average at 07:00 clock time and going to bed at 23:00 clock time. This means that the middle of the period that people are awake (&quot;''awake time noon''&quot;) occurs at 15:00 (= [7 + 23]/2) clock time, whereas – if using as clock time the time of the nautical time zone to which the location concerned geographically belongs – solar noon occurs at 12:00 (+/- 30 min) clock time. To make solar noon coincide more with ''awake time noon'' (i.e. make the sun reach its highest point closer to 15:00 clock time rather than 12:00 clock time), the time of one or even two nautical time zones to the east is chosen.|reason=The entire section sounds very speculative – many other historical reasons may be possible, please provide evidence for this explanation.}} Many of these locations also use [[Daylight saving time|DST]], adding yet another nautical time zone to the east. As a result,{{refn|group=note|Spain may have chosen its time zone for other reasons, such as synchronising with trading partners, and adopting CET as a major member of the EU}} in summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of [[Muxía]] occurs at 14:37 clock time, indeed very close to ''awake time noon'' (15:00). This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees [[Latitude|north]] of the equator. Near the summer [[solstice]], Muxía has sunset times (after 22:00) similar to those of [[Stockholm]], which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.<br /> <br /> A more extreme example is [[Nome, Alaska]], which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized [[Samoa Time Zone]] ([[165th meridian west|165°W]]). Nevertheless, Nome observes [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska Time]] ([[135th meridian west|135°W]]) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=O'Hara|first=Doug|title=Alaska: daylight stealing time|work=Far North Science|url=http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/|date=March 11, 2007|accessdate=May 11, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Kotzebue, Alaska]], also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate ''two'' sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.<br /> <br /> Also, [[China]] [[List of extreme points of China|extends as far west as 73°E]], but all parts of it use [[UTC+08:00]] ([[120th meridian east|120°E]]), so solar &quot;noon&quot; can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. {{citation needed span|The [[Afghanistan-China border]] marks the greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan's UTC+4:30 and China's [[Time in China|UTC+08:00]].|date=January 2020|reason=Seems to be true, but an authoritative sourcing of some kind is needed to back up the claim.}}<br /> <br /> == Daylight saving time ==<br /> {{Main|Daylight saving time}}<br /> <br /> Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as &quot;Summer Time&quot;) during part of the year. This typically involves advancing [[clock]]s by an [[hour]] near the start of [[spring (season)|spring]] and adjusting back in [[autumn]] (&quot;spring forward&quot;, &quot;fall back&quot;). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a [[World War I|wartime]] measure aimed at [[Energy conservation|conserving coal]]. Despite [[Daylight saving time#Dispute over benefits and drawbacks|controversy]], many countries have used it off and on since then; [[Daylight saving time by country|details vary by location]] and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.<br /> <br /> == Computer systems and the Internet ==<br /> Many computer [[operating system]]s include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] as their basic [[system time|time-keeping standard]], while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on [[Daylight saving time#Computing|daylight saving time]] for more details on this aspect).<br /> <br /> Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com |title=International CNN |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the US version shows [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com |title=United States CNN |publisher=Cnn.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; US Eastern Time and [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] Note &quot;datetime&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[Email]] systems and other messaging systems ([[Internet Relay Chat|IRC chat]], etc.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel|title=Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings|date=August 6, 2008&lt;!-- 15:53:34--&gt;|publisher=[[Canonical Ltd.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.<br /> <br /> [[Database]] records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.<br /> <br /> [[Calendaring software|Calendar systems]] nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone. There is also an option in newer versions of [[Microsoft Outlook]] to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems. Calendaring software must also deal with [[daylight saving time]] (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.&lt;ref&gt;[https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/2642044 How time zone normalization works in Microsoft Outlook]. Microsoft (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In [[Google Calendar]], calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a time-zone changes,&lt;ref&gt;[https://support.google.com/calendar/answer/37064?hl=en&amp;rd=1 Use Google Calendar in different time zones]. Google Calendar Help (as of Oct. 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).<br /> <br /> === Operating systems ===<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=August 2015}}<br /> <br /> ==== Unix ====<br /> {{Main|Unix time}}<br /> Most [[Unix-like]] systems, including [[Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]], keep system time in time_t format, representing the number of seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;single-unix-spec-4.16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16|title=The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, section 4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch|publisher=[[The Open Group]]|accessdate=January 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; By default the external representation is as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), though individual processes can specify time zones using the LC_TIME [[environment variable]] or less commonly the TZ environment variable.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} This allows users in multiple time zones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the [[IANA time zone database]]. In fact, many systems, including anything using the [[GNU C Library]], can make use of this database.<br /> <br /> ==== Microsoft Windows ====<br /> [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]-based computer systems prior to [[Windows 2000]] used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms724390(v=vs.85).aspx|title=GetSystemTime function (Windows)|website=msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=February 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Windows Registry|system registry]] contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. [[Remote Desktop Services|Terminal Servers]] allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.<br /> <br /> === Programming languages ===<br /> <br /> ==== Java ====<br /> While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone information, [[Java (programming language)|the Java Platform]], from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own time zone database. This database is updated whenever time zone rules change. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] provides an updater tool for this purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tzupdater-readme-136440.html |title=Timezone Updater Tool |publisher=Java.sun.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As an alternative to the time zone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/ |title=Joda-Time |publisher=Joda-time.sourceforge.net |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This library includes its own time zone data based on the IANA time zone database.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |title=tz database |publisher=Twinsun.com |date=December 26, 2007 |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013511/http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |archivedate=June 23, 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting time zones.<br /> [https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/ Java 8 Date Time]<br /> <br /> ==== JavaScript ====<br /> Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for [[JavaScript]]. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres.<br /> <br /> ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification<br /> | publisher = ECMA International<br /> | work = ecma-international.org<br /> | date = June 2015<br /> | access-date = 4 September 2019<br /> | url = https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names<br /> | language = <br /> | quote = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Internationalization Support<br /> | author = <br /> | work = Node.js v12.10.0 Documentation<br /> | date = <br /> | access-date = 4 September 2019<br /> | url = https://nodejs.org/api/intl.html#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none<br /> | quote = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Perl ====<br /> The DateTime object in [[Perl]] supports all time zones in the [[Tz database|Olson DB]] and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime |title=DateTime |publisher=METACPAN |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== PHP ====<br /> The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the [[PHP]] core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php |title=DateTime |publisher=Php.net |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via the [[PEAR#PECL|PECL]] timezonedb.<br /> <br /> ==== Python ====<br /> The standard module datetime included with [[Python (programming language)|Python]] stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://pytz.sourceforge.net/ |title=pytz module |publisher=Pytz.sourceforge.net |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.<br /> <br /> ==== Smalltalk ====<br /> Each [[Smalltalk]] dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. [[VisualWorks]] provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). [[Squeak]] provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. [[Dolphin Smalltalk]] does not support time zones at all.<br /> <br /> For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chronos-st.org/ Chronos Date/Time Library] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405043602/http://www.chronos-st.org/ |date=April 5, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Time zones in outer space ==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}<br /> Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of [[Apollo program]] astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for [[space exploration]] is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The [[International Space Station]] normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ask the Crew: STS-111|url=http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/crew/sts-111/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Day in the Life|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html|last=Lu|first=Ed}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Timekeeping on Mars]] can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a [[Timekeeping on Mars#Sols|sol]]. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day,&lt;ref&gt;Megan Gannon, 2008, [http://www.space.com/17815-mars-rover-jet-lag.html New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time], ''space.com''&lt;/ref&gt; because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[File:Coventry Time Zone Clock.jpg|thumb|right|The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of [[Coventry Transport Museum]].]]<br /> * [[Daylight saving time]]<br /> * [[ISO 8601]]<br /> * [[Lists of time zones]]<br /> * [[Time in Europe]]<br /> * [[Metric time]]<br /> * [[:Category:Time by country|Time by country]]<br /> * [[World clock]]<br /> * [[Jet lag]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> *{{cite news<br /> | last = Biswas<br /> | first = Soutik<br /> | title = How India's single time zone is hurting its people<br /> | work = [[BBC News]]<br /> | date = February 12, 2019<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47168359<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite web<br /> | author = Maulik Jagnani, economist at [[Cornell University]]<br /> | title = PoorSleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production<br /> | publisher = <br /> | format = Job Market Paper<br /> | date = January 15, 2019<br /> | url = https://www.dropbox.com/s/5ojttz8d9leco4n/jagnani_jmp.pdf?dl=0<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite web<br /> | title = Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT<br /> | publisher = [[BBC]]<br /> | format = Video<br /> | date = August 14, 2015<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-pacific-33938952/time-bandits-the-countries-rebelling-against-gmt<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite news<br /> | title = How time zones confused the world<br /> | work = [[BBC News]]<br /> | date = August 7, 2015<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815153<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite news<br /> | last = Lane<br /> | first = Megan<br /> | title = How does a country change its time zone?<br /> | work = [[BBC News]]<br /> | date = May 10, 2011<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite web<br /> | title = A brief history of time zones<br /> | publisher = [[BBC]]<br /> | format = Video<br /> | date = March 24, 2011<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> * {{cite IETF |rfc=8536|title=The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Time zones}}<br /> * {{Commons category inline|Time zones}}<br /> <br /> {{Time Topics}}<br /> {{Time measurement and standards}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Time zones| ]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_circulating_currencies&diff=932189267 List of circulating currencies 2019-12-24T01:50:57Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* List of circulating currencies by state or territory */ add reference</p> <hr /> <div>{{redirect|World currencies|national currencies commonly used for international trade|World currency}}<br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt; &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia talk:Featured lists]] for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --&gt;<br /> [[File:NagornoKarabakhP1-2-Dram-2004-donatedta b.jpg|thumb|alt=A banknote that depicts two men standing next to a cross that has two birds sitting on it all printed in red ink on a white background|Some currencies, such as the [[Artsakh dram]], are not used in day-to-day commerce, but are legal tender.]]<br /> There are 180 [[currency|currencies]] recognized as [[legal tender]] in [[United Nations]] (UN) [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]], [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer states]], [[List of states with limited recognition|partially recognized or unrecognized states]], and their [[Dependent territory|dependencies]]. However excluding the [[List of circulating fixed exchange rate currencies|pegged (fixed exchange rate) currencies]], there are only 130 currencies (which are independent or pegged to a [[currency basket]]). Dependencies and unrecognized states are listed here only if another currency is used in their territory that is different from the one of the state that administers them or has jurisdiction over them.<br /> <br /> ==Criteria for inclusion==<br /> A currency is a kind of [[money]] and [[medium of exchange]]. Currency includes paper, cotton, or polymer [[banknote]]s and metal [[coin]]s. States generally have a monopoly on the issuing of currency, although some states share currencies with other states. For the purposes of this list, only currencies that are [[legal tender]], including those used in actual commerce or issued for commemorative purposes, are considered &quot;circulating currencies&quot;. This includes fractional units that have no physical form but are recognized by the issuing state, such as the United States ''mill'',{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=cent|One [[Cent (currency)|cent]] equals ten [[Mill (currency)|mill]]s.}} the Egyptian ''millieme'',{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=piastre|One [[piastre]] equals ten [[Egyptian pound|millieme]]s.}} and the Japanese ''rin''.{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=sen|One [[Japanese yen|sen]] equals ten [[Japanese yen|rin]].}}<br /> Currencies used by non-state entities, like the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], [[scrip]]s used by private entities, and other [[Private currency|private]], [[Virtual currency|virtual]], and [[Alternative currency|alternative]] currencies are not under the purview of this list.<br /> <br /> ==List of circulating currencies by state or territory==<br /> Yellow background means a given currency is pegged to another currency ([[List of circulating fixed exchange rate currencies|details]]).<br /> &lt;!-- NOTE ON SORTING: PLEASE READ BEFORE MODIFYING THIS TABLE<br /> <br /> Every currency name in this table except &quot;euro&quot; is preceded by a modifier: Australian dollar, United States dollar, Indian rupee, Sri Lankan rupee, and so on, out to &quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark&quot; and &quot;South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands pound&quot;. This means that a straightforward sort on CURRENCY would be hardly any different from the default sort on STATE OR TERRITORY. For this reason, every modified name in the CURRENCY column – every currency name but &quot;euro&quot; – is given inside a call of data-sort-value=&quot;xxx&quot; (where xxx is the sort value intended). If the name is in the Latin alphabet and has any accented letters, they are specified to be sorted without the accent; so, e.g.,<br /> data-sort-value=&quot;Dong, Vietnamese&quot; | [[Vietnamese đồng]]<br /> <br /> The same is done in the FRACTIONAL UNIT column. Fortunately, most of those are unmodified: cent, centavo, kopek, etc.<br /> <br /> Values of &quot;(none)&quot; [in italics] in all columns are sorted as null string (blank), to sort at the top of the list:<br /> data-sort-value=&quot;0&quot; | ''none''<br /> <br /> This is discussed on the talk page under Sorting the table by &quot;Currency&quot;<br /> --&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | [[Sovereign state|State]] {{small|or}} [[territory]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Field Listing: Exchange Rates |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |accessdate=2013-12-06 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=2015-02-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | [[Currency]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a1.html |title=Current currency &amp; funds code list |accessdate= |publisher=[[Swiss Association for Standardization]]}} As of 2016-09-13, this citation said &quot;accessdate=2013-12-06&quot;, but the document itself said &quot;Published July 1, 2016&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | [[Currency symbol|Symbol]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|Many of these symbols can be found in [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U20A0.pdf Unicode block 20A0–20, &quot;Currency Symbols&quot;].}} or&lt;br /&gt;Abbrev.&lt;ref name=&quot;ubc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Antweiler |first=Werner |title=Currencies of the World |url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/currency_table.html |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-12-05 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | [[ISO 4217|ISO code]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ISO&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Fractional&lt;br /&gt;unit<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Number&lt;br /&gt;{{small|to}} basic<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Abkhazia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Apsar, Abkhazian&quot; | [[Abkhazian apsar]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=commemorative|This currency is not used in day-to-day commerce, but is legal tender. It is minted or printed as commemorative banknotes, coinage, or both.}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ruble, Russian&quot; | [[Russian ruble]]<br /> | ₽<br /> | RUB<br /> | [[Russian ruble|Kopek]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Afghani, Afghan&quot; | [[Afghan afghani]]<br /> | ؋<br /> | AFN<br /> | [[Afghan afghani|Pul]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Albania}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lek, Albanian &quot; | [[Albanian lek]]<br /> | L<br /> | ALL<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Qindarke&quot; | [[Albanian lek|Qindarkë]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{flag|Alderney}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Alderney&quot; | [[Alderney pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=commemorative}}<br /> | £<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; | [[Pound sterling|British pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=British| [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|British banknotes]] are issued by the [[Bank of England]] and by some banks in [[Scotland]] and [[Northern Ireland]] (incl. [[Banknotes of the pound sterling#Danske Bank|Danske Bank]]). Laws on [[legal tender]] vary between various jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritBanknotes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Banknotes|url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/index.htm|accessdate=2006-12-05|publisher=[[Bank of England]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Guernsey&quot; | [[Guernsey pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | ''GGP''{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=non-ISO|This currency code is not part of the ISO 4217 standard, but is used commercially.}}<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> &lt;includeonly&gt;<br /> |}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Algeria}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Algerian&quot; | [[Algerian dinar]]<br /> | د.ج<br /> | DZD<br /> | [[Centime|Santeem]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Andorra}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Angola}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kwanza, Angolan&quot; | [[Angolan kwanza]]<br /> | Kz<br /> | AOA<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centimo&quot; | [[Céntimo|Cêntimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Anguilla}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Argentine&quot; | [[Argentine peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | ARS<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Armenia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dram, Armenian&quot; | [[Armenian dram]]<br /> |֏<br /> | AMD<br /> | [[Armenian dram|Luma]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Republic of Artsakh|name=Artsakh}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dram, Artsakh&quot; | [[Artsakh dram]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=commemorative}}<br /> | դր.<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | [[Armenian dram|Luma]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dram, Armenian&quot; | [[Armenian dram]]<br /> |֏<br /> | AMD<br /> | [[Armenian dram|Luma]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Aruba}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Florin, Aruban &quot; | [[Aruban florin]]<br /> | ƒ<br /> | AWG<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Ascension Island]]<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Saint Helena&quot; |[[Saint Helena pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | SHP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Australian&quot; | [[Australian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | AUD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Manat, Azerbaijani&quot; | [[Azerbaijani manat]]<br /> | ₼<br /> | AZN<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Qepik&quot; | [[Azerbaijani manat|Qəpik]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Bahamas|name=Bahamas, The}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Bahamian&quot; | [[Bahamian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | BSD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Bahrain}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Bahraini&quot; | [[Bahraini dinar]]<br /> | .د.ب<br /> | BHD<br /> | [[Fils (currency)|Fils]]<br /> | 1000<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Taka, Bangladeshi&quot; | [[Bangladeshi taka]]<br /> | ৳<br /> | BDT<br /> | [[Paisa|Poisha]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Barbados}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Barbadian&quot; | [[Barbadian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | BBD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belarus}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ruble, Belarusian, new&quot; | [[Belarusian ruble]]<br /> | Br<br /> | BYN<br /> | [[Belarusian ruble|Kapyeyka]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Belize}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Belize&quot; | [[Belize dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | BZD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Benin}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA&quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Bermuda}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Bermudian&quot; | [[Bermudian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | BMD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ngultrum, Bhutanese&quot; | [[Bhutanese ngultrum]]<br /> | Nu.<br /> | BTN<br /> | [[Bhutanese ngultrum|Chetrum]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Indian&quot; | [[Indian rupee]]<br /> | ₹<br /> | INR<br /> | [[Paisa]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bolivia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Boliviano, Bolivian&quot; | [[Bolivian boliviano]]<br /> | Bs.<br /> | BOB<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bonaire}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]{{Efn-ua|name=BES}}<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Mark, Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible&quot; | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark]]<br /> | KM or КМ{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The two signs &quot;KM&quot; and &quot;КМ&quot;, although they may look identical depending on font, are in respectively the [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] alphabets, as used in [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]].}}<br /> | BAM<br /> | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|Fening]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Botswana}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pula, Botswana&quot; | [[Botswana pula]]<br /> | P<br /> | BWP<br /> | [[Botswana pula|Thebe]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Real, Brazilian&quot; | [[Brazilian real]]<br /> | R$<br /> | BRL<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; |[[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Brunei}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Brunei&quot; | [[Brunei dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | BND<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Sen]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Singapore&quot; | [[Singapore dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | SGD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Bulgaria}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lev, Bulgarian&quot; | [[Bulgarian lev]]<br /> | лв.<br /> | BGN<br /> | [[Bulgarian lev|Stotinka]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA &quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Burundi}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Burundian&quot; | [[Burundian franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | BIF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Riel, Cambodian&quot; | [[Cambodian riel]]<br /> | ៛<br /> | KHR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Sen]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Cameroon}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Central African CFA &quot; | [[Central African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XAF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Canadian&quot; | [[Canadian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | CAD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Cape Verde}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Escudo, Cape Verdean&quot; | [[Cape Verdean escudo]]<br /> | Esc or $<br /> | CVE<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Cayman Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Cayman Islands&quot; | [[Cayman Islands dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | KYD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Central African Republic}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Central African CFA&quot; | [[Central African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XAF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Chad}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Central African CFA&quot; | [[Central African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XAF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Chile}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Chilean&quot; | [[Chilean peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | CLP<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|China|name=China}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Yuan, Chinese&quot; | [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]]<br /> | ¥ or 元<br /> | CNY<br /> | [[Renminbi|Fen]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=yuan|One [[Renminbi|jiao]] equals ten [[Renminbi|fen]].}}<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Colombian&quot; | [[Colombian peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | COP<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Comoros}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Comorian&quot; | [[Comorian franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | KMF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Congolese&quot; | [[Congolese franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | CDF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Congo, Republic of the}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Central African CFA&quot; | [[Central African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XAF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Cook Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Cook Islands&quot; | [[Cook Islands dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;CKD&quot; |''CKD''{{Efn-ua|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, New Zealand&quot; | [[New Zealand dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | NZD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Costa Rica}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Colon, Costa Rican&quot; | [[Costa Rican colón]]<br /> | ₡<br /> | CRC<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centimo&quot; | [[Céntimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA &quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kuna, Croatian&quot; | [[Croatian kuna]]<br /> | kn<br /> | HRK<br /> | [[Croatian kuna|Lipa]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Cuba}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Cuban&quot; | [[Cuban peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | CUP<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Cuban convertible&quot; | [[Cuban convertible peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | CUC<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Curaçao}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Guilder, Netherlands Antillean&quot; | [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]<br /> | ƒ<br /> | ANG<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Czech Republic}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Koruna, Czech&quot; | [[Czech koruna]]<br /> | Kč<br /> | CZK<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Haler&quot; | [[Heller (money)|Haléř]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Krone, Danish&quot; | [[Danish krone]]<br /> | kr<br /> | DKK<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ore&quot; | [[Øre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Djibouti}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Djiboutian&quot; | [[Djiboutian franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | DJF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Dominica}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Dominican&quot; | [[Dominican peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | DOP<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|East Timor}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | [[East Timor centavo coins|Centavo]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=coins|Only coins are made for this fractional denomination. See the link on the name for details.}}{{Efn|These coins are pegged to the [[United States cent]].|group=upper-alpha|name=us-cent-peg}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Ecuador}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | [[Ecuadorian centavo coins|Centavo]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=coins}}{{Efn-ua|name=us-cent-peg}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Egypt}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Egyptian&quot; | [[Egyptian pound]]<br /> | £ or ج.م<br /> | EGP<br /> | [[Piastre]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha| name= piastre }}<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|El Salvador}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Central African CFA &quot; | [[Central African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XAF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Eritrea}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Nakfa, Eritrean&quot; | [[Eritrean nakfa]]<br /> | Nfk<br /> | ERN<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Estonia}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Eswatini}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lilangeni, Swazi&quot; | [[Swazi lilangeni]]<br /> | L<br /> | SZL<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rand, South African&quot; | [[South African rand]]<br /> | R<br /> | ZAR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ethiopia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Birr, Ethiopian&quot; | [[Ethiopian birr]]<br /> | Br<br /> | ETB<br /> | [[Centime|Santim]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Falkland Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Falkland Islands&quot; | [[Falkland Islands pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | FKP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Faroe Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Krone, Danish&quot; | [[Danish krone]]<br /> | kr<br /> | DKK<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ore&quot; | [[Øre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Krona, Faroese&quot; | [[Faroese króna]]<br /> | kr<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;FOK&quot; | ''FOK''{{Efn-ua|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Øre|Oyra]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Fiji}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Fijian&quot; | [[Fijian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | FJD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Finland}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|French Polynesia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, CFP&quot; | [[CFP franc]]<br /> | ₣<br /> | XPF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Gabon}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Central African CFA &quot; | [[Central African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XAF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Gambia|name=Gambia, The}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dalasi, Gambian&quot; | [[Gambian dalasi]]<br /> | D<br /> | GMD<br /> | [[Gambian dalasi|Butut]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Georgia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lari, Georgian&quot; | [[Georgian lari]]<br /> | ₾<br /> | GEL<br /> | [[Tetri]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ghana}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Cedi, Ghana&quot; | [[Ghanaian cedi]]<br /> | ₵<br /> | GHS<br /> | [[Ghanaian cedi|Pesewa]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Gibraltar}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Gibraltar&quot; | [[Gibraltar pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | GIP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greece}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Grenada}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guatemala}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Quetzal, Guatemalan&quot; | [[Guatemalan quetzal]]<br /> | Q<br /> | GTQ<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Guernsey}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Guernsey&quot; | [[Guernsey pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;GGP&quot; |''GGP''{{Efn-ua|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; | [[Pound sterling|British pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=British}}<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guinea}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Guinean&quot; | [[Guinean franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | GNF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA &quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guyana}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Guyanese&quot; | [[Guyanese dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | GYD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Haiti}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Gourde, Haitian&quot; | [[Haitian gourde]]<br /> | G<br /> | HTG<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Honduras}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lempira, Honduran&quot; | [[Honduran lempira]]<br /> | L<br /> | HNL<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Hong Kong}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Hong Kong&quot; | [[Hong Kong dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | HKD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Hungary}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Forint, Hungarian&quot; | [[Hungarian forint]]<br /> | Ft<br /> | HUF<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Filler&quot; | [[Fillér]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iceland}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Krona, Icelandic&quot; | [[Icelandic króna]]<br /> | kr<br /> | ISK<br /> | [[Øre|Eyrir]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|India}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Indian&quot; | [[Indian rupee]]<br /> | ₹<br /> | INR<br /> | [[Paisa]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupiah, Indonesian&quot; | [[Indonesian rupiah]]<br /> | Rp<br /> | IDR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Sen]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rial, Iranian&quot; | [[Iranian rial]]<br /> | ﷼<br /> | IRR<br /> | [[Dinar]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Iraqi&quot; | [[Iraqi dinar]]<br /> | ع.د<br /> | IQD<br /> | [[Fils (currency)|Fils]]<br /> | 1000<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ireland}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Isle of Man}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Manx&quot; | [[Manx pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | ''IMP''{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; | [[Pound sterling|British pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=British}}<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Israel}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shekel, Israeli new&quot; | [[Israeli new shekel]]<br /> | ₪<br /> | ILS<br /> | [[Israeli agora|Agora]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Jamaica}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Jamaican&quot; | [[Jamaican dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | JMD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Yen, Japanese&quot; | [[Japanese yen]]<br /> | ¥ or 円<br /> | JPY<br /> | [[Japanese yen|Sen]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=sen}}<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Jersey}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Jersey&quot; | [[Jersey pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | ''JEP''{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; | [[Pound sterling|British pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=British}}<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Jordan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Jordanian&quot; | [[Jordanian dinar]]<br /> | د.ا<br /> | JOD<br /> | [[Piastre]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=fils|One [[piastre]] equals ten [[Fils (currency)|fulūs]] and one [[dirham]] equals 10 piastres.}}<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Tenge, Kazakhstani&quot; | [[Kazakh tenge|Kazakhstani tenge]]<br /> | ₸<br /> | KZT<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Tiin&quot; | [[Kazakh tenge|Tıyn]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kenya}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shilling, Kenyan&quot; | [[Kenyan shilling]]<br /> | Sh<br /> | KES<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Kiribati}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Kiribati&quot; | [[Kiribati dollar]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=commemorative}}<br /> | $<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;KID&quot; |''KID''{{Efn-ua|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Australian&quot; | [[Australian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | AUD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|North Korea|name=Korea, North}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Won, North Korean&quot; | [[North Korean won]]<br /> | ₩<br /> | KPW<br /> | [[North Korean won|Chon]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Korea|name=Korea, South}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Won, South Korean&quot; | [[South Korean won]]<br /> | ₩<br /> | KRW<br /> | [[South Korean won|Jeon]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kosovo}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Kuwaiti&quot; | [[Kuwaiti dinar]]<br /> | د.ك<br /> | KWD<br /> | [[Fils (currency)|Fils]]<br /> | 1000<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Som, Kyrgyzstani&quot; | [[Kyrgyzstani som]]<br /> | с<br /> | KGS<br /> | [[Kyrgyzstani som|Tyiyn]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Laos}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kip, Lao&quot; | [[Lao kip]]<br /> | ₭<br /> | LAK<br /> | [[Lao kip|Att]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Latvia}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Lebanon}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Lebanese&quot; | [[Lebanese pound]]<br /> | ل.ل<br /> | LBP<br /> | [[Piastre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Lesotho}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Loti, Lesotho&quot; | [[Lesotho loti]]<br /> | L<br /> | LSL<br /> | [[Lesotho loti|Sente]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rand, South African&quot; | [[South African rand]]<br /> | R<br /> | ZAR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Liberia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Liberian&quot; | [[Liberian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | LRD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Libya}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Libyan&quot; | [[Libyan dinar]]<br /> | ل.د<br /> | LYD<br /> | [[Dirham]]<br /> | 1000<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Swiss&quot; | [[Swiss franc]]<br /> | Fr.<br /> | CHF<br /> | [[Rappen]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Lithuania}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Macau}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pataca, Macanese&quot; | [[Macanese pataca]]<br /> | P<br /> | MOP<br /> | [[Macanese pataca|Avo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Madagascar}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ariary, Malagasy&quot; | [[Malagasy ariary]]<br /> | Ar<br /> | MGA<br /> | [[Iraimbilanja]]<br /> | 5<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malawi}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kwacha, Malawian&quot; | [[Malawian kwacha]]<br /> | MK<br /> | MWK<br /> | [[Malawian kwacha|Tambala]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malaysia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ringgit, Malaysian&quot; | [[Malaysian ringgit]]<br /> | RM<br /> | MYR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Sen]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rufiyaa, Maldivian&quot; | [[Maldivian rufiyaa]]<br /> | .ރ<br /> | MVR<br /> | [[Maldivian laari|Laari]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Mali}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA&quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malta}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritania}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ouguiya, Mauritanian&quot; | [[Mauritanian ouguiya]]<br /> | UM<br /> | MRU<br /> | [[Khoums]]<br /> | 5<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Mauritian&quot; | [[Mauritian rupee]]<br /> | ₨<br /> | MUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Mexican&quot; | [[Mexican peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | MXN<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; |[[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Moldova}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Leu, Moldovan&quot; | [[Moldovan leu]]<br /> | L<br /> | MDL<br /> | [[Moldovan leu|Ban]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Monaco}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mongolia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Togrog, Mongolian&quot; | [[Mongolian tögrög]]<br /> | ₮<br /> | MNT<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Mongo&quot; | [[Mongolian tögrög|Möngö]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Montenegro}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Montserrat}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Morocco}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dirham, Moroccan&quot; | [[Moroccan dirham]]<br /> | د.م.<br /> | MAD<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mozambique}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Metical, Mozambican&quot; | [[Mozambican metical]]<br /> | MT<br /> | MZN<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Myanmar}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kyat, Burmese&quot; | [[Burmese kyat]]<br /> | Ks<br /> | MMK<br /> | [[Burmese kyat|Pya]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Namibia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Namibian&quot; | [[Namibian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | NAD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rand, South African&quot; | [[South African rand]]<br /> | R<br /> | ZAR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nauru}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Australian&quot; | [[Australian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | AUD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Nepalese&quot; | [[Nepalese rupee]]<br /> | रू<br /> | NPR<br /> | [[Paisa]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Netherlands}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|Although part of the Netherlands, the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]], and [[Saba]] do not use the euro; they use the [[United States dollar]]. They are listed separately.|name=BES}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|New Caledonia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, CFP&quot; | [[CFP franc]]<br /> | ₣<br /> | XPF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|New Zealand}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, New Zealand&quot; | [[New Zealand dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | NZD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Cordoba, Nicaraguan&quot; | [[Nicaraguan córdoba]]<br /> | C$<br /> | NIO<br /> | [[Centavo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Niger}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA&quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Naira, Nigerian&quot; | [[Nigerian naira]]<br /> | ₦<br /> | NGN<br /> | [[Nigerian naira|Kobo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Niue}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, New Zealand&quot; | [[New Zealand dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | NZD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Niue&quot; | [[Niue dollar]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=commemorative}}<br /> | $<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|North Macedonia|name=North Macedonia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Denar, Macedonian&quot; | [[Macedonian denar]]<br /> | ден<br /> | MKD<br /> | [[Macedonian denar|Deni]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lira, Turkish&quot; | [[Turkish lira]]<br /> | ₺<br /> | TRY<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kurus&quot; | [[Kuruş]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Norway}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Krone, Norwegian&quot; | [[Norwegian krone]]<br /> | kr<br /> | NOK<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ore&quot; | [[Øre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rial, Omani&quot; | [[Omani rial]]<br /> | ر.ع.<br /> | OMR<br /> | [[Omani rial|Baisa]]<br /> | 1000<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Pakistani&quot; | [[Pakistani rupee]]<br /> | ₨<br /> | PKR<br /> | [[Paisa]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Palau}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; |[[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|State of Palestine|name=Palestine}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shekel, Israeli new&quot; | [[Israeli new shekel]]<br /> | ₪<br /> | ILS<br /> | [[Israeli agora|Agora]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Jordanian&quot; | [[Jordanian dinar]]<br /> | د.ا<br /> | JOD<br /> | [[Piastre]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=fils}}<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Panama}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Balboa, Panamanian&quot; | [[Panamanian balboa]]<br /> | B/.<br /> | PAB<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centesimo&quot; | [[Centesimo|Centésimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kina, Papua New Guinean&quot; | [[Papua New Guinean kina]]<br /> | K<br /> | PGK<br /> | [[Papua New Guinean kina|Toea]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Paraguay}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Guarani, Paraguayan&quot; | [[Paraguayan guaraní]]<br /> | ₲<br /> | PYG<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centimo&quot; | [[Céntimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Peru}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Sol, Peruvian nuevo&quot; | [[Peruvian sol]]<br /> | S/.<br /> | PEN<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centimo&quot; | [[Céntimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Philippine&quot; | [[Philippine peso]]<br /> | ₱<br /> | PHP<br /> | [[Philippine peso|Sentimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, New Zealand&quot; | [[New Zealand dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | NZD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Pitcairn Islands&quot; | [[Pitcairn Islands dollar]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=commemorative}}<br /> | $<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;PND&quot; |''PND''{{Efn-ua|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Poland}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Zloty, Polish&quot; | [[Polish złoty]]<br /> | zł<br /> | PLN<br /> | [[Polish złoty|Grosz]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Riyal, Qatari&quot; | [[Qatari riyal]]<br /> | ر.ق<br /> | QAR<br /> | [[Dirham]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Romania}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Leu, Romanian&quot; | [[Romanian leu]]<br /> | lei<br /> | RON<br /> | [[Romanian leu|Ban]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ruble, Russian&quot; | [[Russian ruble]]<br /> | ₽<br /> | RUB<br /> | [[Russian ruble|Kopek]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Rwanda}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Rwandan&quot; | [[Rwandan franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | RWF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Saba}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]{{Efn-ua|name=BES}}<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|Four currencies circulate in the partially recognized state of the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], which claims the territory of [[Western Sahara]]. The Moroccan dirham is used in the Moroccan-administered part of the territory and the Sahrawi peseta is the commemorative currency of the Sahrawi Republic. Additionally, some ''de facto'' currencies circulate in the territory: the Algerian dinar is used in Sahrawi refugee camps in [[Tindouf]] and the Mauritanian ouguiya is used in [[Lagouira]], which is under Mauritanian administration.}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Algerian&quot; | [[Algerian dinar]]<br /> | د.ج<br /> | DZD<br /> | [[Centime|Santeem]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ouguiya, Mauritanian&quot; | [[Mauritanian ouguiya]]<br /> | UM<br /> | MRU<br /> | [[Khoums]]<br /> | 5<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dirham, Moroccan&quot; | [[Moroccan dirham]]<br /> | د. م.<br /> | MAD<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peseta, Sahrawi&quot; | [[Sahrawi peseta]]<br /> | ₧ or Ptas<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Saint Helena}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Saint Helena&quot; | [[Saint Helena pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | SHP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, East Caribbean&quot; | [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | XCD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Samoa}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Tala, Samoan&quot; | [[Samoan tālā]]<br /> | T<br /> | WST<br /> | [[Samoan tālā|Sene]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|San Marino}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dobra, São Tomé and Príncipe&quot; | [[São Tomé and Príncipe dobra]]<br /> | Db<br /> | STN<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centimo&quot; | [[Céntimo|Cêntimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Riyal, Saudi&quot; | [[Saudi riyal]]<br /> | ر.س<br /> | SAR<br /> | [[Saudi riyal|Halala]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Senegal}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA&quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Serbia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Serbian&quot; | [[Serbian dinar]]<br /> | дин. or din.<br /> | RSD<br /> | [[Para (currency)|Para]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Seychelles}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Seychellois&quot; | [[Seychellois rupee]]<br /> | ₨<br /> | SCR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Leone, Sierra Leonean&quot; | [[Sierra Leonean leone]]<br /> | Le<br /> | SLL<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Singapore&quot; | [[Singapore dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | SGD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Brunei&quot; | [[Brunei dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | BND<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Sen]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sint Eustatius}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]{{Efn-ua|name=BES}}<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Sint Maarten}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Guilder, Netherlands Antillean&quot; | [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]<br /> | ƒ<br /> | ANG<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Slovenia}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Solomon Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Solomon Islands&quot; | [[Solomon Islands dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | SBD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Somalia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shilling, Somali&quot; | [[Somali shilling]]<br /> | Sh<br /> | SOS<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Somaliland}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shilling, Somaliland&quot; | [[Somaliland shilling]]<br /> | Sl<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;SLS&quot; |''SLS''{{Efn-ua|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rand, South African&quot; | [[South African rand]]<br /> | R<br /> | ZAR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; | [[Pound sterling|British pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Ossetia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ruble, Russian&quot; | [[Russian ruble]]<br /> | ₽<br /> | RUB<br /> | [[Russian ruble|Kopek]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Spain}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|South Sudan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, South Sudanese&quot; | [[South Sudanese pound]]<br /> | £<br /> | SSP<br /> | [[Piastre|Piaster]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rupee, Sri Lankan&quot; | [[Sri Lankan rupee]]<br /> | Rs, රු or ரூ<br /> | LKR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sudan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Sudanese&quot; | [[Sudanese pound]]<br /> | {{lang|ar|ج.س.}}<br /> | SDG<br /> | [[Piastre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Suriname}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Surinamese&quot; | [[Surinamese dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | SRD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sweden}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Krona, Swedish&quot; | [[Swedish krona]]<br /> | kr<br /> | SEK<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ore&quot; | [[Öre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, Swiss&quot; | [[Swiss franc]]<br /> | Fr.<br /> | CHF<br /> | [[Centime]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|[[Rappen]] in [[German language|German]]; [[centime]] in [[French language|French]]; [[centesimo]] in [[Italian language|Italian]]; [[rap (currency)|rap]] in [[Romansh language|Romansh]].}}<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Syria}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, Syrian&quot; | [[Syrian pound]]<br /> | £ or ل.س<br /> | SYP<br /> | [[Piastre]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Taiwan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, New Taiwan&quot; | [[New Taiwan dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | TWD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Somoni, Tajikistani&quot; | [[Tajikistani samani|Tajikistani somoni]]<br /> | ЅМ<br /> | TJS<br /> | [[Dirham|Diram]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tanzania}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shilling, Tanzanian&quot; | [[Tanzanian shilling]]<br /> | Sh<br /> | TZS<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Baht, Thai&quot; | [[Thai baht]]<br /> | ฿<br /> | THB<br /> | [[Thai baht|Satang]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Togo}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, West African CFA&quot; | [[West African CFA franc]]<br /> | Fr<br /> | XOF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tonga}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Paanga, Tongan&quot; | [[Tongan paʻanga]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|One hundred [[Tongan paʻanga]] equal one [[Tongan paʻanga|hau]].}}<br /> | T$<br /> | TOP<br /> | [[Tongan paʻanga|Seniti]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Transnistria}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ruble, Transnistrian&quot; | [[Transnistrian ruble]]<br /> | р.<br /> | ''PRB''{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=non-ISO}}<br /> | [[Transnistrian ruble|Kopek]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Trinidad and Tobago&quot; | [[Trinidad and Tobago dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | TTD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tristan da Cunha}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; |[[Pound sterling|British pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=British}}<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tunisia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dinar, Tunisian&quot; | [[Tunisian dinar]]<br /> | د.ت<br /> | TND<br /> | [[Tunisian dinar|Millime]]<br /> | 1000<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkey}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Lira, Turkish&quot; | [[Turkish lira]]<br /> | ₺<br /> | TRY<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kurus&quot; | [[Kuruş]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Manat, Turkmenistan&quot; | [[Turkmenistan manat]]<br /> | m<br /> | TMT<br /> | [[Turkmenistan manat|Tennesi]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Tuvalu}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Tuvaluan&quot; | [[Tuvaluan dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | ''TVD''{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=non-ISO|This currency code is not part of the ISO 4217 standard, but is used commercially.}}<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, Australian&quot; | [[Australian dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | AUD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Shilling, Ugandan&quot; | [[Ugandan shilling]]<br /> | Sh<br /> | UGX<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flag|Ukraine}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Hryvnia, Ukrainian&quot; | [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]<br /> | ₴<br /> | UAH<br /> | [[Ukrainian hryvnia|Kopiyka]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Ruble, Russian&quot; | [[Russian ruble]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|Only used in the parts occupied by Russia or pro-Russian separatists}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1425647c-297f-11e6-8ba3-cdd781d02d89.html |title=Donetsk faces a creeping Russification |author=Roman Olearchyk |publisher=Financial Times |date=5 June 2016 |accessdate=9 August 2016}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ₽<br /> | RUB<br /> | [[Russian ruble|Kopek]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dirham, United Arab Emirates&quot; | [[United Arab Emirates dirham]]<br /> | د.إ<br /> | AED<br /> | [[Fils (currency)|Fils]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Pound, British&quot; | [[Pound sterling|British pound]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=British}}<br /> | £<br /> | GBP<br /> | [[Penny]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dollar, United States&quot; | [[United States dollar]]<br /> | $<br /> | USD<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]{{Efn-ua|name=cent}}<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uruguay}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Peso, Uruguayan&quot; | [[Uruguayan peso]]<br /> | $<br /> | UYU<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centesimo&quot; | [[Uruguayan peso|Centésimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Som, Uzbekistani&quot; | [[Uzbekistani soʻm]]<br /> | so'm or сўм<br /> | UZS<br /> | [[Uzbekistani soʻm|Tiyin]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vanuatu}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Vatu, Vanuatu&quot; | [[Vanuatu vatu]]<br /> | Vt<br /> | VUV<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vatican City}}<br /> | [[Euro]]<br /> | €<br /> | EUR<br /> | [[Cent (currency)|Cent]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Venezuela}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;bolívar soberano, Venezuelan&quot; | [[Venezuelan bolívar|Venezuelan bolívar soberano]]<br /> | Bs.S. or Bs.<br /> | VES<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Centimo&quot; | [[Céntimo]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Vietnam}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Dong, Vietnamese&quot; | [[Vietnamese đồng]]<br /> | ₫<br /> | VND<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Hao&quot; | [[Vietnamese đồng|Hào]]{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|One [[Vietnamese đồng|hào]] equals ten [[Vietnamese đồng|xu]].}}<br /> | 10<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Franc, CFP&quot; | [[CFP franc]]<br /> | ₣<br /> | XPF<br /> | [[Centime]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Yemen}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Rial, Yemeni&quot; | [[Yemeni rial]]<br /> | ﷼<br /> | YER<br /> | [[Fils (currency)|Fils]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zambia}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;Kwacha, Zambian&quot; | [[Zambian kwacha]]<br /> | ZK<br /> | ZMW<br /> | [[Ngwee]]<br /> | 100<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;RTGS Dollar, Zimbabwean&quot; | [[RTGS Dollar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/banking/rbz-introduces-rtgs-dollars/|title=RBZ introduces &quot;RTGS Dollars&quot;|last=Reporter|first=Staff|date=20 February 2019 |website=The Zimbabwe Mail|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;&quot; | (''none'')<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Lists|Money|Numismatics}}<br /> <br /> *[[List of currencies]]<br /> *[[List of historical currencies]]<br /> *[[Money]]<br /> *[[Private currency]]<br /> *[[Exchange rate]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Numismatics}}<br /> {{Notelist|group=upper-alpha|close}}{{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Currency symbols}}<br /> {{Featured list}}<br /> {{Currences by continent |state=expanded}}<br /> [[Category:Currency lists|*]]<br /> [[Category:Circulating currencies|*]]<br /> [[Category:Currency symbols]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_zone&diff=928037437 Time zone 2019-11-26T11:27:46Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* List of UTC offsets */ Add some dependent territories and some minor islands whose timezones are different from their administering countries</p> <hr /> <div>{{about|time zones in general|a list of time zones by country|List of time zones by country|more time zone lists|Lists of time zones|other uses}}<br /> {{pp-move-indef}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Note: Please do not use time zone maps that have fixed file names with fixed dates. They are never updated and are only used for historical reference. --&gt;<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{original research|date=August 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> {{short description|Region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> [[File:World Time Zones Map.png|thumb|right|200px|This 2019 time zone map gives an example of the way time zones are mapped out.]]<br /> A '''time zone''' is a region of the globe that observes a uniform [[standard time]] for [[legal]], [[Commerce|commercial]], and [[social]] purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries of [[Country|countries]] and their subdivisions instead of longitude, because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other [[communication]] to keep the same [[time]].<br /> <br /> Most of the time zones on land are offset from [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) by a whole number of hours ([[UTC−12:00]] to [[UTC+14:00]]), but a few zones are offset by 30 or 45 minutes (e.g. [[Newfoundland Time Zone|Newfoundland Standard Time]] is [[UTC−03:30]], [[Nepal Time|Nepal Standard Time]] is [[UTC+05:45]], [[Indian Standard Time]] is [[UTC+05:30]] and [[Myanmar Standard Time]] is [[UTC+06:30]]).<br /> <br /> Some higher latitude and [[temperate]] zone countries use [[daylight saving time]] for part of the year, typically by adjusting local clock time by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding [[nautical time zones]]. This also creates a permanent [[daylight saving]] time effect.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Early timekeeping ===<br /> Before [[clock]]s were invented, it was common practice to mark the time of day with [[apparent solar time]] (also called &quot;true&quot; solar time) – for example, the time on a [[sundial]] – which was typically different for every location and dependent on [[longitude]].<br /> <br /> When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783642293078|title=The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks {{!}} Ruxu Du {{!}} Springer|language=en|isbn=978-3-642-29307-8|publisher=Springer|year=2013|series=History of Mechanism and Machine Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- is that the right date?--&gt; each city began to use local [[mean solar time]]. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the [[equation of time]]) because of the elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun ([[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]]) and the tilt of the Earth's axis ([[Axial tilt|obliquity]]). Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two sums to zero after a year.<br /> <br /> [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT) was established in 1675, when the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] was built, as an aid to mariners to determine [[longitude]] at sea, providing a standard reference time while each city in England kept a different local time.<br /> <br /> === Railway time ===<br /> [[File:Time zone chicago.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America]]<br /> Local solar time became increasingly inconvenient as rail transport and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by amounts corresponding to the differences in their geographical longitudes, which varied by four minutes of time for every degree of longitude. For example, [[Bristol]] is about 2.5 degrees west of [[Greenwich]] (East [[London]]), so when it is solar noon in Bristol, it is about 10 minutes past solar noon in London.&lt;ref&gt;Latitude and Longitude of World Cities http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html&lt;/ref&gt; The use of time zones accumulates these differences into longer units, usually hours, so that nearby places can share a common standard for timekeeping.<br /> <br /> The first adoption of a standard time was on December 1, 1847, in Great Britain by [[History of rail transport in Great Britain|railway companies]] using GMT kept by portable [[marine chronometer|chronometers]]. The first of these companies to adopt standard time was the [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR) in November 1840. This quickly became known as [[Railway time|Railway Time]]. About {{nowrap|August 23, 1852}}, time signals were first transmitted by [[telegraph]] from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until {{nowrap|August 2, 1880}}. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |title=Bristol Time |publisher=Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628151049/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Improvements in worldwide communication further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places that adopted time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed.<br /> <br /> On November 2, 1868, the then British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude {{nowrap|172°30′}} East of [[Greenwich]], that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand Mean Time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Our Time. How we got it. New Zealand's Method. A Lead to the World.|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&amp;cl=search&amp;d=EP19290408.2.88&amp;srpos=2|work=Papaerspast|publisher=Evening Post|accessdate=October 2, 2013|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1118railroad-time-zones/ |title=Nov. 18, 1883: Railroad Time Goes Coast to Coast |last=Alfred |first=Randy |date=November 18, 2010 |journal=Wired |language=en-US |access-date=July 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Time zone map of the United States 1913 (colorized).png|thumb|upright=1.6|right|1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today]]<br /> [[Charles F. Dowd]] proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on [[Washington, D.C.]], but by 1872 the first was centered on the meridian [[75th meridian west|75° W of Greenwich]], with geographic borders (for example, sections of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the ''Traveler's Official Railway Guide''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |title= Economics of Time Zones |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120514014456/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |archivedate= May 14, 2012 |df= }} &amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.89&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through [[Detroit]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]. It was inaugurated on Sunday, {{nowrap|November 18, 1883}}, also called &quot;The Day of Two Noons&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748 |title=Historymatters.gmu.edu |publisher=Historymatters.gmu.edu |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.<br /> <br /> The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |title=Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago |publisher=Sos.state.il.us |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005050317/http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |archivedate=October 5, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A notable exception was Detroit (which is about halfway between the meridians of eastern time and central time) which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, [[local mean time]], and [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Standard Time]] before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in the [[Standard Time Act]] of March 19, 1918.<br /> <br /> === Worldwide time zones ===<br /> The first known person to conceive of a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician [[Quirico Filopanti]]. He introduced the idea in his book ''Miranda!'' published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called &quot;longitudinal days&quot;, the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. But his book attracted no attention until long after his death.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html Quirico Filopanti] from scienzagiovane, Bologna University, Italy. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011106/http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html |date=January 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gianluigi Parmeggiani (Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna),<br /> [http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm The origin of time zones] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm |date=August 24, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Scottish-born Canadian Sir [[Sandford Fleming]] proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, and is credited with &quot;the initial effort that led to the adoption of the present time meridians&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/d.html |title=History &amp; info – Standard time began with the railroads|website=www.webexhibits.org|accessdate=February 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich ([[180th meridian]]), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the [[International Meridian Conference]] in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it &quot;shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable&quot;.&lt;ref name=imc&gt;{{citation |title=International conference held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the proceedings. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433084034655;view=1up;seq=209 |accessdate=July 23, 2018 |year=1884 |page=201|location=Washington, D. C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some &quot;standard offset&quot; from GMT/UTC. By 1929, most major countries had adopted hourly time zones. [[Nepal]] was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=10013|title=15 minutes of fame|newspaper=Nepali Times|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], India, Iran, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesas]], as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the [[Chatham Islands]] of New Zealand, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/|title=China Only Has One Time Zone—and That's a Problem|last=Schiavenza|first=Matt|date=November 5, 2013|work=The Atlantic|access-date=August 22, 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Time in Russia|Russia is traditionally divided]] into 11 time zones, but in 2011 the number was reduced to nine. Then-President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] said at the time that he would like to see even fewer in place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Time: Huge country, nine time zones|date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=February 12, 2019|format=Video|website=[[BBC]]|language=en|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-12809230/about-time-huge-country-nine-time-zones}}&lt;/ref&gt; Still, in 2014, the two removed time zones were reinstated, making the number of time zones 11 again.<br /> <br /> == Notation of time ==<br /> <br /> === ISO 8601 ===<br /> {{Main|ISO 8601}}<br /> ISO 8601 is an [[International Organization for Standardization|international standard]] that defines methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/map-mondays-wtf-is-wrong-with-canada-s-time|title=In Canada, You Can Just Write the Date Whichever Way You Want|date=June 8, 2015|work=Atlas Obscura|access-date=August 22, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === UTC ===<br /> If a time is in [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), a &quot;Z&quot; is added directly after the time without a separating space. &quot;Z&quot; is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. &quot;09:30&amp;nbsp;UTC&quot; is therefore represented as &quot;09:30Z&quot; or &quot;0930Z&quot;. Likewise, &quot;14:45:15&amp;nbsp;UTC&quot; is written as &quot;14:45:15Z&quot; or &quot;144515Z&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|title=Z – Zulu Time Zone (Time Zone Abbreviation)|website=www.timeanddate.com|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UTC time is also known as &quot;Zulu&quot; time, since &quot;Zulu&quot; is a [[ICAO spelling alphabet|phonetic alphabet]] code word for the letter &quot;Z&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|title=Z – Zulu Time Zone (Time Zone Abbreviation)|website=www.timeanddate.com|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Offsets from UTC ====<br /> [[UTC offset|Offsets from UTC]] are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh] [mm], or ±[hh] (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in [[Berlin]] during the winter), the zone designator would be &quot;[[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&quot;, &quot;+0100&quot;, or simply &quot;+01&quot;. This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or &quot;Z&quot;, as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with [[daylight saving time]], e.g. a time offset in [[Chicago]], which is in the [[Central Time Zone (North America)|North American Central Time Zone]], is &quot;[[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]&quot; for the winter (Central Standard Time) and &quot;[[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&quot; for the summer (Central Daylight Time).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboututc.shtml|title=What is UTC or GMT Time?|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Abbreviations ===<br /> {{Main|List of time zone abbreviations}}<br /> Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as &quot;EST&quot;, &quot;WST&quot;, and &quot;CST&quot;, but these are not part of the international time and date standard [[ISO 8601#Time zone designators|ISO 8601]] and their use as sole designator for a time zone is discouraged. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, &quot;ECT&quot; could be interpreted as &quot;Eastern Caribbean Time&quot; (UTC−4h), &quot;Ecuador Time&quot; (UTC−5h), or &quot;European Central Time&quot; (UTC+1h).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/linux_timezones/|title=Time zone ambiguities on Linux|website=www.pixelbeat.org|access-date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == UTC offsets worldwide ==<br /> {{Main|List of UTC time offsets}}<br /> [[File:Standard World Time Zones.png|thumb|800px|center]]&lt;!-- Note: Please do not use time zone maps that have fixed file names with fixed dates. They are never updated and are only used for historical reference. --&gt;<br /> [[File:Solar time vs standard time.png|thumb|800px|center|A great part of the world has a gap between the official time and the solar time]]<br /> [[File:UTC hue4map X world Robinson.png|800px|thumb|center]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:800px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC−12:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC−07:00<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC−06:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC−01:00<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC±00:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC+05:45<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC+06:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC+11:30<br /> ! colspan=4 style=&quot;width:160px&quot;|UTC+12:00 ...&lt;br /&gt;UTC+14:00<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=4 | Oceania / North America / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | North and South America / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | [[Time in Europe|Europe]] / Africa / Asia / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | Asia / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> | colspan=4 | Asia / Oceania / [[Time in Antarctica|Antarctica]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|No DST in summer<br /> | colspan=2|DST in summer<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−12:00|−12:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−12:00|−12:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−11:00|−11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC±00:00|±00:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Iceland|IS]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC±00:00|±00:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United Kingdom|GB]], [[Time in the Republic of Ireland|IE]], PT<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+06:00|+06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Kazakhstan|KZ-]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+06:00|+06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+07:00|+07:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+12:00|+12:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kiribati|KI]]-, [[Time in Russia|RU]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c00; width:5px;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:75px&quot; | [[UTC+12:00|+12:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+13:00|+13:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in New Zealand|NZ]]-<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff8000&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+06:30|+06:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Myanmar|MM]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c60;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffbf00&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+12:45|+12:45]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c90;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+12:45|+12:45]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+13:45|+13:45]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in New Zealand|NZ]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−11:00|−11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−11:00|−11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−10:00|−10:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;BO, CO, PA, PE<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−04:00|−04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-, CU, [[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;TN, CG, CD-, DZ, [[Niger|NE]], [[Nigeria|NG]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+02:00|+02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, [[Time in Germany|DE]], DK, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, [[North Macedonia|MK]], NL, NO, PL, SE, SI, SK&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Namibia|NA]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+07:00|+07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, VN, LA, TH, KH, [[Time in Indonesia|ID]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+07:00|+07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+08:00|+08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Mongolia|MN]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+13:00|+13:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kiribati|KI]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−10:00|−10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−10:00|−10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−09:00|−09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−04:00|−04:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−04:00|−04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−03:00|−03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Chile|CL]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+02:00|+02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;Africa: [[Burundi|BI]], [[Botswana|BW]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|CD]]-, [[Egypt|EG]], [[Libya|LY]], [[Malawi|MW]], [[Mozambique|MZ]], [[Rwanda|RW]], [[South Africa|ZA]], [[Zambia|ZM]], [[Zimbabwe|ZW]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+02:00|+02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Finland|FI]], [[Estonia|EE]], [[Latvia|LV]], [[Lithuania|LT]], [[Ukraine|UA]], [[Bulgaria|BG]], [[Greece|GR]], MD, [[Romania|RO]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+08:00|+08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Australia|AU]]-, CN, HK, [[Time in Indonesia|ID]], MY, [[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Time in the Philippines|PH]], SG, TW,<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+08:00|+08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+09:00|+09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Mongolia|MN]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0f0;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+14:00|+14:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kiribati|KI]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c0;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00ff80&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:30|−03:30]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0c6;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:30|−03:30]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−02:30|−02:30]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−09:00|−09:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−09:00|−09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−08:00|−08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in the United States|US]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:00|−03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Argentina|AR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Chile|CL]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−03:00|−03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−02:00|−02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Brazil|BR]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;Europe: [[Belarus|BY]], [[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Turkey|TR]], Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+04:00|+04:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0ff;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:00|+09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Time in Japan|JP]], [[Time in South Korea|KR]], [[Time in Indonesia|ID]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0cc;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:00|+09:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+10:00|+10:00]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0080ff&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:30|+03:30]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#06c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+03:30|+03:30]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+04:30|+04:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Iran|IR]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#0080ff&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:30|+09:30]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#06c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+09:30|+09:30]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+10:30|+10:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Australia|AU]]-<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−08:00|−08:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−08:00|−08:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−07:00|−07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-, [[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−02:00|−02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Brazil|BR]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−02:00|−02:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−01:00|−01:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+04:00|+04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-, [[Time in Georgia (country)|GE]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+04:00|+04:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+05:00|+05:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+10:00|+10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#00c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+10:00|+10:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+11:00|+11:00]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#8000ff&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+04:30|+04:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Afghanistan|AF]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#60c;&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−07:00|−07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−07:00|−07:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]&lt;br /&gt;N: [[Time in Canada|CA]]-, [[Time in the United States|US]]-, [[Time in Mexico|MX]]-&lt;br /&gt;S: [[Time in Chile|CL]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−01:00|−01:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC−01:00|−01:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC±00:00|±00:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:00|+05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Kazakhstan|KZ]]-, PK<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:00|+05:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+06:00|+06:00]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f0f;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+11:00|+11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in Russia|RU]]-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c0c;&quot;|<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+11:00|+11:00]]&lt;br /&gt;/[[UTC+12:00|+12:00]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0080&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:30|+05:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Time in India|IN]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c06;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0080&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+11:30|+11:30]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Norfolk Island|NF]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c06;&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff0040&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | [[UTC+05:45|+05:45]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nepal|NP]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cc0020;&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> XX = [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = [[Universal Coordinated Time]], DST = [[Daylight Saving Time]]<br /> <br /> == List of UTC offsets ==<br /> These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:<br /> &lt;!-- If a country has just one time zone list the country, not its capital.<br /> If a state or province has just one time zone list the state or province, not its largest city.<br /> This is not the place to write every single location that lies in a particular zone. This is just for a few examples. Please, do not fill said table with more locations. --&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Time offset<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot; | Example time&lt;br /&gt;([[ISO 8601]] notation)<br /> ! Example locations that do not use DST<br /> ! Example locations that in summer use DST<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−12:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|12|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Baker Island}} [[Baker Island]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{flagicon|Howland Island}} [[Howland Island]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−11:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|11|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|American Samoa}} [[American Samoa]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Jarvis Island}} [[Jarvis Island]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Kingman Reef}} [[Kingman Reef]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Midway Atoll}} [[Midway Atoll]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Niue}} [[Niue]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Palmyra Atoll}} [[Palmyra Atoll]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−10:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|10|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Cook Islands}} [[Cook Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] ([[Tahiti]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Johnston Atoll}} [[Johnston Atoll]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]])<br /> | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ([[Aleutian Islands]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−09:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|09|30}}<br /> | {{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] ([[Marquesas Islands]])<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−09:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|09|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] ([[Gambier Islands]])<br /> | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]] (most))<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−08:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|08|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Pitcairn Islands}} [[Pitcairn Islands]]<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbia]] (most), {{flagicon|Yukon}} [[Yukon]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Baja California]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|California}} [[California]], {{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]] (most), {{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon]] (most), {{flagicon|Washington (state)}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−07:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|07|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] (northeastern {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbia]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Sonora}} [[Sonora]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]] (most))<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Alberta]], {{flagicon|Northwest Territories}} [[Northwest Territories]], {{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavut]] (west of 102°W))&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Chihuahua (state)}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}}[[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]], {{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho]] (most), {{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana]], {{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico]], {{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah]], {{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−06:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|06|00}}<br /> | {{BIZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewan]] (most))&lt;br&gt;{{CRC}}&lt;br&gt;{{ECU}} ([[Galápagos Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{ESA}}&lt;br&gt;{{GUA}}&lt;br&gt;{{HON}}&lt;br&gt;{{NCA}}<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitoba]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Time in Chile|Chile]] ({{flagicon|Easter Island}} [[Easter Island]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama]], {{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas]], {{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]], {{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa]], {{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas]] (most), {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana]], {{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota]], {{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi]], {{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri]], {{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska]] (most), {{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota]] (most), {{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma]], {{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota]] (most), {{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee]] (most), {{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] (most), {{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin]]))<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−05:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|05|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] ([[Acre (state)|Acre]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Cayman Islands}} [[Cayman Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{COL}}&lt;br&gt;{{ECU}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{JAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Time in Mexico|Mexico]] ({{flagicon|Quintana Roo}} [[Quintana Roo]] (most))&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Navassa Island}} [[Navassa Island]]&lt;br&gt;{{PAN}}&lt;br&gt;{{PER}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]] (most), {{flagicon|QC}} [[Quebec]] (most))&lt;br&gt;{{CUB}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Time in the United States|United States]] ({{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[Connecticut]], {{flagicon|Delaware}} [[Delaware]], {{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]] (most), {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], {{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]] (most), {{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky]] (most), {{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine]], {{flagicon|Maryland}} [[Maryland]], {{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[Massachusetts]], {{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]] (most), {{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[New Hampshire]], {{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]], {{flagicon|New York (state)}} [[New York (state)|New York]], {{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina]], {{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio]], {{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania]], {{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[Rhode Island]], {{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina]], {{flagicon|Vermont}} [[Vermont]], {{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]], {{flagicon|Washington, D.C.}} [[Washington, D.C.]], {{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−04:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|04|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Anguilla}} [[Anguilla]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Aruba]]&lt;br&gt;{{BAR}}&lt;br&gt;{{BOL}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] ([[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] (most), {{flagicon|Mato Grosso do Sul}} [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], {{flagicon|Mato Grosso}} [[Mato Grosso]], {{flagicon|Rondônia}} [[Rondônia]], {{flagicon|Roraima}} [[Roraima]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} [[British Virgin Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Caribbean Netherlands}} [[Caribbean Netherlands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Curacao}} [[Curacao]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica]]&lt;br&gt;{{DOM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenada]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guadeloupe}} [[Guadeloupe]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyana]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Martinique}} [[Martinique]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Montserrat}} [[Montserrat]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Barthelemy}} [[Saint Barthelemy]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucia]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Martin}} [[Saint Martin]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]&lt;br&gt;{{TTO}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|US Virgin Islands}} [[US Virgin Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Time in Venezuela|Venezuela]]<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswick]], {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotia]], {{flagicon|Newfoundland and Labrador}} [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] ([[Labrador]], except of southeastern coast), {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Island]])&lt;br&gt;{{CHI}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] ([[Thule Air Base]])&lt;br&gt;{{PAR}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−03:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|03|30}}<br /> |<br /> | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Time in Canada|Canada]] ({{flagicon|Newfoundland and Labrador}} [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] ([[Newfoundland]] and southeastern coast of [[Labrador]]))<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−03:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|03|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Time in Argentina|Argentina]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Time in Chile|Chile]] ([[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Falkland Islands}} [[Time in the Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|French Guiana}} [[French Guiana]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname]]&lt;br&gt;{{URU}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−02:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|02|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Time in Brazil|Brazil]] ([[Fernando de Noronha]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC−01:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|-|01|00}}<br /> | {{CPV}}<br /> | {{POR}} ({{flagicon|Azores}} [[Azores]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] ([[Ittoqqortoormiit]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC±00:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|00|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Gambia]]&lt;br&gt;{{GHA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]] ([[Danmarkshavn]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau]]&lt;br&gt;{{ISL}}&lt;br&gt;{{CIV}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]&lt;br&gt;{{MLI}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha|Saint Helena]]&lt;br&gt;{{SEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leone]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Sao Tome and Principe]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togo]]<br /> | {{flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Faroe Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]]&lt;br&gt;{{IRL}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Isle of Man}} [[Isle of Man]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Jersey}} [[Jersey]]&lt;br&gt;{{POR}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{ESP}} ({{flagicon|Canary Islands}} [[Canary Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{GBR}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+01:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|01|00}}<br /> | {{ALG}}&lt;br&gt;{{ANG}}&lt;br&gt;{{BEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{CMR}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]]&lt;br&gt;{{COD}} (western part)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinea]]&lt;br&gt;{{GAB}}&lt;br&gt;{{MAR}}&lt;br&gt;{{NIG}}&lt;br&gt;{{NGR}}&lt;br&gt;{{TUN}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Western Sahara}}<br /> | {{ALB}}&lt;br&gt;{{AND}}&lt;br&gt;{{AUT}}&lt;br&gt;{{BEL}}&lt;br&gt;{{BIH}}&lt;br&gt;{{CRO}}&lt;br&gt;{{CZE}}&lt;br&gt;{{DEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{FRA}} ([[Metropolitan France|metropolitan]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|GER}} [[Time in Germany|Germany]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar]]&lt;br&gt;{{HUN}}&lt;br&gt;{{ITA}}&lt;br&gt;{{LIE}}&lt;br&gt;{{LUX}}&lt;br&gt;{{MLT}}&lt;br&gt;{{MON}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]]&lt;br&gt;{{NED}} (European)&lt;br&gt;{{MKD}}&lt;br&gt;{{NOR}}&lt;br&gt;{{POL}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]]&lt;br&gt;{{SRB}}&lt;br&gt;{{SVK}}&lt;br&gt;{{SLO}}&lt;br&gt;{{ESP}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{SWE}}&lt;br&gt;{{SUI}}&lt;br&gt;{{VAT}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+02:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|02|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana]]&lt;br&gt;{{BDI}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (eastern part)&lt;br&gt;{{EGY}}&lt;br&gt;{{SWZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Lesotho]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]]&lt;br&gt;{{MAW}}&lt;br&gt;{{MOZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{NAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Kaliningrad Oblast}} [[Kaliningrad Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{RWA}}&lt;br&gt;{{RSA}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{SUD}}&lt;br&gt;{{ZAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{ZIM}}<br /> | {{ALA}}&lt;br&gt;{{BUL}}&lt;br&gt;{{CYP}}&lt;br&gt;{{EST}}&lt;br&gt;{{FIN}}&lt;br&gt;{{GRE}}&lt;br&gt;{{ISR}}&lt;br&gt;{{JOR}}&lt;br&gt;{{LAT}}&lt;br&gt;{{LBN}}&lt;br&gt;{{LIT}}&lt;br&gt;{{MDA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]&lt;br&gt;{{ROM}}&lt;br&gt;{{SYR}}&lt;br&gt;{{UKR}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+03:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|03|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain]]&lt;br&gt;{{BLR}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros]]&lt;br&gt;{{DJI}}&lt;br&gt;{{ERI}}&lt;br&gt;{{ETH}}&lt;br&gt;{{IRQ}}&lt;br&gt;{{KEN}}&lt;br&gt;{{KUW}}&lt;br&gt;{{MAD}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Mayotte}} [[Mayotte]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Moscow}} [[Moscow Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{KSA}}&lt;br&gt;{{SOM}}&lt;br&gt;{{SSD}}&lt;br&gt;{{RSA}} ([[Prince Edward Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{TAN}}&lt;br&gt;{{TUR}}&lt;br&gt;{{UGA}}&lt;br&gt;{{YEM}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+03:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|03|30}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IRI}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+04:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|04|00}}<br /> | {{ARM}}&lt;br&gt;{{AZE}}&lt;br&gt;{{GEO}}&lt;br&gt;{{MRI}}&lt;br&gt;{{OMA}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Samara Oblast}} [[Samara Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Réunion}} [[Réunion]]&lt;br&gt;{{SEY}}&lt;br&gt;{{UAE}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+04:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|04|30}}<br /> | {{AFG}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+05:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|05|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{KAZ}} (western part)&lt;br&gt;{{MDV}}&lt;br&gt;{{PAK}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Sverdlovsk Oblast}} [[Yekaterinburg Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]]&lt;br&gt;{{UZB}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+05:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|05|30}}<br /> | {{IND}}&lt;br&gt;{{SRI}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+05:45]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|05|45}}<br /> | {{NEP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+06:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|06|00}}<br /> | {{BAN}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|British Indian Ocean Territory}} [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]&lt;br&gt;{{KAZ}} (eastern part)&lt;br&gt;{{KGZ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Omsk Oblast}} [[Omsk Time]])<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+06:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|06|30}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Cocos Islands}} [[Cocos Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{MYA}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+07:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|07|00}}<br /> | {{CAM}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Christmas Island}} [[Christmas Island]]&lt;br&gt;{{INA}} ([[Sumatra Island]], [[Java Island]], {{flagicon|West Kalimantan}} [[West Kalimantan]], {{flagicon|Central Kalimantan}} [[Central Kalimantan]])&lt;br&gt;{{LAO}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Time in Mongolia|Mongolia]] (west)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Krasnoyarsk Krai}} [[Krasnoyarsk Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{THA}}&lt;br&gt;{{VIE}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+08:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|08|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei]]&lt;br&gt;{{PRC}}&lt;br&gt;{{HKG}}&lt;br&gt;{{INA}} ([[Sulawesi Island]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], {{flagicon|North Kalimantan}} [[North Kalimantan]], {{flagicon|East Kalimantan}} [[East Kalimantan]], {{flagicon|South Kalimantan}} [[South Kalimantan]])&lt;br&gt;{{MAC}}&lt;br&gt;{{MAS}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Time in Mongolia|Mongolia]] (most)&lt;br&gt;{{PHI}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Irkutsk Oblast}} [[Irkutsk Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{SIN}}&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+08:45]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|08|45}}<br /> | {{AUS}} ({{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]] ([[Eucla, Western Australia|Eucla]]))<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+09:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|09|00}}<br /> | {{TLS}}&lt;br&gt;{{INA}} ([[Maluku Islands]], {{flagicon|Papua}} [[Papua (province)|Papua]], {{flagicon|West Papua}} [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]])&lt;br&gt;{{JPN}}&lt;br&gt;{{PRK}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Sakha Republic}} [[Yakutsk Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{KOR}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+09:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|09|30}}<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Northern Territory}} [[Northern Territory]])<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|South Australia}} [[South Australia]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+10:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|10|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Queensland]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Guam}} [[Guam|Guam]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] ({{flagicon|Kosrae}} [[Kosrae]], {{flagicon|Pohnpei}} [[Pohnpei]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]]&lt;br&gt;{{PNG}} (main territory)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Primorsky Krai}} [[Vladivostok Time]])<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Time in Australia|Australia]] ({{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} [[Australian Capital Territory]], {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[New South Wales]], {{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Tasmania]], {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+10:30]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|10|30}}<br /> |<br /> | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] ({{flagicon|Lord Howe Island}} [[Lord Howe Island]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+11:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|11|00}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] ({{flagicon|Chuuk}} [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]], {{flagicon|Yap}} [[Yap]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|New Caledonia}} [[New Caledonia]]&lt;br&gt;{{PNG}} ({{flagicon|Bougainville}} [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Magadan Oblast}} [[Magadan Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{SOL}}&lt;br&gt;{{VAN}}<br /> | {{flagicon|Norfolk Island}} [[Norfolk Island]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+12:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|12|00}}<br /> | {{KIR}} ([[Gilbert Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{MHL}}&lt;Br&gt;{{NRU}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Time in Russia|Russia]] ({{flagicon|Kamchatka Krai}} [[Kamchatka Time]])&lt;br&gt;{{TUV}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Wake Island}} [[Wake Island]]&lt;br&gt;{{WLF}}<br /> | {{FIJ}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand]] (most)<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+12:45]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|12|45}}<br /> |<br /> | {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand]] ([[Chatham Islands]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+13:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|13|00}}<br /> | {{KIR}} ([[Phoenix Islands]])&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Tokelau}} [[Tokelau]]&lt;br&gt;{{TON}}<br /> | {{SAM}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[UTC+14:00]]<br /> | {{TimebyUTCoffset|+|14|00}}<br /> | {{KIR}} ([[Line Islands]])<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.<br /> <br /> Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:<br /> * [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]: [[UTC+02]]; 01:00 on Tuesday<br /> * [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]: [[UTC+12]]; 11:00 on Tuesday<br /> <br /> Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:<br /> * Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: [[UTC−10]]; 16:00 on Monday<br /> * Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday<br /> <br /> The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example, New Zealand, which is usually [[UTC+12]], observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the [[Southern Hemisphere]] summer, resulting in a local time of [[UTC+13]].<br /> <br /> == Time zone conversions ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=52 | Time of day by zone<br /> |-<br /> | City, ''Region''<br /> | [[List of time zone abbreviations|Zone]]<br /> | '''°W'''<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#ff0000|Tue}}<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#00ff00|Wed}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Baker Island]]'', [[Howland Island]]<br /> | [[Anywhere on Earth Time Zone|AoE]]<br /> | '''180'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[American Samoa]]''<br /> | [[Samoa Time Zone|SST]]<br /> | '''165'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hawaii]]''<br /> | [[Hawaii–Aleutian Standard Time|HAST]]<br /> | '''150'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Juneau, Alaska]]<br /> | [[Alaska Time Zone|AKST]]<br /> | '''135'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]]<br /> | [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]<br /> | '''120'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Denver]]<br /> | [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]]<br /> | '''105'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Winnipeg]], [[Chicago]], [[Mexico City]]<br /> | [[Central Time Zone|CST]]<br /> | '''90'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ottawa]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Miami]], [[Quito]], [[Lima]]<br /> | [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]<br /> | '''75'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Caracas]], [[La Paz]], [[Santiago]]<br /> | [[Chile Standard Time|CLT]]<br /> | '''60'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Greenland]]'', [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Buenos Aires]]<br /> | [[Argentina Time|ART]]<br /> | '''45'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|GST]]<br /> | '''30'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|10}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[Cape Verde Time|CVT]]<br /> | '''15'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|11}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[London]], [[Lisbon]], [[Algiers]], [[Monrovia]]<br /> | [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|12}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Paris]], [[Rome]], [[Lagos]], [[Kinshasa]]<br /> | [[Central European Time|CET]]<br /> | '''15'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|13}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Helsinki]], [[Moscow]], [[Cairo]], [[Cape Town]]<br /> | [[Eastern European Time|EET]]<br /> | '''30'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|14}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Archangelsk]], [[Ankara]], [[Addis Abeba]]<br /> | [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]<br /> | '''45'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|15}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Magnitogorsk]], ''[[Mauritius]]'', ''[[Réunion]]''<br /> | [[Gulf Standard Time|GST]]<br /> | '''60'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|16}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Salekhard]], [[Bishkek]], ''[[Kerguelen Islands|Kerguelen]]''<br /> | [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]<br /> | '''75'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|17}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Norilsk]], [[Novosibirsk]]<br /> | [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]<br /> | '''90'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|18}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Irkutsk]], [[Bangkok]], [[Jakarta]]<br /> | [[Indochina Time|ICT]]<br /> | '''105'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|19}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yakutsk]], [[Beijing]], [[Manila]], [[Perth]]<br /> | [[China Standard Time|CST]]<br /> | '''120'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|20}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vladivostok]], [[Tokyo]]<br /> | [[Japan Standard Time|JST]]<br /> | '''135'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|21}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Magadan]], [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]]<br /> | [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]<br /> | '''150'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|22}}<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[New Caledonia Time|NCT]]<br /> | '''165'''<br /> | {{color|#ff0000|23}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Fiji]]'', [[Wellington]]<br /> | [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]<br /> | '''180'''<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9|0}}<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Phoenix Islands]]''<br /> | [[Time in Tokelau|TKT]]<br /> |<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9|0}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9|1}}<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kiritimati]]''<br /> | [[Line Islands Time|LINT]]<br /> |<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|10}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|11}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|12}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|13}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|14}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|15}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|16}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|17}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|18}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|19}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|20}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|21}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|22}}<br /> | {{color|#00ff00|23}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 2}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 3}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 4}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 5}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 6}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 7}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 8}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff| 9}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|10}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|11}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|12}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|13}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|14}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|15}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|16}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|17}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|18}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|19}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|20}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|21}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|22}}<br /> | {{color|#0000ff|23}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9| 0}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9| 1}}<br /> | {{color|#8ddbf9| 2}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | '''°E'''<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#00ff00|Wed}}<br /> | colspan=24 align=center | {{color|#0000ff|Thu}}<br /> | colspan=2 align=center | {{color|#8ddbf9|Fri}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship<br /> :&quot;time in zone A&quot; − &quot;UTC offset for zone A&quot; = &quot;time in zone B&quot; − &quot;UTC offset for zone B&quot;,<br /> in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term &quot;UTC offset&quot; is used here rather than the term &quot;zone designator&quot; used by the standard.)<br /> <br /> The conversion equation can be rearranged to<br /> :&quot;time in zone B&quot; = &quot;time in zone A&quot; − &quot;UTC offset for zone A&quot; + &quot;UTC offset for zone B&quot;.<br /> <br /> For example, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] opens at 09:30 ([[Eastern time zone|EST]], UTC offset=−05:00). In Los Angeles ([[Pacific time zone|PST]], UTC offset= −08:00) and Delhi ([[Indian standard time|IST]], UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at<br /> :time in Los Angeles = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30.<br /> :time in Delhi = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.<br /> <br /> These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).<br /> <br /> The table &quot;Time of day by zone&quot; gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.<br /> <br /> == Nautical time zones ==<br /> {{Main|Nautical time}}<br /> Since the 1920s a [[nautical time|nautical standard time]] system has been in operation for ships on the [[international waters|high seas]]. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° [[gore (segment)|gore]] that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by [[territorial waters]] adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.&lt;ref&gt;Bowditch, Nathaniel. ''American Practical Navigator''. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925, 1939, 1975.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hill, John C., Thomas F. Utegaard, Gerard Riordan. ''Dutton's Navigation and Piloting''. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1958.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Howse, Derek. ''Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-19-215948-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain's choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keep the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal, and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.<br /> <br /> ==Skewing of zones==&lt;!-- This section is linked from [[daylight saving time]] --&gt;<br /> [[File:Tzdiff-Europe-summer.png|thumb|Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c8bfe7;&quot; |<br /> | 1h ± 30 min behind<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#bec0bc;&quot; |<br /> | 0h ± 30m<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c18e8e;&quot; |<br /> | 1h ± 30&amp;nbsp;m ahead<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background: #c15e61;&quot; |<br /> | 2h ± 30&amp;nbsp;m ahead<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background: #c10000;&quot; |<br /> | 3h ± 30&amp;nbsp;m ahead<br /> |}<br /> ]]<br /> [[File:DaylightSaving-World-Subdivisions.png|thumb|upright=1.35| {{legend|#1b80e6|DST observed}} {{legend|#ef690a|DST formerly observed}}<br /> {{legend|#c00000|DST never observed}}]]<br /> <br /> Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.<br /> <br /> For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through [[Spain]] and [[France]], they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east ([[Central European Time]]) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation]] of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Poulle|first=Yvonne|title=La France à l'heure allemande|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|year=1999|volume=157|issue=2|pages=493–502|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_2_450989/article_bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_2_450989.pdf|accessdate=January 11, 2012|doi=10.3406/bec.1999.450989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed &quot;Amsterdam Time&quot;, which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.<br /> <br /> In the Northern hemisphere, there is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. A reason is that it can allow the more efficient use of sunlight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|title=法定时与北京时间|publisher=人民教育出版社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114120456/http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|archive-date=November 14, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{citation needed span|date=June 2016|text=Another reason for this is that similar working day schedules around the world have led to people rising on average at 07:00 clock time and going to bed at 23:00 clock time. This means that the middle of the period that people are awake (&quot;''awake time noon''&quot;) occurs at 15:00 (= [7 + 23]/2) clock time, whereas – if using as clock time the time of the nautical time zone to which the location concerned geographically belongs – solar noon occurs at 12:00 (+/- 30 min) clock time. To make solar noon coincide more with ''awake time noon'' (i.e. make the sun reach its highest point closer to 15:00 clock time rather than 12:00 clock time), the time of one or even two nautical time zones to the east is chosen.|reason=The entire section sounds very speculative – many other historical reasons may be possible, please provide evidence for this explanation.}} Many of these locations also use [[Daylight saving time|DST]], adding yet another nautical time zone to the east. As a result,{{refn|group=note|Spain may have chosen its time zone for other reasons, such as synchronising with trading partners, and adopting CET as a major member of the EU}} in summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of [[Muxía]] occurs at 14:37 clock time, indeed very close to ''awake time noon'' (15:00). This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees [[Latitude|north]] of the equator. Near the summer [[solstice]], Muxía has sunset times (after 22:00) similar to those of [[Stockholm]], which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.<br /> <br /> A more extreme example is [[Nome, Alaska]], which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized [[Samoa Time Zone]] ([[165th meridian west|165°W]]). Nevertheless, Nome observes [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska Time]] ([[135th meridian west|135°W]]) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=O'Hara|first=Doug|title=Alaska: daylight stealing time|work=Far North Science|url=http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/|date=March 11, 2007|accessdate=May 11, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Kotzebue, Alaska]], also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate ''two'' sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.<br /> <br /> Also, [[China]] extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use [[UTC+08:00]] ([[120th meridian east|120°E]]), so solar &quot;noon&quot; can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]].<br /> <br /> == Daylight saving time ==<br /> {{Main|Daylight saving time}}<br /> <br /> Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as &quot;Summer Time&quot;) during part of the year. This typically involves advancing [[clock]]s by an [[hour]] near the start of [[spring (season)|spring]] and adjusting back in [[autumn]] (&quot;spring forward&quot;, &quot;fall back&quot;). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a [[World War I|wartime]] measure aimed at [[Energy conservation|conserving coal]]. Despite [[Daylight saving time#Dispute over benefits and drawbacks|controversy]], many countries have used it off and on since then; [[Daylight saving time by country|details vary by location]] and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.<br /> <br /> == Computer systems and the Internet ==<br /> Many computer [[operating system]]s include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] as their basic [[system time|time-keeping standard]], while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on [[Daylight saving time#Computing|daylight saving time]] for more details on this aspect).<br /> <br /> Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com |title=International CNN |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the US version shows [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com |title=United States CNN |publisher=Cnn.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; US Eastern Time and [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] Note &quot;datetime&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[Email]] systems and other messaging systems ([[Internet Relay Chat|IRC chat]], etc.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel|title=Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings|date=August 6, 2008&lt;!-- 15:53:34--&gt;|publisher=[[Canonical Ltd.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.<br /> <br /> [[Database]] records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.<br /> <br /> [[Calendaring software|Calendar systems]] nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone. There is also an option in newer versions of [[Microsoft Outlook]] to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems. Calendaring software must also deal with [[daylight saving time]] (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.&lt;ref&gt;[https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/2642044 How time zone normalization works in Microsoft Outlook]. Microsoft (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In [[Google Calendar]], calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a time-zone changes,&lt;ref&gt;[https://support.google.com/calendar/answer/37064?hl=en&amp;rd=1 Use Google Calendar in different time zones]. Google Calendar Help (as of Oct. 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).<br /> <br /> === Operating systems ===<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=August 2015}}<br /> <br /> ==== Unix ====<br /> {{Main|Unix time}}<br /> Most [[Unix-like]] systems, including [[Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]], keep system time in time_t format, representing the number of seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;single-unix-spec-4.16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16|title=The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, section 4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch|publisher=[[The Open Group]]|accessdate=January 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; By default the external representation is as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), though individual processes can specify time zones using the LC_TIME [[environment variable]] or less commonly the TZ environment variable.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} This allows users in multiple time zones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the [[IANA time zone database]]. In fact, many systems, including anything using the [[GNU C Library]], can make use of this database.<br /> <br /> ==== Microsoft Windows ====<br /> [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]-based computer systems prior to [[Windows 2000]] used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms724390(v=vs.85).aspx|title=GetSystemTime function (Windows)|website=msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=February 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Windows Registry|system registry]] contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. [[Remote Desktop Services|Terminal Servers]] allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.<br /> <br /> === Programming languages ===<br /> <br /> ==== Java ====<br /> While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone information, [[Java (programming language)|the Java Platform]], from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own time zone database. This database is updated whenever time zone rules change. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] provides an updater tool for this purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tzupdater-readme-136440.html |title=Timezone Updater Tool |publisher=Java.sun.com |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As an alternative to the time zone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/ |title=Joda-Time |publisher=Joda-time.sourceforge.net |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This library includes its own time zone data based on the IANA time zone database.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |title=tz database |publisher=Twinsun.com |date=December 26, 2007 |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013511/http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |archivedate=June 23, 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting time zones.<br /> [https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/ Java 8 Date Time]<br /> <br /> ==== JavaScript ====<br /> Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for [[JavaScript]]. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres.<br /> <br /> ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification<br /> | publisher = ECMA International<br /> | work = ecma-international.org<br /> | date = June 2015<br /> | access-date = 4 September 2019<br /> | url = https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names<br /> | language = <br /> | quote = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Internationalization Support<br /> | author = <br /> | work = Node.js v12.10.0 Documentation<br /> | date = <br /> | access-date = 4 September 2019<br /> | url = https://nodejs.org/api/intl.html#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none<br /> | quote = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Perl ====<br /> The DateTime object in [[Perl]] supports all time zones in the [[Tz database|Olson DB]] and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime |title=DateTime |publisher=METACPAN |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== PHP ====<br /> The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the [[PHP]] core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php |title=DateTime |publisher=Php.net |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via the [[PEAR#PECL|PECL]] timezonedb.<br /> <br /> ==== Python ====<br /> The standard module datetime included with [[Python (programming language)|Python]] stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://pytz.sourceforge.net/ |title=pytz module |publisher=Pytz.sourceforge.net |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.<br /> <br /> ==== Smalltalk ====<br /> Each [[Smalltalk]] dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. [[VisualWorks]] provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). [[Squeak]] provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. [[Dolphin Smalltalk]] does not support time zones at all.<br /> <br /> For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chronos-st.org/ Chronos Date/Time Library] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405043602/http://www.chronos-st.org/ |date=April 5, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Time zones in outer space ==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}<br /> Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of [[Apollo program]] astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for [[space exploration]] is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The [[International Space Station]] normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ask the Crew: STS-111|url=http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/crew/sts-111/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Day in the Life|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html|last=Lu|first=Ed}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Timekeeping on Mars]] can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a [[Timekeeping on Mars#Sols|sol]]. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day,&lt;ref&gt;Megan Gannon, 2008, [http://www.space.com/17815-mars-rover-jet-lag.html New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time], ''space.com''&lt;/ref&gt; because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[File:Coventry Time Zone Clock.jpg|thumb|right|The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of [[Coventry Transport Museum]].]]<br /> * [[Daylight saving time]]<br /> * [[ISO 8601]]<br /> * [[Lists of time zones]]<br /> * [[Time in Europe]]<br /> * [[Metric time]]<br /> * [[:Category:Time by country|Time by country]]<br /> * [[World clock]]<br /> * [[Jet lag]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> *{{cite news<br /> | last = Biswas<br /> | first = Soutik<br /> | title = How India's single time zone is hurting its people<br /> | work = [[BBC News]]<br /> | date = February 12, 2019<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47168359<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite web<br /> | author = Maulik Jagnani, economist at [[Cornell University]]<br /> | title = PoorSleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production<br /> | publisher = <br /> | format = Job Market Paper<br /> | date = January 15, 2019<br /> | url = https://www.dropbox.com/s/5ojttz8d9leco4n/jagnani_jmp.pdf?dl=0<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite web<br /> | title = Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT<br /> | publisher = [[BBC]]<br /> | format = Video<br /> | date = August 14, 2015<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-pacific-33938952/time-bandits-the-countries-rebelling-against-gmt<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite news<br /> | title = How time zones confused the world<br /> | work = [[BBC News]]<br /> | date = August 7, 2015<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815153<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite news<br /> | last = Lane<br /> | first = Megan<br /> | title = How does a country change its time zone?<br /> | work = [[BBC News]]<br /> | date = May 10, 2011<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> *{{cite web<br /> | title = A brief history of time zones<br /> | publisher = [[BBC]]<br /> | format = Video<br /> | date = March 24, 2011<br /> | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones<br /> | accessdate = February 12, 2019}}<br /> * {{cite IETF |rfc=8536|title=The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Time zones}}<br /> * {{Commons category inline|Time zones}}<br /> <br /> {{Time Topics}}<br /> {{Time measurement and standards}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Time zones| ]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manila&diff=927130245 Manila 2019-11-20T14:58:24Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Other faiths */</p> <hr /> <div>{{redirect2|Maynila|Maynilad|the TV series|Maynila (TV series)|related water companies|Maynilad Water Services|and|Manila Water}}<br /> {{About|the capital city of the Philippines|the region|Metro Manila|other uses}}<br /> <br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Manila<br /> | native_name = ''Maynilà''<br /> | native_name_lang = fil<br /> | official_name = ''Lungsod ng Maynilà''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(City of Manila)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- as per seal --&gt;<br /> | settlement_type = [[Capital of the Philippines|Capital]] and [[Cities of the Philippines|Highly Urbanized City]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = Big Manila.jpg<br /> | photo2a = Manila City Hall Clock Tower View from Intramuros Wall.jpg<br /> | photo2b = Fort Santiaigo in Intramuros.jpg<br /> | photo4a = Rizal Monument at Dusk.jpg<br /> | photo4b = Allan Jay Quesada- Quiapo Church DSC 0065 The Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene or Quiapo Church, Manila.JPG<br /> | photo5a = Malacañang Palace (Cropped).jpg<br /> | size = 250<br /> | spacing = 2<br /> | position = center<br /> | color = transparent<br /> | border = 0<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: Manila Bay skyline, [[Fort Santiago]], [[Quiapo Church]], [[Malacañan Palace]], [[Rizal Monument]], [[Manila City Hall]]<br /> | image_flag = {{PH wikidata|image_flag}}<br /> | flag_size = 120x80px<br /> | image_seal = Ph seal ncr manila.svg<br /> | seal_size = 100x80px<br /> | seal_link = Coat of arms of Manila<br /> | image_shield = <br /> | nickname = Pearl of the Orient&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/02/05/archives/pearl-of-orient-stripped-of-food-manila-before-pearl-harbor-had.html|title= 'Pearl of Orient' Stripped of Food; Manila, Before Pearl Harbor, Had Been Prosperous—Its Harbor One, of Best Focus for Two Attacks Osmeña Succeeded Quezon|date=February 5, 1945|work=New York Times|quote=Manila, modernized and elevated to the status of a metropolis by American engineering skill, was before Pearl Harbor a city of 623,000 population, contained in an area of fourteen square miles.|access-date=March 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | motto = ''Manila, God First''<br /> | image_map = {{PH wikidata|image_map}}<br /> | map_caption = {{PH wikidata|map_caption}}<br /> | image_map1 = {{Infobox mapframe|id={{#invoke:Wikibase|id}}|frame-width=250|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=11}}<br /> | pushpin_map = Philippines<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the {{PH wikidata|country}}<br /> | coordinates = {{PH wikidata|coordinates}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{PH wikidata|region}}<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Congressional District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Legislative districts of Manila|1st to 6th districts of Manila]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Administrative District<br /> | subdivision_name3 = 16 city districts<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = 13th century or earlier<br /> | established_title1 = [[Sultanate of Brunei]] ([[Rajahnate of Maynila]])<br /> | established_date1 = 1500s<br /> | established_title2 = [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]]<br /> | established_date2 = June 24, 1571<br /> | established_title3 = City Charter<br /> | established_date3 = July 31, 1901<br /> | established_title4 = Highly Urbanized City<br /> | established_date4 = December 22, 1979<br /> | parts_type = [[Barangay]]s<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = 896<br /> | government_type = {{PH wikidata|government_type}}<br /> | government_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dilg.gov.ph/cities.php|title=Cities|publisher=Department of the Interior and Local Government|location=Quezon City, Philippines|access-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309004634/http://dilg.gov.ph/cities.php|archive-date=March 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title = [[Mayor of Manila|Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name = [[Isko Moreno|Francisco &quot;Isko Moreno&quot; Domagoso]] ([[National Unity Party (Philippines)|NUP]]/Asenso Manileño)<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Vice Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name1 = Dr. Ma. Sheilah &quot;Honey Lacuna&quot; Pangan ([[National Unity Party (Philippines)|NUP]]/Asenso Manileño)<br /> | leader_title2 = City Representatives<br /> | leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list<br /> | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;<br /> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none;<br /> | 1 = • Manuel Luis &quot;Manny&quot; T. Lopez&lt;br /&gt;{{small|[[Legislative districts of Manila#1st District|1st District]]}}<br /> | 2 = • Rolando &quot;Rolan&quot; M. Valeriano&lt;br /&gt;{{small|[[Legislative districts of Manila#2nd District|2nd District]]}}<br /> | 3 = • [[Yul Servo|John Marvin &quot;Yul Servo&quot; C. Nieto]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|[[Legislative districts of Manila#3rd District|3rd District]]}}<br /> | 4 = • Edward V.P. Maceda&lt;br /&gt;{{small|[[Legislative districts of Manila#4th District|4th District]]}}<br /> | 5 = • Amanda Christina &quot;Crystal&quot; L. Bagatsing&lt;br /&gt;{{small|[[Legislative districts of Manila#5th District|5th District]]}}<br /> | 6 = • Bienvenido &quot;Benny&quot; M. Abante, Jr.&lt;br /&gt;{{small|[[Legislative districts of Manila#6th District|6th District]]}}<br /> }}<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Manila City Council|City Council]]<br /> | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list<br /> | title = Councilors<br /> | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;<br /> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none;<br /> | 1 = '''1st District'''<br /> | 2 = • Ernesto &quot;Dionix&quot; G. Dionisio, Sr.<br /> | 3 = • Moises &quot;Bobby&quot; T. Lim<br /> | 4 = • Erick Ian &quot;Banzai&quot; O. Nieva<br /> | 5 = • Peter M. Ong<br /> | 6 = • Irma C. Alfonso-Juson<br /> | 7 = • Jesus &quot;Taga&quot; M. Fajardo<br /> | 8 = '''2nd District'''<br /> | 9 = • Numero &quot;Uno&quot; G. Lim<br /> | 10 = • Darwin &quot;Awi&quot; B. Sia<br /> | 11 = • Macario &quot;Macky&quot; M. Lacson<br /> | 12 = • Edward M. Tan<br /> | 13 = • Roma Paula S. Robles<br /> | 14 = • Ma. Theresa &quot;Jem&quot; F. Buenaventura<br /> | 15 = '''3rd District'''<br /> | 16 = • Johanna Maureen &quot;Apple&quot; C. Nieto-Rodriguez<br /> | 17 = • Pamela &quot;Fa&quot; G. Fugoso<br /> | 18 = • Ernesto &quot;Jong&quot; C. Isip, Jr.<br /> | 19 = • Joel R. Chua<br /> | 20 = • Terrence F. Alibarbar<br /> | 21 = • Manuel &quot;Letlet&quot; M. Zarcal<br /> | 22 = '''4th District'''<br /> | 23 = • Luisito &quot;Louie&quot; N. Chua<br /> | 24 = • Krystle Marie &quot;Krys&quot; C. Bacani<br /> | 25 = • Eduardo &quot;Wardee&quot; P. Quintos, XIV<br /> | 26 = • Science A. Reyes<br /> | 27 = • Joel &quot;JTV&quot; T. Villanueva<br /> | 28 = • Don Juan &quot;DJ&quot; A. Bagatsing<br /> | 29 = '''5th District'''<br /> | 30 = • William Irwin C. Tieng<br /> | 31 = • Raymundo &quot;Mon&quot; R. Yupangco<br /> | 32 = • Laris T. Borromeo<br /> | 33 = • Joey S. Hizon III<br /> | 34 = • Ricardo &quot;Boy&quot; A. Isip, Jr.<br /> | 35 = • Charry R. Ortega<br /> | 36 = '''6th District'''<br /> | 37 = • Joel M. Par<br /> | 38 = • Salvador Philip H. Lacuna<br /> | 39 = • Priscilla Marie &quot;Princess&quot; T. Abante-Barquia<br /> | 40 = • Carlos &quot;Caloy&quot; C. Castañeda<br /> | 41 = • Christian Paul &quot;Joey&quot; L. Uy<br /> | 42 = • [[Lou Veloso|Luciano &quot;Lou&quot; M. Veloso]]<br /> | 43 = '''[[Liga ng mga Barangay|Liga ng mga Barangay President]]'''<br /> | 44 = Leilani Lacuna<br /> }}<br /> | leader_title4 = Electorate <br /> | leader_name4 = {{PH wikidata|electorate}} voters ([[Philippine general election, {{PH wikidata|electorate_point_in_time}}|{{PH wikidata|electorate_point_in_time}}]])<br /> | total_type = City<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;arearef1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mbc.com.ph/engine/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Solidum-Update-of-Earthquake-Hazards-and-Risk-Assessment-of-MMla-14Nov2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624134051/http://www.mbc.com.ph/engine/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Solidum-Update-of-Earthquake-Hazards-and-Risk-Assessment-of-MMla-14Nov2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 24, 2016|title=An Update on the Earthquake Hazards and Risk Assessment of Greater Metropolitan Manila Area|publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arearef2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1509/Component_5_Earthquake_Risk_Analysis_Technical%20Report_-_Final_Draft_by_GA_and_PHIVOLCS.pdf|title=Enhancing Risk Analysis Capacities for Flood, Tropical Cyclone Severe Wind and Earthquake for the Greater Metro Manila Area Component 5 – Earthquake Risk Analysis|publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]] and [[Geoscience Australia]]|access-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_total_km2 = 42.88 &lt;!--{{PH wikidata|area}}--&gt;<br /> | area_land_km2 = <br /> | area_water_km2 = <br /> | area_urban_km2 = 1474.82<br /> | area_metro_km2 = 619.57<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 5<br /> | population_footnotes = {{PH census|current|NCR}}&lt;ref name=&quot;PSApopden&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population|title = Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)|work=Philippine Statistics Authority|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_total = {{PH wikidata|population_total}}<br /> | population_as_of = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}<br /> | population_density_km2 = 41515<br /> | population_urban = 22710000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite webtitle=Demographia World Urban Areas PDF (March 2013)|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|publisher=Demographia|access-date=November 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto<br /> | population_metro = 12877253<br /> | population_density_metro_km2 = 20785<br /> | population_demonym = English: Manileño, Manilan;&lt;br /&gt;Spanish: ''manilense'',&lt;ref&gt;This is the original Spanish, even used by José Rizal in ''El filibusterismo''.&lt;/ref&gt; ''manileño''(-''a'')&lt;br /&gt;Filipino: Manileño(-a), Manilenyo(-a), Taga-Maynila<br /> | demographics_type1 = Economy<br /> | demographics1_title1 = {{PH wikidata|income_class_title}}<br /> | demographics1_info1 = {{PH wikidata|income_class}}<br /> | demographics1_title2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 0.756&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Sub-national HDI|title=Area Database – Global Data Lab|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; – &lt;span style=&quot;color:#090;&quot;&gt;high&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title3 = Revenue (₱)<br /> | demographics1_info3 = {{PH wikidata|revenue}} {{PH wikidata|revenue_point_in_time}} <br /> | demographics1_title4 = Revenue Rank<br /> | demographics1_info4 = <br /> | demographics1_title5 = GDP<br /> | demographics1_info5 = USD 276.4&amp;nbsp;billion <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|climate_title}}<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|climate_type}}<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Native languages<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|language}}<br /> | timezone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +8<br /> | postal_code_type = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP code]]<br /> | postal_code = +900 – 1-096<br /> | postal2_code_type = {{PSGCstyle}}<br /> | postal2_code = {{PSGC detail}}<br /> | area_code_type = {{areacodestyle}}<br /> | area_code = {{PH wikidata|area_code}}<br /> | website = {{PH wikidata|website}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manila''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|n|ɪ|l|ə}}; {{lang-tl|Maynilà}}, {{IPA-tl|majˈnilaʔ|pron}} or {{IPA-tl|majniˈla|}}), officially the '''City of Manila''' ({{lang-tl|Lungsod ng Maynilà}} {{IPA-tl|luŋˈsod nɐŋ majˈnilaʔ|}}), is the [[capital city|capital]] of the [[Philippines]] and a [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|highly urbanized city]]. It is the [[List of cities by population density|most densely populated city proper]] in the world as of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/308785/manila-worlds-densely-populated-city-reimagined-harvard/|title=Manila—the world's most densely-populated cit|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=October 7, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first chartered city by virtue of the Philippine Commission Act 183 on July 31, 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No. 409 or the &quot;Revised Charter of the City of Manila&quot; on June 18, 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/local-government-units/2014/category/5447-cities|title=Annual Audit Report: City of Manila|date=2014|accessdate=November 4, 2016|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104083035/http://www.coa.gov.ph/phocadownloadpap/userupload/annual_audit_report/LGUs/2014/NCR/Cities/City_of_Manila_ES2014.pdf|archive-date=November 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila, alongside [[Mexico City]] and [[Madrid]] are considered the world's original set of [[Global Cities]] due to Manila's commercial networks being the first to traverse the Pacific Ocean, thus connecting Asia with the Spanish Americas, marking the first time in world history when an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circled the planet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age|url=https://archive.org/details/reorient00andr|url-access=registration|last=Frank|first=Andre G.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reorient00andr/page/131 131]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila has been damaged by and rebuilt from wars more times than the famed city of [[Troy]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} and it is also the second most natural disaster-afflicted capital city in the world next to [[Tokyo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippine Daily Inquirer&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589526/manila-is-worlds-second-riskiest-city-to-live-in-poll|title=Metro Manila is world's second riskiest capital to live in–poll|first1=Bong|last1=Lozada|date=March 27, 2014|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|accessdate=April 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; yet it is simultaneously among the most populous and wealthiest cities in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global Metro Monitor|last=|first=|date=January 22, 2015|website=Brookings Institution|access-date=April 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Intramuros|Spanish city of Manila]] was founded on June 24, 1571, by [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Miguel López de Legazpi]]. The date is regarded as the city's official founding date; however, a settlement has already existed dating back as far as 1258. Manila was also the seat of power for most of the country's colonial rulers. It is home to many historic sites, some of which were built during the 16th century. Manila has many of the Philippines' firsts, including the [[Universidad de San Ignacio|first university]] (1590),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/education-and-home/532930/first-university|title=The first university|author=Cruz, Isagani|newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=December 17, 2009|access-date=January 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; light station (1642), lighthouse tower (1846), water system (1878), hotel (1889), electricity (1895), oceanarium (1913),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filipiknow.net/things-and-landmarks-we-no-longer-see-in-manila/|title=22 Things We No Longer See in Manila|work=FilipiKnow.net|date=July 14, 2014|access-date=January 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Philippine Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] (1927), flyover (1930s), [[Manila Zoo|zoo]] (1959), pedestrian underpass (1960),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conceptnewscentral.com/index.php/2016/12/23/quiapo-underpass-pedestrians-not-business/|title=Quiapo underpass for pedestrians, not business|publisher=Concept News Central|date=December 23, 2016|access-date=January 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Manila Science High School|science high school]] (1963),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.manilascience.edu.ph/about/history/brief-history-manila-science-high-school|title=A Brief History of Manila Science High School|publisher=[[Manila Science High School]]|access-date=January 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[University of the City of Manila|city-run university]] (1965), [[Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center|city-run hospital]] (1969), and [[Manila Light Rail Transit System|rapid transit system]] (1984; also considered as the first [[rapid transit]] system in Southeast Asia).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/index.php/2014-05-21-01-05-51/2014-05-22-02-12-18/2014-05-22-02-16-08|title=Railway Operations|publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Authority]]|access-date=January 9, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181621/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/index.php/2014-05-21-01-05-51/2014-05-22-02-12-18/2014-05-22-02-16-08|archive-date=January 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The term &quot;Manila&quot; is commonly used to refer to the whole metropolitan area, the [[Mega Manila|greater metropolitan area]] or the city proper. The officially defined metropolitan area called [[Metro Manila]], the [[capital region]] of the Philippines, includes the much larger [[Quezon City]] and the [[Makati Central Business District]]. It is the most populous region of the country, one of the most populous urban areas in the world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population|last=|first=|date=May 19, 2016|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|access-date=April 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is one of the wealthiest regions in [[Southeast Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/data-and-charts|title=GRDP Tables 2015 (as of July 2016)|last=|first=|date=|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|access-date=April 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city proper is home to {{PH wikidata|population_total}} people in {{PH wikidata|population_point_in_time}},{{PH census|current|NCR}} and is the historic core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits. With 71,263 people per square kilometer, Manila is also the [[Most densely populated cities|most densely populated city]] proper in the world.{{PH census|current|NCR}}&lt;ref name=&quot;PSApopden&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The city is located on the eastern shores of [[Manila Bay]]. The [[Pasig River]] flows through the middle of the city, dividing it into the north and south sections. Manila is made up of 16 administrative districts: [[Binondo]], [[Ermita]], [[Intramuros]], [[Malate, Manila|Malate]], [[Paco, Manila|Paco]], [[Pandacan]], [[Port Area, Manila|Port Area]], [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]], [[San Andres, Manila|San Andres]], [[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]], [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]], [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]], [[Santa Mesa]] and [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], while it is divided into [[Legislative districts of Manila|six districts]] for its representation in [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] and the election of the city council members. In 2016, the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] listed Manila as an &quot;alpha –&quot; [[global city]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2016|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|access-date=April 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> ''Maynilà'', the [[Filipino language|Filipino]] name for the city, comes from the phrase ''may-nilà'', which translates to &quot;where indigo is found.&quot;&lt;ref name=baumgartner&gt;{{cite journal| last=Baumgartner |first=Joseph |date=March 1975 |title=Manila — Maynilad or Maynila? |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–54 |jstor=29791188}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Nilà'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''nīla'' ({{lang|sa|[[wiktionary:नील#Sanskrit|नील]]}}) which refers to [[indigo dye|indigo]], and, by extension, to [[Indigofera|several plant species]] from which this natural [[dye]] can be extracted.&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt;&lt;ref name=chamberlain&gt;{{cite journal |journal=The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal |date=1901 |volume=23 |issue=5 |title=Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila |last=Chamberlain |first=Alexander F. |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1Y4AQAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Maynilà'' name is more likely in reference to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than ''Maynilà'' being known as a settlement that trades in indigo dye.&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; This is because the [[Rajahnate of Maynila|settlement]] was founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century.&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; The native [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] name for the indigo plant, ''tayum'' (or variations thereof)&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt;&lt;ref name=medicinal&gt;{{cite web |website=Philippine Medicinal Plants |url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tayum.html |accessdate=20 August 2018 |title=Tayum}}&lt;/ref&gt; actually finds use in another toponym within the Manila area — [[Tayuman Street|Tayuman]] (&quot;where the indigo [plant] is&quot;) — and elsewhere in the Philippines (e.g., [[Tayum, Abra]]; [[Tagum, Davao del Norte]]).<br /> <br /> ''Maynilà'' was eventually adopted into [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as ''Manila''.<br /> <br /> ===May-nilad===<br /> [[File:Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png|120px|thumb|left|Plate depicting the &quot;nilad&quot; plant ([[Scyphiphora hydrophylacea]]), from Augustinian missionary Fray [[Francisco Manuel Blanco]]'s botanical reference, &quot;''Flora de Filipinas''&quot;]] <br /> An antiquarian and inaccurate etymology asserts the origin of the city's name as ''may-nilad'' (&quot;where ''nilad'' is found&quot;).&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; Here, ''nilad'' is taken to be the name for one of two littoral plant species: <br /> * popularly, but incorrectly: the [[water hyacinth]] (''Eichhornia crassipes'') which still grows on the banks of the [[Pasig River]] to this day.&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; However, it is a recent introduction to the [[Philippines]] from [[South America]] and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym.&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt;<br /> * correctly: a shrub-like tree (''[[Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea]]'', formerly ''Ixora manila'' Blanco) found in or near [[mangrove]] swamps,&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=235302 |accessdate=20 August 2018 |title=''Ixora manila'' Blanco |website=World Marine Species Database}}&lt;/ref&gt; This tree is the actual species that the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] terms ''nilád'' or ''nilár'' refer to.&lt;ref name=merrill&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofplan00merr#page/88/search/nilar |date=1903 |title=A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands |last=Merrill |first=Elmer Drew |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing |place=Manila}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From a linguistic perspective it is unlikely for native [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] speakers to completely drop the final consonant /d/ in ''nilad'' to arrive at the present form ''Maynilà''.&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; As an example, nearby [[Bacoor]] still retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word ''bakoód'' (&quot;elevated piece of land&quot;), even in old [[Spanish language|Spanish]] renderings of the placename (e.g., ''Vacol'', ''Bacor'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hibkAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=20 August 2018 |date=1994 |publisher=Parish of Santo Niño de Molino |author=Aloma Monte de los Santos |title=Parish of Santo Niño de Molino – Bacoor, Cavite – 1984–1994: The Making of a Parish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historians [[Ambeth Ocampo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ambeth&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=lookingback&gt;{{cite book |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCZyAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=21 August 2018 |date=1990 |title=Looking Back, Volume 1 |publisher=Anvil Publishing Inc.|isbn=9789712700583 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Joseph Baumgartner]]&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; have also found that in all early documents, the place had always been written without the final /d/, thereby making the ''may-nilad'' etymology spurious.<br /> <br /> The misidentification of ''nilad'' as the source of the toponym appears to originate from an 1887 essay written by [[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]], in which he wrote ''nila'' as both referring to ''[[Indigofera tinctoria]]'' (true indigo) and to ''[[Scyphiphora|Ixora manila]]'' (actually, ''nilád'' in Tagalog&lt;ref name=merrill/&gt;).&lt;ref name=chamberlain/&gt;&lt;ref name=baumgartner/&gt; Early 20th century writings, such as those of [[Julio Nakpil]]&lt;ref&gt;Nakpil, Julio. ''&quot;A Suggestion to the Tagalistas to Elucidate the Origin of the Name of the Capital City of the Philippines: Manila. Which of these Three Terms or Names Is the More Accurate: Maynilad, Manilad, or Manila?&quot;''. 26 August 1940.&lt;/ref&gt; and of Blair and Robertson then repeated the claim.&lt;ref name=&quot;blairandrobertson&quot;&gt;Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Vol. VIII, p. 96-141. The Arthur H. Clarke Company.; Census of the Philippines, 1903&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lookingback/&gt; Today, this erroneous etymology continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in both literature&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=IE8OAQAAIAAJ |title=Your Country and Mine |date=1955 |last1=Velasquez-Ty |first1=Catalina |last2=García |first2=Tomas |last3=Maceda |first3=Antonio J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saenger&quot;&gt;An example is: {{cite book | last = Saenger | first = Peter | author-link = | title = Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation | publisher = Springer Science &amp; Business Media | date = 29 Jun 2013 | pages = 19 | isbn = 9789401599627 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and popular use, such as in [[Maynilad Water Services]] and the name of the underpass close to [[Manila City Hall]], ''Lagusnilad'' (&quot;Nilad Pass&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ambeth&quot;&gt;{{Citation |archivedate=28 June 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628110827/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila |title=Looking Back: Pre-Spanish Manila |author=Ambeth Ocampo |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer<br /> |date=25 June 2008 |accessdate=21 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> {{main|History of Manila|Timeline of Manila}}<br /> <br /> ===Early history===<br /> {{Battles of Manila}}<br /> [[File:Laguna Copperplate Inscription.gif|left|thumb|The [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] is the oldest historical record in the Philippines. It has the first historical reference to [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and dates back to [[Shaka era|Saka]] 822 (c. 900).]]<br /> [[File:MalateManilajf9508 07.JPG|left|thumb|[[Rajah Sulayman]]]]<br /> <br /> The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby [[Angono Petroglyphs]], dated to around 3000 BC. [[Negritos]], the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of [[Luzon]], where Manila is located, before the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesians]] migrated in and assimilated them.&lt;ref&gt;Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). .[http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9 The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9 |date=July 7, 2014 }}. ''Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association'' '''26''': 72–78.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manila was an active trade partner with the Song and Yuan dynasties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms|last=Junker|first=Laura Lee|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-9715503471|location=Quezon City|pages=184–192}}&lt;/ref&gt; The polity of [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] flourished during the latter half of the [[Ming dynasty]] as a result of direct trade relations with [[China]]. The Tondo district was the traditional capital of the empire, and its rulers were sovereign kings, not mere chieftains. Tondo was christened under the Chinese characters for &quot;Eastern Totality (All)&quot; or &quot;東都&quot; due to its location east of China. The kings of Tondo were addressed variously as ''panginuan'' in [[Maranao language|Maranao]] or ''panginoón'' in Tagalog (&quot;lords&quot;); ''anák banwa'' (&quot;son of heaven&quot;); or ''[[lakandula]]'' (&quot;lord of the palace&quot;). The [[Emperor of China]] considered the [[Lakan]]s—the rulers of ancient Manila—&quot;王&quot;, or kings.&lt;ref name=&quot;ManilaHistoryJSTOR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River. It was then settled by the [[Greater India|Indianized]] empire of [[Majapahit]], as recorded in the epic eulogy poem &quot;[[Nagarakretagama]]&quot;, which described the area's conquest by [[Maharaja]] [[Hayam Wuruk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ManilaHistoryJSTOR&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Gerini|first1 = G. E.|year = 1905|title = The Nagarakretagama List of Countries on the Indo-Chinese Mainland (Circâ 1380 A.D.)|journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume = 37|issue = July 1905|pages = 485–511|jstor = 25210168|doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00033517|ref = harv|url = https://zenodo.org/record/2245091/files/article.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Selurong (षेलुरोङ्), a historical name for Manila, is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot, which is now [[Sulu]], and [[Kalka]]. Selurong (Manila) together with Sulot (Sulu) was able to regain independence afterwards and Sulu even attacked and looted the Majapahit province of [[Sultanate of Brunei|Po-ni]] (Brunei) in retribution.&lt;ref name=&quot;ManilaHistoryJSTOR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the reign of the Arab Emir, [[Sharif Ali]]'s descendant, [[Bolkiah|Sultan Bolkiah]], from 1485 to 1521, the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]] which had seceded from Hindu [[Majapahit]] and became a Muslim, had invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of Tondo's strategic position in trade with China and Indonesia and thus attacked its environs and established the Muslim [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Rajahnate of Maynilà]] (كوتا سلودوڠ; ''Kota Seludong''). The rajahnate was ruled under and gave yearly tribute to the Sultanate of Brunei as a [[satellite state]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pusat Sejarah Brunei2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |title=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |publisher=Government of Brunei Darussalam |language=Malay |url-status=dead |accessdate=March 3, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archivedate=April 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted [[Islam]] and became [[Rajah Sulaiman I|Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I]]. He established a trading challenge to the already rich [[Lakan Dula|House of Lakan Dula]] in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the [[Middle East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Spanish period===<br /> [[File:Manila Cathedral before the 1880 earthquake.jpg|thumb|left|The newly rebuilt [[Manila Cathedral]] in 1880 before the earthquake of July 20, 1880, which knocked down the over-a-century old bell tower.]]<br /> On June 24, 1571, the conquistador [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived in Manila and declared it a territory of [[New Spain]] (Mexico), establishing a city council in what is now the district of [[Intramuros]]. He took advantage of a Tondo vs Manila territorial conflict to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson [[Juan de Salcedo]] had a romance with a princess of Tondo, Kandarapa.&lt;ref&gt;Wright, Hamilton M. (1907). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j2sCAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA143 &quot;A Handbook of the Philippines&quot;], p. 143. A.C. McClurcg &amp; Co., Chicago.&lt;/ref&gt; López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the [[Tondo Conspiracy|Conspiracy of the Maharlikas]], a plot wherein an alliance between [[datu]]s, [[raja]]hs, Japanese merchants and the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]] would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]] recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila, the capital of the [[Spanish East Indies]] and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. In 1574, Manila was temporarily besieged by the Chinese pirate [[Lim Hong]], who was ultimately thwarted by the local inhabitants. Upon Spanish settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree, [[Archdiocese of Manila|a suffragan]] of the [[Archdiocese of Mexico]]. Then, by royal decree of [[Philip II of Spain]], the city of Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint [[Pudentiana]] and [[Our Lady of Guidance]] (Spurred by a locally found sacred image i.e. a [[Black Madonna]] of unknown origin; one theory is that it is from Portuguese-Macau, another is that, it is a Tantric goddess and this was worshiped by the natives in a Pagan-Hindu manner and had survived Islamic iconoclasm by the Sultanate of Brunei. This image was interpreted to be of Marian nature, and it was found during the Miguel de Legazpi expedition and eventually a Mexican hermit built a chapel around that image).<br /> <br /> Manila became famous for its role in the [[Manila galleon|Manila–Acapulco galleon]] trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from [[Europe]], [[Africa]] and Hispanic America across the [[Pacific Islands]] to Southeast Asia (which was already an [[entrepôt]] for goods coming from [[India]], [[Indonesia]] and China), and vice versa. [[Silver]] that was mined in Mexico and [[Peru]] was exchanged for Chinese [[silk]], Indian gems and the spices of Indonesia and Malaysia. Likewise, [[wine]]s and [[olive]]s grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico to Manila.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kane&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Kane| first = Herb Kawainui| authorlink = Herb Kawainui Kane| editor = Bob Dye| chapter = The Manila Galleons| title = Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine| volume = I| publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]| year = 1996| location = Honolulu| pages = 25–32| isbn = 978-0-8248-1829-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1606, upon the Spanish conquest of the [[Sultanate of Ternate]], one of monopolizers of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the Sultan of Ternate along with his clan and his entire entourage to Manila were they were initially enslaved and eventually converted to Christianity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author= Peter Borschberg |year= 2015 | title = ''Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia''|location= [[Singapore]] |publisher= NUS Press |pages= 82, 84, 126, 421|pmid= |pmc= |url= https://www.academia.edu/4302783 |accessdate= 30 Aug 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at a later date.&lt;ref&gt;Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3)&lt;/ref&gt; The city attained great wealth due to it being at the confluence of three great commercial exchanges: the [[Silk Road]], the [[Spice Route]] and the [[Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries|Silver Flow]]. Jealous of her wealth, [[Battle of Manila (1762)|the city was captured]] by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in 1762 as part of the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362270/Manila |title=Manila (Philippines) |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |accessdate=March 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[British occupation of Manila|city was then occupied]] by the British for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to rule the [[Spanish East Indies]], but the city was cut off from the rest of the country by Spanish-Filipino forces who refused to accept British rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;Backhouse&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Secretary at War to Mr. Secretary Conway | author=Backhouse, Thomas | authorlink=Calendar of Home Office Papers, War Office | year=1765 | publisher=British Library | location=London | pages=v. 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frustrated by their inability to take the rest of the archipelago, the British eventually withdrew in accordance with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]]. An unknown number of Indian soldiers known as [[sepoy]]s, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby [[Cainta, Rizal]], which explains the uniquely Indian features of generations of Cainta residents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Fish|2003|p=158}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763) |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |publisher=www.u-s-history.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Puente claveria.jpg|thumb|right|[[Puente Colgante (Manila)|Puente Colgante]] in 1875]]<br /> The Chinese were then punished for supporting the British invasion, and the fortress city of [[Intramuros]], initially populated by 1200 Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 179 |quote = Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or &quot;arrabales,&quot; all occupied by Spaniards (&quot;todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles&quot;). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.}}&lt;/ref&gt; kept its cannons pointed at [[Binondo]], the world's oldest [[Chinatown]].&lt;ref name=&quot;en.radio86.com&quot;&gt;Raitisoja, Geni [http://en.radio86.com/travel/travel-destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world &quot; Chinatown Manila: Oldest in the world&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402180844/http://en.radio86.com/travel/travel-destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world |date=April 2, 2011 }}, ''Tradio86.com'', July 8, 2006, accessed March 19, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Latin American Asian|Mexican]] population was concentrated at the south part of Manila,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians.&quot; ~''Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.'' &quot;In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each.&quot; ''La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 229|quote = Reforms under General Arandía.—The demoralization and misery with which Obando's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the &quot;Regiment of the King,&quot; '''made up very largely of Mexican soldiers'''. He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were regular troops, who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also at [[Cavite City|Cavite]], where ships from Spain's American colonies docked, and at [[Ermita]], an area so named because of a Mexican hermit that lived there. The Philippines hosts the only Latin American-established districts in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila|title=West Coast Of The Island Of Luzon &amp;#124; Tourist Attractions|access-date=December 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200644/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila|archive-date=December 6, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the Spanish evacuated [[Ternate]], they settled the [[Papuan people|Papuan]] refugees in [[Ternate, Cavite]] which was named after their former homeland.&lt;ref name=&quot;lipski&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=John. M. Lipski, with P. Mühlhaüsler and F. Duthin|editor =Stephen Adolphe Wurm &amp; Peter Mühlhäusler|title =Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Texts, Volume 2|chapter =Spanish in the Pacific|publisher =Walter de Gruyter|year =1996|page=276|isbn =9783110134179|chapter-url =http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/pacific.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time in world history where all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network. Thus, making Manila, alongside [[Mexico City|Mexico]] and [[Madrid]], the world's [[Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries|original set of Global Cities]], predating the ascent of modern '''Alpha++''' class [[Global Cities|world cities]] like [[New York City|New York]] or [[London]] as global financial centers, by hundreds of years.&lt;ref&gt;The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy by Arturo Giraldez&lt;/ref&gt; A Spanish Jesuit Priest commented that due to the confluence of many foreign languages gathering in Manila, he said that the confessional in Manila is &quot;the most difficult in the world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bartolomé de Letona, La perfecta religiosa (Puebla, 1662), as quoted in Irving, Colonial Counterpoint, page 245&lt;/ref&gt; Another Spanish missionary in the 1600s by the name of Fray Juan de Cobo was so astonished by the manifold commerce, cultural complexity and ethnic diversity in Manila he thus wrote the following to his brethren in Mexico:<br /> <br /> {{quote|&quot;The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards [Through America], and others brought by the Portuguese [Through India]. There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain. Finally, of the ''mestizos'', the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is.&quot; (Remesal, 1629: 680–1)|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316871600_Connecting_the_Indies_the_hispano-asian_Pacific_world_in_early_Modern_Global_History|title=(PDF) Connecting the Indies: the hispano-asian Pacific world in early Modern Global History|website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> After [[Mexican War of Independence|Mexico gained independence]] in 1821, Spain began to govern Manila directly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Fundación Santa María (Madrid)|1994| p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QDegTDTzMlAC&amp;pg=PA508 508]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry and education flourished more than they had in the previous two centuries.&lt;ref&gt;John Bowring, &quot;Travels in the Philippines&quot;, p. 18, London, 1875&lt;/ref&gt; The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces&lt;ref name=&quot;a112&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/7-4/7-4-semantics.htm |title= Semantics of Colonization and Revolution |first= Rosalinda N.|last=Olsen|publisher=www.bulatlat.com|accessdate=January 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and facilitated the rise of an ''[[ilustrado]]'' class that espoused [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideas: the ideological foundations of the [[Philippine Revolution]], which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by [[Andres Novales]] was inspired by the [[Latin American wars of independence]]. Following the [[Cavite Mutiny]] and the [[Propaganda Movement]], the Philippine revolution eventually erupted, Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and thus their role was immortalized in the [[Philippine Flag]] where Manila was marked as one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun.<br /> <br /> ===American period===<br /> After the [[Battle of Manila (1898)|1898 Battle of Manila]], Spain ceded Manila to the [[United States]]. The [[First Philippine Republic]], based in nearby [[Bulacan]], fought against the Americans for control of the city.&lt;ref&gt;The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in {{Citation|author1=José Roca de Togores y Saravia|author2=Remigio Garcia|author3=National Historical Institute (Philippines)|title=Blockade and siege of Manila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=978-971-538-167-3|pages=148–150}}&lt;br /&gt;See also [[s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899]].&lt;/ref&gt; The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic captured President [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], who declared allegiance to the United States on April 1, 1901.<br /> <br /> Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the Americans made official what had long been tacit: that the city of Manila consisted not of Intramuros alone but also of the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed that Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: presumably Binondo, [[Ermita]], Intramuros, [[Malate, Manila|Malate]], [[Paco, Manila|Paco]], [[Pandacan]], [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]], [[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]], [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]] and [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]]. In addition, the [[Catholic Church]] recognized five parishes—Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, [[Santa Mesa]] and Singalong—as part of Manila. Later, two more would be added: Balut and [[San Andres, Manila|San Andres]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JN&quot;&gt;Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc. p. 137, 178.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Daniel Burnham|Burnham Plan]] of Manila.]]<br /> Under American control, a new, civilian-oriented [[Insular Government]] headed by [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[William Howard Taft]] invited city planner [[Daniel Burnham]] to adapt Manila to modern needs.&lt;ref&gt;Moore 1921, p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt; The Burnham Plan included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways and buildings.&lt;ref&gt;Moore 1921, p. 162B.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Moore 1921, p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Manilastreetcar.jpg|thumb|[[Tram]] running along [[Escolta Street]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American period]].]]The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from [[Rizal Park]] to the present [[Taft Avenue]]. The Philippine Capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing toward the sea. Along with buildings for various government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a [[lagoon]] in the center and a monument to [[José Rizal]] at the other end of the field. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units—the Legislative Building and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed when [[World War II]] erupted.<br /> <br /> ===Japanese occupation and World War II===<br /> [[File:Manila Walled City Destruction May 1945.jpg|thumb|The destruction brought about by the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945]]<br /> During the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]], American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila, and all military installations were removed on December 24, 1941. General [[Douglas MacArthur]] declared Manila an [[open city]] to prevent further death and destruction, but Japanese warplanes continued to bomb it. Manila was occupied by [[Empire of Japan|Japanese forces]] on January 2, 1942.<br /> <br /> From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|bloodiest battle]] in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]] of World War II. Some [[Manila massacre|100,000 civilians were killed]] in February.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm#Manila|title=Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century|last=White|first=Matthew|accessdate=August 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the battle, Manila was recaptured by joint American and Philippine troops. It was the second most devastated city in the world, after [[Warsaw]], during the Second World War. Almost all of the structures in the city, particularly in Intramuros, were destroyed.<br /> <br /> It was after the many times when Manila was once again destroyed by war, when the city earned the moniker &quot;The City of Our Affections&quot;. This nickname was given by National Artist and writer [[Nick Joaquin]], in reference to the spirit of resilience the city has had in the face of the constant wars that have razed it and also in repeatedly surviving and rebuilding despite being the second-most natural disaster prone city in the world.&lt;ref&gt;Manila, My Manila by Nick Joaquín&lt;/ref&gt; This is reflected in the noble spirit of Manileños and Filipinos who, despite having the second-most disaster prone capital city in the world and also the second-most war devastated capital city in recent history, are the most generous nationality in Southeast Asia and the 17th most generous nationality worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/12/25/12/filipinos-among-most-generous-study-says Filipinos among most generous, study says By Jojo Malig ABS-CBN NEWS&lt;/ref&gt; Manila (and the Philippines in general) is also among the top sources of missionaries worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2013/july/missionaries-countries-sent-received-csgc-gordon-conwell.html Christianity Today: &quot;Missionaries by top countries sent or received.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This is explained by the fact that the Philippines is the most fervently Christian country in the world and is ranked as the 5th most religious country, globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/09/18/ph-among-worlds-most-religious-countries-study|title=PH among world's most religious countries: study|first=Arianne Merez, ABS-CBN|last=News|website=ABS-CBN News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-war years and the martial law era (1945-1986)===<br /> <br /> [[File:Avenida90s.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rizal Avenue]] in the 1970s before the construction of [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1|Line 1]]]]<br /> <br /> In 1948, President [[Elpidio Quirino]] moved the seat of government of the Philippines to [[Quezon City]], a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, created in 1939 during the administration of President [[Manuel L. Quezon]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=319&amp;Itemid=277 &quot;Milestone in History&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307060446/http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=319&amp;Itemid=277 |date=March 7, 2016 }}. Quezon City Official Website. Retrieved April 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government centre to be at Luneta.<br /> <br /> With the Visayan-born [[Arsenio Lacson]] as its first elected [[Mayor of Manila|mayor]] in 1952 (all mayors were appointed before this), Manila underwent ''The Golden Age'',&lt;ref name=RoseHistorianManila&gt;{{Harvnb|Hancock|2000|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; once again earning its status as the &quot;Pearl of the Orient&quot;, a moniker it earned before the Second World War. After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by [[Antonio Villegas]] for most of the 1960s. [[Ramon Bagatsing]] (an [[Indian-Filipino]]) was mayor for nearly the entire 1970s until the 1986 [[People Power Revolution]]. Mayors Lacson, Villegas, and Bagatsing are collectively known as the &quot;Big Three of Manila&quot; for their contribution to the development of the city and their lasting legacy in improving the quality of life and welfare of the people of Manila.<br /> <br /> During the administration of [[Ferdinand Marcos]], the region of Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] and thirteen adjoining [[Municipalities of the Philippines|towns]], as a separate regional unit of government.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_824_1975.html &quot;Presidential Decree No. 824 November 7, 1975&quot;]. The LawPhil Project. Retrieved April 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; On the 405th anniversary of the city's foundation on June 24, 1976, Manila was reinstated by President Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno940.html &quot;Presidential Decree No. 940 June 24, 1976&quot;]. Chan C. Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved April 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Concurrent with the reinstatement of Manila as the capital, Ferdinand Marcos designated his wife, [[Imelda Marcos]], as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city as she re-branded Manila as the &quot;[[City of Man]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lico, Gerard. Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Martial law in the Philippines|martial law era]], Manila became a hot-bed of resistance activity as youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military which were subservient to the Marcos regime. After decades of resistance, the non-violent [[People Power Revolution]] (predecessor to the peaceful-revolutions that [[Revolutions of 1989|toppled the iron-curtain in Europe]]), led by [[Maria Corazon Aquino]] and [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]], ousted the dictator Marcos from power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.stuartxchange.com/EdsaIntro.html| title = Edsa people Power 1 Philippines| accessdate = December 3, 2007| publisher = Angela Stuart-Santiago}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Contemporary period (1986-present)===<br /> <br /> From 1986–1992, [[Mel Lopez]] was mayor of Manila. During his early years, his administration was faced with 700 million pesos worth of debt and inherited an empty treasury. In the first eleven months, however, the debt was reduced to 365 million pesos and the city's income rose by around 70% eventually leaving the city with positive income until the end of his term. Lopez closed down numerous illegal gambling joints and [[jueteng]]. In January 1990, Lopez padlocked two Manila casinos operated by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR), saying the billions it gained cannot make up for the negative effects gambling inflicts upon the people, particularly the youth. He also revived the Boys’ Town Haven (now referred to as “Boys Town”), rehabilitating its facilities to accommodate underprivileged children and provide them with livelihood and education.<br /> <br /> In 1992, [[Alfredo Lim]] was elected mayor, the first [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese-Filipino]] to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by [[Lito Atienza]], who served as his vice mayor. Atienza was known for his campaign (and city slogan) &quot;''Buhayin ang Maynila''&quot; (''Revive Manila''), which saw the establishment of several parks and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for 3 terms (9 years) before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/12/01/09/it%E2%80%99s-atienza-vs-lim-part-2-manila |title=It's Atienza vs. Lim Part 2 in Manila |first=Sheryl |last=Mundo |date=December 1, 2009 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] |location=Manila |quote=Environment Secretary Jose 'Lito' Atienza will get to tangle again with incumbent Manila Alfredo Lim in the coming 2010 elections. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203170220/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/12/01/09/it%E2%80%99s-atienza-vs-lim-part-2-manila |archivedate=December 3, 2009 |accessdate=March 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; claiming Atienza's projects made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with the two pitting again during the [[Manila local elections, 2010|2010 city elections]] in which Lim won against Atienza. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over [[human rights]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/107511/news/nation/councilor-files-raps-vs-lim-manila-execs-before-chr |title=Councilor files raps vs Lim, Manila execs before CHR |first=Amita |last=Legaspi |publisher=[[GMA Network|GMA News]] |date=July 17, 2008 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; charged with [[graft (politics)|graft]] over the rehabilitation of public schools,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneonline.org/metro/20100504met3.html |title=Mayor Lim charged anew with graft over rehabilitation of public schools |publisher=[[The Daily Tribune]] |accessdate=June 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611085344/http://www.tribuneonline.org/metro/20100504met3.html |archivedate=June 11, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and was heavily criticized for his haphazard resolution of the [[Manila hostage crisis|Rizal Park hostage taking incident]], one of the deadliest hostage crisis in the Philippines. Later on, Vice Mayor [[Isko Moreno]] and 28 city councilors filed another case against Lim in 2012, stating that Lim's statement in a meeting were &quot;life-threatening&quot; to them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/06/23/12/isko-moreno-28-councilors-file-complaint-vs-lim |title=Isko Moreno, 28 councilors file complaint vs Lim |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] |accessdate=June 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Rizal Monument]] in [[Rizal Park]] with the [[Torre de Manila controversy|controversial]] [[Torre de Manila]] looming in the background.]]<br /> <br /> In 2012, [[DMCI Homes]] began constructing [[Torre de Manila]], which became controversial for [[visual pollution|ruining the sight line]] of [[Rizal Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ranada |first1=Pia |title=Pia Cayetano to look into Torre de Manila violations |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/65252-pia-cayetano-resolution-torre-de-manila-violations |accessdate=April 28, 2017 |work=Rappler |date=August 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tower is infamously known as &quot;Terror de Manila&quot; or the &quot;national photobomber.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dario |first1=Dethan |title=Timeline: Tracking the Torre De Manila case |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2017/04/28/1694678/timeline-tracking-torre-de-manila-case |accessdate=April 28, 2017 |newspaper=The Philippine Star |date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051359/http://www.philstar.com/nation/2017/04/28/1694678/timeline-tracking-torre-de-manila-case |archivedate=April 28, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Torre de Manila controversy]] is regarded as one of the most sensationalized heritage issues of the country. In 2017, the [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]] erected a 'comfort woman' statue along [[Roxas Boulevard]], which made Japan express regret that such statue was erected in the city despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Duterte says 'comfort woman' statue a 'constitutional right' |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/18/18/duterte-says-comfort-woman-statue-a-constitutional-right |accessdate=January 21, 2018 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN News]] |date=January 18, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Japan voices regret to Duterte over 'comfort women' statue |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/10/18/japan-voices-regret-to-duterte-over-comfort-women-statue |accessdate=January 21, 2018 |publisher=ABS-CBN News |date=January 10, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2013 Manila local elections|2013 elections]], former President [[Joseph Estrada]] defeated Lim in the mayoral race. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid ₱5 billion in city debts and increased the city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President [[Noynoy Aquino]]'s administration progress, the city became the most competitive city in the Philippines, making the city the best place for doing business and for living in. In the [[2016 Manila local elections|2016 elections]], Estrada narrowly won over Lim in their electoral rematch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thestandard.com.ph/opinion/columns/virtual-reality-by-tony-lopez/207830/erap-s-hairline-victory.html |title=Erap's hairline victory |last1=Lopez |first1=Tony |date=June 10, 2016 |publisher=[[The Standard (Philippines)|The Standard Philippines]] |access-date=June 22, 2016 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino [[heritage site]]s were demolished, gutted out, or approved for demolition. Among such sites are the post-war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater, El Hogar, old Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and Rizal Memorial Stadium, among many others&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/the-latest-arts-culture/78562/heritage-sites-in-manila-city-a1284-20190726-lfrm|title=10 Heritage Sites in Manila That Need Your Attention|website=SPOT.PH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/337040/nhcp-stops-eraps-demolition-of-postwar-santa-cruz-building-in-escolta/|title=NHCP stops Erap’s demolition of postwar Santa Cruz Building in Escolta|date=June 2, 2019|website=Inquirer Lifestyle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nolisoli.ph/63148/sta-cruz-bldg-escolta-csanjose-20190603/|title=Almost already gone: Santa Cruz Bldg. in Escolta saved from demolition|date=June 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these sites were saved upon the intervention of various cultural agencies of government and heritage advocate groups against Estrada's orders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/sports/philippines/167602-rizal-complex-saved-from-demolition|title=Rizal Memorial saved from demolition by NHCP|first=Alyssa|last=Rola|website=Rappler}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2019, Estrada claimed that Manila was debt-free,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/05/10/estrada-declares-manila-city-government-debt-free-after-paying-off-gsis-arrears|title=Estrada declares Manila City government ‘debt-free’ after paying off GSIS arrears|website=Manila Bulletin News}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, two months later, the Commission on Audit verified that Manila has a total of 4.4 billion pesos in debt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/234903-erap-leaves-manila-in-debt-audit-report-2018|title=Erap leaves Manila in debt by P4.4 billion – COA|first=Sofia|last=Tomacruz|website=Rappler}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Estrada, who was seeking for reelection for his third and final term lost to [[Isko Moreno]] in the [[2019 Manila local elections|2019 local elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/isko-moreno-is-new-manila-mayor-defeats-goliaths-in-politics/554524/ |title=Isko Moreno is new Manila mayor, defeats 'Goliaths' in politics |last1=Modesto |first1=Catherine A. |date=May 14, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Manila Times]] |access-date=May 14, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/14/19/ex-scavenger-beats-ex-president-moreno-in-estrada-out-as-manila-mayor |title=Ex-scavenger beats ex-president: Moreno in, Estrada out as Manila mayor |last1=Esguerra |first1=Christian V. |date=May 14, 2019 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN News]] |access-date=May 14, 2019 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreno has served as the Vice Mayor under both the Lim and Estrada Administration. Estrada's defeat was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for various national and local positions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/14/19/end-of-an-era-for-estrada-ejercito-political-clan |title=End of an era for Estrada-Ejercito political clan? |last1=Maru |first1=Davinci |date=May 14, 2019 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN News]] |access-date=May 14, 2019 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup against illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/07/10/1933604/recto-iskos-efforts-fix-manila-show-charter-change-not-sole-solution |title=Recto: Isko’s efforts to fix Manila show charter change not sole solution |last1=Cabico |first1=Gaea Katreena |date=July 10, 2019 |publisher=[[Philippine Star|Philstar Global]] |access-date=July 11, 2019 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city has an ordinance penalizing [[street harassment|cat-calling]] since 2018, and is the second city in the Philippines to do so after [[Quezon City]] passed a similar ordinance in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/01/careful-now-catcalling-is-banned-in-manila/ |title=Careful now: Catcalling is banned in Manila |last1=Ramos |first1=Marjaleen |date=July 1, 2018 |newspaper=Manila Bulletin |access-date=July 1, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Recently, the City Government is planning to revise existing curfew ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional on August 2017. Out of the three cities reviewed by the Supreme Court, namely: the City of Manila, [[Navotas]] and [[Quezon City]]; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/sc-okays-curfew-for-minors-in-qc-but-not-in-manila-navotas/ |title=SC okays curfew for minors in QC, but not in Manila, Navotas |last1=Caliwan |first1=Christopher Lloyd |date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=[[News5]] |access-date=September 27, 2017 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/09/26/manila-city-council-planning-to-revise-existing-curfew-ordinance/ |title=Manila city council planning to revise existing curfew ordinance |last1=Aberia |first1=Jaimie Rose |date=September 27, 2017 |newspaper=[[Manila Bulletin|The Manila Bulletin]] |access-date=September 27, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Under the proposed form of [[federalism in the Philippines]], Manila may no longer be the capital or Metro Manila may no longer be the seat of government. The committee has not yet decided on the federal capital and states that they are open to other proposals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/19/18/manila-may-no-longer-be-the-ph-capital-under-federal-govt-cha-cha-panel-member |title=Manila may no longer be the PH capital under federal gov't: Cha-cha panel member |date=June 19, 2018 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN News]] |access-date=June 21, 2018 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1002303/roque-no-problem-if-manila-no-longer-capital-under-federal-govt |title=Roque: No problem if Manila no longer capital under federal gov't |last1=Aurelio |first1=Julie M. |date=June 19, 2018 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer News]] |access-date=June 21, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{main|Geography of Manila}}<br /> [[File:Iss047e099713 lrg Manila.jpg|thumb|left|[[International Space Station|ISS]] photo of Manila (just left of center) and surrounding cities]]<br /> <br /> The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of [[Manila Bay]], on the western edge of [[Luzon]], {{convert|1300|km|abbr=on}} from mainland [[Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-manila.htm |title=Geography of Manila |publisher=[[HowStuffWorks]] |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of Manila's greatest natural resources is the protected harbor upon which it sits, regarded as the finest in all of Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Manila-Environment.html |title=Environment — Manila |publisher=City-Data |accessdate=February 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pasig River]] flows through the middle of city, dividing it into the north and south.&lt;ref name=&quot;arearef1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arearef2&quot; /&gt; The overall [[Grading (engineering)|grade]] of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise.<br /> <br /> [[File:Manila Bay Sunset (2).JPG|thumb|The Manila Bay sunset]]<br /> Almost all of Manila sits on top of centuries of prehistoric [[alluvium|alluvial]] deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on some land reclaimed from [[Manila Bay]]. Manila's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable [[land reclamation]] along the waterfronts since the American colonial times. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been evened out. {{As of|2013}}, Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometers.&lt;ref name=&quot;arearef1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arearef2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects: the [[New Manila Bay–City of Pearl]] (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares), Solar City (148 hectares), the Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/630989/waterfront-manila-to-develop-man-made-island-in-manila-bay/story/ |title=Waterfront Manila to develop man-made island in Manila Bay |publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs|GMA News Online]] |author=Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. |date=October 26, 2017 |accessdate=October 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Horizon Manila (419 hectares). Once completed, it will increase the city's total area from {{convert|42.88|km2|ha|abbr=on}} to {{convert|58.3|km2|ha|abbr=on}}. Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will contain the in-city housing relocation projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/169626-manila-housing-project-families-esteros |title=Manila to relocate 7,000 families in esteros |work=[[Rappler]] |author=Talabong, Rambo |date=May 12, 2017 |accessdate=June 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reclamation projects have been criticized by environmental activists and the Philippine [[Catholic Church]], claiming that these are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/172156-estrada-reclamation-project-manila-bay-commercial-district |title=Estrada approves building 3 islands at Manila Bay for new commercial district |work=Rappler |author=Rambo Talabong |date=June 6, 2017 |accessdate=June 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903263/erap-oks-fourth-reclamation-project-on-manila-bay |title=Erap OKs fourth reclamation project in Manila Bay |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |author=See, Aie Balagtas |date=June 7, 2017 |accessdate=June 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the [[Philippines]] and the [[Netherlands]] forged a cooperation to craft the ₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to guide future decisions on programs and projects on [[Manila Bay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.neda.gov.ph/2018/01/22/philippines-netherlands-sign-mou-on-manila-bay-development/ |title=Philippines, Netherlands Sign MOU on Manila Bay Development |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] |date=January 22, 2018 |accessdate=January 29, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> Under the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, Manila has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''), bordering closely on a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Am''). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the [[equator]] means that temperatures are hot year-round especially during the daytime, rarely going below {{convert|19|°C|°F|1}} or above {{convert|39|°C|°F|1}}. Temperature extremes have ranged from {{convert|14.5|°C|°F}} on January 11, 1914,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2014/01/01/1273885/temperatures-drop-further-baguio-mm |title=Temperatures drop further in Baguio, MM |newspaper=[[Philippine Star]] |accessdate=October 12, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025102904/http://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2014/01/01/1273885/temperatures-drop-further-baguio-mm |archivedate=October 25, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; to {{convert|38.6|°C|°F}} on May 7, 1915.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/05/08/14/metro-manila-temperature-soars-362c |title=Metro Manila temperature soars to 36.2C |publisher=[[ABS-CBN]] |accessdate=October 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Humidity levels are usually very high all year round, making the temperature feel hotter than it is. Manila has a distinct [[cool dry season]] from late November through early March, and a relatively lengthy [[wet season]] that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures during the daytime. In the wet season, it rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods. [[Typhoon]]s usually occur from June to September.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jeepneyguide.com/manila/travel-guide |title=Manila |publisher=Jeepneyguide |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Weather box<br /> |location = Port Area, Manila (1981–2010, extremes 1885–2012)<br /> |metric first = Yes<br /> |single line = Yes<br /> |temperature colour =<br /> | Jan record high C = 36.5<br /> | Feb record high C = 35.6<br /> | Mar record high C = 36.8<br /> | Apr record high C = 38.0<br /> | May record high C = 38.5<br /> | Jun record high C = 37.6<br /> | Jul record high C = 36.5<br /> | Aug record high C = 35.6<br /> | Sep record high C = 35.3<br /> | Oct record high C = 35.8<br /> | Nov record high C = 35.6<br /> | Dec record high C = 34.6<br /> |year record high C = 38.6<br /> |Jan high C = 29.6<br /> |Feb high C = 30.5<br /> |Mar high C = 31.9<br /> |Apr high C = 33.3<br /> |May high C = 34.4<br /> |Jun high C = 33.5<br /> |Jul high C = 32.4<br /> |Aug high C = 32.3<br /> |Sep high C = 32.1<br /> |Oct high C = 31.4<br /> |Nov high C = 30.5<br /> |Dec high C = 29.8<br /> |year high C = 31.1<br /> |Jan mean C = 25.6<br /> |Feb mean C = 25.9<br /> |Mar mean C = 26.7<br /> |Apr mean C = 27.9<br /> |May mean C = 29.2<br /> |Jun mean C = 29.1<br /> |Jul mean C = 28.9<br /> |Aug mean C = 28.8<br /> |Sep mean C = 28.2<br /> |Oct mean C = 27.1<br /> |Nov mean C = 26.0<br /> |Dec mean C = 25.9<br /> |year mean C = 28.4<br /> |Jan low C = 21.2<br /> |Feb low C = 21.3<br /> |Mar low C = 21.4<br /> |Apr low C = 22.5<br /> |May low C = 24.9<br /> |Jun low C = 26.4<br /> |Jul low C = 25.8<br /> |Aug low C = 25.4<br /> |Sep low C = 24.6<br /> |Oct low C = 23.3<br /> |Nov low C = 22.2<br /> |Dec low C = 21.6<br /> |year low C = 23.6<br /> | Jan record low C = 14.5<br /> | Feb record low C = 15.6<br /> | Mar record low C = 16.2<br /> | Apr record low C = 17.2<br /> | May record low C = 18.0<br /> | Jun record low C = 19.5<br /> | Jul record low C = 20.3<br /> | Aug record low C = 20.4<br /> | Sep record low C = 20.2<br /> | Oct record low C = 19.0<br /> | Nov record low C = 16.7<br /> | Dec record low C = 15.7<br /> |year record low C = 14.5<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 17.3<br /> | Feb rain mm = 14.2<br /> | Mar rain mm = 15.8<br /> | Apr rain mm = 23.7<br /> | May rain mm = 147.2<br /> | Jun rain mm = 253.5<br /> | Jul rain mm = 420.5<br /> | Aug rain mm = 432.4<br /> | Sep rain mm = 355.1<br /> | Oct rain mm = 234.8<br /> | Nov rain mm = 121.7<br /> | Dec rain mm = 67.4<br /> |year rain mm = 2103.6<br /> |unit rain days = 0.1 mm<br /> |Jan rain days = 4<br /> |Feb rain days = 3<br /> |Mar rain days = 3<br /> |Apr rain days = 4<br /> |May rain days = 10<br /> |Jun rain days = 17<br /> |Jul rain days = 21<br /> |Aug rain days = 21<br /> |Sep rain days = 20<br /> |Oct rain days = 17<br /> |Nov rain days = 12<br /> |Dec rain days = 7<br /> |year rain days = 139<br /> |Jan humidity = 70<br /> |Feb humidity = 64<br /> |Mar humidity = 63<br /> |Apr humidity = 64<br /> |May humidity = 71<br /> |Jun humidity = 76<br /> |Jul humidity = 79<br /> |Aug humidity = 81<br /> |Sep humidity = 79<br /> |Oct humidity = 76<br /> |Nov humidity = 72<br /> |Dec humidity = 74<br /> |year humidity = 74<br /> |Jan sun = 159<br /> |Feb sun = 198<br /> |Mar sun = 226<br /> |Apr sun = 258<br /> |May sun = 239<br /> |Jun sun = 206<br /> |Jul sun = 183<br /> |Aug sun = 176<br /> |Sep sun = 174<br /> |Oct sun = 195<br /> |Nov sun = 181<br /> |Dec sun = 152<br /> |year sun = 2105<br /> |source 1 = [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|PAGASA]]&lt;ref name=PAGASAnormals&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180919043821/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalportareamnl1981-2010.csv<br /> | archivedate = 19 September 2018<br /> | url = https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/d5d9e8a2-2596-4b64-8d3c-fc2b050d7f1a<br /> | title = Port Area Manila Climatological Normal Values<br /> | publisher = Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration<br /> | accessdate = 19 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=PAGASAextremes&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180919043856/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrportareamnl.csv<br /> | archivedate = 19 September 2018<br /> | url = https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/bde2cd7e-1c5b-4df9-aab3-eae13062e1fc<br /> | title = Port Area Manila Climatological Extremes<br /> | publisher = Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration<br /> | accessdate = 19 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (sun, 1931–1960)&lt;ref name=DMI&gt;{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archivedate = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = Filippinerne – Manila, Luzon| publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = Danish | accessdate = 19 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |date=December 2014<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Natural hazards===<br /> {{See also|List of earthquakes in the Philippines}}<br /> <br /> [[Swiss Re]] ranked Manila as the second riskiest capital city to live in, citing its exposure to natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods and landslides.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippine Daily Inquirer&quot;/&gt; The seismically active [[Marikina Valley Fault System]] poses a threat of a large-scale [[earthquake]] with an estimated [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] between 6–7 and as high as 7.6&lt;ref name=&quot;MVFSUSGS&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.bssaonline.org/content/90/1/73.abstract|title=Multiple Large Earthquakes in the Past 1500 Years on a Fault in Metropolitan Manila, the Philippines|first=Alan R.|last=Nelson|first2=Stephen F.|last2=Personius|first3=Rolly E.|last3=Rimando|first4=Raymundo S.|last4=Punongbayan|first5=Norman|last5=Tungol|first6=Hannah|last6=Mirabueno|first7=Ariel|last7=Rasdas|year=2000|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=90|issue=1|page=84|doi=10.1785/0119990002|bibcode=2000BuSSA..90...73N}}&lt;/ref&gt; to [[Metro Manila]] and nearby provinces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Neotectonics of the Marikina Valley fault system (MVFS) and tectonic framework of structures in northern and central Luzon, Philippines |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=415 |issue=1–4 |first1=Rolly |last1=Rimando |author2=Rolly E. Rimando |author3=Peter L.K. Knuepfer |date=February 10, 2004 |ref=Tectonophysics, Volume 415, Issues 1–4, March 27, 2006 |pages=17–38 |bibcode=2006Tectp.415...17R |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila has endured several deadly earthquakes, notably in [[1645 Luzon earthquake|1645]] and in 1677 which destroyed the stone and brick medieval city.&lt;ref name=Earthquake&gt;[http://www2.hull.ac.uk/FASS/pdf/History-Bankoff-fire2.pdf &quot;Fire and Quake in the construction of old Manila&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203214248/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/pdf/History-Bankoff-fire2.pdf |date=February 3, 2013 }}. The Frequency of Earthquakes in Manila. Retrieved November 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Earthquake Baroque]] style was used by architects during the Spanish colonial period in order to adapt to the frequent earthquakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;City&quot;&gt;[http://www.aenet.org/manila-expo/page16.htm &quot;The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries&quot;] Discovering Philippines. Retrieved July 6, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manila is hit with five to seven typhoons yearly.&lt;ref name=&quot;AOML FAQ B2&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division | title = Frequently Asked Questions: What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names? | publisher = [[NOAA]] |accessdate=December 11, 2006 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, [[Typhoon Ketsana|Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy)]] struck the Philippines. It led to one of the worst floodings in [[Metro Manila]] and several provinces in Luzon with an estimated damages worth ₱11 billion ($237 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ondoy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926646,00.html |title=The Manila Floods: Why Wasn't the City Prepared? |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |date=September 29, 2009 |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://210.185.184.53/ndccWeb/images/ndccWeb/ndcc_advisory/TC_ONDOY/ondoy15.pdf|title=Situation Report: Ondoy|accessdate=September 29, 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530012257/http://210.185.184.53/ndccWeb/images/ndccWeb/ndcc_advisory/TC_ONDOY/ondoy15.pdf|archivedate=May 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The floodings caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone. Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network. The south of Manila is also home to a now dormant volcano, [[Taal Volcano]] which in the past threatened the capital with landslides and volcanic eruptions.<br /> <br /> ===Pollution===<br /> [[File:Manila_Bay_Pasig_and_Pampanga_River_Basins_pollution_2008.jpg|thumb|Pollution in [[Manila Bay]]]]<br /> Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from [[air pollution]],&lt;ref name=&quot;UNcyberbus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/manila.asp |title=City Profiles:Manila, Philippines |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=March 4, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815101306/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/manila.asp |archivedate=August 15, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58903.html |title=Metro Manila Air Polluted Beyond Acceptale Levels |first=Kristine L. |last=Alave |date=August 18, 2004 |work=Clean Air Initiative&amp;nbsp;– Asia |publisher=Cleanairnet.org |location=Manila |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203095144/http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58903.html |archivedate=December 3, 2005 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; affecting 98% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-59870.html |title=Pollustion Adversely Affects 98% of Metro Manila Residents |date=January 31, 2005 |publisher=Cleanairnet.org |location=[[Hong Kong]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427214119/http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-59870.html |archivedate=April 27, 2006 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution alone causes more than 4,000 deaths yearly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://getrealphilippines.com/legacy/3-00_Makati/pollution.html |title=Air pollution is killing Manila |publisher=GetRealPhilippines |accessdate=June 18, 2010 |ref=[[Earth Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307075952/http://getrealphilippines.com/legacy/3-00_Makati/pollution.html |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On a 1995 report, Ermita is regarded as Manila's most air polluted district due to [[Open dump|open dump sites]] and [[industrial waste]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PollutionManila&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title = Economics|last = Fajardo|first = Feliciano|year = 1995|publisher = Rex Bookstore, Inc|location = Philippines|isbn = 978-971-23-1794-1|page = 357|url = https://books.google.com/?id=4FXPwafvP84C|accessdate = May 6, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20061111-31901/Pasig_now_one_of_world%92s_most_polluted_rivers |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530222756/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20061111-31901/Pasig_now_one_of_world%92s_most_polluted_rivers |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |title=Pasig now one of world's most polluted rivers |first=Lawrence |last=de Guzman |date=November 11, 2006 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |accessdate=June 18, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city is the second biggest waste producer in the country with 1,151.79 tons (7,500.07 cubic meters) per day, after [[Quezon City]] which yields 1,386.84 tons or 12,730.59 cubic meters per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in garbage collection and disposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/quezon-city-manila-caloocan-biggest-waste-producers/370936/ |title=Quezon City, Manila, Caloocan biggest waste producers |first=Nelson |last=Badilla |date=December 28, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Manila Times]] |accessdate=December 28, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission]] is in charge of cleaning up the Pasig River and [[Tributary|tributaries]] for transportation, recreation and tourism purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;PD274&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Presidential Decree Number 274, Pertaining to the Preservation, Beautification, Improvement, and Gainful Utilization of the Pasig River, Providing for the Regulation and Control of the Pollution of the River and Its Banks In Order to Enhance Its Development, Thereby Maximizing Its Utilization for Socio-Economic Purposes. |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/legal3prrc.html/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503042734/http://www.chanrobles.com/legal3prrc.html |archivedate=May 3, 2007 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside, along with stricter pollution controls.&lt;ref name=&quot;pianews&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pia.ops.gov.ph/philtoday/pt01/pt0103.htm |title=A dying river comes back to life |last1=Santelices |first1 = Menchit |website = Philippine Information Agency |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316044417/http://www.pia.ops.gov.ph/philtoday/pt01/pt0103.htm |archivedate = March 16, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/estero-de-san-miguel--the-great-transformation.html?page=all |title=Estero de San Miguel: The great transformation |publisher=Yahoo! Philippines |accessdate=February 5, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cityscape==<br /> {{Wide image|Manila skyline day.jpg|750px|align-cap=center|The bay skyline of Manila as seen from Harbour Square. (2009)}}<br /> <br /> Manila is a [[New town|planned city]]. In 1905, American Architect and Urban Planner [[Daniel Burnham]] was commissioned to design the new capital. His design for the city was based on the [[City Beautiful movement]], which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. The city is made up of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. 409—the Revised Charter of the City of Manila—the basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.gov.ph/1949/06/18/republic-act-no-409/ |title=Republic Act No. 409 |newspaper=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=June 30, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two districts were later created, which are [[Santa Mesa]] (partitioned off from Sampaloc) and [[San Andres, Manila|San Andres]] (partitioned off from Santa Ana).<br /> <br /> Manila's mix of [[architectural style]]s reflects the turbulent [[History of Manila|history of the city]] and country. During the Second World War, Manila was razed to the ground by the Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces. After the liberation, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate. Manila's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> [[File:Manila Metropolitan Theater or commonly called the Met, an abandoned art deco building in the heart of Manila.jpg|thumb|left|The façade of the [[Manila Metropolitan Theater]], designed by [[Juan M. Arellano]]]]<br /> <br /> Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that shows a wide range of styles spanning different historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362270/Manila/12356/Architecture |title=Manila : : Architecture |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=January 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prominent Filipino architects such as Antonio Toledo, Felipe Roxas, [[Juan M. Arellano]] and [[Tomás Mapúa]] have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches, government offices, theaters, mansions, schools and universities.<br /> <br /> Manila is also famed for its [[Art Deco theaters of Manila|Art Deco theaters]]. Some of these were designed by [[National Artists of the Philippines|National Artists for Architecture]] such as [[Juan Nakpil]] and [[Pablo Antonio]]. Unfortunately most of these theaters were neglected, and some of it have been demolished. The historic [[Escolta Street]] in Binondo features many buildings of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] architectural style, many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the American Rule in the 1920s to the late 1930s. Many architects, artists, historians and heritage advocacy groups are pushing for the rehabilitation of Escolta Street, which was once the premier street of the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/escolta-street-tour-shows-retro-architecture-and-why-its-worth-reviving-as-a-gimmick-place |title=Escolta Street tour shows retro architecture and why it's worth reviving as a gimmick place |publisher=[[News5]] |accessdate=January 30, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302171227/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/escolta-street-tour-shows-retro-architecture-and-why-its-worth-reviving-as-a-gimmick-place |archivedate=March 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Luneta Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Luneta Hotel]], an example of [[French Renaissance architecture]] with Filipino stylized beaux art]]<br /> Almost all of Manila's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture were destroyed during its [[Battle of Manila (1945)|battle for liberation]] by the intensive bombardment of the United States Air Force during [[World War II]]. Reconstruction took place afterwards, replacing the destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character. Some buildings destroyed by the war have been reconstructed, such as the Old Legislative Building (now the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|National Museum of Fine Arts]]), [[Ayuntamiento de Manila]] (now the Bureau of the Treasury) and the currently under construction [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church and Convent]] (as the [[Museo de Intramuros]]). There are plans to rehabilitate and/or restore several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen, [[San Sebastian Church (Manila)|San Sebastian Church]] and the [[Manila Metropolitan Theater]]. Spanish-era shops and houses in the districts of [[Binondo]], [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], and [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]] are also planned to be restored, as a part of a movement to restore the city to its former glory and its beautiful prewar state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/culture-agency-moves-to-restore-manila-paris-of-the-east-image/ |title=Culture agency moves to restore 'Manila, Paris of the East' image |author=Jenny F. Manongdo |date=June 13, 2016 |newspaper=[[Manila Bulletin]] |access-date=July 6, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manila.coconuts.co/2016/06/17/lets-bring-back-glory-days-manila-rehabilitation-met |title=Let's bring back the glory days of Manila with the rehabilitation of the Met! |date=June 17, 2016 |publisher=Coconuts Manila |access-date=July 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since Manila is prone to earthquakes, the Spanish colonial architects invented the style called Earthquake Baroque which the churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted.&lt;ref name=&quot;City&quot;/&gt; As a result, succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although it did periodically level the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance to the country's building code.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake |title=Living on a Fault Line: Manila in a 7.2 Earthquake |author=Lila Ramos Shahani |date=May 11, 2015 |newspaper=The Philippine Star |access-date=May 26, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090248/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake |archivedate=May 18, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{Philippine Census<br /> | title= Population Census of Manila<br /> | 1903 = 219928<br /> | 1918 = 283613<br /> | 1939 = 623492<br /> | 1948 = 983906<br /> | 1960 = 1138611<br /> | 1970 = 1330788<br /> | 1975 = 1479116<br /> | 1980 = 1630485<br /> | 1990 = 1601234<br /> | 1995 = 1654761<br /> | 2000 = 1581082<br /> | 2007 = 1660714<br /> | 2010 = 1652171<br /> | 2015 = 1780148<br /> | 2020 =<br /> | 2025 =<br /> | 2030 =<br /> | footnote= Source: [[Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:0338jfSanta_Cruz_Escolta_Binondo_Streets_Manila_Heritage_Landmarksfvf_01.JPG|thumb|left|[[Binondo]], established in 1594, is the world's oldest [[Chinatown]].]]<br /> [[File:WTMP Flashbang B4Miranda2.JPG|thumb|left|People flocking the street market at [[Plaza Miranda]].]]<br /> <br /> According to the {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, the population of the city was {{PH wikidata|population_total}}, making it the [[List of cities in the Philippines|second most populous city]] in the Philippines.{{PH census|2015|NCR}} Manila is [[List of cities proper by population density|the most densely populated city]] in the world, with 41,515 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}} in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSApopden&quot; /&gt; District 6 is listed as being the most dense with 68,266 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. District 5 is the least densely populated area with 19,235.&lt;ref name=&quot;manilapop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.manilacityph.com/pdf/population.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121093537/http://www.manilacityph.com/pdf/population.pdf |title=Manila&amp;nbsp;– The city, History, Sister cities |publisher=Cambridge Encyclopedia |accessdate=April 4, 2010 |archivedate=November 21, 2008 |url-status=dead }} (from [[Webcite]] archive)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manila's population density dwarfs that of [[Kolkata]] (24,252 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title= Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=January 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mumbai]] (20,482 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}), [[Paris]] (20,164 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}), [[Dhaka]] (29,069 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}), [[Shanghai]] (16,364 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}, with its most dense district, Nanshi, having a density of 56,785 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}), and [[Tokyo]] (10,087 inhabitants per km{{Sup|2}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;manilapop&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement with the city eventually becoming the political, commercial and ecclesiastical capital of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-Spanish-period|title=The Philippines: The Spanish Period|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population increased dramatically since the 1903 census as the population tended to move from rural areas to towns and cities. In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to breach the one million mark (more than 5 times of its 1903 population). The city continued to grow until the population somehow &quot;stabilized&quot; at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increase and decrease starting the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experience by suburbs and the already very high population density of city. As such, Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share to the metropolitan population&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://books.mongabay.com/population_estimates/full/Metro_Manila-Philippines.html|title=Population estimates for Metro Manila, Philippines, 1950–2015|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; from as high as 63% in the 1950s to 27.5%&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/uploads/staticmenu/docs/Human%20Resource.pdf|title=Profile of Makati City|last=|first=|date=|website=Makati City Government|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1980 and then to 13.8% in 2015. The much larger [[Quezon City]] marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the 2015 census already has 1.1 million people more. Nationally, the population of Manila is expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such as [[Caloocan]] and [[Davao City]] by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2015/09/19/1501296/philippine-cities-over-1m-population-nearly-triple-2025 |title=Philippine cities with over 1M population to nearly triple by 2025 |last=Mercurio|first=Richmond S.|date=|website=Philippine Star|access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The vernacular language is [[Filipino language|Filipino]], based mostly on the [[Tagalog language]] of surrounding areas, and this Manila form of spoken Tagalog has essentially become the [[lingua franca]] of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment. [[Philippine English|English]] is the language most widely used in education, business, and heavily in everyday usage throughout Metro Manila and the Philippines itself.<br /> <br /> A number of older residents can still speak basic [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]], which used to be a mandatory subject in the curriculum of Philippine universities and colleges, and many children of [[Japanese settlement in the Philippines|Japanese]], [[Koreans in the Philippines|Korean]], [[Indian people|Indian]], and other origins also speak their parents' languages at home, aside from English and/or Filipino for everyday use. A variant of [[Southern Min]], [[Lan-nang|Hokkien]] (locally known as ''Lan'nang-oe'') is mainly spoken by the city's [[Chinese-Filipino]] community. According to data provided by the Bureau of Immigration, a total of [https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/09/1823064/more-3-million-chinese-allowed-entry-philippines-2016-immigration-data 3.12 million Chinese citizens arrived in the Philippines from January 2016 to May 2018].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/09/1823064/more-3-million-chinese-allowed-entry-philippines-2016-immigration-data|title=More than 3 million Chinese allowed entry into Philippines since 2016 — Immigration data {{!}} Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|access-date=2018-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Crime===<br /> <br /> [[File:Toyota Vios Philippine Police Car Manila City.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Toyota Vios]] of the [[Manila Police District]]]]<br /> <br /> Crime in Manila is concentrated in areas associated with poverty, [[Illegal drug trade in the Philippines|drug abuse]], and gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The [[Illegal drug trade in the Philippines|illegal drug trade]] is a major problem of the city. In [[Metro Manila]] alone, 92% of the [[barangay]]s are affected by illegal drugs.&lt;ref name=&quot;rapplerdrugtrade&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Ranada|first1=Pia|title=A look at the state of crime, drugs in the Philippines|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/118004-crime-drugs-philippines|accessdate=April 26, 2016|agency=[[Rappler]]|date=January 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2010 to 2015, the city had the second highest index crime rates in the Philippines, with 54,689 cases or an average of about 9,100 cases per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/v2/04/01/16/top-15-cities-with-highest-index-crimes |title=Top 15 cities with highest index crimes |date=April 1, 2016 |website=ABS-CBN News |access-date=December 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; By October 2017, the [[Manila Police District]] (MPD) reported a 38.7% decrease in index crimes, from 5,474 cases in 2016 to only 3,393 in 2017. MPD's crime solution efficiency also improved, wherein six to seven out of 10 crimes have been solved by the city police force.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/10/02/crime-rate-in-manila-drops-by-38-for-past-12-months/ |title=Crime rate in Manila drops by 38% for past 12 months |author=Aberia, Jaimie Rose |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=October 2, 2017 |access-date=December 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; MPD was cited was the Best Police District in [[Metro Manila]] in 2017 for registering the highest crime solution efficiency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://manilastandard.net/sunday-lgu-section-pdf/ncr/245047/mpd-is-top-ncr-police-district.html |title=MPD is top NCR police district |author=Casas, Bill |newspaper=[[Manila Standard]] |date=August 22, 2017 |access-date=March 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> <br /> ====Christianity====<br /> <br /> As a result of [[Culture of Spain|Spanish]] cultural influence, Manila is a predominantly [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] city. {{As of|2010}}, [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Roman Catholics]] were 93.5% of the population, followed by adherents of the [[Philippine Independent Church]] (2.4%); [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] (1.9%); various [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches (1.8%); and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.1%). Members of Islam and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.manilacityph.com/aboutmanila.pdf |title=Manila (&quot;Maynila&quot;) |accessdate=October 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125033029/http://www.manilacityph.com/aboutmanila.pdf |archivedate=January 25, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manila is the seat of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are 113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 are considered as major shrines, basilicas, or a cathedral.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/manila-churches-tight-guard/301839/ |title=Manila churches under tight guard |newspaper=[[The Manila Times]] |date=December 15, 2016 |accessdate=December 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Manila Cathedral]] is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila]] and the oldest established church in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;wow&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=description&amp;province=80 |title=Wow Philippines: Manila-Cosmopolitan City of the Philippines |publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730045417/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=description&amp;province=80 |archivedate=July 30, 2008 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aside from the Manila Cathedral, there are also three other basilicas in the city: [[Quiapo Church]], [[Binondo Church]], and the [[Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila|Minor Basilica of San Sebastián]]. The [[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustín Church]] in Intramuros is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] and is one of the two fully air-conditioned Catholic churches in the city. Manila also has other parishes located throughout the city, with some of them dating back to the Spanish Colonial Period when the city serves as the base for numerous Catholic missions both within the Philippines and to Asia beyond.<br /> <br /> Several [[Mainline Protestant]] denominations are headquartered in the city. [[St. Stephen's Parish (Manila)|St. Stephen's Parish]] [[pro-cathedral]] in the Santa Cruz district is the see of the [[Episcopal Church in the Philippines]]' Diocese of Central Philippines, while align Taft Avenue are the main cathedral and central offices of the [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] (also called the Aglipayan Church, a [[national church]] that was a product of the [[Philippine Revolution]]). Other faiths like [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] ([[Mormons]]) has several churches in the city.<br /> <br /> The indigenous [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] has several locales (akin to parishes) in the city, including its very first chapel (now a museum) in Punta, Santa Ana. [[Evangelical Christian|Evangelical]], [[Pentecostal]] and [[Seventh-day Adventist]] denominations also thrive within the city. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila. Also, the main campus of the [[Cathedral of Praise]] is located along [[Taft Avenue]]. [[Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide]] also has several branches and campuses in Manila, and celebrates its anniversary yearly at the Burnham Green and Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:88%; line-height:130%&quot;&gt;<br /> File:02237jfManila Cathedral Intramuros Manila Palacio del Gobernador Landmarksfvf 12.jpg|[[Manila Cathedral]] is the seat of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila]]<br /> File:Basílica de San Sebastián, (Agustinos Recoletos) Manila, Filipinas..jpg|The [[Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila|Minor Basilica of San Sebastián]] is the only [[Steel building|all-steel]] church in [[Asia]].&lt;ref name=whl&gt;{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/518/ |title=World Heritage: San Sebastian Church |work=Tentative List for the World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=April 20, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:Ph-mm-manila-intramuros-san agustin church (2014).JPG|[[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustín Church]] in [[Intramuros]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<br /> File:0728jfBuildings Streets Binondo Plaza Lorenzo Ruiz Landmarks Manilafvf 06.jpg|[[Binondo Church]] serves the Roman Catholic Chinese community<br /> File:09620jfQuiapo Central Church Plaza Manila Bridge Riverfvf 06.jpg|[[Quiapo Church]] is the home to the iconic [[Black Nazarene]] which celebrates its feasts every January 9<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Other faiths====<br /> [[File:Golden_Mosque_10.JPG|thumbnail|right|[[Masjid Al-Dahab]], the largest mosque in [[Metro Manila]].]]<br /> There are many Buddhist and [[Taoist]] temples in the city serving the [[Chinese Filipino]] community. Quiapo is home to a sizable [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]] population which worships at [[Masjid Al-Dahab]]. Members of the Indian expatriate population have the option of worshiping at the large [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindu]] temple in the city, or at the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[gurdwara]] along United Nations Avenue, Gurudwara Kartarsar Sahib in Marikina, Hindu Temple on Mahatma Gandhi Street in Paco, Sri Sidh Baba Balak Nath Hindu Temple on Market Avenue in Pasig, ISKCON Temple in Makati. The [[Spiritual Assembly|National Spiritual Assembly]] of the [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]] of the Philippines, the governing body of the Filipino Bahá'í community, is headquartered near Manila's eastern border with Makati.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=indian+temples+in+manila&amp;npsic=0&amp;rflfq=1&amp;rlha=0&amp;rllag=14582665,120992298,264&amp;tbm=lcl&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi1idzcg_nlAhVoy4sBHUwxCqcQjGp6BAgKEDg&amp;tbs=lrf:!1m4!1u3!2m2!3m1!1e1!1m4!1u2!2m2!2m1!1e1!2m1!1e2!2m1!1e3!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:2&amp;rldoc=1&amp;safe=active&amp;ssui=on#rlfi=hd:;si:;mv:[[14.670705137797384,121.26083985404057],[14.478650409894195,120.8776916606812],null,[14.574698696926447,121.06926575736088],12]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:Pic geo photos - ph=mm=manila=binondo=chinatown - aerial shot from riverview mansion -philippines--2015-0624--ls-.JPG|thumb|left|Aerial view of [[Binondo]], the city's Chinatown and business district.]]<br /> <br /> Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, [[new media]] as well as [[Old media|traditional media]], advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. Around 60,000 establishments operate in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/metro/228740/manila-dads-hail-fast-cto-service.html |title=Manila dads hail fast CTO service |newspaper=The Standard |author=Tony Macapagal |date=February 8, 2017 |accessdate=February 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. According to the 2016 CMCI, Manila was the second most competitive city in the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.competitive.org.ph/cmcindex/pages/rankings/Cities.php |title=Rankings |publisher=Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index |accessdate=January 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110014838/http://www.competitive.org.ph/cmcindex/pages/rankings/Cities.php |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila placed third in the Highly Urbanized City (HUC) category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2016/07/15/1602983/quezon-city-emerges-most-competitive-city |title=Quezon City emerges as most competitive city |publisher=Philippine Star official website |author=Richmond Mercurio |date=July 15, 2016 |accessdate=July 19, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829190324/http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2016/07/15/1602983/quezon-city-emerges-most-competitive-city |archivedate=August 29, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila held the title country's most competitive city in 2015, and since then has been making it to the top 3, assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/07/17/Manila-most-competitive-city-national-competitiveness-council.html |title=Manila is Philippines' most competitive city – NCC |publisher=CNN Philippines |author=Rex Remitio |date=July 17, 2015 |accessdate=July 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818083722/http://cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/07/17/Manila-most-competitive-city-national-competitiveness-council.html |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lars Wittig, the country manager of Regus Philippines, hailed Manila as the third best city in the country to launch a start-up business.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIA-Start-up&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://business.mb.com.ph/2017/03/02/five-best-ph-cities-to-launch-a-start-up-business/ |title=Five best PH cities to launch a start-up business |newspaper=Manila Bulletin |date=March 2, 2017 |accessdate=March 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Aerial view of Manila Port's International Container terminal.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Port of Manila]], the chief port of the Philippines.]]<br /> The [[Port of Manila]] is the largest seaport in the Philippines, making it the premier international shipping gateway to the country. The [[Philippine Ports Authority]] is the government agency responsible to oversee the operation and management of the ports. The [[International Container Terminal Services Inc.]] cited by the [[Asian Development Bank]] as one of the top five major maritime terminal operators in the world&lt;ref name=&quot;pse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pse.org.ph/html/ListedCompanies/listedcompanyinfo.jsp?compID=83&amp;recCtr=4&amp;srch=I |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080229193046/http://www.pse.org.ph/html/ListedCompanies/listedcompanyinfo.jsp?compID=83&amp;recCtr=4&amp;srch=I |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 29, 2008 |title=International Container Terminal Services Inc. |publisher=[[Philippine Stock Exchange]] |accessdate=October 22, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/24/markets_07bub_International-Container-Terminal-Services_I1PT.html|title=Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion: International Container Terminal Services|date=September 27, 2007|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=October 22, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; has its headquarters and main operations on the ports of Manila. Another port operator, the Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its corporate office and main operations in the Manila South Harbor and its container depository located in [[Santa Mesa, Manila|Santa Mesa]].<br /> <br /> Binondo, the oldest and one of the largest [[Chinatown]]s in the world, was the center of commerce and business activities in the city. Numerous residential and office skyscrapers are found within its medieval streets. Plans to make the Chinatown area into a [[business process outsourcing]] (BPO) hub progresses and is aggressively pursued by the city government of Manila. 30 buildings are already identified to be converted into BPO offices. These buildings are mostly located along the Escolta Street of Binondo, which are all unoccupied and can be converted into offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/03/12/plan-turn-chinatown-bpo-hub-gains-ground |title=Plan to turn Chinatown into BPO hub gains ground |publisher=ABS-CBN News |accessdate=March 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Divisoria in Tondo is known as the &quot;shopping mecca of the Philippines.&quot; Numerous shopping malls are located in this place, which sells products and goods at bargain price. Small vendors occupy several roads that causes pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A famous landmark in Divisoria is the Tutuban Center, a large shopping mall that is a part of the [[Philippine National Railways]]' [[Tutuban railway station|Main Station]]. It attracts 1 million people every month, but is expected to add another 400,000 people when the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2|Line 2]] West Extension is constructed, which is set to make it as Manila's busiest transfer station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/03/20/15/tutuban-center-may-become-manilas-busiest-transfer-station |title=Tutuban Center may become Manila's busiest transfer station |publisher=ABS-CBN News |accessdate=March 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:CCPjf0186 04.JPG|thumb|The [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]], the central bank of the Philippines]]<br /> Diverse manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing, and electronic goods. Food and beverages and tobacco products also produced. Local entrepreneurs continue to process primary commodities for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar, [[copra]], and coconut oil. The food-processing industry is one of the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.<br /> <br /> The [[Pandacan oil depot|Pandacan Oil Depot]] houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of the three major players in the country's petroleum industry, namely [[Chevron Corporation|Caltex Philippines]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Pilipinas Shell]] and [[Petron Corporation]]. The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact to the residents of Manila. The Supreme Court has ordered that the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/657244/estrada-vows-to-enforce-eviction-of-oil-firms-from-pandacan-by-july-15-2015 |title=Estrada: Oil depot closed by July 15 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|The Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=December 16, 2014 |accessdate=February 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/658372/pandacan-oil-depot-decontamination-pushed-after-big-3-exit |title=Pandacan oil depot 'decontamination' pushed after Big 3 exit |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|The Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=December 21, 2014 |accessdate=February 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but it failed to meet this deadline. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33 hectare compound have been demolished, and plans are put into place to transform it into a transport hub or even a food park.<br /> <br /> Manila is a major publishing center in the Philippines.&lt;ref name=&quot;encarta&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578132/Manila.html |title=MSN Encarta: Manila |publisher=MSN Encarta |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028152020/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578132/Manila.html |archivedate=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=March 4, 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'', the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is headquartered in Intramuros.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manila Bulletin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/|title=MB Website|newspaper=Manila Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other major publishing companies in the country like ''[[The Manila Times]]'', ''[[The Philippine Star]]'' and ''[[Manila Standard Today]]'' are headquartered in the Port Area. The ''[[Chinese Commercial News]]'', the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest existing newspaper&lt;ref name=&quot;memorial&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Andrade, Jeannette |title=Lino Brocka, 3 others installed on remembrance wall |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20071201-104249/Lino_Brocka,_3_others_installed_on_remembrance_wall |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=December 1, 2007 |accessdate=July 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502193758/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20071201-104249/Lino_Brocka%2C_3_others_installed_on_remembrance_wall |archivedate=May 2, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; is headquartered in [[Binondo]].<br /> <br /> Manila serves as the headquarters of the [[Central Bank of the Philippines]] which is located along [[Roxas Boulevard]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bsp.gov.ph/|title=BSP Website|publisher=Central Bank of the Phils.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some universal banks in the Philippines that has its headquarters in the city are the [[Landbank of the Philippines]] and [[Philippine Trust Company]]. [[Unilever|Unilever Philippines]] used to have its corporate office along [[United Nations Avenue]] in [[Paco, Manila|Paco]] before transferring to [[Bonifacio Global City]] in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unilever Phils&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unilever.com.ph/|title=Unilever Philippines|publisher=Unilever}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Toyota]], a company listed in the [[Forbes Global 2000]], also has its regional office along UN Avenue.<br /> <br /> ===Tourism===<br /> {{main|Tourism in Manila}}<br /> [[File:Intramuros Manila.jpg|thumb|left|The historic [[Fort Santiago]] in [[Intramuros]].]]<br /> Manila welcomes over 1 million tourists each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;encarta&quot;/&gt; Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled City of [[Intramuros]], the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex]],&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;Manila Note II&quot;/&gt; [[Manila Ocean Park]], Binondo (Chinatown), Ermita, [[Malate, Manila|Malate]], [[Manila Zoo]], the [[National Museum Complex (Manila)|National Museum Complex]] and [[Rizal Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gofamgo.com/10-best-places-to-visit-in-manila-with-kids/ |title=10 Best Places to Visit in Manila with Kids |publisher=Gofamgo }}&lt;/ref&gt; Both the historic Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations and as a tourism enterprise zones in the Tourism Act of 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;TourismAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Downloadable%20Files/RA%209593.pdf |title=Republic Act No. 9593 otherwise known as Tourism Act of 2009 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations |publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]] |access-date=March 8, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430234102/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Downloadable%20Files/RA%209593.pdf |archivedate=April 30, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is the national park and the largest urban park in Asia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/stories/80688-fast-facts-rizal-park |title=FAST FACTS: Rizal Park |author=Gwen de la Cruz |date=January 12, 2015 |work=Rappler |access-date=March 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; with an area of {{convert|58|ha|acre|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Attractions/?attraction=735 |title=Rizal Park |publisher=WordTravels |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420054605/http://www.wordtravels.com/Attractions/?attraction=735 |archivedate=April 20, 2009 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The park was constructed as an honor and dedication to the country's national hero [[José Rizal]], who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the [[Kilometre Zero|Kilometer Zero]] marker for distances to the rest of the country. The park was managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.<br /> <br /> The {{convert|0.67|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} Walled City of [[Intramuros]] is the historic center of Manila. It is administered by the [[Intramuros Administration]], an attached agency of the [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]]. It contains the famed [[Manila Cathedral]] and the 18th Century [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. [[Kalesa]] is a popular mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/621494/intramuros-cocheros-hooves-history-and-hope-for-a-fare-hike |title=Intramuros cocheros: Hooves, history and hope for a fare hike |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]] |author=Jovic Lee |date=July 20, 2014 |accessdate=March 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Known as the oldest [[chinatown]] in the world, [[Binondo]] was established on 1521 and it was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions are [[Binondo Church]], Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist temple and authentic Chinese restaurants.<br /> <br /> Manila is designated as the country's pioneer of [[medical tourism]], expecting it to generate $1 billion in revenue annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.world-guides.com/asia/philippines/national-capital-region/manila/manila_medical.html |title=Medical Tourism, Treatments and Surgery in Manila |publisher=World Guides |accessdate=October 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, lack of progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances for its growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/challenges-to-ph-medical-tourism/100820/ |title=Challenges to PH medical tourism |newspaper=[[The Manila Times]] |author=Edgardo S. Tugade |date=June 1, 2014 |accessdate=October 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shopping===<br /> [[File:Divisoria Shopping.jpg|thumb|[[Divisoria]] is a popular flea market for locals and tourists.]]<br /> Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/manila-11th-most-attractive-shopping-destination-asia-pacific-050612020.html |title=Manila 11th most attractive shopping destination in Asia Pacific&amp;nbsp;–study&amp;nbsp;— Yahoo! News Philippines |publisher=Ph.news.yahoo.com |date=November 1, 2012 |accessdate=March 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Arveen |first=Kim |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/manila-outperforms-15-asian-cities-in--shopping--index.html |title=Manila outperforms 15 Asian cities in 'shopping' index&amp;nbsp;— Yahoo! News Philippines |publisher=Ph.news.yahoo.com |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=March 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major [[shopping mall]]s, [[department stores]], [[market (place)|markets]], [[supermarket]]s and [[bazaar]]s thrive within the city.<br /> <br /> One of the city's famous shopping destinations is [[Divisoria]], home to numerous shopping malls in the city, including the famed Tutuban Center and the [[Lucky Chinatown|Lucky Chinatown Mall]]. It is also dubbed as the shopping mecca of the Philippines where everything is sold at bargain price. There are almost 1 million shoppers in Divisoria according to the Manila Police District.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tempo.com.ph/2017/11/28/more-cops-on-manila-streets/ |title=More cops on Manila streets |publisher=Tempo |date=November 27, 2017 |accessdate=November 28, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world,&lt;ref name=&quot;en.radio86.com&quot;/&gt; is the city's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by [[Filipino-Chinese]] merchants with a wide variety of Chinese and Filipino shops and restaurants. Quiapo is referred to as the &quot;Old Downtown&quot;, where [[tiangge]]s, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores are common. [[Recto Avenue|C.M. Recto Avenue]] is where lots of department stores are located.<br /> <br /> [[Robinsons Place Manila]] is the largest shopping mall in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.robinsonsmalls.com/malls_manila.php |title=Manila |publisher=Robinsons Malls |accessdate=March 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308214134/http://robinsonsmalls.com/malls_manila.php |archivedate=March 8, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The mall was the second and the largest [[Robinsons Malls]] built. [[SM Supermall]] operates two shopping malls in the city which are the SM City Manila and [[SM City San Lazaro]]. SM City Manila is located on the former grounds of YMCA Manila beside the [[Manila City Hall]] in [[Ermita, Manila|Ermita]], while SM City San Lazaro is built on the site of the former San Lazaro Hippodrome in [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]]. The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], which is famed for its revolving restaurant atop, is now the [[SM Quiapo|SM Clearance Center]] that was established in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://renz15.wordpress.com/2013/11/20/miss-earth-candidates-visits-100-revolving-restaurant/ |title=Miss Earth candidates visits 100 Revolving Restaurant |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The site of the first [[SM Department Store|SM Store]] is located at Carlos Palanca Sr. (formerly Echague) Street in [[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]].<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> ===Museums===<br /> [[File:04762jfNational Museum of the Philippines Ermita Manilafvf 07.jpg|thumb|The [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|National Museum of Fine Arts]].]]<br /> As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila is the home to a number of museums. The [[National Museum Complex (Manila)|National Museum Complex]] of the [[National Museum of the Philippines]], located in [[Rizal Park]], is composed of the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|National Museum of Fine Arts]], the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)|National Museum of Anthropology]], the [[National Museum of Natural History (Manila)|National Museum of Natural History]], and the [[National Planetarium (Manila)|National Planetarium]]. The famous painting of [[Juan Luna]], the [[Spoliarium]], can be found in the complex. The city also hosts the repository of the country's printed and recorded cultural heritage and other literary and information resources, the [[National Library of the Philippines|National Library]]. Museums established or run by educational institutions are the [[Mabini Shrine (Manila)|Mabini Shrine]], the DLS-CSB Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, [[UST Museum of Arts and Sciences]], and the [[University of the Philippines Museum of a History of Ideas|UP Museum of a History of Ideas]].<br /> [[File:National Museum of Natural History (Manila) Facade - Front View.jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Museum of Natural History (Manila)|National Museum of Natural History]] at Agrifina Circle, [[Rizal Park]].]]<br /> <br /> [[Bahay Tsinoy]], one of Manila's most prominent museums, documents the Chinese lives and contributions in the history of the Philippines. The Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles the Filipinos desire for freedom during [[Philippine Revolution|the revolution]] under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The [[Metropolitan Museum of Manila]] is a museum of modern and contemporary visual arts exhibits the Filipino arts and [[Culture of the Philippines|culture]].<br /> <br /> Other museums in the city are the Museum of Manila, the city-owned museum that exhibits the city's culture and history, [[Museo Pambata]], a children's museum and a place of hands-on discovery and fun learning, and Plaza San Luis which is an outdoor heritage public museum that contains a collection of nine Spanish Bahay na Bató houses. Ecclesiastical museums in the located in the city are the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana, the [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church Museum]] and the [[Museo de Intramuros]] which houses the ecclesiastical art collection of the [[Intramuros Administration]] in the reconstructed [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church and Convent]].<br /> <br /> ===Sports===<br /> [[File:Basketball in Intramuros.jpg|thumb|Children playing basketball at the ruins of [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church]] in Intramuros]]<br /> [[File:Intramurosjf0400 16.JPG|thumb|The Intramuros Golf Club]]<br /> <br /> Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general the country's main sport is [[basketball]], and most barangays have a basketball court or at least a makeshift basketball court, with court markings drawn on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every summer (April to May). Manila has many sports venues, such as the [[Rizal Memorial Sports Complex]] and San Andres Gym, the home of the now defunct [[Manila Metrostars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Manila-Sports.html |title=Manila: Sports |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses the [[Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium]], [[Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium|the Baseball Stadium]], Tennis Courts, the [[Rizal Memorial Coliseum]] and the [[Ninoy Aquino Stadium]] (the latter two are indoor arenas). The Rizal complex had hosted several multi-sport events, such as the [[1954 Asian Games]] and the [[1934 Far Eastern Games]]. Whenever the country hosts the [[Southeast Asian Games]], most of the events are held at the complex, but in the [[2005 Southeast Asian Games|2005 Games]], most events were held elsewhere. The [[1960 ABC Championship]] and the [[1973 ABC Championship]], forerunners of the [[FIBA Asia Championship]], was hosted by the memorial coliseum, with the [[Philippines men's national basketball team|national basketball team]] winning on both tournaments. The [[1978 FIBA World Championship]] was held at the coliseum although the latter stages were held in the [[Araneta Coliseum]] in [[Quezon City]], Southeast Asia's largest indoor arena at that time.<br /> <br /> Manila also hosts several well-known sports facilities such as the [[Enrique M. Razon Sports Center]] and the [[University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex]], both of which are private venues owned by a university; collegiate sports are also held, with the [[University Athletic Association of the Philippines]] and the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines)|National Collegiate Athletic Association]] basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium, although basketball events had transferred to [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]'s [[Filoil Flying V Arena]] and the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Other collegiate sports are still held at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball also used to play at the city, but the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] now holds their games at Araneta Coliseum and [[Cuneta Astrodome]] at [[Pasay]]; the now defunct [[Philippine Basketball League]] played some of their games at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.<br /> <br /> The [[Manila Storm]] are the city's [[rugby league]] team training at Rizal Park (Luneta Park) and playing their matches at Southern Plains Field, [[Calamba, Laguna]]. Previously a widely played sport in the city, Manila is now the home of the only sizable [[baseball]] stadium in the country, at the [[Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium]]. The stadium hosts games of [[Baseball Philippines]]; [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Babe Ruth]] were the first players to score a [[home run]] at the stadium at their tour of the country on December 2, 1934.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/node/158970 |title=Baseball loses no time in preparing for SEAG |first=Tito |last=Talao |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=March 10, 2004 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913053124/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/158970 |archivedate=September 13, 2012 |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another popular sport in the city are [[cue sports]], and billiard halls are a feature in most barangays. The [[2010 World Cup of Pool]] was held at [[Robinsons Place Manila]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/sports/09/07/10/world-cup-pool-begins |title=World Cup of Pool begins |work=ABS-CBNnews.com|date=September 7, 2010 |accessdate=July 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Rizal Memorial Stadium|Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium]] hosted the first [[FIFA World Cup]] qualifier in decades when the [[Philippines national football team|Philippines]] hosted [[Sri Lanka national basketball team|Sri Lanka]] in July 2011. The stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches, had undergone a major renovation program before the match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/6646/all-systems-go-for-azkals-world-cup-qualifier-at-rizal-memorial |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126102345/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/6646/all-systems-go-for-azkals-world-cup-qualifier-at-rizal-memorial |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |title=All systems go for Azkals' World Cup qualifier at Rizal Memorial |first=Ryan |last=Fenix |work=Interaksyon.com |date=June 4, 2011 |accessdate=July 4, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The stadium also hosted its first [[Test match (rugby union)|rugby test]] when it hosted the [[2012 Asian Five Nations division tournaments|2012 Asian Five Nations Division I]] tournaments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid=2061800.html#teams+ready+rwc+qualifiers+manila |title=Teams ready for RWC Qualifiers in Manila |date=April 14, 2012 |work=Rugbyworldcup.com |accessdate=April 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417211016/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid=2061800.html#teams+ready+rwc+qualifiers+manila |archivedate=April 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Festivities and holidays===<br /> {{Further|Public holidays in the Philippines}}<br /> [[File:Black Nazarene procession.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic devotees during the [[Black Nazarene|Feast of the Black Nazarene]] (''Traslacíon'')]]<br /> Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Since most of the city's citizens are [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]s as a result of the Spanish colonization,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Living in Manila |url=https://www.internations.org/manila-expats/guide/living-in-manila-15837 |publisher=InterNations |accessdate=October 25, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; most of the festivities are religious in nature. Manila Day, which celebrates the city's founding on June 24, 1571 by [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], was first proclaimed by [[Herminio A. Astorga]] (then Vice Mayor of Manila) on June 24, 1962. It has been annually commemorated under the [[patron saint|patronage]] of [[John the Baptist]], and has always been declared by the national government as a special non-working holiday through Presidential Proclamations. Each of the city's 896 barangays also have their own festivities guided by their own [[patron saint]].<br /> <br /> The city is also the host to the [[Black Nazarene|Procession of the Feast of the Black Nazarene]] (''Traslacíon''), held every January 9, which draws millions of [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] devotees. Other religious festivities held in Manila are the Feast of Santo Niño in Tondo and Pandacan held on the third Sunday of January, the Feast of the Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Manila (Our Lady of the Abandoned), the patron saint of [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]] which was held every May 12, and the ''[[Flores de Mayo]]''. Non-religious holidays include the [[New Year's Day]], [[National Heroes' Day]], [[Bonifacio Day]] and [[Rizal Day]].<br /> <br /> ==Law and government==<br /> [[File:Intramurosjf0305 17.JPG|thumb|left|[[Manila City Hall]], the seat of city government.]]<br /> <br /> Manila—officially known as the City of Manila—is the [[capital city|national capital]] of the Philippines and is classified as a Special City (according to its income)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://blgf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/updated-reclassification-Cities.pdf |title= Income Classification Per DOF Order No. 23-08, dated July 29, 2008 |publisher= Bureau of Local Government Finance |access-date= December 31, 2016 |website= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231151123/http://blgf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/updated-reclassification-Cities.pdf |archive-date= December 31, 2016 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Manual-on-PCC-Chapter-9.pdf|title=Position Classification and Compensation Scheme in Local Government Units|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Budget and Management|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a [[Cities of the Philippines#classification|Highly Urbanized City]] (HUC). The [[Mayor of Manila|mayor]] is the chief executive, and is assisted by the vice mayor, the 36-member City Council, six Congressmen, the President of the Association of Barangay Captains, and the President of the ''[[Sangguniang Kabataan]]''. The members of the City Council are elected as representatives of specific congressional districts within the city. The city, however, have no control over Intramuros and the Manila North Harbor. The historic Walled City is administered by the [[Intramuros Administration]], while the Manila North Harbor is managed by the Philippine Ports Authority. Both are national government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places only oversee the welfare of the city's constituents and cannot exercise their executive powers. Manila has a total of 15,489 personnel complement by the end of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018audit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The current [[Mayor of Manila|mayor]] is Francisco &quot;[[Isko Moreno]]&quot; Domagoso, who previously served as the city's vice mayor. The current vice mayor is Dr. Maria Shielah &quot;Honey&quot; Lacuna-Pangan, daughter of former Manila Vice Mayor Danny Lacuna. The mayor and the vice mayor are term-limited by up to 3 terms, with each term lasting for 3 years.<br /> <br /> [[File:Palacio Del Gobernador.JPG|thumb|right|[[Palacio del Gobernador]] in Intramuros is home to the Philippine [[Commission on Elections (Philippines)|Commission on Elections]] and Intramuros Administration.]]<br /> Manila, being the seat of political power of the Philippines, has several national government offices headquartered at the city. Planning for the development for being the center of government started during the early years of [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonization]] when they envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls of Intramuros. The strategic location chosen was Bagumbayan, a former town which is now the Rizal Park to become the center of government and a design commission was given to [[Daniel Burnham]] to create a master plan for the city patterned after [[Washington, D.C.]] These improvements were eventually abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<br /> <br /> A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, or what is now Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in Quezon City but several key government offices still reside in Manila. However, many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations.<br /> <br /> The city, as the capital, still hosts the Office of the President, as well as the president's official residence. Aside from these, important government agencies and institutions such as the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], the [[Philippine Court of Appeals|Court of Appeals]], the [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]], the [[Executive Departments of the Philippines|Departments]] of [[Department of Budget and Management (Philippines)|Budget and Management]], [[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Finance]], [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Health]], [[Department of Justice (Philippines)|Justice]], [[Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)|Labor and Employment]] and [[Department of Public Works and Highways|Public Works and Highways]] still call the city home. Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library, National Archives, National Museum and the Philippine General Hospital.<br /> <br /> Congress previously held office at the [[Old Legislative Building (Manila)|Old Congress Building]]. In 1972, due to declaration of martial law, Congress was dissolved; its successor, the [[unicameral]] [[Batasang Pambansa]], held office at the new [[Batasang Pambansa Complex]]. When a new [[constitution of the Philippines|constitution]] restored the [[bicameral]] Congress, the House of Representatives stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building it shares with the [[Government Service Insurance System]] at reclaimed land at [[Pasay]]. The [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] will also transfer to its new campus at [[Bonifacio Global City]], [[Taguig]] in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/608294/sc-picks-phl-flag-inspired-design-for-new-green-building-in-taguig/story|title=SC picks PHL flag-inspired design for new 'green' building in Taguig|last=Lopez|first=Virgil|date=April 25, 2017|website=GMA News|access-date=April 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Finance ===<br /> <br /> In the 2018 Annual Audit Report published by the [[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|Commission on Audit]], it is stated that the total revenue of the City of Manila amounts to ₱14.1 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018audit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/local-government-units/2018/category/7732-cities |title= 2018 Annual Audit Reports |publisher=[[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|Commission on Audit]] |accessdate=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal revenue allotment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/metro/quezon-city-makati-richest-cities-in-rp/ |title=Quezon City, Makati richest cities in RP |publisher=Philippine Today US |accessdate=April 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024161259/http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/metro/quezon-city-makati-richest-cities-in-rp/ |archivedate=October 24, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila collects an annual tax revenue amounting to ₱7.3 billion. The city's total Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), coming from the National Treasury, is at ₱2.94 billion. Meanwhile, its total assets was worth ₱40.7 billion in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018audit&quot; /&gt; The City of Manila has the highest budget allocation to healthcare among all the cities and municipalities in the Philippines, which maintains the six district hospitals, 59 health centers and lying-in clinic, and healthcare programs.<br /> <br /> ===Barangays and districts===<br /> <br /> {{hidden begin|border=#aaa 1px solid|titlestyle=text-align: center|title=Unofficial Barangay Map of Manila produced by the City Planning and Development Office}}<br /> {{wide image|Unofficial Barangay Map of the City of Manila PDF.pdf|500px}}<br /> {{hidden end}}<br /> [[File:Ph fil congress districts manila.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Manila is divided into six congressional districts as shown in the map.]]<br /> [[File:Ph fil manila districts.png|thumb|upright=1.15|District map of Manila that shows its sixteen districts.]]<br /> <br /> Manila is made up of 896 [[barangay]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;MNLLN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.coa.gov.ph/local-government-units-lgus/category/6072-2015 |title = 2015 Annual Financial Reports for Local Government Units (Volume III) |publisher = [[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|Commission on Audit]] |accessdate = December 1, 2016 |website = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201200852/http://www.coa.gov.ph/local-government-units-lgus/category/6072-2015 |archive-date = December 1, 2016 |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; which are grouped into 100 Zones for statistical convenience. Manila has the most number of barangays in the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/42084-barangay-in-numbers| title = Barangay in numbers| first = Reynaldo Jr. |last = Santos | work = [[Rappler]] | accessdate = April 27, 2016 | date = October 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Attempts at reducing its number have not prospered despite local legislation—Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996—reducing the number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays, because of the failure to hold a plebiscite.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = http://www.philstar.com/metro/13006/manila-councilor-wants-fewer-barangays | title = Manila councilor wants fewer barangays | first = Evelyn| last = Macairan | date = August 15, 2007| accessdate = April 27, 2016| newspaper = [[The Philippine Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''[[Legislative districts of Manila#1st District|District I]]''' (2015 population: 415,906)&lt;ref name=&quot;LDpop&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/2015_Table_1_Legislative_Districts.xlsx | title = Population Counts by Legislative District (Based on the 2015 Census of Population) | work = Philippine Statistics Authority | accessdate = November 2, 2017 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; covers the western part of Tondo and is the most densely populated Congressional District. It is the home to one of the biggest urban poor communities. The [[Smokey Mountain]] in Balut Island is once known as the largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lives in the slums. After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing buildings were built in place. This district also contains the Manila North Harbour Centre, the Manila North Harbor, and the Manila International Container Terminal of the [[Port of Manila]].<br /> * '''[[Legislative districts of Manila#2nd District|District II]]''' (2015 population: 215,457)&lt;ref name=&quot;LDpop&quot; /&gt; covers the eastern part of Tondo known as Gagalangin. It contains Divisoria, a popular shopping place in the Philippines and the site of the [[Tutuban (PNR station)|Main Terminal Station]] of the [[Philippine National Railways]].<br /> * '''[[Legislative districts of Manila#3rd District|District III]]''' (2015 population: 221,780)&lt;ref name=&quot;LDpop&quot; /&gt; covers Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas and Santa Cruz. It encompasses the so-called &quot;Downtown Manila&quot; or traditional business district of the city and the oldest Chinatown in the world.<br /> * '''[[Legislative districts of Manila#4th District|District IV]]''' (2015 population: 265,046)&lt;ref name=&quot;LDpop&quot; /&gt; covers Sampaloc and some parts of Santa Mesa. It contains numerous higher educational institutions, which were located along the city's &quot;[[University Belt]]&quot;, a ''de facto'' sub-district. It contains the [[University of Santo Tomas]], the oldest existing university in [[Asia]] which was established in 1611.<br /> * '''[[Legislative districts of Manila#5th District|District V]]''' (2015 population: 366,714)&lt;ref name=&quot;LDpop&quot; /&gt; covers Ermita, Malate, Paco, Port Area, Intramuros, San Andres Bukid, and a portion of Santa Ana. The historic Walled City is located here, along with [[Manila Cathedral]] and [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. <br /> * '''[[Legislative districts of Manila#6th District|District VI]]''' (2007 population: 295,245)&lt;ref name=&quot;LDpop&quot; /&gt; covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Mesa and a portion of Paco. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century [[Santa Ana Church]] and [[Historic houses in Santa Ana, Manila|historic ancestral houses]]. [[Polytechnic University of the Philippines]] is located here, the most populous university in the Philippines.<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;table-layout:fixed;&quot;<br /> |-style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;table-layout:fixed;margin:auto;font-size:90%;background-color:#FEFEFE;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none;&quot; | Name<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |District<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=2 | Area<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none;&quot; | Population&lt;br /&gt;(2015)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=2 | Density<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none;&quot; | [[Barangay]]s<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;&quot; |<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{abbr|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;|area in square kilometers}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{abbr|sq mi|area in square miles}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;&quot; |<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{abbr|/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;|density per square kilometer}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{abbr|/sq mi|density per square mile}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Binondo]]<br /> !3<br /> | {{convert|0.6611|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 18,040<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|18040/0.6611|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 10<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Ermita, Manila|Ermita]]<br /> !5<br /> | {{convert|1.5891|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 10,523<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|10523/1.5891|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 13<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Intramuros]]<br /> !5<br /> | {{convert|0.6726|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 5,935<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|5935/0.6726|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Malate, Manila|Malate]]<br /> !5<br /> | {{convert|2.5958|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 86,196<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|86196/2.5958|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 57<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Paco, Manila|Paco]]<br /> !5 &amp; 6<br /> | {{convert|2.7869|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 82,466<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|82466/2.7869|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 43<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Pandacan, Manila|Pandacan]]<br /> !6<br /> | {{convert|1.66|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 87,405<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|87405/1.66|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 38<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Port Area, Manila|Port Area]]<br /> !5<br /> | {{convert|3.1528|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 66,742<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|66742/3.1528|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]]<br /> !3<br /> | {{convert|0.8469|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 28,478<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|28478/0.8469|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 16<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]]<br /> !4<br /> | {{convert|5.1371|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 265,046<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|265046/5.1371|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 192<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[San Andres, Manila|San Andrés]]<br /> !5<br /> | {{convert|1.6802|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 128,499<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|128499/1.6802|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 65<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]]<br /> !6<br /> | {{convert|0.9137|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 17,464<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|17464/0.9137|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 12<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]]<br /> !3<br /> | {{convert|1.6385|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 43,069<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|43069/1.6385|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 15<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]]<br /> !6<br /> | {{convert|1.6942|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 66,656<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|66656/1.6942|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 34<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]]<br /> !3<br /> | {{convert|3.0901|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 118,903<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|118903/3.0901|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 82<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Santa Mesa]]<br /> !6<br /> | {{convert|2.6101|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 110,073<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|110073/2.6101|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 51<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background-color:#FDFDFD;&quot; | [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]]<br /> !1 &amp; 2<br /> | {{convert|8.6513|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | 631,363<br /> | {{convert|{{sigfig|631363/8.6513|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 258<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> <br /> ===Housing===<br /> <br /> [[File:WTMP_Noel_Gonong_DSC_0077.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Smokey Mountain]] Housing Project was built on a former landfill. Continuous development of housing buildings continues up to the present day.]]<br /> <br /> Development of public housing in the city began in the 1930s when the United States rule over the Philippines. Americans have to deal with the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas. Business codes and sanitation laws were implemented in the 1930s. During this period until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 in Diliman, [[Quezon City]] and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo. The government implemented the Public Housing Policy in 1947 that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC). A few years later, it put up the Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Tondo and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in [[San Jose del Monte, Bulacan]] in the 1960s.<br /> <br /> In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for 300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/793247/aquino-admin-winds-down-with-manila-housing-project |title=Aquino admin winds down with Manila housing project |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]] |date=June 30, 2016 |accessdate=July 11, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Recently, Mayor Isko Moreno plans to retrofit dilapidated tenements within the city. A meeting was held with the National Housing Authority for the relocation of affected residents.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/metro/700518/mayor-isko-wants-to-improve-manila-s-old-tenements-relocate-residents/story/ |title=Mayor Isko wants to improve Manila’s old tenements, relocate residents |publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs|GMA News Online]] |date=July 10, 2019 |accessdate=July 11, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Transportation===<br /> {{main|Transportation in Metro Manila|Public transport in Manila|Major roads in Metro Manila}}<br /> [[File:WTMP Pangkat E-14-3.JPG|thumb|[[Jeepney]] is one of the most popular modes of transportation in Manila]]<br /> [[File:Line 2 Train near Pureza Station (Santa Mesa, Manila)(2018-02-22).jpg|thumb|[[Pureza station|Pureza Station]] of [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2|Line 2]] in [[Santa Mesa]]]]<br /> [[File:LRT-1 Blumentritt 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Blumentritt station (Line 1)|Blumentritt Station]] of the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1|Line 1]]]]<br /> <br /> One of the more famous modes of transportation in Manila is the [[jeepney]]. Patterned after [[Jeep#World War II Jeeps|U.S. Army jeeps]], these have been in use since the years immediately following World War II.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/philippines/pro-transportation.htm |title=Transportation in the Philippines |publisher=AsianInfo.org |accessdate=April 24, 2010 |ref=Information provided in part by the Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Tamaraw FX, the third generation [[Toyota Kijang]], which competed directly with jeepneys and followed fixed routes for a set price, once plied the streets of Manila. They were replaced by the [[UV Express]]. All types of public road transport plying Manila are privately owned and operated under government franchise.<br /> <br /> On a for-hire basis, the city is served by numerous [[taxicab]]s, &quot;tricycles&quot; (motorcycles with sidecars, the Philippine version of the [[auto rickshaw]]), and &quot;''trisikads''&quot; or &quot;''sikads''&quot;, which are also known as &quot;''kuligligs''&quot; (bicycles with a sidecars, the Philippine version of [[Cycle rickshaw|pedicabs]]). In some areas, especially in Divisoria, motorized pedicabs are popular. Spanish-era horse-drawn [[calesa]]s are still a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in the streets of Binondo and Intramuros. Manila will phase out all gasoline-run tricycles and pedicabs and replace them with electric tricycles (e-trikes), and plans to distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers from the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Clapano, Jose Rodel | url=http://www.philstar.com/metro/2016/09/18/1624916/manila-no-more-trikes-pedicabs-next-month | title=Manila: No more trikes, pedicabs next month |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Coconuts Manila | url=http://manila.coconuts.co/2016/09/18/manila-will-say-goodbye-old-school-tricycles-and-pedicabs-oct-15 | title=Manila will say goodbye to old school tricycles and pedicabs on Oct 15 | date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of January 2018, the city has already distributed e-trikes to a number of drivers and operators in [[Binondo]], [[Ermita]], [[Malate, Manila|Malate]] and [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/01/23/city-of-manila-to-remove-old-rusty-tricycles-from-city-streets/ | title=City of Manila to remove old, rusty tricycles from city streets | date=January 23, 2018 |access-date=January 23, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city is serviced by [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1|Line 1]] and [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2|Line 2]], which form the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System]], as well as the [[Manila Metro Rail Transit System]], currently made up of one line ([[Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3|Line 3]]) with several more in development. Development of the railway system began in the 1970s under the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when Line 1 was built, making it the first light rail transport in Southeast Asia, though despite the name &quot;light rail&quot;, Line 1 operates as a Light Metro running on dedicated right-of-way. Line 2 on the other hand, operates as a full-metro heavy-rail system. These systems are currently undergoing a multibillion-dollar expansion.&lt;ref name=&quot;10points&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Republic of the Philippines. Office of the President. |url=http://www.news.ops.gov.ph/sona2005-execsummary.htm |title=SONA 2005 Executive Summary |date=July 21, 2005 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513025912/http://www.news.ops.gov.ph/sona2005-execsummary.htm |archivedate=May 13, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1|Line 1]] runs along the length of [[Taft Avenue]] (N170/R-2) and Rizal Avenue (N150/R-9), and [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2|Line 2]] runs along Claro M. Recto Avenue (N145/C-1) and Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard (N180/R-6) from [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]], through [[Quezon City]], up to Masinag in [[Antipolo]], [[Rizal]]. [[Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3|Line 3]] runs from Taft Avenue, where it intersects with the EDSA station on Line 1, northward through the eastern part of the city, eventually meeting with Line 2 at Araneta Center-Cubao Station before eventually terminating in the north of the city at North Avenue Station, with plans to extend the line to link up with Roosevelt Station at the northern terminus of Line 1.<br /> <br /> The main terminal of the [[Philippine National Railways]] lies within the city. One commuter railway within Metro Manila is in operation. The line runs in a general north-south direction from Tutuban (Tondo) toward the province of [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]. The [[Port of Manila]], located at the western section of the city at the vicinity of Manila Bay, is the chief seaport of the Philippines. The [[Pasig River Ferry Service]] which runs on the Pasig River is another form of transportation. The city is also served by the [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]] and [[Clark International Airport]].<br /> <br /> In 2006, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Manila the world's most congested city. According to [[Waze]]'s 2015 &quot;Global Driver Satisfaction Index&quot;, Manila is the town with the worst traffic worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.waze.com/2015/09/global-driver-satisfaction-index.html|title=Waze – Official Blog: Global Driver Satisfaction Index|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila is notorious for its frequent [[traffic jam]]s and high densities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/12/20/worlds-most-congested-cities-biz-energy-cx_rm_1221congested_slide_2.html |title=World's Densest Cities |accessdate=October 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city. Some of the projects include: the proposed construction of a new viaduct or underpass at the intersection of [[España Boulevard]] and Lacson Avenue,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/60807/lacson-espana-flyover-takes-off-despite-protests |title=Lacson-España flyover takes off despite protests |date=August 6, 2012 |accessdate=October 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; the construction of the [[Metro Manila Skyway#Stage 3|Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3]], the proposed [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2|Line 2]] West Extension Project from [[Recto Avenue]] to Pier 4 of the Manila North Harbor,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/dmci-gets-51-5m-lrt-2-contract-ph/ |title=DMCI gets $51.5m rail contract in PH |date=January 28, 2015 |author=Tomas S. Noda III |accessdate=February 1, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; the proposed construction of the [[Philippine National Railways|PNR]] East-West line which will run through España Boulevard up to [[Quezon City]], and the expansion and widening of several national and local roads. However, such projects have yet to make any meaningful impact, and the traffic jams and congestion continue unabated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/113269/manilas-traffic-jams-cost-57-million-a-day/ |title=Manila's traffic jams cost $57 million a day |date=October 23, 2014 |author=Rodel Rodis |accessdate=March 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Metro Manila Dream Plan]] seeks to address these urban transport problems. It consists of a list of short term priority projects and medium to long term infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media | title = (The Philippines) Mega Manila Infrastructure Roadmap (Long Version) | medium = | publisher = Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) | work= JICAChannel02: The Official Global Channel of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) | location = | date = June 10, 2014 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ9F2Fnweuo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|date=September 2014 |title=Main Points of the Roadmap |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2014/ku57pq00001nkatn-att/20140917_01_0.pdf |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011182852/http://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2014/ku57pq00001nkatn-att/20140917_01_0.pdf |archivedate=October 11, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Water and electricity===<br /> Water services used to be provided by the [[Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System]], which served 30% of the city with most other sewage being directly dumped into storm drains, septic tanks, or open canals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Orozco |first1=G |last2=Zafaralla |first2=M |year=2011 |title=Socio-Economic Study of Two Major Metro Manila Esteros |publisher=Journal of Environmental Science and Management |location=Makati, Philippines |url=http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0118.pdf |accessdate=December 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023063018/http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0118.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; MWSS was [[Water privatization in Metro Manila|privatized in 1997]], which split the water [[Concession (contract)|concession]] into the east and west zones. The [[Maynilad Water Services]] took over the west zone of which Manila is a part. It now provides the supply and delivery of potable water and sewerage system in Manila,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Inocencio |first1=A |last2=David |first2=C |year=2001 |title=Public-Private-Community Partnerships in Management and Delivery of Water to Urban Poor: The Case of Metro Manila |publisher=Philippine Institute for Development Studies |location=Makati, Philippines |url=http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0118.pdf |accessdate=December 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023063018/http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0118.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but it does not provide service to the southeastern part of the city which belongs to the east zone that is served by [[Manila Water]]. Electric services are provided by [[Meralco]], the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> {{See also|List of hospitals in Metro Manila}}<br /> [[File:Philippine General Hospital.JPG|thumb|The [[Philippine General Hospital]], the largest medical center and the national referral center for health in the Philippines.]]<br /> <br /> The Manila Health Department is responsible for the planning and implementation of the health care programs provided by the city government. It operates 59 health centers and six city-run hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's constituents. The six public city-run hospitals are the [[Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center]], Ospital ng Sampaloc, Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center, Ospital ng Tondo, [[Santa Ana Hospital (Manila)|Santa Ana Hospital]], and Justice Jose Abad Santos General Hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/metro/195865/manila-hospital-going-for-upgrade.html |title=Manila hospital going for upgrade |author=Joel E. Surbano |date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=[[The Standard (Philippines)|The Standard]] |accessdate=January 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manila is also the site of the [[Philippine General Hospital]], the tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the [[University of the Philippines Manila]]. The city is also planning to put up an education, research and hospital facility for [[Cleft lip and cleft palate|cleft-palate]] patients.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/06/world-class-hospital-to-rise-in-manila-for-cleft-lip-palate-patients/ |title=World-class hospital to rise in Manila for cleft lip, palate patients |author=Jaime Rose R. Aberia |date=August 6, 2017 |newspaper=[[Manila Bulletin]] |accessdate=August 7, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/manila-mayor-eyes-founding-of-phls-first-world-class-cleft-palate-facility/ |title=Manila mayor eyes founding of PHL's first 'world-class' cleft-palate facility |author=Rosabell C. Toledo |date=August 6, 2017 |publisher=[[BusinessMirror]] |accessdate=August 7, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manila's healthcare is also provided by private corporations. Private hospitals that operates in the city are the Manila Doctors Hospital, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, Dr. José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, [[Metropolitan Medical Center]], [[Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital (Manila)|Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital]], and the [[University of Santo Tomas Hospital]].<br /> <br /> The [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]] (DOH) has its main office in Manila. The national health department operates the San Lazaro Hospital, a special referral tertiary hospital. DOH also operates the [[Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital]], [[Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center]] and the [[Tondo Medical Center]]. Manila is the home to the headquarters of the [[World Health Organization]]'s Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Country Office for the Philippines.<br /> <br /> The city has free immunization programs for children, specifically targeted against the seven major diseases – smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, whooping cough, polio, and measles. As of 2016, a total of 31,115 children age one and below has been “fully immunized”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/02/25/manila-intensifies-free-immunization-program/ |title=Manila intensifies free immunization program |author=Odronia, Cris G. |date=February 25, 2017 |newspaper=[[Manila Bulletin]] |accessdate=February 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Manila Dialysis Center that provides free services for the poor has been cited by the United Nations Committee on Innovation, Competitiveness and Public-Private Partnerships as a model for public-private partnership (PPP) projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/un-lauds-free-dialysis-center-in-manila/ |title=UN lauds free dialysis center in Manila |author=Toledo, Rosabell C. |date=July 10, 2017 |publisher=[[BusinessMirror]] |accessdate=July 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/912103/dialysis-center-for-manilas-poor-cited-by-un-body |title=Dialysis center for Manila's poor cited by UN body |author=Cabalza, Dexter |date=July 9, 2017 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |accessdate=July 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the dialysis facility was named as the Flora V. Valisno de Siojo Dialysis Center. It was inaugurated as the largest free dialysis facility in the Philippines with 91 dialysis machines, which can be expanded up to 100, matching the capabilities of the [[National Kidney and Transplant Institute]] (NKTI).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1181559/manila-opens-countrys-largest-free-dialysis-facility |title=Manila opens country’s largest free dialysis facility |author=Lalu, Gabriel Pabico |date=October 24, 2019 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]] |accessdate=October 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/26/1963439/isko-opens-philippines-largest-dialysis-center |title=Isko opens Philippine’s largest dialysis center |date=October 26, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star|PhilStar Global]] |accessdate=October 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> &lt;!--Do not add schools or other areas of education to the list, this is not meant to list every good school, or even all the best ones--&gt;<br /> {{main|List of universities and colleges in Manila|Division of City Schools–Manila}}<br /> [[File:St. La Salle Hall Facade.JPG|thumb|left|[[De La Salle University]] is a [[Lasallian educational institutions|Lasallian educational institution]] established in 1911.]]<br /> [[File:Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila.jpg|thumb|The campus of the [[University of the City of Manila]] and Baluarte de San Diego in Intramuros.]]<br /> [[File:UST-gardensjf.JPG|thumb|The [[University of Santo Tomas]] is the oldest existing university in Asia, established in 1611.]]<br /> The center of education since the colonial period, Manila&amp;nbsp;— particularly Intramuros&amp;nbsp;— is home to several Philippine universities and colleges as well as its oldest ones. It served as the home of the [[University of Santo Tomas]] (1611), [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]] (1620), [[Ateneo de Manila University]] (1859), [[Lyceum of the Philippines University]] and the [[Mapua Institute of Technology]]. Only [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]] (1620) remains at Intramuros; the [[University of Santo Tomas]] transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining &quot;de Manila&quot; in its name) in 1952.<br /> <br /> The [[University of the City of Manila]] (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila) located at Intramuros, and [[Universidad de Manila]] located just outside the walled city, are both owned and operated by the Manila city government.<br /> <br /> The University of the Philippines (1908), the premier state university, was established in Ermita, Manila. It moved its central administrative offices from Manila to Diliman in 1949 and eventually made the original campus the [[University of the Philippines Manila]] – the oldest of the constituent universities of the [[University of the Philippines|University of the Philippines System]] and the center of health sciences education in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.upm.edu.ph/letter.html |title=About UP Manila |accessdate=February 5, 2013 |publisher=University of the Philippines Manila |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206221239/http://www.upm.edu.ph/letter.html |archivedate=February 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city is also the site of the main campus of the [[Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Mesa|Polytechnic University of the Philippines]], the largest university in the country in terms of student population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pup.edu.ph/profile/ |title=PUP: Profile |date=March 30, 2011 |publisher=Polytechnic University of the Philippines |ref=PUP Website |accessdate=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621153354/http://www.pup.edu.ph/Profile/ |archive-date=June 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[University Belt]] refers to the area where there is a high concentration or a cluster of colleges and universities in the city and it is commonly understood as the one where the San Miguel, Quiapo and Sampaloc districts meet. Generally, it includes the western end of España Boulevard, Nicanor Reyes St. (formerly Morayta St.), the eastern end of Claro M. Recto Avenue (formerly Azcarraga), Legarda Avenue, Mendiola Street, and the different side streets. Each of the colleges and universities found here are at a short walking distance of each other. Another cluster of colleges lies along the southern bank of the Pasig River, mostly at the Intramuros and Ermita districts, and still a smaller cluster is found at the southernmost part of Malate near the city limits such as the private co-educational institution of [[De La Salle University]], the largest of all [[De La Salle University System]] of schools.<br /> <br /> The [[Division of City Schools–Manila|Division of the City Schools of Manila]], a branch of the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]], refers to the city's three-tier public education system. It governs the 71 public elementary schools, 32 public high schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manila.gov.ph |title=Good education a right, not privilege&amp;nbsp;– Lim |first=Itchie G. |last=Cabayan |date=April 7, 2010 |publisher=City Government of Manila |accessdate=April 24, 2010 |ref=Journal Online |quote=NO one should be deprived of a sound education for being poor |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223001303/http://manila.gov.ph/ |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city also contains the [[Manila Science High School]], the pilot science high school of the Philippines.<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> {{Main|List of people from Manila}}<br /> <br /> ==Sister cities==<br /> {{see also|List of sister cities in the Philippines}}<br /> <br /> ===Asia===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * {{flagdeco|PHI}} [[Bacoor]], Philippines&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |title=Manila, Bacoor sign sister city accord |newspaper=[[Manila Bulletin]] |author=Jaimie Rose Aberia |date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=August 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=36 |title=Relationship with Sister Cities: Manila |publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |accessdate=May 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Beijing]], People's Republic of China&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Beijing's Sister Cities |publisher=eBeijing |accessdate=January 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ChinaEmbassyOrg&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview of China-Philippines Bilateral Relations: III. Exchanges and Cooperation in the Fields of Culture, Education, Science and the Military, etc. |url=http://ph.china-embassy.org/eng/zfgx/zzgx/t180703.htm |publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of the Philippines |date=March 5, 2009 |quote=There are 24 pairs of sister-cities or sister-provinces between China and the Philippines, namely: Hangzhou and Baguio City, Guangzhou and Manila City, Shanghai and Metro Manila, Xiamen and Cebu City, Shenyang and Quezon City, Fushun and Lipa City, Hainan and Cebu Province, Sanya and Lapu-Lapu City, Shishi and Naya City, Shandong and Ilocos Norte Province, Zibo and Manduae City, Anhui and Nueva Ecija Province, Hubei and Leyte Province, Liuzhou and Muntinlupa City, Hezhou and San Fernando City, Harbin and Cagayan de Oro City, Laibin and Laoag City, Beijing and Manila City, Jiangxi and Bohol Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Davao City, Lanzhou and Albay Province, Beihai and Puerto Princessa City, Fujian Province and Laguna Province, Wuxi and Puerto Princessa City. |accessdate=February 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|TLS}} [[Dili]], East Timor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://manila.gov.ph/sisterhood-agreement-with-democratic-republic-of-timor-leste/ |title=Sisterhood Agreement With Democratic Republic Of Timor Leste |publisher=City of Manila |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714101225/https://manila.gov.ph/sisterhood-agreement-with-democratic-republic-of-timor-leste/ |archivedate=July 14, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1006608|title=Manila, Bacoor forge sisterhood pact|website=www.pna.gov.ph}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]], People's Republic of China&lt;ref name=ChinaEmbassyOrg/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hellohaifa.co.il/?page_id=727|title=Twin Cities|publisher=Hello Haifa |access-date=August 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|VIE}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/aboutgovernment/Pages/Sister-Cities.aspx |title=Sister Cities – Ho Chi Minh City |publisher=Ho Chi Minh City |accessdate=February 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Incheon]], South Korea&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://guide.incheon.go.kr/articles/2578 |title=Sister and Friendship Cities |accessdate=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206181857/http://guide.incheon.go.kr/articles/2578 |archivedate=February 6, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://manila.gov.ph/government/|title=About Manila: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Manila|accessdate=September 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173109/http://manila.gov.ph/government/|archive-date=June 11, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nantan, Kyoto]], Japan&lt;ref name=PrefKyotoJP&gt;{{cite web|title=Sister cities, towns and villages of Kyoto Prefecture|url=http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/en/01-04-03.html|website=Kyoto Prefecture Website|accessdate=February 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://manila.gov.ph/government/|title=About Manila: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Manila|accessdate=November 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173109/http://manila.gov.ph/government/|archive-date=June 11, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan (business partner)&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Partner Cities PC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/seisakukikakushitsu/page/0000040993.html |title=Business Partner Cities (BPC), the official website of Osaka city |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120230641/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/seisakukikakushitsu/page/0000040993.html |archivedate=January 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|NMI}} [[Saipan]], Northern Mariana Islands&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/47303-flores-forges-sister-city-ties-with-manila |title=Flores forges sister city ties with Manila |author=Todeno, Junhan B. |newspaper=[[Marianas Variety]] |date=June 17, 2012 |accessdate=November 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Shanghai]], People's Republic of China&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanghai twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.shfao.gov.cn/wsb/english/Sister_Cities/index.html |title=Shanghai Foreign Affairs |publisher=Shfao.gov.cn |accessdate=November 24, 2016 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518123518/http://www.shfao.gov.cn/wsb/english/Sister_Cities/index.html |archive-date=May 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB |title=International Sister Cities |publisher=Taipei City Council |access-date=June 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki]], Osaka, Japan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manila.gov.ph/manila-takatsuki-sisterhood-pact/ |title=Manila-Takatsuki sisterpact |publisher=City of Manila |accessdate=January 8, 2015 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108140843/http://manila.gov.ph/manila-takatsuki-sisterhood-pact/ |archive-date=January 8, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=JapanCLAIRSingapore&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Sister City Affiliations with Japan (by country): Philippines |url=http://www.clair.org.sg/exchange/index.html |publisher=Japan Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR, Singapore) |location=Singapore |date=February 29, 2012 |accessdate=February 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], [[Kanagawa]], Japan&lt;ref name=JapanCLAIRSingapore/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/30849/how-the-filipino-hero-found-his-samurai-wife-in-yokohama|title=How the Filipino hero found his samurai wife in Yokohama |publisher= Inquirer.net |accessdate=January 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Europe===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * {{flagdeco|ROM}} [[Bucharest]], Romania&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Twin Cities plan will boost Malacca |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1295&amp;dat=20020425&amp;id=S10uAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=SHsFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1392,2075248 |accessdate=9 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain&lt;ref name=hermanadas&gt;{{cite web |title=Hermanamientos y Acuerdos con ciudades |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url= http://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&amp;vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&amp;vgnextfmt=default&amp;idCapitulo=7182437 |access-date=November 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Màlaga]], Spain&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Nice, France|Nice]], France&lt;ref name=&quot;Nice Jumellage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |title=Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice |accessdate=June 24, 2013 |publisher=Ville de Nice |language=French |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029114949/http://nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |archivedate=October 29, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Americas===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Acapulco]], [[Guerrero]], Mexico&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2009/04/02/index.php?section=sociedad&amp;article=010n2soc |title=Sister Cities |language=Spanish |accessdate=October 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100738/http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2009/04/02/index.php?section=sociedad&amp;article=010n2soc |archivedate=March 7, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], Colombia&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Havana]], Cuba&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, United States&lt;ref name=&quot;SCI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Manila,%20Philippines |title=Manila, Philippines |publisher=Sister Cities International |accessdate=October 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027163640/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Manila,%20Philippines |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AsiaMattersforAmerica&gt;{{cite web |title=US-Asia Sister Cities by State |url=http://www.asiamattersforamerica.org/data/sister-cities |publisher=East West Center |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |website=Asia Matters for America |accessdate=February 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Maui County]], Hawaii, United States&lt;ref name=AsiaMattersforAmerica/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico<br /> * {{flagdeco|URU}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay&lt;ref name=SC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/integracion-regional |publisher=Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo |title=Relaciones internacionales |accessdate=December 12, 2011 |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108082107/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/integracion-regional |archivedate=November 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=23170 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5lnDvv2sF?url=http://www.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=23170 |archivedate=December 5, 2009 |title=Manila-Montreal Sister City Agreement Holds Potential for Better Cooperation |author=Foreign Relations |date=June 24, 2005 |publisher=The Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=October 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[New York City]], New York, United States (global partner)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |title=NYC's Partner Cities |publisher=New York City Global Partners |accessdate=January 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archivedate=August 14, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|PAN}} [[Panama City]], Panama&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |title=Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12–10–82) |date=October 12, 1982 |accessdate=March 12, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114810/http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |archivedate=May 10, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[Sacramento]], California, United States&lt;ref name=AsiaMattersforAmerica/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|US}} [[San Francisco]], California, United States&lt;ref name=AsiaMattersforAmerica/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|CHL}} [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], Chile&lt;ref name=&quot;About Manila: Sister Cities&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://grantnordman.com/site/?p=2631 |title=Winnipeg's Sister Cities: Manila (Maynila), Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas) |access-date=June 2, 2015 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604015814/http://grantnordman.com/site/?p=2631 |archive-date=June 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == International relations ==<br /> <br /> === Consulates ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white; width:50%;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;color:white;&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#810541;&quot;|Country<br /> !style=&quot;background:#810541;&quot;|Type<br /> !style=&quot;background:#810541;&quot;|Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Canada'''<br /> |Consular agency<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=66:25&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''United States'''<br /> |Consular agency<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=84:44&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Vietnam'''<br /> |Consular agency<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''The Russian Federation'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=87:47&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Finland'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=89:49&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''France'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=90:50&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Mexico'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=88:48&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Poland'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=133:99&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Spain'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=83:43&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''United Kingdom'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=135:172&amp;catid=35|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &amp;#124; Gobierno &amp;#124; gob.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:lemonchiffon;&quot;|'''Serbia'''<br /> |Honorary consul<br /> !<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Cities of the Philippines]]<br /> * [[List of cities in the Philippines]]<br /> * [[Greater Manila Area]]<br /> * [[Mega Manila]]<br /> * [[Imperial Manila]]<br /> * [[Rajahnate of Maynila]]<br /> * [[Rizal Avenue]]<br /> * [[Hidalgo Street]]<br /> * {{Books-inline|Manila}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|group=note|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Manila Note II&quot;&gt;The city limits was at Vicente Sotto Street. The rest of the place south of the street belongs to [[Pasay]]. Buildings and structures in CCP that falls under the jurisdiction of Manila includes the National Theater.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * Moore, Charles (1921). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aR7iAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA162 &quot;Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities&quot;]. Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170223001303/http://manila.gov.ph/ Official Website of the City of Manila]<br /> * {{OSM relation|103703}}<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of the Philippines]]| before=[[Quezon City]]|after=Incumbent|years=1976–present}}<br /> {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of the Philippines]]| before=[[Iloilo]]|after=[[Quezon City]]|years=1571–1948}}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Center=Manila<br /> |Northwest=[[Navotas]]<br /> |North=[[Caloocan|South Caloocan]]<br /> |Northeast=[[Quezon City]]<br /> |East=[[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mandaluyong]]<br /> |Southeast=[[Makati]]<br /> |South=[[Pasay]]<br /> |West=''[[Manila Bay]]''<br /> }}<br /> {{Manila}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title = Articles related to Manila<br /> |list =<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic Locale<br /> |list = <br /> '''[[Coordinate system|Lat. &lt;small&gt;and&lt;/small&gt; Long.]] {{Coord|14|35|45|N|120|58|38|E|display=inline}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:darkblue;&quot;&gt;Manila&lt;/span&gt;'''}}<br /> <br /> {{Metro Manila}}<br /> {{Philippine cities}}<br /> {{Largest cities of the Philippines}}<br /> {{Most populous cities in Philippines}}<br /> {{Philippines political divisions}}<br /> {{List of Asian capitals by region}}<br /> {{Asian Games Host Cities}}<br /> {{World's most populous urban areas}}<br /> {{Symbols of the Philippines}}<br /> {{Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon}}<br /> {{Largest Cities in Southeast Asia}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Good article}}<br /> <br /> {{subject bar|portal1=Geography|portal2=Asia|portal3=Philippines|commons=y |commons-search= Category:Manila |voy=y |n=y |n-search= Category:Manila}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Manila]]<br /> [[Category:Capitals in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Metro Manila]]<br /> [[Category:1574 establishments in the Philippines]]<br /> [[Category:Planned cities in the Philippines]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in 1574]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places on Manila Bay]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places on the Pasig River]]<br /> [[Category:Port cities and towns in the Philippines]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Book&diff=923689541 Surface Book 2019-10-30T04:13:21Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Design */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox information appliance<br /> |name = Surface Book<br /> |logo = Microsoft Surface Book logo.svg<br /> |image = Surface Book (1).jpg<br /> |caption =<br /> |developer = [[Microsoft]]<br /> |manufacturer = &lt;!-- need proof! many companies don't build their own products. Apple iPhone is manufactured by Foxconn. --&gt;<br /> |family = [[Microsoft Surface]]<br /> |type = [[2-in-1 PC]]<br /> |generation =<br /> |release date = {{Start date|2015|10|26}}&lt;br/&gt;''with Performance Base:'' {{Start date|2016|11|10}}<br /> |lifespan =<br /> |price = [[United States dollar|US$]]1,499.00 to $3,299.00&lt;br/&gt;[[Canadian dollar|CA$]]1,949.00 to $4,379.00&lt;br/&gt;[[Pound sterling|£]]1,299.00 to £2,649.00<br /> |discontinued =<br /> |units sold =<br /> |units shipped=<br /> |os = [[Windows 10]] [[Windows 10 editions|Pro]]<br /> |power =<br /> |cpu = [[Intel]] [[Skylake (microarchitecture)|Skylake]] [[dual-core]] processor:&lt;ref name=&quot;PCWorld&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2989906/laptop-computers/here-are-the-details-of-the-surface-book-and-surface-pro-4-chips-and-why-they-matter.html |title=Here are the details of the Surface Book and Surface Pro 4 chips, and why they matter|work=PC World|publisher=IDG|accessdate=October 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;'''i5-6300U'''&lt;br/&gt;2.4 up to 3.0&amp;nbsp;GHz, 3&amp;nbsp;MB cache, 15&amp;nbsp;W&lt;ref name=&quot;Intel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = ARK-Compare Intel Products |url=http://ark.intel.com/compare/88190,88192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;'''i7-6600U'''&lt;br/&gt;2.6 up to 3.4&amp;nbsp;GHz, 4&amp;nbsp;MB cache, 15&amp;nbsp;W&lt;ref name=&quot;ARK Intel i7 Processor Specifications&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ark.intel.com/compare/88190,88192 |title=ARK-Compare Intel Products|publisher=Intel}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |memory = 8 or 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]<br /> |storage = [[Solid-state drive|SSD]]: 128&amp;nbsp;GB, 256&amp;nbsp;GB, 512&amp;nbsp;GB, 1&amp;nbsp;[[terabyte|TB]]<br /> |memory card = Full-size [[Secure digital|SD]] card slot &lt;br/&gt;(supports [[SDXC]] cards)<br /> |display = 13.5&quot;, 3000×2000 (267 [[Pixel density|PPI]]) [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]]<br /> |graphics = [[Intel]] [[List of Intel graphics processing units#Ninth generation|HD Graphics 520]]&lt;br/&gt;Optional custom variant of [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 900 series|GeForce 940M]] GPU with 1&amp;nbsp;GB of [[GDDR5 SDRAM|GDDR5]] memory&lt;ref name=GPU1&gt;{{cite web|last1=Tyson|first1=Mark|title=Microsoft Surface Book Nvidia GeForce GPU details emerge|url=http://hexus.net/tech/news/laptop/87353-microsoft-surface-book-nvidia-geforce-gpu-details-emerge/|website=Hexus.net|accessdate=November 12, 2015|date=October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GPU2&gt;{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Chris|title=The tiny Surface Book design secrets Microsoft didn’t talk about|url=http://bgr.com/2015/10/22/surface-book-design-review/|website=BGR.com|accessdate=November 12, 2015|date=October 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 900 series|GeForce GTX 965M]] GPU 2&amp;nbsp;GB of GDDR5 memory&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnet.com/products/microsoft-surface-book-i7/preview/ | title=Surface Book i7 adds speed and battery life to Microsoft's 2-in-1 laptop (hands-on) | publisher=CNET | date=26 October 2016 | accessdate=2 November 2016 | author=Goldman, Joshua}}&lt;/ref&gt; within keyboard part<br /> |sound = Stereo speakers, dual microphones, [[Headset (audio)|headset]] [[Phone connector (audio)|jack]]<br /> |input = Keyboard, touchpad mouse, [[stylus pen]], sensors: [[accelerometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[magnetometer]], [[Photodetector|ambient light]], [[Surface Dial]]<br /> |camera = 5.0 [[Megapixel|MP]] front, 8.0 MP rear [[1080p|1080p HD]] video recording<br /> |touchpad = 5-point multi-touch<br /> |connectivity = [[IEEE 802.11|802.11a/b/g/n/ac]] Wi-Fi, [[Bluetooth 4.0]], two [[USB 3.0]] ports, [[Mini DisplayPort]]<br /> |dimensions = As a tablet: {{convert|12.3 x 8.67 x 0.3|in|cm}}&lt;br/&gt;As a laptop: {{convert|12.3 x 9.14 x 0.9|in|cm}}<br /> |weight = As a tablet: {{convert|1.6|lbs|kg}}&lt;br/&gt;As a laptop: {{convert|3.34|lbs|kg}}&lt;br/&gt;As a laptop with Performance Base: {{convert|3.68|lbs|kg}}<br /> |compatibility=<br /> |successor = [[Surface Book 2]]<br /> |related =<br /> |website = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/devices/surface-book|Surface.com}}<br /> }}<br /> {{surface models}}<br /> <br /> The '''Surface Book''' is a [[2-in-1 PC]] designed and produced by [[Microsoft]], part of the company's [[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] line of [[personal computing]] devices. Surface Book is distinguished from other Surface devices primarily by its full-sized, detachable [[computer keyboard|keyboard]], which uses a dynamic [[Fulcrum (mechanics)|fulcrum]] [[hinge]] that expands when it is opened. The keyboard contains a second [[Battery (electricity)|battery]], a number of [[Computer port (hardware)|ports]] and an optional [[GPU|discrete graphics card]] used when the screen part, also dubbed as the clipboard by Microsoft, is docked to it. Contrary to [[Surface Pro]] devices, which are marketed as [[Tablet computer|tablets]], the Surface Book is marketed as a [[laptop]], Microsoft's first device marketed as such.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Surface Book was announced at the Windows 10 Devices Event by Microsoft at October 6, 2015, alongside the [[Surface Pro 4]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Event&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Windows 10 devices event|url = http://www.microsoft.com/october2015event/en-us|website = Microsoft.com|accessdate = October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was available for a pre-order the following day and was released and shipped to customers beginning on October 26, 2015.<br /> <br /> When unveiling the Surface Book to the press, Panos Panay, corporate vice president for Surface Computing at Microsoft, initially presented the device as being a laptop (using part of a promotional video which shows the screen remaining attached to the keyboard base) and positioned it as a competitor to the [[MacBook Pro]], before revealing its true nature as a hybrid device by showing the rest of the video where the screen is revealed as detachable and compatible with the [[Surface Pen]].&lt;ref name=mashable-insidebook/&gt;&lt;ref name=wired-hingestory/&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 26, 2016, Microsoft announced an updated Surface Book with a new [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce_900_series#GeForce_900M_.289xxM.29_series|GeForce GTX 965M]] GPU and additional battery life over the original model.<br /> <br /> On October 17, 2017, Microsoft revealed the successor to the Surface Book, the [[Surface Book 2]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Surface Book 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Book 2|first1=Surface Book|title=Introducing the Surface Book 2|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/overview|website=Microsoft|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=17 October 2017|ref=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> <br /> === Design ===<br /> The Surface Book's design was influenced by a goal to design a [[2-in-1 PC|2-in-1]] convertible tablet that could be folded like a laptop, and not require the keyboard to be heavier than the tablet portion in order to support and balance the tablet portion.&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable-insidebook&quot; /&gt; To reach this goal, the Surface development team developed a special hinge on the keyboard that would increase the footprint of the device when opened, thus maintaining the balance without increasing the weight differential between the two parts.&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable-insidebook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-hingestory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Story Behind the Surface Book's Crazy New Hinge|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/story-behind-surface-books-crazy-new-hinge/|website=Wired|accessdate=October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The hinge is accompanied by muscle wire locks that secure the tablet portion to the keyboard.&lt;ref name=TheVerge&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kastrenakes|first1=Jacob|title=This is how Surface Book's crazy hinge works|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9464187/surface-book-hinge-gifs|website=TheVerge.com|accessdate=October 19, 2015|date=October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wires are made from [[nickel titanium]]—an alloy that contracts when exposed to an electrical current; pressing a release button on the keyboard sends an electrical impulse through the wires that attach or release the clips.&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable-insidebook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-hingestory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-hinge&quot; /&gt; The team also worked with the Microsoft team developing [[Windows 10]] to implement a switchable graphics system, where the tablet would be able to switch to a discrete [[graphics card]] located within the keyboard when docked, and revert to internal graphics when undocked.&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable-insidebook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-hingestory&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Surface Book's use cases are reflected by several design decisions, such as referring to the tablet portion as being a ''[[clipboard]]''. Additionally, while the device as a whole is rated as having 12 hours of battery life, this capacity is divided between two separate batteries within the clipboard and keyboard portions: the clipboard has a 4-hour battery, while the base has 8-hour.&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable-insidebook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-hingestory&quot; /&gt; The Surface Book's keyboard is considered a major component of the device, and is bundled with all models.&lt;ref name=Official /&gt;<br /> <br /> The device consists of a [[tablet computer|tablet]] portion with a {{convert|13.5|in|cm}}, 3000×2000 resolution display,&lt;ref name=&quot;PCWorld&quot; /&gt; and a keyboard attachment.&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable-insidebook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Inside the creation of the Microsoft Surface Book|url=http://mashable.com/2015/10/07/microsoft-surface-book-inside-story/|website=Mashable|accessdate=October 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; That allows it to function similarly to a traditional laptop. Both components are constructed from machined [[magnesium]].&lt;ref name=Official /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired_announcement&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9454051/microsoft-surface-laptop-announced-specs-price-release-date | title=Microsoft announces Surface Book laptop with 13.5-inch display starting at $1,499 | date=October 6, 2015 | accessdate=November 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Surface Book's keyboard utilizes a ''dynamic fulcrum hinge'', which compresses when closed, and expands outwards when opened. The hinge design allows the tablet portion to be held up at an angle resembling a traditional laptop screen without the use of a ''kickstand'', a supporting part found in Surface-series devices, and increases the physical room between the keyboard and the tablet.&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-hinge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=This is how Surface Book's crazy hinge works|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9464187/surface-book-hinge-gifs|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-surfacebookwarmed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Microsoft has warmed my cold cynical heart with hot new hardware|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9464449/microsoft-surface-book-pro-4-beautiful|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hardware ===<br /> Surface Book is a first-time Surface-family 2-in-1 to be shipped with a keyboard. Contrary to a ''Type Cover'' optional keyboard accessory of other Surface tablets, Surface Book's keyboard is a thick and sturdy part, capable of folding back behind the display. It contains two [[USB 3.0]] ports, full-size [[Secure Digital|SD]] card slot on the left, [[Mini DisplayPort]] and ''SurfaceConnect'' port on the right, has an integrated additional battery and an optional [[Nvidia]] [[Graphics processing unit#Dedicated graphics cards|discrete GPU]] with 1&amp;nbsp;GB of video memory.&lt;ref name=Official /&gt; It can be used for non-demanding tasks such as [[web browsing]] without the connected keyboard part, and when laptop convenience, extended connectivity, performance, and battery life are needed — with the keyboard attached.&lt;!-- Need to document more information about battery life here. --&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2-in-1's display features the same 3:2 [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] and 10-point [[multi-touch]] display, found in other Surface tablets starting from Surface Pro 3, but its size and resolution are significantly increased at {{convert|13.5|in|cm}} and 3000×2000 (267&amp;nbsp;[[Pixel density|PPI]]) respectively.&lt;ref name=Official /&gt;<br /> <br /> Surface Book models are built with a 6th generation [[Skylake (microarchitecture)|Skylake]] Intel Core i5 or i7 [[Central processing unit|processors]]. The top CPU option, i7-6600U, has a [[clock rate]] of 2.6&amp;nbsp;[[Hertz#Computers|GHz]], with up to 3.4&amp;nbsp;GHz in [[Intel Turbo Boost|Turbo Boost]] mode.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARK Intel i7 Processor Specifications&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There is an [[List of Intel graphics processing units#Ninth generation|Intel HD Graphics 520]] [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]] available, [[Graphics processing unit#Integrated graphics solutions|integrated]] in all processor options, however it is possible to order a Surface Book with an additional custom variant of [[GeForce 900 series#GeForce 900M (9xxM) series|Nvidia GeForce 940M]]&lt;ref name=GPU1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=GPU2 /&gt; [[Maxwell (microarchitecture)|Maxwell]]-architecture [[Graphics processing unit#Dedicated graphics cards|discrete GPU]] for the improved operation of GPU performance-demanding programs such as [[Adobe Premiere Pro]].&lt;ref name=ER&gt;{{cite web|last1=Barton|first1=Seth|title=Surface Book - Microsoft just broke the laptop|url=http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/laptops/1404018/surface-book-microsoft-just-broke-the-laptop|website=ExpertReviews.co.uk|accessdate=October 19, 2015|date=October 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the presentation it was stated that the models with Nvidia GPU can comfortably run games with a performance footprint of [[League of Legends]].&lt;ref name=TechInsider&gt;{{cite web|last1=Gilbert|first1=Ben|title=There's finally a laptop that's good enough for gamers|url=http://www.techinsider.io/microsoft-surface-book-gaming-2015-10|website=TechInsider.io|accessdate=October 24, 2015|date=October 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Surface Book is able to connect and disconnect the discrete GPU automatically, on-the-fly and without an [[operating system|OS]] [[Reboot (computing)|reboot]] needed, when user attaches and detaches the keyboard part.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCWorld&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Two [[Random-access memory|system memory]] options available are: 8 or 16&amp;nbsp;GB and four [[Solid-state drive|SSD]] options: 128, 256, 512 GB, or 1 TB, but the higher SSD option is not available in some countries.&lt;ref name=Official /&gt;<br /> <br /> The front camera contains an infrared sensor that supports logging in with [[Windows Hello]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/11/windows-hello-facial-logins-on-the-new-surfaces-is-rather-impressive/|title=Windows Hello facial logins on the new Surfaces are rather impressive|last=Bright|first=Peter|date=November 1, 2015|work=Ars Technika|access-date=June 2, 2016|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Need more information about the camera here including sources to the specs. The infobox has details but needs to be covered in prose as well. --&gt;<br /> [[File:Surface Book Detach.jpg|right|thumb|Surface Book allowing the user to detach the notebook]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Surface Book Configuration Options &lt;ref&gt;https://surfacetip.com/surface-book/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Price Tier (USD)<br /> !Size<br /> !CPU<br /> !GPU<br /> !RAM<br /> !Internal Storage<br /> |-<br /> |1,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |13.5&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Intel Core i5-6300U<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel HD Graphics 520<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |8 GB<br /> | 128&amp;nbsp;GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,699<br /> | 256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | Intel Core i7-6600U<br /> | 16 GB<br /> | 512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,899<br /> |Intel Core i5-6300U<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nvidia GeForce 940M 1 GB<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |8 GB<br /> |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Intel Core i7-6600U<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | Nvidia GeForce 965M 2 GB<br /> | 16 GB<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Surface Book with Performance Base ====<br /> At the Microsoft Windows 10 event on October 26, 2016, Microsoft announced a version of the Surface Book that contained an updated [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce_900_series#GeForce_900M_.289xxM.29_series|GeForce GTX 965M]] discrete GPU along with an additional 1 GB of [[GDDR5]] video memory (meaning the new Surface Book now has 2 GB of [[vRAM]] instead of 1 GB). The base of this updated Surface Book is also thicker than the original in order to incorporate an additional cooling fan for the new GPU and more internal batteries, allowing for an additional 4 hours of video playback - upping the total claimed runtime of the device to 16 hours. This model is also {{convert|0.3|lbs|kg}} heavier and is available only with an [[Intel Core i7]] processor. There are no upgrades to the processors, RAM, or storage in the Surface Book with Performance Base over the original.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnet.com/products/microsoft-surface-book-i7/preview/ | title=Surface Book i7 adds speed and battery life to Microsoft's 2-in-1 laptop (hands-on) | publisher=CNET | date=26 October 2016 | accessdate=2 November 2016 | author=Goldman, Joshua}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Software ===<br /> Surface Book models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of [[Windows 10|Windows 10 Pro]] and a 30-day [[Shareware|trial]] [[Microsoft Office]] suite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Surface Book|url = https://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/devices/surface-book|website = Microsoft.com|accessdate = October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Accessories===<br /> A ''Surface Dock'' was announced alongside the Surface Book and Surface Pro 4, and is compatible with both devices. It is also backward compatible with the Surface Pro 3. The ''Surface Dock'' adds two [[Mini DisplayPort]]s, one [[Gigabit Ethernet]], four [[USB 3.0]] and one audio out port to the 2-in-1.&lt;ref name=&quot;Surface Dock&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Surface Dock|url = http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/accessories/surface-dock|website = Microsoft.com|accessdate = October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Just like the Surface Pro devices, Surface Book includes a ''Surface Pen''.&lt;ref name=&quot;SurfacePen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Microsoft Surface Pen|url = http://www.microsoftstore.com/store/msusa/en_US/pdp/Microsoft-Surface-Pen/productID.325724000|website = Microsoft.com|accessdate = October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Surface Book ships with the latest version of the pen with 1024 levels of pressure. A ''Surface Pen Tip Kit'' is also available for order, which includes a set of pen tips of various diameter aimed for artists and illustrators.<br /> <br /> == Reception and issues ==<br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> Upon release the Surface Book received critical acclaim for its design and functionality, as well as its integration of a secondary GPU into the keyboard. However, the lack of certain features, such as [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] connectivity and [[USB-C]] ports, was noted along with the price of the highest-specs model (US$3,200 for one with 1&amp;nbsp;TB of storage and a Core i7).&lt;ref name=&quot;PCWorld&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=TechRadar&gt;{{cite web|last1=Osborne|first1=Joe|title=Hands on: Microsoft Surface Book review|url=http://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/microsoft-surface-book-1306306/review|website=TechRadar.com|accessdate=October 19, 2015|date=October 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, many reviewers had pre-release issues with the hinge undocking mechanism and graphics display drivers, both of which Microsoft resolved at a later date through a Windows software update.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pcworld.com/article/2998893/tablet-pc/new-surface-book-owners-complain-of-unexpected-freezes-other-bugs.html&lt;/ref&gt; The first review versions of the hardware did not initially have [[Windows Hello]] enabled, but after a firmware update enabled it reception of the feature was positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9744/hello-windows-hello-firmware-update-adds-biometric-login-to-surface-pro-4-and-surface-book|title=Hello Windows Hello: Firmware Update Adds Biometric Login To Surface Pro 4 And Surface Book|last=Howse|first=Brett|date=October 25, 2015|work=AnandTech|access-date=June 2, 2016|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The &quot;teardown&quot; site [[iFixit]] scored the Surface Book 1/10 for repairability mainly due to the use of glue instead of screws to hold the unit together and the impossibility of upgrade things such as the CPU and RAM that are both soldered to the motherboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Device/Microsoft_Surface_Book |title=Microsoft Surface Book Repair |access-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Issues ===<br /> The [[Windows Hello]] [[device driver|driver]] included in a [[firmware]] update failed to properly reinitialize the infrared camera after waking from [[sleep mode]], causing Windows Hello to fail until a reboot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/3006813/patch-management/surface-book-surface-pro-4-firmware-update-breaks-cameras-locks-screens.html|title=Surface Book, Surface Pro 4 firmware update breaks cameras, locks screens|last=Leonhard|first=Woody|date=November 19, 2015|work=InfoWorld|access-date=June 2, 2016|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firmware updates were issued in April and May 2016 to fix the camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/microsoft-surface-camera-driver-updates/|title=Microsoft pushes Windows Hello with latest Surface driver updates|last=Martindale|first=Jon|date=May 10, 2016|work=Digital Trends|access-date=June 2, 2016|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The device had a battery life issue where it failed to sleep properly, draining the battery very quickly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/surface-pro-4-surface-book-sleep-fix-coming-soon|title=Surface Pro 4, Surface Book 'sleep' fix coming soon (early 2016)|date=December 4, 2015|website=WinBeta|language=en-US|access-date=June 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Microsoft developed a fix that was available on February 17, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10051/microsoft-patches-surface-book-and-surface-pro-4-sleep-issue|title=Microsoft Patches Surface Book And Surface Pro 4 Sleep Issue|last=Howse|first=Brett|website=www.anandtech.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Return rates ==<br /> The Surface Book has had high return rates since its launch because of the issues it had.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/14/16142490/microsoft-surface-consumer-reports-memo-return-rates Leaked Microsoft memo reveals high Surface Book return rates - The Verge]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Timeline ==<br /> {{surface timeline}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/devices/surface-book}}<br /> * {{YouTube|XVfOe5mFbAE|The New Microsoft Surface Book}} &lt;!-- Link to official Microsoft video channel --&gt;<br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box<br /> | title = Surface Book<br /> | years = 1st generation<br /> | before = -<br /> | after = [[Surface Book 2]]<br /> }}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Windows tablets}}<br /> {{Microsoft}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Microsoft Surface]]<br /> [[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2015]]<br /> [[Category:2-in-1 PCs]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Book_2&diff=923689290 Surface Book 2 2019-10-30T04:10:23Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Issues */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox information appliance<br /> | name = Surface Book 2<br /> | logo = Microsoft Surface Book logo.svg<br /> | developer = [[Microsoft]]<br /> | family = [[Microsoft Surface]]<br /> | type = [[2-in-1 PC]]<br /> | generation = 2<br /> | release date = {{Start date|2017|11|16}}<br /> | os = [[Windows 10]] [[Windows 10 editions|Pro]]<br /> | cpu = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[Intel Core|Core]] i5-7300U [[Multi-core processor|dual-core]] processor, Intel Core i5 quad-core processor, Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor<br /> | memory = '''13.5&quot;:''' 8 or 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]<br /> | storage = [[Solid-state drive|SSD]]: 128&amp;nbsp;GB, 256&amp;nbsp;GB, 512&amp;nbsp;GB, 1&amp;nbsp;[[terabyte|TB]]<br /> | memory card = Full-size [[Secure digital|SD]] card slot&lt;br/&gt;(supports [[SDXC]] UHS-1 cards)<br /> | display = '''13.5&quot;:''' {{convert|13.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3000×2000 (267 [[Pixel density|PPI]]) [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3240×2160 (260 PPI) LCD<br /> | graphics = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[List of Intel graphics processing units#Ninth generation|HD Graphics 620]]&lt;br/&gt;or [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1050]] with 2GB of GDDR5 RAM&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1060]] with 6GB of GDDR5 RAM<br /> | sound = Stereo speakers, dual microphones, [[Headset (audio)|headset]] [[Phone connector (audio)|jack]]<br /> | input = Keyboard, touchpad mouse, [[stylus pen]], sensors: [[accelerometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[magnetometer]], [[Photodetector|ambient light]], [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]]<br /> | camera = 5.0 [[Megapixel|MP]] front, 8.0 MP rear [[1080p|1080p HD]] video recording<br /> | dimensions = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|12.3|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.4|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.51|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|13.5|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.87|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.568|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''<br /> | weight = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;i5: {{Convert|3.38|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;i7: {{Convert|3.62|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|4.2|lbs|g}}<br /> | predecessor = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/overview|Surface.com}}<br /> | image = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Top (38828932021).jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> }} {{Surface models}}<br /> The '''Surface Book 2''' is the official 2nd generation of the [[Surface Book]], and most powerful device in the [[Microsoft]] [[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] lineup of [[personal computing|personal computers]]. Designed and produced by [[Microsoft]] from the ground up, the Surface Book 2 is a high-end device featuring significant improvements in many of its hardware components despite inheriting design elements from the first generation, and also introduces 2 screen sizes for the first time: a standard 13.5-inch version, as well as a more powerful 15-inch model that has a higher [[pixel density]] display, factory color calibration, extended battery life, built-in [[Xbox One]] &amp; [[Xbox Elite Wireless Controller|Elite]] wireless controller support, [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 10 series|GTX 1060]] GPU for intensive applications, Intel's 8th-generation [[Kaby Lake|Kaby Lake Refresh]] i7 processor, and two dedicated active cooling systems in the device.<br /> <br /> It was unveiled on October 17, 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/laptops/surface-book-2-release-date-news-and-rumors-1319644|title=Surface Book 2 release date, price, news and features|work=TechRadar|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and released on November 16, 2017. It succeeds the [[Surface Book|Surface Book with Performance Base]] released in October 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/867590/Microsoft-Surface-Book-2-UK-Price-Release-Date-Specs|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2: UK price, release date, specs, and features|last=Brown|first=Aaron|date=2017-10-17|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> === Hardware ===<br /> Like the original Surface Book, the Surface Book 2 is shipped with a hardware keyboard base that contains a high-performance mobile [[GPU]] and a dedicated active cooling system. It also contains two [[USB 3.0]] Gen-1 ports, a [[USB-C]] port, 3.5mm headphone jack, full-sized [[Secure Digital|SD]] card slot, and two ''Surface Connect'' ports (one of which is always occupied by the keyboard base for communication between the two hardware portions, unless the tablet is detached from the base).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/microsoft-unveils-surface-book-2-promising-double-power-speed-apple-macbook-pro/|title=Microsoft unveils Surface Book 2, promising double the power and speed of Apple MacBook Pro|date=2017-10-17|work=GeekWire|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The front-facing camera contains an infrared sensor that supports login using [[Windows Hello]].<br /> <br /> From a hardware perspective, this device marks Microsoft's first time to provide USB-C natively in any Surface device, even though [[USB Power Delivery|power delivery]] is not supported. It was the only Surface computer equipped with USB-C until introduction of the [[Surface Go]], in August 2018.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Surface Book 2 Configuration Options &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/surface-book-2/8MCPZJJCC98C&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/commercial-microsoft-surface-book-2/8X4HTZNFGG38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Price Tier (USD)<br /> !Size<br /> !CPU<br /> !GPU<br /> !RAM<br /> !Internal Storage<br /> |-<br /> |1,149<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |13.5&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Intel Core i5-7300U (2.6 to 3.5&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |8GB<br /> | 128&amp;nbsp;GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,299<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,499<br /> |Intel Core i5 i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.windowscentral.com/surface-book-2-8th-gen-intel-core-i5-processor-now-available-order&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |16GB<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,999<br /> |1 TB<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |15&quot;<br /> |Intel Core i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |16 GB<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060<br /> |-<br /> |2,899<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |3,299<br /> |1 TB<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Software ===<br /> Surface Book 2 models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of [[Windows 10|Windows 10 Pro]] and a 30-day [[Shareware|trial]] [[Microsoft Office]] suite. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox (app), Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, and Microsoft Edge. With Windows 10 the ''Tablet mode'' is available when the base is detached from the device. In this mode, all windows are opened full-screen and the interface becomes more touch-centric.<br /> <br /> === Accessories ===<br /> The Surface Book 2 is [[Backward compatibility|backward-compatible]] with all accessories of its direct predecessors, such as the [[List of Surface accessories|Surface Dock]], [[List of Surface accessories|Surface Dial]] and [[Surface Pen]]. The device's native [[pen computing]] capabilities are based on N-trig technology that Microsoft acquired in 2015, but major improvements were made to reduce input latency, add tilt support, and capture up to 4096 levels of pressure sensitivity. Following the device's general public launch, Microsoft has also published a series of software updates that further improved the device's palm rejection and pen computing accuracy.<br /> <br /> <br /> {{surface timeline}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[File:Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Detach button (38112942624).jpg|thumb|Detach button on the Surface Book 2|alt=|261x261px]]<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = <br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | total_width = 350<br /> | image1 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Ports (38828669101).jpg<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Muscle wire (38112775604).jpg<br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Available ports on the two sides of the keyboard<br /> }}The Surface Book 2 received broadly positive reviews, often compared favorably to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[MacBook Pro]] lineup. Most reviews applauded the Surface Book 2's keyboard for offering a class-leading 1.55mm of key travel, significant performance improvement, well-controlled thermals, and new hinge - now redesigned and built as one singular component that increased device rigidity, improved overall docking reliability, and reduced screen wobble.<br /> <br /> Other improvements include an improved IR camera that activates faster and supports enhanced anti-spoofing [[Windows Hello]] facial recognition, a faster [[solid-state drive]] that provides full drive encryption from as early as first-boot while working in conjunction with the built-in [[TPM Chip|TPM chip]], and two new cooling systems (for the CPU and GPU) designed to produce less high-pitched noise. The finger scoop has also been reshaped to avoid putting pressure on the glass screen when the lid is being closed.<br /> <br /> Devindra Hardawar of Engadget said of the 15-inch model, &quot;The Surface Book 2 is exactly what we've wanted from a high-end Microsoft laptop. It's powerful, sturdy and its unique hinge doesn't come with any compromises.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardawar also directly compared the Surface Book 2 to Apple's Macbook Pro saying, &quot;It's the closest a PC maker has come to taking on the MacBook Pro, both in style and substance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tom Warren, of The Verge, also gave the Surface Book 2 positive notice, praising its performance, keyboard, and trackpad. However, Mr. Warren expressed reservations about the hardware design being largely unchanged, noting &quot;I’d still like to see Microsoft refine the design more to address the hinge and screen wobble fully, and pack in a better power supply. It’s surprising to see the same design after two years, and I was expecting bigger refinements and changes.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658466/microsoft-surface-book-2-review|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2 review: beauty and brawn, but with limits|work=The Verge|access-date=2017-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Issues ==<br /> The Surface Book 2 faced a number of early production issues when it was first launched in November 2017, including defective operating system [[System image|images]], split key caps, misaligned hinges, overuse of adhesives surrounding the tablet screen, and coil whine when under load.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Surface/comments/90zoi7/what_are_some_currently_existing_sb2_issues/|title=r/Surface - What are some currently existing SB2 issues?|website=reddit|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most issues were gradually resolved as production continued.<br /> <br /> One issue that remains unfixed, however, is battery drain during high intensity workloads. When the 15-inch Surface Book 2 is set to &quot;Best Performance&quot; in the [[Windows 10]] operating system power settings, specific scenarios like extensive gaming or video transcoding could lead to high usage across both the CPU and GPU, and cause the device to draw over 105W of power. This would unavoidably lead to battery drain until depletion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/21/16685986/microsoft-surface-book-2-power-problem|title=Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2’s power problem|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2017-11-21|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; This issue first appeared in review units shipped to reviewers and other outlets, all of which were accompanied with official 95-watt power supplies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/21/16685986/microsoft-surface-book-2-power-problem Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2’s power problem - The Verge]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techradar.com/news/microsoft-confirms-surface-book-2-battery-drain-problems-while-gaming Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2 battery drain problems while gaming | TechRadar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Microsoft]] eventually responded to inquiries, and despite acknowledging no fault, proceeded to partially rectify it by bundling retail units with newer chargers capable of continuously providing up to 102W of power, which was also the theoretical maximum electrical input supported by the Surface Book 2's charging port without a broader redesign. The official [[List of Surface accessories|Surface Dock]], however, remains unchanged and only provides up to 90W.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/}}<br /> * {{YouTube|m0WhrRIqT6Y|Introducing the new Surface Book 2}} &lt;!-- Link to official Microsoft video channel --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box<br /> | title = Surface Book<br /> | years = 2nd generation<br /> | before = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | after = '''Latest Model'''<br /> }}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Windows tablets}}<br /> {{Microsoft}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Microsoft Surface]]<br /> [[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:2-in-1 PCs]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Book_2&diff=923585903 Surface Book 2 2019-10-29T13:55:38Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* Issues */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox information appliance<br /> | name = Surface Book 2<br /> | logo = Microsoft Surface Book logo.svg<br /> | developer = [[Microsoft]]<br /> | family = [[Microsoft Surface]]<br /> | type = [[2-in-1 PC]]<br /> | generation = 2<br /> | release date = {{Start date|2017|11|16}}<br /> | os = [[Windows 10]] [[Windows 10 editions|Pro]]<br /> | cpu = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[Intel Core|Core]] i5-7300U [[Multi-core processor|dual-core]] processor, Intel Core i5 quad-core processor, Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor<br /> | memory = '''13.5&quot;:''' 8 or 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]<br /> | storage = [[Solid-state drive|SSD]]: 128&amp;nbsp;GB, 256&amp;nbsp;GB, 512&amp;nbsp;GB, 1&amp;nbsp;[[terabyte|TB]]<br /> | memory card = Full-size [[Secure digital|SD]] card slot&lt;br/&gt;(supports [[SDXC]] UHS-1 cards)<br /> | display = '''13.5&quot;:''' {{convert|13.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3000×2000 (267 [[Pixel density|PPI]]) [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3240×2160 (260 PPI) LCD<br /> | graphics = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[List of Intel graphics processing units#Ninth generation|HD Graphics 620]]&lt;br/&gt;or [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1050]] with 2GB of GDDR5 RAM&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1060]] with 6GB of GDDR5 RAM<br /> | sound = Stereo speakers, dual microphones, [[Headset (audio)|headset]] [[Phone connector (audio)|jack]]<br /> | input = Keyboard, touchpad mouse, [[stylus pen]], sensors: [[accelerometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[magnetometer]], [[Photodetector|ambient light]], [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]]<br /> | camera = 5.0 [[Megapixel|MP]] front, 8.0 MP rear [[1080p|1080p HD]] video recording<br /> | dimensions = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|12.3|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.4|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.51|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|13.5|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.87|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.568|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''<br /> | weight = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;i5: {{Convert|3.38|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;i7: {{Convert|3.62|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|4.2|lbs|g}}<br /> | predecessor = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/overview|Surface.com}}<br /> | image = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Top (38828932021).jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> }} {{Surface models}}<br /> The '''Surface Book 2''' is the official 2nd generation, and most powerful [[2-in-1 PC|device]], in the [[Microsoft]] [[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] lineup of [[personal computing|personal computers]]. Designed and produced by [[Microsoft]] from the ground up, the Surface Book 2 included significant improvements to many of its hardware components despite inheriting design elements from the first generation, and also introduced 2 screen sizes for the first time: a standard 13.5-inch version, as well as a more powerful 15-inch version featuring a sharper display, factory color calibration, extended battery life, built-in [[Xbox One]] &amp; [[Xbox Elite Wireless Controller|Elite]] wireless controller support, a [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 10 series|GTX 1060]] GPU for intensive applications, and Intel's 8th-generation [[Kaby Lake|Kaby Lake Refresh]] i7 processor with dedicated active cooling in the tablet portion.<br /> <br /> It was unveiled on October 17, 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/laptops/surface-book-2-release-date-news-and-rumors-1319644|title=Surface Book 2 release date, price, news and features|work=TechRadar|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and released on November 16, 2017. It succeeds the [[Surface Book|Surface Book with Performance Base]] released in October 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/867590/Microsoft-Surface-Book-2-UK-Price-Release-Date-Specs|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2: UK price, release date, specs, and features|last=Brown|first=Aaron|date=2017-10-17|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> === Hardware ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = <br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | total_width = 350<br /> | image1 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Ports (38828669101).jpg<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Muscle wire (38112775604).jpg<br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Available ports on the two sides of the keyboard<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Like the original Surface Book, the Surface Book 2 is shipped with a hardware keyboard base that contains a high-performance mobile [[GPU]] and a dedicated active cooling system. It also contains two [[USB 3.0]] Gen-1 ports, a [[USB-C]] port, 3.5mm headphone jack, full-sized [[Secure Digital|SD]] card slot, and two ''Surface Connect'' ports (one of which is always occupied by the keyboard base for communication between the two hardware portions, unless the tablet is detached from the base).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/microsoft-unveils-surface-book-2-promising-double-power-speed-apple-macbook-pro/|title=Microsoft unveils Surface Book 2, promising double the power and speed of Apple MacBook Pro|date=2017-10-17|work=GeekWire|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The front-facing camera also contains an infrared sensor that supports automatic login with [[Windows Hello]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Surface Book 2 Configuration Options &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/surface-book-2/8MCPZJJCC98C&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/commercial-microsoft-surface-book-2/8X4HTZNFGG38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Price Tier (USD)<br /> !Size<br /> !CPU<br /> !GPU<br /> !RAM<br /> !Internal Storage<br /> |-<br /> |1,149<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |13.5&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Intel Core i5-7300U (2.6 to 3.5&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |8GB<br /> | 128&amp;nbsp;GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,299<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,499<br /> |Intel Core i5 i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.windowscentral.com/surface-book-2-8th-gen-intel-core-i5-processor-now-available-order&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |16GB<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,999<br /> |1 TB<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |15&quot;<br /> |Intel Core i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |16 GB<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060<br /> |-<br /> |2,899<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |3,299<br /> |1 TB<br /> |}<br /> === Software ===<br /> Surface Book 2 models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of [[Windows 10|Windows 10 Pro]] and a 30-day [[Shareware|trial]] [[Microsoft Office]] suite. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox (app), Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, and Microsoft Edge. With Windows 10 the ''Tablet mode'' is available when the base is detached from the device. In this mode, all windows are opened full-screen and the interface becomes more touch-centric.<br /> <br /> === Accessories ===<br /> The Surface Book 2 is [[Backward compatibility|backward-compatible]] with all accessories of its direct predecessors, including the [[List of Surface accessories|Surface Dock]] and [[Surface Pen]]. Additionally, the Surface Book 2 also adds support for the [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]], including its magnet-driven on-screen controls.<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[File:Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Detach button (38112942624).jpg|thumb|Detach button on the Surface Book 2|alt=]]<br /> The Surface Book 2 received broadly positive reviews, often compared favorably to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[MacBook Pro]] lineup. Most reviews applauded the Surface Book 2's keyboard for offering a class-leading 1.55mm of key travel, significant performance improvement, well-controlled thermals, and new hinge - now redesigned and built as one singular component that increased device rigidity, improved overall docking reliability, and reduced screen wobble. Other improvements include an improved IR camera that supports enhanced, anti-spoofing [[Windows Hello]] facial recognition, a faster [[solid-state drive]] that provides full drive encryption from as early as first-boot by working in conjunction with the built-in [[TPM Chip|TPM chip]], and two new cooling systems (for the CPU and GPU) designed to produce less high-pitched noise.<br /> <br /> Devindra Hardawar of Engadget said of the 15-inch model, &quot;The Surface Book 2 is exactly what we've wanted from a high-end Microsoft laptop. It's powerful, sturdy and its unique hinge doesn't come with any compromises.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardawar also directly compared the Surface Book 2 to Apple's Macbook Pro saying, &quot;It's the closest a PC maker has come to taking on the MacBook Pro, both in style and substance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tom Warren, of The Verge, also gave the Surface Book 2 positive notice, praising its performance, keyboard, and trackpad. However, Mr. Warren expressed reservations about the hardware design being largely unchanged, noting &quot;I’d still like to see Microsoft refine the design more to address the hinge and screen wobble fully, and pack in a better power supply. It’s surprising to see the same design after two years, and I was expecting bigger refinements and changes.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658466/microsoft-surface-book-2-review|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2 review: beauty and brawn, but with limits|work=The Verge|access-date=2017-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Issues ==<br /> The Surface Book 2 faced a number of early production issues when it was first launched in November 2017, including split key caps, overuse of adhesives surrounding the tablet screen, and coil whine when under load.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Surface/comments/90zoi7/what_are_some_currently_existing_sb2_issues/|title=r/Surface - What are some currently existing SB2 issues?|website=reddit|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most issues were gradually resolved as production continued.<br /> <br /> One issue that remains unfixed, however, is battery drain during specific computing workloads. When the Surface Book 2 is set to &quot;Best Performance&quot; in the [[Windows 10]] operating system power settings, specific workloads such as extensive gaming or video transcoding could lead to high usage across both the CPU and GPU in the 15-inch Surface Book 2, and cause the notebook to consume over 105W of power. This would unavoidably lead to battery drain until depletion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/21/16685986/microsoft-surface-book-2-power-problem|title=Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2’s power problem|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2017-11-21|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; This issue first appeared in review units shipped to reviewers and other outlets, all of which were accompanied with official 95-watt power supplies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/21/16685986/microsoft-surface-book-2-power-problem Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2’s power problem - The Verge]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techradar.com/news/microsoft-confirms-surface-book-2-battery-drain-problems-while-gaming Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2 battery drain problems while gaming | TechRadar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Microsoft]] eventually acknowledged the issue, and despite acknowledging no fault, proceeded to partially rectify it by bundling production units with newer chargers that are capable of continuously providing up to 102W of power, which was also the theoretical maximum electrical input supported by the Surface Book 2's charging port without a broader redesign. The official [[List of Surface accessories|Surface Dock]], however, remains unchanged and only provides up to 90W.<br /> <br /> {{surface timeline}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/}}<br /> * {{YouTube|m0WhrRIqT6Y|Introducing the new Surface Book 2}} &lt;!-- Link to official Microsoft video channel --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box<br /> | title = Surface Book<br /> | years = 2nd generation<br /> | before = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | after = '''Latest Model'''<br /> }}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Windows tablets}}<br /> {{Microsoft}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Microsoft Surface]]<br /> [[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:2-in-1 PCs]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Book_2&diff=923579227 Surface Book 2 2019-10-29T12:56:01Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox information appliance<br /> | name = Surface Book 2<br /> | logo = Microsoft Surface Book logo.svg<br /> | developer = [[Microsoft]]<br /> | family = [[Microsoft Surface]]<br /> | type = [[2-in-1 PC]]<br /> | generation = 2<br /> | release date = {{Start date|2017|11|16}}<br /> | os = [[Windows 10]] [[Windows 10 editions|Pro]]<br /> | cpu = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[Intel Core|Core]] i5-7300U [[Multi-core processor|dual-core]] processor, Intel Core i5 quad-core processor, Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor<br /> | memory = '''13.5&quot;:''' 8 or 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]<br /> | storage = [[Solid-state drive|SSD]]: 128&amp;nbsp;GB, 256&amp;nbsp;GB, 512&amp;nbsp;GB, 1&amp;nbsp;[[terabyte|TB]]<br /> | memory card = Full-size [[Secure digital|SD]] card slot&lt;br/&gt;(supports [[SDXC]] UHS-1 cards)<br /> | display = '''13.5&quot;:''' {{convert|13.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3000×2000 (267 [[Pixel density|PPI]]) [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3240×2160 (260 PPI) LCD<br /> | graphics = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[List of Intel graphics processing units#Ninth generation|HD Graphics 620]]&lt;br/&gt;or [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1050]] with 2GB of GDDR5 RAM&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1060]] with 6GB of GDDR5 RAM<br /> | sound = Stereo speakers, dual microphones, [[Headset (audio)|headset]] [[Phone connector (audio)|jack]]<br /> | input = Keyboard, touchpad mouse, [[stylus pen]], sensors: [[accelerometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[magnetometer]], [[Photodetector|ambient light]], [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]]<br /> | camera = 5.0 [[Megapixel|MP]] front, 8.0 MP rear [[1080p|1080p HD]] video recording<br /> | dimensions = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|12.3|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.4|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.51|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|13.5|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.87|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.568|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''<br /> | weight = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;i5: {{Convert|3.38|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;i7: {{Convert|3.62|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|4.2|lbs|g}}<br /> | predecessor = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/overview|Surface.com}}<br /> | image = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Top (38828932021).jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> }} {{Surface models}}<br /> The '''Surface Book 2''' is the official 2nd generation, and most powerful [[2-in-1 PC|device]], in the [[Microsoft]] [[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] lineup of [[personal computing|personal computers]]. Designed and produced by [[Microsoft]] from the ground up, the Surface Book 2 included significant improvements to many of its hardware components despite inheriting design elements from the first generation, and also introduced 2 screen sizes for the first time: a standard 13.5-inch version, as well as a more powerful 15-inch version featuring a sharper display, factory color calibration, extended battery life, built-in [[Xbox One]] &amp; [[Xbox Elite Wireless Controller|Elite]] wireless controller support, a [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 10 series|GTX 1060]] GPU for intensive applications, and Intel's 8th-generation [[Kaby Lake|Kaby Lake Refresh]] i7 processor with dedicated active cooling in the tablet portion.<br /> <br /> It was unveiled on October 17, 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/laptops/surface-book-2-release-date-news-and-rumors-1319644|title=Surface Book 2 release date, price, news and features|work=TechRadar|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and released on November 16, 2017. It succeeds the [[Surface Book|Surface Book with Performance Base]] released in October 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/867590/Microsoft-Surface-Book-2-UK-Price-Release-Date-Specs|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2: UK price, release date, specs, and features|last=Brown|first=Aaron|date=2017-10-17|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> === Hardware ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = <br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | total_width = 350<br /> | image1 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Ports (38828669101).jpg<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Muscle wire (38112775604).jpg<br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Available ports on the two sides of the keyboard<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Like the Surface Book, the Surface Book 2 is shipped with a keyboard. It contains two [[USB 3.0]] Generation 1 ports, a [[USB-C]] port, 3.5mm headphone jack, full-size [[Secure Digital|SD]] card slot on the left and two ''SurfaceConnect'' ports (one in the tablet that is only accessible once the tablet is detached from the base, and one in the base itself).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/microsoft-unveils-surface-book-2-promising-double-power-speed-apple-macbook-pro/|title=Microsoft unveils Surface Book 2, promising double the power and speed of Apple MacBook Pro|date=2017-10-17|work=GeekWire|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The front camera contains an infrared sensor that supports logging in with [[Windows Hello]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Surface Book 2 Configuration Options &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/surface-book-2/8MCPZJJCC98C&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/commercial-microsoft-surface-book-2/8X4HTZNFGG38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Price Tier (USD)<br /> !Size<br /> !CPU<br /> !GPU<br /> !RAM<br /> !Internal Storage<br /> |-<br /> |1,149<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |13.5&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Intel Core i5-7300U (2.6 to 3.5&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |8GB<br /> | 128&amp;nbsp;GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,299<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,499<br /> |Intel Core i5 i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.windowscentral.com/surface-book-2-8th-gen-intel-core-i5-processor-now-available-order&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |16GB<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,999<br /> |1 TB<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |15&quot;<br /> |Intel Core i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |16 GB<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060<br /> |-<br /> |2,899<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |3,299<br /> |1 TB<br /> |}<br /> === Software ===<br /> Surface Book 2 models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of [[Windows 10|Windows 10 Pro]] and a 30-day [[Shareware|trial]] [[Microsoft Office]] suite. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox (app), Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, and Microsoft Edge. With Windows 10 the ''Tablet mode'' is available when the base is detached from the device. In this mode, all windows are opened full-screen and the interface becomes more touch-centric.<br /> <br /> === Accessories ===<br /> The Surface Book 2 is [[Backward compatibility|backward-compatible]] with all accessories of its direct predecessors, including the [[List of Surface accessories|Surface Dock]] and [[Surface Pen]]. Additionally, the Surface Book 2 also adds support for the [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]], including its magnet-driven on-screen controls.<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[File:Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Detach button (38112942624).jpg|thumb|Detach button on the Surface Book 2|alt=]]<br /> The Surface Book 2 received broadly positive reviews, often compared favorably to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[MacBook Pro]] lineup. Most reviews applauded the Surface Book 2's industry-leading keyboard with 1.55mm of key travel, proven performance, well-controlled thermals, and improved hinge mechanism - which is now built as a singular component that improved device rigidity and reduced screen wobble.<br /> <br /> Devindra Hardawar of Engadget said of the 15-inch model, &quot;The Surface Book 2 is exactly what we've wanted from a high-end Microsoft laptop. It's powerful, sturdy and its unique hinge doesn't come with any compromises.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardawar also directly compared the Surface Book 2 to Apple's Macbook Pro saying, &quot;It's the closest a PC maker has come to taking on the MacBook Pro, both in style and substance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tom Warren, of The Verge, also gave the Surface Book 2 positive notice, praising its performance, keyboard, and trackpad. However, Mr. Warren expressed reservations about the hardware design being largely unchanged, noting &quot;I’d still like to see Microsoft refine the design more to address the hinge and screen wobble fully, and pack in a better power supply. It’s surprising to see the same design after two years, and I was expecting bigger refinements and changes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658466/microsoft-surface-book-2-review|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2 review: beauty and brawn, but with limits|work=The Verge|access-date=2017-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Issues ==<br /> When running workloads with high CPU and GPU usage on a 15-inch Surface Book 2 with the power mode set to &quot;best performance&quot;, the notebook consumes more power than its 95-watt power supply can provide, and its battery discharges. If these workloads are run continuously, such as during gaming or video transcoding, the notebook eventually throttles its performance to decrease power consumption and prevent complete battery discharge.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/21/16685986/microsoft-surface-book-2-power-problem Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2’s power problem - The Verge]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techradar.com/news/microsoft-confirms-surface-book-2-battery-drain-problems-while-gaming Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2 battery drain problems while gaming | TechRadar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Timeline ==<br /> {{surface timeline}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/}}<br /> * {{YouTube|m0WhrRIqT6Y|Introducing the new Surface Book 2}} &lt;!-- Link to official Microsoft video channel --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box<br /> | title = Surface Book<br /> | years = 2nd generation<br /> | before = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | after = '''Latest Model'''<br /> }}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Windows tablets}}<br /> {{Microsoft}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Microsoft Surface]]<br /> [[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:2-in-1 PCs]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Book_2&diff=923576509 Surface Book 2 2019-10-29T12:30:08Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox information appliance<br /> | name = Surface Book 2<br /> | logo = Microsoft Surface Book logo.svg<br /> | developer = [[Microsoft]]<br /> | family = [[Microsoft Surface]]<br /> | type = [[2-in-1 PC]]<br /> | generation = 2<br /> | release date = {{Start date|2017|11|16}}<br /> | os = [[Windows 10]] [[Windows 10 editions|Pro]]<br /> | cpu = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[Intel Core|Core]] i5-7300U [[Multi-core processor|dual-core]] processor, Intel Core i5 quad-core processor, Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' Intel Core i7-8650U quad-core processor<br /> | memory = '''13.5&quot;:''' 8 or 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' 16 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR3|LPDDR3&amp;nbsp;RAM]]<br /> | storage = [[Solid-state drive|SSD]]: 128&amp;nbsp;GB, 256&amp;nbsp;GB, 512&amp;nbsp;GB, 1&amp;nbsp;[[terabyte|TB]]<br /> | memory card = Full-size [[Secure digital|SD]] card slot&lt;br/&gt;(supports [[SDXC]] UHS-1 cards)<br /> | display = '''13.5&quot;:''' {{convert|13.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3000×2000 (267 [[Pixel density|PPI]]) [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]]&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 3240×2160 (260 PPI) LCD<br /> | graphics = '''13.5&quot;:''' [[Intel]] [[List of Intel graphics processing units#Ninth generation|HD Graphics 620]]&lt;br/&gt;or [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1050]] with 2GB of GDDR5 RAM&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:''' [[NVIDIA]] [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units|GeForce GTX 1060]] with 6GB of GDDR5 RAM<br /> | sound = Stereo speakers, dual microphones, [[Headset (audio)|headset]] [[Phone connector (audio)|jack]]<br /> | input = Keyboard, touchpad mouse, [[stylus pen]], sensors: [[accelerometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[magnetometer]], [[Photodetector|ambient light]], [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]]<br /> | camera = 5.0 [[Megapixel|MP]] front, 8.0 MP rear [[1080p|1080p HD]] video recording<br /> | dimensions = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|12.3|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.4|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.51|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|13.5|in|cm}} ''(length)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|9.87|in|cm}} ''(width)''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|0.568|to|0.90|in|cm}} ''(depth)''<br /> | weight = '''13.5&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;i5: {{Convert|3.38|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;i7: {{Convert|3.62|lbs|g}}&lt;br/&gt;'''15&quot;:'''&lt;br/&gt;{{Convert|4.2|lbs|g}}<br /> | predecessor = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/overview|Surface.com}}<br /> | image = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Top (38828932021).jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> }} {{Surface models}}<br /> The '''Surface Book 2''' is officially the 2nd generation and most powerful [[2-in-1 PC|computer]] in [[Microsoft]]'s [[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] lineup of [[personal computing|PC]] devices, which spans desktop &amp; laptop devices. Designed and produced by [[Microsoft]] from the ground up, the Surface Book 2 includes major improvements for many of its hardware &amp; software components based on feedback from the first generation, and introduced 2 screen sizes for the first time: a standard 13-inch version, as well as a more powerful 15-inch version that included a sharper display, factory color calibration, extended battery life, built-in [[Xbox One]] wireless controller support, and a [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 10 series|GTX1060]] GPU for hardware acceleration and other graphically-intensive applications. It was unveiled on October 17, 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/laptops/surface-book-2-release-date-news-and-rumors-1319644|title=Surface Book 2 release date, price, news and features|work=TechRadar|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and released on November 16, 2017. It succeeds the [[Surface Book]] released in October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/867590/Microsoft-Surface-Book-2-UK-Price-Release-Date-Specs|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2: UK price, release date, specs, and features|last=Brown|first=Aaron|date=2017-10-17|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> === Hardware ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = <br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | total_width = 350<br /> | image1 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Ports (38828669101).jpg<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Muscle wire (38112775604).jpg<br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Available ports on the two sides of the keyboard<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Like the Surface Book, the Surface Book 2 is shipped with a keyboard. It contains two [[USB 3.0]] Generation 1 ports, a [[USB-C]] port, 3.5mm headphone jack, full-size [[Secure Digital|SD]] card slot on the left and two ''SurfaceConnect'' ports (one in the tablet that is only accessible once the tablet is detached from the base, and one in the base itself).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/microsoft-unveils-surface-book-2-promising-double-power-speed-apple-macbook-pro/|title=Microsoft unveils Surface Book 2, promising double the power and speed of Apple MacBook Pro|date=2017-10-17|work=GeekWire|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The front camera contains an infrared sensor that supports logging in with [[Windows Hello]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Surface Book 2 Configuration Options &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/surface-book-2/8MCPZJJCC98C&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/config/commercial-microsoft-surface-book-2/8X4HTZNFGG38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Price Tier (USD)<br /> !Size<br /> !CPU<br /> !GPU<br /> !RAM<br /> !Internal Storage<br /> |-<br /> |1,149<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |13.5&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Intel Core i5-7300U (2.6 to 3.5&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |8GB<br /> | 128&amp;nbsp;GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,299<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |1,499<br /> |Intel Core i5 i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.windowscentral.com/surface-book-2-8th-gen-intel-core-i5-processor-now-available-order&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |16GB<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,999<br /> |1 TB<br /> |-<br /> |1,999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |15&quot;<br /> |Intel Core i5-8350U (1.7 to 3.6&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> |Intel HD Graphics 620<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |16 GB<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |256 GB<br /> |-<br /> |2,499<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel Core i7-8650U (1.9 to 4.2&amp;nbsp;GHz)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intel UHD Graphics 620 +&lt;br&gt;NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060<br /> |-<br /> |2,899<br /> |512 GB<br /> |-<br /> |3,299<br /> |1 TB<br /> |}<br /> === Software ===<br /> Surface Book 2 models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of [[Windows 10|Windows 10 Pro]] and a 30-day [[Shareware|trial]] [[Microsoft Office]] suite. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox (app), Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, and Microsoft Edge. With Windows 10 the ''Tablet mode'' is available when the base is detached from the device. In this mode, all windows are opened full-screen and the interface becomes more touch-centric.<br /> <br /> === Accessories ===<br /> The Surface Book 2 is [[Backward compatibility|backward-compatible]] with all accessories of its predecessor model, such as the [[Surface Pen]]. Unlike the previous Book, the Surface Book 2 supports [[List of Surface accessories#Surface Dial|Surface Dial]].<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[File:Microsoft Surface Book 2 - Detach button (38112942624).jpg|thumb|Detach button on the Surface Book 2|alt=]]<br /> The Surface Book 2 received broadly positive reviews, being compared favorably to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[MacBook Pro]] line.<br /> <br /> Devindra Hardawar of Engadget said of the 15-inch model, &quot;The Surface Book 2 is exactly what we've wanted from a high-end Microsoft laptop. It's powerful, sturdy and its unique hinge doesn't come with any compromises.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardawar also directly compared the Surface Book 2 to Apple's Macbook Pro saying, &quot;It's the closest a PC maker has come to taking on the MacBook Pro, both in style and substance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/16/surface-book-2-review/|title=Surface Book 2 review: Microsoft gets closer to the 'ultimate laptop'|work=Engadget|access-date=2017-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tom Warren, of The Verge, also gave the Surface Book 2 positive notice, praising its performance, keyboard, and trackpad. However, Mr. Warren expressed some reservations about the hardware being largely the same as the previous version, noting &quot;I’d still like to see Microsoft refine the design more to address the hinge and screen wobble fully, and pack in a better power supply. It’s surprising to see the same design after two years, and I was expecting bigger refinements and changes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658466/microsoft-surface-book-2-review|title=Microsoft Surface Book 2 review: beauty and brawn, but with limits|work=The Verge|access-date=2017-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Issues ==<br /> When running workloads with high CPU and GPU usage on a 15-inch Surface Book 2 with the power mode set to &quot;best performance&quot;, the notebook consumes more power than its 95-watt power supply can provide, and its battery discharges. If these workloads are run continuously, such as during gaming or video transcoding, the notebook eventually throttles its performance to decrease power consumption and prevent complete battery discharge.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/21/16685986/microsoft-surface-book-2-power-problem Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2’s power problem - The Verge]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techradar.com/news/microsoft-confirms-surface-book-2-battery-drain-problems-while-gaming Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2 battery drain problems while gaming | TechRadar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Timeline ==<br /> {{surface timeline}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/devices/surface-book-2/}}<br /> * {{YouTube|m0WhrRIqT6Y|Introducing the new Surface Book 2}} &lt;!-- Link to official Microsoft video channel --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box<br /> | title = Surface Book<br /> | years = 2nd generation<br /> | before = [[Surface Book]]<br /> | after = '''Latest Model'''<br /> }}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Windows tablets}}<br /> {{Microsoft}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Microsoft Surface]]<br /> [[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:2-in-1 PCs]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mika_discography&diff=920506434 Mika discography 2019-10-10T06:17:05Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* As lead artist */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=April 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox artist discography<br /> |Artist = [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]<br /> |Image = Mika-2009.jpg<br /> |Caption = Mika in 2009<br /> |Alt = <br /> |Studio = 5<br /> |Live = 2<br /> |EP = 5<br /> |Compilation = 2<br /> |Singles = 25<br /> |Video = 4<br /> |Music videos = 24<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[discography]] of [[Mika (singer)|Mika]], an English [[Pop music|pop]] singer-songwriter, consists of five [[studio album]]s, two [[live album]]s, two [[compilation album]]s, five [[extended play]]s, twenty-four [[single (music)|singles]], twenty-four music videos, and four video albums. As of 2017, Mika has sold over 20 million records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mika - MACHINE MANAGEMENT details|url=http://www.machinemanagement.co.uk/project/mika|accessdate=20 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mika's debut single, &quot;[[Relax, Take It Easy]]&quot;, was released in the United Kingdom in 2006. The ''[[Dodgy Holiday EP]]'' was also made available for download. His second single, &quot;[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]&quot;, was released in January 2007 and debuted at number one on the [[UK Singles Chart]], followed by his debut album, ''[[Life in Cartoon Motion]]'', in February 2007. Other singles released were; &quot;[[Love Today]]&quot;, &quot;[[Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)]]&quot;, &quot;[[Happy Ending (song)|Happy Ending]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Lollipop (Mika song)|Lollipop]]&quot;. Prior to the release of his second album, Mika released a limited-edition EP entitled ''[[Songs for Sorrow]]'' in June 2009.<br /> <br /> Mika's second album, ''[[The Boy Who Knew Too Much (album)|The Boy Who Knew Too Much]]'', followed in September 2009. The first single from the album, &quot;[[We Are Golden]]&quot;, made its debut at number four in the UK. &quot;[[Rain (Mika song)|Rain]]&quot; and &quot;[[Blame It on the Girls]]&quot; were released as the second and third UK singles with both peaking at number seventy-two. Mika also recorded the title track from the official soundtrack for the 2010 film ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Albums==<br /> <br /> ===Studio albums===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot;| Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Album details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;14&quot;| Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:13em;&quot;| Sales<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=uk&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/mika/|title=UK Charts &gt; Mika|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=2011-01-30|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615075655/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/mika/|archivedate=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=aus&gt;{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mika|title=Australian Charts &gt; Mika|publisher=australian-charts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=aut&gt;{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mika|title=Austrian Charts &gt; Mika|language=German|publisher=austrian-charts.at Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(WA)]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/artist/Mika|title=Discographie Mika|publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien|language=French|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(FL)]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/artist/Mika|title=Discografie Mika|publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien|language=Dutch|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAN-albums&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/mika/chart-history/canadian-albums | title=MIKA – Chart History: Canadian Albums | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=fra&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mika|title=French Charts &gt; Mika|language=French|publisher=lescharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Mika|title=Discographie von Mika|publisher=GfK Entertainment|accessdate=3 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=ire&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mika|title=Irish Charts &gt; Mika|publisher=irish-charts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=itaAlbums&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italiancharts.com/search.asp?search=Mika&amp;cat=a|title=Italian Charts &gt; Mika|publisher=italiancharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[MegaCharts|NLD]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=mika&amp;cat=a|title=Dutch Album Charts &gt; Mika|language=Dutch|publisher=dutchcharts.nl Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[VG-lista|NOR]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=nor&gt;{{cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mika|title=Norwegian Charts &gt; Mika|publisher=norwegiancharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=swi&gt;{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mika|title=Swiss Charts &gt; Mika|language=German|publisher=swisscharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Billboard 200|US]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=us&gt;{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=mika|chart=all}}|title=American Charts &gt; Mika|language=English|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=2012-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Life in Cartoon Motion]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 5 February 2007<br /> *Label: [[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]]<br /> *Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]]<br /> | 1 || 5 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 6 || 2 || 9 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 29<br /> |<br /> *[[British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: 5× Platinum&lt;ref name=bpi&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/|title=BRIT Certified - bpi|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2018-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: 2× Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm|title=ARIA Charts &gt; Accreditations &gt; 2007 Albums|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|AUT]]: Platinum&lt;ref name=ifpiaut&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=IFPI Austria &gt; Goud &amp; Platin |language=German |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092844/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |archivedate=11 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Music Canada|CAN]]: 2× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite certification|region=Canada|artist=Mika|type=album|accessdate=2016-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]: Diamond&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|GER]]: Platinum&lt;ref name=ifpiger&gt;{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Mika|accessdate=2011-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *{{nobreak|[[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRE]]: 3× Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum07.htm|title=IRMA 2007 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|accessdate=2011-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> *[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/spettacolo/articoli/articolo460539.shtml |title=Ecco il nuovo mondo di MIKA |date=18 September 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2012 |archivedate=3 July 2012 |language=Italian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68swiBNXg?url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/spettacolo/articoli/articolo460539.shtml |work=[[TGCOM]] |publisher=[[Mediaset]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[NVPI|NLD]]: Platinum&lt;ref name=nvpi&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat|title=NVPI Goud &amp; Platina|language=Dutch|publisher=[[NVPI]]|accessdate=2011-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526201848/http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat|archive-date=26 May 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|SWI]]: 2× Platinum&lt;ref name=swicert&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/search_certifications.asp?search=mika|title=IFPI Swiss Certifications|language=German|publisher=hitparade.ch [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2011-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|<br /> *{{nobreak|UK: 1,569,507&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-208423917/key-releases-260909|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011220046/http://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-208423917/key-releases-260909|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-11|title=Key Releases: September 26, 2009|date=2009-09-26|work=[[Music Week]]|accessdate=2011-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[The Boy Who Knew Too Much (album)|The Boy Who Knew Too Much]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 18 September 2009<br /> *Label: Casablanca<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | 4 || 10 || 9 || 3 || 3 || 14{{efn-ua|In Canada, the deluxe version of ''The Boy Who Knew Too Much'' charted separately from the original version, at number 19 on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]]. Both versions debuted on the chart dated 10 October 2009, as published by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2009-10-10|title=Billboard Canadian Albums: October 10, 2009|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=4 November 2018|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} || 1 || 6 || 14 || 10 || 5 || 29 || 2 || 19<br /> |<br /> *UK: Gold&lt;ref name=bpi/&gt;<br /> *CAN: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> *FRA: 3× Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259165-CERTIFICATIONS.html?year=2010&amp;type=14 |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] |language=French |title=Certifications Albums Triple Platine - année 2010 |accessdate=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328045000/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259165-CERTIFICATIONS.html?year=2010&amp;type=14 |archivedate=28 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *ITA: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:album/year:2015/page:0/week:45|title=Certificazioni - Album e Compilation - 2015 - 45° settimana|publisher=[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry]]|accessdate=16 November 2015|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *SWI: Gold&lt;ref name=swicert/&gt;<br /> *BEL: Platinum<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|<br /> *FRA: 400,000&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[The Origin of Love]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 17 September 2012<br /> *Label: Casablanca<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | 24 || — || 31 || 6 || 7 || 10 || 1 || 43 || 61 || 12 || 15 || — || 15 || 47<br /> |<br /> *FRA: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/www.snepmusique.com/file/disquesdor2013site.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KTKFMc0j?url=http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/www.snepmusique.com/file/disquesdor2013site.pdf |archivedate=18 October 2013 |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] |language=French |accessdate=19 October 2013 |title=Annee 2013 - Certifications au 15/10/2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *ITA: Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Italy|type=album|artist=Mika|album=The Origin of Love|relyear=2012|accessdate=23 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *FRA: 120,000&lt;ref&gt;http://www.chartsinfrance.net/actualite/news-100310.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *US: 33,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150515165056/http://hitsdailydouble.com/new_album_releases |archivedate= 15 May 2015 |url=http://hitsdailydouble.com/new_album_releases |title=Upcoming Releases |website=Hits Daily Double |publisher=HITS Digital Ventures }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[No Place in Heaven]]''<br /> |<br /> *Release: 15 June 2015<br /> *Label: [[Republic Records|Republic]]<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | 19 || — || 74 || 3 || 9 || 6 || 2 || 70 || 84 || 3 || 20 || — || 4 || 117<br /> |<br /> *ITA: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:album/year:2016/page:0/week:31 |title=Certificazioni - Album e Compilation - 2016 - 31° settimana |publisher=[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry]] |accessdate=8 August 2016 |language=Italian |archivedate=8 August 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160808162932/http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni%23/category:album/year:2016/page:0/week:31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *FRA: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> * FRA: 100,000&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Les Certifications - SNEP|url = http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=65&amp;awards_awd=0&amp;awards_year=0&amp;awards_artist=mika&amp;awards_title=&amp;awards_edit_distrib=&amp;awards_sort=date_certif-desc&amp;awards_nb=30&amp;submitAdvanced=Rechercher|website = SNEP|access-date = 2016-02-10|language = fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[My Name Is Michael Holbrook]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8513891/mika-announces-new-album-ice-cream|title=Mika Announces New Album, Returns With Summery 'Ice Cream': Listen|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=2 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *Release: 4 October 2019<br /> *Label: Casablanca, Republic<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Live albums===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+ List of live albums, with selected chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot;| Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Album details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot;| Peak chart positions<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(FL)]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VL&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(WA)]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WA&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAN-albums&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;itaAlbums&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;swi&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|fr-CA|Mika et l'Orchestre symphonique de Montréal}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(with [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]])}}<br /> |<br /> *Released: 13 November 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/musique/musique-classique/201511/13/01-4920433-mika-et-losm-sur-disque-un-souvenir-emerveille.php|title=Mika et l'OSM sur disque: un souvenir émerveillé|date=13 November 2016|language=French|first=Alain|last=de Repentigny|work=[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]|access-date=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: [[Republic Records|Republic]] {{small|(4762090)}}<br /> *Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Digital distribution|digital download]]<br /> | — || — || 40 || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|it|Sinfonia Pop}}<br /> |<br /> *Released: 27 May 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;sinfonia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mikasounds.com/mika-to-release-new-live-dvd-sinfonia-pop/|title=Mika to release new live DVD 'Sinfonia Pop'|date=5 April 2016|website=MikaSounds.com|access-date=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: [[Eagle Rock Entertainment|Eagle Rock]] {{small|(EAGDV057)}}<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | 118 || 23 || — || 46 || 80<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Compilation albums===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Album details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Certifications<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=fra /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=itaAlbums/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''2 for 1: Life in Cartoon Motion + The Boy Who Knew Too Much''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 31 October 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://musique.fnac.com/a3733356/Mika-Life-in-cartoon-motion-The-boy-who-knew-too-much-2-for-1-CD-album|title=Life in cartoon motion - The boy who knew too much - 2 for 1|publisher=[[Fnac]]|access-date=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: [[Universal Records|Universal]]<br /> *Formats: CD<br /> | 9<br /> | —<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Songbook Vol. 1 (Mika album)|Songbook Vol. 1]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 12 November 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newsic.it/news/body_news.php?id=31311 |title=Songbook Vol. 1 |accessdate=2013-11-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109110719/http://www.newsic.it/news/body_news.php?id=31311 |archivedate=9 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: Universal<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | —<br /> | 3<br /> |<br /> *ITA: 2× Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite certification|region=Italy|type=album|artist=Mika|accessdate=28 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Extended plays==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot;| Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot;| EP details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Official UK Singles Chart for the week ending 20 January 2007|journal=[[ChartsPlus]]|issue=282|page=2|publisher=IQ Ware Ltd|location= Milton Keynes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Dodgy Holiday EP]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 20 November 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/dodgy-holiday-ep/id205167742|title=iTunes Preview &gt; Dodgy Holiday &gt; EP|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=2010-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: [[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]]<br /> *Format: Digital download<br /> | 97 <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Napster Live Session EP''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 18 December 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.qobuz.com/ie-en/album/napster-live-session-ep-mika/0060251719884|title=Napster Live Session EP|publisher=[[Qobuz]]|accessdate=5 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: Casablanca<br /> *Format: Digital download<br /> | —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''iTunes Festival: London''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 28 August 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/itunes-festival-london-mika/id262518270|title=iTunes Preview &gt; iTunes Festival: London|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=2010-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: Casablanca<br /> *Format: Digital download<br /> | —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Songs for Sorrow]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 8 June 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/mika/44543|title=Mika readies acoustic EP|date=2009-05-08|publisher=[[NME]]|accessdate=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: Casablanca<br /> *Formats: CD, digital download<br /> | —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''iTunes Live:&lt;br&gt;London Festival '09''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 11 August 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/itunes-live-london-festival/id326890501|title=iTunes Preview &gt; iTunes Live: London Festival '09|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=2010-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: Casablanca<br /> *Format: Digital download<br /> | —<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Singles==<br /> <br /> ===As lead artist===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+ List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications<br /> ! scope=&quot;colw&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Single<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;12&quot;| Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=uk/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=aus/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=aut/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(WA)]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ultratop.be&quot;&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/fr/search.asp?lang=nl&amp;cat=s&amp;artist=mika&amp;artist_search=starts&amp;title=&amp;title_search=starts&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(FL)]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?lang=nl&amp;cat=s&amp;artist=mika&amp;artist_search=starts&amp;title=&amp;title_search=starts&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=fra/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[GfK Entertainment|GER]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Mika/single?sort=entry|title=Chartverfolgung / Mika / Single|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=2010-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904040616/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Mika/single?sort=entry|archive-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=ire/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=itaSingles&gt;<br /> Peak positions on the Italian Singles Chart:<br /> * For &quot;Underwater&quot;: {{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/main/chart_id/1601 |publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]] |language=Italian |accessdate=26 October 2013 |archivedate=26 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131026204411/http://www.fimi.it/main/chart_id/1601 |title=Archivio - Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 26 (dal 24-06-2013 al 30-06-2013) |url-status=dead}}<br /> * For &quot;Stardust&quot;: {{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php |publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana |language=Italian |accessdate=15 November 2013 |title=Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 45 (dal 04-11-2013 al 10-11-2013) |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131114232939/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php |archivedate=14 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * For &quot;Boum Boum Boum&quot;: {{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:digital/year:2015/id:1830 |publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana |language=Italian |accessdate=2 July 2015 |title=Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 24 (dal 2014-06-09 al 2014-06-15) }}<br /> * For &quot;Staring at the Sun&quot;: {{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:digital/id:2138/page:1 |title=Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 44 (dal 2015-10-30 al 2015-11-05) |publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana |accessdate=7 November 2015 }}<br /> * For all the other singles: {{Cite web|url=http://italiancharts.com/search.asp?search=Mika&amp;cat=s |publisher=Italiancharts.com. Hung Medien |accessdate=15 November 2013 |title=Italian Charts - Mika }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Dutch Top 40|NLD]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.top40.nl/search.aspx?keyword=mika|title=Dutch Top 40 &gt; Mika|language=Dutch|publisher=Stichting Nederlandse Top 40|accessdate=2010-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=swi/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;us&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Relax, Take It Easy]]&quot;{{efn-ua|name=fn1|In the United Kingdom, &quot;Relax, Take It Easy&quot; was first released in October 2006 and peaked at number seventy-eight, but was re-released in December 2007 as a double A-side with &quot;Lollipop&quot; peaking at number eighteen. &quot;Lollipop&quot; was released as a download only and peaked separately at number fifty-nine.&lt;ref name=uk/&gt;}}<br /> | 2006<br /> | 18 || — || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 2 || —<br /> |<br /> *GER: Gold&lt;ref name=ifpiger/&gt;<br /> * [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| ''[[Life in Cartoon Motion]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]&quot; <br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2007<br /> | 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 57<br /> |<br /> *UK: Platinum&lt;ref name=bpi/&gt;<br /> *AUS: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Singles.htm|title=ARIA Charts &gt; Accreditations &gt; 2007 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2008-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *GER: Gold&lt;ref name=ifpiger/&gt;<br /> *ITA: Platinum&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> *SWI: Gold&lt;ref name=swicert/&gt;<br /> *[[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA – Searchable Database: Mika&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Mika%22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140622151220/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Mika%22|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2014|title=RIAA – Searchable Database: Mika|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=22 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Love Today]]&quot;{{efn-ua|name=fn1}}<br /> | 6 || 3 || — || 3 || 4 || 1 || — || 13 || 5 || 25 || 46 || 92<br /> |<br /> * UK: Silver&lt;ref name=bpi/&gt;<br /> * AUS: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;aria08&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2008Singles.htm|title=ARIA Charts &gt; Accreditations &gt; 2008 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2008-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)]]&quot; <br /> | 9 || 23 || 8 || 10 || 5 || 38 || 19 || 9 || 47 || 4 || 29 || —<br /> |<br /> *AUS: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;aria08&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Happy Ending (song)|Happy Ending]]&quot; <br /> | 7 || 7 || 29 || 26 || 11 || 66 || 28 || 29 || 12 || 10 || 10 || —<br /> | <br /> *UK: Silver&lt;ref name=bpi/&gt;<br /> *AUS: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;aria08&quot; /&gt;<br /> *ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Lollipop (Mika song)|Lollipop]]&quot; <br /> | 59 || — || 51 || 21 || 24 || 17 || 35 || — || — || 13 || 58 || —<br /> |<br /> *UK: Silver&lt;ref name=bpi/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[We Are Golden]]&quot; <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2009<br /> | 4 || 10 || 17 || 7 || 9 || 19 || 29 || 14 || 3 || 20 || 11 || —<br /> |<br /> *ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert&gt;{{cite certification|region=Italy|type=single|artist=Mika|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''[[The Boy Who Knew Too Much (album)|The Boy Who Knew Too Much]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Rain (Mika song)|Rain]]&quot; <br /> | 72 || 90 || — || 3 || 5 || 5 || 56 || — || 4 || 24 || 28 || —<br /> |<br /> * ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;fimi-cert&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Blame It on the Girls]]&quot; <br /> | 72 || — || — || 24 || 28 || — || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Kick Ass (We Are Young)]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Mika vs. [[RedOne]])&lt;/span&gt; <br /> | 2010<br /> | 84 || — || 54 || 5 || 8 || — || 54 || 7 || 5 || — || 56 || —<br /> |<br /> *ITA: Platinum&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> | ''[[Kick-Ass (Music from the Motion Picture)|Kick-Ass]]''<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Elle me dit]]|italic=no}}&quot;<br /> | 2011<br /> | — || — || — || 1 || 9 || 1 || — || — || — || — || 16 || —<br /> |<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| ''[[The Origin of Love]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Celebrate (Mika song)|Celebrate]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[Pharrell Williams]])&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2012<br /> | — || — || — || 37|| {{efn-ua|name=tip|Positions pertain to the Belgian [[Ultratip]] chart.}} || 33 || — || — || 30 || 75 || — || —<br /> |<br /> *ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Underwater (Mika song)|Underwater]]&quot;<br /> | — || — || 68 || 27 || {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || 12 || 46 || — || 14 || — || 13 || —<br /> |<br /> *ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Popular Song (Mika song)|Popular Song]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[Ariana Grande]])&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | 183 || 71 || — || {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || — || — || — || — || 92 || — || 87<br /> |<br /> *[[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA – Searchable Database: Mika&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Live Your Life (Mika song)|Live Your Life]]&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2013<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Songbook Vol. 1 (Mika album)|Songbook Vol. 1]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Stardust (Mika song)|Stardust]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[Chiara (singer)|Chiara]])&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> * ITA: 4× Platinum&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Boum Boum Boum]]&quot;<br /> | 2014<br /> | — || — || — || 10 || {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || 10 || — || — || 43 || — || 62 || —<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[No Place in Heaven]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Talk About You&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2015<br /> | — || — || — || 39 || {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || 35 || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Staring at the Sun&quot;<br /> | — || — || — || 39 || — || 154 || — || — || 42 || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> *ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Beautiful Disaster&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(with [[Fedez]])}}<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 5 || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> * ITA: 2× Platinum&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> | ''Pop-Hoolista''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Hurts&quot; (Remix)<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2016<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> | ''No Place in Heaven''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Wonderful Christmastime#Kylie Minogue version|Wonderful Christmastime]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(with [[Kylie Minogue]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | — || — || — || — || 73 || — || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> | ''[[Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition]]''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;It's My House&quot;<br /> | 2017<br /> | — || — || — || 74 || — || 95 || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''My Name Is Michael Holbrook'' (Japanese Version Bonus Track) <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Sound of an Orchestra&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2019<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || 151 || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Ice Cream&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bx7zN7VF8pU/|title=🕴🍦🕴 #icecream !!! Out FRIDAY 31.05 ❤ Mx|via=Instagram|date=26 May 2019|accessdate=27 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | — || — || — || 21 || — || 14 || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''My Name Is Michael Holbrook''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Tiny Love&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=mikasounds|number=1161344165415989250|title=Tiny Love. New video by W.I.Z out this Friday.|date=13 August 2019|accessdate=14 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | — || — || — || — || — || 75 || — || — || — || — || — || —<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Sanremo&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/225141/9|title=Mika Shares New 'My Name Is Michael Holbrook' Track Sanremo - Stereoboard|last=Payne|first=Helen|website=Stereoboard.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9pt&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes single that did not chart or was not released<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Promotional singles===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+ List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications<br /> ! scope=&quot;colw&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Single<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Certifications<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(WA)]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ultratop.be&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ultratop|BEL&lt;br/&gt;(FL)]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=fra/&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=itaSingles/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Origin of Love]]&quot;<br /> |2012<br /> | {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || {{efn-ua|name=tip}} || 136 || —<br /> |<br /> |''The Origin of Love''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Good Guys&quot; / &quot;Happy Ending&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(''[[X Factor (Italian TV series)|X Factor]]'' Finale Medley)}}<br /> |2014<br /> | — || — || — || 8<br /> |<br /> | {{non-album single}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Last Party&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2015<br /> | — || — || 126 || —<br /> |<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''No Place in Heaven''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Good Guys&quot;<br /> | — || — || 101 || 42<br /> |<br /> * ITA: Gold&lt;ref name=fimi-cert/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9pt&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes single that did not chart or was not released<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As featured artist===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;colw&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Single<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;| Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Certifications<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/helping%20haiti/|title=UK Charts &gt; Helping Haiti|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=2011-08-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217210745/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/helping%20haiti/|archivedate=17 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=haiti&gt;{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti&amp;titel=Everybody+Hurts&amp;cat=s|title=Helping Haiti chart performance|publisher=australian-charts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=haiti/&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[GfK Entertainment|GER]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Helping+Haiti/single|title=Chartverfolgung / Helping Haiti / Single|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=2011-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018005039/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Helping+Haiti/single|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Irish Charts &gt; Helping Haiti|publisher=irish-charts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=haiti/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Everybody Hurts]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%; &lt;!--font-weight:normal;--&gt;&quot;&gt;(as part of [[Helping Haiti]])&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |2010<br /> | 1 || 28 || 23 || 16 || 1 || 16<br /> |<br /> * UK: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Helping Haiti|title=Everybody Hurts|accessdate=21 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Charity release<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Danser entre hommes&quot;<br /> &lt;small&gt;([[:fr:Doriand|Doriand]] featuring [[Philippe Katerine|Katerine]] &amp; Mika)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |2019<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Other charted songs===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;colw&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|Peak chart positions<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Album<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Official UK Singles Chart for the week ending 17 February 2007|journal=[[ChartsPlus]]|issue=286|page=3|publisher=IQ Ware Ltd|location= Milton Keynes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Canada AC|CAN&lt;br&gt;AC]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2015-12-19/canada-ac|title=Canada AC: December 19, 2015|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=4 November 2018|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=fra/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&amp;we=11|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 11, 2017)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=French|accessdate=18 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;|[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;us&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Stuck in the Middle&quot;<br /> |2007<br /> | 174 || — || — || —<br /> | ''Life in Cartoon Motion''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;{{lang|fr|J'ai pas envie|italic=no}}&quot;<br /> |2015<br /> | — || 36 || — || —<br /> | ''No Place in Heaven''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Over My Shoulder&quot;<br /> |2017<br /> | — || — || 22 || —<br /> | ''Life in Cartoon Motion''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Love You When I'm Drunk&quot;<br /> |2018<br /> | — || — || — || —{{efn-ua|&quot;Love You When I'm Drunk&quot; did not chart on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], but peaked at number two on the [[Hot 100 Singles Recurrents]] chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-10-27/hot-singles-recurrents|title=Hot 100 Recurrents: October 27, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=4 November 2018|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | ''The Origin of Love''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Video albums==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;|Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;|Album details<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;|Certifications<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Live in Cartoon Motion]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 12 November 2007<br /> *Label: Island &lt;small&gt;(#1751268)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *Formats: [[DVD]]<br /> |<br /> * UK: Gold&lt;ref name=bpi/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Live Parc des Princes Paris]]''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 10 November 2008<br /> *Label: Island &lt;small&gt;(#1751268)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *Formats: DVD, [[Blu-ray|BD]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|{{lang|it|Sinfonia Pop}}<br /> |<br /> *Released: 27 May 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;sinfonia&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Label: [[Eagle Rock Entertainment|Eagle Rock]] {{small|(EAGDV061)}}<br /> *Formats: CD+DVD, BD, [[Digital distribution|digital download]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Mika Love Paris''<br /> |<br /> *Released: 9 December 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mikasounds.com/mika-love-paris-released-today/|title='Mika Love Paris' Released Today!|date=9 December 2016|website=MikaSounds.com|access-date=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Label: [[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]] {{small|(00602557229394)}}<br /> *Formats: DVD, BD, digital download<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Music videos==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !width=&quot;250&quot;| Title<br /> !width=&quot;200&quot;| Director<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Relax, Take It Easy&quot; (version one)<br /> |Airside&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Relax, Take It Easy&quot; (CD single liner notes). Casablanca Records. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2007<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Grace Kelly&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Sophie Muller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=2067240&amp;vid=128065|title=&quot;Grace Kelly&quot; Music Video|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2008-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=2067240&amp;vid=147755|title=&quot;Love Today&quot; Music Video|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2008-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Love Today&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)&quot;<br /> |Patrick Daughters<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Happy Ending&quot;<br /> |[[AlexandLiane]]&lt;ref name=video-alexa&gt;{{cite web|last=AlexandLiane |title=Videos |url=http://www.alexandliane.com/files/videos.html |accessdate=22 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930115030/http://www.alexandliane.com/files/videos.html |archivedate=30 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Relax, Take It Easy&quot; (version two)<br /> |Matt Askem&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vevo.com/watch/mika/Relax-Take-It-Easy-(New-Version)/USC7R0700346]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Lollipop&quot;<br /> |Bonzom&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2007/11/28/new-mikas-lollipop-by-bonzom/|title=NEW: Mika's Lollipop by Bonzom|date=2007-11-28|publisher=PromoNews|accessdate=2011-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003035706/http://www.promonews.tv/2007/11/28/new-mikas-lollipop-by-bonzom/|archive-date=3 October 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2009<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;We Are Golden&quot;<br /> |[[Jonas Åkerlund]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/mika/424451/we-are-golden.jhtml|title=&quot;We Are Golden&quot; Music Video|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Blame It on the Girls&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Nez Khammal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/mika/447638/blame-it-on-the-girls.jhtml|title=&quot;Blame It On The Girls&quot; Music Video|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Rain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2010<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Everybody Hurts&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as part of Helping Haiti)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Joseph Kahn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2838147/Sun-Helping-Haiti-single-to-be-one-of-the-biggest-of-the-past-ten-years.html|title=Banks a million|first=Carl|last=Stroud|date=2010-02-04|publisher=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)]] [[News International]]|accessdate=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Kick Ass (We Are Young)&quot;<br /> |Jim Canty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2010/03/23/mikas-kick-ass-by-jim-canty/|title=Mika's Kick Ass by Jim Canty|date=2010-03-23|publisher=PromoNews|accessdate=2011-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930151738/http://www.promonews.tv/2010/03/23/mikas-kick-ass-by-jim-canty/|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;{{lang|fr|Elle me dit|italic=no}}&quot;<br /> |[[Kinga Burza]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2012<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Make You Happy&quot;<br /> |Iouri Philippe Paillé&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://idolator.com/6599512/mika-new-song-video-make-you-happy|title=Mika Is Back With New Song And Video For &quot;Make You Happy&quot; From 'The Origin Of Love'|accessdate=2012-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Celebrate&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(featuring Pharrell Williams)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |BBGun<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Origin of Love&quot;<br /> |Cristián Jiménez<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Underwater&quot;<br /> |Alex Southam&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vevo.com/watch/mika/Underwater/USC7R1200175]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Popular Song&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(featuring Ariana Grande)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |Chris Marrs Piliero&lt;ref&gt;[http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2013/04/29/mika-ariana-grande-popular-song-video/ New Video: Mika Featuring Ariana Grande, 'Popular Song']&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Boum Boum Boum&quot;<br /> |Jonathan Lia&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vevo.com/watch/mika/Boum-Boum-Boum/USUV71401229]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2015<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Last Party&quot;<br /> |Peter Lindbergh&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vevo.com/watch/mika/Last-Party/USUV71500776]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Talk About You&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|KT Auleta&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vevo.com/watch/mika/Talk-About-You/USUV71500716]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Good Guys&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Staring at the Sun&quot;<br /> |Andreas Dermanis and MIKA&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vevo.com/watch/mika/Staring-At-The-Sun/USUV71500780]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Hurts&quot;<br /> |Ivan Cotroneo<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2019<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Ice Cream&quot;<br /> |Francesco Calabrese&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://substreammagazine.com/2019/06/mika-ice-cream-video/|title=Watch MIKA's sugar-sweet video for &quot;Ice Cream&quot;|last=Magan|first=Valerie|date=27 June 2019|website=Substream Magazine|accessdate = 30 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Tiny Love&quot;<br /> |[[W.I.Z.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8527624/mika-tiny-love-video|title=Mika Pays Tribute to the Little Things (Literally) in 'Tiny Love' Video: Watch|last=Daw|first=Stephen|date=16 August 2019|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate = 19 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Sanremo&quot;<br /> |[[W.I.Z.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8532195/mika-sanremo-video|title=Mika Goes Cruising for a Forbidden Love in 'Sanremo' Video|last=Daw|first=Stephen|date=4 October 2019|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist-ua|40em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> '''General'''<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p755037|pure_url=yes}} &quot;Mika &gt; Discography&quot;]. [[Allmusic]]. Retrieved 17 August 2008.<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> '''Specific'''<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.mikasounds.com/ Official website]<br /> *{{discogs artist|artist=MIKA (8)|name=Mika}}<br /> *[http://www.mp4.com.pl/index.php?str=artf&amp;no=233 Mika] Full Artist Discography {{pl icon}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Mika}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Discographies of Lebanese artists]]<br /> [[Category:Pop music discographies]]<br /> [[Category:Discographies of British artists]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Collings_Foundation&diff=919496384 Talk:Collings Foundation 2019-10-04T01:32:54Z <p>203.112.87.220: /* how to handle the crash */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>{{WPAVIATION|class=start}}<br /> {{COI editnotice}}<br /> <br /> == Conflict with neighbors ==<br /> Need a section about conflict with neighbors and interactions with Town of Stow. Also, almost all of the article is a list of planes and vehicles. Maybe needs less of that and more on the origin and mission of the Foundation. [[User:David notMD|David notMD]] ([[User talk:David notMD|talk]]) 01:32, 3 April 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == External links modified ==<br /> <br /> Hello fellow Wikipedians,<br /> <br /> I have just modified one external link on [[Collings Foundation]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&amp;oldid=794899340 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:<br /> *Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160550/http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm to http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm<br /> <br /> When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.<br /> <br /> {{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}<br /> <br /> Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkgrey;font-family:monospace&quot;&gt;InternetArchiveBot&lt;/span&gt;''']] &lt;span style=&quot;color:green;font-family:Rockwell&quot;&gt;([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]])&lt;/span&gt; 18:29, 10 August 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Pay of the Executive Director ==<br /> <br /> I just fixed the citation for the pay of the Executive Director, and I'm curious about the information's relevance. I understand that it was a large increase from years past, but is it necessary to include? [[User:Balon Greyjoy|Balon Greyjoy]] ([[User talk:Balon Greyjoy|talk]]) 15:45, 4 December 2018 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == '''how to handle the crash''' ==<br /> <br /> Any thoughts? I have noticed that ALL other sites that have had a fatal crash, do NOT list them out. I understand we want to pay respect to those that were lost, for good reason.,. but perhaps this page is not it.</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collings_Foundation&diff=919495258 Collings Foundation 2019-10-04T01:24:03Z <p>203.112.87.220: This aircraft is no longer relevant here.</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|information about the crash of a B-17 owned by Collings Foundation|2019 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress crash}}<br /> {{Infobox museum<br /> | name = Collings Foundation<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize = 200px<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|42.403293|-71.5078|display=inline}}<br /> | established = 1979<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | location = [[Stow, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]<br /> | type = [[Aviation Museum]], [[Auto Museum]]<br /> | collection = <br /> | visitors = <br /> | director = Robert Collings, Jr.<br /> | president = <br /> | curator = <br /> | publictransit = <br /> | network = <br /> | website = [http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ www.collingsfoundation.org]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Collings Foundation''' is a private non-profit educational foundation located in [[Stow, Massachusetts]], founded in 1979 by Robert F. Collings and Caroline Collings with a mission dedicated to the preservation and public display of transportation-related history, namely automobile and aviation history.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm|title = Collings Foundation Background|accessdate = 8 April 2012|last = Collings Foundation|authorlink = |year = n.d.|url-status=dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160550/http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm|archivedate = 25 October 2012|df = }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Collings Foundation is headquartered from a small private airfield in Stow that includes a small museum that opens for special events and pre-scheduled tour groups. On July 4, 2013, [[Military Vehicle Technology Foundation]] founded by [[Jacques Littlefield]], donated their entire collection of military vehicles to the Collings Foundation. The vehicles are now the centerpiece of the new [[American Heritage Museum]], located at the Collings campus in Stow.<br /> <br /> The organization also has a satellite operations base in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], located at [[Ellington Field]] primarily housing the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] jet aircraft and helicopter collection. The Collings Foundation operates two touring collections of historic military aircraft: The Wings of Freedom Tour and The Vietnam Memorial Flight. The Wings of Freedom flights also provided a platform for testing a smartphone-based [[Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast]] (ADS-B), a means of future air safety technology.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Wings of Freedom Flight B-25 location and view.jpg|thumb|The view and position of Collings Foundation's B-25 captured in real-time by the ground station with a smartphone ADS-B app]]<br /> <br /> [[File:B-24 ariving 4-23-10 008 (wide) B24-P51-B17.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24J &quot;Witchcraft&quot;, TP-51C &quot;Betty Jane&quot; &amp; B-17G &quot;Nine-O-Nine&quot; at Marana, Arizona, in April 2010]]<br /> <br /> [[File:ME-262 B-1c.jpg|thumb|Me 262B &quot;White 1&quot; at Marana, Arizona, in April 2013]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Collings 2011 003 a zoom.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24J &quot;Witchcraft&quot; at Marana, Arizona, on April 11, 2011]]<br /> <br /> [[File:P51- Betty Jane.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's TP-51C &quot;Betty Jane&quot;]]<br /> <br /> [[File:909 just after take off -Marana Az 2012.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-17G just after take off at Marana, Arizona, in April 2012]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Collings Foundation's B-17G.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-17G at Leesburg, Florida, in February 2019]]<br /> <br /> ==Collection==<br /> <br /> ===Aircraft collection===<br /> <br /> ====Flyable aircraft====<br /> *1909 [[Bleriot XI]] Monoplane<br /> *1909 [[Curtiss Headless Pusher]]<br /> *1914 [[Curtiss Model F]] Flying Boat<br /> *1940 [[Waco UPF-7]]<br /> *1941 Consolidated [[PBY-5A Catalina]]<br /> *1942 Boeing [[PT-17 Stearman]] Kaydet<br /> *1942 Boeing [[PT-17 Stearman]] Kaydet (history with [[Tuskegee Airmen]])<br /> *1942 Fieseler [[Fieseler Fi 156|Fi 156C-1 Storch]]<br /> *1942 Cessna [[UC-78 Bobcat]]<br /> *1942 North American [[A-36 Apache]]<br /> *1943 North American [[P-51C Mustang]] (TP-51C) &quot;Betty Jane&quot;<br /> *1944 North American [[AT-6 Texan]]<br /> *1944 Grumman-Eastern [[FM-2 Wildcat]]<br /> *1944 Grumman-Eastern [[TBM Avenger]] (TBM-3E)<br /> *1944 Grumman [[F6F-3 Hellcat]]<br /> *1944 North American [[B-25J Mitchell]] &quot;Tondelayo&quot; <br /> *1944 North American [[P-51D Mustang]] (TF-51D) &quot;Toulouse Nuts&quot;<br /> *1944 Curtiss [[P-40N Warhawk]] (TP-40N)<br /> *1944 Consolidated [[B-24J Liberator]] &quot;Witchcraft&quot; (the only airworthy authentic B-24J)<br /> *1944 [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|Boeing SB-17G Flying Fortress]]<br /> ** Acquired in 2015 from [[Evergreen Aviation &amp; Space Museum]] (44-83785 / N207EV)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=72063 |title=Aiplane Dossier |website=aerialvisuals.ca |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N207EV |title=N207EV Aircraft Registration |website=[[FlightAware]] |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *1945 Lockheed [[P-38L Lightning]] &quot;Pudgy V&quot;<br /> *1945 Messerschmitt [[Me 262 Schwalbe]] &quot;White 1&quot; (2002 Reproduction)<br /> *1951 Chance-Vought [[F4U-5NL Corsair]]<br /> *1952 Lockheed [[T-33 Shooting Star]]<br /> *1955 Douglas [[A-1E Skyraider]] <br /> *1956 North American [[F-100F Super Sabre]]<br /> *1957 Grumman [[S-2F Tracker]]<br /> *1965 McDonnell-Douglas [[F-4D Phantom II]]<br /> *1966 Bell [[UH-1E Huey]]<br /> *1967 Douglas [[TA-4J Skyhawk]]<br /> <br /> ====Static aircraft====<br /> *1911 Wright Model EX &quot;[[Vin Fiz Flyer]]&quot; (Replica)<br /> *1953 Lockheed [[T-33 Shooting Star]]<br /> *1944 [[Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants#G-10|Messerschmitt Bf 109G-10]]<br /> <br /> ====Aircraft under restoration====<br /> *1944 Douglas [[A-26B Invader]]<br /> *1944 Focke-Wulf [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190#Fw 190 F|Fw 190F-8]] &quot;White One&quot;, ''Werknummer'' 931 862, with original [[BMW 801]] radial engine<br /> *1944 Focke-Wulf [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190#Fw 190D|Fw 190D-9]] &quot;White Two&quot;<br /> *1944 Piper L-4H Grasshopper 43-30426 ''Rosie the Rocketer'' (flown by then-Major [[Charles Carpenter (lieutenant colonel)|Charles Carpenter]]) in France, 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/7048928-151/la-pine-man-restoring-plane-flown-by-bazooka |title=La Pine man restoring plane flown by ‘Bazooka Charlie’ in World War II |last=Hogan |first=Jackson |date=March 9, 2019 |website=bendbulletin.com |publisher=The Bulletin (Bend, OR) |access-date=May 13, 2019 |quote=In 1944, U.S. Army pilot and artillery spotter [Major] Charles Carpenter was in France, fighting in the 4th Armored Division of Gen. George S. Patton’s 3rd Army, when he had a crazy idea...Carpenter strapped three bazookas under each wing of his 1944 Piper L-4H, a frail reconnaissance plane not typically used for combat, flew over the German army and blasted multiple Panzer tanks and armored cars north of the town of Nancy. It earned him the nickname “Bazooka Charlie.”...75 years later, the Piper L-4H — nicknamed “Rosie the Rocketer” — has found its way to a rural garage near La Pine, where it’s being restored by a retired engineer.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Automobile collection===<br /> <br /> ====Brass era====<br /> *1901 Oldsmobile Curved Dash<br /> *1904 Franklin Type A Roadster<br /> *1906 Pope Waverly Electric Carriage, original un-restored<br /> *1906 Stanley Steamer Touring Car (20&amp;nbsp;hp)<br /> *1908 Cadillac Open Roadster Runabout<br /> *1913 Ford Model T Touring Car<br /> *1913 Mercer Speedster Raceabout (replica)<br /> *1914 Stutz Bearcat<br /> *1915 Buick Touring Car<br /> *1916 Chalmers Model 120 Sedan<br /> *1916 Chevrolet Baby Grand Touring<br /> *1916 Oldsmobile Model 44 Touring Car<br /> *1919 Willys-Sterns Knight Touring Car<br /> <br /> ====Roaring 20's====<br /> *1921 Marmon Model 34 [[Speedster (automobile)|Speedster]]<br /> *1924 Ford Model T<br /> *[[File:Collings Foundation's TF-51D.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's TF-51D, &quot;Toulouse Nuts&quot; at Leesburg, FL, 02/07/2019]]1926 Chevrolet Woody Depot Hack<br /> <br /> ====Classic era====<br /> *1927 Rolls Royce Springfield Phantom 1 Phaeton<br /> *1928 Packard Model 533 Sedan<br /> *1928 Chrysler Model 72 Roadster<br /> *1928 Packard Phaeton<br /> *1928 Pierce Arrow Series 81 Limousine<br /> *1929 LaSalle Model 2H<br /> *1929 Pontiac Model F Cabriolet<br /> *[[File:Collings Foundation's B-24H.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24H, &quot;Witchcraft&quot; at Leesburg, FL, 02/07/2019]]1930 Cord Model L29 Convertible Coupe<br /> *1931 Studebaker President<br /> *1932 Duesenberg SJ Dual-Cowl Phaeton<br /> *1935 Packard Model 1208, Convertible Sedan<br /> *1936 Auburn Boat-Tail Speedster<br /> *1937 Cord Model 812 Phaeton<br /> <br /> ====Celebrity cars====<br /> *1940 Cadillac Limousine V-16, owned by Al Capone, original un-restored<br /> <br /> ====Indianapolis 500 cars====<br /> [[File:Trevis-Offy Indy car, 1961 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07063.jpg|thumb|right|Trevis/Offy, 1961]]<br /> *1961 Trevis/Offy - Trevis team car, sister car to the 1961 winner. Ran Indy 1961-1964.<br /> *1972 Gurney Eagle/Turbo Offy- Leader card Spl. Team car. Ran Indy 1972-1974<br /> *1979 Porsche Indy- The factory race car that smashed all the track records before being banned.<br /> *1980 Penske PC-9/Cosworth DFX- Mario Andretti's Michigan 500 winner. Ran Indy<br /> *1980, Qualified second with Mario Andretti. Also driven to victory by Rick Mears at the Copa Mexico 125. <br /> *1987 March/Buick- Rich Vogler's best Indy effort <br /> *1995 Lola/Ford XB- Michael Andretti's race winning car.<br /> <br /> ====Other race cars====<br /> *1996 Rilley &amp; Scott MkIII/Ford winner of the 1997 Rolex 24 hours of Daytona<br /> *1990 Nissan 300ZX- Factory team car winner of the 24 hours of Daytona, 12 hours of Sebring and the Drivers and constructors championship<br /> *1993 Porsche RS America- Rolex 24 and Sebring 12 hour veteran, the first team car of Champion Porsche<br /> <br /> ====Sprint cars: 1920's-WWII====<br /> [[File:Thomas Special sprint car, 1936 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07066.jpg|thumb|right|Thomas Special, 1936]]<br /> *1932 Crager-Ford<br /> *1932 Gemsa Ford<br /> *1936 Thomas Spl.<br /> *1937 Offy 270 ci.<br /> *1937 Rutherford- winner of over 300 races!<br /> *1937 Ranger-Aircraft Engine<br /> *Drayer-Ford<br /> *Riley Four Port<br /> <br /> ====Sprint cars: post WWII-1950's====<br /> *1950 Ford/Offy<br /> <br /> ====Midget racers: 1930's-1950's====<br /> [[File:Studebaker powered midget car, 1946 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07081.jpg|thumb|right|Studebaker powered midget car, 1946]]<br /> *1936 Sowers- a rare Offy derivative<br /> *Caruso-Offy 110 ci. supercharged by Maseratti<br /> *Studebaker<br /> *Elto Outboard<br /> *Indian<br /> *(3) Ford V-8/60<br /> <br /> ====Military vehicles&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.collingsfoundation.org/american-heritage-museum/american-heritage-museum-artifact-list/|title=Collings Foundation American Heritage Museum Collection|last=|first=|date=23 January 2019|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;====<br /> * 1917 Vim &quot;Camp Devens Express&quot;<br /> * 1920 Ford Model T Ambulance<br /> * 1942 Ford Jeep, GPW [[Willys MB]]<br /> * 1943 White Motor Co. [[M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage|M-16 half-track]]<br /> *[[M1917 light tank|M1917 6 Ton tank]] (American version of the [[Renault FT]])<br /> *[[Panzer I|Panzer I. A]]<br /> *[[Panther tank|Panzer V]] &quot;Panther&quot; Ausf. A. Only running Panther in the USA<br /> *[[Mercedes-Benz W31|Mercedes G4 Staff Car]]<br /> *[[Light Tank Mk VI|Vickers Mk. IV]] Light Tank<br /> *[[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] Turret Trainer<br /> *[[M3 Lee]]<br /> *[[Matilda II|Matilda MK.II]] Tank<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 10]] 1-Ton – German half-track | Personnel Carrier/Prime Mover<br /> *[[Leichter Panzerspähwagen]] Sd.Kfz. 222 Armored Scout Car - Germany<br /> *[[BMW R75]] Motorcycle and Side Car<br /> *[[M3 Scout Car|M3A1]] Scout Car <br /> *[[M3 Stuart|M5A1]] Stuart Light Tank<br /> *[[Volkswagen Kübelwagen|VW Kübelwagen]] Type 82<br /> *[[Volkswagen Schwimmwagen|Schwimmwagen]] Type 166<br /> *[[T-34]]/76 Tank<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 251]]/1 Ausf. D armored half-track<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 2]] Kleines Kettenkrad &quot;track-cycle&quot;<br /> *[[LCVP (United States)|LCVP]] “Higgins Boat” <br /> *[[Cromwell tank|Cromwell I]] Tank<br /> *[[Hetzer|Jagdpanzer 38t]] Hetzer<br /> *[[M4 Sherman|M4A3E2]] Sherman “Jumbo” Tank<br /> *[[M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage|M16 MGMC Half Track]]<br /> *[[Howitzer Motor Carriage M8|M8 Scott]]<br /> *[[M22 Locust]] Airborne Tank<br /> *[[M18 Hellcat]] Tank Destroyer <br /> *[[Comet (tank)|A34 Comet]] <br /> *[[IS-1 and IS-2|IS-2]] Iosef Stalin <br /> *[[SU-100]]<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 8]] 12 ton German half-track<br /> *Kommandogerrat 38 <br /> *V-1 “[[Republic-Ford JB-2|JB-2 Loon]]”<br /> *[[M8 Greyhound]]<br /> *[[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT(A)-4]] Landing Vehicle <br /> *[[M29 Weasel|M29C Weasel]]<br /> *[[Daimler Dingo]] Mk1 <br /> *[[M3 Lee|M3]] Gun Motor Carriage<br /> *[[M7 Priest]] SPH<br /> *[[M26 Pershing|M26A1 Pershing]]<br /> *[[M24 Chaffee]]<br /> *[[M39 Armored Utility Vehicle|M39]] Armored Utility Vehicle<br /> *[[M2 Bradley|M2A1]] ''Bradley'' Fighting Vehicle<br /> *[[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZPU-23]] Anti Aircraft Gun<br /> *[[M41 Walker Bulldog]]<br /> *[[M48 Patton|M48]] Patton<br /> *[[PT-76]] Amphibious Tank<br /> *[[T-72|T72G]]<br /> *[[M551 Sheridan]]<br /> *[[M60 Patton|M60A1]]<br /> *[[T-54/T-55|T-55]] <br /> *MAZ-7310/[[Scud|Scud-B]] Missile Launcher <br /> *[[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZSU-23-4 SHILKA]] Anti-Aircraft Tank <br /> *[[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1 GVOZDIKA]]<br /> *[[M1 Abrams|M1A1 Abrams]] Tank <br /> *QinetiQ [[Foster-Miller TALON|TALON robot]]<br /> *[[PackBot|iRobot PackBot]]<br /> <br /> ====Trucks and farm vehicles====<br /> *1909 Peerless Steam Tractor<br /> *1915 Walker Electric Truck<br /> *1920's International Harvester<br /> *1931 Diamond T Truck<br /> *1931 Chevrolet Model C Cab-Truck<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ Official Website: The Collings Foundation]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Aerospace museums in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Automobile museums in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Educational foundations in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Ellington Airport (Texas)]]<br /> [[Category:Museums established in 1979]]<br /> [[Category:1979 establishments in Massachusetts]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collings_Foundation&diff=919494841 Collings Foundation 2019-10-04T01:20:40Z <p>203.112.87.220: There is no reason.. other than MORBID to list this aircraft here. It is no longer relevant to Collings. Go look on the CAF websites., they DO NOT LIST any aircraft that have crashed</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|information about the crash of a B-17 owned by Collings Foundation|2019 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress crash}}<br /> {{Infobox museum<br /> | name = Collings Foundation<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize = 200px<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|42.403293|-71.5078|display=inline}}<br /> | established = 1979<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | location = [[Stow, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]<br /> | type = [[Aviation Museum]], [[Auto Museum]]<br /> | collection = <br /> | visitors = <br /> | director = Robert Collings, Jr.<br /> | president = <br /> | curator = <br /> | publictransit = <br /> | network = <br /> | website = [http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ www.collingsfoundation.org]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Collings Foundation''' is a private non-profit educational foundation located in [[Stow, Massachusetts]], founded in 1979 by Robert F. Collings and Caroline Collings with a mission dedicated to the preservation and public display of transportation-related history, namely automobile and aviation history.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm|title = Collings Foundation Background|accessdate = 8 April 2012|last = Collings Foundation|authorlink = |year = n.d.|url-status=dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160550/http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm|archivedate = 25 October 2012|df = }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Collings Foundation is headquartered from a small private airfield in Stow that includes a small museum that opens for special events and pre-scheduled tour groups. On July 4, 2013, [[Military Vehicle Technology Foundation]] founded by [[Jacques Littlefield]], donated their entire collection of military vehicles to the Collings Foundation. The vehicles are now the centerpiece of the new [[American Heritage Museum]], located at the Collings campus in Stow.<br /> <br /> The organization also has a satellite operations base in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], located at [[Ellington Field]] primarily housing the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] jet aircraft and helicopter collection. The Collings Foundation operates two touring collections of historic military aircraft: The Wings of Freedom Tour and The Vietnam Memorial Flight. The Wings of Freedom flights also provided a platform for testing a smartphone-based [[Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast]] (ADS-B), a means of future air safety technology.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Wings of Freedom Flight B-25 location and view.jpg|thumb|The view and position of Collings Foundation's B-25 captured in real-time by the ground station with a smartphone ADS-B app]]<br /> <br /> [[File:B-24 ariving 4-23-10 008 (wide) B24-P51-B17.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24J &quot;Witchcraft&quot;, TP-51C &quot;Betty Jane&quot; &amp; B-17G &quot;Nine-O-Nine&quot; at Marana, Arizona, in April 2010]]<br /> <br /> [[File:ME-262 B-1c.jpg|thumb|Me 262B &quot;White 1&quot; at Marana, Arizona, in April 2013]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Collings 2011 003 a zoom.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24J &quot;Witchcraft&quot; at Marana, Arizona, on April 11, 2011]]<br /> <br /> [[File:P51- Betty Jane.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's TP-51C &quot;Betty Jane&quot;]]<br /> <br /> [[File:909 just after take off -Marana Az 2012.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-17G just after take off at Marana, Arizona, in April 2012]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Collings Foundation's B-17G.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-17G at Leesburg, Florida, in February 2019]]<br /> <br /> ==Collection==<br /> <br /> ===Aircraft collection===<br /> <br /> ====Flyable aircraft====<br /> *1909 [[Bleriot XI]] Monoplane<br /> *1909 [[Curtiss Headless Pusher]]<br /> *1914 [[Curtiss Model F]] Flying Boat<br /> *1940 [[Waco UPF-7]]<br /> *1941 Consolidated [[PBY-5A Catalina]]<br /> *1942 Boeing [[PT-17 Stearman]] Kaydet<br /> *1942 Boeing [[PT-17 Stearman]] Kaydet (history with [[Tuskegee Airmen]])<br /> *1942 Fieseler [[Fieseler Fi 156|Fi 156C-1 Storch]]<br /> *1942 Cessna [[UC-78 Bobcat]]<br /> *1942 North American [[A-36 Apache]]<br /> *1943 North American [[P-51C Mustang]] (TP-51C) &quot;Betty Jane&quot;<br /> *1944 North American [[AT-6 Texan]]<br /> *1944 Grumman-Eastern [[FM-2 Wildcat]]<br /> *1944 Grumman-Eastern [[TBM Avenger]] (TBM-3E)<br /> *1944 Grumman [[F6F-3 Hellcat]]<br /> *1944 North American [[B-25J Mitchell]] &quot;Tondelayo&quot; <br /> *1944 North American [[P-51D Mustang]] (TF-51D) &quot;Toulouse Nuts&quot;<br /> *1944 Curtiss [[P-40N Warhawk]] (TP-40N)<br /> *1944 Consolidated [[B-24J Liberator]] &quot;Witchcraft&quot; (the only airworthy authentic B-24J)<br /> *1944 [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|Boeing SB-17G Flying Fortress]]<br /> ** Acquired in 2015 from [[Evergreen Aviation &amp; Space Museum]] (44-83785 / N207EV)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=72063 |title=Aiplane Dossier |website=aerialvisuals.ca |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N207EV |title=N207EV Aircraft Registration |website=[[FlightAware]] |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *1945 Lockheed [[P-38L Lightning]] &quot;Pudgy V&quot;<br /> *1945 Messerschmitt [[Me 262 Schwalbe]] &quot;White 1&quot; (2002 Reproduction)<br /> *1951 Chance-Vought [[F4U-5NL Corsair]]<br /> *1952 Lockheed [[T-33 Shooting Star]]<br /> *1955 Douglas [[A-1E Skyraider]] <br /> *1956 North American [[F-100F Super Sabre]]<br /> *1957 Grumman [[S-2F Tracker]]<br /> *1965 McDonnell-Douglas [[F-4D Phantom II]]<br /> *1966 Bell [[UH-1E Huey]]<br /> *1967 Douglas [[TA-4J Skyhawk]]<br /> <br /> ====Static aircraft====<br /> *1911 Wright Model EX &quot;[[Vin Fiz Flyer]]&quot; (Replica)<br /> *1953 Lockheed [[T-33 Shooting Star]]<br /> *1944 [[Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants#G-10|Messerschmitt Bf 109G-10]]<br /> <br /> ====Aircraft under restoration====<br /> *1944 Douglas [[A-26B Invader]]<br /> *1944 Focke-Wulf [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190#Fw 190 F|Fw 190F-8]] &quot;White One&quot;, ''Werknummer'' 931 862, with original [[BMW 801]] radial engine<br /> *1944 Focke-Wulf [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190#Fw 190D|Fw 190D-9]] &quot;White Two&quot;<br /> *1944 Piper L-4H Grasshopper 43-30426 ''Rosie the Rocketer'' (flown by then-Major [[Charles Carpenter (lieutenant colonel)|Charles Carpenter]]) in France, 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/7048928-151/la-pine-man-restoring-plane-flown-by-bazooka |title=La Pine man restoring plane flown by ‘Bazooka Charlie’ in World War II |last=Hogan |first=Jackson |date=March 9, 2019 |website=bendbulletin.com |publisher=The Bulletin (Bend, OR) |access-date=May 13, 2019 |quote=In 1944, U.S. Army pilot and artillery spotter [Major] Charles Carpenter was in France, fighting in the 4th Armored Division of Gen. George S. Patton’s 3rd Army, when he had a crazy idea...Carpenter strapped three bazookas under each wing of his 1944 Piper L-4H, a frail reconnaissance plane not typically used for combat, flew over the German army and blasted multiple Panzer tanks and armored cars north of the town of Nancy. It earned him the nickname “Bazooka Charlie.”...75 years later, the Piper L-4H — nicknamed “Rosie the Rocketer” — has found its way to a rural garage near La Pine, where it’s being restored by a retired engineer.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Automobile collection===<br /> <br /> ====Brass era====<br /> *1901 Oldsmobile Curved Dash<br /> *1904 Franklin Type A Roadster<br /> *1906 Pope Waverly Electric Carriage, original un-restored<br /> *1906 Stanley Steamer Touring Car (20&amp;nbsp;hp)<br /> *1908 Cadillac Open Roadster Runabout<br /> *1913 Ford Model T Touring Car<br /> *1913 Mercer Speedster Raceabout (replica)<br /> *1914 Stutz Bearcat<br /> *1915 Buick Touring Car<br /> *1916 Chalmers Model 120 Sedan<br /> *1916 Chevrolet Baby Grand Touring<br /> *1916 Oldsmobile Model 44 Touring Car<br /> *1919 Willys-Sterns Knight Touring Car<br /> <br /> ====Roaring 20's====<br /> *1921 Marmon Model 34 [[Speedster (automobile)|Speedster]]<br /> *1924 Ford Model T<br /> *[[File:Collings Foundation's TF-51D.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's TF-51D, &quot;Toulouse Nuts&quot; at Leesburg, FL, 02/07/2019]]1926 Chevrolet Woody Depot Hack<br /> <br /> ====Classic era====<br /> *1927 Rolls Royce Springfield Phantom 1 Phaeton<br /> *1928 Packard Model 533 Sedan<br /> *1928 Chrysler Model 72 Roadster<br /> *1928 Packard Phaeton<br /> *1928 Pierce Arrow Series 81 Limousine<br /> *1929 LaSalle Model 2H<br /> *1929 Pontiac Model F Cabriolet<br /> *[[File:Collings Foundation's B-24H.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24H, &quot;Witchcraft&quot; at Leesburg, FL, 02/07/2019]]1930 Cord Model L29 Convertible Coupe<br /> *1931 Studebaker President<br /> *1932 Duesenberg SJ Dual-Cowl Phaeton<br /> *1935 Packard Model 1208, Convertible Sedan<br /> *1936 Auburn Boat-Tail Speedster<br /> *1937 Cord Model 812 Phaeton<br /> <br /> ====Celebrity cars====<br /> *1940 Cadillac Limousine V-16, owned by Al Capone, original un-restored<br /> <br /> ====Indianapolis 500 cars====<br /> [[File:Trevis-Offy Indy car, 1961 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07063.jpg|thumb|right|Trevis/Offy, 1961]]<br /> *1961 Trevis/Offy - Trevis team car, sister car to the 1961 winner. Ran Indy 1961-1964.<br /> *1972 Gurney Eagle/Turbo Offy- Leader card Spl. Team car. Ran Indy 1972-1974<br /> *1979 Porsche Indy- The factory race car that smashed all the track records before being banned.<br /> *1980 Penske PC-9/Cosworth DFX- Mario Andretti's Michigan 500 winner. Ran Indy<br /> *1980, Qualified second with Mario Andretti. Also driven to victory by Rick Mears at the Copa Mexico 125. <br /> *1987 March/Buick- Rich Vogler's best Indy effort <br /> *1995 Lola/Ford XB- Michael Andretti's race winning car.<br /> <br /> ====Other race cars====<br /> *1996 Rilley &amp; Scott MkIII/Ford winner of the 1997 Rolex 24 hours of Daytona<br /> *1990 Nissan 300ZX- Factory team car winner of the 24 hours of Daytona, 12 hours of Sebring and the Drivers and constructors championship<br /> *1993 Porsche RS America- Rolex 24 and Sebring 12 hour veteran, the first team car of Champion Porsche<br /> <br /> ====Sprint cars: 1920's-WWII====<br /> [[File:Thomas Special sprint car, 1936 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07066.jpg|thumb|right|Thomas Special, 1936]]<br /> *1932 Crager-Ford<br /> *1932 Gemsa Ford<br /> *1936 Thomas Spl.<br /> *1937 Offy 270 ci.<br /> *1937 Rutherford- winner of over 300 races!<br /> *1937 Ranger-Aircraft Engine<br /> *Drayer-Ford<br /> *Riley Four Port<br /> <br /> ====Sprint cars: post WWII-1950's====<br /> *1950 Ford/Offy<br /> <br /> ====Midget racers: 1930's-1950's====<br /> [[File:Studebaker powered midget car, 1946 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07081.jpg|thumb|right|Studebaker powered midget car, 1946]]<br /> *1936 Sowers- a rare Offy derivative<br /> *Caruso-Offy 110 ci. supercharged by Maseratti<br /> *Studebaker<br /> *Elto Outboard<br /> *Indian<br /> *(3) Ford V-8/60<br /> <br /> ====Military vehicles&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.collingsfoundation.org/american-heritage-museum/american-heritage-museum-artifact-list/|title=Collings Foundation American Heritage Museum Collection|last=|first=|date=23 January 2019|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;====<br /> * 1917 Vim &quot;Camp Devens Express&quot;<br /> * 1920 Ford Model T Ambulance<br /> * 1942 Ford Jeep, GPW [[Willys MB]]<br /> * 1943 White Motor Co. [[M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage|M-16 half-track]]<br /> *[[M1917 light tank|M1917 6 Ton tank]] (American version of the [[Renault FT]])<br /> *[[Panzer I|Panzer I. A]]<br /> *[[Panther tank|Panzer V]] &quot;Panther&quot; Ausf. A. Only running Panther in the USA<br /> *[[Mercedes-Benz W31|Mercedes G4 Staff Car]]<br /> *[[Light Tank Mk VI|Vickers Mk. IV]] Light Tank<br /> *[[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] Turret Trainer<br /> *[[M3 Lee]]<br /> *[[Matilda II|Matilda MK.II]] Tank<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 10]] 1-Ton – German half-track | Personnel Carrier/Prime Mover<br /> *[[Leichter Panzerspähwagen]] Sd.Kfz. 222 Armored Scout Car - Germany<br /> *[[BMW R75]] Motorcycle and Side Car<br /> *[[M3 Scout Car|M3A1]] Scout Car <br /> *[[M3 Stuart|M5A1]] Stuart Light Tank<br /> *[[Volkswagen Kübelwagen|VW Kübelwagen]] Type 82<br /> *[[Volkswagen Schwimmwagen|Schwimmwagen]] Type 166<br /> *[[T-34]]/76 Tank<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 251]]/1 Ausf. D armored half-track<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 2]] Kleines Kettenkrad &quot;track-cycle&quot;<br /> *[[LCVP (United States)|LCVP]] “Higgins Boat” <br /> *[[Cromwell tank|Cromwell I]] Tank<br /> *[[Hetzer|Jagdpanzer 38t]] Hetzer<br /> *[[M4 Sherman|M4A3E2]] Sherman “Jumbo” Tank<br /> *[[M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage|M16 MGMC Half Track]]<br /> *[[Howitzer Motor Carriage M8|M8 Scott]]<br /> *[[M22 Locust]] Airborne Tank<br /> *[[M18 Hellcat]] Tank Destroyer <br /> *[[Comet (tank)|A34 Comet]] <br /> *[[IS-1 and IS-2|IS-2]] Iosef Stalin <br /> *[[SU-100]]<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 8]] 12 ton German half-track<br /> *Kommandogerrat 38 <br /> *V-1 “[[Republic-Ford JB-2|JB-2 Loon]]”<br /> *[[M8 Greyhound]]<br /> *[[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT(A)-4]] Landing Vehicle <br /> *[[M29 Weasel|M29C Weasel]]<br /> *[[Daimler Dingo]] Mk1 <br /> *[[M3 Lee|M3]] Gun Motor Carriage<br /> *[[M7 Priest]] SPH<br /> *[[M26 Pershing|M26A1 Pershing]]<br /> *[[M24 Chaffee]]<br /> *[[M39 Armored Utility Vehicle|M39]] Armored Utility Vehicle<br /> *[[M2 Bradley|M2A1]] ''Bradley'' Fighting Vehicle<br /> *[[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZPU-23]] Anti Aircraft Gun<br /> *[[M41 Walker Bulldog]]<br /> *[[M48 Patton|M48]] Patton<br /> *[[PT-76]] Amphibious Tank<br /> *[[T-72|T72G]]<br /> *[[M551 Sheridan]]<br /> *[[M60 Patton|M60A1]]<br /> *[[T-54/T-55|T-55]] <br /> *MAZ-7310/[[Scud|Scud-B]] Missile Launcher <br /> *[[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZSU-23-4 SHILKA]] Anti-Aircraft Tank <br /> *[[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1 GVOZDIKA]]<br /> *[[M1 Abrams|M1A1 Abrams]] Tank <br /> *QinetiQ [[Foster-Miller TALON|TALON robot]]<br /> *[[PackBot|iRobot PackBot]]<br /> <br /> ====Trucks and farm vehicles====<br /> *1909 Peerless Steam Tractor<br /> *1915 Walker Electric Truck<br /> *1920's International Harvester<br /> *1931 Diamond T Truck<br /> *1931 Chevrolet Model C Cab-Truck<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ Official Website: The Collings Foundation]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Aerospace museums in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Automobile museums in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Educational foundations in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Ellington Airport (Texas)]]<br /> [[Category:Museums established in 1979]]<br /> [[Category:1979 establishments in Massachusetts]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collings_Foundation&diff=919494217 Collings Foundation 2019-10-04T01:15:37Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{for|information about the crash of a B-17 owned by Collings Foundation|2019 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress crash}}<br /> {{Infobox museum<br /> | name = Collings Foundation<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize = 200px<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|42.403293|-71.5078|display=inline}}<br /> | established = 1979<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | location = [[Stow, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]<br /> | type = [[Aviation Museum]], [[Auto Museum]]<br /> | collection = <br /> | visitors = <br /> | director = Robert Collings, Jr.<br /> | president = <br /> | curator = <br /> | publictransit = <br /> | network = <br /> | website = [http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ www.collingsfoundation.org]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Collings Foundation''' is a private non-profit educational foundation located in [[Stow, Massachusetts]], founded in 1979 by Robert F. Collings and Caroline Collings with a mission dedicated to the preservation and public display of transportation-related history, namely automobile and aviation history.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm|title = Collings Foundation Background|accessdate = 8 April 2012|last = Collings Foundation|authorlink = |year = n.d.|url-status=dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160550/http://www.collingsfoundation.org/in_background.htm|archivedate = 25 October 2012|df = }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Collings Foundation is headquartered from a small private airfield in Stow that includes a small museum that opens for special events and pre-scheduled tour groups. On July 4, 2013, [[Military Vehicle Technology Foundation]] founded by [[Jacques Littlefield]], donated their entire collection of military vehicles to the Collings Foundation. The vehicles are now the centerpiece of the new [[American Heritage Museum]], located at the Collings campus in Stow.<br /> <br /> The organization also has a satellite operations base in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], located at [[Ellington Field]] primarily housing the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] jet aircraft and helicopter collection. The Collings Foundation operates two touring collections of historic military aircraft: The Wings of Freedom Tour and The Vietnam Memorial Flight. The Wings of Freedom flights also provided a platform for testing a smartphone-based [[Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast]] (ADS-B), a means of future air safety technology.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Wings of Freedom Flight B-25 location and view.jpg|thumb|The view and position of Collings Foundation's B-25 captured in real-time by the ground station with a smartphone ADS-B app]]<br /> <br /> [[File:B-24 ariving 4-23-10 008 (wide) B24-P51-B17.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24J &quot;Witchcraft&quot;, TP-51C &quot;Betty Jane&quot; &amp; B-17G &quot;Nine-O-Nine&quot; at Marana, Arizona, in April 2010]]<br /> <br /> [[File:ME-262 B-1c.jpg|thumb|Me 262B &quot;White 1&quot; at Marana, Arizona, in April 2013]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Collings 2011 003 a zoom.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24J &quot;Witchcraft&quot; at Marana, Arizona, on April 11, 2011]]<br /> <br /> [[File:P51- Betty Jane.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's TP-51C &quot;Betty Jane&quot;]]<br /> <br /> [[File:909 just after take off -Marana Az 2012.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-17G just after take off at Marana, Arizona, in April 2012]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Collings Foundation's B-17G.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-17G at Leesburg, Florida, in February 2019]]<br /> <br /> ==Collection==<br /> <br /> ===Aircraft collection===<br /> <br /> ====Flyable aircraft====<br /> *1909 [[Bleriot XI]] Monoplane<br /> *1909 [[Curtiss Headless Pusher]]<br /> *1914 [[Curtiss Model F]] Flying Boat<br /> *1940 [[Waco UPF-7]]<br /> *1941 Consolidated [[PBY-5A Catalina]]<br /> *1942 Boeing [[PT-17 Stearman]] Kaydet<br /> *1942 Boeing [[PT-17 Stearman]] Kaydet (history with [[Tuskegee Airmen]])<br /> *1942 Fieseler [[Fieseler Fi 156|Fi 156C-1 Storch]]<br /> *1942 Cessna [[UC-78 Bobcat]]<br /> *1942 North American [[A-36 Apache]]<br /> *1943 North American [[P-51C Mustang]] (TP-51C) &quot;Betty Jane&quot;<br /> *1944 North American [[AT-6 Texan]]<br /> *1944 Grumman-Eastern [[FM-2 Wildcat]]<br /> *1944 Grumman-Eastern [[TBM Avenger]] (TBM-3E)<br /> *1944 Grumman [[F6F-3 Hellcat]]<br /> *1944 North American [[B-25J Mitchell]] &quot;Tondelayo&quot; <br /> *1944 North American [[P-51D Mustang]] (TF-51D) &quot;Toulouse Nuts&quot;<br /> *1944 Curtiss [[P-40N Warhawk]] (TP-40N)<br /> *1944 Consolidated [[B-24J Liberator]] &quot;Witchcraft&quot; (the only airworthy authentic B-24J)<br /> *1944 [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|Boeing SB-17G Flying Fortress]]<br /> ** Acquired in 2015 from [[Evergreen Aviation &amp; Space Museum]] (44-83785 / N207EV)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=72063 |title=Aiplane Dossier |website=aerialvisuals.ca |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N207EV |title=N207EV Aircraft Registration |website=[[FlightAware]] |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *1945 Lockheed [[P-38L Lightning]] &quot;Pudgy V&quot;<br /> *1945 Messerschmitt [[Me 262 Schwalbe]] &quot;White 1&quot; (2002 Reproduction)<br /> *1951 Chance-Vought [[F4U-5NL Corsair]]<br /> *1952 Lockheed [[T-33 Shooting Star]]<br /> *1955 Douglas [[A-1E Skyraider]] <br /> *1956 North American [[F-100F Super Sabre]]<br /> *1957 Grumman [[S-2F Tracker]]<br /> *1965 McDonnell-Douglas [[F-4D Phantom II]]<br /> *1966 Bell [[UH-1E Huey]]<br /> *1967 Douglas [[TA-4J Skyhawk]]<br /> <br /> ====Static aircraft====<br /> *1911 Wright Model EX &quot;[[Vin Fiz Flyer]]&quot; (Replica)<br /> *1953 Lockheed [[T-33 Shooting Star]]<br /> *1944 [[Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants#G-10|Messerschmitt Bf 109G-10]]<br /> <br /> ====Aircraft under restoration====<br /> *1944 Douglas [[A-26B Invader]]<br /> *1944 Focke-Wulf [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190#Fw 190 F|Fw 190F-8]] &quot;White One&quot;, ''Werknummer'' 931 862, with original [[BMW 801]] radial engine<br /> *1944 Focke-Wulf [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190#Fw 190D|Fw 190D-9]] &quot;White Two&quot;<br /> *1944 Piper L-4H Grasshopper 43-30426 ''Rosie the Rocketer'' (flown by then-Major [[Charles Carpenter (lieutenant colonel)|Charles Carpenter]]) in France, 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/7048928-151/la-pine-man-restoring-plane-flown-by-bazooka |title=La Pine man restoring plane flown by ‘Bazooka Charlie’ in World War II |last=Hogan |first=Jackson |date=March 9, 2019 |website=bendbulletin.com |publisher=The Bulletin (Bend, OR) |access-date=May 13, 2019 |quote=In 1944, U.S. Army pilot and artillery spotter [Major] Charles Carpenter was in France, fighting in the 4th Armored Division of Gen. George S. Patton’s 3rd Army, when he had a crazy idea...Carpenter strapped three bazookas under each wing of his 1944 Piper L-4H, a frail reconnaissance plane not typically used for combat, flew over the German army and blasted multiple Panzer tanks and armored cars north of the town of Nancy. It earned him the nickname “Bazooka Charlie.”...75 years later, the Piper L-4H — nicknamed “Rosie the Rocketer” — has found its way to a rural garage near La Pine, where it’s being restored by a retired engineer.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Automobile collection===<br /> <br /> ====Brass era====<br /> *1901 Oldsmobile Curved Dash<br /> *1904 Franklin Type A Roadster<br /> *1906 Pope Waverly Electric Carriage, original un-restored<br /> *1906 Stanley Steamer Touring Car (20&amp;nbsp;hp)<br /> *1908 Cadillac Open Roadster Runabout<br /> *1913 Ford Model T Touring Car<br /> *1913 Mercer Speedster Raceabout (replica)<br /> *1914 Stutz Bearcat<br /> *1915 Buick Touring Car<br /> *1916 Chalmers Model 120 Sedan<br /> *1916 Chevrolet Baby Grand Touring<br /> *1916 Oldsmobile Model 44 Touring Car<br /> *1919 Willys-Sterns Knight Touring Car<br /> <br /> ====Roaring 20's====<br /> *1921 Marmon Model 34 [[Speedster (automobile)|Speedster]]<br /> *1924 Ford Model T<br /> *[[File:Collings Foundation's TF-51D.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's TF-51D, &quot;Toulouse Nuts&quot; at Leesburg, FL, 02/07/2019]]1926 Chevrolet Woody Depot Hack<br /> <br /> ====Classic era====<br /> *1927 Rolls Royce Springfield Phantom 1 Phaeton<br /> *1928 Packard Model 533 Sedan<br /> *1928 Chrysler Model 72 Roadster<br /> *1928 Packard Phaeton<br /> *1928 Pierce Arrow Series 81 Limousine<br /> *1929 LaSalle Model 2H<br /> *1929 Pontiac Model F Cabriolet<br /> *[[File:Collings Foundation's B-24H.jpg|thumb|Collings Foundation's B-24H, &quot;Witchcraft&quot; at Leesburg, FL, 02/07/2019]]1930 Cord Model L29 Convertible Coupe<br /> *1931 Studebaker President<br /> *1932 Duesenberg SJ Dual-Cowl Phaeton<br /> *1935 Packard Model 1208, Convertible Sedan<br /> *1936 Auburn Boat-Tail Speedster<br /> *1937 Cord Model 812 Phaeton<br /> <br /> ====Celebrity cars====<br /> *1940 Cadillac Limousine V-16, owned by Al Capone, original un-restored<br /> <br /> ====Indianapolis 500 cars====<br /> [[File:Trevis-Offy Indy car, 1961 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07063.jpg|thumb|right|Trevis/Offy, 1961]]<br /> *1961 Trevis/Offy - Trevis team car, sister car to the 1961 winner. Ran Indy 1961-1964.<br /> *1972 Gurney Eagle/Turbo Offy- Leader card Spl. Team car. Ran Indy 1972-1974<br /> *1979 Porsche Indy- The factory race car that smashed all the track records before being banned.<br /> *1980 Penske PC-9/Cosworth DFX- Mario Andretti's Michigan 500 winner. Ran Indy<br /> *1980, Qualified second with Mario Andretti. Also driven to victory by Rick Mears at the Copa Mexico 125. <br /> *1987 March/Buick- Rich Vogler's best Indy effort <br /> *1995 Lola/Ford XB- Michael Andretti's race winning car.<br /> <br /> ====Other race cars====<br /> *1996 Rilley &amp; Scott MkIII/Ford winner of the 1997 Rolex 24 hours of Daytona<br /> *1990 Nissan 300ZX- Factory team car winner of the 24 hours of Daytona, 12 hours of Sebring and the Drivers and constructors championship<br /> *1993 Porsche RS America- Rolex 24 and Sebring 12 hour veteran, the first team car of Champion Porsche<br /> <br /> ====Sprint cars: 1920's-WWII====<br /> [[File:Thomas Special sprint car, 1936 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07066.jpg|thumb|right|Thomas Special, 1936]]<br /> *1932 Crager-Ford<br /> *1932 Gemsa Ford<br /> *1936 Thomas Spl.<br /> *1937 Offy 270 ci.<br /> *1937 Rutherford- winner of over 300 races!<br /> *1937 Ranger-Aircraft Engine<br /> *Drayer-Ford<br /> *Riley Four Port<br /> <br /> ====Sprint cars: post WWII-1950's====<br /> *1950 Ford/Offy<br /> <br /> ====Midget racers: 1930's-1950's====<br /> [[File:Studebaker powered midget car, 1946 - Collings Foundation - Massachusetts - DSC07081.jpg|thumb|right|Studebaker powered midget car, 1946]]<br /> *1936 Sowers- a rare Offy derivative<br /> *Caruso-Offy 110 ci. supercharged by Maseratti<br /> *Studebaker<br /> *Elto Outboard<br /> *Indian<br /> *(3) Ford V-8/60<br /> <br /> ====Military vehicles&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.collingsfoundation.org/american-heritage-museum/american-heritage-museum-artifact-list/|title=Collings Foundation American Heritage Museum Collection|last=|first=|date=23 January 2019|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;====<br /> * 1917 Vim &quot;Camp Devens Express&quot;<br /> * 1920 Ford Model T Ambulance<br /> * 1942 Ford Jeep, GPW [[Willys MB]]<br /> * 1943 White Motor Co. [[M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage|M-16 half-track]]<br /> *[[M1917 light tank|M1917 6 Ton tank]] (American version of the [[Renault FT]])<br /> *[[Panzer I|Panzer I. A]]<br /> *[[Panther tank|Panzer V]] &quot;Panther&quot; Ausf. A. Only running Panther in the USA<br /> *[[Mercedes-Benz W31|Mercedes G4 Staff Car]]<br /> *[[Light Tank Mk VI|Vickers Mk. IV]] Light Tank<br /> *[[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] Turret Trainer<br /> *[[M3 Lee]]<br /> *[[Matilda II|Matilda MK.II]] Tank<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 10]] 1-Ton – German half-track | Personnel Carrier/Prime Mover<br /> *[[Leichter Panzerspähwagen]] Sd.Kfz. 222 Armored Scout Car - Germany<br /> *[[BMW R75]] Motorcycle and Side Car<br /> *[[M3 Scout Car|M3A1]] Scout Car <br /> *[[M3 Stuart|M5A1]] Stuart Light Tank<br /> *[[Volkswagen Kübelwagen|VW Kübelwagen]] Type 82<br /> *[[Volkswagen Schwimmwagen|Schwimmwagen]] Type 166<br /> *[[T-34]]/76 Tank<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 251]]/1 Ausf. D armored half-track<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 2]] Kleines Kettenkrad &quot;track-cycle&quot;<br /> *[[LCVP (United States)|LCVP]] “Higgins Boat” <br /> *[[Cromwell tank|Cromwell I]] Tank<br /> *[[Hetzer|Jagdpanzer 38t]] Hetzer<br /> *[[M4 Sherman|M4A3E2]] Sherman “Jumbo” Tank<br /> *[[M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage|M16 MGMC Half Track]]<br /> *[[Howitzer Motor Carriage M8|M8 Scott]]<br /> *[[M22 Locust]] Airborne Tank<br /> *[[M18 Hellcat]] Tank Destroyer <br /> *[[Comet (tank)|A34 Comet]] <br /> *[[IS-1 and IS-2|IS-2]] Iosef Stalin <br /> *[[SU-100]]<br /> *[[Sd.Kfz. 8]] 12 ton German half-track<br /> *Kommandogerrat 38 <br /> *V-1 “[[Republic-Ford JB-2|JB-2 Loon]]”<br /> *[[M8 Greyhound]]<br /> *[[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT(A)-4]] Landing Vehicle <br /> *[[M29 Weasel|M29C Weasel]]<br /> *[[Daimler Dingo]] Mk1 <br /> *[[M3 Lee|M3]] Gun Motor Carriage<br /> *[[M7 Priest]] SPH<br /> *[[M26 Pershing|M26A1 Pershing]]<br /> *[[M24 Chaffee]]<br /> *[[M39 Armored Utility Vehicle|M39]] Armored Utility Vehicle<br /> *[[M2 Bradley|M2A1]] ''Bradley'' Fighting Vehicle<br /> *[[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZPU-23]] Anti Aircraft Gun<br /> *[[M41 Walker Bulldog]]<br /> *[[M48 Patton|M48]] Patton<br /> *[[PT-76]] Amphibious Tank<br /> *[[T-72|T72G]]<br /> *[[M551 Sheridan]]<br /> *[[M60 Patton|M60A1]]<br /> *[[T-54/T-55|T-55]] <br /> *MAZ-7310/[[Scud|Scud-B]] Missile Launcher <br /> *[[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZSU-23-4 SHILKA]] Anti-Aircraft Tank <br /> *[[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1 GVOZDIKA]]<br /> *[[M1 Abrams|M1A1 Abrams]] Tank <br /> *QinetiQ [[Foster-Miller TALON|TALON robot]]<br /> *[[PackBot|iRobot PackBot]]<br /> <br /> ====Trucks and farm vehicles====<br /> *1909 Peerless Steam Tractor<br /> *1915 Walker Electric Truck<br /> *1920's International Harvester<br /> *1931 Diamond T Truck<br /> *1931 Chevrolet Model C Cab-Truck<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ Official Website: The Collings Foundation]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Aerospace museums in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Automobile museums in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Educational foundations in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Massachusetts]]<br /> [[Category:Ellington Airport (Texas)]]<br /> [[Category:Museums established in 1979]]<br /> [[Category:1979 establishments in Massachusetts]]</div> 203.112.87.220 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garry_Tonon&diff=918770272 Garry Tonon 2019-09-30T07:13:05Z <p>203.112.87.220: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|American Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner}}<br /> {{Infobox martial artist<br /> | name = Garry Lee Tonon<br /> | other_names = The Lion Killer, Wolverine<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|9|12|mf=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Jersey]], United States<br /> | residence = [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township, New Jersey]]<br /> | nationality = American<br /> | height = <br /> | weight = <br /> | weight_class =<br /> | reach = <br /> | style = [[Brazilian Jiu Jitsu]]<br /> |stance=Orthodox<br /> | rank = Black Belt in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]<br /> | team = Renzo Gracie Academy<br /> Danaher Death Squad<br /> | mma_kowin = 2<br /> | mma_subwin = 3<br /> | mma_decwin = <br /> | mma_koloss = <br /> | mma_subloss = <br /> | mma_decloss = <br /> | mma_draw =<br /> | mma_nc =<br /> |medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}}<br /> {{MedalSport|Men's [[Submission Wrestling]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship|ADCC World Championship]]}}<br /> {{MedalBronze | 2019 [[Anaheim]] | -77kg}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[ADCC_Submission_Wrestling_World_Championship#ADCC_North_American_Championship|ADCC North American Championships]] }}<br /> {{MedalGold | 2013 [[Columbus, OH|Columbus]] | -77kg }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Garry Lee Tonon''' (born September 12, 1991) is an [[United States|American]] [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] practitioner and [[mixed martial artist]]. He is a five-time [[Eddie Bravo Invitational]] champion, and has won titles at both the [[IBJJF]] World and Pan American Championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon |url=https://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/garry-tonon |website=BJJ Heroes |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a black belt in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] under [[Tom DeBlass]] &amp; [[Ricardo Almeida]], and is the head instructor of Brunswick BJJ in [[South Brunswick, New Jersey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.brunswickbjj.com/about-1 |website=Brunswick BJJ |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also trained extensively with [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] and [[mixed martial arts]] coach John Danaher at [[Renzo Gracie Academy]] in [[Manhattan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How John Danaher Has Helped Garry Tonon To Martial Arts Greatness |url=https://www.asiaone.com/asia/how-john-danaher-has-helped-garry-tonon-martial-arts-greatness |website=Asia One |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is known for his use of leg locks in no-gi, submission-only grappling, and is considered to be part of the &quot;Danaher Death Squad,&quot; a group of several young professional jiu-jitsu athletes that train under John Danaher at Renzo Gracie Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Presley |first1=Richard |title=Danaher Death Squad: Who are they? |url=https://www.attacktheback.com/danaher-death-squad/ |website=Attack The Back |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are recognized for their intense training schedule, as well as the utilization of Danaher's leg, back, and arm attack systems to consistently win jiu-jitsu matches via submission, as opposed to points.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ball |first1=Nico |title=INSIDE THE DANAHER DEATH SQUAD |url=https://www.digitsu.com/inside-the-danaher-death-squad-a-83.html |website=Digitsu |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While he still maintains a consistent jiu-jitsu training schedule, since his debut in early 2018 Tonon has focused primarily on training and competing in professional mixed martial arts competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kaye |first1=Kimberley |title=Garry Tonon Bails on ADCC to Focus on MMA Rise |url=https://www.jiujitsutimes.com/garry-tonon-bails-on-adcc-to-focus-on-mma-rise/ |website=Jiu Jitsu Times |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is an active fighter for the Singapore-based mixed martial arts promotion [[ONE Championship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon |url=https://www.onefc.com/athletes/garry-tonon/ |website=One Championship |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He officially signed with the organization in October 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mazique |first1=Brian |title=Submission Specialist Garry Tonon Signs MMA Deal With ONE Championship |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/10/16/submission-specialist-garry-tonon-signs-mma-deal-with-one-fc/#366abd045093 |website=Forbes |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> As a child, Tonon was identified as having [[ADHD]] by his mother, an employee of a non-profit organization for children with special needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon |url=https://www.onefc.com/athletes/garry-tonon/ |website=ONE Championship |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tonon had his first introduction to grappling when he joined the wrestling team at his school in 5th grade. Tonon continued to wrestle for several more years, through his freshman year of high school. Tonon has credited wrestling &amp; martial arts with helping him to cope with his ADHD, and partially attributes his particular style of grappling to the disorder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon: Grappling With ADHD |url=https://evolve-mma.com/blog/garry-tonon-grappling-with-adhd/ |website=Evolve MMA |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He attended [[Lacey Township High School]] in [[Lacey Township, New Jersey]], where he later graduated in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Procida |first1=Lee |title=Lacey students note long list of accomplishments |url=https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/lacey-students-note-long-list-of-accomplishments/article_de5fbd33-969c-572b-bc9e-ec5a308df840.html |website=Press of Atlantic City |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At age 14, a friend decided to bring Tonon to a local jiu-jitsu tournament, which interested Tonon. He soon began taking classes at his friend's jiu-jitsu academy, but lost interest after several months due to the school's focus on mixed martial arts, as opposed to jiu-jitsu. Shortly after leaving that school, Tonon found an advertisement for [[Tom DeBlass]]' academy, Ocean County Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and decided to continue his training there. While still attending high school, Tonon would consistently attend two classes per day at DeBlass' academy. DeBlass, noticing Tonon's interest in the sport, began bringing Tonon to [[Ricardo Almeida]]'s academy for additional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon |url=https://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/garry-tonon |website=BJJ Heroes |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Grappling career==<br /> In 2008, after about a year of consistent jiu-jitsu training with DeBlass and Almeida, Tonon won his first title at the IBJJF World Championships in the Blue Belt Juvenile Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WORLD JIU-JITSU CHAMPIONSHIP 2008 – RESULTS |url=https://ibjjf.com/results/world-jiu-jitsu-championship-2008-results/ |website=IBJJF |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; After graduating high school in 2009, Tonon began pursuing a degree in exercise science at [[Rutgers University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Presley |first1=Richard |title=Garry Tonon - Fighter Profile |url=https://www.attacktheback.com/garry-tonon/ |website=Attack the Back |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; While studying at Rutgers, Tonon maintained a rigorous training schedule and continued to compete in both local and international competitions, mostly competing in the gi for the first 5 years of his training, but later beginning to seek out more specialized, no-gi instruction from John Danaher. He was awarded his black belt by [[Tom DeBlass]] and [[Ricardo Almeida]] in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon Receives His Black Belt |url=https://www.rolljunkie.com/blogs/bjj/9124393-garry-tonon-receives-his-black-belt |website=RollJunkie |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; One month later, Tonon went on to compete for the first time in the [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship]] in [[Beijing, China]], where he had matches with [[Kron Gracie]], [[Marcus Almeida]], Roberto 'Cyborg' Abreu, and other well-known jiu-jitsu competitors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Newsroom |first1=Graciemag |title=ADCC: Watch Garry Tonon vs. Kron Gracie |url=https://www.graciemag.com/en/2013/10/28/adcc-watch-gary-tonon-vs-kron-gracie/ |website=Graciemag |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Video: Watch Garry Tonon against Buchecha and Cyborg at ADCC 2013 in Beijing |url=https://www.graciemag.com/en/2013/12/20/video-watch-garry-tonon-against-buchecha-and-cyborg-at-adcc-2013-in-beijing/ |website=Graciemag |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2013 to 2017, Tonon went on to compete in numerous jiu-jitsu competitions as a black belt, including the [[IBJJF]] World &amp; Pan American Championships, Eddie Bravo Invitational, Metamoris, Grappler's Quest, [[North American Grappling Association]] (NAGA), Kasai Grappling, [[Polaris Pro Grappling]], [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship]], and others. His most notable wins include matches against [[AJ Agazarm]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=Averi |title=Garry Tonon Defeats AJ Agazarm In Gi Match At Fight To Win Pro 24 |url=https://www.flograppling.com/articles/5060858-garry-tonon-defeats-aj-agazarm-in-gi-match-at-fight-to-win-pro-24 |website=FloGrappling |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joao Miyao,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon vs Joao Miyao 2 No Gi (August 2nd 2015 ) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NuVfBapX_k |website=YouTube |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dillon Danis,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Peter |title=Polaris 5 Results: Garry Tonon mimics Conor McGregor after victory over Dillon Danis |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2017/8/19/16174196/polaris-5-results-garry-tonon-mimics-conor-mcgregor-after-victory-over-dillon-danis |website=MMAFighting |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ralek Gracie]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Breen |first1=Jordan |title=Garry Tonon Leglocks Promoter Ralek Gracie in Metamoris 7 Replacement Main Event |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Garry-Tonon-Leglocks-Promoter-Ralek-Gracie-in-Metamoris-7-Replacement-Main-Event-108213 |website=Sherdog |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Vinny Magalhaes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Garry Tonon defeats Vinny Magalhães for third EBI title |url=https://www.graciemag.com/en/2016/11/07/garry-tonon-defeats-vinny-magalhaes-for-third-ebi-title/ |website=Graciemag |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Mixed martial arts career==<br /> ===ONE FC===<br /> In March 2018, Tonon made his professional mixed martial arts debut against Richard Corminal at ONE FC: Iron Will, in [[Bangkok, Thailand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Iron Will |url=https://www.onefc.com/events/iron-will/ |website=ONE FC |accessdate=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tonon won the fight via TKO in the second round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Flocombat Staff, Flocombat |url=https://www.flocombat.com/articles/6157859-exclusive-cageside-footage-garry-tonon-smashes-at-one-iron-will|title=Exclusive Cageside Footage: Garry Tonon Smashes At ONE: Iron Will|publisher=flocombat.com|date=2018-03-26|accessdate=2018-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tonon had his second professional fight against Rahul Raju at [[List_of_ONE_Championship_events#ONE_Championship:_Reign_of_Kings|ONE Championship: Reign of Kings]] on July 27, 2018. Tonon won the fight via rear naked choke in the third round. In November 2018, Tonon went on to fight Sung Jong Lee at [[List of ONE Championship events#ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion|ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion]]. Tonon won via guillotine choke in the second round.<br /> <br /> On March 31, 2019, Tonon continued his consistent fight streak and fought Anthony Engelen at [[2019 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: A New Era|ONE Championship: A New Era]]. Tonon won via TKO in the first round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=One Championship|url=https://www.onefc.com/articles/garry-tonon-stays-perfect-with-first-round-domination-of-anthony-engelen/|title=Garry Tonon Stays Perfect With First-Round Domination Of Anthony Engelen|publisher=onefc.com|date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May, Tonon faced Yoshiki Nakahara at [[2019 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon|ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/4/22/18510669/garry-tonon-featherweight-debut-one-enter-the-dragon-may|title=Garry Tonon gets quick turnaround, makes featherweight debut at ONE: Enter The Dragon in May|author=Guilherme Cruz|publisher=mmafighting.com|date=April 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the fight via a heel hook submission in the first round.<br /> <br /> As of August 2019, Tonon maintains a 5-win streak and is undefeated in mixed martial arts competition.<br /> <br /> ==Championships and accomplishments==<br /> {{div col}}<br /> ;2019<br /> * {{bronze3}} [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship|ADCC 2019 World Championship]] (-77&amp;nbsp;kg)<br /> ;2017<br /> * {{gold1}} Eddie Bravo Invitational 11 (-155lbs)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Polaris Pro Grappling|Polaris 5]] (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} One FC 55 (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Fight2Win Pro 28 (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Fight2Win Pro 24 (Superfight)<br /> ;2016<br /> * {{gold1}} Studio 540 (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Eddie Bravo Invitational 9 (-205lbs)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Polaris Pro Grappling|Polaris 4]] (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Grappling Pro (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Fight2Win Pro 8 (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Metamoris|Metamoris 7]] (Superfight)<br /> ;2015<br /> * {{gold1}} Eddie Bravo Invitational 5 (-155lbs)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Polaris Pro Grappling|Polaris 2]] (Superfight)<br /> * {{silver2}} [[Pan_Jiu-Jitsu_No-Gi_Championship|IBJJF Nogi Pan Championship]] (Absolute)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Pan_Jiu-Jitsu_No-Gi_Championship|IBJJF Nogi Pan Championship]] (-73.5kg)<br /> * {{gold1}} FIVE Super League (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Grapplers Quest: All-Star Pro (-77kg)<br /> * {{gold1}} Eddie Bravo Invitational 3 (-170lbs)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Polaris Pro Grappling|Polaris 1]] (Superfight)<br /> ;2014<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Metamoris|Metamoris 5]] (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} [[Metamoris|Metamoris 4]] (Superfight)<br /> * {{gold1}} Eddie Bravo Invitational 1 (-170lbs)<br /> <br /> ;2012<br /> * {{silver2}} BJJ Kumite (Brown Belt Nogi)<br /> <br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Mixed martial arts record==<br /> {{MMArecordbox<br /> | draws= <br /> | nc= <br /> | ko-wins= 2<br /> | ko-losses= <br /> | sub-wins= 3<br /> | sub-losses= <br /> | dec-wins= <br /> | dec-losses= <br /> | dq-wins= <br /> | dq-losses= <br /> | other-wins= <br /> | other-losses= <br /> }}<br /> {{MMA record start}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{yes2}}Win<br /> | align=center| 5–0<br /> | Yoshiki Nakahara<br /> | Submission (heel hook)<br /> |[[2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Enter_the_Dragon|ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon]]<br /> | {{dts|2019|May|17}}<br /> | align=center| 1<br /> | align=center| 0:55<br /> | [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{yes2}}Win<br /> | align=center| 4–0<br /> | Anthony Engelen<br /> | TKO (punches)<br /> |[[2019 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: A New Era|ONE Championship: A New Era]]<br /> | {{dts|2019|March|31}}<br /> | align=center| 1<br /> | align=center| 4:12<br /> | [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{yes2}}Win<br /> | align=center| 3–0<br /> | Sung Jong Lee<br /> | Submission (guillotine choke)<br /> |[[2018 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion|ONE Championship: Heart of the Lion]]<br /> | {{dts|2018|November|9}}<br /> | align=center| 2<br /> | align=center| 2:04<br /> | [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{yes2}}Win<br /> | align=center| 2–0<br /> | Rahul Raju<br /> | Submission (rear naked choke)<br /> | [[2018 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Reign of Kings|ONE Championship: Reign of Kings]]<br /> | {{dts|2018|July|27}}<br /> | align=center| 3<br /> | align=center| 3:27<br /> | [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{yes2}}Win<br /> | align=center| 1–0<br /> | Richard Corminal<br /> | TKO (punches &amp; elbows)<br /> | [[2018 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Iron Will|ONE Championship: Iron Will]]<br /> | {{dts|2018|March|24}}<br /> | align=center| 2<br /> | align=center| 3:40<br /> | [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]<br /> | <br /> {{end}}<br /> <br /> ==Submission grappling record==<br /> {{MMArecordbox<br /> |sub-wins=50<br /> |sub-losses=9<br /> |dec-wins=15<br /> |dec-losses=11<br /> |dq-wins=1<br /> |dq-losses=0<br /> |draws=0<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%; text-align:left;&quot;&lt;!-- width:100%; --&gt;<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Method<br /> ! Event<br /> ! Division<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Location<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} Gianni Grippo || Points (4-6) || rowspan=4|Kasai Pro||rowspan=4|-70kg||rowspan=4| December 9, 2017 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|NY]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} Renato Canuto || Points (0-2)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} AJ Agazarm || Points (2-0)<br /> |-<br /> |{{nocontest}}Draw||{{flagicon|USA}} Mansher Khera || Draw<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Vagner Rocha]] || Submission (heel hook) || rowspan=4|EBI 13||rowspan=4|-155lbs|| rowspan=4|October 22, 2017 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Lucas Valente || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Ross Keeping || Submission (armbar)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Chance Braud || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Vagner Rocha]] || Points (0-2) || rowspan=4|ADCC 2017||rowspan=4|-155lbs|| rowspan=2|September 24, 2017 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Espoo]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jonathan Torres (Jiu Jitsu practitioner)|Jonathan Torres]] || Referee Decision <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Marcelo Mafra || Penalty ||rowspan=2|September 23, 2017<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Felipe Cesar || Points (2-0)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Dillon Danis || Judges Decision || Polaris 5||-81kg|| August 19, 2017 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shinya Aoki]] || Submission (heel hook) || One FC 55||-81kg|| May 26, 2017 ||{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Singapore]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Justin Rader || Judges Decision || F2W Pro 28||Superfight|| March 24, 2017 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Oklahoma City]], [[Oklahoma|OK]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} AJ Agazarm || Judges Decision || F2W Pro 24||Superfight|| February 3, 2017 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Huntington Beach]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Antônio Carlos Júnior]] || Submission (triangle choke) || Submission Underground 3||Superfight|| January 29, 2017 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon|OR]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Kim Terra || Submission (guillotine choke) || Studio 540||Superfight|| December 17, 2016 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Solana Beach]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Vinny Magalhães]] || Fastest Escape || rowspan=4|EBI 9||rowspan=4|-205lbs|| rowspan=4| November 7, 2016 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Daniel O'Brien || Fastest Escape<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Adam Sanchoff || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} JJ Friedrich || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gilbert Burns (fighter)|Gilbert Burns]] || Submission (heel hook) || Polaris 4||Superfight|| October 29, 2016 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Enrico Cocco || Submission {heel hook) || rowspan=3|Grappling Pro||rowspan=3|-77kg|| rowspan=3| September 18, 2016 ||rowspan=3|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], [[Florida|FL]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} DJ Jackson || Points (2-7) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Hunter Ewald || Technical Submission {injury)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Dustin Akbari || Submission (heel hook) || F2W Pro 8||Superfight|| July 23, 2017 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ralek Gracie]] || Submission (kneebar) || Metamoris 7||Superfight|| July 17, 2017 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} Yuri Simoes || Fastest Escape || rowspan=2|EBI 6||rowspan=2|Absolute|| rowspan=2| April 24, 2016 ||rowspan=2|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Felipe Fogolin || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{nocontest}}Draw||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rousimar Palhares]] || Draw || Polaris 3||Superfight|| April 2, 2016 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Poole]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Rafael Domingos || Submission (heel hook) || rowspan=4|EBI 5||rowspan=4|-155lbs|| rowspan=4|December 13, 2015 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|AUS}} Lachlan Gilles || Submission (armbar)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Javier Vazquez (fighter)|Javier Vazquez]] || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Stephan Martinez || Submission (bulldog choke)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masakazu Imanari]] || Submission (heel hook) || Polaris 2||Superfight|| September 12, 2015 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Cardiff]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} Matheus Diniz || Points (0-4) || rowspan=3|Nogi World Championships||rowspan=2|Absolute|| rowspan=3|November 8, 2015 ||rowspan=3|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Long Beach]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Marcel Gonçalves || Disqualification<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} Michael Langhi || Points (2-4) ||-73.5kg<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} Matheus Diniz || Submission (wristlock) || rowspan=6|Nogi Pan Championships||rowspan=3|Absolute|| rowspan=6|October 3, 2015 ||rowspan=6|{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|NY]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Gianni Grippo || Advantages<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Washington Luis || Submission (darce choke)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Rodrigo Freitas || Points (7-2) ||rowspan=3|-73.5kg<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Renan Borges || Submission (kneebar)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} João Ferreira ||Points<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Vinny Magalhães]] || Referee Decision || rowspan=3|ADCC 2015||Absolute|| September 30, 2015 ||rowspan=3|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas Lepri]] || Points (0-10)||rowspan=2|-77kg||rowspan=2|September 29, 2015<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Dillon Danis || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} João Miyao || Judges Decision || FIVE Super League||Superfight|| August 8, 2015 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|NY]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Rob Greenidge || Submission (calf slicer) || rowspan=3|Grapplers Quest: All Star Pro||rowspan=3|-77kg|| rowspan=3|June 6, 2015 ||rowspan=3|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]], [[New Jersey|NJ]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Joe Solecki || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Jordan Tabor || Submission (guillotine choke)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Josh Hinger || Fastest Escape || rowspan=4|EBI 3||rowspan=4|-170lbs|| rowspan=4|March 22, 2015 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Eddie Cummings || Submission (triangle armbar)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Karen Darabedyan]] || Fastest Escape<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Josh Valles || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Javier Vazquez (fighter)|Javier Vazquez]] || Submission (triangle choke) || Gracie Nationals||Superfight|| February 8, 2015 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Held]] || Submission (heel hook) || Polaris 1||Superfight|| January 10, 2015 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Cardiff]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Zak Maxwell || Submission (heel hook) || Metamoris 5||Superfight|| November 22, 2014 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|AUS}} Kit Dale || Submission (guillotine choke) || Metamoris 4||Superfight|| August 9, 2014 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Richie Martinez || Submission (heel hook) || rowspan=4|EBI 1||rowspan=4|-170lbs|| rowspan=4|June 1, 2014 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Javier Valenciano || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Lance Glynn || Submission (heel hook)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} PJ Linder || Submission (rear naked choke)<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcus Almeida]] || Points || rowspan=4|ADCC 2013||rowspan=2|Absolute|| rowspan=2| October 20, 2013 ||rowspan=4|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Abreu]] || Points <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Kron Gracie]] || Submission (rear naked choke) ||rowspan=2|-77kg||rowspan=2| October 19, 2013 <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Satoru Kitaoka]] || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Keenan Cornelius]] || Submission (triangle choke) ||rowspan=19|BJJ Kumite&lt;br&gt;(Brown Belt)|| rowspan=19|Absolute||rowspan=19|December, 2012||rowspan=19|{{flagicon|USA}}[[Washington, D.C.]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} AJ Agazarm || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} AJ Agazarm || Submission (shoulder lock) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|MEX}} Wero Salazar || Submission (kimura) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|MEX}} Wero Salazar || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} Sean Roberts || Submission (armbar) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} Sean Roberts || Submission (toe hold) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|SWI}} Ilke Bulut || Submission (rear naked choke)<br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|SWI}} Ilke Bulut || Submission (toe hold) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|ITA}} Luca Ancoreta || Submission (heel hook) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|ITA}} Luca Ancoreta || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} AJ Souza || Submission (armbar) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|USA}} AJ Souza || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|IRE}} Darragh O'Conail || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|IRE}} Darragh O'Conail || Submission (guillotine choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Vitor Silveiro || Submission (rear naked choke) <br /> |-<br /> |{{yes2}}Win||{{flagicon|BRA}} Vitor Silveiro || Submission (ankle lock) <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Keenan Cornelius]] || Submission (armbar) <br /> |-<br /> |{{no2}}Loss||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Keenan Cornelius]] || Submission (armbar) <br /> {{end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of current ONE fighters]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/garry-tonon|title=Garry Tonon - BJJ Heroes|website=BJJ Heroes}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2018/03/one-championship-70-highlights-bibiano-fernandes-title-garry-tonon-peoples-elbow|title=ONE Championship 70 highlights: Garry Tonon celebrates pro-debut win with 'The People's Elbow'|date=25 March 2018|publisher=}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Garry-Tonon-222287|title=Garry|first=|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://onefc.com/videos/garry-tonon-stuns-the-world-with-tko-win/|title=Garry Tonon Stuns The World With TKO Win - ONE Championship|website=ONE Championship}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://adcombat.com/|title=ADCC NEWS|website=ADCC NEWS}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonon, Garry}}<br /> [[Category:1991 births]]<br /> [[Category:American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Mixed martial artists from New Jersey]]<br /> [[Category:People from Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey]]<br /> [[Category:American submission wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]</div> 203.112.87.220